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Genomics Research - Porcine Application of Genomics to Improve Swine Health and Welfare With the mapping of the pig genome, scientists now have an opportunity to apply genomic-based tools to the pork industry. Similar tools have already revolutionized the dairy industry, providing annual benefits of over $180 million to Canada. With funding from Genome Canada (and others), researchers are applying genomics to help reduce the impact of two of the most common diseases in commercial pig production - Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) and Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS). PCVAD and PRRS together, cost the Canadian pig industry $100 million in losses every year. Scientists are studying mechanisms in pigs that make them genetically less susceptible to these diseases, providing important new diagnostic tools for breeders and expanding our understanding of disease control mechanisms. This work will lead to new strategies for disease control in addition to new drugs, improved vaccines, and a safer food chain by reducing the use of antibiotics. Researchers are also studying public perceptions about the use of genomic technologies to prevent disease in pork production. The project is a partnership between Livestock Gentec (a Canada-wide genomics initiative based at the University of Alberta), the Canadian industry led by PigGen Canada (a consortium of nine pig breeding organizations that represent 95 percent of pig genetics in Canada) and influential geneticists, immunologists, research and industry veterinarians as well as international research partners. For more information about this project, please visit http://www.swineimprovement.com/	<urn:uuid:b12d5414-1d10-4941-8355-f885bfc91093>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-26", "url": "http://www.livestockgentec.com/research-and-innovation/porcine", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128321553.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170627203405-20170627223405-00550.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9145480990409851, "token_count": 326, "score": 3.09375, "int_score": 3 }
Waves of colder air cause a sharp drop in temperature, especially from mid-month onwards, when maxima can be as low as 8-10°C: the last of the autumn migrants are joined by huge numbers of wintering waterbirds. Numbers of Baikal Teal continue to build, along with geese (many of which move on into China). Swan Geese peak at the Han-Imjin (with 1000-1500 in recent autumns). Common Buzzards and Cinereous Vultures start to arrive for the winter, along with gulls (Saunders's, Siberian, Vega, Mongolian and Slaty-backed are all widespread), Red-crowned, White-naped and Hooded Cranes, and passerines, including Siberian Accentor. Movements of divers and alcids, most especially Ancient Murrelet, can be impressive. Passerines include many late summer visitors until the second week of the month, when winter species, such as Chinese Penduline Tit and Pallas's Reed Bunting start to predominate. Outstanding national rarities in November have included Black-headed and Ortolan Bunting and Savannah Sparrow on Gageo Island in 2000 and 2001, Demoiselle (2001) and Siberian White Crane in the Nakdong and the Han-Imjin/DMZ (2001) respectively, Korea's first White-capped Water Redstart and Water Pipit in 2003, the country's third and fourth Verditer Flycatchers in 2004, and a Ural Owl photographed at Odaeson National Park in 2005. (The following records are a compilation of our own sightings and records sent in by other observers. As well as being posted on the Birds Korea website(s), selected records are also forwarded to other Korean-language birding websites; records of threatened species are arranged and forwarded to Birdlife International and national authorities when appropriate; flag images and records are passed to bodies responsible for their coordination throughout the flyway; and all records sent to us are used to compile annual reports and to support the evolving understanding of the status of many of Korea’s birds.) Aleksey Antonov of Khingansky Nature Reserve has reported that a moulting Swan Goose with the korean metal band 140-00383 was shot in Ulbansky Bay, Sea of Okhotsk (53 deg 33 min N, 137 deg 25 min E) on August, 3 2003. Any info on where the Goose was banded and by whom would be appreciated. Please mail Aleksey (at) hinganamur.ru (and please copy to us). Jeju Island, November 22-23, Black-faced Spoonbill Symposium Interesting news from Hong-Kong based Paul Leader of what would appear to be Korea's first Water Pipit, seen by Paul whilst attending the Black-faced Spoonbill Symposium on Jeju Island. We've mailed Paul for more details and the exact date of this excellent record. Paul also recorded 18 Black-faced Spoonbill, "loads" of Buff-bellied Pipit, and 1 Baikal Teal. He also reported that local Jeju birders recorded a Black Vulture (unusual so far south) and yet another Long-tailed Shrike over the same weekend. Upo Ramsar site, November 27 In very cloudy and rainy conditions, 900+ Taiga Bean Geese, 600+ Baikal Teal, 1500+ Ducks, 1 Merlin (adult male), 4 Black-winged Stilt still ( but no White Spoonbills seen). Danyang, November 23 Near Danyang on Sunday, eight Mandarin Ducks: one male in a pond and four males and three females in a slough through a flooded willow copse a little farther west along the Namhan River just west of town. Also found two Long-billed Plover in Danyang on 22nd. SongDo Mudflats, November 23 Sunny, clear, cold, 5 deg. c. Common Shelduck 13, Dunlin 55, "Bean" Goose 70, Saunders Gull 9, Relict Gull 3, Siberian Gull 1, Black-headed Gull 200, Great Egret 2, Little Egret 6, Spot-billed Duck 15. (Common Greenshanks have vanished, Great Cormorants much dispersed from previously- only 2. Duck numbers were similarly down at the lagoon. I was relieved to see they have halted their building work there). PM. Hangang at Eunbong: Plentiful Shoveller, Pochard, Common Teal,Spot-billed Duck & Pintail. Lesser numbers of Tufted Duck, Gadwall, Goosander and Mallard... Also 1 Merlin hawking the parrotbills.... Man-gyeong, Dong-jin, Okku salt pans and adjacent flats, November 23 At the Man-gyeong numerous Eurasian Spoonbills were seen. This was true for the Dong-jin as well, where 20 were seen. Eurasian Curlews were in good numbers too - roughly 80 in one group. Also 2 White-tailed Sea Eagles (a male and a female juvenile (judging by its larger size)): while they sparred a Peregrine flew into the scene and got involved, exciting stuff! Joonam and the Nakdong, November 23 Few species of note observed during a "training day" for potential Upo Ramsar site guides, best being 7 White-naped Crane at Joonam. Gocheonnam Lake, November 20 - 22 Photo © NM Daily changes in numbers of Baikal Teal (with 250,000 on the 20th, 120,000 on 21st and ca 240,000 on the 22nd) were likely in response to disturbance caused by sightseers. Other birds of note included the Long-tailed Shrike (at least until the 20th), the same or another Black Stork (a rather shabby-looking juvenile-immature resting in wet rice-fields photographed through reeds on the 21st), the Chinese Grey Shrike (mixing spells of hovering with swift chases after the numerous Lapland Bunting and Japanese and Northern Skylarks), and 2 Greater Spotted Eagle - with an adult-type on the 21st and a juvenile-type on the 22nd. Seosan, November 16 - 20 Up to 8 Oriental White Stork at Seosan, as well as 3 Black Stork, from November 16th to 20th. Go to the News section of Hyun tae's website, Pintail's Home, for more images. Photo ©KIM Hyun-tae Geocheonnam Lake, Haenam, November 18 - 19 At the very least 350,000 Baikal Teal on 18th, with possibly rather fewer on 19th ("only" 300,000 plus). Interestingly, one individual seen was leucistic, with a pale fawn coloration, and whiter-looking primaries. Also 1 near adult Upland Buzzard and 2 Hooded Crane on 18th, along with 2 Pallas's Rosefinch overhead at dawn, and 1 Eastern Imperial Eagle on 19th. Although both the Long-tailed and Chinese Grey Shrike were seen well on the 18th, neither were seen in rainy conditions on the 19th. At Yeongam Lake on 19th, very few birds of note. Geocheonnam Lake, Haenam, November 17 A huge raft of Baikal Teal today contained at least 350,000 individuals, with possibly as many as 400,000 present (i.e. almost the whole world population of this charismatic duck). Other birds of note included 2 Hooded Crane at dusk, Japanese Quail, the Chinese Grey Shrike still (watched hovering for long periods), and least expected, a Long-tailed Shrike (which with several Bullheaded made three species of shrike in a 500 m stretch of reedbed edge). From descriptions of a large shrike with a pink wash on the underparts given by Barry and MUTA san yesterday, the same bird was likely also present on the 16th. This is about the tenth record for Korea, and possibly only the third record on the mainland. Seosan, November 16 Incredible images on KIM Hyun tae's website today of an Oriental White Stork at Seosan. Upo Ramsar site, November 16 4 White-naped Crane (2 adults, 2 juveniles), 1 Tundra Swan, 700+ Taiga Bean Geese, 500+ Baikal Teal. Geum River, November 16 The Baikal Teal are building in numbers at the Geum River - perhaps 5,000 there. 3 Peregrine Falcon also seen there. At the mouth of the Man-gyeong River we saw 20 or more Eurasian Spoonbills, large numbers of Eurasian Curlews and the birds of the day turned out to be three Hooded Cranes: two adults and one juvenile, so perhaps a family group. (Mr. Bae believes there has been no record of that species at this site.) Geocheonnam Lake, Haenam, November 16 Despite very significant disturbance by people coming to view "the migratory birds", at least 200,000 Baikal Teal watched excellently...other birds of note included a pre-roost congregation of 28 Hen and 2 Eastern Marsh Harriers, 2 Merlin, a late Barn Swallow, and most unexpectedly single Chinese Grey Shrike and Black Stork - two species that have attempted wintering in the area in previous years. Geum River, Gunsan, November 15 Only 7 Baikal Teal near the roosting island at Napo Ri - with the fields and surrounding area looking very disturbed and suporting rather few waterbirds. Yeongam Lake, Mokpo: Baikal Teal ca 60,000 in the evening. Seosan Lake A and B, November 14 Only ca 60,000 - 70,000 Baikal Teal, with 20,000 -30,000 of these watched departing south in the late evening. On Lake B, probably 500 Baikal Teal present. Highlights on Lake A included a Lesser White-fronted Goose and at least 46 (and possibly as many as ca 85) Hooded Crane in the evening; in addition an immature Peregrine was watched harrasssing the teal, before heading over the rice-fields where it swooped unsuccessfully - flushing an Amur Leopard Cat! Seosan Lake A, November 13 Slightly reduced numbers of Baikal Teal, with probably ca 250,000 present. Many (>100,000) watched flying south(east) in the evening. Seosan Lake A, November 12 At least 270,000 (and possibly as many as ca 330,000) Baikal Teal present, with many calling a peculiar low buzzing "ak-ak-ak". Seosan, November 6 - 7 The BBC are in South Korea to film the Baikal Teals at Seosan...and unfortunately so far the weather has not been helpful: no aerial ballet and grey, overcast skiesr. The birding has been good though, and highlights include 1 adult and 1 immature Snow Goose, 1 Swan Goose, ca 60 White Spoonbill (were 81 on 4th), 42 Hooded Crane (on 6th; fewer on 7th), White-tailed Eagle and 3 Oriental White Stork (the last record from Kim Hyun-tae). Very rough counts of the Baikals give estimates of ca 200,000 on 6th, and perhaps 150,000 on 7th. Upo Ramsar Site, November 4 No sign of the Oriental White Stork which had been present and well-watched for several days (last seen well on November 3rd). Best therefore were ca 500 Baikal Teal, 6 Tundra Swan (the personal first of the autumn), 6 Red Crossbill, 5-6 Black-winged Stilt still, and a wide range of commoner winter passerines (including Dusky Thrush, Brambling, Meadow, Yellow-throated and Rustic Buntings and Siberian Accentor). Hong Island, November 3 More proof of the late migration through the area, comes with Korea's first White-capped Water Redstart Chaimarrornis leucocephalus found by Park Jong Gil on Hong Island. This comes after Jong Gil "shared" the first Korean records of Scaly-breasted Munia on the same island just last week! The White-capped Water Redstart is found from Central Asia, Afghanistan, and the entire Indian subcontinent, across through much of China (except the far north). Mainly resident along rocky rivers and streams, the species