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Breeding Ecology of the Mangrove Warbler
January 1, 2008 by Javier Salgado-Ortiz
Avian ecologists have long been interested in understanding the mechanisms that drive differences in life history traits, such as clutch size, between temperate and tropical birds.
Until now, however, advancing our understanding of these mechanisms has proceeded slowly, largely because we lack information on the demography and breeding ecology of tropical species.
Moreover, comparisons between tropical to temperate trends in life history traits typically fail to control for phylogenetic influences. In other words, we don't know whether similarities among birds living in either habitat are due to the birds being related or due to their sharing similar habitats.
Yellow Warbler, Ideal Study Species
The yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia) is an ideal species in which to tease this apart. Among the several yellow warbler subspecies are forms that are tropical residents and other forms that are long-distance migrants that breed in the temperate zone and winter in the tropics.
For my Ph. D. dissertation, I studied the breeding biology of the mangrove warbler (Dendroica petechia bryanti), a tropical subspecies of yellow warbler from southern Mexico.
My main objective was to describe the life history traits of the mangrove warbler and examine how they differ from those of its temperate relative, the yellow warbler.
Second, I examined how factors such as rainfall, food abundance, nest depredation, and habitat influence reproduction and patterns of habitat occupancy in the mangrove warbler.
I conducted my research over three consecutive years (2001-2003) at Celestn Biosphere Reserve in the Yucatan Peninsula.
Over the 3 years, we monitored the fate of 285 active nests—the largest number of nests ever found for a tropical population of the yellow warbler.
Results so far indicate that life history traits vary from temperate to tropical regions, providing a convincing case for the role that the tropical environment plays in driving the evolution of life history traits.
Life history traits of the mangrove warbler correspond to descriptions typical of tropical species.
Below is a table comparing life history traits of mangrove and yellow warblers:
|Life History Traits||Mangrove Warbler||Yellow Warbler|
|Breeding season length||3.5 months||2.5 months|
|Bigamous male percent||10||5 or less|
|Average clutch size||3 eggs||4.5 eggs|
|Average incubation time||13 days||11 days|
|Average brooding time||11 days||8.5 days|
|Nesting success percent||26||55|
|Females double brooding percent||5||1 or less|
|Cowbird parasitism percent||8||40|
|Parental care percent||44||57|
The tropical mangrove warblers benefit by having a longer season in which to breed, adults live longer, and cowbird parasitism is lower. The costs appear to be greater chance that the nest will be depredated. So, mangrove warblers respond by laying fewer eggs but spending more time incubating and brooding the young. If the nest fails, as often happens, the birds will often try nesting again.
For temperate yellow warblers a shorter breeding season means they tend to "put all their eggs in one basket", they have larger clutches, and quickly incubate and brood the youngsters. If the nest fails, they often don't have time to nest again.
With respect to the timing of breeding, the results indicate that in contrast to the traditional belief that rainfall is the main factor stimulating breeding in tropical birds, photoperiod is the main factor explaining when birds begin nesting while food availability may be used as a short-term cue to adjust the timing of breeding.
Bird pictures courtesy of Javier Salgado-Ortiz
This article summarizes the information in this scientific paper:
Salgado-Ortiz, Javier, Marra, Peter P., Sillett, Terence Scott and Robertson, Raleigh J. 2008. Breeding Ecology of the Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica petechia Bryanti) and Comparative Life History of the Yellow Warbler Subspecies Complex. The Auk, 125(2): 402-410.
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by Frederick Eden Pargiter | 1904 | 247,181 words | ISBN-10: 8171102237
This page relates “about the svarocisa manvantara (concluded)” which forms the 67th chapter of the English translation of the Markandeya-purana: an ancient Sanskrit text dealing with Indian history, philosophy and traditions. It consists of 137 parts narrated by sage (rishi) Markandeya: a well-known character in the ancient Puranas. Chapter 67 is included the section known as “exposition of the manvantaras”.
Then the adorable god made the Prajāpati named Svārociṣa Dyutimat a Manu. Listen to his Manvantara; who were the gods during that period, who were the munis and their sons, who were the princes, listen while I tell of them, O Krauṣṭuki.
The gods in that period were the Pārāvatas and also the Tuṣitas. O brāhman; and in Svārociṣa’s period the Indra was famed as Vipaścit. Ūrja, Tamba and Prāṇa, Dattoli and Ṛṣabha, Niścara and Cārvavīrat were the seven ṛṣis in that period. And seven sons had that high souled Manu, Caitra, Kimpuruṣa, &c., very valiant, guardians of the earth. So long as his Manvantara lasted, all this earth was enjoyed among the outspreadings of his family. That was the second Manvantara.
Now the man who hears of Svarocis’ deeds and Svārociṣa’s birth, and believes them, is delivered from his sins.
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American antivirus software company Central Command has discovered what it believes to be the first HTML virus.
The virus, called HTML.Internal, affects only Microsoft's Internet Explorer browser. Whenever a user visits a Web page infected with the virus, a Visual Basic script is activated that can add strings of text to any HTML document in the user's PC, said Keith Peer, president of Central Command.
Users who have activated Microsoft's security mechanism will be warned that they are about to run an unsigned document. But users who aren't using the Microsoft security system will activate the virus, Peer said.
A Microsoft spokeswoman said the company is investigating the virus but hasn't yet determined whether it is a security issue.
Central Command's antiviral software has been updated to detect the HTML.Internal virus.
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Do you write down every single word your teacher says in class? Do you only take notes when your teacher writes something on the board? When it comes to good note-taking habits, there is a happy medium that can pay dividends with a higher GPA! Here’s how to take better notes in class and ace your next exam.
It keeps you awake. Note taking forces you to pay attention and helps you focus in class (or while reading a textbook).
It helps you learn. Studies on learning have shown that actively engaging with the topic by listening and then summarizing what you hear helps you understand and remember the information later.
It helps you keep a record. You were physically in math class last Tuesday but that doesn't necessarily mean you remember what happened (and what might appear on a quiz). Notes are a record of what you learned in class—and what you need to review.
It will help you study. Review your notes regularly to get the most out of them. You can use them to make up sample test questions or even turn them into digital flashcards.
It’s a skill that will pay off in college. Are you used to your high school teachers handing out outlines or e-mailing copies of their PowerPoint presentations? That's NOT going to be the case in college. Learn the art of note taking now to give yourself a leg up later.
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How to Select Multiple Objects on the TI-Nspire
You may want to select multiple objects within the TI-Nspire Geometry application for two reasons. First, multiple selected objects can be translated. Second, all selected objects can be deleted by pressing the [DEL] key once.
To move all objects on a screen, move your cursor to open space and press [CTRL][CLICK]. You see the crunched-up paper symbol, indicating that all objects on the screen can be translated using the Touchpad. See the first screen.
Here are two methods that can be used to select multiple objects:
Move to an object and press [CLICK]; it will begin to flash.
Continue moving to additional objects, pressing [CLICK] each time until they begin to flash.
To deselect individual objects from a group, move the cursor to the desired object and press [CLICK]. To deselect all objects, press [ESC].
Press [MENU]→Actions→Select to invoke the Select tool.
Consider a rectangle surrounding the objects that you want to select. Move to one of the vertices of this rectangle and press [ENTER].
Move to the opposite corner of this rectangle and press [ENTER] again to select the group of objects.
Any object that is even partially contained within the rectangle is selected. See the second screen.
After objects have been selected, press the [DEL] key to delete them.
To move selected objects, simply use the Touchpad keys. Alternatively, move the cursor to one of the selected objects, grab the object ([CTRL][CLICK]), and use the Touchpad to move the group. See the third screen.
If you want to delete all objects in an application, press [MENU]→Actions→Delete all. Press [ENTER] at the warning prompt to delete the objects, or press [ESC] if you decide against it.
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This species superficially does not look all that different from a small Lecanora chlarotera except that it occurs on the old bark of ancient trees whilst L. chlarotera is typically a species of young smooth bark. The often pruinose, red-brown coloured lecanorine apothecia on a grey thallus are all Pd- and K- (unlike L. chlarotera that has a K+ yellow thallus). The conidia need to be observed to separate it from other small Lecanora species.L. quercicola has sickle-shaped conidiospores over 1.5 microns wide and between 8 and 12 microns long. (RGW)
Photo: Ray Woods
It occurs on the dry rough bark of veteran deciduous trees in open woodland, parkland and in wayside hedges. In Wales it has only ever been found on oak.
In Wales it is known from 7 sites, one in the Snowdonia National Park and the rest in Powys. Elsewhere it is a very local species with one record in Scotland from Ardnamurchan. In England it is known from 10 sites in the southern counties of Sussex, Hampshire, Dorset and Devon. Here it occurs in some of the finest ancient woodlands and parklands such as the New Forest, Melbury, Parham and Eridge Parks. Elsewhere it is confined to Western Europe. (RGW)
All populations appear to be very small-possibly occurring on only a single tree in each site. Of equal concern is that this lichen has not been seen in Wales for 25 years. Only two sites are afforded any form of statutory protection though none are known to be under any particular threat. The British population is considered to be of international importance. In Britain it is considered to of near threatened status whilst in Wales, due to its small population size, it is considered to be vulnerable. (RGW)
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Wine & Cider pH strips have a range of pH 2.8 – 4.4 and contain 50 strips. The colour guide shows 5 different readings: – 2.8, 3.2, 3.6, 4.0 and 4.4.
Strips are the quickest and easiest way to test for pH. Simply dip the swab strip into the liquid, remove and shake to remove excess liquid and then compare against the colour chart on the packaging within 30 seconds to obtain the pH reading.
The lower the number the higher the acid level in the liquid. Therefore the strongest acid has a pH of 1 and the weakest acid a pH of 6. A liquid is considered neutral with a pH value of 7 (water has a pH value of 7)..
Wines and ciders with a low pH reading (farthest away from 7) will taste tart and crisp. Conversely, those with a higher pH (nearer to 7), will be more prone to bacterial growth. Therefore, it is essential to achieve the correct acid balance for taste and stability of the finished wine or cider.
Most wines fall around a pH reading of 3 or 4. For white wines, a desirable reading is a pH of approximately 3.2, while the best pH for red wines is around 3.6.
It is important that the acidity of the juice has the correct pH. The ideal pH reading for cider is between 3.2 – 3.6. A weaker acid content of pH 4.0 or above can lead to flavour problems and make the juice more prone to bacterial infection.
How to increase acid balance (lower pH reading)
Acid Blend is by far the best way to adjust wine pH, as it combines all 3 acids (tartaric, malic, citric) in the proportions found in natural grapes. It is advisable to increase the acid content in small doses starting with a dose rate of 1g per litre. Then re-test and add more acid if necessary to achieve the optimum pH level. This method will avoid a final acid content that is too strong.
For Cider, Malic Acid can be substituted for Acid Blend. The dose rate is the same, starting at 1g per litre.
How to lower acid balance (increase pH reading):
If the acid level is too high, then add Calcium Carbonate (Precipitated Chalk) to the Wine or Cider, at a starting rate of 1g per litre. Sometimes this can produce a sediment as the acid is neutralised. Potassium Carbonate or Acid Reducing Solution can also be used to reduce acidity. Once added, leave the Wine or Cider in a cold place for one week to allow any acid crystals to fall out as a sediment.
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WHAT IS AN INTRATHECAL PUMP?
An intrathecal pump is a battery-operated device which delivers medication directly into the spinal canal. Intrathecal pumps may be used to treat chronic pain or spasticity, and is sometimes used to treat cancer-related pain.
The spinal canal contains a large amount of fluid (cerebrospinal fluid or CSF), in which the nerves bathe. By inserting a small tube which is connected to a programmable reservoir, medications such as pain-killers can be directly delivered to these nerves.
The reservoir (or chamber) is implanted under the skin of the abdomen or back, and can be refilled from time to time by inserting a small needle through the skin.
WHICH CONDITIONS CAN BE TREATED USING AN INTRATHECAL PUMP?
- Chronic pain conditions
- Cancer-related pain
WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR SURGERY?
When medications and other treatments are no longer working well or their side effects are to severe, surgery may be of value.
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF INTRATHECAL MEDICATION DELIVERY?
- Effective pain relief
- Reduced side effects (eg. drowsiness) of pain medications
- Improved quality of life
WHAT ARE THE ALTERNATIVES TO SURGERY?
A number of medications may be useful for pain. These include the standard opioid and non-opioid analgesic agents, anti-inflammatory medications, membrane stabilising agents and anticonvulsants, as well as the most recent agent to be released- Pregabalin. Special medical treatments such as Ketamine infusions, local nerve and joint blocks, as well as other surgical options such as spinal cord stimulation should also be considered.
WHAT ARE THE AIMS AND POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SURGERY?
THE GOALS AND POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SURGERY INCLUDE:
- Pain reduction
- Decreased spasticity
- Reduced medication requirements
The chance of obtaining a significant benefit from surgery depends upon a wide variety of factors. Your neurosurgeon will give you an indication of the likelihood of success in your specific case.
WHAT ARE THE POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IF TREATMENT IS NOT UNDERTAKEN?
POTENTIAL OUTCOMES OF NOT TREATING YOUR CONDITION INCLUDE:
- Ongoing pain or spasticity
- Reduced quality of life
HOW IS THE PROCEDURE PERFORMED?
An intrathecal pump is inserted via a simple and safe surgical procedure. A small incision is made in the back, and a flexible catheter introduced into the spinal canal. This is then connected to a battery-operated pump which is placed under the skin of the abdomen. Complications are uncommon, and may include bleeding and infection. The patient is discharged on either the same day or on the day after surgery.
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Sometimes, it's hard to keep up with all the important developments in connection with renewable energy and efforts to contain global warming.
That's because every day, there are new reports published around the world.
This week, I decided to highlight three significant stories worth reading from outside of Canada.
Even though they didn't appear in the Canadian media, they all have ties to three major infrastructure projects being built in British Columbia: the Site C dam along the Peace River, the LNG Canada project near Kitimat, and the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion project.
1. Solar energy far cheaper than other electricity
PV magazine recently reported that the Los Angeles Board of Water and Power Commissioners is expected to approve a 25-year contract to buy electricity from solar energy for 1.997 cents per kilowatt hour.
The board will also pay 1.3 cents for power from batteries.
In contrast, the B.C. Utilities Commission concluded that it will cost 4.4 cents per kilowatt hour in 2018 dollars to generate electricity from the Site C dam, based on its assumptions of a $10-billion cost.
Should the cost of Site C rise to $12 billion, the price would increase to 5.4 cents per kilowatt hour in 2018 dollars.
Here's the predicament for B.C. Hydro. Should it need to export Site C power, it might have trouble finding a market in Southern California if long-term power contracts are being signed for less than two cents per kilowatt hour.
Solar power is considered "non-dispatchable" because it's intermittent. However, dramatic improvements in storage are making it possible to deliver this form of electricity even when the sun isn't shining.
Site C electricity, on the other hand, is described as "dispatchable" because it can be supplied on demand at the request of grid operators. Traditionally, dispatchable power has sold for higher prices at certain times of the day and depending on the season.
2. Spot LNG prices in Asia fall sharply
The solar contract mentioned above also raises serious questions about the viability of B.C.'s liquefied natural gas industry.
Also of concern to huge LNG producers like Shell and Petronas is the falling price of LNG in Asia.
"Spot LNG prices in Asia are the lowest in years," LNG Industry reported today. "Asia’s LNG prices have been in freefall since September 2018, as ample supply, sluggish demand and robust early stockpiling by China’s SOEs [state-owned enterprises] largely capped prices over the peak winter months."
The so-called "Sling"—the benchmark price for LNG developed by the Singapore Exchange and Energy Market Company—shows this product averaging just US$4.30 per million British thermal units in May and June.
That's down from the 2018 average of US$9.30, according to LNG Industry.
Perhaps of even greater concern to advocates of this industry in B.C., Asia's LNG imports were only up by one percent in the first five months of this year. Over all of last year, LNG imports in Asia were up 18 percent.
"A prolonged LNG price downturn will be positive for Asia’s LNG importers, particularly the region’s LNG newcomers, many of which are starting to contemplate conversion to cleaner energy sources, but are also facing challenges weaning off of cheaper coal," LNG Industry stated.
Just over a year ago, Shell was crowing about how demand for LNG defied expectations in 2017. But those double-digit increases have not been sustained so far this year.
For producers of LNG, a prolonged price downturn could persuade them to cancel planned projects that haven't reached the point of no return.
3. New energy projects jeopardize 1.5 ° C Paris target
A scientific paper accepted by the prestigious journal Nature has given critics of the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion another cause for alarm.
It states that existing energy infrastructure "will emit around 658 gigatonnes (Gt) of CO2 (ranging from 226 to 1,479 Gt CO2depending on assumed lifetimes and utilization rates)".
"Committed emissions from existing and proposed energy infrastructure (about 846 Gt CO2) thus represent more than the entire remaining carbon budget if mean warming is to be limited to 1.5 °C with a probability of 50–66 per cent (420–580 Gt CO2)5, and perhaps two-thirds of the remaining carbon budget if mean warming is to be limited to below 2 °C (1,170–1,500 Gt CO2)."
In other words, projects like the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion and other new fossil-fuel energy infrastructure could put the planet offside on achieving the target set in the Paris Agreement.
According to research by SFU professor Marc Jaccard for the City of Vancouver, the Trans Mountain pipeline expansion will result in annual downstream greenhouse-gas emissions of 71.4 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year.
That exceeds the entire annual output of greenhouse gases in B.C. even after the LNG Canada plant is built near Kitimat.
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Soft tree fern
Scientific name: Cyathea smithii
Maori name: Katote
Other names: Smiths tree fern
- native to the Wellington Region
Suits: damp, partial shade, sunny, shelter, coastal forest garden, small garden or balcony, wetlands and water features
About Soft tree fern
The masses of very soft and delicate looking fronds which spread horizontally from the crown and reach 2 – 2.5m in length gives this tree ferns its name- soft tree fern. With a chestnut colored trunk, up to 8 metre tall this tree fern grows slow and therefor works even in small gardens. Dead fronds often leave a skirt around the slender, fibrous trunk when they die. This is to keep moisture and humidity along the trunk, but also helps it protect themselfs against vines and epiphytes establising along the trunk, potentially breaking it down. It still allows however plants to grow on the lower parts of the trunk. This skirt is very characteristic of this species and makes it easy to identify among other New Zealand species of tree fern.
Usually found in dense forest where it is often a common subcanopy species, in wetter areas often extending in open scrub. Works well in a shady and wet part in a garden with reasonably shelter from wind. Young individuals can easily often confused with the gully tree fern- Cyathea cunninghamii.
Provides for lizards
- Clump forming for camouflage and insects
- Protection from predators
Read more about gardening for lizards.
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Four years before World War I shattered the empires of Europe, the Encyclopaedia Britannica predicted an indefinite age of peace and commercial prosperity. Published at the high-water mark of imperial self-confidence, the entry on “civilization” was particularly optimistic. Thanks to technology and moral enlightenment, the writers judged, an increasingly connected world was hurtling toward the age of “cosmopolite man,” who would enjoy leisure and freedom in a global community of equals. “When this ideal is attained,” the Encyclopaedia promised, “mankind will again represent a single family, as it did in the day when our primeval ancestors first entered on the pathway of progress.”
It was a long pathway, measured in millennia, but a straight one. The Encyclopaedia took its readers through a panorama of universal history, from “the lower status of savagery,” when hunter-gatherers first mastered fire; to the “middle status of barbarism,” when hunters learned to domesticate animals and became herders; to the invention of writing, when humanity “graduated out of barbarism” and entered history. Along the way, humans learned to cultivate grains, such as wheat and rice, which showed them “the value of a fixed abode,” since farmers had to stay near their crops to tend and harvest them. Once people settled down, “a natural consequence was the elaboration of political systems,” property, and a sense of national identity. From there it was a short hop—at least in Edwardian hindsight—to the industrial revolution and free trade. Some unfortunate peoples, even entire continents such as aboriginal North America and Australia, might fall off the Progress train and have to be picked up by kindly colonists; but the train ran along only one track, and no one would willingly decline to board it.
We pride ourselves today on having overcome such condescending myths. But James C. Scott, an eminent and iconoclastic political scientist, is not so sure that we have. In Against the Grain, Scott argues that we still think of our world as the fruit of a series of undeniable advances: domestication, public order, mass literacy, and prosperity. We chide the ancient Greeks for relying on enslaved labor and the Romans for their imperial wars, but our own story, as we imagine it, still starts with those ancient city-states and their precursors in the Mesopotamian Middle East (basically modern Iraq), when some clever primates first planted rows of seeds, built mud-brick walls, and scratched cuneiform on a crude tablet. In our own minds, we are the descendants of people who couldn’t wait to settle down.
The truth, Scott proposes, may be the opposite. What if early civilization was not a boon to humankind but a disaster: for health and safety, for freedom, and for the natural world? What if the first cities were, above all, vast technologies of exploitation by a small and rapacious elite? If that is where we come from, who are we now? What possibilities might we discover by tracing our origins to a different kind of ancestor?
In his rich and varied career, Scott has found many ways to second-guess structures that prop up the powerful. He has written a classic study of peasant resistance, Weapons of the Weak, and another on the “moral economy” of village life, where neighbors live by a system of values that derive neither from the market nor from the state. In Seeing Like a State, he explained how the modern state imposes schematic visions on the world. To administer a territory and population, it needs to standardize reality, to make it measurable by ensuring that there is one system of property ownership, one currency in circulation, a naming practice that enables bureaucrats to keep track of people (first name, last name), and so forth. What you cannot measure and monitor, you cannot rule, and so the world must become orderly and legible. This ambition can become a kind of administrative mania. Bureaucratic modes of administration—from Le Corbusier’s vision for Brasilia’s streets to Prussian state agriculture to Soviet collectivization—have run roughshod over the complexity of actual life on the ground. Such governance can be tyrannical but also ironically fragile, as the state’s selective blindness makes it a stumbling giant.
Scott’s 2009 book The Art of Not Being Governed examined Southeast Asia from the standpoint of the highland regions that have evaded imperial authority up to the present day. Whereas most stories about empire tell how the dominant power expands and asserts itself, Scott emphasizes the places where people have retained their freedom by moving up mountain valleys, staying mobile, and practicing livelihoods that are hard to track or tax. From the highlanders’ perspective, the empires lapping at their edges are peripheral, fallen places. The effect is often like reading a fantasy novel, in a very good sense: Scott leaves you with the feeling that the world is packed with more ways of life, more stories, and different kinds of heroes and villains than you encountered in history class. Although Against the Grain is not a large book, it is a kind of thematic summa of Scott’s work so far, as it reworks the entire canvas of history by reconsidering its origins through the lens of state-formation.
The conventional story of human development, he shows, is based on faulty chronology. It turns out that cultivating grain—long thought to be the crucial step from roaming to civilization—does not naturally lead people to stay put in large settlements. New archaeological evidence suggests that people planted and harvested grain as part of a mix of food sources for many centuries, perhaps millennia, without settling into cities. And there were, in fact, places where people did settle down and build towns without farming grain: ecologically rich places, often wetlands bordering the migration routes of birds and animals, where foraging, fishing, and hunting made for a good life in all seasons. There is nothing about grain that fastens humanity’s foot to the earth, as President John Quincy Adams put it in one of the innumerable retellings of the standard story.
Grain is special, but for a different reason. It is easy to standardize—to plant in rows or paddies, and store and record in units such as bushels. This makes grain an ideal target for taxation. Unlike underground tubers or legumes, grain grows tall and needs harvesting all at once, so officials can easily estimate annual yields. And unlike fugitive wild foods, grain creates a relatively consistent surplus, allowing a ruling class to skim off peasant laborers’ production through a tax regime of manageable complexity. Grain, in Scott’s lexicon, is the kind of thing a state can see. On this account, the first cities were not so much a great leap forward for humanity as a new mode of exploitation that enabled the world’s first leisured ruling class to live on the sweat of the world’s first peasant-serfs. As for writing, that great gateway to history, Scott reports that its earliest uses suggest it was basically a grain-counting technology. Literary culture and shared memory existed in abundance both before and after the first pictographs and alphabets—consider Homer’s epics, the products of a nonliterate Greek “dark age” before the Classical period. Writing contributed a ledger of exploitation.
Scott’s retelling, however, goes deeper than scrambling the chronology and emphasizing the dark side of early institutions. Life in cities, he argues, was probably worse than foraging or herding. City dwellers were vulnerable to epidemics. Their diets were less varied than those of people on the outside. Unless they were in the small ruling class, they had less leisure, because they had to produce food not just for their own survival, but also to support their rulers. Their labor might be called on to build fortresses, monuments, and those ever-looming walls. Outside the walls, by contrast, a fortunate savage or barbarian might be a hunter in the morning, a herder or fisherman in the afternoon, and a bard singing tales around the fire in the evening. To enter the city meant joining the world’s first proletariat.
So why would anyone come into the city? Scott argues, based on reconstruction of ancient soils and climate, that around 5,000 years ago, droughts in the fertile wetlands of Mesopotamia made wild foods critically scarce, which meant that foragers had to rely more and more on grain to feed themselves. Once a system of labor was in place, fresh bodies could be hustled into it by the new sub–ruling class of soldiers, or swept up en masse in slave raids. Enslavement was nothing new, but the tax-grain-surplus regime enabled the new cities’ rulers to scale it up immensely. Once the exploitation machine called civilization was running, it was self-perpetuating.
Except that it often was not, because cities were acutely vulnerable—both more powerful and fragile than the more diverse and dispersed ways of life that preceded them. Besides epidemics, they tended to produce ecological crises, such as gradual salinization of the soil, sediment buildup in canals, and other environmental choke points that degraded grain production. And although urban ruling classes wielded organized military power, they were often sitting ducks for barbarian raiders. Many stories of civilizational flowering end with raiders riding in from the plains or their black sails appearing in the harbor, bringing looting, fire, and the end of days.
The barbarians beyond the walls are the charismatic figures in Scott’s book. Their hierarchies were flatter and perhaps looser, and, compared to laborers on the grain corvée, they seem free. Part of Scott’s goal in recasting the story of civilization is to open a new space for its “dark twin,” the great majority of human experience that has been lived outside cities and empires. Such lives are easily neglected in hindsight. Precisely because they were stateless, their labor did not produce many stone monuments, and their stories did not enter the annals of the early historians. They burned up their surpluses feasting together, in camps or villages whose materials decayed a few generations after they died. They left no Ozymandias.
But Ozymandias needed them. Barbarians were a threat but also a resource. They traded with city dwellers, supplying them with goods from the wild—such as honey, hides, and amber—as well as slaves and mercenaries. (Think of the Gauls in Rome, who fought as gladiators and labored as slaves.) The great flourishing of pre-modern states, from China west through Rome, brought with it the era of great barbarian nations that preyed on the cities, traded with them, and fed them their own people as slaves. When cities declined or failed, their laborers might slip across the frontier and join the barbarians; such escapes from exploitation were probably a safety valve at all times. What we still tend to call civilization was always intimately and ambiguously linked with what “civilized” people called barbarism. This is easy to miss, Scott argues, because we still imagine history through the self-serving and binary stories that the earliest civilizations have passed on to us.
Scott is well aware that much of this story is not entirely new. Big-picture historians such as Jared Diamond have acknowledged that for most people quality of life fell when agriculture replaced hunting and gathering. Yuval Noah Harari’s idiosyncratic, best-selling story-of-everything, Sapiens, describes settled agriculture as “history’s biggest fraud” for the same reasons. Even Adam Smith acknowledged that hunter-gatherers were more egalitarian than settled folk, and saw the state as arising “for the defense of the rich against the poor.” Highlighting the state’s role in ruling-class exploitation is central to the Marxian tradition of writing history, in which ancient slave societies serve as an early example of the extraction of surplus labor.
Part of what makes Scott’s story novel is the central and esteemed place he gives the barbarians. The infrastructure-building, law-codifying, biopolitical states of antiquity are not the starting points of universal history for Scott, as they were for both Marx and liberal historians. They are instead a kind of usurpation of a longer and quite possibly richer human practice of mobility and freedom. Here, too, Scott is echoing strands of a long tradition: The Roman historian Tacitus suggested that German barbarians were more virtuous than settled Romans; Anglo-Americans often traced their democratic identity to the “Anglo-Saxon” liberty of the forest rather than the cities of the Mediterranean; and today both paleo diets and the popularity of the bearded, nomadic wildlings on Game of Thrones suggest a hankering for rude barbarian health and liberty.
Scott ends on an elegiac note, suggesting that the golden age of the barbarians ended about the year 1600—that is, at roughly the same time that early-modern state-building began and legal discourses of sovereignty were developing. The barbarians began to decline partly because they sold out to the state, becoming slavers and mercenaries, until the enhanced state made its borders universal. In North America, for the first time, the “frontier” was not simply where imperial civilization stopped; it formed a presumptively (and actually) advancing vanguard of universal history. A different way of life, a vital and persistent alternative, and its people—the barbarians—receded into the story of the Encyclopaedia.
It isn’t just that the barbarians are gone. The sense in which we are caught in a world we have built is even stronger than that. The built world that sustains us is so vast that, for every pound of an average person’s body, there are 30 tons of infrastructure: roads, houses, sidewalks, utility grids, intensively farmed soil, and so forth. Without all that, global population would fall to ten million or so, where it stood during much of Scott’s story, or perhaps 200 million, as it was at the beginning of the Common Era. We are creatures of the artificial world that began with Scott’s walls and canals. The Earth is so thoroughly the world we have made that our domestic animals outweigh wild terrestrial mammals by a factor of 25 to one.
We are the only things here, and “here” is a planetary version of the infrastructure state. There really is no more outside. All of this leaves us to ask how far we, on the inside, can overcome the inherited logic of our exploitation machine, and how much of the nonhuman world will be left if we do. Any answers will unavoidably come through political projects to remake this world in gentler and more inclusive forms, so that it can house more kinds of lives. The state got us into this. It is only by using the state for new purposes that we can hope to get ourselves someplace else.
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Virtual classrooms are the future of eLearning and have become the prime mode of imparting education.
Implementing gamification in your virtual classrooms means adding gamification elements to your eLearning that increases the engagement rate of the learners.
In this article, I will share some insider facts about gamification in virtual classrooms that will help you in improving learner’s engagement.
Gamification In Virtual Classrooms
Virtual classroom solutions are the new learning trend among modern learners. Even schools, colleges, and corporations are using virtual classrooms for the training of the learners. One problem that all are facing is how to engage the learners in the virtual session of learning.
Gamification is the solution from scratch if you want to improve the engagement rate of the learners within the virtual classrooms. Implementing gamification strategies like- quizzes, puzzles, points and badges, bonuses, reward, etc. into your training strategies help you in improving the engagement of the learners from your virtual classroom session.
How Gamification Improves Learners Engagement
Real-World Scenario Based Learning
Learning through virtual classrooms is still not considered as effective as learning through the traditional classroom courses because of the retention rate. Virtual classrooms offer very low engagement as well as retention rates to the learners. But gamification in your training creates real-world scenarios among the learners while learners and helps them to use the knowledge in real-time. This creates a level of interest among the learners and engages them for a longer time.
Gamification Reward Your Learners
You can’t provide effective learning to the learners without engaging them. Generating interest in learning among the learners is the only way to provide effective training. With gamification, you can add rewards and recognitions that can be earned by learners while learning through your virtual classes. Completing various questions, quizzes, and puzzles while learning allows them to earn rewards and badges and this not only enhances knowledge but also motivates them to learn more. Moreover, you can also create a leaderboard with names of top performers of the day or the week to reward your learners.
Socialize Your Classroom With Gamification
Today’s generation is more addicted to social sites and engages with them for a long time. With gamification, you can add a touch of social learning in your virtual classroom. This can be done by allowing them to share your courses on the social site with their colleagues and friends. You can also allow them to share their rewards and achievements. Thus, integrating social learning with gamification elements is another great option to make them engaged while increasing their learning capabilities.
Collaborative Learning With Interactive Gamification
If you want to make your virtual classroom more effective and collaborative for learners then implement interactive gamification in your virtual training. These interactive elements divide your courses into a group project and promote collaborative learning among the learners. Learners complete the courses in the group by file sharing, virtual meetings, and interacting with one another. This creates a real-time learning environment among the learners and facilitates collaborative learning among them.
If virtual classrooms are not getting enough learners engagement then implementing various gamification strategies in your virtual training can increase the engagement rate and make your courses popular among the learners. If you are looking for a virtual platform with all the gamification features and other interactivity then we at WPEducate can help you in several ways. Get in touch with us to know more about virtual classroom platforms.
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THIS GCSE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PAPER 1 & PAPER 2 REVISION GUIDE WILL BE THE KEY TO A GRADE 9. THIS INCLUDES EVERYTHING U NEED TO KNOW ABOUT GCSE ENGLISH LANGUAGE PAPER 1 & PAPER 2. THIS MEETS THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A GRADE 9 FOR ALL AO’S (ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES) IN BOTH PAPERS.
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One way to bring about substantive social change in a peaceful, uplifting manner would be to develop a Social Clinic Movement, which might also be called a Social Beauty Movement, a Public Activity Movement, or a Public Economy Movement. The idea would be to encourage local communities throughout the country to develop their own, unique, creative Social Clinics—places (not necessarily, or only, physical) where social problems can be brought before groups of concerned people for collaborative assessment and treatment. The issues of concern would include those of political economy, health, education, social justice, social welfare, agriculture, industry, environment/ecology, social philosophy, culture, psychology/spirituality (both individual and collective spirit), and History, and these issues could be addressed at local, national, and international levels.
Components of a Comprehensive Social Clinic:
Just as a comprehensive Medical Clinic has sub-clinics (pediatrics, surgery, cardiology, psychiatry, preventive medicine, etc.), there could be many components of (interest groups within) the Social Clinic, each with its own (but overlapping and synergistic) concerns. The components (and their concerns) could include:
- Economy: Development of a Public Economy, based on economic altruism and cost-based pricing (with wise public subsidization). Development of a Collaborative International Network of Creative Independent National Public Economies—in which nations help each other to be successful, with all nations benefitting.
- Health: Development of a National Public Health Care System, organized and paid for by the Public—including a National Public Pharmaceutical component and a National Dental component .
- Education: Development of an improved Public Education System that provides free education through the PhD level and teaches the full spectrum of social ideas, including Public Activity and critical thinking.
- Social Welfare: Development of better social organization, including better and more innovative housing, more innovative community infrastructure, and better community services.
- Agriculture: Development of safer, healthier, more locally produced foods. Development of not only local strategies, but national and international strategies.
- Environment/Ecology: Development of strategies to address environmental destruction and global warming. This would include better Energy strategies.
- Social Philosophy: Development of a set of philosophical and social ideas that can contribute to a foundation of understanding for Social Clinics.
- Culture: Development of the Arts, with attention to ways in which the Arts could promote the goals and understandings of the Social Beauty Movement.
- Psychology/Spirituality: Development of ideas regarding how a healthier social milieu and social organization can improve individual and collective spirit and emotional health, by creating a deeper sense of meaning and a greater appreciation of Life, Nature, and Humanity. The current poor emotional health of American society (as a whole) needs to be addressed—its pathologic levels of projection, insecurity, fear, denial, anger, unkindness, depression, selfishness, and even collective paranoia. The causal factors responsible for the psychiatric illness of American society need to be determined and addressed.
- History: Awareness and critical analysis of History is an essential component of understanding and decision-making in the Social Clinic. A sub-project of the Social Clinic could be the development of a nationwide Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to educate and make amends for the history of US geopolitical/economic atrocities and missteps.
- Immunology: Just as the Medical Clinic has an Immunology Division, so could the Social Clinic. The purpose of the immunology division would be to identify inappropriate immunization that has already occurred—i.e. aspects of the mass immunization that American propaganda has used to prevent the “infection” of American minds with non-capitalist ideas. The immunology division would work to prevent further mistaken vaccination in the future, determine ways to deconstruct past inappropriate immunization, and develop ways to immunize the Public against propaganda—not by indoctrinating people, but by giving them historical and philosophical background and critical thinking tools to ward off unhealthy propaganda.
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What does poison ivy look like? A simple guide to identifying poison ivy in the wild. Complete with 14 images and other confusing look-a-likes.
Updated: October 1st, 2020
* might-have (or seasonal indicator)
|1. 3 Leaves||Leaves glossy at the top|
|2. Alternating side shoots||Cream-colored berries|
|3. Pointy tips and jagged edges||5-petal greenish flowers|
|4. Middle leaf on a longer stem||Aerial roots|
|5. Reddish stem|
|6. No thorns|
Compared to poison oak or sumac, poison ivy is the most common and widespread of the three popular toxic plants. Poison ivy can grow in forests, near water, and also in urban environments. It’s important to learn its telltale signs so you don’t accidentally come into contact with it. However, this may take some practice as poison ivy can be one tricky little transforming bugger.
Not only do its leaves change colors depending on the season, but the plant itself can grow in many forms like small shrubs, carpet-like ground coverings, or even climbing vines. In this post, we’re discussing specific features you can look for on this plant to effectively identify and steer clear of it.
Poison Ivy can be difficult to identify, however, there are a few details you can look for that will help you distinguish it from other plants. The following pictures of poison ivy will help identify each part of the plant and spot it easily next time you're out on a hike.
Leaves: Always in Three, Jagged Edges, Pointy Tips, Middle Leaf on a Longer Stem
In order to remember how many leaves poison ivy has, there is a popular saying that goes “Leaves of three? Let it be.” This chant was created because poison ivy always comes in a set of three oval leaflets.
The leaves will have jagged edges, pointy tips, and can grow to a size of 2-5 inches long. The two side leaves branch directly off from the stem, while the middle leaf is larger with a protruding stem. The two side leaves can also resemble a mitten, having one defined, segregated point similar to the ‘thumb’ in a mitten. The veins in poison ivy are very prominent in all three leaves.
In early spring and summer, the leaves will appear red and have a glossy look. As the plant ages throughout the seasons, the leaves will change color and texture losing their initial glossy appearance. Where the leaves will appear red in spring, they turn green in summer and change to orange or yellow in the fall.
A poison ivy plant is at its highest poison concentration in early spring and summer. So can you get poison ivy in the winter? Sadly, yes. Even when winter comes around and the leaves die off, a poison ivy vine remains alive and poisonous.
Stems: Alternating Side Shoots, Reddish, No ThOrns
Knowing what features to look for on the stems of poison ivy can be even more helpful than recognizing the details of its leaves. This is because where poison ivy’s leaves change depending on the season, the stems remain consistent.
The first notable characteristic of a poison ivy stem is that it has a reddish tint. Also, the stems holding the leaves will alternate on each side growing left then right, rather than branching off directly across from each other. The middle stem holding the largest leaf will also always be longer and more pronounced. Another detail to keep in mind is that poison ivy stems will never have thorns, but they will have small hair-like roots that grow off of the vines, as these roots help the plant to “climb.”
As for stem height, ground plants can grow up to 2 ft, bushes and shrubs 3 ft, and vines can reach up to 100 ft.
Wikimedia Commons by Kbh3rd
Flowers: From May to July, 5 Greenish Petals, Orange-colored Pistil
From May to July, poison ivy plants bloom with small, poisonous greenish-yellow flowers. The flowers have five petals, orange-colored centers, and they bloom in small clusters branching off from thin stalks. The flower itself is almost perfectly round, and each flower can get as large as a ½ inch in diameter.
Berries: Starting in August, Cream-COlored or Gray
Beginning in August and continuing into winter, white, gray or cream-colored berries can bloom from poison ivy plants. To humans, these berries are just as poisonous as the rest of the plant. However, they are a non-poisonous meal for birds, deer and other wildlife. These berries are largely why poison ivy is found in a variety of locations, as wildlife will eat the berries and later dispel the seeds which then bloom into new plants.
Roots: Specific to Poison Ivy Vines
Whereas western poison ivy roots grow underground, eastern poison Ivy’s roots are visible above ground; they're known as aerial roots. Aerial roots help poison ivy vines cling to and climb structures like walls, fences, and trees. In older plants, you’ll often see tiny, thin roots that look “hairy” branching off from vines and stems.
1. Virginia Creeper – This non-toxic plant can look similar to poison ivy, however there are two visible differences. Virginia creepers come in groups of five leaflets instead of three, and its berries are dark purple.
2. Boxelder – Although similar to poison ivy upon first glance, Boxelder's side shoots grow directly opposite from each other, while poison ivy shoots alternate on each side of the stem. Another way to tell the two apart is by looking for either gray or bluish blooms on the plant - those indicate you're dealing with Boxelder, not poison ivy.
3. Raspberry Bush – Raspberry bushes in their early stages can resemble a poison ivy plant. However, if you look closely, you’ll find that raspberry bushes have thorns on their vines where poison ivy bushes do not.
4. Hog Peanut – Like poison ivy, a hog peanut plant has three leaflets. However, its leaflets are untoothed and branch off of a much finer stem.
5. Jewelweed – Also known as a touch-me-not because of its delicate seed pods, this plant is commonly found alongside poison ivy and is often even mistaken for it. Jewelweed, however, has a light green stem, and in the spring, yellow or orange trumpet-shaped flowers. Fun fact: the ‘juice’ that lives within a jewelweeds stem is sometimes used as a natural remedy for treating poison ivy rashes and itching.
Poison ivy can grow in just about any climate other than at high elevations of over 4,000 feet, or in arid deserts. It requires only temperate weather and a few spouts of sun to survive, and has been found in parts of China, Russia and North America. The largest population of poison ivy is located in the U.S., with the plant living in every state except for Alaska, Hawaii and California. The greatest quantity spans sections of the Midwest and Eastern states, especially favoring moist areas along river and lakefronts, ocean beaches and the great lakes region.
*Map only approximate. Reality may differ slightly.
Poison Ivy can grow as a vine, shrub or single plant. It’s important to know that all three are poisonous, all year around.
Vine: The most abundant type of poison ivy, this form thrives in the eastern half of the U.S.. Fittingly, it is often referred to as ‘eastern poison ivy.’ A poison ivy vine can reach up to a hundred feet tall thanks to its above ground, aerial roots that help it scale buildings, chain-link fences and trees or telephone poles. A common characteristic found on these vines is that they contain small, hair-like roots branching out in all directions. These vines and roots are just as poisonous as the leaves, and should be avoided like the rest of the plant.