breeds up to 4000m in places, moving lower in the winter. Seosan, Lake A, November 3 The passage of a dry cold front saw temperatures drop from a very mild 15C overnight (perhaps encouraging an extremely late Brown Hawk Owl watched next to our motel to remain into November) down to a midday temperature of ca 11C, with strong northwesterlies. Massive numbers of wildfowl included ca 180,000 Baikal Teal, 10,000-15,000 Northern Pintail, 15,000+ Thick-billed Bean, ca 8,000 Greater White-fronted Geese (including one with a green neck collar - perhaps with E3 written on it?) and an immature Snow Goose. Further highlights included 28 Hooded Crane (including one pale, apparent hybrid), 1-2 White-tailed Eagle, a Rough-legged Buzzard (scarce in South Korea in recent winters), and perhaps best of all a Chinese Grey Shrike, watched hunting along a reed-filled channel. Okku and Geum River, November 2 On telephone lines and rice fields near Okku a mixed group of Corvids included several Daurian Jackdaws amongst the Rooks and Carrion Crows. Later at the Geum River estuary a few dozen Northern Lapwings were spotted amongst the geese and ducks. Not many rarities but a good daylist total of 63 between the three of us. Socheong, am; Ferry back to Incheon, pm, November 2 Continuing fog and moderate winds for much of the morning seemed to keep most migrants in cover. In the east of the island, however, 60 Dusky/Naumanns were joined by 2 Pale Thrushes, while there were no less than 3 flycatcher species logged.Most predictable were 2 Mugimaki, while a first year male Blue-and-White Flycatcher can be considered an extremely late record. Best, however, was a large and heavy all-blue flycatcher with solidly black lores, hawking and picking insects from exposed perches along the edge of a belt of pine trees. Seen only from behind by NM (with good views of the head), this presumed Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassina was very well seen by DB as it perched on an exposed branch. DB also noted a lack of contrast between the upper and underparts (with, for example no obviously paler throat or "belly"), and surprisingly a lack of tourquoise in the plumage, though with some iridescence on the closed wing and tail. An apparently similar flycatcher, also considered a Verditer, was found and photographed (distantly) on Gageo Island on October 12th, 2001, by PARK Jin Young, KIM Su-Kyung and CHOI Yu-Seong (with a further sighting on October 17th, 2001: PJY pes comm.), making the Socheong bird presumably the second record of the species for the Korean peninsula. The ferry journey was hampered by poor visibility, but again 6 Pomarine and 1, probably 2, South Polar Skuas were logged by NM, DB and NAM Ki Baek and CHOI Yu-Seong, along with a single Slender-billed/Short-tailed and ca 10 Streaked Shearwaters. Incheon-Socheong, November 1 From the ferry, 6 Pomarine Skua, 210 Pacific Black-legged Kittiwake, and 2 Ancient Murrelet. On Socheong, in poor visibility (with mist and fog patches) no sign of the male Amur Falcon seen on November 1st by NAM Ki Baek and CHOI Yu-Seong, and rather few other migrants, with best being a late Rufous-tailed Robin, 20+ Daurian Redstart, 10+ Dusky Warbler and a single Long-tailed Rosefinch.	<urn:uuid:55cd76e9-c755-4a71-a19a-4f650ffd613d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "http://www.birdskorea.org/Birds/Birdnews/BK-BN-birdnews-2003-11.shtml", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806720.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123031247-20171123051247-00741.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.952599287033081, "token_count": 3547, "score": 2.796875, "int_score": 3 }
What is Condensation Reaction? Condensation is the change of physical state of matter from gaseous phase into the liquid phase. It is a process in which water vapour (gaseous form) in the air changes into liquid water when it touches a cooler surface. When the water in the air comes in contact with a cold surface, it condenses to form water droplets. This phenomenon is known as condensation. The reverse of condensation is evaporation reaction. The in-depth definition of condensation is listed below. - Condensation is when a gas turns to a liquid. - Condensations have been defined to include those reactions in which two molecules are joined with loss of water. - Condensation is defined as the removal of heat from a system in such a manner that vapour is converted into liquid. In the summertime, after working under the sun when we feel very thirsty. After reaching home, when we take a cold water bottle from the refrigerator we can notice small droplets of water outside the bottle. Where did these water droplets come in the bottle? This happens due to a phenomenon called condensation. Basic Process of Condensation Condensation of water happens when water changes its phase from gaseous state to liquid or crystal shape. At high pressure and low temperature, any gas can condense. Technically the process of condensation can happen at any temperature as long as the pressure of the liquid state of the gas is less than the pressure of the condensing gas. The molecules in the matter slow down during the process of condensation because the heat energy is taken away, which causes a change within the three states of matter, that is it changes the matter into the solid-state. A condensation reaction is a chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger one and a molecule of water. Condensation reactions involving alcohols as well as many other molecular types commonly occur in living organisms. - In a condensation reaction, the removed hydrogen and hydroxide come from different molecules whereas in a dehydration reaction the removed H and OH come from the same molecule. - In a condensation reaction, the H is removed from an electronegative atom whereas in a dehydration reaction the H is removed from a C atom. Condensation – Water Cycle - Condensation is important to the water cycle as it is responsible for the formation of clouds. - Water vapour present in the air is responsible for the formation of clouds which ultimately comes down in the form of rain. - This phase change of water between solid, liquid and gas is because of the movement of water molecules. - In vapour form, water molecules are arranged randomly as compared to the liquid state. - As condensation happens, water molecules become more organized and as a result, heat is released into the atmosphere leading to a change of phase from the vapour state to the liquid state. - This generally occurs in the atmosphere when warm air rises up and cools down. For condensation to take place, it is very important that the atmosphere is fully saturated (to reach maximum vapour pressure). Usually, condensation takes place around dust particles or smoke or microscopic bacteria. It plays a very significant role in the water cycle and thus helps in maintaining the water balance in the environment. It is also used in various industrial processes by the scientists and engineers for separating mixtures and manufacturing pure substances. Condensation in Organic Chemistry The term condensation is used to describe a wide variety of organic reactions resulting in the lengthening of the carbon skeleton of the molecule. However, it may be defined as a reaction between two or more molecules of the same or different compounds resulting in the formation of new carbon to carbon bonds with or without the elimination of simple molecules like water, alcohol, metallic halides etc. However, the term condensation reaction has been used in organic chemistry and often includes the formation of other bonds besides carbon to carbon. The two types of condensation reactions are - Intramolecular Condensation – When two functional groups of the same molecule react to eliminate a simple molecule the reaction is known as Intramolecular condensation. - Intermolecular Condensation – The condensation reaction between two molecules of the same or different compounds is known as intermolecular condensation. Stay tuned with Byju’s to learn more interesting topics in Chemistry. Also, get various engaging and interactive video lessons to learn more effectively.	<urn:uuid:5c41830e-ee6d-4678-8754-a92a5023d3e6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://byjus.com/chemistry/condensation/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496669868.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20191118232526-20191119020526-00172.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9413495659828186, "token_count": 920, "score": 3.984375, "int_score": 4 }
To teleport from one place to another has, and still remains, one of the most sought-after technologies since it was first conceived in the writings of our greatest science fiction authors. Few won’t have gawped at Star Trek’s transporter and while we’ve managed to conquer many of the technologies first outlined in the series this one has evaded us so far. Well it looks like Russia isn’t going to let that stand any longer. According to The Telegraph, a multi-trillion pound development program for Putin would include creating a teleportation device in the next 20 years. The reportedly £1.4 trillion development plan for Russia’s cybernetics market includes other outlandish technologies such as creating a working neural interface between humans and computers. More rational plans include creating a dedicated Russian computing language, secure communications for the country’s governmental departments and even a working quantum computer. While the idea of a teleportation device might sound enticing there are some considerable hurdles to overcome. Firstly we haven’t actually be able to teleport anything other than data, and even then it was merely a packet of photons over a fibre optic cable. Then of course there’s the revelation that to even have a hope of teleporting a real human you then have to find a way of transporting all the information that we contain. Back in 2013 a team at the University of Leicester worked out that it would take somewhere in the region of 350,000 times the age of our current universe to teleport all the information that comprises a single human being. That’s quite a long time, and a considerable distance in capability from the mere seconds it takes Captain Kirk to beam from an alien planet to the U.S.S. Enterprise. Where Russia might have more success however is in quantum computing. The technology has already been proven and with millions of pounds of investment already sunk into the industry it seems logical that a breakthrough will not be far off.	<urn:uuid:20cf633f-031d-4875-b7e2-15f5e3d8d528>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-30", "url": "http://mysteriousearth.net/2016/06/27/russia-wants-to-develop-a-teleportation-device-in-the-next-20-years/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424876.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724122255-20170724142255-00456.