Shrub: Also referred to as ‘western poison ivy’, these low-growing shrubs or bushes thrive in the western plains of the U.S. and in many parts of Canada. A poison ivy shrub can reach up to four feet tall and typically sprouts from an unbranched, wooded stem. A shrub of poison ivy does not climb or have exposed roots like that of its vine cousin, eastern poison ivy. Shrubs of poison ivy grow best on the edges of woods, in ditches, or across open spaces with moderate sunlight.
Single Plant: Poison ivy plants spread by birds and other animals digesting the berries and expelling the seeds. Because of this, it’s not uncommon to find a single plant of poison ivy growing alongside houses, cement or wooded paths, or sprouting up out of gardens. A single plant of poison ivy can be just as toxic as a shrub or vine, and if found on your property, should be removed with care before it spreads.
The first step in preventing contact with poison ivy is to practice recognizing it from the get-go so you’ll avoid it. Luckily, there are plenty of fun little mantra’s nowadays you can memorize to help with this. A few of the most common are:
Each one of these little mantra’s contains classifying characteristics of poison ivy, and knowing to look for these characteristics is a helpful precautionary measure. A second measure you can take is to wear long sleeves, pants, and closed toed shoes anytime you’ll be walking through foliage or well-vegetated areas.
However, properly covering up doesn’t guarantee your totally in the clear from poison ivy’s effects. The venomous part of poison ivy is actually the urushiol oil it produces. This oil can cling to surfaces such as clothing, gloves, a pet’s fur or even gear like backpacks and hiking boots. Thus, you don't need to come into direct contact with the plant to get hurt.
Once the oil gets on an item, the item must be thoroughly washed or the oil can remain a threat for up to five years.
Another important thing to note is that burning a poison ivy plant may be tempting, but it is NEVER a good idea. If you do this, the toxins will become airborne and you can inhale the oil’s chemical’s, creating a case of poison ivy rash internally on your lungs.
If you do come into contact with this unfriendly plant, here are a few steps you can take early on and treatment options you can follow to help make the healing process faster and a bit more bearable.
1. Wash your skin immediately and repeatedly with rubbing alcohol or dish soap followed by cold water. If you do this quickly enough—like within the first 10-20 minutes—you can still get the poisonous oils off your skin and avoid the allergic reaction altogether.
2. Put on gloves you won’t mind throwing away (i.e. a cheap rubber pair).
3. Wash everything else you think might have also touched the poison ivy.
If you end up developing a reaction to poison ivy, you’ll experience inflammation, reddening of the skin, an itchy rash and small blisters filled with clear liquid 24-48 hours after contact. Keep in mind that although you’ll itch like the dickens, scratching away at the impacted areas can make the reaction worse because bacteria could get in the wounds and cause infection.
Applying Calamine lotion, Cortisone, Benadryl and even Apple Cider Vinegar to the infected areas are all great for drying out your skin and helping relieve itch. Also, swimming in a chlorine pool, soaking in a salt bath or even washing with tomato juice can be effective methods for “drying out.”
If out on the trail, extracting the juice from a jewelweed stem and applying it onto the affected areas may be your best line of defense in helping soothe your skin. Be sure to test a small amount of jewelweed first to make sure you’re not allergic.
If you catch a bad case of poison ivy, keep in mind that the most severe symptoms occur within the first 48 hours after the rash has developed. The healing time can take anywhere from a week to a month, depending on severity. Once you’ve caught poison ivy, your sensitivity and reaction can increase each time you’re exposed. In especially severe cases or if you show signs of infection (like fever or yellow fluid seeping from scabs or blisters), you should talk with a doctor immediately about taking a steroid like Prednisone, which will reduce inflammation and temporarily mask painful symptoms.
By Katie Licavoli: Katie Licavoli is a freelance writer and outdoor enthusiast who specializes in articles, blog posts, gear reviews, and site content about living the Good Life spent exploring The Great Outdoors. Her favorite days are ones in nature, and her favorite views are any with mountains.
About Greenbelly: After thru-hiking the Appalachian Trail, Chris Cage created Greenbelly to provide fast, filling and balanced meals to backpackers. Chris also wrote How to Hike the Appalachian Trail.
Affiliate disclosure: We aim to provide honest information to our readers. We do not do sponsored or paid posts. In exchange for referring sales, we may receive a small commission through affiliate links. This post may contain affiliate links. This comes at no extra cost to you.
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"THIRSK, a parish partly within the liberty of ST-PETER-of-YORK, East riding, but chiefly in the wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding, of the county of YORK, comprising the borough and market-town, of Thirsk, and the chapelries of Carlton-Islebeck, or Miniot, Sand-Hutton, and Sowerby, and containing 3502 inhabitants, of which number, 2533 are in the borough of Thirsk, 23 miles N.N.W. from York, and 223 N.N.W. from London. The conjectural derivation of the name of this place is from Tre Isk, two ancient British words, signifying a town and river, or brook. A strong and extensive castle was erected here, about 979, by the ancient family of Mowbray, on which Roger de Mowbray, in the time of Henry II., having become a confederate of the King of Scotland, erected his standard against his lawful sovereign; on the suppression of that revolt, this fortress, with many others, was entirely demolished, by order of the king. In the reign of Henry VII., during a popular commotion, Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland, and lieutenant of this county, is said to have been put to death here, beneath a very ancient elm-tree, which formerly grew on Elm Green. The town is situated on the road from York to Edinburgh, nearly in the centre of the vale of Mowbray, a tract of country remarkable for the fertility of its soil, and the picturesque beauty and richness of its scenery: it consists of the Old and the New towns, which are separated by a small stream, called Cod-beck, over which are two substantial stone bridges. A neat gravel walk across the fields leads to the adjacent village of Sowerby; it commands a fine prospect of the surrounding country, terminated by the Hambleton hills, and is the favourite promenade of the inhabitants. At the south-western extremity ol the town, the moat and rampart, together with some subterranean vaults, and the site of the court-yard of the castle, still exist. Within the precincts of thisacient fortress New Thirsk is situated, with its sPacl° and commodious market-place in the centre. The Ola Town, which alone is included within the limits of tne borough, is on the north-east side of the stream, and consists of a long range of cottages on each side of the turnpike road leading from York to Yarm and StocKton, and two squares surrounded by similar buildings, one called St. James' Green,where the cattle fairsare held, the other formerly comprising an ancient churcn, dedicated to St. James> of which there are no vestiges. This place is called Elm Green, from the ancient elm that formerly grew there, beneath which the members of parliament for the borough were usually elected. A small quantity of coarse linen and sacking is manufactured. Coal, which is partly brought from the county of Durham, in small carts containing from eighteen to twenty-two bushels each, is sold at a very high price, although the supply has been somewhat increased by the extension of the Darlington railway to Croft Bridge, twenty-one miles distant. The market is on Monday, and is a large one for provisions, of which great quantities purchased here are carried for sale to Leeds and other places. Fairs are held on Shrove- Monday and April 4th and 5th, for cattle, sheep, leather, &c.; Easter-Monday and Whit-Monday, for woollen cloth, toys, &c. 5 and August 4th and 5th, October 28th and 29th, and the first Tuesday after December 11th, for cattle, sheep, and leather. The municipal regulations of the town are vested in a bailiff, chosen by the burgage-holders, and sworn in before the steward of the lord of the manor, who holds a court leet annually at Michaelmas, for that and other purposes. Old Thirsk is a borough by prescription, and first sent members to parliament in. the 23rd of Edward I., but made no other return till the last parliament of Edward VI.: the elective franchise is vested in the burgage-holders, in number about fifty; the bailiff is the returning officer, and the influence of Sir Robert Frankland, Bart., is predominant. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, endowed with £1600 parliamentary grant, and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York. The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, and situated at the northern extremity of the New Town, is a spacious and handsome structure, in the later style of English architecture, with a lofty embattled tower at the west end, and is supposed to have been constructed from the ruins of the castle. There are places of worship for the Society of Friends, Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists. In 1769, Jane Day bequeathed £100 for the instruction of poor children. There is a school-house under the chancel of the church for instruction in English grammar, writing, and arithmetic. In the town is also a school of industry, for clothing and educating poor girls. A dispensary, supported by voluntary contributions, has recently been established."
"CARLTON MINIOT, (or Carlton Islebeck), a chapelry in the parish of THIRSK, partly in the liberty of ST-PETER-of-YORK, East riding, and partly in the wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the county of YORK, 2 miles S.W. from Thirsk, containing 221 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, with that of Sand-Hutton, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, endowed with £800 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York."
"SAND HUTTON, a chapelry in the parish of THIRSK, wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the county of YORK, 4 miles S.W. from Thirsk, containing 273 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, with that of Thirsk, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, endowed with £800 royal bounty. The chapel is dedicated to St. Mary. Here is a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists."
"SOWERBY, a chapelry in the parish of THIRSK, wapentake of BIRDFORTH, North riding of the county of YORK, 1 mile S. from Thirsk, containing 748 inhabitants. The living is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland, and diocese of York, endowed with £200 private benefaction, and £400 royal bounty, and in the patronage of the Archbishop of York."
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The New York Public Library released a treasure trove of 180,000 high-resolution scans of public domain images. They include photographs, etchings, watercolors, sheet music, maps, illuminated manuscript images and other pages from books, stereoscopic views, and more. The oldest materials date back as far as the 11th century. With their visual search you can browse by century, genre, collection, and even color.
“Did you know that more than 180,000 of the items in our Digital Collections are in the public domain?
“That means everyone has the freedom to enjoy and reuse these materials in almost limitless ways. The Library now makes it possible to download such items in the highest resolution available directly from the Digital Collections website.
“No permission required. No restrictions on use.
“Below you’ll find tools, projects, and explorations designed to inspire your own creations—go forth and reuse!”
I know I’m going to be using the collection a lot!
Out There is an occasional feature highlighting intriguing art, spaces, places, phenomena, flora, and fauna.
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Earth observation satellites constantly supply data from all parts of the world, and their resolution is continually increasing. They are used for such purposes as mapping forest fires, ocean ice fields, natural disasters, and oil spills, where time is a critical factor.
The vision for the future anticipates “live” data transmission following the example of communication satellites. Geostationary relay satellites in permanent visual contact with earth observation satellites take over their data. A network of relay satellites then passes on these data around the world at the speed of light to ground stations, for example in Oberpfaffenhofen.
Today, these data sometimes require several hours or even days to reach their users. The reason? The data can only be delivered when the earth observation satellite is in direct visual contact with a ground station. Until then, the data have to be stored on board the satellite. If the satellite’s storage capacity is too low, the data may have to be transferred to very remote ground stations which lack a link to the worldwide high speed network.
New transmission approaches are urgently required because of the enormous amounts of earth observation data being collected, and these can now be tested with EOC’s new antenna. It will serve in the future as a bridgehead to the geostationary relay satellite AlphaSAT. This communication satellite is to be launched in summer 2013 and for the first time will be capable of optical reception of earth observation data transmitted to it via lasers. Enormous amounts of data can be transferred through space in the shortest possible time with the help of lasers. However, subsequent transfer to a ground station will be handled via microwave transmission. In contrast to lasers, microwaves are hardly disturbed by Earth’s atmosphere and make possible smooth reception of data independent of weather conditions. The newly installed antenna uses the Ka-band at a frequency of 26 gigahertz.
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In 2004, Clifford Bailey of the Diabetes Group from Aston University in Birmingham, United Kingdom described metformin, the most widely prescribed drug for treating diabetes, as ironic: In our high-tech era of drug discovery and development this first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes is little removed from an herbal remedy of the Middle Ages. Despite its chemical simplicity and detailed investigation, metformin continues to evade a complete exposé of its cellular activity (Pract Diab Int April 2004 Vol.21 No. 3)
Now, almost a decade later, a team led by Morris Birnbaum, M.D., Ph.D. from the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, is getting closer to a clear picture of how this drug works, which, in addition to its widespread use for diabetes, is being tested for treating dementia and cancer.
The Birnbaum lab and colleagues found that metformin works in a different way than previously understood. They found that in mice it suppresses the liver hormone glucagon’s ability to generate an important signaling molecule, which points to new drug targets.
For fifty years, one of the few classes of therapeutics effective in reducing the overactive glucose production associated with diabetes has been the biguanides, which includes metformin. The inability of insulin to keep liver glucose output in check is a major factor in the high blood sugar of type 2 diabetes and other diseases of insulin resistance.
“Overall, metformin lowers blood glucose by decreasing liver production of glucose,” says Birnbaum. “But we didn’t really know how the drug accomplished that.”
Birnbaum’s Nature study describes a novel mechanism by which metformin antagonizes the action of glucagon, thus reducing fasting glucose levels. The team showed that metformin leads to the accumulation of the protein AMP in mice, which inhibits an enzyme called adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing levels of key enzymes and eventually blocking glucagon-dependent glucose output from liver cells. Insulin Resistance in the Brain
In the spring of 2012, another Penn team led by geriatric psychiatrists Steve Arnold, M.D. and Konrad Talbot, Ph.D., described the first direct demonstration that insulin resistance occurs in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease.
Insulin resistance in the brain precedes and contributes to cognitive decline above and beyond other known causes of Alzheimer's disease. Insulin is also important to the health of brain cells. The team identified extensive abnormalities in the activity of two major signaling pathways for insulin and insulin-like growth factor in non-diabetic people with Alzheimer's disease.
In preliminary trials, metformin has been shown to stimulate the development of new nerve cells in the areas of the brain responsible for learning and memory. A new Phase 2 clinical trial being conducted at Penn will investigate the safety, tolerability, and cognitive effects of the drug on non-diabetic individuals with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer’s disease. The trial will also examine the drug’s impact on biomarkers of Alzheimer’s.
Metformin and Cancer
Five years ago, Penn researchers found that metformin kills tumor cells that lack the p53 gene, and more than half of all human cancers have lost the p53 gene, so the cells have no ability to put the brakes on their cancerous growth. Metformin activates AMP-related pathways, which exert changes on cellular metabolism by affecting p53 function. Observational studies at the time had already shown that diabetic patients who take metformin have a lower rate of cancer diagnosis and mortality than other diabetics.
The researchers found that metformin instructs cells to switch metabolic pathways. Instead of using the most energy efficient pathway – called oxidative phosphorylation – the cells are forced to use stress-related ones, which are typically used when the cell is short on oxygen, glucose or other nutrient sources. But in the absence of p53, the cells can’t make the switch.
Birnbaum mentions that he has been conferring with cancer researchers about exploring the relationship between metformin and how it affects cancer cells. He says that his lab’s work re-emphasizes that metformin has the ability to work independent of AMPK, something not generally considered by investigators looking for direct effects of metformin on tumors.
Metformin seems to have come full circle from a home remedy in the European medieval apothecary called goat’s rue to now being investigated for a host of modern chronic conditions. Miller, R., Chu, Q., Xie, J., Foretz, M., Viollet, B., & Birnbaum, M. (2013). Biguanides suppress hepatic glucagon signalling by decreasing production of cyclic AMP Nature DOI: 10.1038/nature11808
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According to a study reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, losing sleep may cause you to eat more. The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) looked at the link between lack of sleep and obesity, and discovered that other studies have reported similar results.The study reported in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition analyzed the sleeping pattern and diet of twelve young men. They test subjects were divided into two groups. One was allowed four hours of sleep per night, the other group eight. Those who slept less had a greater appetite and consumed 22 percent more calories that their well-rested counterparts. Although those with less sleep also burned more calories, it was not nearly enough to make up the difference.Adequate sleep rejuvenates the body and mind and is essential for healthy functioning. A great way to ensure that you will sleep well at night is to exercise regularly. Exercise not only burns calories, it also gives you an energy boost for the day and ensures that you will be sufficiently tired when it's time for bed. Exercising too close to your bedtime is a bad idea as it raises your body temperature, which can take up to six hours to drop. A high body temperature makes it harder to get the rest you need.
Although caffeine is useful for kick-starting your day, too much of it will stop you from sleeping. If you don't sleep enough, then you will continue to take caffeine. It's a vicious circle that is extremely unhealthy. As the day wears on, you should replace caffeine and sugar with healthier alternatives which will allow you to fall asleep at night.
Don't let lack of sleep become a burden. Start consuming less caffeine and eat healthier foods. Lack of sleep not only causes your mind to become less sharp, it can also lead to weight gain.
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There is a big difference between “eating for survival” and “eating for performance.” When an athlete plans their diet, they obviously have to concentrate on the latter. In the end, diet is probably the most important factor for athletes, with training and exercise in second place.
When you decide to adopt a performance-based diet, one of the most important things is to choose your primary source of protein. You have many options in this department, from meat to beans and many other things. In this article, we will talk about one of the best options: Seafood. Here are just a few reasons that athletes should eat more seafood.
Seafood Promotes Brain Health
The brain drives the body, making it the root of all athletic activity. The human body is driven by electrical signals from the brain, and a healthy brain can send and receive those signals more quickly. Not only that, but brain health is essential for the quick thinking that often separates winners from losers.
This study is just one of many that have proven this point. They found that seafood protects the brain from oxidation. Oxidation is a process that breaks down organic matter and is a natural part of the aging process. Seafood prevents this process because it includes a relatively large amount of an element called Selenium.
There are about 30 different enzymes that protect the brain from oxidation, much like an enameled coating prevents steel from rusting. However, all of these enzymes require a certain amount of Selenium in order to function.
Seafood Promotes Longevity
The length of your lifespan can be influenced by many factors, but it seems that seafood can and does make a big difference. The single biggest piece of evidence for this fact comes from the traditional Japanese diet.
Japan has the longest life expectancy of any nation on earth, and the gap is widening. According to most reports, Japanese life expectancy is at an all-time high as of 2018. It is believed that this long life expectancy comes from the fact that they eat far more seafood than most other nations.
There is evidence to show that diet is the main factor here. Japan doesn’t have a whole lot of farmland, and there isn’t enough space on a small island to accommodate a lot of cattle, pigs, sheep, etc. As such, meat tends to be more expensive. Since ancient times, their best source of protein has been the sea. There is also plenty of evidence to show that seafood promotes healthy aging.
High In Protein, Low In Fat
Most seafood is extremely high in beneficial proteins. Most fish will have protein levels that are similar to those of chicken, beef, or pork. At the same time, they have a much lower fat content. The fats that they do contain are mostly omega fatty acids, which is a good thing.
Omega fatty acids are responsible for a lot of the health benefits of seafood. You see, the body needs a certain amount of fat in order to process its protein, and seafood gives you that fat in a beneficial form. Omega fatty acids do not cause as much weight gain as saturated fats, so fish is likely to help you lose weight. Because they produce a slight increase in metabolism, omega fatty acids have been shown to aid weight loss (to a certain extent).
Seafood Promotes Endurance And Recovery
Many people choose to take fish oil supplements because they have been shown to fight inflammation with great effectiveness. Whenever you see medicine that can do the job with little to no side effects, it warrants a closer look. At the same time, researchers have also proven that this anti-inflammatory effect comes from the high levels of omega-3 fatty acids that are found in fish oil.
Still, fish oil tastes nasty and doesn’t offer any real nutrient value. It gives you the fatty acids and not much else. If you’re going to supplement with fish oil, you might as well skip a step and stock your freezer with lots of fish. It’s no secret that a diet high in seafood will make you less prone to heart disease, and this is the case because those omega fatty acids reduce the levels of strain and inflammation on the heart.
This reduced level of inflammation will also make you less prone to injury and aid your recovery time. Every workout involves a certain amount of muscle damage, and the soreness that you feel afterward is usually due to microscopic tears in the muscle. Although you cannot avoid this process if you want to build muscle, you can reduce its effects and make it easier to handle. Once again, you could just use a fish oil supplement, but why not go ahead and try the real thing?
We have already talked about the unusually long life expectancy of Japan. On that topic, we might also mention the natives of Alaska and northern Canada. These people certainly can’t grow enough food to survive, and hunting is much more difficult and dangerous in their kind of environment. Thus, like the Japanese, they get most of their protein from the sea. And guess what? they also have a very long life expectancy and a very low incidence of heart disease.
All the evidence points us to the undisputable conclusion that seafood consumption can lead to a longer and healthier life. For an athlete who wants to enjoy a long and fruitful career, it’s too good of an offer to let pass. Of course, we should mention that not all fish are equally healthy, and that’s why you should make sure to do your homework. Stick with fish that are known to contain lots of Omega fatty acids, like salmon, mackerel, cod, and herring.
By reading this article and following its advice, you can enjoy a longer life and an increased level of health. To show your appreciation for this, we hope that you will take a moment to follow us on Facebook using the link below.
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Monocots & Dicots
Monocots only have one cotyledon. Generally the leaves of a monocot are long and skinny. The veins on a monocot plant are paralell.The monocot plants have pedals that are multiples of three. The vascular tubes are scattered.
Dicot plants have wide with branching veins. They have petals of fours or fives.They have two cotyledons.Vascular tubes are bundled.
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Olof von Dalin
Dalin, Olof von (ōˈlôv fən dälēnˈ) [key], 1708–63, Swedish historian, poet, and journalist, the foremost figure of the Swedish Enlightenment. In his successful career in the civil service, Dalin served as royal librarian (1737–39), tutor to the future Gustavus III (1750–56), royal historiographer (1755–56), and king's councillor (1763). His periodical, the Swedish Argus (1733–34), helped to introduce the Enlightenment in Sweden and won for Dalin the title "the Voltaire of the North." Dalin's prose masterpiece, the allegorical Tale of the Horse (1740), uses folk material to satirize the relations between the Swedish people (the horse) and the monarchy (the master). Most of his writings were more notable as skillful imitations than as creative efforts. They include essays, plays, lyric poetry, and humorous prose, all highly regarded in his time. His History of the Swedish Kingdom (4 vol., 1746–62) ridiculed confused theories of Sweden's Gothic origins.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Olof von Dalin from Fact Monster:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Historians, European: Biographies
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As numerous studies have shown, the polar ice caps are disappearing at an alarming rate. Global warming or climate change, or however you choose to characterize what’s happening to our planet, will inevitably result in rising sea levels. Are we ready for this potentially calamitous eventuality? Of course not. (Silly question.) We’re not likely to prepare for it until it’s too late. In fact I doubt much (if any) of the federal stimulus money will go toward planning for a future where sea levels might rise as high as five feet. Instead we’re likely to see a lot of pothole remediation (shovel-ready projects!) and politically inspired pork (Bridge to Nowhere).
The ideas for this newer, wetter world will have to come from designers. In that spirit, the Bay Conversation and Development Commission out in San Francisco recently announced winners of the Rising Tides Competition. The competition, which drew 130 entries from 18 countries, challenged designers to create waterfront strategies that envisioned a 55-inch rise in sea level over the next century.
Instead of awarding the $25,000 grand prize to one winner, the impressive jury (Michael Sorkin; Walter Hood, the landscape architect; Marcel Stive, scientific director of the Water Research Centre in Holland; Denise Reed, a professor and water researcher at the University of New Orleans; and Tracy Metz, an American-born Dutch architecture critic) decided to split the prize six ways. Below is at the winners’ ideas:
Click the images for larger PDFs of the winners’ proposals.
Topographical Shifts at the Urban Waterfront, by Wright Huaiche Yang and J. Lee Stickles
100 Year Plan, by Derek James Hoeferlin, Ian Caine, and Michael Heller
RAYdike, by Thom Faulders
BAYARC, by a team of designers and engineers from SOM
Folding Water, by Liz Ranieri and Byron Kuth, of Kuth Ranieri Architects
Evolutionary Recovery, by Yumi Lee + Yeon Tae Kim, of LANDplus Design
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LOS ANGELES (CBS) — This weekend marks the end of daylight saving time which will mean an extra hour of sleep for most.
Like 47 other states, California will “fall back” one hour at 2 a.m. Sunday when daylight saving time ends and the state reverts to Pacific Standard Time.
Public safety officials are using the semi-annual clock changing exercise as an opportunity to remind people to change their batteries in smoke and carbon monoxide detectors, as well as flashlights.
Daylight saving time was adopted by the United States in 1918, partly as a way to cut down on energy use in the evenings. Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe daylight saving time.
(©2011 CBS Local Media, a division of CBS Radio Inc. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. Wire services contributed to this report.)
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Is there a link between not taking a vacation and depression?
A new study by Ipsos Public Affairs and Allianz Global Assistance identified “Vacation Deficit Disorder” through a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), a clinically validated screening questionnaire that tests likely levels of depression.
A vacation deficit is defined as “Americans who think that an annual vacation is important, but who are not confident that they will take one this year.”
Vacation Deficit Disorder is the relationship between a lack of vacation and depression.
Results showed that almost one-third of Americans with a vacation deficit demonstrate symptoms of mild to moderate depression. Twelve percent would be considered to be suffering signs of moderately severe to severe depression. And individuals identified as displaying signs of moderately severe or severe depression are significantly less likely to have taken a vacation in the past two years, and are less likely to take a vacation in 2018.
“While we have long known that Americans underutilize their vacation time, this shows the real consequences this can have for their health and well-being,” said Daniel Durazo, director of communications at Allianz Global Assistance USA. “While this research shows a relationship between the lack of vacation and signs of clinical depression, more comprehensive work is needed to fully understand the long-term effects of not taking a vacation on the mental health of Americans.”
Will Americans who need a vacation get one?
Allianz’s Vacation Confidence Index found that, among the 58 percent of Americans who say it’s important that they take a vacation every year, 67 percent are confident that they will get one.
This leaves 21 percent of Americans who find annual vacations important but are not confident that they will be able to take one in the next 12 months, a number that is unchanged since the survey was administered last year.
The Vacation Confidence Survey found that an annual vacation is very important to 40 percent of those showing signs of moderately severe to severe depression and is important to 31 percent of the general population.
Those suffering from depression had lower levels of confidence that they would take a vacation this year. Twenty-four percent were confident that they would take one versus 32 percent of the general population, who said they were confident they would take a vacation.
Of those suffering from depression, 39 percent said that they typically get a summer vacation in comparison to the national average of 46 percent.
Sixty-two percent of those suffering from depression did not take a summer vacation in 2017 compared to the national average of 47 percent and 56 percent of those with depression have not taken a vacation for more than two years as compared to 38 percent of the general population.
When it comes to the confidence that they will take a vacation at some point in 2018, just 23 percent of those with depression believed they would compared to a national average of 35 percent.
The Vacation Confidence Index has been conducted each summer since 2010 by national polling firm Ipsos Public Affairs on behalf of Allianz Global Assistance USA.
|
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There is a long lineup of scientists who have made groundbreaking discoveries and useful contributions to science, but not many have made the cut to be a special, annual holiday. Back in 1993, Dr. Robert Stephens saw it fit to give that honor to Charles Darwin, the naturalist and geologist whose theories in the origins of modern life have impacted the way humans understand their existence and connection with the rest of the world.
An admirer of Charles Darwin, Dr. Robert Stephens is a cell and molecular biologist who is ardent about inspiring compassion through science. And it all traces back to Charles Darwin. In an interview with the International Darwin Day Foundation, Dr. Stephens described Darwin as “a gentile and companionate man with extraordinary skills of observation and reason,” and, along with Darwin’s wife, “exemplified the ethical and moral values as described in “Humanism and its Aspirations.”
And so, in November 1993, Dr. Stephens pitched the idea of Darwin Day in front of the Humanist Community at Stanford University. Needless to say, the members present at the meeting were receptive to the idea—and soon started oiling the wheels to make the event a success. The preparations included everything from obtaining funds from supportive organizations to getting in touch with influential speakers for the first event, which was then held on April 22, 1995.
Eventually, Dr. Stephens worked with key persons abroad—educators, thought leaders, and scientists—to bring Darwin Day to an international audience. All efforts proved to be fruitful, as Darwin Day now gets celebrated worldwide every February 12—the birthday of Darwin himself.
More than an appreciation of Darwin’s contributions to modern biology, Darwin Day ought to emphasize Darwin’s impact on philosophy. According to Dr. Stephens, Darwin’s life and work lend much to the “fundamental values of Humanism.” Indeed, Darwin’s theories removed the idea of a higher purpose and, in effect, offered a much more sensible approach to human ethics and morals.
As for what humanists, freethinkers, and atheists can do? Dr. Stephen urges everyone to utilize the natural selection and modern scientific methods to reframe mindsets—the same way Dr. Stephen employed science to be the pragmatic humanist he is today. “I was a farm boy, but wouldn’t have been interested in Darwin if it wasn’t for my education.”
Charles Darwin has, indeed, catalyzed developments in science, health, and philosophy, and continuously inspires us to be more aware of our place in the world. On Darwin Day, it is our turn to carry on his legacy and inspire others to think critically, seek answers methodically, and act ethically in relation to our communities.
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Installing and Configuring DHCP
If you have worked with Windows NT at all, you are probably familiar with Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) — a server service that enables the server to dynamically assign IP addresses to network clients. Because Windows 2000 networking has TCP/IP as its foundation, DHCP also plays an important role in Windows 2000 networks.
For the exam, you need to know how to install and configure DHCP on a Windows 2000 server, as well as how to manage its operations.
What is DHCP, anyway?
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) is a server service that dynamically assigns, or leases, IP addresses and related IP information to network clients. At first glance, this may not seem like an important task. However, you have to remember that, on a TCP/IP network, each network client must have a unique IP address and an appropriate subnet mask. Without these items, a client cannot communicate on the network. For example, if two clients have the same IP address, neither will be able to communicate on the network.
Back in its early days, TCP/IP gained the reputation of being a high-overhead protocol — it required more configuration than other networking protocols. The prospect of having to visit each client machine and manually enter a correct IP address and subnet mask without making a duplication error was enough to give network administrators severe panic attacks.
DHCP handles all this work automatically. Each client gets a unique IP address, subnet mask, and other IP information such as default gateways and the IP addresses of WINS (Windows Internet Name Service) and DNS (Domain Name System) servers. DHCP makes certain that no clients have duplicate addresses, and this entire process is invisible to network administrators and network users. As you can see, DHCP is very important, and the exam expects you to know how to install and configure it.
How does DHCP work?
DHCP works by leasing IP addresses and IP information to network clients for a period of time. For the lease to happen, the following negotiation process occurs:
1. During the boot process, a client computer that is configured as a DHCP client sends out a broadcast packet called DHCPDISCOVER. This Discover packet contains the client's computer name and Media Access Control (MAC) address so the DHCP servers can respond to it. Basically, the Discover packet says, "I'm looking for a DHCP server who can lease an IP address."
2. DHCP servers on the network respond to the broadcast with a DHCPOFFER. In essence, the DHCPOFFER says, "I am a DHCP server and I have a lease for you." If several DHCP servers respond to the request, the client accepts the first offer that it receives.
3. The client responds via a broadcast message called a DHCPREQUEST. This message basically says, "I accept your lease offer and would like an IP address." If other DHCP servers made offers, they also see their lease offers were not accepted by the broadcast message, so they rescind their offers. (They must not like getting snubbed by a client computer.)
4. The DHCP server whose offer was accepted responds with a DHCPACK message, which acknowledges the lease acceptance and contains the client's IP address lease as well as other IP addressing information that you configure the server to provide. The client is now a TCP/IP client and can participate on the network.
Keep in mind that a lease is for a period of time. Typically, a client can keep its IP address for several days (or whatever you configure). When half the lease time expires, the client attempts to renew its lease for the IP address. After a client obtains the lease for an IP address, it attempts to keep the lease by renewing it over and over. If unsuccessful, the client simply must get a new IP address lease.
Reviewing important DHCP terms
You should memorize the DHCP terms listed in Table 1, because you need to know them for the exam.
Table 1: Important DHCP Terms
What It Means
A full range of IP addresses that can be leased from a particular DHCP server.
A grouping of scopes used to support logical IP subnets that exist on one physical IP subnet (called a multinet).
A scope that contains multicast IP addresses, which treat multicast clients as a group. Multicast is an extension of DHCP and uses a multicast address range of 22.214.171.124 to 126.96.36.199.
The IP addresses in a scope that are available for lease.
A group of IP address in the scope that are excluded from leasing. Excluded addresses are normally used to give hardware devices, such as routers, a static IP address.
A means for assigning a permanent IP address to a particular client, server, or hardware device. Reservations are typically made for servers or hardware devices that need a static IP address.
The amount of time that a client may use an IP address before the client must re-lease the IP address or request another one.
As with other networking components in Windows 2000 Server, you can install DHCP in either of two ways:
- Using Add/Remove Programs in the Control Panel
- Using the Configure Your Server tool
Like most other Windows 2000 components, DHCP functions as a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) snap-in. After you install DHCP, you must configure the service for operation.
To open the DHCP Manager, click Start --> Programs --> Administrative Tools --> DHCP. The right pane within the snap-in tells you that you must configure the service.
DHCP does not begin leasing IP addresses and it is not functional until an administrator configures it.
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Originally published in 1742, Observations upon Liberal Education is a significant contribution to the Scottish Enlightenment and the moral-sense school of Scottish philosophy.
In Observations, Turnbull applies the ideas of the Scottish Enlightenment to the education of youth. He shows how a liberal education fosters true “inward liberty” and moral strength and thus prepares us for responsible and happy lives in a free society.
George Turnbull (1698–1748) taught at Marischal College, Aberdeen.
Terrence O. Moore, Jr., is Principal of Ridgeview Classical Schools in Fort Collins, Colorado, and was formerly Assistant Professor of History at Ashland University in Ohio.Please note: This title is available as an ebook for purchase on Amazon, Barnes and Noble, and iTunes.
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Classification / Names
Common names | Synonyms | Catalog of Fishes (gen., sp.) | ITIS | CoL | WoRMS | Cloffa
Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) > Perciformes
(Perch-likes) > Gobiidae
(Gobies) > Gobionellinae
Etymology: Brachygobius: Greek, brachys, eia = short + Latin, gobius = gudgeon (Ref. 45335).
Environment: milieu / climate zone / depth range / distribution range
Freshwater; brackish; demersal. Tropical; 25°C - ? (Ref. 2059)
Asia: northeastern Borneo (Ref. 7050) and Mekong delta, upstream as far as Cambodia (Ref. 12693).
Size / Weight / Age
Maturity: Lm ? range ? - ? cm
Max length : 1.8 cm SL male/unsexed; (Ref. 12693)
Inhabits fresh and brackish waters, in areas of aquatic vegetation, including mangrove roots (Ref. 12693). Feeds on zooplankton (Ref. 12693). Not seen in markets (Ref. 12693).
Life cycle and mating behavior
Maturity | Reproduction | Spawning | Eggs | Fecundity | Larvae
Larson, H.K., 2001. A revision of the gobiid fish genus Mugilogobius (Teleostei: Gobioidei), and its systematic placement. Rec. West. Aust. Mus. (Suppl. No. 62):1-233. (Ref. 43716)
IUCN Red List Status (Ref. 115185)
CITES (Ref. 115941)
Threat to humans
Fisheries: of no interest
Common namesSynonymsMetabolismPredatorsEcotoxicologyReproductionMaturitySpawningFecundityEggsEgg development
ReferencesAquacultureAquaculture profileStrainsGeneticsAllele frequenciesHeritabilityDiseasesProcessingMass conversion
Estimates of some properties based on models
Phylogenetic diversity index (Ref. 82805
= 0.5020 [Uniqueness, from 0.5 = low to 2.0 = high].
Bayesian length-weight: a=0.00871 (0.00392 - 0.01936), b=3.06 (2.87 - 3.25), in cm Total Length, based on LWR estimates for this (Sub)family-body shape (Ref. 93245
Trophic Level (Ref. 69278
): 3.4 ±0.45 se; Based on food items.
Resilience (Ref. 69278
): Medium, minimum population doubling time 1.4 - 4.4 years (Assuming Fec < 1,000).
Vulnerability (Ref. 59153
): Low vulnerability (10 of 100) .
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The sensitivity of body size to temperature measured in the lab, and body size trends seen in nature is a close match that explains arthropod body sizes change with temperature and latitude.
Existing global data was gathered together for a new research strongly support the idea that reduced oxygen availability in water causes aquatic animals to reduce their body size much more with warming than those on land.
AdvertisementThis new information could be significant in analysing the impact of climate change on animal species, as changes in body size with warming could affect many aspects of an animal's health, as well as alter the composition of ecologically and economically important ecosystems.
Curtis Horne, author of the research said, "Increasing our understanding of what influences how big animals grow will mean we can start to make better predictions about how different groups of species will cope with climate change. We see a really close match between lab experiments and patterns observed in nature, which suggests that the same factors are at play. It brings us a significant step closer to solving a problem that has long puzzled biologists."
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A guinea pig is dissected and a portion of its intestine is fixed in the modified Dales chamber to study the effects of some drugs on intestinal contractility. A substance X was infused in the broth following which the graph comes out as depicted. Substance X most closely resembles which of these substances?
Ans: A. Epinephrine
(Ref: Goodman Gilman 12/e p188, 285: Katzung 13/e p89, 12/e p90; KDT 7/e p132, 6/e p120)
- Graph showng decreased contractility after infusion of substance X.
- Intestinal muscles show increase in contractility on action of acetylcholine on M3 receptors whil
- epinephrine inhibits contraction.
- Hence, the substance X is likely to be a sympathomimetic drug, i.e. Epinephrine.
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The Paisley Rocketeer’s Society 1935-2005
Practical rocket experiments that led to the formation of the esteemed Paisley Rocketeers’ Society (PRS) were begun in November 1935. They had been inspired by rocket airmail flights in England and the Western Isles by the German rocketeer Gerhard Zucher, spaceship exploits in American science fiction magazines, and rocketry discussions within the British Interplanetary Society.
It was during a bout of ‘flu that John Neilson schoolboy John D. Stewart spent the weary hours reading pulp-fiction space adventure magazines from the USA, and thought that perhaps some work could be done towards changing fiction into fact. John had recently joined the British Interplanetary Society, and had been thinking about rocket propulsion for space travel.
‘Armed’ with a year-round availability of fireworks from a ‘Jenny a’ things’ shop on Caledonia Street, (an odd choice of merchandise from Annie Howatt’s shop), John, his brother Peter, and some friends, founded the Paisley Rocketeer’s Society, embarking on a programme of Research Rockets.
That name for their rockets wasn’t chosen casually. It indicated serious intent to do useful work, albeit with limited funds and resources, and finding out almost everything about rocket fundamentals themselves.
The aim of the Paisley society (officially founded on the 25th February 1936 upon the launch of their ninth rocket) was “to arouse public interest in the possibilities of rocket and space flight, also to carry out practical experiments.”
The PRS Research Rocket (RR) series were very innovative and superbly crafted rockets powered by cannibalised firework rocket motors, which were flown in and around Paisley: initially on and around Oakshaw Hill. They carried out practical research into rocket propulsion, rocket vehicle design, and aerodynamics.
John devised an ingenious method to deploy a parachute on his first rocket RR-1. RR-1 had a piece of wire bent into a loop and attached to a small button. The nose cone was in two halves held together by the wire loop, with the button inside. When the thrust burned out the heavy button kept moving forwards whilst aerodynamic drag slowed the rest of the vehicle, the button pushing the wire loop off the nose and allowing the halves to open and release the parachute.
RR-1 – launched on 27th November 1935 – was rather erratic: John fitted seven firework rockets in the rear of a hexagonal cardboard tube with stiff cardboard fins, and lit the seven burning string fuses. Then he ran like billyo when inevitably they all ignited at different times; sending the thing careering round his back garden, pursuing scattering kids!
Most youngsters – and to be sure their parents – would have called it quits then and there, but John and his friends were not discouraged by these problems and went on to solve others; they had the tenacity to work through the problems to achieve success with successive rockets.
The rocketeers developed their own airmail service, sending letters to each other’s back gardens in the hollow nosecones of rockets.
RR-47, flown on Hogmanay 1937 in St James’ Park Paisley, was, as far as we know, the world’s first successful three stage rocket. All three stages worked, though they didn’t recover the third one as it flew too far. It was a demonstration of the principle of multi-stage rocketry, which is an essential piece of technology used today for reaching orbit.
The PRS may also have been the first amateur group to launch a camera carrying rocket, with RR-53 launched near Tarbert Castle on August 1938 as shown here with Elizabeth Stewart.
From 1936 to 1939 the PRS carried out practical work on: spin-stabilised rockets, increasing the efficiency of their rocket motors by means of air ducts, motor clustering (multiple motors), and aerial photography. To raise funds for the society, they produced ‘rocket mail’ which they sold to friends and relatives. John developed a very unique style to his block-printing that’s highly prized by philatelists worldwide.
With the outbreak of World War 2, their rocketry ceased as John Stewart was always adamant that rocketry should only be used for peaceful purposes.
During the war, John discovered that the Paisley Rocketeers’ work on air-augmented rockets (wherein the rocket motor acts like the core of a modern bypass turbojet engine) had been independently duplicated by an even earlier pioneering rocketry group in Glasgow who were testing these advanced air-breathing rockets fixed to composite-construction model aircraft airframes, a forerunner of today’s carbon-fibre aircraft.
Thanks to the efforts of philatelist Mrs Margaret Morris who had acquired some of the pre-war rocket mail, and Paisley author Donald Malcolm, John and his brother Peter revived the society in 1966. The PRS continued their experiments and now flew rocket mail to raise funds for charities.
Thanks to a busybody notifying their activities to the Home Office in 1969, the PRS had to stop flying pyrotechnic rockets (officially at least!), but with great ingenuity turned to the development of ‘aquajet’ rockets, propelled by compressed air and water, as an unobjectionable alternative. The authorities still objected!
Shown below is John Stewart with his double-chamber aquajet launched in the mid 1980’s at the site of what is now the Paisley’s University sports ground on the road to Barrhead.
In response to the word from officialdom, the PRS also ran a campaign under the ‘Fund for the Freedom to Fly Model Rockets’.
The Home Office Ban on model rocketry, even with factory produced motors, prevailed until 1985, but the PRS ignored it and quietly kept on flying pyrotechnic rockets up the Gleniffer Braes! This photo shows John setting up a rocket launch at Walls Hill south-east of Howwood in 1983.
The society remained active until the death of John Stewart in March 2005, when it was decided to end the society. Glasgow Airport’s immoderate and insatiable demand for ever more controlled airspace now makes rocket flight in and around Paisley impossible.
However, rocketry inspired by the Paisley Rocketeers Society continues today in Ayrshire with old and new rocketeers, including some of the former PRS such as John’s brother, Peter Stewart.
With reliable and affordable model rocket motors and kits now available in most good model shops, and higher power motors for more experienced rocketeers also now available through licensed importers and suppliers, what might be termed “popular and public rocketry” is a growing activity in Scotland. Today, the Scottish Aeronautics and Rocketry Association (SARA) rocket club fires small to large rockets at the Fairlie Moor south of Largs in a safe and legal manner. All are welcome to join.
And every August, rocketeers convene from all over the world at the International Rocket Week which is currently sited at the Lapwing Lodge (‘Peesweep’) scout camp south of Paisley. (The launches take place at the Fairlie Moor). At this event, the John Stewart annual trophy is awarded to an innovative or meritorious rocketeer in recognition of the sterling research efforts of the Paisley Rocketeer’s Society.
Rick Newlands, former PRS member.
(All pictures courtesy of Peter Stewart, Paisley Rocketeers’ Society.)
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• It's not what you eat. It's when and what you eat.
• It's not how well you exercise. It's when and how well you exercise.
Description of the Problem
So-called "sleep disorders" such as jet lag and narcolepsy destroy the circadian rhythms. For normal
people, the disturbance is temporary. If you take care, the body's natural clock eventually gets back on track.
Unfortunately for narcoleptics, the disturbance can be chronic.
Hypothalamus. Narcoleptics don't have the normal regulatory functions of the
hypothalamus.1 This structure resides above the brain stem, at the base of the brain.2
The hypothalamus controls time-related body functions such as body temperature,
thirst, hunger, and wakefulness. Even sex drive comes under the jurisdiction of this
peanut-size region of the brain.3 But in narcoleptics, the hypothalamus can't produce
a sufficient amount of the neuropeptide orexin (hypocretin). Orexin is essential
to both vigor and the regulation of circadian rhythms. Yet a narcoleptic hypothalamus
contains precious few orexin neurons.4
Not sleep disorders. Jet lag and narcolepsy aren't really
sleep disorders. Since the hypothalamus serves an overall regulatory function, throwing it
out of kilter can cause many problems. Only some of these problems relate to sleep.
Symptoms. At right are symptoms that we've observed in narcoleptics. (Fortunately,
not all symptoms occur at the same time.) Many of the same symptoms are common in
normal individuals with jet lag, flu, or hangover. While these three disorders aren't
equivalent, they share a time-shift or phase-lag component. That is, they all upset the
body's circadian clock.
Phase lag. In the case of flu, a virus causes the main damage. Yet while fighting the virus,
the body is likely to stop tracking its normal dayparts. As with narcolepsy, when timekeeping goes awry,
the disorder takes on a phasal dimension. So many aspects of our existence depend on synchronization with
daily internal schedules: For example, sleep-wake cycles, hunger, regular bowel movements, body temperature
and more. After some malady upsets the circadian clock, the clock loses sync. The whole body
falls out of homeostasis. Normal day and night routines might proceed, but they lose coordination, or
occur at inappropriate times. We mentioned four examples of phase-lag disorders. Many other common
ailments might also reset the clock. For example, perimenopause, including dizziness,
nausea, indigestion and food craving.
Introducing the Wakeup Diet™
The Wakeup Diet is the first program that deals with narcolepsy's chronobiology. Like diets by Drs. Charles
Ehret5 and Sidney Baker6, the Wakeup Diet can also relieve jet lag. The Wakeup Diet has
- To relieve excessive daytime sleepiness and restore wakefulness.
- To consolidate and improve nighttime sleep.
- To synchronize the circadian clock and body systems with local time.
The idea behind the program is this: The subconscious brain programs sleep, hunger and activity level. This
internal program isn't set in stone. Instead, it's merely a default. You can alter the program by
systematically varying resting, eating and exercise behaviors.7 There are other salient programming methods, such as
avoiding certain emotions, including sadness. Now you can build a new program that provides sleep, hunger and activity
level matching behaviors of everybody else. This program, the Wakeup Diet™, also tends to synchronize the internal
organs and the immune system to one another. Result: Homeostasis. A stronger, more healthy, better performing body
and mind. Athletes in training follow a parallel method. They demonstrate what excellent results are possible.
How the Wakeup Diet affects energy. In narcoleptics and everyone else, rising blood glucose levels
reduce the amount of the neurotransmitter orexin.8 Then, as research proves, eating can cause fatigue.9
Starches (sweets, glucose-rich or high-glycemic foods) have the greatest impact. During the workday, the
Wakeup Diet restricts starches and total caloric intake. Result: Vigilance and focus. The Wakeup Diet also
restricts fats. Fats slow the digestive process and could inhibit the absorption of glucose, keeping orexin low.
By burning glucose, exercise can also promote energy. The Wakeup Diet uses exercise in the morning to improve
alertness. Your midday meal will be a small portion of protein.10 Nothing else. In the evening,
exercise promotes both hunger and fatigue. The Wakeup Diet uses these effects to
integrate sleep into the nighttime hours.
The four pillars of the Wakeup Diet
- Conscious Regulation.™ Wakeup Diet™ followers must
look after themselves. They must reproduce the rhythms of the circadian clock by eating, exercising and
sleeping on the prescribed schedule. In the case of jet lag, this program restores the clock. In the case of
narcolepsy, this program actually builds the clock.
- Self-stewardship.™ The key to phasal problems is in your own body. There is no magic "pill" that can
straighten you out. No "diet leader" coaches you to keep on track. You are the leader of your own body. And you are
the beneficiary of the Wakeup Diet. Be a poor steward of your body, and you suffer. Be a good steward of your body, and you flourish.
- Stability Principle.™ Followers of the Wakeup Diet seek to stabilize their circadian rhythms. For
this reason, the diet restricts the use of certain substances, foods and behaviors. Generally, anything that causes
metabolic peaks and valleys is off the diet. Note that this isn't a weight-loss diet. The Stability
Principle™ calls for weight maintenance. (Still, those who wish to lose weight may do so.) The Wakeup Diet™ does
recommend following the dietary guidelines of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- The patient's right to participate in his own treatment. Nobody cares about you more than you do. When you visit your caregiver, be skeptical. Ask about side effects, drawbacks, financial costs, and behavioral deficits that may
occur. Read the fine print on the medical instructions. How do you feel about the warnings? Are you satisfied, or dubious? Ask your caregiver about alternatives. When you undertake treatment, periodically assess yourself: Are you better or worse than before? If the treatment leaves you without improvement or causes new problems, consider
dropping it. Try the Wakeup Diet™. And start
a better day tomorrow.
The two parts of the Wakeup Diet
Timed diet and exercise are the two main parts of the Wakeup Diet. Followers practice
both every day. By itself, neither component works adequately. Unregulated
phasal disorders are too powerful for a half-baked approach. On the other hand, the body responds to strong, chronobiological cues. A properly timed diet plus exercise
produce satisfing results.
The element of timing makes this program unique. Each part of the program follows a fixed schedule that repeats
every day. That is, the time of day (daypart) determines activity level and eating behavior. Timing of
exercise and meals is essential. Without proper timing, good nutrition and exercise alone are ineffective. Sleep times
and sleep duration must also adhere to the schedule.
No temporary fixes. The program is strategic and not tactical. For this reason, the Wakeup Diet forbids
temporary "fixes," such as snacking to "increase the blood sugar." The cost of temporary "fixes" is sleep or cataplexy
attacks. Avoiding such fixes drives the body toward stable performance. Here are some examples of forbidden
substances and behaviors...
Examples of Wakeup Diet™ Taboos
• Indulging in strong emotions
John K. Young, Hunger, Thirst, Sex, and Sleep: How THe Brain Controls Our Passions (Lanham,
Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2012), 97-100. • Re: Narcoleptics missing some
Ibid., 7-9. • Re: Hypothalamus location
Ibid., 2. • Re: What hypothalamus controls
Ibid., 96-100. • Re: Orexin regulates vigor & circadian rhythms; narcoleptics have
few orexin neurons.
Dr. Charles F. Ehret & Lynne Waller Scanlon, Overcoming Jet Lag (New York: Berkley
Books, 1983). • Re: Diet and exercise program for Argonne Labs reduces jet lag by restoring
circadian rhythms: Emphasis on protein with low carbohydrates. Scheduled exercise and eating
Sidney MacDonald Baker, M.D., The Circadian Prescription (New York: G.P. Putnam's
Sons, 2000). • Re: Smooth, even energy all day, including recipes with basis in Ehret's work.
Ray Sahelian, M.D., Melatonin: Nature's Sleeping Pill
(Marina Del Rey, California: Be Happier Press, 1995), 53-54. • Re: Programming the hypothalamus and pineal with light,
temperature, meal schedule, physical activity, or social schedule.
R. Ouedraogo, E. Näslund, A.L. Kirchgessner, “Glucose Regulates the Release of
Orexin-A from the Endocrine Pancreas,” Diabetes 52, no. 1 (January 2003): 111-7. See
page 111. • Re: Glucose vs. orexin.
D. Bruck, S. Armstrong, G. Coleman, “Sleepiness After Glucose in Narcolepsy,”
Journal of Sleep Research 3. (September 1994): 171-179. • Re: Glucose increases sleepiness,
especially in narcoleptics.
Heather Twist, “Eggs and Orexin,” Eating Off the Food Grid Blog.
(October 26, 2012). • Re: Eggs promote wakefulness. Sugars cause sleepiness.
Symptoms of Phasal Disorders
- Excessive daytime sleepiness
- Abnormal or fluctuating body temperature, such as "hot flashes"
- Prominent veins on backs of hands
- Extreme chills
- Constipation or diarrhea
- Swelling, possibly from edema
- Headache and overall body aches, as in a hangover or the onset of flu
- Ringing in the ears
- Sore, stiff, hot, or numb neck
- Cold sweats
- "The shakes"
- Palpitations or unusually slow heartbeat
- Abnormal hunger, lack of hunger at mealtimes, or dietary abnormalities
- Reading difficulties: No comprehension, eye fatigue,
wandering thoughts, subvocalization, or intermittent fainting
- Uncontrollable drowsiness, insomnia, or abnormal sleep habits
- Superficial numbness
- Sudden loss of strength or even loss of consciousness
- Sleep paralysis
- Distorted sense of time and space
- Altered depth perception
- Peculiar or intense dreams, sometimes night dreams or sometimes daydreams
- Falling asleep at inappropriate times
- Awaking unrested from a long nap or nighttime sleep
- Disturbed nighttime sleep
- Fragmented sleep
- Sleeping with eyes open
- Visual distortions, such as graininess, motion streaks, faded or
- Delays in the update of visual imagery
- Delayed responsiveness: “Remote control” effect
- Hypnagogic & hypnopompic hallucinations (Optical, aural, tactical, momentary, long-term, partial, total,
positive or negative)
- Distorted perception of time and space
- Memory problems (particularly lapses in short-term memory)
- Learning difficulties
- Lack of confidence
- Gradual dispersion of self-awareness
- Progressive attenuation of ego
- Hyper-sensitivity to sound and light
- Microsleep events (thought discontinuity)
- Automatic (zombie) behavior
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The Looped Square
The looped square (⌘) is a symbol consisting of a square with outward pointing loops at its corners. Also called a Shield Knot, it is a universal symbol of protection, seen in all cultures around the world.
Although it takes different forms, the distinctive features that make it a powerful protecting charm are the square shape and the interlacing pattern.
One of the earliest known forms is from Mesopotamia and simply consists of a square with a loop at each corner. The same symbol appears in the Kabbalah as the “Shema,” used to invoke the four Archangels
It can also represent:
- Flowing water
This ancient symbol belongs to a class of symbols which are called valknute in Norway. It goes by many names and has many different variations. The looped knot is used by several cultures, and remains in common use today.
In Finland, the symbol was painted or carved on houses and barns, and domestic utensils such as tableware, to protect them and their owners from evil spirits and bad luck. The symbol appears on a number of old objects in Northern Europe. It features prominently on a picture stone from Hablingbo, Gotland, Sweden, that was created between 400 and 600 AD.
In modern times, the symbol is commonly found in Ukraine, Belarus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, and Sweden as an indicator of locations of cultural interest, beginning in the Scandinavian countries in the late 1960s. It is used as the place of interest marker on information signs and maps, a practice which started in Nordic countries in the late 1960s.
In Sweden, you might call it the sankthanskors symbol. There has been modern speculation that it was chosen for its resemblance to an aerial view of Borgholm Castle; however, the symbol is well-represented in Scandinavian artifacts that predate the current castle by centuries.
This symbol was also featured on the cover of a printing of The Kalevala, and is sometimes referred to as the Kalevala Symbol. The Kalevala or The Kalewala is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Karelian and Finnish oral folklore and mythology.
It is regarded as the national epic of Karelia and Finland and is one of the most significant works of Finnish literature. The Kalevala played an instrumental role in the development of the Finnish national identity, the intensification of Finland’s language strife and the growing sense of nationality that ultimately led to Finland’s independence from Russia in 1917. Kalevala Day is celebrated in Finland on February 28.
The Cox Mound Gorget, is a similar symbol which played a major role in the lives of Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama inhabitants as early as 1250 A.D. It has quite an interesting history, and has it’s own separate page here: The Cox Mound Gorget.
When the symbol is made with a rope, it is known as a Bowen knot. This is a traditional heraldic emblem also sometimes called a Shield Knot. The Bowen knot is a heraldic knot for the Bowen family crest.
Other names for this symbol include:
- Saint John’s Arms
- Saint Hannes Cross
- Gorgon Loop
Today, you might know it as the “Apple command key” symbol. From its obscure Scandinavian roots, the Saint John’s Arms, or Looped Square vaulted into international fame during the 80s. Originally Apple computer utilized the “open apple” and “closed apple” as its command keys.
In 1984, when the Macintosh personal computer was introduced, Steve Jobs decided that using the apple for shortcut commands was denigrating the brand. According to Apple insider Andy Hertzfeld, when Jobs saw how many apple commands were in an early version of MacDraw he peremptorily told the design team, “There are too many Apples on the screen! It’s ridiculous! We’re taking the Apple logo in vain! We’ve got to stop doing that!”
The bitmap artist, Susan Kare, flipped through her dictionary of international symbols until she found one that easily translated into 16 bit-resolution. It was the looped square symbol—which the symbol dictionary said indicated camping grounds in Sweden.
Collected from various sources.
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Several types of palms thrive in containers, including lady palms (Rhapis excelsa), which are hardy in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 through 11. Within a few months of planting, a container palm's potting mix nutrients are depleted, leaving the palm without any food. At that time, it is necessary to feed the palm a slow-release fertilizer containing nitrogen, which is a crucial element of a container fertilizer for palms.
Mix 3 parts granular cottonseed meal with 3 to 5 parts granular kelp meal in a plastic container. Cottonseed meal and kelp meal make 18-6-18 or 18-6-12 fertilizer, depending on the amount of kelp meal added. Cover the plastic container with a lid and store the fertilizer in a dry room.
Water the palm's soil until it is evenly moist. Start fertilizing palms about four to six weeks after planting. Fertilize established palms two to four times from late winter to early fall. The frequency and amount of fertilizer may be adjusted depending on the palm's reactions.
Feel the soil to make sure that it is moist to the touch because fertilizing on dry soil can cause burn or even death. Scatter 8 ounces of fertilizer per inch of trunk diameter over the medium in the container. When fertilizing a newly planted palm for the first time, apply only 2 ounces of fertilizer per inch of trunk diameter.
Give the palm enough water to saturate the soil and rinse the foliage. If the palm is not given enough water, it may die from burn. Apply an additional 1 ounce of fertilizer per 3 inches of trunk diameter on newly planted palms.
Things You Will Need
- Granular cottonseed meal
- Granular kelp meal
- Plastic container with a lid
- It is best to fertilize with too little than to fertilize with too much. Too much fertilizer is hard to fix, but too little fertilizer can be fixed by adding more fertilizer.
- Container palms are susceptible to salt problems. If you notice the tips of the leaves turning brown, it may be because of an excess of fertilizer salts in the soil. Avoid letting the soil dry too much to prevent fertilizer salt problems.
- Some container palms may develop magnesium deficiency. Epsom salt is an excellent source of magnesium for container palms. Mix 1 teaspoon of Epsom salt in 1 gallon of water. Water the container palm's soil with about one-third of the Epsom salt mixture.
- University of Florida: Nutrition and Fertilization of Palms in Containers
- Clemson Cooperative Extension: Indoor Palms
- Broward County: Palm Tree Care
- Sunscape Plant and Tree Nursery: Fertilizing Palm Trees
- University of Minnesota: Growing Palms Indoors
- Healthy Soils for Sustainable Gardens; Niall Dunne
- University of Florida: Lady Palm
- Brand X Pictures/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images
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Study for "Dead Fox in the Forest"
Edgar Degas (1834–1917)
Study for “Dead Fox in the Forest,” c. 1861–64
Black and red chalks on cream wove paper
8 1/16 x 10 15/16 in. (20.4 x 27.7 cm)
Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute, Williamstown, Massachusetts, 1955.1396
In this delicate sheet from early in Degas’s career, the artist observes a dead fox’s limp body. Long and short directional strokes coalesce into a convincing representation of the coarse fur of the animal’s coat while a combination of looser marks with the white of the paper suggests the softer underbelly. The red stamp bearing Degas’s name at lower left was applied to this sheet — and to the many others that remained in the artist’s studio until his death — on the occasion of his estate sales of 1918 and 1919.
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Ibrahim, Ab. Latif and Tam, T . H . and Sa'ayou, M. S. (2010) Statictical analysis of annual rainfall distribution for water resource in Peninsular Malaysia using Satellite TRMM algorihm. In: MRSS 6th International Remote Sending & Gis Conference and Exhibiton (MRSS 2010), 28-29 April 2010, Kuala Lumpur.
Official URL: http://www.geoinfo.utm.my/remote_sensing/Remote%20...
Water is one of the most important of natural resource for all living things. 97% of water on the Earth is sea water, the remaining 3% as fresh water of which slightly over two thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. For the unfrozen fresh water is mainly found as groundwater, with only a small fraction present above ground or in the air. In certain areas, water tends to be very limited and there are situation where the availability of water is always deficient. The main source of water is rainfall. Thus understanding regarding rainfall characteristics is very important. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the reliability of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B43 algorithm study Peninsular Malaysia’s rainfall and to analyze the annual rainfall distribution using TRMM data. TRMM 3B43 algorithm was validated by 24 principle station’s rainfall data. The annual rainfall result showed that TRMM data is overestimated and low accuracy, though TRMM data and rain gauge were positive correlation. The main probably reason is due to the accumulative error. The errors are echoes produced by precipitation radar (PR), orographic effect, and systematic error of rain gauge.
|Item Type:||Conference or Workshop Item (Paper)|
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||rainfall, rain gauge, TRMM 3B43 algorithm, statistical analysis|
|Divisions:||Geoinformation Science And Engineering (Formerly known)|
|Deposited By:||Liza Porijo|
|Deposited On:||17 Aug 2012 03:42|
|Last Modified:||17 Aug 2012 03:45|
Repository Staff Only: item control page
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"A quantum computer may be thought of as a 'simulator of overall Nature," explains Fabio Franchini, a researcher at the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) of Trieste, "in other words, it's a machine capable of simulating Nature as a quantum system, something that classical computers cannot do". Quantum computers are machines that carry out operations by exploiting the phenomena of quantum mechanics, and they are capable of performing different functions from those of current computers. This science is still very young and the systems produced to date are still very limited. Franchini is the first author of a study just published in Physical Review X which establishes a basic characteristic that this type of machine should possess and in doing so guides the direction of future research in this field.
The study used analytical and numerical methods. "What we found" explains Franchini, "is that a system that does not exhibit 'Majorana fermions' cannot be a universal quantum simulator". Majorana fermions were hypothesized by Ettore Majorana in a paper published 1937, and they display peculiar characteristics: a Majorana fermion is also its own antiparticle. "That means that if Majorana fermions meet they annihilate among themselves," continues Franchini. "In recent years it has been suggested that these fermions could be found in states of matter useful for quantum computing, and our study confirms that they must be present, with a certain probability related to entanglement, in the material used to build the machine".
Entanglement, or "action at a distance", is a property of quantum systems whereby an action done on one part of the system has an effect on another part of the same system, even if the latter has been split into two parts that are located very far apart. "Entanglement is a fundamental phenomenon for quantum computers," explains Franchini.
"Our study helps to understand what types of devices research should be focusing on to construct this universal simulator. Until now, given the lack of criteria, research has proceeded somewhat randomly, with a huge consumption of time and resources".
The study was conducted with the participation of many other international research institutes in addition to SISSA, including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston, the University of Oxford and many others.
More in detail...
"Having a quantum computer would open up new worlds. For example, if we had one today we would be able to break into any bank account," jokes Franchini. "But don't worry, we're nowhere near that goal".
At the present time, several attempts at quantum machines exist that rely on the properties of specific materials. Depending on the technology used, these computers have sizes varying from a small box to a whole room, but so far they are only able to process a limited number of information bits, an amount infinitely smaller than that processed by classical computers.
However, it's not correct to say that quantum computers are, or will be, more powerful than traditional ones, points out Franchini. "There are several things that these devices are worse at. But, by exploiting quantum mechanics, they can perform operations that would be impossible for classical computers".
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Do you know the usefulness of serotonin? The usefulness of serotonin is in the regulation of the wake/sleep cycle, control of blood pressure, body temperature, sexual or maternal behavior, and food intake. Serotonin, also called 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is a monoamine of the family of indolamine. It is a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and in the intramural plexuses of the digestive tract, as well as an autacoïde (local hormone) released by enterochromaffin cells and thrombocytes. Serotonin production has also been observed in the placenta of mice and humans.
1 – The History of the Usefulness of Serotonin
Serotonin was identified in 1946 as enteramine by the Italian pharmacologist Vittorio Erspamer (1909-1999) in enterochromaffin cells of the digestive tract.
At about the same time in Cleveland, Maurice M. Rapport, who was interested in the hypertensive substances of the blood, isolated in 1948 a vasoconstrictor substance that appeared at the time of the coagulation of the blood. He called it ‘serotonin’ by the contraction of ‘serum’, its source, and ‘tonic’, its action on the blood vessels.
The following year, he analyzed it as 5-hydroxytryptamine. Erspamer soon identified enteramine with 5-hydroxytryptamine. The presence of serotonin in the central nervous system was then characterized by BM Twarog and IH Page 17, shortly after Gaddum showed that LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), a powerful hallucinogenic psychotropic, behaved like serotonin on certain receptors. peripheral tissues.
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, a substance that can transmit nerve impulses between neurons. It is derived from an amino acid called tryptophan, an essential element in the body for the constitution of proteins.
It is a circulating biological substance in the blood, secreted by certain cells of the brain and the digestive tract. It also has a role similar to that of hormones and induces different actions, especially in the regulation of certain behaviors. Some drugs that affect the amount of serotonin have beneficial effects on depression.
Serotonin is also implicated in various processes: regulation of the sleep/wake cycle, control of body temperature, blood pressure, food intake, and sexual or maternal behavior.
3 – Location
Serotonin has been identified in the gastrointestinal mucosa, in blood platelets, and in the central nervous system. Serotonin in the gastrointestinal mucosa accounts for about 80% of the total serotonin in the body. It is synthesized and stored at the level of chromaffin cells. These also store peptide mediators (cholecystokinin, neurotensin, PYY peptide). The release of serotonin by exocytosis plays a role in intestinal motility. Part of the serotonin of the digestive tract passes into the blood where it is stored in blood platelets. Serotonin is not synthesized because it is produced only in chromaffin cells, serotonergic neurons, and osteoclasts of bone tissue. In the first stage of blood clotting, when the platelets aggregate together, they release their serotonin which, via the 5-HT1 receptors of vascular smooth muscle, causes vasoconstriction. The overall vascular effect is hypertensive.
In the central nervous system, the cell bodies of serotoninergic neurons are located in the nuclei of the raphe brainstem from which they project into the entire brain and spinal cord. We can say that, in a general way: the serotoninergic neurons of the mesencephalon project rostrally into the cerebral hemispheres; those of the bridge ramify in the brainstem and the cerebellum, and those of the elongated marrow go to the spinal cord. The effects of serotonin on other neurons may be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the nature of the receptors.
4 – The Usefulness of Serotonin in the Brain and Central Nervous System
Serotonin is a chemical messenger of the central nervous system involved in several physiological functions such as sleep, aggression, eating, and sexual behavior. It is intimately connected to mood, mental performance, and our ability to handle stress. She also has cognitive functions including memory and learning.
This neurotransmitter is involved physiologically in peristalsis (spontaneous mechanism of the digestive tract) and is used for the catalysis of certain autonomous functions based on the current availability of survival resources. For example, serotonin plays a role in appetite signaling – when levels are low, the body knows that you need to find food.
Serotonin works in conjunction with other neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, dopamine, epinephrine.
The mood is balanced in part by serotonin. If we have too much serotonin in our systems, we can become too quiet and confused. If we have very little serotonin in our systems, we are prone to becoming depressed. Having the right amount makes us feel happy and satisfied.
The effect of tryptophan on the regulation of appetite is achieved through the central production of serotonin, which is involved in the regulation of satiety and appetite. Tryptophan is the precursor of this neurotransmitter (serotonin), a decrease in tryptophan concentration in the brain leads to a decrease in serotonin production, which depends not only on the level of tryptophan ingested but also on the level of other amino acids broad neutrals (phenylalanine, tyrosine, isoleucine, valine, leucine).
Melatonin, which is produced from tryptophan in the digestive tract, could serve as a signal for the synchronization of ingestion and digestion processes.
Serotonin is also needed to develop melatonin, a protein that is made in the brain – in the pineal gland – and is responsible for regulating sleep. Serotonin increases at night to induce sleep and remains elevated until dawn when it begins to descend.
Another important function of this neurotransmitter is to act as an internal clock of our body to determine the sleep and waking cycles. The internal clock is responsible for coordinating several biological functions such as body temperature, stress hormone – cortisol – and sleep cycles. The correct coordination of these 3 elements means that we can sleep soundly and wake up refreshed. Men produce up to 50% more serotonin than women; therefore, these are more sensitive to changes in serotonin levels. We can see that the usefulness of serotonin is therefore extensive.
5 – Changes in Serotonin Levels
Stress, blood sugar levels, and hormonal changes, especially in estrogens, are some of the causes of serotonin damage. Low levels of serotonin are associated with mental imbalances such as schizophrenia, infantile autism, obsessive-compulsive disorder, infantile hyperactivity, depression, aggression, migraines, stress, and insomnia.
The rise of serotonin in the nervous circuits produces a sensation of well-being, relaxation, greater self-esteem, and concentration. Serotonin can be measured in the blood, although a lot of information will not be obtained, because the brain and the rest of the body are separated by the blood-brain barrier, a kind of screen that does not allow the entry of any substance into the brain. That’s why the brain makes its own neurotransmitters.
Low levels of serotonin are also strongly correlated with the following conditions:
– Bipolar disorder;
– social anxiety;
6 – How to Increase Serotonin?
The usefulness of serotonin is optimal if you have the proper level of serotonin in your body. The balance of serotonin levels can be achieved naturally by appropriate dietary choices, daily physical activity, absorption of the sun through the skin, proper hydration.
To produce serotonin in our body, we must necessarily tryptophan, which is the precursor amino acid. Many studies conducted on depressed people have shown that playing sports increases tryptophan levels and thus serotonin levels, thus contributing to the fight against depression.
Meditation makes it possible to react differently to events, to change mental habits that are well anchored in the brain. At the neuronal level, meditating allows modifying the connections between neurons that are made by neurotransmitters like dopamine and serotonin. Understanding how a neuron works can help calmly mediate knowing that change is occurring gradually through neuronal plasticity.
Walking in the forest, taking a walk in the sun, being connected to nature is naturally pleasant. Still, you have to take the time to do it, even for a few minutes a day. And no need to wait for a bright sun to enjoy the benefits of solar radiation. Indeed, the sun has a positive effect on the natural production of serotonin even when it looks like it is gray. Enjoying the light of the day is vital.
Have Positive Thoughts
According to Simon N. Young’s study, ‘How to increase serotonin in the human brain without drugs, the link between serotonin and positive thinking would be two-way: to have positive thoughts would increase serotonin levels, as high serotonin levels would help to have more positive thoughts.
Take Enough Sun
The light probably helps the synthesis of serotonin. The researchers found a positive correlation between serotonin synthesis and the total number of hours of sunshine in a day. Autopsies have indicated that serotonin levels are higher in the summer months than in the winter months.
7 – Eat Better to Make More Serotonin
Serotonin is very much related to our diet. It regulates our tendency to eat sweets and thus indirectly our weight. Several foods such as eggs, turkey, pulses contain tryptophan, which makes it possible to manufacture serotonin. But if the diet is not enough (in the case of intense stress or depression) Griffonia simplicifolia, a plant that contains a lot of tryptophan, can be an effective dietary supplement to increase serotonin.
*** Essential Foods to Increase Serotonin
Tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin. This essential amino acid has a very important function since it helps to regulate adequate levels of serotonin in the brain and is able to cross the brain barrier. The body cannot produce tryptophan and it has to be obtained through nutrition.
It is advisable to abandon refined sweets and carbohydrates and replace them with foods of plant origin, fruits, and whole grains.
– Dairy products and eggs are very rich in tryptophan, fundamental for the synthesis of serotonin.
– Protein vegetables like soy and all its derivatives, which have a lot of fiber, are ideal for helping to treat depressive states and to neutralize anxiety.
– Dried fruits such as nuts, almonds, or hazelnuts have good levels of tryptophan.
– Meats and proteins in general, especially fish or chicken, are good sources of tryptophan.
– Bananas are full of nutrients and fiber; they are also rich in vitamins, minerals, and trace elements, and provide the body with a rapid energy supply.
– Pineapple is rich in minerals and vitamins and contains active elements that stimulate the production of serotonin, And if we eat pineapple at night, it will be a natural capsule to sleep, since the brain turns tryptophan into melatonin, the sleep hormone.
Complex carbohydrates are absorbed by the body in a completely different way than simple carbohydrates. Simple carbohydrates such as white rice and white bread increase blood sugar levels very quickly, causing insulin levels to rise, which will drop after a while. Complex carbohydrates are absorbed much more slowly by the body, avoiding the brutal highs and lows caused by simple carbohydrates.
Complex carbohydrates are:
– pulses like peas and lentils
– whole wheat bread
– complete pasta
– complete rice
– starchy vegetables such as sweet potatoes
Healthy fatty acids like omega-3
Omega-3 fatty acids have an effect on how serotonin works in the brain. DHA is an essential constituent of the brain that must be replenished through foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3s are found in:
– fish, such as salmon and fish oils
– nuts, seeds, and oils based on seeds.
Eating dark chocolate increases serotonin levels in part because of resveratrol – a natural substance in grapes, blackberries, peanuts, cocoa -. Resveratrol increases both the levels of endorphins and serotonin.
Avoid Caffeine-Based Drinks, Especially Energy Drinks
Caffeine suppresses serotonin, which may also explain why it also suppresses hunger. Energy drinks contain a lot of sugar that is absorbed very quickly by the body, but this also causes a drop in energy as soon as the insulin begins to fall.
8 – The Influence of the Maternal DNA on the Fetal Brain – Importance of Serotonin
At conception, the father and mother each transmit part of their genetic heritage. The genetic inheritance of the mother would intervene directly during the pregnancy on the normal development of the fetus, independently of the genes acquired with the conception.
According to the work of French researchers led by Jacques Mallet and Francine, part of the CNRS, published in 2011 in the minutes of the American Academy of Sciences, the PNAS, the maternal influence intervenes on the fetus independently of the genes that it has thus acquired from his parents.
This discovery has implications for understanding autism, a developmental disorder, or irritable bowel syndrome that affects 20% of the population.
Researchers have established the crucial role of maternal serotonin – dependent on its own genes – on fetal development, particularly of the brain, but also of the heart and digestive tract. They demonstrated that in the early embryonic stages, serotonin comes from the mother.
To prove it, the researchers used genetically modified mice. Some of them have been deprived of a gene (“tph1” gene) responsible for 95% of serotonin carried by the blood. They then made genetic crosses for breeding animals.
Results: Only One Element Dominates, the Maternal Blood Level of Serotonin.
If it is collapsed, newborns, regardless of their own ability (normal or failing) to produce this substance, have abnormalities in brain architecture, and their size is 15% to 30% lower compared to those from mothers whose serotonin level is normal. Conversely, if the maternal level is normal, the baby is developing normally.
The Paternal Influence on This Chapter Appears Nil.
Researchers believe that this mother-child interaction raises the question of very premature babies. It will be necessary to study with attention the rate of serotonin of the mother and possibly the effects of the drugs (antidepressants for example) which act on this substance.
Special care of pregnant women belonging to families at increased risk of pathologies for which a link with a disruption of this substance has been suggested (autism, phenylketonuria – cause of mental retardation – irritable bowel syndrome) could be considered.
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WW1 Inventions Weapons, and New Technology: WW1 inventions and new technology were not just confined to the areas of weapons. Other inventions of WW1 included the Gas Mask, the Geiger Counter, Einstein's Theory of Relativity, Safety Glass, Stainless steel, the Zipper, the Bra, Crosswords, the Lipstick tube and the first Electric Stove
WW1 Inventions, Weapons and New Technology Fact File: Inventions: Tanks *** Fighter Aircraft *** Bombers *** Anti-aircraft guns *** Guided Missiles *** Anti-aircraft guns *** U-Boats *** Air-to-ground communication *** Flamethrowers *** Trench mortars *** Armor-piercing Ammunition *** Concrete pill box *** Poison gas *** Anti-submarine weapons *** SONAR *** Gas Mask *** Safety Glass *** Stainless steel *** Zipper *** Bra *** Crossword *** Lipstick tube *** Electric Stove *** WW1 Inventions and New Technology ***
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Tanks: The great weapon of WW1 was the tank. The Tank was heavily armored and armed, easy to steer and designed to carry cannon and heavy loads over rough ground and trenches on their distinctive caterpillar tracks. The first combat tank was ready by January 1916 and the first use of tanks was by the British at the Battle of Flers–Courcelette in September 1916.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Anti-tank guns: During WW1, both the British and Germans deployed elephant guns, obtained from their African colonies, had enough force to punch through armored tanks. Anti-tank guns were then specifically invented and designed to destroy enemy armored vehicles (tanks) by firing anti-tank ammunition from longer-barreled guns. The first anti-tank rifle was the Mauser 13 mm anti-tank rifle that was developed by the Germans.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Armor-piercing Ammunition: The invention of Armor-piercing Ammunition was necessary to counter the tanks. Reversed Bullets, K Bullets were used as armor-piercing WW1 weapons.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Bombers: The Albatros F-2 was the first aircraft to be developed as a bomber using grenades or grenade-like devices as bombs. The first fighter aircraft used in WW1 were small and relatively simple to build but underwent rapid development during the war to become bombers as aerial drop bombs were quickly developed. The bombers played a pivotal role in the outcome of WW1.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Air-to-ground communication: Air-to-ground communication was invented in June 1915 when the world's first air-to-ground voice transmission took place at Brooklands airfield in Surrey, England and in 1916 the Marconi Company based in England began production of air-to-ground radio transmitters and receivers which were used in WW1 over France.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Aerial Drop Bombs: As new weapon technology advanced aerial drop bombs were invented with new release mechanisms to suit the designs of the new bomber aircraft. High-capacity aerial drop bombs were used for general demolition purposes. Fragmentation bombs were deployed against military personnel and Incendiary bombs were used ammunition dumps and aerodromes.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Anti-aircraft guns: Heavy bombing raids prompted a major re-evaluation of air strategy and defence. The invention of Anti-aircraft guns were developed against aerial attack. The requirement for Anti-aircraft guns led to the development of range finders, searchlights, time fuzes, and gun laying elevation mechanisms to help artillery pieces hit the rapidly moving airplane targets.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Guided Missiles: Early guided missiles were developed during World War I although they were never actually used in battle. The British developed a system that used radio signals to guide a flying bomb to its target and the Americans worked on an unpiloted biplane bomber called the "Kettering Bug".
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Trench Mortars: Trench Mortars as known as 'minenwerfer', literally meaning 'mine-thrower', were developed by the Germans and consisted of rifled mortars mounted upon field carriages. Trench Mortars were used to take out enemy machine gun posts and the Allies soon developed their own mortar weapon technology and introduced their own Trench Mortar weapons and mortar bombs.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Poison gas: Chemical weapons, known as poison gas, including chlorine gas, mustard gas and phosgene gas were the most terrifying of all the weapons used during WW1. Poison gas attacks were used against soldiers in the trenches and could result in death and agonizing injuries.
WW1 Inventions and New Technology - Gas Mask: The only defence soldiers could use against poison gas attacks in the trenches were gas masks. The person credited with inventing the modern Gas Mask in 1914 is the African American inventor Garrett Morgan.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Flamethrowers (Flammenwerfer): Flamethrowers (Flammenwerfer), a mechanical incendiary device designed to project a long, controllable stream of fire, were developed by Bernhard Reddemann and Richard Fiedler. Flamethrowers were introduced as a deadly weapon in WW1 by the Germans in the battle of Ypres salient in 1915.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Rifles: Rifles were invented in the mid 1800's but underwent significant improvements and became the most crucial infantry weapon throughout WW1. All of the major powers introduced new models of rifles that were small-bore, bolt-action weapons capable of firing multiple rounds from a spring-loaded clip inserted into a rifle magazine. The new rifle models used as weapons in WW1 were the British Lee-Enfield, the French Lebel and Berthier, the U.S. Springfield and the 'American Enfield', the Canadian Ross rifle and the German Mauser.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Safety Glass: The invention of safety glass coincided with the outbreak of WW1 and reduced the risk of injury from large jagged glass shards into the less harmful safety glass that shattered into tiny, relatively harmless fragments. The three-layer safety glass triplex were used in the window panels on aircraft and was also used in the manufacture of aviation goggles and gas masks.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - U-Boats: The U-Boats, undersea boats, was the name of the submarines used by Germany during WW1, and later in WW2 (199 - 1945). The typical U-boat was 214 feet long, carried 35 men and twelve torpedoes. The German U-boat could travel underwater for two hours at a time.
WW1 Weapons, Inventions and New Technology - Anti-submarine weapons: The invention of Anti-submarine weapons was necessary to combat the threat of submarines and protect battleships by using depth charges, mines and submarine torpedoes.
WW1 Inventions and New Technology - SONAR: SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging) system was originally invented in 1906 by Lewis Nixon as as a means for detecting icebergs. In 1915, Paul Langevin invented the first sonar type device for detecting submarines, called an "echo location to detect submarines" but it was not fully developed until the end of WW1.
WW1 Inventions and New Technology - Pill Box: The invention of the concrete Pill Box, so named because they were the same shape as the boxes in which chemists supplied medications, were developed as a form of fortifications and defences along the coast of England.
WW1 Inventions and New Technology - Stainless steel: The invention of Stainless Steel, or rustless steel, was made in 1914 by the British inventor Harry Brearley and was used in manufacturing aircraft engines during WW1.
WW1 Inventions and New Technology - Zipper: The invention of the Zipper was made by Gideon Sundback in 1913. Zippers were used as hook-less fasteners that were sewn into flying suits to make them windproof.
WW1 Inventions and New Technology - Lipstick tube: The invention of the Lipstick tube was invented in 1915 by the American inventor Maurice Levy before the US entered WW1 on April 6, 1917.
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In September, after the Food and Drug Administration authorized certain Covid-19 treatments based more on presidential puffery than on clinical data, some physicians decided to take matters into their own hands.
As the coronavirus vaccines have rolled out across the US, the process has been confusing and disastrous. States, left by the federal government to fend for themselves, have struggled to get a handle on the logistics of distribution. Many, including Georgia, Virginia, and California, have fallen woefully behind schedule.
The pandemic is testing our societal structures like never before. To deal with it successfully, we need to think and act collectively, led by our key institutions. But at a time when unity is critical, are we about to see the effects of a long-standing and corrosive drip feed of mistrust?
Schools are likely to require students to get Covid-19 vaccines in the future, potentially setting the stage for a showdown between reluctant parents and education officials.
It’s hard to imagine a day when people will be as nonchalant about getting their COVID-19 vaccine as they are about getting their flu shot, but it is one possible future reality, experts say.
Earlier this summer, the Summit supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee set about crunching data on more than 40,000 genes from 17,000 genetic samples in an effort to better understand Covid-19. Summit is the second-fastest computer in the world, but the process — which involved analyzing 2.5 billion genetic combinations — still took more than a week.
Large numbers of people are suspicious of vaccines and currently unwilling to be vaccinated against Covid-19 once safe and effective vaccines are available. Given that achieving herd immunity as soon as possible depends on widespread immunization, educational campaigns must begin now to overcome this resistance. Some large employers — including Mastercard, Apple, and Google — are already trying to educate their employees. Others must follow suit.
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Inferring the origin, population structure, and demographic history of a species is a major objective of population genetics. Although many organisms have been analyzed, the genetic structures of subdivided populations are not well understood. Here we analyze Drosophila ananassae, a highly substructured, cosmopolitan, and human-commensal species distributed in the tropical, subtropical, and mildly temperate regions of the world. We adopt a multilocus approach (with 10 neutral loci) using 16 population samples covering almost the entire species range (Asia, Australia, and America). Analyzed with our recently developed Bayesian method, 5 populations in Southeast Asia are found to be central, while the other 11 are peripheral. These 5 central populations were sampled from localities that belonged to a single landmass (“Sundaland”) during the late Pleistocene (∼18,000 years ago), when sea level was ∼120 m below the present level. The inferred migration routes of D. ananassae out of Sundaland seem to parallel those of humans in this region. Strong evidence for a population size expansion is seen particularly in the ancestral populations.
PATTERNS of genetic variation within and between populations contain information about the origin, population structure, and demography of a species. To understand population differentiation and the forces influencing it, a useful approach is to analyze DNA sequence variation at multiple loci. This is motivated by the notion that population structure and demography affect the entire genome in a similar way, whereas other evolutionary forces (including selection) leave footprints at individual genes (Fu and Li 1999; Avise 2000). This approach has been used for several species, including humans (Frisse et al. 2001; Takahata et al. 2001), Drosophila (Schlötterer et al. 1997; Glinka et al. 2003), and the house mouse (Boissinot and Boursot 1997).
To varying degrees, genetic differentiation exists in every species. It influences the estimation of population genetic parameters and complicates the analysis of molecular variation. However, with simplified assumptions, considerable progress in modeling population subdivision has been made in recent years (e.g., Wakeley 2001). Using these methods, it is now possible to distinguish central (ancestral) from peripheral (derived) populations without applying phylogenetic methods (Vogl et al. 2003).