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.943338930606842, "token_count": 406, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Study shows why trees won't benefit much from extra CO2 in the air The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing steadily, having recently reached the highest concentration in human history. While that’s undoubtedly bad news for the planet, one argued silver lining is that plants are better off due to more of their food being in the air. But a new study has dashed those hopes, finding that the more extreme heat and drought brought on by climate change would cancel out most of the benefits for trees. Carbon dioxide is the main nutrient for plants, who pluck it out of the atmosphere and, with the help of sunlight, convert it into chemical energy so they can grow. So it follows that more CO2 would be a good thing for our photosynthesizing friends, right? To an extent that’s true, but things are more complex than that. More CO2 means a warmer and drier planet, and these factors would also have an effect on plants. And just how much of an effect was the focus of a new study, conducted by researchers at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, the University of Vienna, and Weizmann Institute of Science. The researchers grew a series of Aleppo pines from seeds under two different concentrations of CO2 – 421 parts per million (ppm), which is a little higher than the current atmospheric level, and an elevated level of 867 ppm. When the trees were 18 months old, the team began testing them. For the first month, they watered one group well, while leaving others without, to simulate drought conditions. Then, they planted both groups in chambers where they could control the temperature. Over 10 days, the heat was gradually increased from a pleasant 25 °C (77 °F) to a sweltering 40 °C (104 °F), while the scientists measured the trees’ responses. The team found that higher CO2 levels did help the trees use their water more efficiently, and lose less of it, as the heat rose. That was largely thanks to root proteins becoming more stable, and the trees closing their stomata – the pores in leaves that allow for gas exchange. ... the increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere cannot compensate the stress of the trees resulting from extreme climate conditions But that’s where the benefits end, unfortunately. Closed stomata meant the stressed-out trees took up significantly less carbon from the air, and the heat had a negative effect on their metabolism as well. “Overall, the impact of the increased CO2 concentration on stress reactions of the trees was rather moderate,” says Nadine Rühr, lead author of the study. “With increasing heat and drought, it decreased considerably. From this, we conclude that the increasing CO2 concentration of the atmosphere cannot compensate the stress of the trees resulting from extreme climate conditions.” Of course, this is just one brief study on one species of tree, so there’s no assurance that the results apply to all other species. But it does feed into what we already know about tree biology, and contributes to the complex picture of how plants are responding to climate change, and what effects that will have. Other recent studies have found that more CO2 is making trees grow faster and die younger, so they return their captured carbon to the atmosphere earlier than usual. And even when more are growing, the types of trees and the environments they’re growing in are also factors. For instance, another study found that “woody” plants are on the rise, covering more of the world’s savannas and tundras, but these changing biomes could have unexpected negative consequences. The new study was published in the journal New Phytologist.	<urn:uuid:29bc9654-ec67-4795-99ff-85c93ac03596>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://newatlas.com/environment/trees-atmospheric-co2-effects-heat-drought/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371700247.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200407085717-20200407120217-00102.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9627028703689575, "token_count": 791, "score": 3.9375, "int_score": 4 }
A inclination towards following the manner of accounting establishments and patterns of western developed states that colonized the development states has been dominated in the latter states ( Ali, Lee & A ; West, 2008 ) . Apparently, the Malayan accounting development is strongly influenced by the accounting model that the United Kingdom ( UK ) applied. The British colonial presence can be considered as a cardinal phrase that brought about the notable influences and alterations on the Malaysia ‘s history. Such influences and alterations can be traced back to the 1785, the clip that the blessing of busying island of Penang and edifice garrison in there is granted to the Francis Light, a former British naval officer and private bargainer, from the grand Turk of Kedah. In 1786, Light established the colony of George Town on the island of Penang. The part of turning Penang Island into a province with free-trade policy that Light made helps the Malacca to be the prime bargainer centre in the Malay Peninsula.Presence of British colonial is continuously expanded by the functionary of British East India Company, Thomas Stanford Raffles, and Tengku Hussein, a rival for the throne of Malacca, on the Malay Peninsula in 1819. An understanding of accepting the British settees and establishes merchandising port in Singapore is reached between Stanford Raffles and Hussein in exchange for the formal acknowledgment of Hussein as the grand Turk of Malacca. The advantageous geographic location and free-trade policy that Singapore possesses assist in achieving the amazed fiscal success.In 1945, British resumed its control for the intent of set uping themselves as a lasting administrative power. Because of the cultural tensenesss frequently influence political agreements, hence, British proposed and implemented the Malayan Union program in 1946. However, the job of cultural tensenesss still exists even though the British has taken action to advance the national integrity among different cultural groups. An Alliance partnership is established and which comprises United Malays National Organization ( UMNO ) , Malaysian Chinese Association ( MCA ) and Malayan Indian Congress ( MIC ) from 1952 to 1955.In fact, the Alliance won the municipal, local and the federal elections and therefore emerged as an agent for incorporate Malayan involvements. Malaya gained independency from British in 1957 ( Library of Congress, 2006 ) . The independency of Malayan State since 1957 has transformed the Malayan economic system into a new epoch of development. History of accounting system in Malaysia marks its gap of the usage of accounting criterions and patterns after the disengagement of Britain with subsequent accounting development significantly influenced by the after-effect of British colonisation.The Malayan Association of Certified Public Accountants ( MACPA ) has became the first accounting organic structures to be established in the Malayan State in 1958 with the purpose of progressing accounting professions in all facets and to educate the appropriate accounting patterns and criterions to concerns in Malaysia. Subsequent attempts have besides been made in line with the British colonial consequence as the authorities has passed the Companies Act 1965 and Accounting Act 1967 that are both based on the Torahs and ordinances developed in the UK during the 1960 ‘s. Apart from this, via media of the non-Malay rights could non be hindered by damaging statute law or governmental intercession is reached because of the British colonisation. As a member of the Commonwealth, it is about inevitable that Malaysia is extremely influenced by any alterations in the legal, economic system, civilization and political relations environment of UK. This is particularly true as the Malayan Accounting Standards Board ( MASB ) invariably reviews and updates the Malayan accounting criterions if the accounting criterions in UK have made any amendments.The cultural-based theory of the Hofstede-Gray model is applied for the purpose of explicating the differences or lacks in accounting patterns. In fact, the Hofstede-Gray theory is widely used by a figure research worker as the accounting values and the cultural dimension is associated with the theory. Based on the studies that the research workers conducted, it is noted that the Gray ‘s attack is likely the most well-known advocate of the cultural attack to understand the nature of accounting patterns, while the Hofstede ‘s attack is merely one of a figure of ways to analyze civilization.The usage of the Hofstede-Gray theory helps the research workers to understand the manner the national accounting patterns are formed ( Parera, 1989 ) ( Gerhardy, 1990 ) and to find normatively whether the accounting techniques are appropriate to the peculiar states ( Baydoun & A ; Willet, 1995 ) . Harmonizing to Figure 1, it can be seen that the Hofstede-Gray theory is a combination of, Gray ‘s accounting values which include professionalism, uniformity, conservativism and secretiveness with the Hofstede ‘s cultural values which comprise power distance, uncertainness turning away, individuality and maleness. Basically, there are two different positions to find the civilization and categorization, to be precise, one from the Gray position and another from Hofstede. From the position of Gray, Malaysia is a state with high statutory control and uniformity in footings of authorization and enforcement. While from the position of measuring and revelation, Malaysia is a province with high secretiveness and conservativism and which can be evidenced from Figure 2 and Figure 3 severally. However, Malaysia scored high on the power distance and maleness, yet scored low on the uncertainness turning away and individuality on the Hofstede ‘s point of view. Harmonizing to the study conducted by Itim ( 2012 ) , Malaysia scored 104 on the dimension of power distance. It can be explained that hierarchal order is acceptable for the Malaysian and therefore built-in inequalities every bit good as centralisation are possible to be reflected, but leading and spreads of authorization are disputing if there is hierarchy in the organisation. Furthermore, with a mark of 50, Malaysia can be considered as a masculine society, a extremely success-oriented and goaded.By and large, equity, competition and public presentation are the chief concern in the masculine society. For case, attitude of fierce and no holds barred conflicts might go on between campaigners during the election. Furthermore, Malaysia is a low penchant for uncertainness turning away as it scored merely 36. In such dimension, there is no any equivocal or unknown state of affairss exist due to the civilization of relaxed attitude permeates. Besides, a grade of 26 is scored and it means that Malaysia is a collectivized society. Therefore, a low grade of mutuality manifests that there is a close long-run committedness among members and the civilization of trueness is the topmost concern and overrides most of the social regulations and ordinances. Regulatory model of accounting is established for the intent of supplying high quality and dependable information to fulfill the demands of external users. In fact, it plays a major function to guarantee that the fiscal statements are prepared by the organisations in conformity with the regulations and ordinances ( Collis ; A ; Hussey, 2007 ) .In Malaysia, bing companies are required to follow with the regulations and ordinances such as Companies Act 1965, Financial Reporting Act 1997, Accounting Standards, Income Tax Act 1967, the Securities Commission Guidelines 1995, Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange ( KLSE ) Listing Requirement and Bank Negara Malaysia Guidelines, etc during the procedure of fixing and showing fiscal statements. Therefore, it is obvious that regulative model is developed in the field of accounting profession, company jurisprudence, scrutinizing, revenue enhancement every bit good as stock exchange and execution is taken in order to supply a true and just position.It is known that there are four professional accounting organic structures in Malaysia, viz. , Malaysian Institute of Accountants ( MIA ) , The Malaysian Institute of Certified Public Accountants ( MICPA ) , Malayan Accounting Standards Board ( MASB ) and Financial Reporting Foundation ( FRF ) . Basically, MIA is a statutory accounting profession which is established harmonizing to the Accountants Act 1967. The constitution of such accounting organic structure is to modulate and develop the accounting profession in Malaysia.Hence, MIA is responsible to run into and keep the instruction, quality confidence every bit good as enforcement for the purpose of guaranting that credibleness of the profession is maintained and the public involvement is continuously upheld. In add-on, MIA besides has the ability of supervising the international and local accounting tendencies and developments every bit good as confer withing on a regular basis with the authorities and regulative organic structures. Harmonizing to the MIA Official Website, it is noted that MIA non merely plays a important function in the Malaysia, but besides international and regional sphere. Evidence of the engagement in ASEAN Federation of Accountants ( AFA ) and International Federation of Accountants ( IFAC ) to develop and progress the planetary accounting professional organic structures can be proved. Furthermore, such engagement besides enables MIA to work for the improvement by conveying place to the latest developments in the abroad. Indeed, there is a demand provided under the commissariats of the Act and stated that the individual who is registered as a member of MIA merely can be recognized as an comptroller.Because of being as a member of International Auditing Practices Committee ( IAPC ) , hence, MIA is responsible to back up the IFRC ‘s work and besides determine International Accounting Standards ( IAS ) as the footing of sanctioned criterions in the auditing field of Malaysia ( MIA Official Website ) . On the other manus, MICPA is the accounting profession who is established in 1958 harmonizing to the Companies Ordinances and is officially called as “ The Malayan Association of Certified Public Accountants ” ; while MASB is established as an independent authorization harmonizing to the Financial Reporting Act 1997.The MASB and the FRF make up the new model of fiscal coverage in Malaysia. Basically, FRF has no direct influence on standard puting as such responsibility is entirely rest on MASB. Therefore, FRF is responsible for the inadvertence of, such as MASB ‘s public presentation and initial beginning of position for proposed criterions. Furthermore, there is besides a professional organic structure for company secretary and disposal, that is, Malayan Association of the Institute of Chartered Secretaries ; A ; Administrators ( MAICSA ) .Besides, the Malaysian Association of Accounting Administrators is the profession who is formed to acknowledge the two-tiered of professional comptroller and is sponsored by MIA. Companies Act 1965 ( CA 1965 ) is published by the Commissioner of Law Revision yet the Company Commission of Malaysia enforces and administers it. Basically, it is the principle statute law developed to regulate the formation and process of companies bing in Malaysia. The CA 1965 non merely provides formal regulations on accounting such as showing fiscal statements in a true and just position, but besides enacts a proviso to protect the rights and involvements of stockholders and investors. For illustration, harmonizing to the subdivision 167 of CA 1965, all of the Malayan existing companies are required to maintain and keep proper accounting records so as to hold the ability to explicate companies ‘ minutess and fiscal place sufficiently and later enables the true and just position from all of the accounting information.Apart from this, the demand of fixing histories and studies based on the Approved Accounting Standards ( AAP ) that MASB issued every bit good as following with the revelation demands of the Ninth Schedule of CA 1965 are developed for every company for the intent of presenting the companies ‘ personal businesss with a true and just position.Harmonizing to the CA Malaysia, there is a demand for the assignment of sanctioned hearers to scrutinize the companies ‘ histories and present true and just position every bit good as emphasis on the hearers ‘ independency for companies that are runing in Malaysia and registered under the Companies Commissioner of Malaysia. A standard scene organic structure with the ability of functionally independent is established by MIA and which is runing under the aid of the latter accounting profession and is called the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board ( AASB ) .AASB plays an of import function in the development of accounting and scrutinizing field in Malaysia. It can be evidenced from the demand of advancing and guaranting high quality professional criterions to be adhered and later lead to the international convergence of criterions. In add-on, AASB besides has the duty of the consideration for the new or revised International Auditing and Assurance Standards that International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board ( IAASB ) issued for Malaysia to follow. Furthermore, AASB is required to reexamine and consider any issues and developments that are derived from other legal powers that is associating to scrutinizing patterns in Malaysia. Furthermore, the Audit Act 1957 besides states that there is a close nexus between accounting and auditing, for case, hearers are responsible to scrutinize histories that are prepared by professional organic structures. It is by and large known that types of revenue enhancement in Malaysia include personal and corporate income revenue enhancement, goods and service revenue enhancement ( GST ) existent belongings additions revenue enhancement ( RPGT ) , etc.In fact, Malaysia is a self-assessment revenue enhancement government ( SAS ) as it is shown in the Year of Assessment 2010 ( YA 2010 ) that different categories of people is capable to different per centum of revenue enhancement rate. Basically, the constitution of Income Tax Act 1967 ( ITA 1967 ) is to find the indictable income and the revenue enhancement collectible and ascertain whether it is sensible to the revenue enhancement remunerators. The imputation system is used by companies to calculate the revenue enhancement.In fact, revenue enhancements paid by the companies on its net incomes are used to postmark dividends paid to stockholders. In Malaysia, the RPGT is re-introduced and which is stated in the Real Property Gains Tax ( Exemption ) ( No. 2 ) Order 2007, merely for the disposal of existent belongings held for five old ages or below is subjected to the RPGT of 5 % and it is merely applicable to the capital land dealing In footings of the GST, it is the indirect revenue enhancement or value added revenue enhancement ( VAT ) that imposed on both local and imported goods and services.It is proposed by authorities for the intent of replacing gross revenues and service revenue enhancement, but execution has non been taken. It is noted that revenue enhancement is considered as parts of the concern outgo. Therefore, it is of import for the companies to follow with the ITA 1967 during the procedure of fixing and showing the fiscal statements every bit good as the statement of calculation of indictable income. Companies are required to fix both statements due to the dual tax write-off, non-taxable, non-deductible and deductible issues.KLSE is the stock exchange keeping company in Malaysia and is developed in conformity with the subdivision 15 of the Capital Markets and Service Act 2007. In 2004, it is renamed and is presently called as Bursa Malaysia Berhad. The constitution of Bursa Malaysia Berhad is to let the activity of trading of portions can be provided in the market and later aids in heightening competitory place every bit good as reacting to planetary tendencies. There is no authorization and legal power for the Bursa Malaysia Berhad to put to death conformity.Hence, punishment of reprimanding, suspending and de-listing in the stock exchange would be imposed to the errant companies. For illustration, naming companies have to follow the regulations and ordinances of the clause 335 of the naming manual during the procedure of fixing and showing companies ‘ one-year audited histories and doing certain that all of the companies ‘ histories are prepared based on the CA 1965 every bit good as the AAS. The listing demands are set by the Bursa Malaysia Berhad in order to modulate the populace limited companies ( PLC ) in footings of the entry of studies and extra revelation. Apart from this, there is besides another demands which established by the Bursa Malaysia Berhad for the intent of heightening the revelation of information on corporate administration via the publicity of greater transparence and answerability. In 19th November 2011, MASB established the Malayan Financial Reporting Standards ( MFRS ) for the intent of conveying the Malayan accounting criterions to be to the full International Financial Reporting Standards ( IFRS ) – compliant.Basically, MFRS model make up of the bing every bit good as the new and revised accounting criterions that are issued by International Accounting Standard Board ( IASB ) . The primary aim of such convergence is to cut down the spread between Financial Reporting Standards ( FRS ) between the IFRS and later ease the transparence and the comparison of the companies ‘ fiscal statements. However, there is several inconsistency exist such as IAS 41 Agriculture and IFRS 9 Financial Instruments and therefore are non adopted by the MASN during the procedure of contracting the spread between FRS and IFRS.In footings of the presentation of fiscal statements, MFRS 101 or FRS 101 stated that PLC that operating in Malaysia is required to fix and unwrap the fiscal statements including, statement of fiscal place, statement of comprehensive income, statement of alterations in equity, statement of hard currency flows and the notes to account. In fact, the MFRS 101 or FRS 101 is the same with the IAS 1, which is the presentation of fiscal statements.Basically, MFRS 127 or FRS 127 is established for the intent of heightening the relevancy, dependability and comparison of the information in the parent ‘s separate fiscal statements every bit good as the group ‘s amalgamate fiscal statements. In Malaysia, a demand of utilizing unvarying accounting policies for coverage is set for the group to follow. Furthermore, there is a demand for entity to follow the IAS 39 Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement if it is required to show separate fiscal statements or investings in subordinates by the local ordinances.The MFRS 127 or FRS 127 is consistent with the IAS 27, Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements. In 1974, Malaysia ‘s top 80 houses in the KLSE have half of it portions owned by aliens while the other half is largely controlled the Malayan Chinese. However, authorities has bit by bit transformed these houses into stated owned endeavors which have about 40 % of the Malaysia ‘s market portions owned by the authorities. Major alterations came in during the 1990s where most of these province owned companies have went into denationalization.Till now, companies have been developed into several signifiers chiefly the exclusive owner that concern is entirely owned by an person, partnership where two or more individuals jointly owned the concern with limitless liability, private limited company that must at least have 2 and upper limit of 50 members, public limited company that is able to be listed in KLSE to offer subscription of portions to public. Foreign currency interlingual rendition has been one of the uprising factors that companies in Malaysia are needed to take note of because of the addition and largeness of globalisation in the concern context. Foreign currency interlingual rendition can be defined as the transition of currency accounting figures from one state to another due to differences fiscal coverage demands. This means that different states would hold different functional currency and transnational companies are required to interpret its foreign operations or minutess that use functional currency into the needed presentation currency for its fiscal statement.Malaysia needs to pay excess attending to the accounting development in relation to the facet because Malaysia is one of the largest thenar oil and petroleum oil manufacturer which both are chiefly transacted in USD around the universe. Most of these companies would utilize USD as their functional currency which induces interlingual rendition hazard when it is converted into the presentation currency. Therefore, the accounting criterion of foreign currency interlingual rendition which is MFRS 121 will take into history the consequence of the currency interlingual rendition alterations or hazard that the companies faced with the usage of appropriate acknowledgment and measuring method developed by IFRS. It is a known fact that the accounting development in Malaysia over the last 15 old ages has been based on the accounting rules that MASB adopted while recent accounting patterns has seen accounting profession exerting its duties that are comply with MFRS.MFRS is however the latest accounting rules that Malaysia accounting is accounted for which equivalents with IFRS and use in any accounting period from or after 1 January 2012. This marks the first clip acceptance of MFRS for one-year periods in Malaysia and is an attempt by MASB to implement Malaysia ‘s accounting policy to be in line with the convergence undertaking initiated and developed by IASB and FASB. The old FRS is so replaced by MFRS to put full convergence on Malaysia accounting criterion in order to get by with globalization and to guarantee Malaysia ‘s concern is on the same field at international degree. Some major elements of MFRS have been listed below. MFRS 8 is adopted from IFRS 8 that has replaced IAS 14 of Segment Reporting. The chief alteration made is on its demand of section designation and the measuring and revelation of operating section information. Any company in Malaysia that adopted MFRS 8 will automatically be considered as following the international accounting criterion of IFRS 8.This peculiar criterion has supply the definition of an operating section that qualifies in the fiscal statement and its designation is required to be based on the company internal study that assessed and reviewed the allotment of resources and public presentation