Drosophila ananassae is one of the very few Drosophila species with a cosmopolitan distribution and is present in most of the tropical, subtropical, and mildly temperate regions of the world (Tobari 1993). It lives in close association with humans throughout the entire species range (Dobzhansky 1970), being most abundant in South and Southeast (SE) Asia, including some southern islands of Japan, Polynesia, Australasian regions, and America (Futch 1966; Bock and Wheeler 1972; McEvey et al. 1987). This species has likely originated in SE Asia and subsequently dispersed to other parts of the world, possibly through human activity (Dobzhansky and Dreyfus 1943). Previous population genetic studies using DNA sequence polymorphism provided evidence for significant genetic structure in this species (Stephan et al. 1998). On the basis of these analyses, D. ananassae appears to be an excellent organism for analyzing population subdivision.
Here we adopt a multilocus approach using 16 populations covering almost the entire species range to infer the population structure of D. ananassae. Analyzing putatively neutral nuclear DNA sequence polymorphisms from 10 independent loci, we are able to distinguish between central and peripheral populations. We confirm the SE Asian origin of D. ananassae and delimit its ancestral species range to a region that was a well-connected single landmass (Sundaland) until the late Pleistocene [∼18,000 years ago (18 KYA)], when sea level was lower than today by ∼120 m. In addition, we study the demographic history of D. ananassae. While the central subpopulations deviate most clearly from the neutral, constant-size equilibrium model, the population as a whole appears to be expanding.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Population samples and marker fragment identification:
We have sampled 160 isofemale lines from 16 locations in Asia, Australia, and America covering almost the entire species range of D. ananassae (Table 1). The abbreviated names of the sampling locations (as given in Table 1) are used throughout this article. Since information on genomic DNA is limited in D. ananassae and D. melanogaster is a closely related species with a completely known genome sequence, we used genomic information of the latter species to identify our marker fragments. We chose introns from random genes located in the normal- to high-recombination regions of the X chromosome of D. melanogaster and tested for amplification in D. ananassae. PCR primers were designed in exons flanking these introns. For each sequenced fragment, the DNA sequences of the flanking exons were aligned with those of the corresponding fragment of D. melanogaster. A fragment was used for further study if (i) exon parts at both ends were homologous to D. melanogaster, (ii) total length of the intron flanked by exons was 300–600 bp long, and (iii) at least five SNPs were present in a set of five sequences of a randomly chosen population sample. Nine fragments (termed L2–L10; see online supplementary Table 1 at http://www.genetics.org/supplemental/) of these specifications and a part of intron 1 of the Om(1D) gene (L1) located in the normal recombination region of the X chromosome of D. ananassae (Stephan et al. 1998) were used, bringing the total number of marker loci to 10. In a previous report, a subset of these data consisting of nine loci (L1–L9) and seven populations (BBS, BOG, CH, DAR, KATH, MAN, and PUR) was already published (Vogl et al. 2003).
DNA was extracted from a single male from each isofemale line employing the PUREGENE DNA isolation kit (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN). Details of the primer sequences and the PCR conditions are available from the authors on request. PCR products were purified with EXOSAP-IT (United States Biochemical, Cleveland, OH) and both strands were sequenced according to the protocol of the DYEnamic ET Terminator cycle sequencing kit (Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK) on an automated DNA sequencer (MegaBACE 1000; Amersham Biosciences). Sequences were edited with SeqMan and aligned with MegAlign (DNAStar, Madison, WI). Manual alignments were used when necessary. Insertion-deletion polymorphisms are not considered in our analysis and thus were removed from the sequences. Homologous fragments of all 10 loci were also sequenced from a single laboratory strain of D. pallidosa, a sibling species of D. ananassae, for estimating divergence. The DNA sequences reported in this article can be found in GenBank under accession nos. AY708657, AY710266.
Summary statistics of DNA sequence variation, neutrality tests, and linkage disequilibrium:
For each locus and population, we calculated the number of segregating sites, the number of haplotypes, and two summary statistics of intrapopulational nucleotide diversity: θw (Watterson 1975), based on the number of segregating sites in the sample, and π (Nei 1987), the average number of pairwise differences per site. Assuming the standard neutral model of a random-mating population of constant size, both summary statistics estimate the population mutation parameter θ = 3Neμ (for X-linked loci), where Ne is the effective population size and μ the mutation rate per generation per site. Divergence (κ) between D. ananassae and its sibling species D. pallidosa was estimated for each locus and averaged over loci for each population. The program DnaSP, version 3.50 (Rozas and Rozas 1999), was used to estimate these parameters; all values are summarized in the online supplementary Table 2 (http://www.genetics.org/supplemental/).
To test the standard neutral equilibrium model, we calculated Tajima's D-statistic (Tajima 1989) and Fu and Li's D-statistic (Fu and Li 1993) for each locus and population separately. Tajima's D-statistic considers the normalized difference between the estimates of π and θw. Under the standard neutral model, Tajima's D is roughly equal to zero. So any deviation from zero would indicate a skew in the allele frequency spectrum. Fu and Li's D test is based on the difference between the total number of polymorphic sites and the number of derived singletons (polymorphisms appearing only once in the sample).
In addition, we employed the multilocus versions of the Hudson-Kreitman-Aguadé (HKA) and Tajima's D and Fu and Li's D tests (Hudson et al. 1987; Tajima 1989; Fu and Li 1993). These three tests were done using the program HKA, kindly provided by J. Hey (http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/heylab), in which the test statistics are compared with the distributions generated from 10,000 coalescent simulations (Kliman et al. 2000; see also Frisse et al. 2001).
The index of association (IA), a measure of linkage disequilibrium for multiple loci (Brown et al. 1980; Haubold et al. 1998), was estimated by pairwise comparison of haplotypes using each population separately. It essentially tests to what extent individuals that are identical (or different) at one locus are more likely to be identical (or different) at the other loci. To examine whether an observation deviates significantly from the hypothesis of no linkage disequilibrium among loci, the observed value was compared to the results of 10,000 randomized data sets. The program MultiLocus, version 1.3 (Agapow and Burt 2001), was used for both estimation and randomization.
Distinguishing the central from peripheral populations and inferring population structure:
We used a coalescence-based Bayesian approach implemented through a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) integration method to distinguish central from more peripheral populations of D. ananassae (Vogl et al. 2003). This novel method evaluates for each population the degree of differentiation (Θp) from a reconstructed migrant pool. The reconstruction of the migrant pool is based on the assumption of a large number of demes between which migrants are exchanged according the island model (Wright 1969). Wakeley (2001) has shown that in such a model the coalescent can be partitioned into a “scattering phase” (in which coalescences within demes occur on a relatively fast time scale) and into a slower “collecting phase” (in which the coalescences between islands occur). The migrant pool is reconstructed on the basis of the slow dynamics (see Appendix in Vogl et al. 2003). The parameter Θp for each population (henceforth called migration-drift parameter) takes small values (close to zero) if the population shows little differentiation from the migrant pool and large values (close to one) if differentiation is strong.
We also applied an individual-based analysis of population structure using a clustering algorithm implemented in the program Structure (Pritchard et al. 2000). Our data set consisted of the haplotype frequencies for each of the 10 loci. We performed 10–20 runs for each K value. A burn-in period of 50,000 generations and MCMC simulations of 100,000 iterations were used. We ran the program assuming the no-admixture model with values of K ranging from 2 to 10. Highest posterior probabilities with consistent and meaningful genetic clusters in relation to the geographic locations of the populations were obtained with K = 7. To confirm the results obtained with Structure, we followed an FST-based approach (Weir and Cockerham 1984). Since it has been suggested that genetic distances measured by FST generate reliable tree topologies (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003), FST estimates between pairs of populations were used as genetic distances to obtain an unrooted neighbor-joining (NJ) population tree (Saitou and Nei 1987), employing the program MEGA version 2 (Kumar et al. 2001). To determine the strength of support for the internal branches, 1000 bootstrap trees were generated using the BioNJ computer program (Gascuel 1997).
DNA polymorphism, divergence, and linkage disequilibrium:
Combining all 10 loci, we sequenced 4070 bp per individual and ∼651 kb in total (160 lines). The total length of individual loci ranges from 371 to 487 bp. We found 529 SNPs, of which 219 were recorded only once in the sample. As only two variants were detected at each polymorphic site, our data fit the infinite-site mutation model (Kimura 1969). The number of haplotypes at individual loci varies from 23 to 101. The number of segregating sites per locus is lowest in the two Brazilian populations (<3) and highest in SE Asia and Australia (>11). In India, Nepal, Myanmar, northern Thailand, and Japan, an intermediate number of segregating sites wasfound (varying from <7 to 9). In five of the SE Asian populations (BOG, BKK, KL, KK, and MNL), almost every sequenced individual X chromosome represents a separate haplotype for most of the highly polymorphic loci. In DAR and CEB (geographically close to the five SE Asian locations mentioned above), the number of segregating sites is relatively high, but not the number of haplotypes (5–6 vs. >7 in the five SE Asian populations). In CNX, some high-frequency haplotypes that are rare or entirely absent in other populations were observed. Mean nucleotide diversity π varies from 0.0024 (RIO) to 0.0124 (KK; Table 2). The two Brazilian populations have the lowest, whereas samples from the six SE Asian localities (BKK, KL, BOG, KK, MNL, and CEB) and DAR show the highest levels of nucleotide diversity (ranging from 0.0094 to 0.0124). The samples from India, Nepal, Myanmar, northern Thailand, and Japan have intermediate levels of diversity (0.0059 in KMJ to 0.0074 in BBS). Nucleotide diversity measured by θw shows exactly the same pattern, but the values are somewhat higher than the corresponding π values (except for those in RIO and BBS). The means of π and θw over all populations are 0.0079 and 0.0089, respectively.
Over all 10 loci, there were only 12 fixed nucleotide differences between D. ananassae and its sibling species D. pallidosa. Per-site divergence averaged over all loci and populations was found to be very low (1.48%), with no remarkable variation among samples (Table 2). Mean divergence is less than half of the value (3.2%) previously reported for Om(1D) (Stephan et al. 1998).
As shown in Table 2, the multilocus linkage disequilibrium (IA) values for the five SE Asian populations (BKK, KL, BOG, KK, and MNL) are close to zero and not statistically significant. For 9 of the other 11 populations, IA values are high, and for 5 populations (SAO, CH, KATH, CNX, and CEB), the values are statistically significant.
Distinguishing central from peripheral populations and inferring population structure:
To distinguish central from more peripheral populations, we followed the method of Vogl et al. (2003)(see materials and methods). The mean migration-drift parameter (Θp) takes much lower values for the five SE Asian populations (BKK, KL, BOG, KK, and MNL) than for the rest of the populations (Figure 1). RIO has the highest value of Θp, followed by SAO, KMJ, and CNX. The Indian populations have intermediate values. DAR has an intermediate value as well, although it is in close geographic proximity to these five SE Asian populations. Similarly, CEB and CNX have relatively high values of Θp, despite being geographically close to the five SE Asian populations with very low values of Θp. This is consistent with our previous analysis of a subset of the present data (nine loci, seven populations) where BOG had the lowest Θp value (Vogl et al. 2003).
Using the program Structure, seven different genetic clusters could be identified. There are six distinct, almost homogeneous clusters distributed across specific, well-separated geographic locations (Figure 2). The two Brazilian samples form a separate cluster. The Indian samples (PUR, BBS, and CH) with KATH and MAN form another. However, ∼30% of the ancestry of MAN is shared with the homogeneous KMJ cluster. DAR also forms a distinct, nearly homogeneous cluster. CNX and CEB form two distinct clusters. While CNX was found to be totally homogeneous, CEB shows some heterogeneity. In contrast to these subpopulations with (nearly) homogeneous clusters, individuals from the five SE Asian localities (BKK, KL, BOG, KK, and MNL) were found to consist of a mixture of all six clusters, thus representing a pool of diverse genetic ancestries. Another (seventh) cluster was found in these five populations at a high proportion. This cluster, unlike the other six, did not contribute >50% to any of the populations and was also found in small proportions in all three Indian samples, CEB, and DAR. The frequency of this cluster seems to decline with distance from SE Asia (Figure 2).
A similar clustering was observed in the NJ population tree analysis (Figure 3). The Indian populations (PUR, BBS, and CH), along with KATH and MAN, seem to have a close genetic affinity with DAR from Australia. However, most of the internal branches of the NJ tree have little bootstrap support except for the SAO-RIO separation from the rest of the samples (97.7%), suggesting that the two Brazilian populations are significantly differentiated from the others. Interestingly, the population tree has a typical star-like topology with long external and short internal branches (Figure 3). The most interesting feature of the population tree is that the five SE Asian samples show high levels of genetic similarity among each other. The highest FST value was 0.049 between BOG and KK, which is roughly similar to the FST estimates between the two geographically closest populations in the present study, BBS and PUR (FST = 0.044).
We tested our data for compatibility with the neutral equilibrium model. The HKA test was used to determine whether the levels of intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence at our set of fragments are consistent with the equilibrium model (Hudson et al. 1987). A multilocus version of the original HKA test was applied to all 10 loci. No significant departure from the equilibrium model was detected in any of the populations (Table 2). Thus, there appears to be no evidence for the action of past selection at these loci.
Tajima's D-statistic has been shown to be sensitive to the demographic history (Tajima 1989) and utilized in previous population genetic studies to test the neutral equilibrium model in humans and D. melanogaster (Frisse et al. 2001; Glinka et al. 2003). Except for a few cases, the single-locus Tajima's D-values are negative but not statistically significant (supplementary Table 2). In all samples except BBS and KMJ, negative mean D-values were obtained (Table 2). In KATH, BKK, KL, BOG, and MNL, observed mean values are significantly different from the equilibrium expectation, suggesting that these populations do not fit the neutral equilibrium model. Similarly, the observed variances of Tajima's D across the 10 loci are lower than the expectation under neutrality for the majority of the samples (Table 2). Very similar results were observed for the single-locus Fu and Li's D test as most of the D-values are negative but very few show a statistically significant departure from the equilibrium expectation (data not shown). The mean Fu and Li's D-values across all 10 loci (Table 2) in 11 populations (except SAO, BBSR, DAR, CEB, and KMJ) were negative but statistically significant in only 3 (KL, BOG, and MNL), suggesting an excess of singletons in most of the populations. The observed variances across loci were not consistent among populations; a significantly lower variance was observed in BKK.
Patterns of polymorphism and divergence:
The levels of nucleotide diversity, the number and frequency of haplotypes, and the amount of linkage disequilibrium vary widely among the 16 populations analyzed. In comparison to previous studies of two neutral loci [Om(1D) and forked], with samples from India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Brazil (Stephan 1989; Stephan and Langley 1989; Stephan et al. 1998), the present analysis finds generally lower estimates of nucleotide diversity. It is possible that our approach of identifying DNA fragments with conserved D. melanogaster primers contributed to this bias.
The six SE Asian samples (BKK, KL, BOG, KK, MNL, and CEB) show the highest levels of nucleotide diversity. Furthermore, a very low level of linkage disequilibrium was found in these populations (except CEB), whereas relatively high values were observed in many of the other 10 populations. High levels of diversity and low amounts of linkage disequilibrium are characteristic features of ancestral populations, whereas low levels of diversity and high amounts of linkage disequilibrium are expected in recently established populations (Jorde et al. 2001).
In contrast to polymorphism, divergence between D. ananassae populations and its sibling species D. pallidosa is remarkably constant across loci (and relatively low). The latter observation is consistent with the notions that (i) the separation of these two species has been a recent event in the speciation history of the melanogaster group (Bock and Wheeler 1972) and (ii) no apparent postmating isolation has developed between these two species as hybrids and their progenies can be produced in the laboratory (Doi et al. 2001). As in the case of polymorphism, the fact that the estimates of divergence are lower than those in a previous study (Stephan et al. 1998) may be attributable to our experimental approach using conserved D. melanogaster primers (see above).
Sundaland—the center of the ancestral D. ananassae population:
Similar to previous observations with different molecular markers (Johnson 1971; Stephan 1989; Stephan and Langley 1989; Stephan et al. 1998), the present results suggest that populations of D. ananassae are highly structured. Seven different genetic clusters were identified. While 11 subpopulations correspond to six distinct clusters (Figure 2), 5 samples from SE Asia (BKK, KL, BOG, KK, and MNL) do not correspond to any of these clusters. Instead, these 5 subpopulations are mixtures of all seven clusters and also genetically close to each other (Figures 2 and 3). Furthermore, the migration-drift parameter (Θp) has by far the lowest values in these five samples, indicating that these populations are likely part of the ancestral species range of D. ananassae. This is consistent with the results that these 5 samples have the highest nucleotide diversity, highest number of haplotypes, and low levels of linkage disequilibrium. In contrast, the other 11 samples are clearly peripheral. Our previous analysis of a subset of the present data (Vogl et al. 2003) was not able to delimit the ancestral range of D. ananassae because too few locations in SE Asia were sampled. Of the present 5 ancestral samples, BOG was the only one analyzed by Vogl et al. (2003). On the basis of an extensive sampling in SE Asia, the present study provides a much clearer picture of the evolutionary history of this species.
Although presently isolated by sea, these five populations were part of a single large landmass (Sundaland) comprising the lands on the Sunda Shelf (Johnson 1964; Vane-Wright 1990; Figure 4). During most of the glaciation periods in the late Pleistocene ∼18 KYA (Shackleton 2000), this landmass was above the sea when sea level was ∼120 m below the present level. Although the landmass of the northern Philippines (MNL) was not part of Sundaland, it was connected to Sundaland via Greater Palawan (Figure 4). Similarly, Greater Mindanao in the southern Philippines was connected to Sundaland through Greater Sulu. Biogeographic studies show that the Philippines were mainly colonized from Borneo through the Palawan or the Sulu Archipelago (Heaney 1985; De Jong 1996). Also, the flora and fauna from Sundaland were found to be dispersed within the Philippines during the Pleistocene when sea level fluctuations provided the most recent opportunity for a simplified overland faunal exchange throughout SE Asia (Dickinson 1991). Thus, these five subpopulations apparently belonged to a single large population in the recent past representing the ancestral population of D. ananassae.
On the basis of several analyses summarized in Figures 1–3, the other 11 subpopulations were found to be peripheral and derivatives of Sundaland. Our results can therefore be used to reconstruct the migration routes out of Sundaland. Since a portion of the Brazilian ancestry is distributed in some Sundaland samples (KK and BOG; Figure 2), it appears that Brazil may have been colonized by flies from SE Asia. Similarly, KMJ is genetically close to BOG. The five Indian subcontinental populations form a single genetic cluster and are peripheral, suggesting an initial colonization with a large number of individuals and/or multiple colonizations. The latter seems more plausible for the three Indian samples because of the presence of the seventh cluster in these populations. Furthermore, it is known that Papua New Guinea was joined with Australia, forming a single landmass (called Sahul Land) at the same time when Sundaland existed. During this time, the distances between neighboring islands were probably reduced to 30–90 km (Klein 1989). It has been suggested that Papua New Guinea was colonized by cosmopolitan D. ananassae directly from Indonesia (Tobari 1993). In fact, the portion of DAR ancestry present in BOG and the presence of the seventh cluster in Australia might have been due to direct immigration from Sundaland.
Most interesting is the sample from Cebu (CEB), a small island located in the center of the Philippine Archipelago. During the late Pleistocene, Cebu was an almost-isolated part of Greater Negros-Panay (Figure 4). Since KK is genetically close to CEB, it is plausible that the colonization of CEB occurred from Borneo through one of the two land routes (see above), such as through Greater Sulu via Greater Mindanao. This is further supported by the fact that MNL is genetically more distant from CEB than is KK and by the presence of the seventh cluster. Since Cebu was only loosely connected to Greater Negros-Panay, this might have led to a relative genetic endemism of CEB.
The sample from CNX is comparatively less variable (Table 2), clearly peripheral (Figure 1), and characterized by several high-frequency haplotypes. Northern Thailand has a typical monsoon climate with marked seasonal temperature variations, causing population shrinkage in winter and reemergence in summer. Such population bottlenecks are expected to increase linkage disequilibrium (Reich et al. 2001) and to greatly reduce polymorphism. Furthermore, CNX does not share genetic ancestry with its geographically close population, MAN. It is possible that high mountains (bordering Thailand and Myanmar) might be geographical barriers to gene flow between these two populations.
Genetic differentiation was found to correlate significantly with geographic distance when all populations were considered (r = 0.75, P < 0.0001). When the two Brazilian samples were excluded, the correlations are still positive and statistically significant (r = 0.34, P < 0.003). This indicates the important role of gene flow after D. ananassae moved out of Sundaland. As expected on the basis of a model of radial migration from a center, the correlation becomes much tighter when only comparisons between peripheral populations and a central population (KK) are considered (r = 0.66, P < 0.03). Thus a recent divergence of the Sundaland populations and migration out of Sundaland with possible gene flow between populations may be a reasonable explanation for this observed isolation-by-distance effect. Correlations of genetic differentiation and geographic distance, even over short distances, are commonly observed in many other organisms including Arabidopsis, humans, and D. melanogaster (Sharbel et al. 2000; Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003; Kennington et al. 2003).
Evidence for population size expansion:
Since it is unlikely that natural selection has substantially affected DNA sequence variation in recent history in any of the fragments and populations analyzed here, the observed departure from the neutral equilibrium model in some populations is more appropriately explained by migration and demographic processes such as past events of population expansion and/or bottlenecks (Slatkin and Hudson 1991; Fay and Wu 1999). Surprisingly, four of the five SE Asian populations (BKK, BOG, KL, and MNL) that are considered ancestral and central (see above) do not fit a constant-population size model with respect to the mean and/or the variance of Tajima's D. Negative values of D indicate an excess of rare variants relative to the standard neutral model, suggesting population growth (Tajima 1989). Similarly, the mean Fu and Li's D-values were negative in all five populations and statistically significant for BOG, KL, and MNL, suggesting a significant excess of singletons. A population size expansion of an ancestral population was also observed recently in D. melanogaster (Glinka et al. 2003). In contrast, in humans and D. simulans the ancestral African populations analyzed seem to fit the neutral equilibrium model although negative Tajima's D-values were found at individual loci (Hamblin and Veuille 1999; Pluzhnikov et al. 2002).
Of the 11 more peripheral populations, only KATH shows a significantly negative value of Tajima's D. However, the observed variance is higher than expected under the standard neutral model. Under a model of simple population growth, the variance of Tajima's D is expected to be lower (as observed in most of the central populations). Thus, it is likely that a more complex demographic model (including migration) may explain the data for KATH. Since the Tajima's D-values of most of the other peripheral populations are negative (with a lower variance), it appears that the D. ananassae population as a whole is expanding. This is further supported by the predominantly short internal and long external branches in the population tree (Figure 3). Our observation that not all peripheral populations show strongly negative values of Tajima's D may be due to the fact that several confounding processes occur simultaneously. For example, population subdivision, admixture, and bottlenecks (including founder events) would cause an excess of alleles of intermediate frequency leading to higher Tajima's D-values. On the other hand, population expansion would produce an excess of rare alleles and hence lower Tajima's D-values. Thus, in combination, these effects may influence each other. Similarly, levels of linkage disequilibrium are expected to be low under a model of population growth but high in the presence of population subdivision and admixture (Pritchard and Przeworski 2001). However, unlike in the ancestral populations, the mean Fu and Li's D-values were not significant in any of the peripheral populations although negative values were generally seen. Thus, the observed high proportion of rare alleles in the peripheral populations of D. ananassae provides evidence for old bottleneck events in the process of foundation of these populations (Simonsen et al. 1995) out of Sundaland followed by expansion. Taken together, our observations reflect a signature of a species-wide demographic expansion in D. ananassae, modulated by other population-specific demographic processes (e.g., old bottlenecks in the peripheral population and simple expansion events in the central populations).
Parallel evolutionary history with humans:
Since D. ananassae is frequently found in domestic habitats and lives in close association with humans (Dobzhansky 1970), further insights into the evolutionary history of this species might be gained in the context of human evolution. The first entry of modern humans into Asia occurred between 40 and 60 KYA (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003) and was followed by a northward (reaching China, Japan, and eventually America) and southward (through Malaysia and Indonesia, reaching Polynesia) migration that coincided with the receding glaciers in that area (Jin and Su 2000; Stringer 2000). The first humans probably arrived in the Americas ∼11–12 KYA (Dillehay 2003). Furthermore, mainland SE Asian humans served as a pool of genetic (Roberts-Thomson et al. 1996; Ballinger et al. 2000; Su et al. 2000) and dentition pattern (Turner 1987) diversity among SE Asian, Polynesian, and Australasian humans. Thus, the pattern of human diversity and migration in these regions seems parallel to those inferred for D. ananassae. Even though there are no historical data to evaluate the distribution of D. ananassae when it initially came in contact with humans, parallels in population history indicate that D. ananassae might have become associated with modern humans after the latter settled in mainland SE Asia and that both moved out of SE Asia simultaneously. Extensive trading of commercial goods by humans over the sea route between SE Asia and India was common practice during the recent past. Also, in agreement with Huxley's hypothesis (Huxley 1870), recent genetic data (Redd and Stoneking 1999; Redd et al. 2002) support human gene flow between the Indian subcontinent and Australia. This may explain the close genetic affinity of Indian and Australian D. ananassae (Figure 3). The observations fit the notion that D. ananassae accomplished its present cosmopolitan or quasi-cosmopolitan distribution with man's aid (Tobari 1993). Geographic subdivision (Agostini et al. 1997) and parallel evolutionary history (Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman 2003) are common in several human parasites and commensals.
We are thankful to C. Vogl for help in data analyses and to all members of the Evolutionary Biology group at the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, for providing valuable input and discussion. Special thanks go to T. Städler, S. Mousset, M. Veuille, and two anonymous reviewers for critical comments and suggestions that helped improve the manuscript greatly; to D. De Lorenzo for sharing the primer sequences; and to J. F. Baines for collaboration. T. Feldmaier-Fuchs provided excellent technical support. M. Matsuda and J. R. David kindly provided several fly stocks used in this study. U. Arunyawat, S. G. Tan, and M. Sanchez helped during the fieldwork in Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines, respectively. This work was financially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Ste 325/4) and the LMU Munich.
Communicating editor: M. Veuille
- Received May 24, 2004.
- Accepted July 23, 2004.
- Genetics Society of America
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European astronomers have discovered a planet with about the mass of the Earth orbiting a star in the Alpha Centauri system — the nearest to Earth. It is also the lightest exoplanet ever discovered around a star like the Sun. The planet was detected using the HARPS instrument on the 3.6-metre telescope at ESO’s La Silla Observatory in Chile. The results will appear online in the journal Nature on 17 October 2012.
read more: http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1241/
Pretty picture: Enceladus, in lovely color
Feb. 6, 2012 | 13:38 PST | 21:38 UTC
Here’s an awesome picture to start off the week. The data came from Cassini’s flyby of Enceladus on January 31, 2011; it was part of Cassini’s January 2012 data release. Most of the visible globe is lit by yellowish light reflected first from Saturn; only a thin crescent receives sunlight. At bottom center, Enceladus’ south polar plumes erupt into space. They are back-lit by the Sun. As usual for awesome Cassini color photos posted here, this one was processed by Gordan Ugarkovic.
The Pillars of Creation no longer exist. In 2007, the astronomers announced that they were destroyed about 6,000 years ago by the shock wave from a supernova.Because of the limited speed of light, the shock wave’s approach to the pillars can currently be seen from Earth, but their actual destruction will not be visible for another millennium.
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Take a virtual field trip via Google
South African school teachers and their learners can now take virtual field trips to areas of historical and geographical importance, following the launch of the local Google Street View Teachers’ Guide.
All that is needed is an internet connection. This concept entails using the Google Map’s Street View technology to visually explore and navigate a neighbourhood or city through panoramic street-level photographs.
Examples of sites to visit include the Hector Pietersen Memorial in Soweto and Table Mountain in Cape Town.
To use it, go to:
According to Julie Taylor, communications manager of Google South Africa, the technology can also be used to “put together stimulating lesson plans, based on South Africa’s national education curriculum and outlined learning outcomes”.
She explains that the curriculum objectives emphasise the importance of fieldwork and encourage learners to see things with “their own eyes”.
The guide has already been launched in the United Kingdom. Locally, it has been formulated for grades 4 to 7 and focuses on learning outcomes in the Social Sciences and Life Orientation. The focus is on the history of people, places, resources, buildings, school and museums.
Street View cars have special cameras that take photographs as they drive down public roads. Once the photographs have been taken, they go through computer processing to make them ready for use on Google Maps.
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We found 242 reviewed resources for hydrology
Where’s the Water?: Acting Out Science CyclesLesson Planet
2nd - 5th CCSS: Adaptable
Young scientists transform themselves into rivers, oceans, clouds, and drops of water in order to explore the water cycle. After assigning and explaining to students their different roles in the activity, the teacher reads aloud a...
Round and Round It Goes; Water, Where It Stops Nobody KnowsLesson Planet
9th - 12th
Students investigate the interrelationship of the five processes in the hydrologic cycle. They map and sketch the hydrologic cycle showing each process and conduct an experiment to show how the hydrologic cycle functions amidst pollution.
Is This Water Clean Enough To Drink?Lesson Planet
5th - 8th
Students examine the steps of the hydrological cycle; identify surface water and groundwater; determine how surface water is cleaned before being used for drinking, bathing, cooking, and other direct purposes; and model a process used to...
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Who wouldn’t want to be eternally young? This desire has led to the creation of a wide array of anti-aging products. Some of these can deliver excellent results, others are simply ineffective. Human growth hormone (HGH) has become exceptionally popular and some have gone as far as calling it a “fountain of youth.” Is this really so?
What Is Human Growth Hormone?
HGH is formed in the human body during childhood and adolescence. Produced by the pituitary gland, this hormone is the one responsible for growth and the development of nearly every bodily system.
Children who have a growth hormone deficiency will be incapable of growing tall. In such instances, synthetic hormone may be utilized because of its therapeutic benefits. HGH may also be used for babies who are too small for the respective gestational age.
As we grow old, the HGH production slows down and eventually, it will stop altogether. According to some research, this is when the first signs of aging appear.
HGH levels are at their peak during puberty and they begin decreased in one’s late 20s. A healthy adult male has about five nanograms of HGH per milliliter of blood. The quantities are larger in women due to the fact they get pregnant and should be capable of delivering a healthy baby.
Most Important HGH Benefits
So, is growth hormone the fountain of youth? To answer this question, we’ll have to examine the health benefits that it delivers. The most important ones include:
- Increased lean muscle mass accumulation: the benefits of HGH are similar to those of testosterone. In men, it allows for easier bulking up and getting the most out of every single workout session. Human growth hormone is also required to maintain optimal weight and burn more fat.
- Stronger bones: HGH speeds up bone regeneration. Several clinical studies prove its effectiveness for reducing the risk of fractures and promoting faster healing even after an injury occurs.
- Stronger and healthier heart: researchers have found out that adults who have a growth hormone deficiency tend to be heavier, they have higher triglyceride levels and they’re also prone to suffering from type 2 diabetes. As a result, such people are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular problems than the ones that have normal HGH levels.
- Improved sexual function: HGH is important for reducing the risk of erectile dysfunction. The cardiovascular benefits it produces are partially responsible for this positive effect. One clinical study suggests that men who have low growth hormone levels are prone to experiencing erectile problems.
- Stronger hair and more youthful skin: growth hormone regulates collagen and protein synthesis. This is why HGH can be used to maintain the youthful appearance of the skin and to keep hair shiny. Both of these effects have boosted the popularity of HGH among people who want to turn back the hands of time.
As you can see, growth hormone can be used to address a few of the common problems that stem from growing older. Because of its effectiveness, growth hormone has been endorsed by multiple celebrities.
Suzanne Somers is one of the famous believers in the power of growth hormone. Aged 70, Somers looks much younger and she has often attributed her youthfulness to HGH. Somers has spoken openly about her growth hormone use. This candid behavior turns her into one of the most famous supporters of the therapy.
Is HGH The Fountain Of Youth?
Maintaining hormonal balance is of paramount importance for optimal health. Many of the problems that occur later on in life are the result of a hormonal change – menopause in women and low testosterone in men. Just like the primary sex hormones, HGH is also important for maintaining youthfulness.
The most important thing to remember is that growth hormone may be quite beneficial but the administration of synthetic hormones always comes with a risk.
Just like synthetic testosterone, growth hormone injections can cause unpleasant side effects. The most common problems stemming from the therapy include an increased risk of diabetes, carpal tunnel syndrome, joint pain and even edema.
A dependency on the injections may also develop. This is why medical practitioners advice against growth hormone therapies in healthy adults. HGH injections can be used solely under strict medical supervision and following a specific program developed for the needs of the particular patient.
If you’re interested in synthetic HGH, you should also keep in mind that it’s not allowed for professional athletes and bodybuilders. Growth hormone injections are performance enhancers and as such, they’re banned by sports organizations.
What’s The Alternative To Growth Hormone Injections?
An alternative does exist and it happens to be much more affordable and safer than growth hormone injections. This alternative is called HGH boosters.
HGH boosters are natural supplements that don’t contain synthetic hormones. They come in the form of a pill, which is an added benefit. Growth hormone boosters help the body make HGH on its own. This is the main reason why people opting for such supplements are not going to experience side effects.
The herbal or animal-based ingredients found in growth hormone supplements affect the functioning of the pituitary gland. They launch the production of growth hormone – a completely natural process. Thus, even athletes and bodybuilders can rely on such products without fearing the sanctions.
Good HGH releasers can deliver sensible results in terms of improving the user’s physique, giving them a more youthful appearance and providing the array of health benefits already mentioned in the article.
If you’re interesting in such an anti-aging product that’s natural and safe, you should consider GenF20 Plus.
GenF20 Plus is based on l-arginine, astragalus root extract and deer antler velvet – substances that have been tested extensively and that have a proven result in terms of boosting growth hormone levels.
To sum it up, growth hormone really is the fountain of youth but you have to be careful about the form of the hormone you choose. Synthetic HGH injections can easily do a lot more harm than good. Natural supplementation is a lot safer and it can be equally efficient. If you want to get the best results, you’ll simply have to pick the right supplement.
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For the last year, Crossroads colleagues at ERAC/Ce (Eliminating Racism and Claiming/Celebrating Equality) in Kalamazoo, MI have been intentionally working with folks in the immigrants rights and immigrant integration movements. From this collaboration come these five insights regarding the contribution antiracism offers these movements.
1. The antiracism analysis goes beyond the Black/White binary and aims to build multi-racial coalitions.
Conversations about race and racism in the U.S. are often dichotomous, inclusive only of White dominant and African-American cultural values. An antiracism lens invites those of us who work to welcome immigrants to understand the ways in which all immigrants become racialized when they arrive here according to the U.S. race construct. There are typically six racial groups in the U.S. – Arab, Asian and Pacific Islander, Latino, Native American, African American, and White. Immigrants may or may not understand how they are viewed in the U.S. compared to in their home country, but there are very real ways in which their race affects how they are treated and how much access they get to institutions and the resources necessary for life. An antiracism analysis also reminds many of us that we are not all immigrants, which you often hear within the immigrant rights and integration movement. The founding of the U.S. began with the genocide of Native Indian peoples who originally lived on this land. What’s more, there have been economic and political strategies throughout history that have been designed to steal land and resources from and invisiblize Indian people and Indian country.
2. Antiracism teaches White people, including White immigrant allies and advocates, that racism is not about blame.
None of us were around when racism was established in this country over 500 years ago. Many conversations about race and racism go badly because we aren’t taught how to have productive dialogue about these often-painful topics. We need a common language, more complete awareness of history, and an understanding that racism isn’t any one person’s fault (at least not anyone living today). And yet we are all responsible for the dismantling of it. Racism dehumanizes us all and antiracism helps White people as well as People of Color find their self-interest in the work. This analysis can help White U.S.-born immigrant advocates and allies approach their work from a place of solidarity with immigrants and other People of Color instead of paternalism (wanting to “help, fix, and save” immigrants). It also reminds us that racism is more than just individual race prejudice. We must also examine how U.S. systems and institutions were built for White people, by White people, and in large part continue to serve White society better. Instead of focusing narrowly on a particular person’s attitudes and actions about different racial groups, antiracism asks the question: how is a particular White dominant culture value, practice, policy, or law working to maintain the supremacy of Whiteness?
3. Antiracism work is collaborative and always informed by/centered around anti-oppressive values.
Antiracism move us from the White dominant culture values like scarcity, either/or thinking, individualism/competition, and secrecy toward the antiracist/anti-oppressive values like an abundant worldview, both/and thinking, collective action, and transparency. Further, antiracism seeks to dismantle the silo-ing of and competition among social justice movements (aka the “Oppression Olympics”), which has been established through the divide and conquer strategies of our colonial and neo-colonial history. What if oppressed groups starting working together – sharing knowledge, wisdom, resources, and tools? What if we all knew there is enough to go around and that we truly are stronger together? What if as resisters of oppression we began working cooperatively to co-create a country that welcomes and celebrates all?
4. Antiracism builds upon intersectionality – the understanding that we all have multiple identities.
Antiracism understands that racism is a system of oppression linked to other systems of oppression that robs each of us of our full humanity and impairs our ability to create just and sustainable community with one another both locally and globally. Racism is not the only “ism” and antiracism doesn’t ask us to drop our other identities in order to talk about race and racism. We can use our other experience around privilege and/or oppression as a window, not a wall. While it isn’t helpful to talk exclusively about racism, it is important to talk explicitly about racism. We must ask: how is race compounding upon all other identities (such as national origin and immigration status)?
5. Antiracism sees immigrant rights and immigrant integration (or welcome work) as resistance to oppression and offers a way of changing systems that have historically kept immigrants from being able to successfully integrate into their adopted hometowns.
The focus on creating welcoming receiving communities is approachable by many and can lead into deeper conversations of what it truly means to be welcoming — both in terms of individual and collective attitudes and actions AND how institutions are or aren’t effectively serving immigrants and why. Addressing national origin, culture, language, race, and documentation status-based prejudice is important and antiracism invites us to go deeper and address how immigrants experience systems and institutions (i.e.: hospitals and schools). Doing the work of building welcoming communities is in itself an act of resistance to the historic realities of racism’s systemic and structural oppression.
Attitude or bias changing work is important and can be life-altering for both immigrants and U.S-born residents. And yet antiracism would posit that prejudice-reducing work can sometimes be masked as immigrant integration work. A school or local municipality can pass a “welcoming resolution” or proclamation, claiming to be a welcoming place to immigrants, but not actually become accountable to what that means on real and tangible levels. For example, how does a documented or undocumented farmworker from Guatemala or a Sudanese refugee experience a hospital or school or city hall when they walk through the door? In addition to changing receiving community members’ hearts and minds about immigrants (i.e.: help people see immigrants as contributors rather than “drainers”), we need an antiracism analysis grounded in the historical context of race and racism in the U.S. These two forms of resistance together can create a more inclusive, equitable, and welcoming country.
About the writers:
Lillie Wolff is one of two Co-Executive Directors of ERAC/Ce (Eliminating Racism and Claiming/Celebrating Equality) and a Core Organizer/Trainer for Crossroads Antiracism Organizing and Training. Prior to working with ERAC/Ce and Crossroads, Lillie spent seven years organizing around farmworker and immigrant rights and inclusion. Lillie is passionate about the intersections of social justice, ecological justice, and art, and has served on the Board of Directors of the Institute for Sustainable Living, Art, and Natural Design (ISLAND) since 2009. She earned a BA in Human Development and Social Relations from Kalamazoo College in 2004. Lillie enjoys dancing, biking, gardening, spending time in nature, and preparing and eating communal meals with her wonderful anti-oppressive community.
Jo Ann Mundy is one of two co- Executive Directors of ERAC/Ce (Eliminating Racism and Claiming/Celebrating Equality), and a Core Organizer-Trainer for Crossroads Antiracism Organizing and Training, a national partner working collaboratively with ERAC/Ce toward the institutionalization of racial justice in public and private institutions throughout southwest Michigan. Currently Jo Ann serves on the boards of Crossroads and the People’s Food Coop. As a founder mentor of the NIA Project, Jo Ann encourages the celebration of identity, purpose and sisterhood in adolescent women of color. Additionally, Jo Ann is a founding member of the Three Rivers Area Faith Community (TRAFC), an ecumenical faith-based social justice network of churches striving to build a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic, multi-racial, multi-lingual and multi-generational anti-racist faith community in Three Rivers, MI where she completed her doctoral thesis Sacred Actions to Bring Racial Reconciliation. Enjoying over 25 years of pastoral ministry, Jo Ann currently serves as pastor of On Common Ground of Three Rivers Michigan. Jo Ann enjoys reading, music, her guitars and computers and, most of all, the young people in her life.
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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9(4), 1051-1067; doi:10.3390/ijerph9041051
Published: 26 March 2012
Abstract: The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey (BAsES) was designed to evaluate probable arsenic exposures in selected areas of southern Arizona and northern Mexico, two regions with known elevated levels of arsenic in groundwater reserves. This paper describes the methodology of BAsES and the relationship between estimated arsenic intake from beverages and arsenic output in urine. Households from eight communities were selected for their varying groundwater arsenic concentrations in Arizona, USA and Sonora, Mexico. Adults responded to questionnaires and provided dietary information. A first morning urine void and water from all household drinking sources were collected. Associations between urinary arsenic concentration (total, organic, inorganic) and estimated level of arsenic consumed from water and other beverages were evaluated through crude associations and by random effects models. Median estimated total arsenic intake from beverages among participants from Arizona communities ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 µg/day compared to 0.6 to 3.4 µg/day among those from Mexico communities. In contrast, median urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations were greatest among participants from Hermosillo, Mexico (6.2 µg/L) whereas a high of 2.0 µg/L was found among participants from Ajo, Arizona. Estimated arsenic intake from drinking water was associated with urinary total arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), urinary inorganic arsenic concentration (p < 0.001), and urinary sum of species (p < 0.001). Urinary arsenic concentrations increased between 7% and 12% for each one percent increase in arsenic consumed from drinking water. Variability in arsenic intake from beverages and urinary arsenic output yielded counter intuitive results. Estimated intake of arsenic from all beverages was greatest among Arizonans yet participants in Mexico had higher urinary total and inorganic arsenic concentrations. Other contributors to urinary arsenic concentrations should be evaluated.