of that section as harmonizing to the latest alterations. Besides, the criterion besides provides the measuring intent of the sum of operating section recorded which is for resources allotment and public presentation measuring intents of the operating section.Last, the revelation of operating section information must be based on the nucleus rules that requires information disclosed to enable users to do informed determination on the nature and fiscal consequence and its economic environment that the company is runing in order to help Malayan companies with operating sections runing in different locations or direction. MFRS 118 Revenue is one of the major elements that MASB has included by the acceptance of IAS 18 that the IASB has issued and amended but is still under the development of the convergence undertaking.Companies in Malaysia are considered following the international accounting criterion of IAS 18 if MRS 118 is applied in its fiscal statement. The MFRS 118 chiefly adopted from IAS 18 has included of import counsel on accounting patterns for gross by saying the aims, range and definition of gross. These are described in relation to the definition of income in the Framework of Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements that stated gross as an income that is in the ordinary class of concern activities. The measuring and designation of gross is besides included while different type of gross from gross revenues of goods, rendering a service, royalties, involvements and dividends are besides provided with counsel and revelation demands where Malayan companies largely possessed of. The MFRS 120 Accounting for Government Grant and Disclosure of Government Assistance is developed to assistance concern in Malaysia that needs to account for its grant or aid provided by Government.It is tantamount to IAS 20 with the issue and amendments made by IASB and Malayan companies that adopt MFRS 120 will at the same time follow with IAS 20. Basically, this standard provides counsel on the definition of authorities grant and authorities aid and its revelation on the presentation of grants that is associating to plus or income every bit good as its refund method. The attacks and grounds for accounting of authorities grant utilizing income attack or capital attack are besides given in order for users to clearly place the authorities purpose on supplying grant or aid to any Malayan companies.However, this criterion does non use to authorities grants covered by MFRS 141 Agriculture and other exclusions such as the engagement of authorities in the ownership of concern. The MFRS 141 Agriculture use on its ain as evidenced in MFRS 120 that excludes this sector because agribusiness is consider an indispensable sector for the Malaysia economic system and accounting must put its accent on it. MFRS 141 is adopted from IAS 41 and will be at the same time applied to any Malaysia companies that adopt MFRS 141. This standard chiefly prescribe how should the agribusiness activities and biological assets should be accounted for, measured, presented, and disclosed by the direction of the company. The measuring for biological assets is complicated and required specific counsel provided by the criterions such as the initial acknowledgment that requires the usage of faithfully measured just value and any alterations in just value less costs to sell is included in net income and loss. Nevertheless, agricultural activities land is non covered under this criterion but in IAS 16 while authorities grant for biological activities is included.MFRS 121 is adopted from IAS 21 has that has made alterations to replace SIC-11, SIC-19 and SIC-30 that chiefly focuses on the definition and alterations of describing currency, functional currency and presentation currency. The acceptance of MFRS 121 by any Malayan companies would besides intend it is following IAS 21 in conformity to international criterions. This is an of import criterion particularly for companies that operates internationally or have traffics in different currency.Chiefly, the standard applies its accounting intervention on any dealing and balances of foreign currencies but non derivative dealing and the interlingual rendition of foreign operation into describing currency or consolidation intents. The method of coverage and unwraping the alterations of foreign exchange dealing, balances or operations is besides included. The MFRS 123 is an tantamount criterion to IAS 23 issued by the IASB while any Malayan company that applies MFRS 123 is besides considered as following the IAS 23.This criterion has its range limited chiefly to borrowing costs that is associating to capital outgo such as the acquisition, building and production of an plus to spread out concern that is considered portion of the cost to obtain the relevant assets. The criterion has prescribed the definition of a qualifying assets and the eligibility of borrowing costs as capitalization. The acknowledgment and measuring for borrowing costs is besides provided every bit good as the revelation demand relates to the adoption costs sum and its capitalization rate. This relevant criterion that relates to investing belongings is of importance to the Malaysia accounting patterns due to the booming of belongings house monetary values that induces significant addition in belongings for investing. MFRS 140 is developed in conformity to IAS 40 and many alterations have been made to IAS 40 such as rental related belongings, the measurement attack of investing belongings and its revelation demand. Nevertheless, MFRS 140 provides counsel on the intervention for accounting of investing belongings in Malaysia and its revelation method excepting accounting for lease belongings.Definition to include belongings as investing nature has been provided while measurement method of just value theoretical account or cost theoretical account for investing belongings is prescribed clearly with differentiation between initial acknowledgment and station acknowledgment. The MFRS 112 is developed by the MASB based on IAS 12 with several alterations made on the acknowledgment and revelation of income revenue enhancements particularly deferred revenue enhancement assets and liabilities. Any Malayan company that adopts MFRS 112 is tantamount to following IAS 12.The income revenue enhancement in Malaysia is of import particularly in its intervention for revenue enhancement effects as revenue enhancement equivocation is well high while revenue enhancement jurisprudence is non strictly enforced. The standard provides counsel for accounting intervention of income revenue enhancements in Malaysia by ordering the definition, acknowledgment and measuring for current revenue enhancement disbursals, assets and liabilities with accent on future colony of deferred revenue enhancement assets and liabilities. Examples of income revenue enhancements accounting intervention has been provided in item to help users in understanding the complexness of income revenue enhancements while presentation and revelation demands are besides included. MFRS 124 chiefly relates to the revelation demand of party that is related to the ordinary class of concern which is adopted from IAS 24 that is issued and revised by IASB.Revisions has been made in 2009 to simplify the definitions and significances of related party and allowed certain exclusions of related parties for revelation particularly when it is government-related. Basically, the criterion requires the revelation of dealing between the company and any related parties or any dealing between parents and subordinates. Most significantly, this would enable user to pay attending on the fiscal consequence of related party dealing on the company ‘s fiscal place and profitableness.The accounting development in Malaysia has ne’er been missing of frauds and peculations due to related party and this criterion would supply enhanced transparence to forestall related party unauthorized minutess. The MFRS 119 is an acceptance of IAS 19 that is issued by IASB and Companies in Malaysia that uses MFRS 119 would automatically be considered to follow the international criterion of IAS 19. The intent of MFRS 119 is to supply counsel for entity to be able to recognize suitably the liability and disbursals in relation to employee benefits provided by the entity. The accounting intervention provided by this standard encompasses acknowledgment and measuring of short term and long term employee benefits, expiration benefits and post employment benefits that includes defined part program and defined benefits program. Example exemplifying accounting intervention has been provided clearly and the difference of acknowledgment and measuring for the station employment benefits is besides clearly stated. Undeniably, it is of import to the Malaysia economic system as the civilization of Malaysia is considers to be stressing on the employee benefits that the company is able to supply late.It is undeniably that the Asiatic Financial Crisis in 1997 non merely introduces the importance of CG but besides exposes the failings of Malayan CG pattern to the public attending. Since so, Malaysia has taken inaugural to implement strategies such as High Level Finance Committee on CG ( HLFC ) which have published the Report on Corporate Governance that provides definition of CG in the Malaysia context and laid the footing for the constitution of Code of Corporate Governance in 2000.Although the codification itself is non compulsory, it farther became a effect of the listing demand in Malaysia to include statement of corporate administration to pull more foreign investing due to globalization and heighten the Malaysia economic growing.	<urn:uuid:3544558e-091f-4c17-ac79-3b3ce0b734c2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://graduateway.com/the-development-of-accounting-in-malaysia-accounting-essay/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947474660.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20240226130305-20240226160305-00544.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9465870261192322, "token_count": 6138, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. An abnormal or pathological increase in sensitivity to sensory stimuli, as of the skin to touch or the ear to sound. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. Unusual or pathological sensitivity of the skin or of a particular sense. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - n. Same as hyperæsthesia. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. See hyperæsthesia. Sorry, no etymologies found. Where the sensibility of a part is increased the condition is known as hyperesthesia, and where it is lost -- that is, where there is no feeling or knowledge of pain -- the condition is known as anesthesia. It’s called hyperesthesia, and one of my cats suffers from it. It is, he says, a kind of hyperesthesia in the use of language. It is true that under the conditions we are considering there may be an extreme sensitiveness to stimuli not usually felt as of sexual character, a kind of hyperesthesia; but hyperesthesia, it has well been said, is nothing but the beginning of anesthesia. [ This is obviously a cat having an episode of feline hyperesthesia. Skin allergies can be one cause of hyperesthesia, a condition in which the nerves of the back appear overstimulated. Cats afflicted with hyperesthesia and intense skin allergies may exhibit symptoms elicited by even the softest touch, including strange skin ripples or seizurelike episodes of frantic racing, panic, or biting at the air. By exerting tension on the flexor tendon, by means of passive dorsal flexion of the member, evidence of hyperesthesia may be detected. Upon manipulation of the patellar region, one is impressed with the fact that hyperesthesia does not exist in proportion to the pain manifested during locomotion. The character of the swelling varies; in some cases it is not large but rather dense and lacking in evidence of heat and hyperesthesia; in other cases there is considerable swelling, which is hot and doughy, somewhat painful to the touch but not necessarily productive of much lameness.	<urn:uuid:2d73e95a-86c1-4ca4-8eb9-d1fd1c3561fa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-35", "url": "https://www.wordnik.com/words/hyperesthesia", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-35/segments/1440644066017.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20150827025426-00215-ip-10-171-96-226.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9160805940628052, "token_count": 487, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3 }
Computer-aided design (CAD) tools are used with in architecture and engineering, as well as applications in areas such as interior design, facilities management, and construction/industry trades. In the Computer-Aided Design and Drafting Specialist diploma program you will have the opportunity to learn drafting fundamentals, technical mathematics and communications and gain CAD proficiency. You will learn the most common computer-aided design application (AutoCAD) for architecture, engineering, construction, civil infrastructure, and product design. You will also learn how to create a variety of designs and drawings and create a portfolio of samples that are both original creations and derived from paper sketches and drawings. You will also participate in a practicum that will allow you to practice what you have learned in the classroom. Career Opportunities for those trained in CADD: Learn more about the Computer Aided Design and Drafting program here!	<urn:uuid:272ac327-0fe8-46ed-a2b7-42300e610eaa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://www.universities-colleges-schools.com/computer-aided-design-and-drafting-specialist/vancouver-career-college", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540584491.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20191214042241-20191214070241-00319.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9456582069396973, "token_count": 186, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
We have compiled a list of vaulable resources on sustainability and environmental health. These include reports, as well as a collection of useful websites. 2010 - 2014 January 2014: Canadian Environmental Health Atlas. The purpose of this Atlas is to illustrate the myriad of ways the environment affects our health. February 2013: State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - 2012 [PDF - 11708kB]. An assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors prepared by experts for the United Nations Environment Programme. January 2013: America's Children and the Environment [PDF - 21342 kB]. An EPA report that presents key information on environmental stressors that can affect children's health. September 2012: Ecohealth and Watersheds: Watersheds as settings for health and wellbeing in Canada [PDF - 1118kB]. A report by Karen Morrison and colleagues exploring the connections between watershed governance and human health. August 2012: The Cost-Effectiveness of Environmental Approaches to Disease Prevention [PDF - 298kB]. A peer-reviewed article by Dave Chokshi and Thomas Farley, published in the New England Journal of Medicine. July 2012: Exploring the Links between Early Environmental Exposures and Chronic Disease: Implications for Public Health Policy and Practice [PDF - 477kB]. Workshop Report. Canadian Partnership for Children's Health and Environment. April 2012: State of the Planet Declaration. Key messages from the proceedings of the Planet Under Pressure conference [PDF - 682kB]. Authored by Drs. Lidia Brito and Mark Stafford and supported by the conference Scientific Organizing Committee. March 2012: Hormones and Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Low-Dose Effects and Nonmonotonic Dose Responses [PDF - 727kB]. A landmark peer-reviewed article by Laura Vandenberg and others, published in Endcrine Reviews. November 2011: Waterborne Disease Outbreaks in Canadian Small Drinking Water Systems [PDF - 416kB]. National Collaborating Centres for Public Health. June 2011: Environmental Sensitivities - Multiple Chemical Sensitivities Status Report [PDF - 290kB]. Environmental Health Clinic, Women's College Hospital. May 2011: Reducing the Staggering Costs of Environmental Disease In Children, Estimated at $76.6 Billion in 2008 [PDF - 365kB]. A peer-reviewed article by Leonardo Trasande and Yinghua Liu, published in Health Affairs. July 2010: Oil Sands Development Contributes Elements Toxic at Low Concentrations [PDF - 554]. 2005 - 2009 August 2008: Human Health in a Changing Climate: A Canadian Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptive Capacity [PDF - 6297kB]. Health Canada. September 2007: Prescription for a Healthy Canada: Towards a National Environmental Health Strategy [PDF - 12112kB]. David Suzuki Foundation. July 2007: Principles for Evaluating Health Risks in Children Associated with Exposure to Chemicals [PDF - 3278kB]. World Health Organization. - Atlantic Path - Canadian Community of Practice in Ecosystem Approaches to Health - Canadian Environmental Atlas - Centre for Environmental Health Equity - Centre for the Environment (U of T) - College of Sustainability (Dalhousie Univ) - Community Based Environmental Monitoring Network - Concordia College (Univ. of Alberta) Environmental Health - Environmental Information: Use and Influence (EIUI) - Global Ecological Integrity Group - Health Geomatics Laboratory - International Association for Ecology and Health - International Federation of Environmental Health - International Society for Children's Health and the Environment (ISCHE) - McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment - McMaster Institute of Environment & Health - National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Centre - School of Population and Public Health (UBC) - Science Atlantic - Spatial Intelligence for Health Knowledge Laboratory (SILK-LAB) - Sustainability Research Centre - The International Society for Environmental Epidemiology - The Polis Project (UVic) - UNU Institute for Water, Environment, & Health - Canadian Council on Social Determinants of Health - Canadian Institute For Health Information - Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) - CCME - Canadian Council of Ministers of Environmental (Health) - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Health Canada - International Development Research Agency - National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health - National Water Research Institute - Nova Scotia Department of Environment - Integrated Chronic Care Service (formerly Nova Scotia Environmental Health Centre) - The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences - United Nations Millennium Development Goals - United States Environmental Protection Agency - World Health Organization - Health and Environment Linkages - Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment - Canadian Centre for Environmental Health - Canadian Commission for UNESCO - Canadian Institute of Child Health - Canadian Network for Human Health and the Environment - Canadian Partnership for Children's Health and Environment - Cancer Prevention and Education Society - Centre for Science and Environment - Children & Nature Network - Children's Health & Environment Partnership - Clean Nova Scotia - CPHA - Frontline Health Beyond Health Care - Cumulative Impacts Project - David Suzuki Foundation - Ecology Action Centre - Environmental Defence - Environmental Health Association of Nova Scotia - Environmental Health Association of Ontario - Environmental Health Foundation of Canada - Environmental Health Institute of Canada - Environmental Working Group - Geomatics Associations of Nova Scotia - Global Green and Health Hospitals Network - GPI Atlantic - H2O Info - The Water Information Network - Health and Environment Atlas - Health Care Without Harm - Healthy Child Healthy World - ICLEI Canada - International Chemical Secretariat - International Institute for Sustainable Development - National Environmental Education Foundation - Nova Scotia Environmental Network - Ontario College of Physicians - Environmental Health Committee - Pembina Institute - Physicians for Global Survival - Pollination Project - Pollution Probe - Pollution Watch - Second Look - Sierra Club - The Centre for Rural Sustainability - The Collaborative on Health and Environment - The Council of Canadians - The Earth Charter Initiative - The Green Interview - The Natural Step Canada - The Sandbox Project - World Wildlife Fund Canada - Bulletin of the World Health Organization - Environment and Pollution - Environment, Development and Sustainability - Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development - Environmental Health Perspectives - Environmental Research - Global Environment - International Journal of Environmental Research anf Public Health - International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment - PLOS ONE - Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health	<urn:uuid:8741a3cd-49c1-4874-96d2-9ea9abcee9ed>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "https://www.dal.ca/faculty/science/emaychair/resources.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607998.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170525044605-20170525064605-00556.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8155600428581238, "token_count": 1395, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
Print This Page Contribute to ReadWriteThink / RSS / FAQs / Site Demonstrations / Contact Us / About Us Home › Email Lesson Plan \| Standard Lesson Author: Chris Kawakita This lesson makes a connection to popular culture by asking students to research and analyze contemporary and historic protest songs and to catalogue them in a class wiki. (A link to this page will be included in your message.) Back to this resource Send me a copy (Separate multiple e-mail addresses with commas. Limited to 20 addresses.) characters remaining 300 To help us eliminate spam messages, please type the characters shown in the image. © ILA/NCTE 2017. All rights reserved. Technical Help \| Legal \| International Literacy Association \| National Council of Teachers of English	<urn:uuid:9907c92b-03ae-4b91-8340-d58cf8595e9b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://www.readwritethink.org/util/email.html?url=/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/collaboration-sites-sounds-using-979.html&title=A+Collaboration+of+Sites+and+Sounds%3A+Using+Wikis+to+Catalog+Protest+Songs&id=979", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501171251.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104611-00391-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7827200889587402, "token_count": 171, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3 }
The Importance of a Tax Declaration A tax declaration is a document that proves an entity or individual’s earnings. It also shows the amount of taxes that they need to pay to the government or government organizations. Tax liabilities are calculated based on income, deductions, tax credits and more. A person who earns a living through a single source of income may file a tax declaration using ITR-2A. This form is suited for individuals or Hindu Undivided Families who don’t receive any additional income from other business ventures or the sale of assets. This ITR form is also suitable for those who don’t have any winnings from horse races or lotteries. Salaried employees must submit tax declarations to their employers before the start of the financial year. This helps the employer arrive at the net taxable income from which they can deduct TDS. This is a crucial step because it influences the final amount of tax that gets deducted from the salary. Employees must provide their investment proofs to their employers along with the declaration. This includes insurance policies, PF contributions, EEE investments and more. The total amount invested must match the declared amount at the beginning of the financial year. If this doesn’t happen, then the employer needs to recalculate their employee’s taxable income. Moreover, the employee’s employer might be required to check for tax-deductible expenses and investments before making any payments. If this is the case, then they need to verify the details and approve the documents. This entire process can be simplified for the employee and the employer through payroll automation. RazorpayX Payroll, for example, is an automated software that simplifies all payroll-related documentation including the tax declaration. Steuererklärung	<urn:uuid:9bf0225d-58bf-4933-8bd2-3a617e141cbe>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://thewebrootsafe.com/the-importance-of-a-tax-declaration/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100523.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204020432-20231204050432-00530.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9519162178039551, "token_count": 365, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