Arsenic (As) is a widely distributed element found naturally in the Earth’s crust . Arsenic is classified as a known human carcinogen and is among the top 20 hazardous materials compiled by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [2,3]. Consumption of As3 and As5 at levels above 100 µg/L over long periods of time has been associated with lung, bladder, and skin cancer [4,5,6].
The health effects of arsenic consumption are attributed primarily to exposures from higher arsenic concentrations (>100 µg/L) found in local water supplies [4,6,7,8,9,10]. Yet, the contribution of arsenic from foods and beverages may play a larger role than arsenic from regulated drinking water in defining the total arsenic concentration in urine [11,12]. This may be the case particularly where populations are consuming relatively lower concentrations of arsenic from drinking water. Few studies have examined the effects of the consumption of arsenic from drinking water at the maximum contaminant level, 10 µg/L, established by the United States EPA at in 2006 .
In the United States (U.S.), arsenic concentration in groundwater is greatest in the West, although isolated drainage basins in the Midwest and Northeast exceed 10 µg/L is some areas. Public water utilities are mandated to have no more than 10 µg/L of arsenic in water supplied for domestic use. It is a public health concern that owners of private wells are not required to assess and control arsenic or other contaminants from their drinking and cooking water. Limited information is available about water consumption patterns among people in the U.S. and less is known for those in Mexico. National surveys inquire about water consumption, but few distinguish the various sources of water and other beverages consumed in the home.
The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey (BAsES) was designed to assess arsenic concentrations in drinking water among selected communities in Arizona and Mexico and describe the relationships between estimated As concentrations in water and other beverages and As exposure reflected by urinary biomarkers. This pilot study also sought to build a binational research collaboration across the U.S.–Mexico border. Utilizing terminology as found in the International Society for Exposure Analysis glossary , the current study describes BAsES and examines the relationship between arsenic intake from water, other beverages, and urinary arsenic output.
2.1. Study Design
The Binational Arsenic Exposure Survey was cross-sectional in design and conducted in Arizona and northern Mexico. Communities in these regions were selected based on their arsenic concentrations contained in groundwater and likely represented a high versus low arsenic exposure among Mexicans, and Hispanic and Non-Hispanic participants within the U.S.
Randomly selected households were identified through phone interviews (e.g., random digit dialing) or door-to-door contact. All individuals who had lived in the home for at least one continuous year and were at least 18 years of age were eligible to participate. One person was selected randomly among household participants and identified as the primary respondent.
Interviewers from all sites received the same training regarding questionnaire administration. Interviews were administered in either English or Spanish as determined by the participant. The primary respondent completed a household questionnaire reporting characteristics of the home and individual respondents completed a personal questionnaire. In addition, biological samples, and environmental samples were collected during household visits. A single data entry system was created in Microsoft Access. De-identified data were electronically shared among the sites. The Arizona team served as the data coordinating center. Data were visually verified and outliers were evaluated.
Interviewing and sample collection protocols were reviewed by the Department of Health of Sonora in Mexico, respective university committees, and the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the University of Arizona. All participants signed consent forms approved by the IRB in either Spanish or English.
In Arizona, 225 people from 152 households were recruited from the communities of Ajo, New River, San Manuel, and Tucson from January through October 2006. Data from Arizona were collected by personnel at the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health and the Arizona Cancer Center at The University of Arizona.
The goal was to recruit at least 25 households from each of the four communities. Recruitment primarily occurred through list-assisted random digit dialing. Up to 10 attempts were made to reach an individual at the designated phone number. The 2005–2006 QWEST phonebook was used for each Arizona community to gather phone pre-fixes and random phone numbers were generated.
An additional strategy was used in the rural community of New River. All residential addresses identified on rural delivery mailboxes were recorded and a recruitment letter was mailed to randomly selected addresses from the list. The letter contained a description of the study and a phone number to contact the study coordinator to schedule a date and time for consent and initial interview.
In Mexico, 262 people were recruited from 202 households within two neighborhoods in Hermosillo and from the communities of Tobarito and Guadalupe Victoria in the Yaqui Valley near Ciudad Obregon. Recruitment occurred from January 2006 through February 2007 in Mexico. Data from Hermosillo were collected by personnel at the Universidad de Sonora (UNISON) and data from the Yaqui Valley were collected by personnel at the Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON) in Ciudad Obregon.
The aim was to recruit at least 50 households from each community or neighborhood. All wells supplying these neighborhoods/communities were tested for total arsenic to construct arsenic concentration maps. Each well supplied water to a defined neighborhood similar to a U.S. census tract. Seventy-three wells from the Yaqui Valley and 41 wells from Hermosillo were tested. In each region (Hermosillo and Yaqui Valley), one neighborhood with an elevated As concentration in the water supplied by the neighborhood well was selected and matched to another neighborhood with a lower As concentration in the water supply. Neighborhoods were matched on demographic characteristics (e.g., similar incomes, education level, etc.). The selected neighborhoods were subdivided into zones based on street boundaries or other map features and recruitment was conducted within a randomly selected zone. Every address within the boundary of the selected zone was recorded. Addresses excluded were clearly and exclusively non-residential. Addresses that were both a business and a residence were also included. Teams of interviewers went to randomly selected households within the recruitment zones to ask for participation. The recruitment sites are illustrated in Figure 1.
2.4. Household Questionnaire
The primary participant was asked to complete a household questionnaire containing questions about characteristics of the dwelling, availability of water, and access to a refrigerator, phone, computer and television.
2.5. Personal Questionnaires and Dietary History
All participants in the household were asked about demographics, smoking history, alcohol consumption, current occupation, job and hobby history, health history (e.g., history of diabetes, respiratory, cancers, etc.), medication and supplement use, reproductive history, physical activity, and residential history.
Participants reported all water sources used for cooking and drinking in the home (kitchen tap water, bottle water, refrigerator spigot water, etc.) and frequency of use of each water source (frequently, moderately, rarely, never). The primary source of running water (well water, municipal water, etc.) and the presence of a water filtration device (reverse osmosis, charcoal filter, etc.) were recorded.
Each participant completed a single 24 h administered dietary recall with portion size prompt using food models. Participants were asked to describe everything they ate or drank the previous day (including water) from the time they woke up in the morning until the time they went to bed (including anything eaten in the middle of the night). Interviewers recorded responses including amount consumed, specifics of preparation, and time of consumption.
The 24 h dietary recalls were sent to the Arizona Diet, Behavior and Quality of Life Assessment Lab (ADBA) at the Arizona Cancer Center for data entry and nutrient analysis using the Nutrition Data System for Research software version 2005 (NDSR), developed by the Nutrition Coordinating Center (NCC), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN. Beverages (milk, apple juice, grape juice, etc.) were assigned total arsenic values as reported by Schoof et al. USDA recipes were primarily used to estimate components of beverages that were not available in NDSR. Major components were then assigned arsenic values based on items reported by Schoof et al. .
The 24 h dietary recall quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) procedures included a 15% duplicate entry of recalls by a different coder, followed by a comparison of entered recalls and reconciliation. Discrepancies attributable to coder error were addressed by closer surveillance when necessary. All data entry coders went through a formal training and probation period until their work met the ADBA standards. Whenever differing interpretations of a subject’s data set were identified, the recall was reviewed to provide consistency of coding.
2.6. Environmental and Biological Samples
Water, urine, and anthropometric measurements were collected from all participants. Water samples were collected from all sources of water reported as consumed in the home. An additional water sample was collected from outside the home (well, spigot, etc.) if a filtration system was present filtering the water coming into the home.
Participants were supplied a urine cup and instructions for urine collection prior to the day of the interview. Participants were asked to collect a first morning urine sample. In the U.S., the urine cup was mailed to the participants. In Mexico, the urine cup was delivered by an interviewer the day before the interview. Specific gravity from the urine samples was determined using a refractometer.
Height, weight, hip and waist circumference were collected during the household interview. A calibrated digital scale was used to assess the weight of each participant in pounds. A stadiometer was used to assess the height of the participant. A standard measuring tape was used to assess hip and waist circumference.
All samples were stored in a cooler on icepacks during transport from the interview site to the laboratory. Sample aliquots were stored at −80 °C. Samples of urine and water from Mexico were transported to The University of Arizona for the analysis of arsenic. Water samples were analyzed for total arsenic. Urine samples were analyzed for total arsenic, As3, As5, methylarsonic acid (MMA5), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA5). All samples were analyzed for arsenic by the Southwest Hazardous Waste Program, Hazard Identification Core at The University of Arizona. Water and Urine samples were also analyzed for antimony, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cesium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, platinum, selenium, thallium, tungsten, and uranium by the Bureau of State Laboratory Services at the Arizona Department of Health Services.
2.7. Laboratory Preparation and Analysis of Samples for Arsenic
Arsenic analyses were performed by the Analytical Section of the Hazard Identification Core from the University of Arizona.
Preparation of urine samples for total arsenic analyses was accomplished by microwave digestion. A 1 mL aliquot of each beverage sample was placed in an acid-washed 7 mL teflon bomb, and 0.5 mL of concentrated nitric acid was added. Samples were sealed and heated in a microwave for 5 min on the medium-high setting. Samples were cooled, vented, and heated for an additional 5 min on the high setting. Additional steps of heating on the high setting were performed as necessary to complete sample digestion. After digestion, samples were brought up to volume with Milli-Q water for inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) analysis. Preparation of urine samples for arsenic speciation was accomplished by filtering the urine through 0.45 µm nylon centrifuge filters.
Total arsenic concentrations in water and urine were determined using an Agilent 7500ce ICP-MS (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) with a MicroMist nebulizer (Glass Expansion). An ASX500 auto sampler (CETAC Technologies) was used to introduce the samples into the Agilent 7500ce. The operating parameters were as follows: Rf power, 1500 watts; plasma gas flow, 15 L/min; carrier flow, 0.85 L/min; makeup gas, 0.15 L/min. Acquisition parameters were as follows: arsenic measured at m/z 75, terbium (internal standard) measured at m/z 159, points per peak 3, dwell time for arsenic was 1.5 s, and dwell time for terbium was 1.5 s. Each sample was evaluated seven times and the reported concentration represents the mean of these seven measures.
Concentrations of arsenic species in urine were analyzed using an Agilent 1100 HPLC (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA) with an anion exchange column (PRP-X100, 10 µm, 250 × 4.1 mm, Hamilton, Reno, NV) and guard cartridge. The mobile phase was 50 mM ammonium carbonate (pH 9) with 4% (v/v) methanol at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Column temperature was maintained at 30 °C and samples were kept at 4 °C in a thermally controlled auto sampler. An Agilent 7500ce ICP-MS with a Conikal nebulizer (Glass Expansion) was used as the detector. The operating and acquisition parameters were the same as for total arsenic analysis.
NIST SRM2670a Toxic Elements in Urine (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) was used for QA/QC purposes. The standard reference material was run in duplicate with every set of 20 samples. For analysis of total arsenic, the percent recovery was between 96.7% and 107.5% with a coefficient of variance (COV) of 2.7. For arsenic speciation, the percent recovery was between 93.5% and 97.4% with a COV of 1.7.
Results included concentrations of total arsenic, the inorganic species: As3 and As5, and the organic species: MMA5, and DMA5. Analysis of the arsenic species MMA3 and DMA3 was not possible due to their unstable nature. The detection limits for the arsenic species are as follows: total arsenic 0.1 µg/L, As3 0.12 µg/L, As5 0.21 µg/L, MMA5 0.12 µg/L, and DMA5 0.12 µg/L.
2.8. Estimation of Arsenic Exposure in Water and Beverage
Consumption of water and other beverages was reported in liters per day (L/day) from the 24 h dietary recall. The interviewer asked participants to report all water consumed, regardless of location or source, on the dietary recall. To determine exposure from drinking water, we assumed water consumed outside of the home would have similar arsenic water concentrations as those in the home. This is a reasonable assumption since homes are generally on the same water system as other local venues (i.e., work, school, restaurants, etc.) or water is drawn from the same aquifer in most cases. Of the 465 people in the analysis, there were 362 people with water intake volumes recorded on the 24 h dietary recall and 103 people for whom total water volume consumed for the day was not recorded. A single imputation approach was used to estimate the total water volume consumed in a 24 h period for those without a total water volume. For participants lacking a consumption volume, the average total water consumption was substituted based on age, gender, and recruitment site categories. The age categories included: 18–29, 30–39, 40–49, 50–59, 60–69, 70+. The recruitment site categories included Arizona, Hermosillo, and the Yaqui Valley. The imputed water consumption volumes among the categories are not shown but as an example, a female participant from Arizona in her 30 s who had a missing total water consumption volume would be estimated to have consumed 1.02 L of water for the day reflecting the mean consumption of others in this category.
Every water source identified as consumed in the home, including bottled water, was tested for total arsenic. Participants were asked to report usual consumption for each water source. Consumption categories included frequently, moderately, rarely, and never. A weighted average based on these frequencies was used to determine total volume of water consumed from the individual sources. A frequency value was assigned for consumption (e.g., 3 for frequent use, 2 for moderate use, 1 for rare use, and 0 for no use). For example, if a participant drank from three water sources, the first of which was consumed “frequently” (3), the second “moderately” (2), and the third “frequently” (3), the water sources could be assigned proportions of 3/8, 2/8, and 3/8 respectively with the denominator being the sum of the values. The fractions were multiplied by the total daily water volume resulting in a volume for each water source. The arsenic concentration per source was then multiplied by the amount of water consumed yielding the amount of arsenic consumed in a 24 h period (µg/day) per source. The arsenic intake from each water source was then summed to estimate the total arsenic intake from all water sources consumed in the home for the day.
Total arsenic intake from other beverages was calculated by multiplying arsenic concentration of specific beverages as reported in the literature by the reported volume from the 24 h recall. The arsenic intake from each beverage was then summed to estimate the total arsenic intake from all beverages consumed for the day.
2.9. Analysis Strategy
Of the 487 participants, 19 people were excluded in this analysis due to inadequate information regarding water consumption and three people were excluded for consumption reports exceeding 10 L of water a day.
Urinary total arsenic, inorganic arsenic (expressed as the sum of As3 and As5), and sum of species (expressed as the sum of As3, As5, MMA, and DMA) were reported as continuous variables in micrograms per liter. The relative distributions of arsenic species were reported as the percent MMA (MMA over sum of species) and the DMA/MMA ratio. Half of the detection limit was substituted in instances where arsenic concentration was below the detection level. Urinary inorganic arsenic, sum of species, and total arsenic concentrations were adjusted for specific gravity using the formula reported by Nermell et al. using the specific gravity population mean . The distributions of urinary total arsenic, sum of species, inorganic As, DMA/MMA ratio, arsenic concentration consumed from water, and arsenic concentration consumed from all beverages were right skewed and were natural log transformed.
Summary statistics were generated for urinary total arsenic, inorganic arsenic, DMA/ MMA ratio, and percent MMA. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to detect any differences in the various urinary arsenic measurements between recruitment sites. Random effect models were used to evaluate the association between the concentration of arsenic in urine and the estimated amount of arsenic consumed from water and other beverages. The random effect in all models was defined as household nested within study site. A random effect model was selected to account for the variance within households and across study sites. Other variables were considered in the statistical analyses with their potential to be associated with both the concentration of total arsenic in urine and the estimated amount of arsenic consumed from drinking water. These variables included: age in years (continuous), gender (male, female), ethnicity (Arizona Hispanic, Arizona non-Hispanic, Mexicano), and current smoking status (current smoker, not current smoker). Ten models were generated. The predictor in models 1–5 was arsenic concentration consumed from water (log arsenic values). The predictor in models 6–10 was log arsenic concentration consumed from all beverages. Each set of five models, adjusted for confounders, contained one of the following as the dependent variable for urinary arsenic concentration: log total arsenic, log inorganic arsenic, log sum of species, log DMA/MMA ratio, and percent MMA. All statistical analyses were completed using SAS (version 9.2; SAS institute, Cary, NC).
3.1. Household Recruitment
The goal was to recruit at least 50 households from each neighborhood/community in Mexico and 100 households in Arizona (25 per community). Household participation by community ranged from 18% to 30% in Arizona, as shown in Table 1. Household participation by mail in New River was 20%. In contrast, household participation rates were greater in all Mexican sites ranging from 43% to 93% (Table 2) with participation lower in the more urban neighborhoods of Hermosillo. At least one person per household was asked to participate at all study sites. The mean number of interviewed people per household was 1.7 in Arizona, 1.1 in Hermosillo and 1.5 in Yaqui Valley.
|Table 1. Household Participation Rates among Arizona Residents by Location.|
|Characteristic||Ajo||New River||San Manuel||Tucson|
|Phone Numbers Dialed||692||699||974||413|
|Households that Refused to Participate||57||75||142||143|
|Household Unavailable on Day of Sampling||7||4||6||0|
|Only an Answering Machine||60||215||136||0|
|Household Never Answered the Phone||41||89||118||116|
|Disconnected Phone Numbers||438||183||472||88|
|Household Participation Rate *||30%||28%||18%||25%|
|Households Mailed a Brochure||-||101||-||-|
|Households Recruited from Mailing||-||20||-||-|
|Household Mailing Participation Rate †||-||20%||-||-|
* Household Participation Rate = Households recruited/(Households recruited + Households that refused to participate); † Household mailing participation rate = Households recruited from mailing/Households mailed a brochure
|Table 2. Household Participation Rates from Door-to-Door Recruitment in Sonora, Mexico by Location.|
|Characteristic||Community 1||Community 2||Guadalupe Victoria||Tobarito|
|Households Selected for Recruitment||107||122||62||68|
|Households that Refused to Participate||41||59||4||8|
|No Eligible Participant in the Household||3||1||2||2|
|No Response from Household||13||12||3||8|
|Household Participation Rate *||55%||46%||93%||86%|
* Household Participation Rate = Households recruited/(Households recruited + Households that refused to participate)
3.2. Participant Characteristics and Water Consumption
Summary statistics for participant characteristics are presented in Table 3. More females than males participated across the three recruitment sites: Arizona 56.9%, Hermosillo 73.2%, Yaqui Valley 69.8%. The median age of the participants from Arizona was 56.5 years compared to 39.5 years from Hermosillo and 44.0 years from Yaqui Valley. Hispanics accounted for 24% of the participants from Arizona. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) in the current smoking rates across the populations (16.7% from Arizona, 30.3% from Hermosillo, and 11.1% from Yaqui Valley).
|Table 3. Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics of BAsES Participants by Location.|
|Participants ( n)||218||108||139|
|Age in years||< 0.001 *|
|Mean (s.d.)||55.3 (15.3)||41.5 (13.9)||47.0 (16.4)|
|Gender, n (%)||< 0.001†|
|Male||94 (43.1)||29 (26.7)||42 (30.3)|
|Female||124 (56.9)||79 (73.2)||97 (69.8)|
|Ethnicity, n (%)||-|
|Arizona Hispanic||52 (23.9)||0||0|
|Arizona Non-Hispanic||166 (76.1)||0||0|
|Current smoker, n (%)||< 0.001†|
|Yes||33 (16.7)||30 (30.3)||15 (11.1)|
|No||165 (83.3)||69 (69.7)||120 (88.9)|
|Self-reported estimated fluid intake from the 24-hour dietary recall (L/day)|
|Drinking water||< 0.001*|
|Mean (s.d.)||1.67 (1.20)||0.44 (0.36)||0.24 (0.17)|
|Non-water beverages||< 0.001*|
|Mean (s.d.)||1.77 (1.25)||0.92 (0.85)||0.58 (0.32)|
|Total beverage consumption||< 0.001*|
|Mean (s.d.)||3.51 (1.89)||1.31 (0.93)||0.79 (0.36)|
L = Liters; s.d. = standard deviation; * Kruskall-Wallis test of association across location; † Chi-square test of significance across location.
Median water consumption reported in the 24 h dietary recall was 1.43 L/day among Arizona participants, 0.38 L/day among Hermosillo participants, and 0.24 L/day among Yaqui Valley participants (p < 0.001). The median non-water beverage consumption was greatest among Arizona residents at 1.39 L/day and was significantly different among the three sites (p < 0.001). Median total fluid intake was significantly different (p < 0.001) between participants from Arizona (2.88 L/day), from Hermosillo (1.18 L/day), and from the Yaqui Valley (0.75 L/day).
3.3. Distribution of Arsenic in Water and Beverages
Table 4 contains the concentration of arsenic in unfiltered tap water coming into the home by community. The highest average arsenic concentration was found in the community of New River (98.9 µg/L). The lowest median arsenic concentration was found in Tucson (3.9 µg/L). Also shown in the table are the estimated total arsenic concentrations consumed from water and other beverages by community. Median total arsenic consumed from water by participants in Arizona ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 µg/day, compared to 0.6 to 3.4 µg/day for participants from Mexico. Estimated total arsenic intake via water was greatest among participants from New River and least among participants from Tobarito, Mexico. When examining estimated arsenic intake from all beverages, participants in Mexico had lower daily consumption rates than most participants from Arizona. This corresponds to participants in Mexico reporting less volume per day from beverages leading to a lower estimated intake of As through beverages.
|Table 4. Arsenic Levels in Water and Estimated Total Arsenic Intake from Drinking Water and Other Beverages during 24 h by Recruitment Site.|
|Ajo||New River||San Manuel||Tucson||Community 1||Community 2||Guadalupe Victoria||Tobarito|
|As levels from an unfiltered water source by household (µg/L)|
|Mean (s.d.)||9.7 (26.2)||98.9 (198.5)||6.9 (2.2)||4.3 (6.6)||24.5 (7.6)||8.6 (2.3)||4.8 (2.5)||7.6 (7.7)|
|Estimated total arsenic intake (µg/day)|
|From drinking water|
|Mean (s.d.)||5.2 (4.3)||166.0 (468.4)||9.0 (2.5)||4.1 (5.8)||5.5 (6.8)||2.4 (2.5)||1.9 (1.5)||1.1 (1.5)|
|From total beverage consumption|
|Mean (s.d.)||9.3 (7.3)||176.3 (467.1)||13.0 (9.9)||8.9 (9.3)||9.4 (16.2)||5.4 (4.6)||3.9 (2.7)||3.9 (6.6)|
s.d. = standard deviation.
3.4. Distribution of Arsenic in Urine
Table 5 presents the distributions of urinary arsenic concentrations adjusted for specific gravity by community. The greatest concentrations of total and inorganic urinary arsenic were among participants in New River. However, except for this one Arizona community, median urinary total As concentration among Arizona participants (ranged from 1.2 to 2.0 µg/L) was less than the median urinary inorganic As concentration for Mexican participants (range 2.5 to 6.2 µg/L). Among Arizonans, the average sum of species was highest among those from New River (39.9 µg/L). The participants from Arizona communities, except those in New River, had a lower median sum of species level than participants from Mexico communities. The sum of species was not significantly different between communities in the Yaqui Valley, but it was significantly different between the communities in Hermosillo (p < 0.001). There were no differences in levels of DMA/MMA or % MMA by community.
|Table 5. Urinary Arsenic Concentration Adjusted for Specific Gravity among BAsES Participants by Recruitment Site.|
|Ajo||New River||San Manuel||Tucson||Community 1||Community 2||Guadalupe Victoria||Tobarito|
|Participants ( n)||31||71||48||68||54||54||52||87|
|Total As (µg/L)|
|Mean (s.d.)||35.3 (27.2)||121.7 (221.4)||42.2 (19.6)||47.7 (94.0)||61.6 (43.3)||110.0 (89.9)||119.3 (131.8)||93.0 (108.7)|
|Inorganic As (µg/L)|
|Mean (s.d.)||2.9 (3.6)||10.2 (28.5)||2.3 (2.9)||1.9 (3.0)||3.5 (3.1)||7.4 (5.6)||6.7 (4.4)||5.7 (5.8)|
|Sum of Species (µg/L)|
|Mean (s.d.)||8.6 (4.2)||39.9 (104.2)||8.1 (5.4)||7.7 (7.0)||13.5 (6.9)||26.1 (25.0)||21.9 (11.4)||21.3 (15.8)|
|Mean (s.d.)||7.1 (4.3)||7.2 (4.2)||7.8 (4.2)||7.6 (3.8)||7.6 (4.5)||8.2 (5.3)||7.8 (4.1)||7.8 (4.5)|
|Mean (s.d.)||12.1 (4.8)||12.8 (4.8)||11.6 (4.6)||11.8 (3.9)||11.9 (3.9)||11.1 (4.1)||11.2 (3.8)||11.4 (3.5)|
s.d. = standard deviation; inorganic As = As3 + As5; Sum of Species = As3 + As5 + MMA + DMA; Percent MMA = (MMA/Sum of Species)*100.
3.5. Associations Between Arsenic Exposure and Urinary Arsenic Concentrations
Table 6 presents results of ten random effect models evaluating the association between concentrations of urinary as species and estimated As exposure from water and other beverages. The estimated arsenic intake from water consumption had a statistically significant association with each of the five urinary As variables. Due to the independent and dependent variables being log transformed, inferences of the model estimates come from the interpretations found in Regression Methods in Biostatistics . We can infer from model 1 that there is a 7% increase in total urinary arsenic for a 1% increase in arsenic consumption from water (p < 0.001), from model 2 that there is a 12% increase in urinary inorganic arsenic for a 1% increase in arsenic consumption from water (p < 0.001), and from model 3 that there is a 9.8% increase in urinary sum of species for a 1% increase in arsenic consumption from water. In contrast, no statistically significant association was found between estimated arsenic intake from all beverages and either urinary DMA/MMA ratio or urinary percent MMA. A significant association was found between estimated arsenic intake from all beverages with urinary total As, inorganic As, and sum of species.
|Table 6. Random Effect Models Depicting the Association between Urinary Metabolite Concentrations and Arsenic Consumed from Drinking Water and Beverages *.|
|Dependent variable||Estimate of Log As consumed from water ± s.e.||p-value|
|Model 1: Urinary Log (Total As)||0.074 ± 0.020||<0.001|
|Model 2: Urinary Log (Inorganic As)||0.123 ± 0.022||<0.001|
|Model 3: Urinary Log (Sum of Species)||0.098 ± 0.021||<0.001|
|Model 4: Urinary Log (DMA/MMA ratio)||−0.032 ± 0.012||0.007|
|Model 5: Urinary (Percent MMA)||0.252 ± 0.103||0.016|
|Estimate of Log As consumed from all beverages ± s.e.||p-value|
|Model 6: Urinary Log (Total As)||0.143 ± 0.032||<0.001|
|Model 7: Urinary Log (Inorganic As)||0.234 ± 0.036||<0.001|
|Model 8: Urinary Log (Sum of Species)||0.203 ± 0.034||<0.001|
|Model 9: Urinary Log (DMA/MMA ratio)||−0.029 ± 0.019||0.130|
|Model 10: Urinary (Percent MMA)||0.214 ± 0.170||0.213|
* The random effect was the variable household nested within study site. Adjusted for age, gender, current smoking status, and ethnicity; s.e. = standard error; inorganic As = As3 + As5; Sum of Species = As3 + As5 + MMA + DMA; Percent MMA = (MMA/Sum of Species)*100.
This paper describes the relationship between urinary arsenic concentrations and estimated arsenic intake from beverages from a cross-sectional survey of community-based residents living in southern Arizona and northern Mexico. Residents from the rural communities in Yaqui Valley and rural areas in Arizona were more likely to participate than residents living in urban areas, and household response rates were greater in Mexico than in Arizona. Anecdotally, participants from Mexico liked the attention received from a study conducted by the local university.
Strikingly, the estimated volume of all beverages consumed among participants from Arizona was nearly four times greater than the amount consumed by participants in Mexico. This difference reflected either reduced consumption of beverages by Mexican participants compared to Arizona participants (0.75 L vs. 2.9 L), a misrepresentation of the amount of beverages consumed by Mexicans, or over reporting of beverages consumed by Arizona participants. A reported water volume that was incorrect would alter the estimated arsenic level consumed from water for the day.
The median volume of water consumed by participants from Arizona (1.4 L/day) is similar to the reported consumption noted in the literature . The largest database containing water consumption comes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2001 . Nearly 88% of participants reported drinking an average amount of 1.53 L/day, while 12% drank no water . In a pilot study in Canada, researchers found that 56% of the population drank bottled or filtered water the previous day with an overall water consumption rate of 1.6 L/day .
Median estimated arsenic intake from water in Arizona communities ranged from 1.7 to 14.1 µg/day compared to 0.6 to 3.4 µg/day in Mexico communities. In contrast to the estimated exposures, the median urinary inorganic arsenic concentration was lowest among participants from Tucson 1.2 (µg/L) and highest among participants from Hermosillo (6.2 µg/L). Median urinary total arsenic concentration was lowest in Tucson participants (25.4 µg/L) and highest among Yaqui Valley participants (94.3 µg/L). The discrepancy between urinary inorganic arsenic concentration and total arsenic concentration among participants could potentially be due to the ingestion of organic forms of arsenic.
Table 4 shows the median arsenic concentration of the drinking water coming into the home and is similar among several of the study sites. If the median volume of water consumed for the day was similar among participants from each study site, then we would expect the intake of arsenic from water between the study sites to be similar. However, we find that the estimated arsenic intake from water is lower among several of the communities in Mexico. It is possible that the total water intake from Mexico participants is underestimated thus resulting in an underestimate of total arsenic intake. Further analysis into reporting of intake volumes of water and beverages is under review.
Strengths of this study include the use of standardized methodologies for sample collection, administration of questionnaires, and data entry. A centralized laboratory was used to analyze urine and water samples from participants as well as centralized analysis of the 24 h dietary recalls.
Limitations in this study include potential selection bias. Participants were mostly female. This could be addressed in future studies conducted in Mexico by recruiting during the evening and on weekends. Other demographic characteristics in the U.S. such as age, ethnicity and race were comparable to percentages found in the Arizona census.
An additional limitation is that studies reporting arsenic concentrations in foods and beverages have primarily been conducted among products sold in the United States. In this analysis, the arsenic concentration in beverages are coming from the paper by Schoof et al. These data sources are limited by the types of foods and beverages being analyzed as well as the quantity being analyzed. A single arsenic concentration for one product is being applied to a wide array of beverages. Furthermore, these databases may not represent the food products in subregions of the U.S. or outside the U.S. Few data are available on the concentration of arsenic in beverages sold in Mexico which may resulted in an over or under estimation of the arsenic concentration among beverages consumed by Mexican participants.
Furthermore, in this analysis it was assumed that the arsenic concentrations in urine were attributed to the water and beverages consumed the previous day. Urine was collected on the day of the interview and given the study resources and known recall bias we could only collect a dietary recall for the day prior the interview. It has been reported that people may be able to recall the preceding 24 h of food and beverage consumption with interviewer prompts . It is difficult for people to recall amounts ingested for 2–3 days. Using a prospective design, investigators could monitor food and beverage consumption for 2–3 days prior to collection of the urine sample.
Reported water consumption for the day was missing from 28% of the 24 h dietary recalls. This was due to the interviewers not prompting for water consumption during the interview. We also used qualitative terms in this study to identify amount of water consumed per source based on the total intake of water from the 24 h dietary recall. The Arizona Diet, Behavior and Quality of Life Assessment Lab suggested a conservative scoring system to assign volumes to each water source using a 1 point difference to separate frequent, moderate, and rare consumption. By using a conservative scoring system we avoided over estimating arsenic consumption from water intake. Future studies exploring contaminants in drinking and cooking water via a 24 h dietary recall should specifically ask participants about the volume of water consumed per source avoiding the need to estimate the volume.
Communities in BAsES were in part selected for their groundwater arsenic concentration so that there would be communities with a higher or lower arsenic concentration in the household tap water. The two communities selected in Hermosillo display this relationship. One community had a median tap water arsenic concentration of 26.3 µg/L while the other was at 9.0 µg/L. This contrast was not seen in the two communities of the Yaqui Valley. In Tobarito, the community water source was unavailable and residents retrieved their water in bottles from a well in a nearby community. This change in water source was unknown until after the study had been completed. As a result, fewer people were exposed to elevated concentrations of arsenic via drinking water in the Yaqui Valley.
The statistical model used in this analysis was based on a strategy to describe the association between estimated arsenic intake from water and arsenic output in urine. Among participants in the U.S., the greatest urinary arsenic concentrations were seen in geographic locations with the greatest concentration of arsenic in the drinking water. However; among the participants from Mexico, elevated urinary arsenic levels were present among individuals consuming lower concentrations of arsenic in the drinking water at home. It may be that the arsenic presenting in the urine was consumed from water sources with arsenic concentrations different from arsenic concentrations in water sources from the home or from food. Analysis are ongoing to develop predictive models that include a detailed examination of the potential impact of beverages and other food items reported in the 24 h dietary recall in the prediction of urinary arsenic concentration. Furthermore, studies should be undertaken to examine beverage consumption patterns among the various ethnicities and the role other metals (e.g., selenium or cadmium) may have on the impact of As metabolism.
BAsES enhanced a binational collaboration between universities in Mexico and the U.S., built research capacity, and enabled collaborations in a region experiencing rapid changes, within the same desert environment. Standardized questionnaires and recruitment methods were utilized among all recruitment sites. A standardized and common laboratory for testing total, organic, and inorganic As was utilized. Estimated arsenic concentrations consumed from water and other beverages were found to be greater among Arizonans, yet participants in Mexico had greater urinary inorganic arsenic concentrations.
Support for this research was provided by The University of Arizona Specialized Program of Research Excellence in GI Cancer (NIH/NCI CA95060). The Analytical Section of the Hazard Identification Core was supported by the Superfund Basic Research Program Grant from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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- Goering, P.L.; Aposhian, H.V.; Mass, M.J.; Cebrian, M.; Beck, B.D.; Waalkes, M.P. The enigma of arsenic carcinogenesis: role of metabolism. Toxicol. Sci. 1999, 49, 5–14, doi:10.1093/toxsci/49.1.5. 10367337
- Smith, A.H.; Hopenhayn-Rich, C.; Bates, M.N.; Goeden, H.M.; Hertz-Picciotto, I.; Duggan, H.M.; Wood, R.; Kosnett, M.J.; Smith, M.T. Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environ. Health Perspect. 1992, 97, 259–267, doi:10.1289/ehp.9297259. 1396465
- Ahsan, H.; Chen, Y.; Kibriya, M.G.; Slavkovich, V.; Parvez, F.; Jasmine, F.; Gamble, M.V.; Graziano, J.H. Arsenic metabolism, genetic susceptibility, and risk of premalignant skin lesions in Bangladesh. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 2007, 16, 1270–1278, doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0676. 17548696
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© 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Created By: Corianne Conway
In the 1800's when the Sams Family settled in Merritt Island there were very few places to get food, many of which were hours away by boat. The Sams family needed to grow food to sustain and feed the family but they also grew fruits and sugar cane to sell. While standing in the exhibit area looking out to the trees; pineapples are the low growing plants to the right, mangos to the left, and a key lime tree in the center. There is also a white box on the right side of the exhibit. This box is a bee box. The Sams family would have had a very similar box in order to attract and keep bees. Bees are very important pollinators and help plants reproduce by spreading pollen across plants.
This point of interest is part of the tour: Discovery Trail
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Allegheny Portage Railroad:
Developing Transportation Technology--Supplementary Resources
By looking at the Allegheny Portage Railroad, students can more easily understand the development of transportation technology in the 19th century, the innovative ways of overcoming the limitations of topography, and the effects that technological change can have on a community. Those interested in learning more will find that the Internet offers a variety of materials.
Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site
Allegheny Portage Railroad National Historic Site is a unit of the National Park System. The park's Web pages include information
on nearby historic sites related to industrial development in southwestern Pennsylvania.
Also included are sections on the history of the area, photographs, descriptions,
and materials for teachers. Go to the expanded web page and click on APRR to
examine sections on related transportation history, canals, the 1800s, and more.
Museums and Historical Societies
Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania
The Railroad Museum houses one of the most
significant collections of historic railroad artifacts in the world. Visit their Web page for a virtual tour of the museum. Go to the Links page for links to teaching
resources, other railroad museums, and historical societies.
Smithsonian Institution: National Museum of American History
Visit the Smithsonian's America on the Move website for the history of transportation in America including railroads.
Ontario and Western Railway Historical Society
What began as the New York & Oswego Midland Railroad in 1868 later became the
New York Ontario and Western Railway. This Web
page features short articles with photographs on the history of this railway,
as well as links to other historic railway lines.
Library of Congress
American Railway Maps, 1828-1900
View the American Memory Collection of Railway
Maps by searching with keywords or browsing by geographical location. On the home
page, scroll down to links on the "History of Railroads and Maps," "Related
Resources" and "Learn More About It!"
Built in America: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering
Search the American Memory Collection using keywords such as Allegheny Portage Railroad to discover resources such historical photographs and architectural drawings of the bridges, tunnels,
and inclines related to the Allegheny Portage Railroad.
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Lighting is one of the most important factors for growing a plant successfully. Light is absolutely essential for all plants to grow that use photosynthesis. Even though some plants really need very little light to survive, they still need light. Making sure houseplants get the right amount of light will help them grow better and longer.
The way that we live in our houses now can sometimes provide a difficult environment for plants to live in. We now have central air conditioning that runs in the summer and heating that runs in the winter. We dehumidify the air and purify the water. Most people know that we need to provide the best conditions for houseplants to grow well, but simply don’t how to get there.
Lighting is so important for plants because it basically provides them with their food and energy they need to grow. Some plants can do well enough on artificial light, but most also want to have natural sunlight and will do much better if it is available to them. Some plants don’t get enough sunlight in the winter months, so providing them with a southern exposure will normally provide enough light even during the fall and winter. Most people remember that plants will not flower or develop as they should unless they are getting the right amount of light. Some flowering plants won’t even produce buds unless they are getting enough light. Some plants are put on interior walls in houses that are dark or don’t get much sunlight at all because they are far away from any windows. This is when an incandescent lamp or light comes in handy to supplement the indirect light it gets from the rest of the house.
Most houseplants do best with indirect sunlight. This means that they have light available to them through a window between four and five hours a day and varying levels of light throughout the day. Flowering plants do better when they have indirect sunlight and will produce more vibrant blooms too.
Sometimes it may not be appropriate or workable to put a plant directly on a windowsill or right next to one. This is where flexibility and creativity can come into play. Not all windows have sills large enough to accommodate a plant and many people don’t have window coverings open long enough or frequently enough to justify having a plant on the sill. It is also possible that certain types of home decor just don’t work with a plant on a window and many people believe that this is tacky and unattractive. Sometimes windows are too small or too high to accommodate a plant too. If this is the case with your home, you can use furniture like tables or plant stands to provide a place for your houseplant to sit and to add more to the decor of the room. Many people choose to use plant hangers or shelves that have built in lights. These lights still provide artificial fluorescent light to the plant, but the stands can often be placed close to a window to get a good mix of natural and artificial light. Most plant stands are relatively inexpensive and can be used almost anywhere in the house. Most also have proper drainage if overwatering should occur. When you are deciding where you are going to place your houseplants, keep in mind the small tag with instructions and recommendations about lighting and temperature. These considerations can be particularly important to notice and modify as the seasons change and the appropriateness of different areas of the house change. No matter what you decide to do with your indoor houseplants, make sure that they are getting the light they need and that they are getting the right amount to grow and keep your home lovely for years to come.
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It is a new year and you are on your way to start an intense workout but the question is: “Do I really need to stretch?”
In the past, stretching has been thought of as a crucial precursor to a workout. Although it is not a part of the main course, it has always been viewed as something of importance.
However, it seems the significance of stretching is shifting.
“Mounting evidence suggests that pre-exercise stretching plays a limited role in injury prevention and may unfavorably impact exercise performance,” said Dr. Jeffrey M. Janot, assistant professor of kinesiology at the University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire.
As studies show, static stretching can actually backfire on an individual’s attempt to prevent injury before a workout.
“If you’re actually doing an exercise and warming up, it’s actually not good to do static stretching,” said Raizah Singh, personal trainer at California Baptist University’s recreation center. “It’s important to do static stretching after the workout.”
Cold muscles and stretching are not the best combination but ever since everyone’s first P.E. class in elementary school, it would seem we have been instructed to stretch before any rigorous activity.
Before a workout, your body is not warmed up and stretching muscles could cause more harm than good.
“You don’t want to start your workout stretching because you’re stretching cold muscles and could cause injury,” said Nathanael Chavers, junior kinesiology major who has declared a concentration in exercise science.
Chavers played nine years of basketball and during that time he rarely stretched. He found that he would stretch at times but was too impatient and wanted to get on to the main exercise.
Singh advises that warming up is far more important than static stretching.
“Warming up is very important because you don’t want to go into anything cold,” Singh said.
Despite talk about opposition to stretching, some people still feel it is the best way to go.
“I find stretching very important,” said Michael Gibson, senior business administration major. “When I don’t stretch, I feel tight and not as loose.”
Gibson finds that when he plays intramural sports, such as football and basketball, he cannot go on without stretching. Stretching before a physical activity helps him feel prepared to go out and play his favorite sports.
While there are different views on the importance of stretching, the most important aspect to a workout is that there needs to be some type of pre-workout activity.
The alternative to stretching would be to warm up. Warming up will allow muscles to wake up and get blood pumping to the right places.
Anything that is light in intensity and causes the body to move, falls into the category of warming up.
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Two coiled snakes peer up from the base of this small Thai earthenware bowl. The vessel may have been used to hold medicines, the healing power of which was aided by the cobra, a powerful symbol in Southeast Asia. Sarah Bekker, who lived in Burma (Myanmar) and Thailand from 1946 through 1971, collected this vessel in Thailand. Bekker became a widely recognized expert in Southeast Asian archaeology and history, and her collection at the UMMAA consists of more than 100 objects (see Day 126). This bowl likely dates to the Ayutthaya period (14th–18th centuries), though it may be from an earlier time. Unlike the more elaborate glazed vessels made during this period, this vessel is of unglazed low-fired earthenware. Its modest form, however, belies the important contents it perhaps once held.
In honor of the University of Michigan’s 2017 bicentennial, we are celebrating the remarkable archaeological and ethnographic collections and rich legacy of research and teaching at the Museum of Anthropological Archaeology by posting one entry a day for 200 days. The entries will highlight objects from the collections, museum personalities, and UMMAA expeditions. The Kelsey Museum of Archaeology is also posting each day for 200 days on Twitter and Facebook (follow along at #KMA200). After the last post, an exhibition on two centuries of archaeology at U-M opens at the Kelsey. Visit the exhibit—a joint project of the UMMAA and the Kelsey—from October 18, 2017 to May 27, 2018.