What is MitoQ used for? A closer look at MitoQ’s research These clinical trials provide a good introduction into what MitoQ can be used for – and why it can support so many areas of your health and wellbeing. If you’ve already read our article We can’t tell you about some of MitoQ’s research: here’s why you’ll know that, out of the 600+ research papers that have been published about MitoQ, there are only a few we can talk about. These four clinical trials provide a good introduction into what MitoQ can be used for – and why it can support so many areas of your health and wellbeing. What are the benefits of MitoQ? As you’ll see in the research below, MitoQ’s benefits are far-reaching: they don’t just apply to one area of health. This is because MitoQ targets the trillions of cells that make up your entire body. When the health of your cells is supported, your entire body is optimized. That’s why MitoQ has potential across all aspects of your health and wellbeing. But, for now, let’s dive into what clinical trials have discovered about MitoQ’s impact on heart health, athletic endurance, mitochondrial DNA, leg extension power and more. MitoQ is used to combat cell stress By neutralizing free radicals at their main source, MitoQ is able to effectively combat cell stress: an issue that is, more often than not, caused by oxidative stress. Put simply, oxidative stress means there’s an imbalance between the levels of free radicals and antioxidants in your body. MitoQ helps to get this balance back in check, making it easy for the building blocks of your body – your cells – to function at their best. A clinical trial carried out at the University of Colorado Boulder supports this. The study found that MitoQ significantly fights oxidative stress – which had an on-flow of positive effects on the study participants’ cardiovascular health. MitoQ is used to support heart health In the same study, MitoQ was found to support heart health in a few ways. Not only did it improve arterial dilation by 42% (which supports blood flow), it also was found to significantly support the health of the aorta: your body’s main artery. The study’s researchers concluded: “In the broadest terms, our results provide initial support for the idea that MitoQ, and potentially other mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, may be an effective treatment for improving vascular function”. MitoQ is used to improve cycling performance A clinical trial conducted by researchers at the University of Auckland found that, by taking MitoQ, cyclists were able to complete time trials faster than those who weren’t taking MitoQ. They also found that the average power output of cyclists who had taken MitoQ increased by 10 watts. One of the researchers behind the study concluded, “Our data suggests that 4 weeks of MitoQ supplementation can enhance cycling performance and this effect may be related to the ability for MitoQ to attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. This research has interesting implications for athletes, and I look forward to seeing more research in this area.” MitoQ is used to reduce mitochondrial damage caused by high-intensity exercise In a study published by the Sport and Exercise Research Institute at Ulster University, it was discovered that MitoQ can reduce mitochondrial damage caused by high-intensity exercise. When the study’s participants took MitoQ for 21 days, researchers found that damage - which is typical within lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) following high-intensity exercise – was reduced. MitoQ is used to improve leg extension power (& potentially mobility) in healthy older adults A study published in The FASEB Journal in 2018 found that MitoQ helped healthy older adults regain extension power in their legs. The study’s authors concluded, “our data suggest greater improvements in leg-extension power with MitoQ supplementation in individuals with lower baseline function. Collectively, these data indicate that MitoQ and other therapeutic strategies targeting mtROS may hold promise for improving motor function”. What MitoQ reviews tell us about what MitoQ can be used for Independent research into MitoQ’s ability to support overall health is ongoing. If you’re interested in exploring how our biodesigned molecule could benefit your health and life, we encourage you to head to our research page for more information or read about the experiences of over 20,000 MitoQ customers. Many of our customers report a noticeable improvement in their energy, skin, mental clarity, athletic performance and more. Does MitoQ have side effects? Clinical trials have shown MitoQ to be safe in amounts far higher than the recommended MitoQ dose (10mg per day). Aside from 12 clinical trials, MitoQ also has multiple certifications and accreditations to support its safety record. If you’d like to learn more about these, please read Is MitoQ safe? When should I take MitoQ? We encourage you to make MitoQ a key part of your morning ritual. Research has shown that food inhibits MitoQ’s absorption, so we recommend taking your MitoQ on an empty stomach. First thing in the morning is ideal (with your coffee is fine) or at least two hours after a meal. Some people do find that MitoQ gives them subtle energy, so it’s generally a good idea to avoid having it later in the day. Why is it important to continuously take MitoQ? Your questions answered: everything you want to know about MitoQ	<urn:uuid:17c7230f-8bfb-455c-a0a9-fd754dafad8c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-21", "url": "https://www.mitoq.com/journal/what-is-mitoq-used-for-a-closer-look-at-mitoqs-research", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-21/segments/1652662531762.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220520061824-20220520091824-00514.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.948567271232605, "token_count": 1250, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
What is Fracking? Hydraulic fracturing (fracking) is a technique that allows for the exploitation of methane gas from unconventional sources. Unconventional sources are rock layers deep underground in which the gas does not occur in a large bubble, but is dispersed in very small pore spaces and fractures throughout the rock. To release it, the rock needs to be cracked, in a process called hydraulic fracturing or fracking. The main targets for this process are coal bed methane (in layers of coal), tight gas (in sandstone) and shale gas (in shale or mud rock). To enable this process, drilling pads with 8-16 wells are constructed. To reach the rock layer, first a vertical well is drilled. The drilling then continues horizontally, generally for about one-and-a-half kilometers through the rock layer. The wellbore is lined with concrete, in which small holes are drilled. The rock is then cracked by explosions using a perforating gun. Fracking fluid is pumped into the well under high pressure to enlarge the cracks in the rock and release the gas or oil. Once the well is depressurized, 40% to 60% of the fracking fluid is forced back up the pipe. After that, the gas freely flows to the surface and is captured. It is then treated (if necessary) and transported via tankers or pipelines to be sold.	<urn:uuid:ff337231-aaa8-4313-ba72-a4e25e6d5e3d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://frackingresearch.org/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163047675/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131727-00032-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9455538988113403, "token_count": 281, "score": 3.796875, "int_score": 4 }
Taproots and fibrous roots are the two main broad categories of roots of plants that grow on land. Gardenerdy provides the key differences between them. Did You Know? Carrots, radishes, beetroot, turnips are edible taproots, while sweet potatoes are the edible part of a fibrous root. Plants that grow on land, i.e., vascular plants, typically have roots that grow downwards into the Earth. However, some plants also have aerial roots. A root unlike a branch or stem does not bear any leaves or nodes. Roots are characterized by the functions they perform for the plant. The functions of a root are: ● Absorption: Roots absorb water and also nutrients from the soil. ● Transmission: They transport water and nutrients absorbed by them to the plant. ● Anchorage: They enable the plant to stand firmly on the ground and grow upwards by acting as an anchor and holding it. ● Storage: They store food and nutrients in them. These are used up by the plant for its growth as and when needed. E.g. carrots, radishes, sweet potato, etc. ● Reproduction: Roots also participate in vegetative reproduction. Roots are mainly classified into taproots and fibrous roots (adventitious roots). A taproot is a kind of root system that is characterized by the presence of a dominant central root, from which other smaller-sized lateral roots emanate horizontally. Based on shape, taproots are classified as: ✦ Conical root: As the name suggests, it is in the shape of a cone. It is circularly wide at the top and gradually narrows down to a point at the bottom. Carrot is an example of a conical root. ✦ Fusiform root: This kind of root tapers off at each end, being the widest in the middle. Radish is an example of a fusiform root. ✦ Napiform Root: This kind of root is round at the top and sharply tapers to a point below. Turnip is an example of a napiform root. In many plants, taproots also act as organs for storing food, water, and nutrients. One basic way to identify fibrous roots is the absence of a taproot. Instead in this root system, a mass of many similar-sized roots are seen spreading out from the base of the stem. They are of 3 types: ✦ Aerial roots: These kinds of adventitious roots remain suspended in the air and do not penetrate into the Earth. Usually the epiphytes (plants that derive moisture and nutrients from the air and rain; usually grows on another plant but not parasitic on it) that are monocots from the arum, gabi, and orchid family have aerial roots. They provide nutrition to the plant by photosynthesis, retain water, and also provide anchorage to the plant. ✦ Prop Roots: Prop roots are those that have finally reached inside the ground, starting from the stem. They help in providing stronger anchorage to the plant or tree. In some plants, they can also perform photosynthesis. Such kind of roots are found in corn and banyan. ✦ Contractile Roots: These roots are commonly found in a bulbous plant, which is a plant growing from a bulb; for example: lily. They originate from the base of a stem of a bulb or corm. The function of these roots is to vertically contract a newly grown bulb or corm which is at a higher level than its older counterparts to a desirable level. Differences Between Taproot and Fibrous Root System \|There is a central primary dominant taproot (also known as the radicle) that grows downward; other hairy roots (known as lateral roots) branch out from it sideways.\|\|The roots branch out from the stem, and there is no central root. They form a cluster of roots of more or less the same size.\| \|Upon the germination of a seed, the first root that emerges from it is called the radicle or primary root. This radicle then forms the taproot.\|\|Upon the germination of a seed, the first root, i.e., the radicle, does not last long and is replaced by adventitious roots.\| \|Depth of penetration\| \|They grow deep underground.\|\|They do not grow so deep underground; they grow close to the surface of the ground.\| \|Conduction of water\| \|Since they penetrate deep into the soil, they can reach the underground reserves of water. They are, thus, more efficient in transporting water to the plant in times of drought, (when water is not available on the surface).\|\|Because they grow close to the surface, and do not penetrate deeply into the soil, the plant is more vulnerable in times of drought. However, they can transport nutrients from fertilizers more efficiently.\| \|Prevention of soil erosion\| \|They are not so effective in the prevention of soil erosion as compared to fibrous roots.\|\|They are very effective in the prevention of soil erosion. The dense network of these fibrous roots prevents the top layer of soil from getting washed away by water and blown away by the wind. To prevent soil erosion, plants with fibrous roots are purposefully planted.\| \|The taproot enables them to anchor very well into the soil. This makes it very difficult to uproot the plant.\|\|They do not anchor very well to the soil, and it is comparatively easier to uproot the plant.\| \|For plants with a taproot system to grow well, we need to harrow and loosen the soil. This will encourage the downward growth of the taproot.\|\|For plants with a fibrous root system to grow well, we need to provide them with artificial irrigation. We should also mulch the soil by adding compost.\| \|They are generally found in dicotyledonous plants.\|\|They are generally found in monocotyledonous plants.\| \|Conifers, carrots, dandelions, poison ivy, annual flowers, radishes, and beetroot have taproots.\|\|Onions, tomatoes, lettuce grasses, lilies, palms, corn, beans, peas, sweet potatoes, rice, and wheat have fibrous roots.\|	<urn:uuid:8b51f2f5-14b7-4cb4-8e21-d7979be51a0b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://gardenerdy.com/differences-between-taproot-fibrous-root-system/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511021.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002200740-20231002230740-00417.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9336398243904114, "token_count": 1363, "score": 4.0625, "int_score": 4 }