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Enlightenment is the foundation of both activism and art. Language and cultural boundaries can\’t stop art from communicating important messages. For effective organizing, creativity is necessary. It enables activists to devise novel strategies, goals, and methods to keep campaigns interesting and effective. Activism is simply about taking action to promote social change; this can happen in a variety of methods and forms. In India, comics have long been associated with expressions of national and religious identity. They can operate both as propaganda (Ideological messages) and as critique.
Cover of Chandamama
Comics and graphic novels have successfully developed as different creative form that communicates perspectives while considering the relevant cultural context since they are caught between literature and art. In India, the earliest instance of anything that looked like a comic book initially appeared in 1947 when famous Telugu film producers B Nagi Reddy and Aluri Chakrapani published Chandamama to teach Indian youngsters more about their rich culture. However, it was with the Amar Chitra Katha comic book series that India formally ventured into the comic space in 1967. It has taught youngsters about their culture, heritage, and historical past since 1960\’s.
Comics timeline of India; Courtesy: Media India Group
We can see comics as a quick way to get a message across as it serves visuals with texts that form a story. A new generation of comic book creators, illustrators, and graphic novelists has been delving into Hindu mythology since the late 1990s. While some of them support gendered nationalist notions, others provide some room for criticism. Our publishers have published both action-driven and affect-driven comics. They have not only focussed on knowledge but with time also criticized the social phenomenon with their comics. Authors and artists mostly take on social and political issues in a critical way. Comics give them a platform to show their vision sarcastically and it also let them understand it to a large mass.
Coverimage of Priya\’s Shakti
Comics have been used by both external (NGO, transnational organizations) and internal (Grassroots, community organizations) to address issues of political violence and justice. ‘Priya’s Shakti’ by Ram Devineni talked about the fear that women had after Nirbhaya’s case while another comic ‘Drawing The Line’ comments on our society’s perspective about women and girls. With the digital growth of media many artists have got spaces to show their view or express their angst against politics, caste and gender-based discrimination, violence and many such subjects. Digital media has not only enabled many new artists to express but also given the freedom to many. Like all comics, Indian comics have a history of being inspired by pulp literature. While Indian comics continued to focus on issues of socio-political and sexual exploitation, comic culture in the West shifted with demand towards sci-fi.
View this post on Instagram
After almost three years, the legendary Comic Con, which features pop culture goods, cosplay contests, comic book artists, and gaming, has returned to the nation\’s capital. Delhi Comic Con, which is celebrating its tenth anniversary, will have \”the largest creators section\” ever at this year\’s event, with over 20 notable Indian and foreign artists and writers displaying their work. The Indie versions, like DeCAF, are entirely focused on the art form and its practitioners, unlike Comic Con India, which is a localized version of its well-known international counterpart and focuses on the celebration of the pop culture around comics with a concentration on cosplay and commercialization.
Just landed in London here for a few hours before the next leg to India! Watched the Maradona documentary on the plane. He’s a famous Argentinian soccer player The politics, nationalism and everything involved with soccer on the world stage is on display. pic.twitter.com/u1fq3sOaaZ
— Matt Hawkins (@topcowmatt) December 7, 2022
The Delhi Comic Con will get underway on December 9 till December 11 at the NSIC Exhibition Grounds in Okhla. International Comic-Con will return on July 20-23, 2023 in San Diego.
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Genital and anal warts are caused by certain types of HPV (human papillomavirus).
HPV is transmitted by skin-to-skin contact, including oral and anal sex. HPV may be transmitted even when there are no visible warts present.
Visible warts are small growths, often rough or rubbery to the touch. These occur around the penis, testicles and rectum, and are often painless. Warts usually show up between two or three months after infection with HPV but may take much longer.
Diagnosis is usually by observation by a medical practitioner. Sub-clinical infection can be diagnosed through observation of cells on a biopsy.
Visible warts are usually treated in several ways. These are:
Some strains of this virus have been associated with abnormal cell changes on the penis or anus, as well as the mouth and throat, with a few strongly associated with cancer. These are the same strains of HPV that are associated with cervical cancer in women.
This association seems to increase with other factors, one of which is smoking.
Visible warts are less likely to lead to cell changes that precede cancer. The strains that are linked to abnormal changes usually cause infections without visible symptoms.
Men who have sex with men are much more likely to develop abnormal cell changes and cancer than other men, and it is even more likely for HIV-positive men.
There is currently no common screening for these types of cancers. However, some are recommending anal Pap screening as an option for screening for anal cancer and further research is being done for gay men in this area. Men can check themselves for any abnormalities in and around the anus by checking for things like lumps, unusual swelling or irritation.
Speak to your doctor about any changes or if you are concerned about anything.
There is a vaccination available which protects against several strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), two strains that cause genital and anal warts, and two strains commonly associated with these cancers
This vaccine has been offered to women, and is now also indicated for men up to the age of 26. However, it is not currently available at a subsidised price on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).
The vaccine was originally offered to girls as part of the government funded National Immunisation Program, but this has now been expanded to also include boys. This includes an ongoing program for boys 12-13 years of age, and a catch-up program over two years for boys in Year 9.
The vaccine is most effective if given prior to HPV exposure, however, research has shown that even if you have had prior HPV exposure you may still benefit from vaccination.
If you already have one or more of the HPV strains in the vaccine, you will benefit from the prevention of infection and disease from the strains you have not yet been exposed to.
The rate of growth of genital warts increases as the immune system is compromised. Anal and genital warts may also respond more slowly to conventional topical treatment in people with HIV.
Damage to the immune system may also lead to an increase in the number of different HPV sub-types and the development of cell abnormalities. Although effective against HIV, research to date as shown, HIV treatment does not reduce the prevalence of either cervical or anal HPV or the development of cell abnormalities.
Clearance of HPV appears to be slower or less likely among people who are HIV-positive.
Vaccination with HPV vaccine is recommended for all men who have sex with men.
For more information, contact your GP or sexual health service:
1300 794 584
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Proudly supported by FloForm Countertops
What’s real? What’s not?
How is what you see different from what really is?
Can the train rumble down the line into the tunnel?
Using forced perspective, you’re drawn into this place to test your perceptions. Plus, there’s a great platform at the top to spy on all the fun going on at the museum!
- Supports Arts and Science learning outcomes
- Supports Interpretation and Reasoning early childhood development goals
Partners In Play: Top 10 Illusion Tunnel Activities
- Stand in front of Illusion Tunnel. What does it look like?
- Climb the stairs, but don’t forget to look for illusions along the way! How many illusions did you find?
- Slide down the slide! Take a photo!
- Look up at the mirrors as you slide! What do you look like?
- Peek out the eye and blink.
- Peek out the other eye. What do you see?
- Spin the illusions around and around.
- Look through the kaleidoscope. Can you see anyone sliding down the slide?
- Step into one of the illusion cubes. What do you see?
- Step into the other illusion cube. How is this cube different?
- Hours of Operation
- Rates & Membership
- Events Calendar
- Permanent Galleries
- Temporary Exhibitions
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How To Prune
Inspect the tree first and determine what needs to be pruned. Some examples of limbs which should be removed include the following: crowded, rubbing and narrow branch angles, double leaders, root suckers and water sprouts. When removing these branches, always prune back to the main trunk or the next largest branch being careful not to prune into the branch collar nor leave a pronounced stub. The branch collar is the swelled area near the base of the limb. Always make a clean cut to accelerate wound closure. Wound dressings do not prevent rot. Lopping shears should be used on branches smaller than 3/4″ in diameter. To avoid peeling bark, remove larger branches with a saw utilizing the 3 cut method. Incorrect pruning methods can cause costly problems. Discuss the maintenance of your trees with an arborist. When hiring a tree care company, seek out professionals who can provide references and proof of insurance.
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The efficacy of a precast structure completely relies on the effectiveness of the connections in resisting the applied force. Precast connections are of different types and each type performs differently in terms of strength and ductility. In contrast to the conventional construction, connections are being established at the potential hinge region using bolt, coupler, lap, welding, or anchoring. Also, the use of different materials in different forms make the joint a vulnerable part of the precast structure. The failure of structures due to earthquakes and man-made errors underline the significance of structural integrity in precast connections.
Precast concrete is a versatile and highly compatible mode of construction that has led to its widespread application in buildings. It is composed of concrete (mix of cement, sand, aggregates, admixtures and water) which is cast in the desired shape at a factory or in a casting yard, and then transported to the construction site.
Key advantages of precast concrete construction
- Safe, speedy, and efficient erection
- Less labor requirement for site installations
- High quality of concrete structural elements due to controlled casting process
- Meets timeliness and availability owing to standardized mass-produced elements
- Applicability in composite construction
- Highly economical.
- Transportation problems due to size and weight of precast members
- Possible occurrence of camber in beams and columns.
Connections are the key consideration in the structural integrity of precast construction, which is an assembly of two or more elements designed to resist the applied forces, while the joint is an interface between two elements in a structure where the forces can be transferred. The failure of the precast connections to meet the above listed functions may lead to structural damage, connection failure, inadequate design, and overall structural failure.
Connections play a vital role in ensuring that there is:
- Overall structural integrity and continuity
- Creation of a monolithic precast or hybrid reinforced concrete structure
- Structural resistance of seismic forces
- Effective force transfer between precast elements
- Overall aesthetic look of the building.
- Ductility: The connection should be capable of deforming to a large extent without failure.
- Strength: Must be capable of resisting any force exerted onto it.
- Fire resistance: To prevent connection failure as a result of fire exposure, the connection should be protected by being sprayed with fire resistance materials.
- Durability: The connections may be exposed and therefore needs to be protected against corrosion by galvanization or use of stainless steel in the connections.
- Volume change: There is a tendency of precast elements to shorten due to combined factors like shrinkage, creep, and temperature reduction. To avoid these, the aforementioned stresses should be accommodated in the design of the precast connections.
In the parking garage collapse in Miami due to an earthquake, the collapse of column took place in the column-foundation connection due to the absence of grouting and incomplete grouting at the footing under the column (Figure 1). The column base plate was deformed, and bolts were bent into an S-shape. The inadequate confinement in the column led to severe damage at its base (Figure 2). Due to the failure of bolts in the double cantilever head, it led to the entire collapse of the structure (Figure 2). Due to the large lateral drifts at roof levels, the interior columns lost their supports and collapsed. Due to the absence of diaphragm action, the double cantilever to column connection failed and columns failed at mid height.
The wall panel joints were filled with non-shrink grout to withstand compressive force. Due to the absence of grout material, it exceeds the capacity of shim plates and led to sudden failure (Figure 3). Due to rotation at the base of the column, it experienced severe plastic hinging with yielding and buckling (Figure 3b).
The partial collapse of the parking structure took place due to flawed construction. There was no grouting done underneath the base plates, which transferred the entire load to anchored nuts. The anchored nuts were unable to take the load, sheared off the nuts so that the columns were tilted, and led to the collapse of the entire structure (Figure 4).
Failure of various structures
There were many errors in the construction of precast walls at the garage in which the walls were not grouted properly at the shim plates. The shims were not effective in resisting flexural loads, which led to damage of walls (Figure 5a). Due to insufficient seating and fixing of roof panels over the beam and walls, the floor diaphragm action was not adequate, which led to the collapse of the roof panels in the structure (Figure 5b).
All the failure studies emphasis the importance of integral action in transmitting the force and to resist the large drift. Also, the man-made errors such as improper grouting, improper anchoring and inadequate support led the structure to collapse, which makes precast construction more vulnerable as compared to monolithic construction. The structural integrity in terms of connections and joints needs to be ensured for more sustainable and safer precast construction.
Structural Integrity of Corbel Connections (based on research)
Corbel connections are used as beam to column connections or beam to slab connections. It should be designed in a manner that they efficiently transfer all the design forces (Shear, Tension, Compression, Flexure, Bending Moments and Torsion) occurring in the connection zone to ensure structural continuity.
Some of the commonly used corbel connection systems include:
- Corbel connection
- Hidden Corbel Connection
- Welded plate connection on a Corbel
- Corbel with Bolted Connection
- Corbel for Simply Supported Beam (Figure 6 & 7).
Corbel connection is designed using the strut and tie method and is capable of providing a strong support system in case of large girder installations. However, this connection method leads to a reduction of the headroom at the column head and creates a complex mould requirement. Hidden Corbel Connection has the ability to be highly adjustable at site and can achieve high connection resistance even when applied in slender cross sections. However, it is expensive to install and therefore not very popular in the local industry.
Welded plate connection on a Corbel method constrains the longitudinal forces in the structure, offering a fixed support, and the welded plate can prevent the formation of negative moment at the connection by sliding in the ‘tray’. The downside is the welding requirement at the site and is only possible in case of smaller forces.
In Corbel with Bolted Connection method, the slab is firmly connected to the beam to offer what is considered to be a monolithic system with the beam as part of the floor. The Corbel for Simply Supported Beam connection system is simple and quick to install and is mostly used for flooring purposes. It offers more room for tolerances and has less redundancy with no extra need for special reinforcement. The end supports must however be detailed for crack control and there is need to pay concern for the probable torsional effects and eccentric loading at beam edge.
The common corbel connection is designed to resist only gravity loading. Various research is in progress to increase the load carrying capacity of the corbel connection under various types of loading and in particular seismic loading. To improve the performance, the use of stiffeners, dowel bars and welding in corbel connections has been proposed and experimentally studied by various researchers.
Vidjeapriya et al. (2013) conducted an experimental research on corbel connection with single and double stiffeners. For a corbel column-beam connections with both single stiffener and double stiffeners, the cracks appear at the connection region which is a predetermined crack location at the column-beam interface due to imposed cold joints (Figure 8). For a corbel connection with double stiffeners, the load carrying capacity is more in the positive direction than that of the single stiffener corbel connection (Figure 8). This is due to the increased resistance offered by the double stiffener. The single stiffener connection has more strength in the negative direction as compared to the positive direction due to the location of the stiffener on a single side.
To improve the performance of the corbel-based connections, Sadik et.al (2017) proposed hybrid beam-column connections with welded components using corbel under seismic loading. The beam bottom reinforcement was welded to the beam support plate and a vertical plate was welded to the beam support plate to hold stirrups. The precast beams were placed on both sides of the corbel plate with continuous reinforcement and top concreting was done at site (Figure 9).
A gap of 7 mm was left between the beam vertical plate and column to fill with proper grouting. It has been observed that there is an enormous increase in the load carrying capacity, stiffness degradation, energy dissipation compared to corbel with stiffeners (Figure 10). The welding had effectively worked in providing the integrity of the connection. In precast specimens, the flexure and shear cracks were observed in the beam and column experienced hairline cracks and rebar buckling. The welded beam longitudinal rebars rupture were seen through visual inspection with concrete spalling.
The comparison of the hysteresis behavior of different corbel connection shows the influence of structural integrity on the resistance to the lateral load and post yield behavior. The corbel with stiffeners provides better port yield behavior and the same has been elevated to higher level when employed with double stiffeners. Similarly, the welded connection between the base plates of corbel and beam shows tremendous enhancement in terms of energy dissipation and failure patter. It clearly manifests the importance of structural interior of a precast connection offer better resistance to load and to encounter the unwanted failure during erection or due to unexpected loading.
- Elliot, K.S. 2002. Precast Concrete Structures.
- Björn, C. 2006. “Structural Connections for Precast Concrete Buildings”. Paper presented at FIB Guide to good practice. Part 4.
- Ivan Holly, Iyad Abrahoim. “Connections And Joints in Precast Concrete Structures”. Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering. Vol. 28, 2020, No. 1, 49 – 56.
- Louwrens Hubert Mostert, “Design and construction preferences for connections in the precast concrete industry of South Africa”. Master’s Thesis December 2014.
- Investigation of the october 10, 2012 parking garage collapse during construction at MIAMI DADE college, Doral, 2013.
- Saatcioglu, M., Mitchell, D., Tinawi, R., Gardner, N.J., Gillies, A.G., Ghobarah, A., Anderson, D.L. and Lau, D., 2001. The August 17, 1999, Kocaeli (Turkey) earthquake damage to structures. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 28(4), pp.715-737.
- Minghini, F., Ongaretto, E., Ligabue, V., Savoia, M. and Tullini, N., 2016. Observational failure analysis of precast buildings after the 2012 Emilia earthquakes. Earthquakes and Structures, 11(2), pp.327-346.
- R. Vidjeapriya and K. P. Jaya, “Experimental Study on Two Simple Mechanical Precast Beam-Column Connections under Reverse Cyclic Loading”. J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 2013, 27(4): 402-414.
- EERI special Earthquake report (2001), “Primary Observations on the origin and effect s of the January 26, 2001 Bhuj (Gujarat) earthquake”.
- OSHA report (2014), “Investigation of the November 13, 2013 collapse of precast walls at a garage construction site”, Ft. Lauderdale.
- Sadik C.G., Ibrahim S. M., and Serap K. (2017), “Experimental Cyclic Behavior of Precast Hybrid Beam-Column Connections with Welded Components”, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 1-17.
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IFAD - The International Fund for Agricultural Development, a specialized agency of the United Nations,
IFAD is dedicated to eradicating rural poverty in developing countries. Seventy-five per cent of the world's poorest people - 800 million women, children and men - live in rural areas and depend on agriculture and related activities for their livelihoods.
IFAD Contribution-MDG 3: Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment
This section illustrates IFAD's evolving approaches to gender mainstreaming and women’s empowerment, demonstrating how the approaches have developed in recent years and how they differ across regions
IFAD works to create the conditions to enable rural poor people to integrate themselves into the mainstream of social and economic development, and to overcome poverty by improving their access to, and control over fundamental assets.
Special efforts are made to remove the material, institutional and policy obstacles that prevent rural poor, women in particular, from harnessing their potential.
Rural poverty is deeply rooted in the imbalance between what women do and what they have. Building women’s capabilities and addressing gender inequalities are crucial factors in enabling them to transform their lives and the lives of their families and communities.
Women are key to addressing the household food security and nutrition goals that are central to IFAD’s mandate.
Women must be empowered to lead the fight against poverty and hunger if efforts to achieve the MDGs are to be successful.
IFAD considers three pillars in its work to achieve gender equality and women’s empowerment:
Improving rural women’s economic status and helping them build an asset base contribute to breaking down gender stereotypes. IFAD prioritizes women’s economic empowerment and provides support to women in enterprise development, organizing for income generation, and in accessing microfinance, education and training, market information and markets. Eliminating the barriers that prevent women from getting access to fundamental assets is crucial for broad-based economic growth and poverty reduction.
Rural poor people need to be able to influence the public and private decisions that affect their lives, if change is to be sustainable. IFAD-supported projects enable women to have a voice, by facilitating their rights of association and expression, building their awareness of their rights, improving their access to microfinance, supporting them in questioning gender stereotypes and facilitating their participation. Addressing these issues enables women to gain self-confidence and participate in transforming gender relations. However, the challenge remains to increase women’s role as decision-makers in community affairs and local institutions, a necessary step towards improving political representation and achieving the target of the MDG related to promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Rural women give high priority to basic needs such as health services, water, education and infrastructure when consulted during planning of development initiatives. IFAD recognizes that lack of, or limited access to, essential services and infrastructure is a major obstacle to women’s advancement because it prevents them from participating in the mainstream of economic development and community life.
To leave the list, send your request by email to: firstname.lastname@example.org. Thank you.
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Tips for visitors
The Jewish Quarter is the best-known part of Cordoba's
historic centre, which was declared a World Heritage
Site by UNESCO in 1984 and is one of the largest in Europe. To
the northwest of the Mosque-Cathedral along the city wall, its medieval
streets have a distinctly Moorish flair to them, reminiscent of the Jews'
prosperity under the Caliphate of Cordoba. This neighborhood's history
is a history of the Caliphate and of the West. Of special interest are
the Synagogue and Souk.
Jews formed a part of Cordoba's cultural mix from as
early as the 2nd Century until their expulsion from Spain in 1492. Under
the Moslems, both Jews and Christians were given religious freedom and
self-governing communities. This arrangement was profitable to their rulers,
who improved their tax revenue with special household taxes for non-Moslems.
During the 11th and 12th centuries the Jewish population
in Spain reached its point of greatest prosperity, intellectual energy
and well-being, coinciding with Cordoba's greatest moment in history.
Cordoba was the star of western Europe, seat of an independent Caliphate
and a center for prosperity, commerce and learning in the midst of the
so-called Dark Ages. Its mosque rivaled that of Damascus, its markets
and palaces amazed travelers, and scholars came from afar to its prestigious
university and library. When the very light of civilization flickered
among poverty and ignorance to the north, Cordoba's paved streets were
illuminated with street lighting.
The Jewish community thrived under the religious tolerance
of the Caliphate, and contributed actively to its prosperity and intellectual
energy. Hasday ben Shaprut, the governor
of the Jewish community, became an influential minister to the first Caliph,
Abd al-Rahman III, increasing his people's
well-being and turning Cordoba into the most significant center of Jewish
learning and culture in the world, taking the place of the Babylonian
With the fall of the Caliphate in 1031, however, came
the decline of both Arab and Jewish vitality in Cordoba. Civil war and
the religious intolerance of the Almohad berbers from North Africa laid
waste to much of the city's prosperity. Gone were the outlying palaces,
large neighborhoods, wide avenues and orderly markets which extended beyond
the city walls. Many Jews fled to Christian territories in the north of
Spain or abroad. With the end of peace and religious tolerance in Cordoba,
the city's political, economic and cultural greatness evaporated, leaving
only traces of aristocratic superiority in the wounded consciousness of
its provincial inhabitants for the next 30 generations.
One of the brilliant minds to abandon the former capital
at this time was Maimonides (1135-1204),
who went into exile with his family to finally settle in Egypt. He became
one of the two most-studied Jewish philosophers of all time (also recognized
by Christians and Moslems as a revolutionary religious thinker), as well
as a physician. Among his works are the great Misneh Torah and the controversial
Guide to the Perplexed. Until recently, only a stone in the courtyard
of the synagogue commemorated him.
When Fernando III took
Cordoba from the hands of the bickering Moorish Taifa Kingdoms, the Jewish
community once again briefly prospered under Christian rule, maintaining
their self-governing community, as in Moslem times. The last Jewish neighborhood
we know of in Cordoba was separated and protected by walls on all sides,
and lay approximately within the triangle formed by the city walls from
Almodovar Gate to the Arab baths (once the northern, walled limit of the
old Alcazar), Manríquez/Deanes streets and Almanzor street. Outside
Almodovar gate there was once a Jewish cemetery.
In 1315 Simon Majeb built the Synagogue
(*) which still stands today. It is one of the three significant
synagogues remaining in Spain and is largely unaltered (its Mudejar reliefs
were covered and it was used as a rabies hospital, seat of the shoe-makers'
guild and finally a 19th-century primary school). The buildings around
it were probably used as public baths and a Talmudic school.
The rest of the neighborhood has a distinctly Islamic
air. Nearby is the Zoco (Souk), a medieval
version of the famed Arabic souks which used to dot the urban landscape
of the Caliphate. Below the oldest houses are Roman remains, and while
some of the houses are higher and increasingly modern, they respect the
ancient urban layout.
Anti-Semitic Papal bulls in the 1340s and local jealousy
of Jews' wealth and influence lead to their neighborhood being stormed
in 1391 and an end to their isolation. Perhaps at this time the eastern
and southern walls and their 2 gates were torn down, disappearing along
with the northern walls of the old alcazar, which used to enclose the
Arab baths, just outside the Jewish Quarter. In 1492, as a part of their
consolidation of power over a newly unified Spain, Ferdinand
and Isabel presented the Jews with the choice of forced conversion
or exile in 1492, causing the mass emigration of the Sephardic Jews from
all over Spain.
Many families fled from Spain taking the key to their
homes, which some still preserve down to this day, along with a medieval
Spanish dialect, called Ladino. Cordoba remembers their presence only
in its place names.
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Why was Jesus Christ baptized?
When Jesus Christ was on the earth, He taught through example that we must all be baptized. Some people may wonder if baptism is still important in modern times. Through the biblical account of Jesus Christ’s baptism, we learn that baptism is an essential part of our loving Heavenly Father’s plan for all His children.
Jesus Christ was the only perfect person to ever live on the earth (see True to the Faith , 14–21). He never committed sin. Jesus lived a perfect life to show us how to live so that we can return to our Heavenly Father after we die. Even though He had no sins to be forgiven of, Jesus Christ chose to be baptized to set a perfect example for us to follow (see Matthew 3:13–15).
What happened at Jesus Christ’s baptism?
The Bible teaches us that Jesus was baptized by His cousin, John the Baptist (see Matthew 3:13). God gave John special power and authority to baptize (see Guide to the Scriptures, “John the Baptist,” scriptures.lds.org). We call this power and authority to baptize the priesthood. Today, the only church that has the same authority to baptize as John had is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (to learn more about The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, visit ChurchofJesusChrist.org or mormon.org).
At Jesus Christ’s baptism in the Jordan River (see Mark 1:9), God the Father spoke from heaven. God said that He was “well pleased” with Jesus (see Matthew 3:17). God is also pleased with us when we choose to be baptized, because when we are baptized, we show through our actions that we love Him and want to follow Jesus Christ.
The Holy Spirit was also present at Jesus Christ’s baptism (see Matthew 3:16). When we are baptized, we too can be given the gift of the Holy Ghost. This special gift allows the Holy Ghost to guide and help us. It also allows us to feel more of God’s love in our lives. If we choose to be baptized and live righteously, the Holy Ghost can always be present in our lives.
During Jesus Christ’s baptism, John immersed Jesus completely in the water. This type of baptism is called baptism by immersion. We can be baptized by immersion, just as Jesus was. Being completely immersed in the water represents the complete forgiveness of sin that comes when we are baptized. Being “buried” in the water and then raised up also represents the new life we are given as we choose to follow Jesus Christ and our belief that we will one day rise from the grave because of Him (see Romans 6:1–4). (To watch a video of Jesus Christ’s baptism by immersion, click here.)
Why does Jesus Christ’s baptism matter for you?
Each of us must be baptized to return to live with God someday. To learn more about the life of Jesus Christ and how you can be baptized, visit ChurchofJesusChrist.org.
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What to know going into county's mosquito spraying
On Tuesday, Larimer County decided it will spray for adult mosquitoes in a high-risk corner of Fort Collins.
The decision runs contrary to city spraying policy and has reignited public debate over the balance between health concerns related to the spread of West Nile virus and those related to widespread pesticide use.
With the southeastern corner of the city and neighboring unincorporated Larimer County set to be sprayed as early as Friday night, here are a few things to know:
Why is this happening now?
The Larimer County Department of Health and Environment recently recommended the county's Board of Health go forward with mosquito spraying within city limits because of high activity of West Nile-positive mosquitoes near Fossil Creek Reservoir.
Of the 14 West Nile-positive traps collected from Aug. 4-7, six were located in the southeastern corner of the city. The area south of Harmony Road and east of Lemay Avenue also displayed risk levels that exceed state-recommended benchmarks for spraying to reduce the number of potentially virus-carrying culex mosquitoes.
Should I be worried about contracting West Nile?
While 80 percent of people who contract the virus never show symptoms, about 20 percent display flu-like symptoms. Most recover completely, but fatigue and weakness can linger for months.
Less than 1 percent of those infected develop serious neurological illness that can be fatal. Last year, southeast Fort Collins resident and former Colorado legislator Ken Summers contracted the disease. He was hospitalized and is now working to recover from being bound to a wheelchair.
"I think being more proactive around the risk of West Nile virus is important," Summers told the Coloradoan on Wednesday. He spoke in favor of the county's decision to spray on Tuesday.
Others say that potential health effects to humans, insects other than mosquitoes and pets outweigh West Nile concerns in a county where no human cases of the disease have been reported.
A year after being diagnosed with West Nile virus, Fort Collins resident Ken Summers actively supports Larimer County's decision to overstep city policy and spray in his part of town. Erin Udell/The Coloradoan
When will spraying occur?
Spraying will take place from sunset to midnight Friday and Monday, weather permitting. If weather prevents spraying, those dates will be pushed back to Monday and Wednesday.
Spraying happens at night, when mosquitoes are active and people are less likely to be directly affected.
What will be sprayed?
According to Colorado Mosquito Control, which will do the spraying, trucks will spray the area with AquaLuer 20-20, a water-based pyrethroid insecticide made mostly of piperonyl butoxide and permethrin, a man-made version of a natural insecticide.
AquaLuer is one of the "least-toxic" products registered with the Environmental Protection Agency for adult mosquito fogging, according to the Colorado Mosquito Control website.
Are the pesticides used for mosquito control safe?
The EPA has regulated mosquito control since its inception and, according to the American Mosquito Control Association, the "proper use of mosquitocides by established mosquito control agencies does not put the general public or the environment at unreasonable risk" when used according to label specifications.
HEALTH OFFICIALS: Spraying less toxic than repellent
Can I opt out of this spraying?
Not unless you're already part of a pesticide-sensitive registry list kept by the state.
According to Dr. Adrienne LeBailly, director of the Larimer County Department of Health and Environment, skipping a home at the owner's request could mean sprayers possibly missing other homes around it. To the best of the city and county's knowledge, there are no people on the pesticide-sensitive registry in the area planned to be sprayed.
What measures should I take before and after the spraying?
No preventive measures technically are required, but people in spray areas can close their windows for their own comfort and safety. People also are encouraged to stay indoors so they don't needlessly expose themselves to a pesticide.
To make sure the spraying does not affect your plants and vegetables, covering your garden with a tarp or a sheet is encouraged. The EPA also suggests washing and scrubbing any produce to get rid of pesticide residue.
If you're concerned about your pet's well-being, wipe their paws for pesticide residue when they come into the house and try to not let them out of the house during or immediately after the spraying. Dump any of their outdoor water or food bowls and rinse them after the spraying.
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Healthy Snacks or Healthy Teeth? You Can Have Both!
Ketogenic. Paleo. Mediterranean. Carnivore. Atkins.
These are a small sample of fad diets that have been sweeping the nation as of late. Some work, some don’t. Some are downright awful for your body, while others only work if you never slip up and have a cheat day. Some help some people lose weight while not even showing results for others.
Regardless of if dieting works for you, we all know one simple fact: eating healthy is good for you. Many studies have been done that prove just how good a healthy diet is for you, studies that “bring a whole new meaning to ‘you are what you eat’ and a new level of importance to eating healthy foods.” –Reasons Why It Is Important to Eat Healthy Foods to Stay Healthy, LiveStrong.com. But did you know there are healthy snacks that you can eat that are also good for your teeth?
Apples and Peanut Butter
We’ve been told since we were young that “an apple a day keeps the doctor away”, but does it?
While it is important to limit your sweets intake, apples are actually still high on our list of healthy snacks. High in fiber and water content, they’re crunchy, delicious, and – wait for it – really good for your teeth! Simply biting into an apple makes you salivate, and that, along with the fruit’s juices, helps clean bacteria off of your teeth.
Even the texture of an apple massages your gums in a way other foods cannot. Of course, eating one in no way replaces brushing your teeth with toothpaste and a toothbrush, but it definitely contributes to keeping your teeth scrubbed until you can get to a bathroom.
Sometimes, though, just an apple doesn’t quite cut it. To liven it up here and there, dip it in some peanut butter, which is also quite good for you!
Cheese and Yogurt
Studies have shown that consuming cheese increases the pH levels in your mouth. This helps kill off bacteria, thus lowering the risk of tooth decay. In addition, like apples, chewing cheese stimulates your saliva flow, rinsing your mouth more thoroughly.
Yogurt contains probiotics, or “good bacteria.” The more consumed, the more bad bacteria is forced out of your body. As the bad kind of bacteria is what can cause tooth decay and gum disease, it is a good practice to consume healthy snacks that also contain probiotics.
If that isn’t enough to get you munching on these healthy snacks, both cheese and yogurt also contain a lot of calcium, and are very high in protein. However, too much sugar is damaging, so the more yogurt you eat, the more you might want to consider the plain kind to avoid added sugar.
To add more flavor, try making a yogurt parfait! Simply add a layer of organic oatmeal (we love the cinnamon flavor) and top it off with a few fresh fruits such as strawberries, blackberries, or blueberries.
What If I’m Lactose Intolerant? Or Vegan?
For those who cannot ingest dairy products, there are still plenty of options! Try these popular healthy snacks:
- veggies and leafy greens
- unsweetened tea
- crunchy fruits such as pears, carrots, and celery
Healthy Snacks Are Good for You…and Delicious!
“One of the first areas to decline when your diet is less than ideal is your oral health, according to the American Dental Association (ADA).” –Healthy Foods List: Seven Best Foods for Your Teeth, Colgate.
We have only scratched the surface of healthy snacks that are also good for your teeth and oral health. To discover more that can benefit you and your teeth, talk with your doctor at Affiliated Dentists.
The information on this blog is not intended or implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. All content, including text, graphics, images and information, contained on or available through this web site is for general information purposes only.
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The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is set to be the next stage in the field of radio astronomy which, rather than observing optical light, focusses on the radio waves emitted by objects in space like stars and galaxies. This technique enables astronomers to see through dust and gas that might otherwise obstruct observations, but also to see objects and processes that are invisible to the human eye.
The Square Kilometre Array will consist of thousands of dishes spread across Western Australia and southern Africa, and construction is due to begin over the coming years.
Due to SKA’s incredible seeing power, it should be able to observe light from the distant Universe, effectively looking back in time to shortly after the Big Bang.
Even though the dishes may be separated physically, the technology is able to combine their data-collecting power to create one huge radio telescope observing one square kilometre of the sky.
Deep in the heart of rural Cheshire in the north of England, the world famous Jodrell Bank Centre is the science headquarters of this global project , which will see two enormous telescopes built in South African and Australia.
It is hoped the Square Kilometre Array will uncover many of the secrets of the Universe, from the birth of the first stars and galaxies to cosmic unknowns like dark matter and dark energy, or the nature of gravitational waves.
We spoke to Professor Philip Diamond, the General Director of SKA based at the Jodrell Bank headquarters, to find out more about this ambitious project.
How did the SKA project come about?
The very first thoughts that resulted in the SKA concept occurred in the late 1980s and early ‘90s.
Radio astronomers were thinking about the next big science questions and one thing that is uniquely accessible to radio astronomy that is not accessible to other types of astronomy, is the so-called hydrogen line.
Hydrogen is the most common element in the Universe, and is the basic constituent of everything else in the Universe.
Very conveniently for radio astronomers, it has an emission line at a wavelength of 21 centimetres.
As you look further out into the Universe, that wavelength gets longer and longer due to the expansion of the Universe.
To detect hydrogen all the way back to close to the Big Bang we need a massive telescope, so we started thinking about what technologies we would need to be able to deliver it.
And of course, if you build a massive telescope, then all sorts of other science becomes possible.
Over the next 15 years or so these ideas grew organically, and then in the early 2000s various groups around the world began to get funding to develop the technology that was needed: broadband systems, new types of telescope etc.
That was the start of the technology development to support the science ideas.
The ideas continued to develop and just a couple of years ago we published the current science paper for the SKA, which is 2,000 pages long. It’s in two volumes that weigh more than 10 kilograms!
It’s a substantial piece of work put together by 1,200 astronomers from around the world.
That drives the technical design of SKA, which really gelled in about 2013/2014 after a lot of technology development and prototyping systems over the years.
We’re now in the final stages of the detailed design of the SKA.
We’re going to build two telescopes: one that consists of 197 dishes in the Karoo in South Africa, and a second, which will consist of what we call low frequency log-periodic antennas.
These are basically very sophisticated cousins of those old TV aerials we used to have in our houses.
We will have 131,072 of these sitting in the desert of Western Australia, and they will study very low frequency radio waves.
SKA is able to use the distance between two separated radio dishes to effectively create one massive data-collecting area. Is this a new method of astronomy?
The technique is called interferometry, and has been used in radio astronomy since the 1950s and ‘60s.
In fact the late Sir Martin Ryle won the Nobel Prize in physics for defining the technique that we call Earth-rotation synthesis, which uses this technique of separated antennas and relies upon the rotation of Earth to synthesise a much larger dish that is effectively the diameter of the two antennas that are furthest apart.
This is a well-known technique, and you can see a great example of this in the Very Large Array, which is based in New Mexico in the US, and there’s the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, ALMA, in the Chilean Andes, which operates at a very high frequency.
And there’s even one in the UK, which is called eMERLIN and is based here at Jodrell Bank, and that’s got dishes spread across central England.
It’s a well-known technique.
The capabilities of modern fibre optic systems, modern receivers, modern electronics are far superior to what they were back in the 1960s.
We use radio telescopes on different continents and link them via fibre optics back to a central digital processor.
There is even a Russian radio telescope in space, and previously there has been a Japanese radio telescope in space.
These beam their data back down to a ground station.
The first phase of the SKA in South Africa will be nearly 200 dishes in Karoo, with a maximum separation of 150 kilometres, but our ultimate plan is 2,500 dishes spread across 3,500 kilometres all over southern Africa.
It’s a huge engineering feat, considering the magnitude of the energy and resources that will go into it.
That’s why it’s taken so long to develop the design!
Five years ago we would have struggled, because the data communications technology was not really at the stage where we could use it, but now it is.
The technology behind broadband receivers develops all the time.
But putting in place the infrastructure for SKA: the foundations, the roads, the power, the buildings we will need, the fibre connections, the antennas, this is a big task.
The receiver systems that are on the dish array in South Africa will be cryogenically cooled so we will need liquid nitrogen and we need to be able to transport this and handle it.
We also need to get power to these remote places.
In Australia our colleagues have put in place a two megawatt solar power station with a battery storage system, so it charges and we use that power when we observe at night.
There are so many innovations that have made the SKA possible, but yes it’s a huge engineering challenge.
We’ve had a five-year detailed design programme, we’ve had about 600 engineers around the world in 12-15 different countries working on this design effort, and we’re very close to the end now.
There have also been pathfinding missions to test the water ahead of SKA’s completion.
Yes, there have been. In Australia there are two.
There’s the Australian SKA Pathfinder, which is an array of 36 12-metre dishes, and adjacent to that is what’s called the Murchison Wide Field Array, which is looking at low frequency radio waves.
These don’t look like telescopes at all; they look like 18 inch-high metal spiders actually! But they are radio telescopes.
In South Africa our colleagues have just completed the 64-dish MeerKAT array, which is spread across about 8 kilometres.
This will be fully incorporated into SKA when we add another 133 dishes down there.
What sort of science will SKA be carrying out, and what sort of discoveries might it make?
There are some key things that we will be looking for.
One is a very special type of object in space called a pulsar.
These are the remnants of massive stars that have gone supernova, meaning they have exploded.
What’s left behind is a core of dense exotic matter about 10-15km in diameter that is rapidly rotating as a result of the explosion.
Pulsars have radio jets emanating from them, so they are almost like a lighthouse in the sky.
As the pulsar rotates it beams across the sky and many of these beams happen to be pointed at Earth.
We can detect these pulsars, and what’s fantastic about them is they are superb natural clocks because their rotation is so well-defined.
Nature has essentially provided us with a network of clocks across the sky, and we can use pulsars to measure gravitational waves.
If two supermassive black holes collide somewhere in the Universe, this creates a gravitational wave, and we can see the effects of that wave on this network of clocks.
We also know it’s possible with SKA to peer back to the time just after the Big Bang, and we want to see the first stars switch on, the first galaxies form, and then watch how the structure and the matter of the Universe evolved from the Big Bang until now.
It’s really like a time machine pointing back 13.8 billion years.
We’ll get the best handle on the magnetic Universe, the effects of magnetic fields from all sorts of phenomena: stars, galaxies, the intergalactic medium.
We’ll be doing surveys of gas and star formation, we’ll watch new planets being formed in our own Galaxy.
ALMA in Chile, for example, can observe the dust out of which new planets form, but we’ll be observing the boulders that are the next stage in the formation of planetary systems.
We possibly also have the best chance of detecting any signals from intelligent civilisations if they are out there.
The other big mysteries of the Universe include dark matter and dark energy.
But if we can’t detect them, how will SKA attempt to learn more about them?
The first indications that dark matter existed came from radio astronomy.
If you look at a galaxy in optical light, you can see the stars and the lovely spiral structures, and the shapes of elliptical galaxies too.
The stars in a galaxy provide a fairly well-defined structure, but if you look at the galaxy with a radio telescope, you see the gas, not the stars.
You see that the hydrogen extends much further out than the stars, but when you study the dynamics in detail and look at the motion of the stars, you can weigh the galaxy.
When you do the same with the hydrogen, you find that the two values are very different.
So there must be some matter that we can’t see that’s causing this very dramatic difference.
That was the first clue that dark matter existed.
The huge sensitivity of the SKA, the ability to study hundreds of millions and ultimately a billion galaxies, and their hydrogen; this will give us the tools and the mass of data that we need to be able to help understand the nature of dark matter.
There will also be various ways we can probe the nature of dark energy.
There is a European Space Agency satellite called Euclid that is due to be launched in a couple of years.
This will approach dark energy from the optical infrared wavelength, and we will do similar experiments in the radio.
Putting these results together will put more restraints on the nature of dark energy and together hopefully we can figure out what it is.
When can we hope to start getting the first science results and discoveries?
Our precursors are either operating or are in the final commissioning stages before operations, so they are already delivering science and will become much more productive over the coming years.
We are in the final stage of the detailed design.
I hope we will begin construction early 2020, and we will have a six- or seven-year construction period.
There is a mass of metal and electronics needed and a huge software project that we are putting together.
I would expect the first initial science results to begin emerging in about 2025/2026.
I’ve been working on this project for quite some time, and it’s great to see the very bright light at the end of the tunnel.
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A limnological investigation of Lake Manassas, Virginia
MetadataShow full item record
Lake Manassas is a man-made impoundment in the Northern Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C. The lake currently supplies drinking water at a rate of 6.7 million gallons per day to the City of Manassas, Virginia. The lake discharges, via the stream Broad Run, to the Occoquan Reservoir. The Occoquan Reservoir supplies potable water to over 750,000 people in the Northern Virginia area.
As the population of Washington, D.C., continues to increase, the development of the surrounding suburbs changes the quality of surface runoff water into existing reservoirs. These reservoirs can become enriched with both toxic and biomass inducing nutrient pollutants. The result can be less desirable and less dependable supplies of drinking water.
A State of Virginia mandated Environmental Monitoring Program is in force in this area to ensure the Occoquan Watershed remains a dependable supply of potable water. A computerized database, containing the results of the environmental monitoring program, allows for a quantitative estimate of the overall water quality of the reservoirs to be made.
This thesis presents the results of a limnological analysis of Lake Manassas. The analysis techniques used are established limnological techniques to arrive at a profile which can be compared to accepted scales of ranking.
One conclusion from the analysis is that Lake Manassas is eutrophic, which means that the production of biomass in the lake is at a higher than desired rate. The result of this eutrophic condition is that the water quality of the lake will decline rather rapidly. Another conclusion is that Broad Run is the major supplier of nutrients into Lake Manassas, but that conditions are also affected by a point source discharge from a sewage treatment plant. These conclusions are consistent with previous studies done on Lake Manassas.
In summary, Lake Manassas is an important water resource in the Northern Virginia area, and it is important to continue to closely monitor and manage runoff practices in the watershed to ensure the lake does not degrade to unacceptable conditions.
- Masters Theses
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The history of the lottery begins in the Middle Ages, when lotteries were popular in the Low Countries. Public lotteries raised funds for poor people and for the upkeep of the town’s fortifications. The early lottery was popular and was considered a form of taxation that was both easy and quick to conduct. The oldest surviving lottery was organized in 1726 in the city of L’Ecluse in France. In this lottery, the winning ticket had an unequal value, but the prize was money.
Many countries regulate lottery games, and some outlaw them altogether. Lotteries can also be regulated and endorsed by the government. The most common regulation relates to the sale of tickets to minors. Also, vendors must be licensed in order to sell lottery tickets. By the early 20th century, most forms of gambling were illegal in the U.S. and much of Europe. However, lottery sales were legal in many countries after World War II.
The New Hampshire lottery sued the Department of Justice, but the federal court ruled in their favor. The legal landscape favors additional states offering online lottery ticket sales. Legislators are facing budget deficits, and online lottery sales have not yet eroded the sales of traditional retail lottery games. Further, the spread of online gambling has normalized lottery games. In the United States, there are more than fifty state lotteries that offer lottery tickets. However, the lottery industry in the US is not growing and is not sustainable unless the government restructures the government’s financial system.
The best lottery sites offer simple banking systems that make it easy to deposit Data Hk Hari Ini money and withdraw winnings. Deposits can be made through electronic means as low as $10. Withdrawals may take a little longer to process and may incur a small service charge. In addition to these, players must submit a credit card authorization form and proof of identity to withdraw funds. For more information on online lottery games, visit our lottery page at http://www.once a day lottery websites.
In addition to traditional lottery games, many online lotteries also offer subscriptions, which will automatically buy tickets for you. Subscriptions can last weeks, months, or even years. Subscriptions allow you to pick the numbers you wish to play and the subscriptions will check tickets for winning numbers. In the event that you win, the subscription will automatically send you a check for your winnings. You can also subscribe to an online lottery site to ensure your winnings are sent directly to your home.
In addition to online lottery services, you can also download a lottery app that will allow you to play various other casino games, like blackjack, roulette, and more. These lottery apps will allow you to play the lottery in any country, and will give you access to mainstream lottery systems. While you can download these apps from your computer, you can also download them directly from the app store. The app will open in a full-fledged lottery program that will give you access to multiple lottery systems.
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23 May 2013
The Bodleian’s summer exhibition, Magical Books: from the Middle Ages to Middle-earth, opens to the public on Thursday, 23 May and will feature the work of five celebrated authors of children’s fantasy literature: C.S. LEWIS, J.R.R. TOLKIEN, SUSAN COOPER, ALAN GARNER and PHILIP PULLMAN.
From Bodleian’s unique holdings of these authors’ papers, the Magical Books exhibition will include a selection of Tolkien’s original artwork for The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings; C.S. Lewis’s ‘Lefay notebook’ and his map of Narnia, and manuscripts of novels and poems by Alan Garner, Philip Pullman and Susan Cooper, many of which will be exhibited here for the first time.
On public display for the first time will be the manuscript of ‘The Fall of Arthur’, a previously unknown work by Tolkien. The poem was one of several projects left uncompleted at the time of the author’s death. It is published for the first time on 23 May 2013, the day the exhibition opens to the public.
The exhibition also celebrates the authors’ links with Oxford and with the historic Bodleian Library in particular. All five authors were Oxford-educated and are considered members of the group of writers informally known as the ‘Oxford School’.
The Bodleian Library’s collections include some of the books and manuscripts that contain the myths, legends and magical practices on which these authors freely drew inspiration. This historic material is housed in the Bodleian, which as a source of sorcery and arcane learning can be re-imagined as an enchanted location in itself. The medieval Duke Humfrey’s Library is the reading room in which both Lewis and Tolkien as Oxford dons researched manuscripts and rare books, and where Alan Garner consulted the demonic spellbooks in the Ashmole and Rawlinson collections. More recently, the Harry Potter films were shot in the Bodleian’s Divinity School and Duke Humfrey’s Library.
Witches are represented in the exhibition by the First Folio Macbeth, and alchemists by the extraordinary ‘Ripley Rolls’ which illustrate the quest for the life-prolonging philosophers’ stone. Grimoires and richly-illuminated mediaeval bestiaries will be on display, as will a variety of magical objects, including a 17th-century marble copy of the ‘Holy Table’ which John Dee used to converse with angels; Philip Pullman’s alethiometer, and one of Alan Garner’s original ‘owl service’ plates.
The exhibition was co-curated by Sarah Wheale, Acting Head of Rare Books, and Dr Judith Priestman, Curator of Literary Manuscripts. They said: ‘This exhibition is a fabulous opportunity for people to come and see a great range of the Bodleian’s treasures from the past nine hundred years. It’s been a real privilege for us as curators to work with Philip Pullman, Alan Garner and Susan Cooper. ’
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This is an excerpt from Survival Guide for Coaching Youth Basketball-2nd Edition by Keith Miniscalco & Greg Kot.
The ball flies, bounces, skips, and ricochets out of bounds dozens of times during a game. Bringing the ball inbounds at the other team’s end of the court actually can be pretty difficult against a tenacious defense, so it’s important to have at least a couple of inbounds plays ready that can accomplish two goals: Ensure that the ball is securely inbounded and provide an opportunity to score.
Before passing the ball, the inbounder needs to yell out the play. The play should not start until the inbounder slaps the ball with her palm or yells, "Break!" Otherwise, the players on the floor will make their cuts at different times and destroy the rhythm of the play. When inbounding the ball after the opponent has made a basket, it’s permissible for inbounders to move around behind the baseline. But on all other inbounds plays (dead ball after referee has blown a whistle), the passer must establish a pivot foot and avoid shuffling his feet. Under no circumstances may the inbounder cross the baseline or sideline before passing the ball.
The stack alignment is for inbounding under the offensive basket and gives the inbounder four passing options to four points on the floor. At least three of these options are designed to set up a shot relatively close to the basket. The fourth option is a safety pass to a guard near the top of the key. Players line up in a stack formation on the same side as the basketball (see figure 7.2). Four players should line up behind each other along the free-throw lane line above the low block. Players should stand an arm’s length apart from each other. The position for lining up in the stack (1 is the closest to the inbounder and 2 is farthest from the ball) and each player’s movements follow:
- Player 3 inbounds the ball.
- Player 1 breaks about 8 to 10 feet to the outside corner of the floor on the same side and looks to receive an inbounds pass for a quick outside shot.
- Player 4 breaks to the opposite low block and looks for a quick pass for a layup or rebound and a second-shot opportunity.
- Player 5 steps toward the inbounder and looks for a pass and a layup opportunity.
- Player 2 cuts to the opening up high in the key area.
Player positions for the stack inbounds play.
The inbounder should try to get the ball to 1, 4, or 5 for a shot. Whichever player gets open closest to the basket should get the ball. Use 2 as a safety option in case the first three options are covered. This can be confusing at first for the inbounder, but with practice, the passer will learn to see all the players as they make their breaks. It’s important for the inbounder not to focus on one target, but to use peripheral vision to see all the cutters. Over time, the inbounder can learn how to decoy the defense by pretending to focus on one cutter and passing to another.
The hawk play is designed to set up a quick shot for the inbounder after the inbounds pass is made. Ideally, the inbounder for this play should be the best outside shooter on the floor. Players set up in a box on the opposite low blocks and the elbows. Use the following player assignments and positioning:
- Player 2 inbounds the ball.
- Player 5 sets up on the strong-side block (in front of inbounder).
- Player 1 sets up on the strong-side elbow.
- Player 3 sets up on the weak-side elbow.
- Player 4 sets up on weak-side low block.
Player 5 cuts in toward the basket and back out to the corner to receive the inbounds pass from 2. Player 1 cuts toward the basket and out toward the wing, and 5 passes to 1 (see figure 7.3a). After 5 releases the pass to 1, 2 cuts toward the basket, then breaks toward the outside corner on the same side of the floor about 12 to 15 feet from the basket. After throwing the pass to 1, 5 should turn and set a screen for 2 (figure 7.3b). Player 1 passes the ball to 2, and 2 takes a shot. Player 3 floats to the opening in the key area in case 2 cannot enter the ball to 5. Player 4 breaks in under the basket for a rebound.
(a) Player positions, early movement, and (b) final movement for the hawk inbounds play.
Inbounding the ball from the sideline can be a challenge, especially if the defense is in full deny mode and itching for a steal. So it’s important for the team to have a play in place to get the ball safely inbounds and set up its offense or score quickly against an overaggressive defense. This calls for an alignment similar to the stack play.
Three players line up about 8 to 10 feet from the sideline, directly across from the inbounder and about 4 to 5 feet from one another, as shown in figure 7.4. Player 4 aligns directly across from the inbounder near the opposite sideline. The play is designed to allow player 2 to score a quick basket on a pass from 5.
Setup and initial action for sideline stack.
- Player 5 inbounds the ball.
- Player 2 sets a screen for 1, then cuts toward the basket (after 3 sets a screen for 2; figure 7.5) looking for a pass from 5.
- Player 1 comes off the screen and looks for a pass from 5.
- Player 3 sets a screen for 2.
- Player 4 runs down the floor toward the basket and looks for a pass from 2.
Triple-screen sidelines stack play.
The success of this play depends on the players having the patience to set the screens in the proper sequence. Player 2 must screen for 1 before 3 screens for 2. Remember that the inbounder has five seconds to make the pass before a violation is called and the ball is turned over to the opponent. If the players rush through the play, they’ll end up colliding and nullifying the effect of the screens.
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The term Blood Moon once was used in some sects of Christian prophecy to describe a total lunar eclipse that belonged to a tetrad of total lunar eclipses. The most recent Blood Moon – at least by this definition – took place on September 28, 2015. The next one won’t come until April 25, 2032.
Around the year 2013, when the expression Blood Moon first gained widespread popularity, a Blood Moon didn’t refer to just any total lunar eclipse, but to a member of a special series: four totally eclipsed moons in a row, each separated by six lunar months, with no partial lunar eclipses in between. Such a series is called a lunar tetrad. Two Christian pastors popularized the term Blood Moon in their book, in which they discussed the upcoming lunar tetrad (April 14 and October 8, 2014; April 8 and September 28, 2015) in apocalyptic terms.
The four lunar eclipses came and went, and, although the world didn’t end, we gained another dubious meme: Blood Moon.
It’s not that the words “blood” and “moon” never appeared together in the same sentence before 2013, especially as regards eclipses. A full moon nearly always appears coppery red during a total lunar eclipse. That’s because the dispersed light from all the Earth’s sunrises and sunsets falls on the face of the moon at mid-eclipse. For some decades at least, it’s been common for astronomy writers like us to describe an eclipsed moon as blood red. You just didn’t, until recently, hear the same eclipsed moon called a Blood Moon.
And there’s another kind of Blood Moon in astronomy, unrelated to eclipses. In folklore, all the full moons have names. The names typically coincide with months of the year, or seasons. One of the most famous moon names is the Hunter’s Moon. It’s the full moon immediately following the Harvest Moon, which is the full moon occurring most closely to the autumnal equinox.
The Hunter’s Moon, in skylore, is also sometimes called the Blood Moon. Why? Probably because it’s a characteristic of these autumn full moons that they appear nearly full – and rise soon after sunset – for several evenings in a row. Many people see them when they are low in the sky, shortly after they’ve risen, at which time there’s more atmosphere between you and the moon than when the moon is overhead. When you see the moon low in the sky, the extra air between you and the moon makes the moon look reddish. Voila. Blood Moon.
Still, the term Blood Moon in regard to total lunar eclipses might have been given new meaning by the Christian pastor John Hagee, who wrote a 2013 book about Blood Moons.
What is a lunar tetrad? The word tetrad refers to four things in a group. In astronomy, the word is used to describe four successive total lunar eclipses, with no partial lunar eclipses in between, each of which is separated from the other by six lunar months (six full moons).
Nowadays, each of these four-in-a-row totally eclipsed moons has come to be called a Blood Moon. Why? We don’t know for sure, but the answer may lie in the book pictured above.
We’re not experts on prophecy of any kind. But we’ll tell you what we know about the modern definition for Blood Moon that raised many questions over years.
From what we’ve been able to gather, two Christian pastors, Mark Blitz and John Hagee, used the term Blood Moon to apply to the full moons of the 2014-2015 tetrad. John Hagee appears to have popularized the term in his 2013 book Four Blood Moons: Something is About to Change.
Mark Blitz and John Hagee spoke of the 2014-2015 lunar tetrad as representing a fulfillment of Biblical prophecy. After all, the moon is supposed to turn blood red before the end times, isn’t it? As described in Joel 2:31 (Common English Bible):
The sun will be turned to darkness, and the moon to blood before the great and dreadful day of the LORD comes.
That description, by the way, sounds like two different astronomical events: a total solar eclipse and total lunar eclipse. Sun turned to darkness = moon directly between the Earth and sun in a total solar eclipse. Moon turned to blood = Earth directly between the sun and moon, Earth’s shadow falling on the moon in a total lunar eclipse. Solar and lunar eclipses are very ordinary and frequent happenings that have occurred many times in our lifetimes. In fact, every year, there are four to seven eclipses, some lunar, some solar, some total, some partial.
The last lunar tetrad took place over the years 2014 and 2015. The first Blood Moon eclipse in the series of four happened on the night of April 14-15, 2014. The second one took place October 7-8, 2014, and the third one (the shortest total lunar eclipse of the 21st century) was April 4, 2015.
The fourth and final total lunar eclipse of the 2014-2015 tetrad – the last Blood Moon – fell on the night of September 27-28. It was also a supermoon. The eclipse was visible to sky watchers in North America, and the partial phases were seen from various places around the world. Many saw it!
When is the next lunar tetrad? There are a total of 8 tetrads in the 21st century (2001 to 2100). The next four total lunar eclipses in a row (spaced six lunar months apart, with no partial lunar eclipses in between) will take place in 2032 and 2033. Click here to learn more about lunar tetrads in this century, courtesy of Fred Espenak.
How common is a tetrad of total lunar eclipses? Depending upon the century in which you live, a lunar tetrad (four consecutive total lunar eclipses) may happen fairly frequently – or not at all.
For instance, in our 21st century (2001-2100), there are a total of eight tetrads, but in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, there were none at all. If we include all the centuries from the 1st century (A.D. 1-100) through the 21st century (2001-2100), inclusive, there are a total of 62 tetrads. The last one happened in 2014-2015, and the next one will happen in 2032-2033.
The 2014-2015 tetrad fell on the Jewish feasts of Passover and Tabernacles. That happens a total of eight times in these 21 centuries:
1. 162-163 C.E. (Common Era)
2. 795-796 C.E.
3. 842-843 C.E.
4. 860-861 C.E.
5. 1493-1494 C.E.
6. 1949-1950 C.E.
7. 1967-1968 C.E.
8. 2014-2015 C.E.
Bottom line: The term Blood Moon in Biblical prophecy appears to have been popularized by two Christian pastors, Mark Blitz and John Hagee. They used the term to apply to the full moons of the 2014-2015 lunar tetrad – four successive total lunar eclipses, each separated by six lunar months, with no partial lunar eclipses in between. Nowadays, it seems, the term Blood Moon is being used for any and all total lunar eclipses.
Bruce McClure has served as lead writer for EarthSky's popular Tonight pages since 2004. He's a sundial aficionado, whose love for the heavens has taken him to Lake Titicaca in Bolivia and sailing in the North Atlantic, where he earned his celestial navigation certificate through the School of Ocean Sailing and Navigation. He also writes and hosts public astronomy programs and planetarium programs in and around his home in upstate New York.
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Privacy vs. SecurityDo today's models work with the Internet of Things and its cousin, big data? By: Brian Dean
Rarely can consumers or even security professionals properly articulate the differences between privacy and security. This article will define each, but more importantly, it will provide a rationale for building both into emerging technologies. This is a business imperative as the burgeoning "Internet of Things" reaches 50 billion data collection points in the next few years. (1)
Privacy is often defined as having the ability to protect sensitive information about personally identifiable information, while protection is really a security component. Others define it as the right to be left alone. Still, this doesn't cover today's privacy in a data-centric world, hence the confusion. In the industry, privacy really focuses on the following concepts:
- What data should be collected?
- What are the permissible uses?
- With whom might it be shared?
- How long should the data be retained?
- What granular access control model is appropriate?
We typically define security as the protection against unauthorized access, with some including explicit mention of integrity and availability. Security controls are put in place to control who can access the information, while privacy is more granular, controlling what and when they can access specific data. For example, if you bank with a national financial institution, all of the tellers in the country may be provisioned (i.e., granted security access) to access your account detail. This provides the flexibility for you, the customer, to visit a branch in your hometown, a branch on the west coast during a business trip or a Florida branch when vacationing. But privacy is another layer. While the teller may be provisioned to view all customers' account detail, privacy only allows access when a business need exists; such as a customer walking into a branch in another city to access their accounts. But privacy disallows that same teller viewing their neighbors account balance or perhaps the balance of a famous person, just because they are interested – despite their access privileges granting them access.
So the business application of the terms privacy and security are very different, with significant overlap. The old adage reads, "You can't have privacy without security, but you can have security without privacy." Let's exam why this might be true, but first address the amount of data being compiled, the improved abilities to leverage that data for business decisions, and new internet-enabled devices that are collecting the data – often without consumers' knowledge.
Even Innocuous Data Collection Creates Vulnerabilities
Today we are collecting data at an unprecedented rate. The volume, velocity, and variety of data being gathered through the internet and other technologies is estimated to be over 2.5 quintillion bytes of data a day – that's 2.5 followed by a staggering 18 zeros! (2) IoT privacy and security concerns start with the new and creative modes of data collection. The IoT, from smart watches to interconnected home security devices, offers innovative channels for data collection that were until recently imperceptible.
Existing privacy and security notions may be inadequate for the ubiquity and invisibility of data collection technologies. For example, the same data many fitness wearable devices collect and use to help consumers monitor their heart rate and track of their daily exercise routine could also be aggregated, correlated, shared, and retained to build a very intimate picture of individual's daily health habits, vulnerable to misuse. Tracking a workout program may be helpful in improving your health, but your life insurance companies might find this information useful when underwriting a term life policy.
However, too often privacy and device security are afterthoughts, as they increase development costs, lengthen testing, and slow speed to market. For example, recently exploited DVD and digital video recording devices enabled attackers to turn practically an entire company's product line into a botnet attacking United States based companies' internet infrastructure. (3) For this particular example, the devices had the password hardcoded into the firmware, so the passwords were publicly documented and could not be changed. This lax security could enable someone to breach privacy, by using a default password to gain access to the video camera remotely. Engineering security controls into the devices, sometimes called Security by Design, would have better secured these devices, the data they collect, and consumers. The capturing and sharing of all of this information, often monetized by businesses, is a threat to privacy; albeit often lucrative for business and bad threat actors.
The policy landscape remains fragmented as regulators grapple with the ubiquitous nature of the IoT, the promise of convenience, and lucrative business model; all through the lens of consumer indifference. Without client demand for privacy and security, businesses have little incentive for building these into their products.
Who is Responsible for Protecting Personal Data?
So what does this mean for U.S. consumers, businesses, and legislatures? While the political landscape is undergoing an evolution of sorts, political action committees and deep pocket businesses will likely continue to discourage new U.S. privacy legislation, but security legislation will gain traction over the next several years. The E.U. along with other countries will continue to evolve their consumer protection, including comprehensive privacy and security legislation.
U.S. consumers will need to be more diligent in protecting themselves. While we know few read the terms and conditions when it comes to apps and websites, to protect their own privacy, consumers might need to be more discerning about who they grant access to their information. Consider security implications and data encryption options when making purchases that store personal data. Businesses can elect to adopt privacy by design (e.g., capture less data) and security by design methodologies (e.g., use strong passwords that must be changed by the consumer), not because it's lucrative or required by statute, but because it proactively helps protect consumers. Perhaps this will be seen as a compelling market differentiator, but until such time, expect the proliferation of IoT and big data to continue unabated. Data stores will grow exponentially as will the sophisticated data correlation algorithms.
As IoT interconnectivity and our reliance on derived data increase, hopefully to will our sophistication to properly collect, use and protect the data. Otherwise, expect businesses to find new lucrative ways to monetize the data and threat actors to find new ways to exploit vulnerabilities to harvest huge data stores. Privacy and security must work in tandem to protect big data, because once the Genie is out of the bottle, it may be impossible to put back.
The Internet of Things – Sizing up the Opportunity, McKinsey and Company, http://www.mckinsey.com/industries/high-tech/our-insights/the-internet-of-things-sizing-up-the-opportunity
Hacked Cameras, DVRs Powered Today's Massive Internet Outage (10-16-16). Retrieved from https://krebsonsecurity.com/2016/10/hacked-cameras-dvrs-powered-todays-massive-internet-outage/
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“A recent physical effect of Global Warming has occurred: Bees and their flight to extinction,” says scienceabc.com on the matter. According to sos-bees.org, bees have been on the decline of extinction since 2006.
The extinction of bees is more of a chain reaction it seems:
Climate Change, or specifically in this case, rising temperatures with in the earth’s atmosphere, are being pointed to as cause for this occurrence.
“As an example of how environmental cues for the timing of significant life cycle events might become uncoupled…when it gets warm enough outside for them to maintain a temperature of 93 degrees, they start laying eggs around the edges of the cluster, and the cluster begins to expand…but if a single cold, cold night in March intervenes…then eggs at the edges that the workers can’t keep warm will die,” writes Rebecca Lindsey of the Earth Observatory at NASA.
The bumblebee also has things that can work to its advantage to help against extinction by other means that might be presented to it.
Bees have a black and yellow striped body. These colors help the bee blend with flowers and surround areas in nature from predators that mean it harm. They are often attracted to bright colors as well.
They have also been known to have adapt to their environment behaviorally.
The bee will know how to pollinate from other members of the hive and by instinct but when the bee goes to get honey from pollen in flowers, the honey bee may sometimes drop honey and cause more flowers to be more pollinated.
The honey bee in this situation is a adaption that it will do in front of potential mates.
Other than the threat from a rising temperature in the climate, the Bumblebee is also known to use its stinger in the face of possible harm to itself or family. When it does use its stinger, it does die, but either by protecting itself in the process or someone close.
According to the United Nations Environmental Programme, the food creators create between $235 - $577 billion (£189.8-£466 billion) per year and “annual global food production relies on direct contributions by pollinators.”
The programme's website also says that “nearly 90 per cent of all wild flowering plants depend at least to some extent on animal pollination,” and that 75 per cent of world crops come from the pollination that comes from the bee.
"Pollination service are an ‘agricultural input’ that ensure the production of crops," says José Graziano da Silva, Director – General, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) according to the United Nations article on Bee Extinction. "All farmers, especially family farmers and smallholders around the world, benefit from these service. Improving pollinator density and diversity has a direct positive impact on crop yields, consequently promoting food and nutrition security. Hence, enhancing pollinator service is important for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals as well as for helping family farmers’ adaption to climate change."
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Arthur Dent was the bewildered young Englishman who found himself transported into extraterrestrial stardom just as his home planet was demolished for a hyperspace bypass in the first chapter of the adventure by Douglas Adams, who died at 49 last Friday.
Arthur Dent sprang to life in 1978 as a character in a radio show, but lived on in books and a television series.
More than 12,000 asteroids - lumps of rock left over from the making of the solar system - have been identified so far. The earliest discoveries were given names from classical literature, but astronomers quickly ran out of heroes and demigods, and turned to real life figures.
There is an asteroid called Zappafrank, and another called Seanconnery, and a third called Colemanhawkins. Mozart, Beethoven and Brahms have been celebrated, along with all four Beatles.
Literate scientists such as Sagan and Asimov live on in orbit, while politicians and military men have to be dead for at least 100 years before they rate a mention in the minor planet catalogue.
Characters from fiction have begun to be used. Gryphon, Mockturtle and Whiterabbit have made the list. There is also an enigmatic lump of rock in space called Potter. There is so far no Fordprefect, no Zaphodbeeblebrox or any other character from the Hitch Hiker's Guide, except possibly asteroid 4309 Marvin, who just might be taken for Marvin the Paranoid Android, the robot with the brain the size of a planet.
Arthurdent was proposed by Felix Hormuth, of the Starkenburg Observatory in Germany, who spotted the space rock. The announcement from the minor planet centre said: "The earthling Arthur Dent is confronted with the adversities of life, the universe and everything in a highly amusing and entertaining way in Douglas Adams's famous five volume trilogy ... "
Adams collapsed and died of a heart attack while in a gym in Santa Barbara, California.
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The humanities or studia humanitatis are connected through their study of the human environment, its diverse heritage, traditions, and history.
They explore how we communicate with each other and how our ideas and thoughts on the human experience are expressed and interpreted.
They help us think about and respond to the world and give us tools to examine and
make sense of our lives. Focusing on the big questions, both contemporary and perennial,
these disciplines engage students in civic life, locally and globally, while equipping
them to face the challenges of the future.
Travel & study opportunities complement classrooms.
Students learn through hands-on opportunities.
The "Write Place" & Language Learning Lab
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Our primary job onboard is standing watch. The Robert C. Seamans uses the modified Swedish watch system to divide our days into five blocks of time. The two daytime watches are six hours long, and the three night watches are four hours long. Students, mates, and assistant scientists are divided into three teams, allowing each team to rotate through all five watches every three days. The watch system takes some getting used to. As around half our work is completed during hours of darkness, the division between night and day has lost much of its importance. We eat, sleep, and work at all hours. Captain Pamela said she feels that each “day” ends up taking 72 hours, the time needed to rotate through all watch times. This means that the days run together into a patchwork of darkness, dawn, high noon, and evenings playing music on the quarterdeck.
This unique schedule also means that our watch groups are the nuclear families of the larger shipboard community. Though we have an all-hands meeting for afternoon class each day, it is sometimes difficult to interact with members of other watches. This division leads to friendly competition between watch groups, and watches were put to the test by this afternoon’s “line chase”.
On a ship, ropes that do work are called lines. The Seamans has lines for lifting sails and handling sails, controlling sampling nets, and raising and lowering the small skiffs. In total, there are 83 lines on the boat! The line chase pitted watches against each other in a relay race to identify lines.
The line chase began with the three watches lined up on the back deck. The first member of each watch was handed an index card with the name of a line, and then other members of the team were allowed to call “warmer” and “colder” to help guide their teammate to the correct line. Once the line was identified, the student walked back to tag off their next teammate. Running was not allowed for safety’s sake, and racers caught running were required to crab walk all the way back to the team members. The deck of line cards also contained a few wild cards. In one instance, the card mandated that the student tell a pickup line to someone in order to identify the correct line. The game ended when a member of B watch (my watch!) received a card ordering “congo line”, at which the students danced around the ship in victory.
While memorizing the location and function of all 83 lines was arduous, it will enable us to better function as a team of sailors. We do not use lights on deck at night, so it’s critical that we can quickly and unthinkingly find lines. The better we know our lines, the more readily we can take down sails in a wind gust or storm. Our ability to effectively manage sails will give Captain Pamela the confidence to set more sails, allowing us to sail faster. For now, we’ll continue our way south, with an anticipated arrival at Palmyra Atoll on Monday evening.
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Medical Definition of artesunate
: an antimalarial drug C19H28O8 that is a semisynthetic, water-soluble, derivative of artemisinin taken orally or administered by intramuscular or intravenous injection Artemisinin is made from the leaves of the Chinese wormwood shrub, and the drugs artesunate and artemether are derivatives known to kill the parasites that cause malaria.—Janet Raloff , Science News, 16 June 2007 ◆When used orally, artesunate is typically combined with another antimalarial drug, such as mefloquine or amodiaquine. —compare artemether
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up artesunate? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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The tree of life, mentioned in the books of Genesis and Revelation, is a life-giving tree created to enhance and perpetually sustain the physical life of humanity. The tree was planted by God in the Garden of Eden: “The LORD God made all kinds of trees grow out of the ground—trees that were pleasing to the eye and good for food. In the middle of the garden were the tree of life and the tree of the knowledge of good and evil” (Genesis 2:9). The centrally located tree of life would have been easily accessible to Adam and Eve from any point in the garden.
More details concerning the tree of life come after Adam and Eve’s sin: “The LORD God said, ‘The man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil. He must not be allowed to reach out his hand and take also from the tree of life and eat, and live forever’” (Genesis 3:22). In his disobedience, Adam lost his eternal life. The tree of life in Eden must have had some role to play in maintaining the life of Adam and Eve (and possibly the animals). Adam would “live forever,” even in his fallen condition, if he had eaten the tree of life after his sin. God placed a sword-wielding cherub at the entrance to the garden specifically “to guard the way to the tree of life” (verse 24). It seems access to the tree of life would have prolonged Adam’s physical life indefinitely, dooming him to an eternity in a cursed world.
It was a mercy that God kept us from the tree of life. By barring access to the tree of life, God showed compassion in His omniscience. Knowing that, because of sin, earthly life would be filled with sorrow and toil, God graciously limited the number of years men would live. To live eternally in a sinful state would mean endless agony for humanity, with no hope of the relief that comes with death. By limiting our lifespan, God gives us enough time to come to know Him and His provision for eternal life through Christ but spares us the misery of an endless existence in a sinful condition.
In His great love, God provided One who would redeem fallen mankind. Through one man, Adam, sin entered the world, but through another Man, Jesus Christ, redemption through the forgiveness of sin is available to all (Romans 5:17). Those who avail themselves of the sacrifice of Christ on the cross will be resurrected to see the tree of life again, for it stands in the middle of the Holy City, the New Jerusalem, where it bears “twelve crops of fruit, yielding its fruit every month. And the leaves of the tree are for the healing of the nations” (Revelation 22:2). In the eternal state, the curse will be no more (verse 3), access to the tree of life will be reinstated, and darkness will be forever banished (verse 5). Eden will be restored.
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The classroom economy is designed to help students learn about financial literacy from an early age. This page is intended to support you in connecting common financial literacy standards with the experience of the classroom economy.
Our program addresses many of the standards included in the Jump$tart Coalition for Personal Financial Literacy's National Standards in K-12 Personal Finance Education.
My Classroom Economy
- Financial responsibility and decision-making:
Take responsibility for personal financial decisions.
Students must make their rent payments in order to participate in the monthly auction. When a student misses a payment, teachers have the opportunity to discuss decision-making with the student and help him or her to get back on track.
- Make financial decisions by systematically considering alternatives and consequences.
- Students are constantly presented with decision points in the classroom economy program. From career choice, to actions that result in fines and bonuses, to whether or not to purchase items at the auction, students must consider their actions and the alternatives to be successful in the program.
- Income and careers:
Explore career options.
Students must apply for a job in the classroom economy. The jobs range in difficulty and responsibility. By holding a job themselves and observing their peers, students are exposed to a wide variety of job types.
- Identify sources of personal income.
- Students must understand that their salary alone will not cover their rent so they must identify additional income sources. In most cases the additional money will come from bonus opportunities, but some teachers may encourage entrepreneurial behavior as well.
- Planning and money management:
Develop a plan for spending and saving.
Students continually update their bank logs based on their inflows and outflows. Because the program offers incentives for saving, such as the purchasing of one's desk or purchasing an item at the auction, students must develop a plan for saving and spending.
- Develop a system for keeping and using financial records.
- Students must keep a bank log for all transactions. Additionally, students who hold the role of the Banker must keep a log for themselves as well as several clients.
- Develop a personal financial plan.
- Students must develop their own financial plan to meet their individual goals. Some students may have the simple goal of making rent each month, while others might have lofty goals such as paying off their desk or purchasing several items at the auction. Regardless of the goal, each student must develop a plan to meet it.
- Saving and investing:
Discuss how saving contributes to financial well-being.
Students experience what it is like to make or miss rent payments. They also observe their classmates and their financial situations. Throughout the program it is natural for students to discuss their situations and elaborate on their decisions that put them there.
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March is Women’s History Month, a time to reflect upon and honor women. Do you have role models and “sheroes” in the LGBTQ community? Sheroes are the She Heroes in your life, in the state, in our nation, and in the world.
We conducted a telephone and email survey of members of our Baltimore community to tally information on what characteristics were considered necessary to be a shero, who are the commonly named sheroes by our community, and what words of wisdom can our sheroes give us. Here are the results:
Characteristics of Sheroes
Kind, confident, sincere, has integrity, fair, courageous, intelligent, values others, strong-willed, respectful of all people, dependable, “walks the walk,” dedicated, passionate, committed to people, pursues field of study or career, and makes a change in society.
Main Nature of a Shero
An independent thinker no matter what the norm or power, true to herself, and stands up to advocate for truth, equality, and the rights of others.
Commonly Identified Sheroes
Mother, grandmother, aunt, teacher, nun, lawyer, activist, writer, mentor, friend and both nationally and internationally known women.
Some respondents named many sheroes, whereas several individuals had no role models, either because they felt they were beyond the age of need or that all potential role models were imperfect and, therefore, not worthy of being selected.
Another common thread in selecting sheroes was based upon their courage to announce their gender identity or sexual orientation. As one respondent said so beautifully: “All trans women who are out and active are my sheroes. A hero to me stands up for the downtrodden, even in the face of their own hardship. In this misogynistic world, it takes a lot of fortitude to be a trans woman, and to be proud of it and endure the hatred that some people show us.”
Rachel Maddow, a lesbian, and Lady Gaga, an intersex woman, were examples of women who told the public who they are. Rachel Maddow is a high profile news commentator and author who never has hidden her sexuality or tried to act less intelligent than she is. Lady GaGa was identified as a singer and performer who publically expresses who she is and what she does. She doesn’t care what people think of her because she knows what she wants to be and what she wants in life.
We interviewed seven women and their words of wisdom and insight into their lives are presented. Detailed biographies can be found online.
2nd-term Maryland Delegate 43
African American Lesbian
“It is still kind of strange to hear the ‘shero’ word applied to me. I try to just be myself, work hard and try never to deny who I am. I think this encourages others to be encouraged to be who they are.
I have not consciously patterned my life after any one person. I respect my parents who raised six kids and instilled in me a sense of responsibility and always encouraged everything we wanted to do, encouraged us to be involved, intellectually curious and to develop our own personal accomplishments.
It may sound corny, but I want to make the world a better place and be seen as a person who values other people. I just want to make things better, do no harm, if I cannot improve the situation. Because I am African American, a lesbian, and a woman, I have a different take on the world, but I am always all three. The rights of one group are not preferred over another. I cannot see the world through the lens of one group, need a multiple lens, nothing is clear cut.
If all communities and progressives could always work together, we would be the majority and could change the world. I look forward for all working together.
The more we LGBT can also identify with other issues than LGBT, the sooner this will be possible. For example, I want to be married, but I should also be interested in other issues, such as, health care for children, and comparable wages.”
Rev. Mother Meredith Moise
Old Catholic Priest
Creating Change 2012 Co-Chair
Baltimore Black Pride Vice Chair
Afro Latina Lesbian
“I believe people see me working for a better community….really trying to help people. That has been my passion for most of my life, and it translates in my vocation and my secular work.
My goal in life is to be a peacemaker, working for peace within and in community. I have been called to this work by Spirit. Spirit took a little Black Panamanian girl from Queens and told her to spread the Good News: that the love of the Holy Spirit is for all living beings and that Spirit resides inside all that lives! I am very clear that it is by the grace and mercy of the Holy Spirit that I am what I am. I give thanks to that Spirit and to the spirits of my parents, god parents, and grandparents, all my ancestors of the light who pray for me daily and guide me in this work for peace!”
GLCCB Group Facilitator
Caucasian Transgender Woman
“I have been a facilitator of the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Community Center of Baltimore and Central Maryland’s (GLCCB) Gender Identity Group since 2006. It is a peer-led group for gender non-conforming persons. I have been sober for six years. In both areas of my life, it was necessary for me to seek integrity. For me, the moment I integrate the inner and the outer, I produce integrity. The processes for sobriety and for gender authenticity require that I take the actions (outer) so that I may live the truth (inner).
Moreover, I am humbled when I am approached by peers and those outside the select recovery or transgender communities who use words like “courageous,” “inspiring,” “brave.” I suspect I never gave those words a second thought before. It is because the words they use describe actions I took based on my faith in God, in my Creator. Simply put, it was because of a Power far greater than I.
The men and women in my life who were overtaken by societal expectations of their gender, forced to deny their own truth, helped me by allowing me to be of service to them. It is most assuredly in giving that I have received. If anyone ever believes I’m a shero, it is because they see the actions of countless others helping me along the Way.
Our bodies, our minds, our gender are the diversities we utilize to touch and help each other. My experiences help you, and your experiences help me. The end game is to awaken the Spirit in all of us to practice love and tolerance of others.”
Youth of the Rainbow Co-Founder
African American Lesbian
“It is my goal to always conduct myself according to the way I was reared. In our family we believe that it takes a village to raise a child, and, just because many of my loved ones have moved on from this life, I have and will never forget the many lessons that make me so much of who I am. I did not pattern myself after one person. However, I have many family members, as well my love for history, and I believe that from my history there are many great examples to use in order to help guide me when making many decisions in my life. Many people paid a very high price in order for me to have the freedoms that I enjoy and I owe them the respect of living better.
If we are not helpers of one another then why are we here? My relationship with God as well as my family being around, so many of them give me reason to continue to strive to change the world, for the better. I want my children to be able to choose to be whatever they want without having to answer ‘why’ to everyone they meet.
I want to see Youth of the Rainbow grow to be an organization whose goal is to assist our LGBTQ teens in social interactions without the negative.
Together we can make the unexpected, unrealistic, and meaningful differences.”
Sharr’on S. Robinson
Youth of the Rainbow Co-Founder
African American Lesbian
“I believe others see me as a ‘shero’ because I’m a natural born leader. I am strong-willed, confident and self-assured. I’m giving and health conscious. I believe in the Bible.
There is no one I have patterned myself after. My philosophy is to do it the best that I can the first time, so I don’t have to do it a second time. There are two driving forces for me: The first and foremost is my relationship with God; the second is Melissa, my partner. I want to be a microbiologist, M.D., PHD and work in a laboratory. I am not a people person. I like to work in the background; am interested in fighting germs, viruses, and improving the environment for people. Now we are preparing young people to become responsible, preparing them for jobs when they come along. We work with other companies to set the Youth of the Rainbow up with job training, resume building, and flea market workshops.”
Maryland Delegate District 43 since 1992
“It pleases me that I am considered a role model. I am deeply touched that people have suggested that I am a shero. Both as a teacher in public schools and a legislator I have tried to be someone who will listen and be honest. I have tried to have integrity and be a person who doesn’t compromise my principles.
I patterned myself after my two mothers. My biological mother, passed away from cancer, was one of the few women who was a professional when others did not work outside the home. She taught me to respect diversity, race, culture; she never cheated anyone, and was a very kind person. From my adopted mother, I inherited my desire to be a social justice activist; I think from both mothers I developed an interest in government and politics.
I am going to have a significant birthday this year. It has made me reflect upon the journey my life has taken, personally, professionally, and spiritually. Today I am at peace with myself and am looking forward to new beginnings with the woman I love. What could be better than to pass Marriage Equality in the legislature and begin my life with Diane Stollenwerk? The answer is ‘nothing.'”
GLCCB’s First President
African American Lesbian
“I suppose I’ve been identified as a role model and leader because of my having leadership qualities to lead the GLBT community in the early days of the movement during the 1970s. I wanted the gay community to have a strong foundation and that was letting the community at large know that we were there and that we demanded rights as everyone else.
There were three women in my life who were my role models: my mother, grandmother, and maternal aunt. These three African-American women taught me that I could accomplish anything I tried. They commanded respect and were intelligent and hardworking women.
My philosophy is basically to harm no one and I am driven by a desire to right wrongs and to ensure that those who are disenfranchised have their say. I’m currently retired after 40-plus years of work. Now I’m writing the book about the movement which I have wanted to do for a very long time.
I would like to tell these girls and women to keep fighting, keep at it, no matter what happens, no matter what they come up against. Never take ‘no’ for an answer.”
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From 1911 to 1915, a small amount of uranium ore from Radium Hill in South Australia was chemically processed at Hunter’s Hill, New South Wales, to extract the valuable radium. Radium is a radioactive decay product from uranium, and has a high radioactive intensity due to its half life of 1601 years. At the time, radium was worth some 300,000 pounds per ounce − compare to gold which was only 4 pounds per ounce. So it is easy to understand why so much effort was spent in trying to extract an element which is only found at concentrations of milligrams per tonne. Although records are incomplete, it is estimated that some 2,000 tonnes of uranium ore was transported from Radium Hill to Hunters Hill and no more than 1-2 grams of radium was produced, along with several tonnes of uranium oxide as a by-product.
After abandonment in 1915, the adjacent land was converted to a tin smelter, which operated until 1964. At this time, the area was considered for residential housing and an assessment by the Australian Atomic Energy Commission (AAEC, now ANSTO) concluded this was safe with respect to radiation risks. In the late 1970s, however, with greater public knowledge of the science behind radiation exposure, major concerns were raised about radiation risks at the site − surveys showed the obvious presence of uranium tailings from the radium processing.
The NSW Government bought several houses, demolished those on 7 and 9 Nelson Parade, but failed to undertake a complete site remediation. A NSW Upper House Inquiry in 2008 covered the history and nature of the site in detail, but there was still no public plan for remediation. In late 2011, the NSW Government began a process towards remediation, but that process has been the subject of controversy and opposition, particularly around a proposed site for storage of radioactive waste from Hunters Hill. It can be expected that of the order of 2,000 tonnes of radioactive waste would be generated by any site clean-up, with a similar radioactivity to tailings at the Ranger uranium mine.
Children and adults alike have been exposed to radiation from the contaminated Hunters Hill site and many are understandably angry about the decades of deceit and obfuscation. The NSW Health Commission covered up the dangers of Hunters Hill. An internal memo in 1977 told staff to “stall and be non-committal” when responding to queries. Residents were told there was “no logical reason” to carry out radiation or health tests even though the NSW government knew that there were compelling reasons to do so. A senior public servant told officials that radiation testing should continue “provided that in so doing we do not conspicuously draw attention to ourselves and we do not discuss the matter with other persons, such as the council, until further advised”.
Uranium smelter’s legacy moves on
Ben Cubby, 16 December 2012, http://www.smh.com.au/environment/uranium-smelters-legacy-moves-on-20121215-2bgb3.html
THE controversial clean-up of a radioactive site in Hunters Hill is set to begin early next year, with any hazardous waste to be moved from the harbourside suburb to Lidcombe, the NSW government says. The contaminated properties in Nelson Parade – once the site of a uranium smelter – have been a thorn in the side of residents and governments for nearly a century.
After years of denials from successive governments about the extent of the contamination, the clean-up will now be extended to include suspected radioactive hot spots in neighbouring backyards and at the harbour foreshore.
The Premier, Barry O’Farrell, all but ruled out dumping the contaminated dirt at a Kemps Creek waste facility in western Sydney last year, in the face of protests from Penrith residents and councillors.
But the new plan involves reclassifying most of the contaminated earth as ”restricted solid waste”, allowing it to be trucked to Kemps Creek. Any material that is shown to be dangerously radioactive will be taken to a secure storage facility in Lidcombe, operated by the Office of Environment and Heritage.
- NSW Upper House Inquiry: http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/Prod/parlment/committee.nsf/0/8C6EFA4FA782EDC5CA25744B0007DA3B
- Current projects: Hunters Hill, http://www.lpma.nsw.gov.au/spa/our_business/current_projects
- Lidcombe residents gather in force to protest nuclear waste plans, http://parramatta-advertiser.whereilive.com.au/news/story/lidcombe-residents-gather-in-force-to-protest-nuclear-waste-plans
- Radioactive homes need rules, 05 October 2009, http://www.sciencealert.com.au/news/20090510-19932.html
- Uranium tests kept secret, inquiry hears, 4 July 2008, http://ntne.ws/articles/article.php?id=3227
- Owners of uranium-laced land to sue Government, 11 December 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/owners-of-uraniumlaced-land-to-sue-government/2008/12/10/1228584929906.html
- Records raise fears over smelter site’s toxic legacy, February 26, 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/records-raise-fears-over-smelter-sites-toxic-legacy/2008/02/25/1203788248562.html
- If asked about radiation, stall: official tactic, 3 March 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/if-asked-about-radiation-stall-official-tactic/2008/03/02/1204402275131.html
- Luxury home is too radioactive to live in, June 25, 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/environment/luxury-home-is-too-radioactive-to-live-in/2008/06/24/1214073246944.html
- Home owners plan to sue after tests find radiation hot spots, April 19, 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/home-owners-plan-to-sue-after-tests-find-radiation-hot-spots/2008/04/18/1208025479619.html
- Nuclear dump: family seeks answers on deaths, April 12, 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2008/04/11/1207856832354.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1
- Uranium site to be cleansed, March 27, 2009, http://www.smh.com.au/environment/uranium-site-to-be-cleansed-20090326-9cey.html
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They also quizzed them on how far flung or tiny their social networks were, and along with a few other science-y tests (including MRI scans and tabulating all the Sniffin' Sticks data), came to the conclusion that those with a sharper sense of smell had more friends than those who were olfactorily challenged.
No butt sniffing required!
Yes, this may sound weird, but the scientists have a possible explanation. They suggest that we humans, much like our butthole-sniffing dog best friends, may gather chemical information via the nose from our companions, co-workers, and strangers on the subway, without even noticing it. And the good news? We're not required to crouch down and create awkward social situations in doing so.
So, in turn, with more information available to us via our snout (and our brain, which is responsible for important stuff like processing and sorting through the multitudes of information it gets on the regular), a better nose helps us communicate better in social situations.
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Key West Aquarium Native Species Program
The Key West Aquarium is proud to educate the public about the marine environment with a focus on our local ecosystems. We house predominately native species of game fish, tropical fish, sea turtles, and stingrays. We also display vital apex predators such as sharks and American alligators with a chance to meet them up close during our tours. The species at the Key West Aquarium include:
- American Alligator
- Game fish
- Tropical fish
- Sea turtles
- A Burmese python
Key West Aquarium Invasive Species ProgramRecently, due to the need for public awareness, we started an “invasive species” program. The exotic pet trade has boomed and many owners find they are unable to care for their new pet after a few years, leading to their release in the wild. Many non-native species are reproducing in Florida at an alarming rate, wreaking havoc on our fragile coral reefs and wetlands. In an effort to elevate awareness we house lionfish, iguanas, and a Burmese python. All of these creatures have recently received media attention on the destructive effect they are having on the environment.
For more Information about our educational programs
Please contact us for additional information regarding educational programs for the Key West Aquarium.
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Lyme disease is the most common disease spread by ticks in the northern hemisphere. It is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States. Approximately 70-80% of infected people have an erythema migrans (EM) rash within 3-30 days of the tick bite. Other early symptoms may include fever, headache, fatigue, muscle and joint aches, and swollen lymph nodes in the absence of the rash. Up to 10-30% of patients who have completed a course of antibiotic treatment continue to have symptoms such as:
- joint pain
- severe fatigue
- sleep disturbance, or
- cognitive difficulties.
Figure 1: Example of the erythema migrans (EM) rash caused by Lyme disease
Our treatment usually takes approximately 5-10 hours over three (and occasionally 4-5) sessions. We use a regression technique that evokes trauma at the developmental event that causes the susceptibility to this problem; and then healing is done using a variety of standard trauma healing techniques. Once treatment is over, the client's symptoms that were due to Lyme disease are gone or significantly reduced.
During the first meeting with Jola I was instantly captivated by the incredible energy filled with inner peace, the willingness to help and look for the real cause of the problems, taking into consideration many different options.
I came to Jola for the Lyme disease process, after many years of tedious and, unfortunately, not very effective treatment of chronic (almost 30-year-old) Lyme disease which was not diagnosed properly on time. Living with this silent and sneaky enemy has been a long-time nightmare of mine. Headaches with such intensity that I often lost consciousness, labyrinth disorders, bone loss, permanent bone and muscle pain, insomnia, chronic fatigue, anxiety and apathy have accompanied me for many years. Every day I had to have a fight with myself to force myself to function normally and not to let others know what is going on inside. Those daily battles deprived me of last bits of the energy.
After, a basically accidental, diagnosis, I started a multidirectional treatment, followed by very little improvement. The only thing that conventional medicine could offer me was "so that it would not get any worse" option.
The real relief and elimination of most of the symptoms was brought only by the process with Jola.
I am positively surprised that, after practically the first meeting, I was already able to feel a very positive change. After the end of the process, basically all symptoms disappeared. What was already destroyed takes time to recover, but the most important thing is that today I can live without physical and mental pain.
Client 2: Below is a short (6 minute) video from one of our original research clients that has completed this Lyme disease treatment.
Client 3: Here is a written testimonial from another Lyme disease client .
"1. After completing the Lyme disease process what physical, psychological, and/or emotional changes have you experienced, if you compare your life to before our sessions together?
Client: Physically, I feel lighter, I have more energy, my body has become more flexible and less tense and the pain that I have dealt with for a long time has greatly diminished (I believe that the small amount of leftover pain is related to other factors and that the Lyme Disease process helped with all the pain that was possible to eliminate with this healing technique!) Overall, I experienced wonderful physical changes.
Psychologically, I feel more at ease and at peace.
Emotionally, I feel happier, more myself and a greater sense of emotional wellbeing overall.
2. What impact have these changes had on your life?
Client: I feel much more at ease and able to thrive. I feel like my world has expanded and I am moving about my life with more confidence and a greater sense of peace.
3. What did you like most about these changes?
Client: The reduction in pain I noticed and the greater sense of ease in daily life that I have experienced.
4. What did you like most about my approach/therapy?
Client: Ghita is kind, supportive, and compassionate, and does a wonderful job of explaining the process and guiding you through it! She is great!
5. What do you remember from this experience?
Client: The way in which a greater sense of ease overall continued to build more and more.
6. Would you recommend my services, and if so, to whom and why?
Client: Absolutely! I would recommend this process to anyone who has dealt with Lyme disease and would highly recommend Ghita as she is skilled, compassionate and incredibly supportive!"
The clinic staff that deliver this treatment include:
|Mary Pellicer MD||USA, South America||English||https://www.peakstatestherapy.com/pellicer.php|
|Jolanta Hamerlik||Europe||Polish, English||https://www.peakstatestherapy.com/hamerlik.php|
|Shayne McKenzie||Canada, USA, Australia, New Zealand, Asia, UK||English||https://www.peakstatestherapy.com/mckenzie.php|
|Kirsten Lykkegaard DVM||Europe||Danish, English||https://www.peakstatestherapy.com/lykkegaard.php|
|Ghita Ibnbrahim (currently on maternity leave)||Canada||French, English||https://www.peakstatestherapy.com/ibnbrahim.php|
Research and development history
We were first asked to find a treatment for Lyme disease in the fall of 2016. The client wanted us to find a way to quickly treat the disease (because in some patients antibiotic treatments are not effective or can take many months), and more importantly find a way to eliminate persistent chronic symptoms that do not respond to antibiotic treatment in some patients.
From the Institute's perspective, this was an interesting project because the cause of the disease was already known (unlike most of our research projects). Thus, from a time perspective, a large part of the investigative work was already done for us since we did not also need to figure out the originating disease. From a public health perspective, it would also demonstrate an application of subcellular psychobiology as a complement / alternative to both conventional drug treatments (in this case antibiotics) and as an immunization procedure (like a vaccine). As antibiotics are becoming more and more ineffective, the need to find an alternative to antibiotics is becoming more and more pressing worldwide, making this an interesting test case for our work.
We have researched and developed 7 different treatments. Our current clinic process has demonstrated high effectiveness rates and was released as a clinic treatment in 2020.
We use the MailChimp system to distribute newsletters for the Institute for the Study of Peak States. We will not pass on your email address, nor send any emails other than the newsletters. (To end your subscription, simply hit the cancel subscription link at the bottom of every newsletter.)
...or visit our Forum
1.0 January 2021: First published description of the treatment.
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Giuseppe Giusti, (born May 13, 1809, Monsummano, Tuscany—died March 31, 1850, Florence) northern Italian poet and satirist, whose satires on Austrian rule during the early years of Italy’s nationalistic movement (the Risorgimento) had great influence and are still enjoyed for their Tuscan wit and lively style.
Giusti was sporadically a law student in Pisa (1826–29 and 1832–34) and led an inconspicuous life until the Revolution of 1848. He then sat as a deputy in the two Tuscan legislative assemblies and in the short-lived constituent assembly (until April 1849).
Giusti’s satirical poems were at first circulated only in manuscript; the first collections of them had to be printed outside Italy without the author’s name. His first notable satire, written in 1833, was La guigliottina a vapore (“The Steam Guillotine”), which announced that the Chinese had invented a steam guillotine that would make decapitation much more efficient for dictators. Other satires defended Italy or bemoaned its political and social state.
Giusti also wrote satires on the death (1835) of the Austrian emperor Francis I and on the crowning of the new emperor. A very moving poem, often considered his masterpiece, is Sant’Ambrogio (c. 1846), in which the poet’s hostility toward Austrian troops attending a mass turns into a feeling of sympathy and solidarity with them as they join in singing a chorus by Giuseppe Verdi.
Giusti’s prose works are valued for his skillful use of the Tuscan tongue. Some poetic works were translated by William Dean Howells in Modern Italian Poets (1887).
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This lesson is an introductory lesson to screenprinting and how screen printing is used for social activism. Further study of the historical background that shaped these screenprints (in the extensions section at the end of the lesson) includes topics relevant to Mexican American communities and raises awareness about important historical events in Mexican-American history in the United States. The main focus of this unit is to learn about the background and history of Mexican Americans through studying these and other Chicanx artist screen prints.
This is a two part mini lesson. It uses individual and group photographs to help students develop a sense of individuality and community within the classroom. This lesson provides a physical and visual representation of students within their class community. Students will see themselves as individuals who are part of a whole. For students who do not feel as though their individuality is valued, they have a tactile representation of their inclusion as individuals who are part of the group.
This is a one part mini lesson but requires a day ahead to prep. It is fun and involves a delicious snack. Students pick their favorite snack. Then we mix it together. Each student gets a portion to enjoy. The snack is a metaphor for individuals coming together to be part of a whole. They can still be separated but it is better together.
In this Spanish 3 lesson students will use prior knowledge from a variety of previous units to access information in articles from Spanish Speaking countries and government agencies to learn about how climate change affects respiratory health and what some countries are doing to mitigate the harm.
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Managing the nitrogen cycle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from crop production and biofuel expansion
Public policies are promoting biofuels as an alternative to fossil fuel consumption in order to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, the mitigation benefit can be at least partially compromised by emissions occurring during feedstock production. One of the key sources of GHG emissions from biofuel feedstock production, as well as conventional crops, is soil nitrous oxide (N2O), which is largely driven by nitrogen (N) management. Our objective was to determine how much GHG emissions could be reduced by encouraging alternative N management practices through application of nitrification inhibitors and a cap on N fertilization. We used the US Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS2) as the basis for a case study to evaluate technical and economic drivers influencing the N management mitigation strategies. We estimated soil N2O emissions using the DayCent ecosystem model and applied the US Forest and Agricultural Sector Optimization Model with Greenhouse Gases (FASOMGHG) to project GHG emissions for the agricultural sector, as influenced by biofuel scenarios and N management options. Relative to the current RSF2 policy with no N management interventions, results show decreases in N2O emissions ranging from 3 to 4 % for the agricultural sector (5.5-6.5 million metric tonnes CO2 eq. year(-1); 1 million metric tonnes is equivalent to a Teragram) in response to a cap that reduces N fertilizer application and even larger reductions with application of nitrification inhibitors, ranging from 9 to 10 % (15.5-16.6 million tonnes CO2 eq. year(-1)). The results demonstrate that climate and energy policies promoting biofuel production could consider options to manage the N cycle with alternative fertilization practices for the agricultural sector and likely enhance the mitigation of GHG emissions associated with biofuels.
Ogle, S. M., McCarl, B. A., Baker, J., Del Grosso, S. J., Adler, P. R., Paustian, K., & Parton, W. J. (2016). Managing the nitrogen cycle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from crop production and biofuel expansion. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 21(8), 1197-1212. DOI: 10.1007/s11027-015-9645-0
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In 1714, Palm Sunday fell on the same day as the Annunciation of Mary, March 25. The Annunciation was one of the three Marian feast days Luther kept on the calendar (the other two being the Purification of Mary, February 2, and the Visitation of Mary, July 2).
Thus it happened that in that year, in Weimar, Bach wrote a cantata that is mostly a Palm Sunday cantata, but can also work for the feast of the Annunciation, since that also celebrates the coming of Christ. I squeezed this cantata 182 Himmelskönig, sei willkommen into my post about Bach in Weimar I wrote last year. As I mentioned there, the cantata was repeated a few times in Leipzig, but never on Palm Sunday, as the Leipzig rules dictated that no music was performed during the period of Lent (the 40 days before Easter).
However, the Leipzig council made an exception for the Annunciation, so in 1724 Bach could perform this cantata during Lent, eight days before Palm Sunday, on Saturday March 25. As so often on holidays, there were two cantatas this day, one before the sermon, and one after. The other, newly written, piece for Saturday March 25, 1724, was more literally about the Annunciation: Siehe, eine Jungfrau ist schwanger (Behold, a Virgin is pregnant). The text of this cantata survived, and can be found here, but unfortunately the music is lost.
I still recommend the recording of cantata 182 by Montreal Baroque, but since I wrote my post last year, a terrific live video of the Sonata (instrumental opening) of this cantata has come out on the YouTube channel of Voices of Music, with two fabulous soloists: Hanneke van Proosdij on recorder and Rachel Podger on violin, so I would love to share that here as well. You can find that video here.
Wieneke Gorter, March 24, 2017.
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Skip to Content
Home > Wellness Resources > Health Library > Puberty Issues
Puberty begins with hormonal shifts
that trigger the development of male and female sex characteristics. In
general, puberty usually starts for girls between the ages of 9 and 11, and for
most boys between the ages of 9½ and 13 years. The exact age at which
puberty starts varies widely among individuals.
Having an adolescent often brings up parents' uncomfortable
memories of going through
puberty themselves. Fortunately, education and support
for adolescents during this period of life are becoming increasingly common.
But adolescents still need parental guidance about what to expect and assurance
that everyone goes through similar changes during puberty. When a teen is given
encouragement, puberty can be a creative and affirming time of life.
Talk to your children before physical changes start to happen. Instead of
overloading your child in one sitting, talk to your child over a period of a
year or two about changes that are upcoming. Offer your child books about
puberty that are geared toward teens, and set a time to talk about what your
Share some of your own teen experiences so that
your child will know that Mom and Dad went through this time too.
Young adolescents may not be aware of developing body odor and the need
for deodorants and more frequent bathing. They may develop
whiteheads and blackheads, or
acne and need instruction on how to care for their
teens about the changes that occur with puberty, such as the following:
Show compassion. Let your child know that you are there to
help and will not tease or ridicule.
usually very aware of how their development compares to that of their friends.
Any development that varies significantly from the norm can be a source of
great anxiety along with social and emotional struggles.
tables below highlight some of the advantages and disadvantages related to the
timing of puberty.
Other Works Consulted
Bordini B, Rosenfield RL (2011). Normal pubertal development, Part II: Clinical aspects of puberty. Pediatrics in Review, 32(7): 281–291.
Ozer EM, Irwin CE (2011). Psychological development. In CD Rudolph et al., eds., Rudolph’s Pediatrics, 22nd ed., pp. 271–272. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Current as of:
March 18, 2014
Susan C. Kim, MD - Pediatrics & Louis Pellegrino, MD - Developmental Pediatrics
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions.
To learn more, visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2014 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
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When the U.S. Department of Education (DOE) funded a study on the state of arts education in public schools in 2010, the first study in 10 years, the outlook wasn’t at a crisis level, but it was trending the wrong way for music lovers.
While a great portion of public schools, 94 percent, offer specific music education courses and programs, the study found a growing disparity in the participation and effect of those programs.
Smaller secondary schools, or those with fewer than 500 students, had music programming in just 81 percent of districts while larger schools had music programming in 98 percent of districts. While those are passing grades, the DOE’s estimates still put 2.1 million students without access to any kind of music education.
It’s not just small schools that are seeing a dip in music education, but also high-poverty districts. While 100 percent of high-poverty schools still offered music education in the 1990s, that number fell to 81 percent in the 2009-10 school year. The perception is that when budgets get stressed, the arts are the first to go.
But that perception was exacerbated by the passage of No Child Left Behind in 2001. The act held schools accountable for increasing reading and math proficiency while facing sanctions if the school failed. Schools were quick to promote more math, science and reading curricula at the expense of the arts.
“Some of these programs are adding on to the start of the day or at the end of the day, they’re not even built into the school day,” said Mona Christensen, Executive Director for Birch Creek Music Performance Center. “For some kids, it’s the arts that keep kids in school. It’s that creative edge they need to be able to deal with math or science.”
A longitudinal study commissioned by the National Endowment for the Arts in 2012 also detailed the success of low socioeconomic status students when they are involved in arts programs. Arts programs can narrow achievement gaps and even make students more likely to vote when they are older.
The National Association for Music Education has also found that teaching music in schools helps students develop language and reasoning, memory, coordination and increased SAT scores.
“Music is very close to math, it’s very structured,” said Christensen. “They’re not only skilled in muscle memory but these are smart kids who are skilled at a lot of other things.”
Schools are still navigating the changes that were implemented following the No Child Left Behind Act. The shift toward sciences also created the advent of block scheduling where students spent time in only three or four subjects each day for longer periods of time.
“There are very few schools that are doing well with music if they are using block scheduling the way it was designed,” said Christensen. “It would be like learning a foreign language and you meet once every four days for three hours. That’s not how you learn language.”
But it is not all doom and gloom. California is expected to bring on 100,000 new music instructors in its schools over the next several years. Meanwhile, technology’s place in the classroom has extended to the band room. Students are able to easily record and hear what they are playing while creating pieces of their own. Music educators have also begun incorporating more popular music within the traditional curriculum to keep students more involved.
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Snakes can ‘see’ in the dark thanks to protein channels that are activated by heat from the bodies of their prey. They have holes on their faces that detect radiation from warm bodies up to 1 meter away. At night it allows them to ‘see’ the prey just like an infrared camera does so you cannot hide from them.
- Snakes don’t have eyelids.
- Snakes can’t chew food so they swallow it whole.
- They have flexible jaws which allow them to eat prey bigger than their head!
- The continent of Antarctica does not have snakes and all other continents have.
- Snakes only have internal ears.
- Snake skin is smooth and dry.
- Snakes shed their skin a number of times a year in a process that usually lasts a few days.
- Snakes smell with their tongue.
- The longest recorded snake is Medusa, a reticulated python. She lives in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. She is a Guinness World Record holder measuring 7.67 meters long. 10-year-old Medusa requires 15 men to hold her at full length. She can eat an entire 18kg (40lb) deer in one sitting. Medusa weighs 158.8kg.
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|Signs: signs are recognizable and definable forms that an observer can assign to two domains. The first domain is the repertoire of available forms that allows a distinction of similarity and dissimilarity within this domain, the second domain is a set of objects which also distinguishes between similarity and dissimilarity between these objects as well as distinguishing the objects of the second domain from the forms of the first domain. There are no signs without observation or interpretation. See also language, words, symbols, icons, systems, image, image theory, pictures, assignment._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. |
|Re III 265
Sign/Wittgenstein: a sign is arbitrary and conventional._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution.
Me I Albert Menne Folgerichtig Denken Darmstadt 1988
HH II Hoyningen-Huene Formale Logik, Stuttgart 1998
Re III Stephen Read Philosophie der Logik Hamburg 1997
Sal IV Wesley C. Salmon Logik Stuttgart 1983
Sai V R.M.Sainsbury Paradoxien Stuttgart 2001
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These students have used traditional textbooks for 12 years and it has not aided in their retaining the information.
Using a textbook forces the student to learn the material linearly, in a prescribed order. Typically the students are required to work through sections that they know very well, but rush through sections with which they are struggling. When students come to Math 100, they each have a unique background and past experience with learning math. Forcing all of these students to simultaneously progress through a regimented textbook is not as helpful.
ALEKS serves as the textbook for Math 100. When students work in ALEKS they are working out the typical textbook problems of a hardcopy textbook, but with the advantage of extra support per problem. If a student needs help with a particular problem, they may click on “Explain” to see the problem fully worked out with a verbal explanation. When they return to the practice problems, they will be given a similar problem, but not identical.
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Stress Awareness Month
Take time to relax, renew and rejuvenate yourself…
April marks Stress Awareness Month, stress happens to the best of us, at times it can be unavoidable and at times unbearable. Not only does stress affect your mind, but it also goes down to the cellular level, causing headaches, stomach issues, depression and can even cause serious conditions like stroke and heart disease. Understanding the connections can help you better manage your stress levels and improve your health and well-being.
Fight Or Flight
The sympathetic stress response is a ‘mechanism’ of sorts already hard wired in our bodies, in the nervous system. This response gives us quick reflexes, when in imminent danger, for example swerving to avoid an accident.
When a threat is imminent ‘stress hormones rush into your bloodstream, which increases heart rate, blood pressure, and glucose levels. Some hormones suppress functions like digestion and your immune system, which is why people who suffer from chronic stress leave themselves more vulnerable to illness.
Danger, work conflicts, worries about debt, anxiety, and even bad memories trigger the stress response. one bad day won’t affect your health, but weeks or months of continued stress will affect your immune system and your risk for disease.
If you have chronic stress in your life, can’t influence or change the situations, then try changing your approach. Be flexible, only you have the ability to choose your response to triggers. Many people try to overcome stress by:
Not getting anxious about situations that cannot be changed.
Taking control of your OWN reactions, focusing on what makes you feel calm, whether it be a room full of puppies or the ocean, visualize it.
And as Elsa always sings “Let it Go!”
Relax and Recharge
Take time for fun in the sun! Time to relax and recharge helps you better handle stress. Take a few moments each day, if you can, to care for yourself, I know with work, kids, and other social activities it may be hard to focus on you! Even if it is for just a 10 minute period.
– Take a walk, evenings are most nice in Arizona!
-Read a book- Call me old-fashioned, I love the approach of a paper-bound book any day over the E-books!
-Go out for a run!
-Have a soothing cup of tea
-Sign up for a sports league, like bowling, softball..etc.
– Spend time with the kids or grandkids or have fun with some old buddies!
-Do yoga or Pilates
Obviously, we can’t avoid all stress factors, you can minimize them by changing your responses to them. The ultimate reward is being healthy, have a balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun.
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What does Mold smell like?
Some compounds produced by molds have strong smells and are volatile and quickly released into the air. These compounds are known as microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). Because mVOCs often have strong or unpleasant odors, they can be the source of the "moldy odor" or musty smell frequently associated with mold growth. A moldy odor suggests that mold is growing in the building and should be investigated. The health effects of inhaling mVOCs are largely unknown, although exposure to mVOCs has been linked to symptoms such as headaches, nasal irritation, dizziness, fatigue, and nausea. More research is needed to determine whether there are any human health effects from non-occupational indoor exposures to mVOCs.
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The Princie fancy intense pink diamond set a $40 million price record in 2013.
There are a few things you probably knew about diamonds without doing any indepth research – that is, everybody knows that diamonds are the hardest substance on Earth and they are the most expensive gemstone in the world.
As you learn more about diamonds, you will probably come across four main characteristics that define a diamond’s quality. These characteristics are also known as the “four C’s” and are cut, carat, clarity and last, but not least, color.
When you study a little more about what we understand by diamond color, you will see that a “colorless” diamond is usually preferred in the consumer market.
So, if a diamond ought to be colorless, why do we still care about pink diamonds? Well, let us talk about what fancy colored diamonds are and how pink diamonds are formed.
A diamond’s color is typically graded on a scale of D to Z, where D represents a colorless state and Z represents a yellowish/brownish hue. When a yellowish/brownish diamond’s hue is more intense than a Z colored masterstone, it will be classified as a “fancy color diamond”.
Likewise, when the diamond has a different hue (e.g. pink, blue, red etc…), it would be categorized as a fancy color diamond if the coloration is sufficiently intense.
Interestingly, diamond colors can range from pink, through green and magenta to whatever color you would see in the entire spectrum, and even black. As a result, this makes the usual grading system of D-Z incompatible.
Instead, a grading system similar to that used in emeralds or sapphires is applied. Instead of alphabets, descriptive words like “fancy light pink” are used to describe the diamond’s color.
GIA reference color chart for pink diamonds showing color transitions.
If you had watched the movie, Superman, you would probably remember seeing him turn pieces of coal into diamonds using his hands. Well, that is just science fiction.
First of all, pieces of coal cannot be simply crushed and transformed into diamonds under high pressure forces. Secondly, the “raw material” for making diamonds are carbon deposits that are older and existed before any known vegetation responsible for today’s source of coal.
Diamonds are formed deep in the Earth’s mantle under extreme conditions which require a specific range of temperature and pressure. After formation, the rough diamonds are brought to the Earth’s surface by violent volcanic eruptions via kimberlite pipes where they are usually mined.
How a pink diamond looks when it is unpolished. Credits: GIA
There are a number of reasons that cause a diamond to display a certain color. The most common reason for coloration is due to the presence of trace elements in the diamond’s chemical composition.
For example, traces of nitrogen in a diamond’s composition give it a strong yellowish color. And since nitrogen is everywhere in Earth’s environment, most of the diamonds that are mined tend to be yellowish in color.
The presence of radiation sources during the formation process can permanently alter the diamond’s hue – usually yielding a greenish color. On the other hand, black diamonds are the result of severe graphite and iron inclusions which turn the diamond completely opaque.
1.09 carat fancy purplish pink diamond that costs $685,000.
While most other colored diamonds already had their origins and causes of color scientifically explained, one mystery that still puzzles scientists today is the origin of pink coloration in diamonds.
Around the world, pink diamonds can only be found at certain mines. Most notably, Australia’s Argyle mine is well known for producing rough diamonds with fantastic shades of pink (and prices too!). It is believed that pink diamonds didn’t start their growth process as pink.
Instead, scientists speculate that the stress and strain experienced by rough diamonds when they are in the Earth’s mantle causes the diamond’s lattice to be distorted. This distortion creates graining and causes pink color zones to occur within the diamond.
Despite the sophisticated lab analysis equipment available to scientists at the time of writing, no one has completely cracked the code on the mysterious color centers that induce pink hues in diamonds.
1.59 carat fancy pink cushion lab created diamond that costs $11,650.
Natural pink diamonds are very rare and they usually command astronomical prices. As a result, there are treatments and manufacturing processes that are used to artificially create pink diamonds at significantly lower costs.
Synthesizing diamonds in the lab is nothing new and methods like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and high pressure, high-temperature (HPHT) processes have already been used since the 1940s.
In order to achieve the coloration of a pink diamond, a multi-step process is typically used. The first step of the process is to create a rough diamond via CVD or HPHT. At this stage, the rough diamond is usually light yellow in color.
The diamond is then subjected to neutron bombardment (irradiation) to introduce the pink hue into the diamond. Thereafter, an annealing process will heat up the diamond to even out the pink hue homogenously.
The resultant manmade pink diamonds would usually possess a color saturation from Fancy Faint Pink to Fancy Vivid Pink. On this note, I want to point out that a lab grown diamond has identical physical and chemical properties as a naturally mined diamond. The main differences lie in their value and people’s perception of authenticity.
With that, I hope you found this article useful and gained a better understanding of how pink diamonds are formed and made. Given the huge price differences between a natural and manmade diamond, which would you buy and why?
Leave a comment below to let me know. I would love to hear your thoughts!
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From Example Studying to Problem Solving via Tailored Computer-Based Meta-Cognitive Scaffolding: Hypotheses and Design
Cristina Conati, Kasia Muldner and Giuseppe Carenini
We present an intelligent tutoring framework designed to help students acquire problem-solving skills from pedagogical activities involving worked-out example solutions. Because of individual differences in their meta-cognitive skills, there is great variance in how students learn from examples. Our framework takes into account these individual differences and provides tailored support for the application of two key meta-cognitive skills: self-explanation (i.e., generating explanations to oneself to clarify studied material) and min-analogy (i.e., not relying too heavily on examples during problem solving). We describe the framework’s two components. One component explicitly scaffolds self-explanation during example studying with menu-based tools and direct tailored tutorial interventions, including the automatic generation of example solutions at varying degrees of detail. The other component supports both self-explanation and min-analogy during analogical problem solving by relying on subtler scaffolding, including a highly innovative example selection mechanism. We conclude by reporting results from an empirical evaluation of the former component, showing that it facilitates cognitive skill acquisition when students access it at the appropriate learning stage.
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Reader says, “I am embarrassed to admit how my nails look, even though I take MSM and other supplements that I buy from another company. I read that MSM helps produce collagen and keratin that are necessary to produce healthy hair and nails. However, a couple nails have little dips or curves while others are cracked where they are weakest near the tips. Can you tell me what’s causing this condition and what I can do about this?”
While I am not trained or qualified to offer a professional diagnosis or advice, it would appear from your brief description that you are afflicted with a common nail disease called koilonychia (“spoon nails”) that is often linked to an iron deficiency. As a point of reference, please review the following description of koilonychia written by Melissa Conrad Stöppler MD, that was published on Medicine Net:
Spoon-shaped or spooning fingernails refers to a concavity in the fingernail itself, resulting in a depression in the nail that gives an appearance of a spoon shape to the entire nail. This growth disturbance in the nail is medically known as koilonychia. The spooning is typically such that a water droplet may be placed and held in the depression within the nail.
In an article entitled, “How A Diagnosis Of Koilonychia May Indicate Systemic Disease,” Kristine Hoffman DPM provided this supplemental commentary about the characteristics of koilonychia that was published on Podiatry Today:
In adults, koilonychia is associated with several acquired disorders including lichen planus, psoriasis, Plummer-Vinson syndrome, Darier’s disease, Raynaud’s disease and lupus erythematosus… The most common cause of koilonychia is chronic iron deficiency anemia.
Source: Fawcett RS, Linford S. Nail abnormalities: clues to systemic disease. Am Fam Physician. 2004; 69(6):1417-24.
Below are excerpts from two sources (the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the American Society of Hematology) that describes some characteristics of iron deficiency anemia:
Iron-deficiency anemia is a common, easily treated condition that occurs if you don’t have enough iron in your body. Low iron levels usually are due to blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food… Treatments may include dietary changes, medicines, and surgery.
Source: What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia? National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Iron is very important in maintaining many body functions, including the production of hemoglobin, the molecule in your blood that carries oxygen. Iron is also necessary to maintain healthy cells, skin, hair, and nails.
Iron-deficiency anemia is diagnosed by blood tests that should include a complete blood count (CBC). Additional tests may be ordered to evaluate the levels of serum ferritin, iron, total iron-binding capacity, and/or transferrin.
Source: Iron-Deficiency Anemia, The American Society of Hematology
Heme Iron vs. Non-Heme Iron in Food
Heme iron is derived from hemoglobin and is found only in meat, poultry, fish, and other types of seafood. In comparison, non-heme iron is present in plant-based foods such as fruits, nuts, and grains as well as eggs and dairy. Animal meat is unique in that it actually contains both heme and non-heme iron. Our bodies are able to absorb heme iron more readily than non-heme, which is an important consideration if you are a vegetarian, or have been diagnosed with a malady called hemochromatosis where your body stores excess iron in cells, tissues, and organs at dangerously high levels.
As noted on the Iron Disorders Institute website, several food groups and substances can interfere with the absorption of iron, including:
• Medications such as antacids that reduce the amount of acid in the stomach.
• While daily consumption of 50 milligrams or less of calcium has little effect on iron absorption, a much larger amount (300-600 milligrams) can inhibit the absorption of heme and non-heme iron. Calcium supplements should be taken along with vitamin D and in a citrate rather than a carbonate form.
• Eggs contain a iron-inhibiting protein called phosvitin. One boiled egg can reduce absorption of iron in a meal by as much as 28%.
• Oxalates (compounds derived from oxalic acid) naturally present in common foods such as spinach, kale, strawberries, beets, nuts, and chocolate can interfere with the absorption of non-heme iron.
• Polyphenols found in coffee, cocoa, apples, and some herbal teas can adversely affect iron absorption.
If you strongly suspect that your unnatural nail appearance is due to an iron deficiency, seek professional advice from your dermatologist, nutritionist, or medical practitioner. In addition, take some time to review your diet. Become acquainted with the two types of dietary iron — heme and non-heme. Consume foods that improve your absorption of iron, and avoid those items that impair your ability to use this vital mineral.
Koilonychia Symptoms & Signs
Medical Author: Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Do Vitamin Deficiencies Cause Fingernail Ridges?
by John Levy | LiveStrong
Aug 16, 2013
Why Do I Have Ridges in My Fingernails?
What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia?
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
The American Society of Hematology
Egg yolk protein and egg yolk phosvitin inhibit calcium, magnesium, and iron absorptions in rats.
Ishikawa SI1, Tamaki S, Arihara K, Itoh M.
J Food Sci. 2007 Aug;72(6):S412-9 | PubMed
7 Benefits of MSM – The Miracle Supplement
The Model Health Show
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Feb 12, 2019
The Global Rise of Authoritarianism
The World Affairs Council of Philadelphia and the Museum of the American Revolution partnered up for the first event in a new series, “World Affairs and the Enduring American Revolution.”
About the Event
The World Affairs Council of Philadelphia and the Museum of the American Revolution partnered for the first part of a new series, 'World Affairs and the Enduring American Revolution.'
Prior to the creation of the United States, fear of the corrupting effects of power drove the American Revolutionaries in their fight against the British Empire. The Constitutions and laws that the American Revolutionaries then created divided power to prevent the rise of tyranny or a dictatorship.
Today, according to the Human Rights Foundation's research, authoritarianism and tyranny might be the biggest challenges facing humanity today, with more than half of the world's population--nearly 4 billion people--currently living under the control of dictatorships, absolute monarchs, military juntas or competitive authoritarians. By comparison, approximately 830 million live in extreme poverty, 780 million lack clean drinking water, and 65 million are displaced because of war or conflict.
Many also see a rise of "illiberal" democracy within the Atlantic world of NATO and the EU. Some even believe democratic norms are being challenged in contemporary American politics.
Is the world experiencing a democratic recession? Is this part of a new "global order?" Is this long-lasting, as some predict? Or just a glitch on the radar?
About the Keynote Speaker
Garry Kasparov, chairman of the Human Rights Foundation, political activist, and author
About the Panelists
- Yascha Mounk, Associate Professor of the Practice of International Affairs at Johns Hopkins University, a Senior Advisor at Protect Democracy, a columnist at Slate, host of "The Good Fight" podcast, and author of The People vs. Democracy
- Curtis Milhaupt, Professor of Law, Stanford Law School and Senior Fellow, by courtesy, Freeman Spogli Institute for Int'l Studies
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Whiplash is an incredibly common type of injury that occurs when the head and/or the neck is suddenly accelerated forward and whipped back in a sudden deceleration. As you probably know, the most common cause of whiplash is car accidents – but you might not have known just how common whiplash injuries are. Every year, there are about 3 million new cases of whiplash in the United States alone. That means roughly one in every 10 or 15 people suffer some type of whiplash injury in a given year. On a global scale, it is estimated that 1 in every 100 people suffer chronic pain due to a past whiplash injury.
That’s not even the most surprising part. Statistics consistently show that more than half of all cases of whiplash aren’t resolved. Instead, they progress into some variety of chronic pain or stiffness. Car accidents aren’t the only cause of whiplash, either. It’s also fairly common to sustain a whiplash injury at work, or while playing sports. Any situation where the neck may be subject to sudden movements could potentially turn into a whiplash injury.
Because so many whiplash injuries linger for a long time after the initial accident, people are often left looking for answers. Is there a way to safely and permanently treat whiplash injuries, or is it something that people “just have to live with”?
In most cases, there is no “quick fix” for whiplash injuries. Effective treatment involves a number of therapeutic and self-care techniques. Stretching, hot and cold therapy, physical therapy, and analgesic pain relievers are often part of a whiplash treatment program.
Chiropractic care is another option – and in fact, this is often the best chance people have for lasting relief from their whiplash injuries. A doctor of chiropractic uses special adjustments to the spine (especially the cervical spine, in the case of a whiplash injuries) to correct imbalances and restore the spine to its proper alignment.
In other words, the answer to our question is yes – chiropractic treatment can and does routinely help sufferers of whiplash injuries to resolve their symptoms and restore the neck and spine to proper alignment. However, it’s important to be aware that chiropractic treatment is not a “silver bullet” in terms of whiplash treatment. It may be the most effective option – and it has the added advantages of being a surgery-free and drug-free treatment option – but seeing results may take some time and effort.
A qualified and reputable chiropractor does not use a “one size fits all” approach to whiplash injuries. Instead, each patient is carefully assessed, with the result of a custom treatment plan that addresses the specific symptoms and injuries sustained by the patient. Whiplash is a very common type of injury, but no two cases are exactly the same. The chiropractor’s job is to determine exactly what kind of adjustments will be most beneficial to the patient, resolving the symptoms quickly and thoroughly. Lifestyle and ergonomic adjustments may also have to be made over the long term, but it’s important for sufferers of this very common injury to know that help is out there, and that qualified chiropractors can help.
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If you manage people or projects, it is a common frustration to have to explain things more than once to be understood. While you may think it’s because some people don’t listen properly (which may be partly true), it is also because of the way you are communicating.
To be a more effective communicator, you need to be a chameleon. That is, you need to present a different version of what you want to say, and say it differently, depending on who you are talking to.
If I am a busy person and operate at a fast pace, you need to match this pace and be very clear and succinct with your words. Long emails will not get read by fast paced people, and they generally enjoy a quick face to face chat if you want a decision from them.
While most people try to listen, if their preferred communication style is not the same as yours, then they may not completely understand you. They may have a different way of viewing the world or a different way of processing information or explaining things.
Adapt what you do
Unless you are willing to adapt the way you communicate when you speak and write, it will take longer than it needs to for decisions to be made or for your message to be understood.
There are some very simple ways to address this which will help you make communicating with colleagues less frustrating and much more productive.
1. ‘The Hook’ – what’s in it for them?
If you want to be more effective when you talk to or email colleagues, team members or clients, then take 10 seconds before you start to speak or write to ask yourself the following question.
What is in it for them?
If you speak or write with this thinking, you will be better at clarifying what you need from others and use language that will motivate them to provide the information you are after. For example, if they are the kind of person that loves to be helpful, then you can sometimes start the conversation with ‘Can you please do me a favour?’ If they are a very busy person and do not like long discussions, then you can sometimes start the conversation with ‘Can I please quickly get your thoughts on this idea to save us time when we process invoices?’
Insight: Focus on ‘what’s in it for them’ for best results
2. Emails are not always the answer
Taking the time to construct an easily understood email is sometimes easier than talking directly to someone.
But is it as effective?
Some people prefer to talk about an issue or decision first, and then follow up with an email.
I have colleagues and clients who simply do not respond to emails anymore, but will always be contactable by phone and choose this as their preferred method of communication.
Insight: Adapt your communication method to their preferred approach
3. When Face to Face
Once you’ve considered ‘The Hook’, and if you’ve decided it will be better to speak to the person face to face, assess (before you approach them) if the pace they naturally operate at is fast or more methodical. You can generally work this out by how fast they speak or how quickly they respond to certain tasks.
If they are fast paced and get bored quickly, then limit your conversations to the facts and be clear about what you require from them. If they prefer more of a considered approach, take the time to explain the context of the issue with them and allow them thinking time to give you a decision or express their opinion.
Insight: Adapt your pace to their preferred approach
One of the favourite workshops I run helps business leaders shine a light on how they communicate and provides a forum for them to explore and better understand themselves and their colleagues.
Please share your experience about how these insights help you.
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