* This is the Consumer Version. * Tuberous sclerosis is a hereditary disorder that causes abnormal growths in the brain, changes in the skin, and sometimes tumors in vital organs, such as the heart, kidneys, and lungs. Children may have abnormal skin growths, seizures, delayed development, learning disorders, or behavioral problems and may be intellectually impaired or autistic. Life expectancy is usually unaffected. Because the disorder is lifelong and new problems can develop, people must be monitored for their entire life. Doctors suspect the disorder based on symptoms, do imaging tests to check for tumors, and sometimes do genetic tests. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Tumors or other abnormal growths develop in several organs, such as the brain, heart, lungs, kidneys, eyes, and skin. The tumors are usually noncancerous (benign). The disorder is named for the typical long and narrow tumors in the brain, which resemble roots or tubers. Tuberous sclerosis is usually present at birth, but symptoms may be subtle or take time to develop, making the disorder difficult to recognize early. In most cases, the disorder results from mutations in one of two genes. If either parent has the disorder, children have a 50% chance of having it. However, tuberous sclerosis often results from new mutations in the gene, rather than an inherited abnormal gene. This disorder occurs in 1 of 6,000 children. Symptoms vary greatly in severity. Tuberous sclerosis may cause seizures, intellectual disability, autism, delayed development of motor or language skills, learning disorders, or behavioral problems (such as hyperactivity and aggression). The first symptom may be infantile spasms, a type of seizure (see Infantile Spasms). The skin is often affected, sometimes causing disfigurement: Light-colored, ash-leaf–shaped patches may appear on the skin during infancy or early childhood. Rough, raised patches resembling orange peel, usually on the back, may be present at birth or develop later. Medium-brown, flat spots that are the color of coffee with milk (café-au-lait spots) may also develop. Red lumps consisting of blood vessels and fibrous tissue (angiofibromas) may appear on the face later during childhood. Small fleshy bumps may grow around and under the toenails and fingernails at any time during childhood or early adulthood. Before birth, benign heart tumors called myomas may develop. These tumors typically disappear over time and cause no symptoms. In many children, permanent teeth are pitted. Patches may develop on the retina, located at the back of the eye. If the patches are located near the center of the retina, vision may be affected. Tumors in the brain may cause delays in development. Affected children may be intellectually impaired and have seizures. These tumors may become cancerous and enlarge, causing headaches or making other symptoms worse. During adolescence and adulthood, kidney tumors may develop. They may cause high blood pressure, abdominal pain, and blood in the urine. Tumors may develop in the lungs, particularly in adolescent girls. How well affected people do depends on how severe the symptoms are. If symptoms are mild, infants generally do well and grow up to live long, productive lives. If symptoms are severe, infants may have serious disabilities. Nonetheless, most children continue to develop, and life expectancy is not affected. Doctors may suspect the diagnosis based on symptoms, such as seizures, delayed development, or typical skin changes. An eye examination (with ophthalmoscopy) is done to check for eye abnormalities. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or ultrasonography is done to check for tumors in various organs. Genetic testing may be done for the following reasons: Tumors in the heart or brain are sometimes detected in a fetus during routine prenatal ultrasonography. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms: For seizures: Anticonvulsants may be used. Sometimes if drugs are ineffective, surgery is done to remove a tumor or to remove a small part of the brain that is involved in causing the seizures. For high blood pressure: Antihypertensive drugs may be used, or surgery may be done to remove kidney tumors. For behavioral problems: Behavior management techniques (including time-outs and consistent use of appropriate consequences and praise) may help. Sometimes drugs are needed. For developmental delays: Special schooling or physical, occupational, or speech therapy may be recommended. For skin growths: They may be removed with dermabrasion (rubbing the skin with an abrasive metal instrument to remove the top layer) or lasers. For cancerous tumors and some noncancerous tumors: Everolimus can be used to shrink the tumors. Because tuberous sclerosis is a lifelong disorder and new problems can develop, affected people must be closely monitored for the rest of their life. Genetic counseling is recommended for affected people and family members when they are considering having children. Generic NameSelect Brand Names * This page is for Consumers *	<urn:uuid:9f8fe43b-256c-49d2-aec0-b984297dae71>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "url": "http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/neurologic-disorders-in-children/tuberous-sclerosis", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443737911339.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001221831-00202-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9157457947731018, "token_count": 1056, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4 }
Economics of Yak herding in the Kanchenjunga landscape of the Eastern Himalayas Pastoralism volume 13, Article number: 16 (2023) Yak herding is one of the oldest market-based traditions, which is part of an integrated social-ecological system. But, it is at risk of extinction as yak herders are gradually shifting towards alternative occupations. The discontinuation of herding may have several implications such as loss of culture and degradation of the rangeland ecosystem. Though yak herding is not limited to the financial aspect of herding, this is considered a main cause of the discontinuation. Therefore, it is important to understand the economics of yak herding. A benefit–cost analysis of yak herding was carried out based on the interviews with 60 yak herders in the Kanchenjunga landscape, Nepal. The results indicate that yak herding is not financially attractive. High mortality of calves and adults is threatening this occupation, and degrading rangelands are increasing the costs. Yak herding generates substantial amount of social and ecological benefits in terms of preserving culture, maintaining rangeland ecosystems and curbing illegal activities. If these benefits are included, then the benefit–cost ratio and internal rate of return would be 1.32 and 10.44 respectively. Since yak herding generates low direct profits and requires herders to stay in remote areas, there is a high risk of discontinuation of this profession by successive generations of youth. This study suggests to improve rangeland management through prescribed burning and provisioning of health services, particularly in summer pastures and incentivize yak herders for generating positive externalities. Yak herding remains one of the dominant economic activities and a tool of rangeland management in the high mountains. Herders do not regard it as simply a means of earning an income but as a vital part of culture and tradition (Dorji et al. 2020). Yaks maintain the profession of people; their livelihoods and culture; shape land use and migratory routes in the high mountains (Wouters 2021). Yak produces an array of products such as dairy, hair, skin and meat. Yaks make herders entrepreneurs through the further processing of yak products. For instance, herders weave blankets and cloths from hair, use skin for tents and make butter and cheese. They use yak dung for cooking, when the fuelwood supply is in shortage, and yak are also used for transportation, particularly in areas where there is no access to roads. In addition, herding maintains the rangeland ecosystem by surpassing the growth of the woody vegetation in the rangeland, which is essential for increasing forage availability (Teague et al. 2008). The transhumant system adopted by yak herders, namely, seasonal movement between winter and summer, is considered an adaptive mechanism to minimize the negative effects of water and forage scarcity on herding activity (Wakeel and Sabah 1993). Seasonal mobility allows rangelands to regenerate by reducing grazing pressure. This social-ecological system is faced with several challenges in the changing socio-economic and environmental context. Improved road accessibility has increased accessibility to schools and opened up new economic opportunities for young people in the high mountains increasing, in turn, the outmigration of rural youth (Schwilch et al. 2017). Hence, sacrifice of opportunities for education and enjoyment of modern life is the opportunity cost associated with yak herding for youth as yak herders must spend at least 6 months of the year in remote areas guarding their yak. Therefore, a question hangs over the continuation of transhumance pastoralism given its relative unprofitability as well as the new generation’s attraction towards modern economic development (López-i-Gelats et al. 2015; Gentle and Thwaites 2016; Pasakhala et al. 2021). Among the challenges is the changing global environment which is posing a threat to yak herding. The variation in temperature and snowfall is affecting the seasonal movement of herders (Feroze et al. 2019). Yak deaths have increased in recent years due to snowstorms in the Himalayas. Moreover, rangeland health is compromised through the introduction of invasive plants and the drying up of water sources (Duncan et al. 2004; Naz Mirza et al. 2009). Global warming has led to an increase in the length of the vegetation growing season and growth rate, increasing, thereby, brush density (Archer 2010). As a result, rangeland is shrinking with an attendant decline in forage quality and quantity leading, in turn, to decreased milk production (Wangchuk and Wangdi 2018). Compounding the problem is government restrictions on the free movement of yak, which leads to in-breeding as well as decline in the productivity and health of the yak (Dong et al. 2009). These factors are pushing yak herders out of their traditional occupation and into alternative livelihood options. As a result, yak herding is vanishing gradually from the high Himalayas (Joshi et al. 2020). This may disconnect the interaction between highland people, livestock and rangeland, which ultimately encourage the drivers of rangeland degradation. This poses a threat to the existence of culture, traditions and people’s sense of identity, on the one hand, and rangelands of the high mountains, on the other hand. Although yak herding is not limited to the livelihoods of herders in the highland, the discontinuation is mainly driven by the profitability of this occupation. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the economics of yak herding to support and promote sustainable yak herding practices that can ensure the continuation of this important cultural tradition, so that an appropriate strategy can be devised to maintain yak herding in the high mountains. The present study estimates the benefits and costs of yak herding in the Kanchenjunga landscape, Nepal, and carry out a sensitivity analysis in order to understand the determinants of profit and loss. The Kanchenjunga landscape (KL) extends over an area of 25,085.8 sq km and covers diverse ecological zones in eastern Nepal, Sikkim and Darjeeling Himalayas of India, and western Bhutan (Gurung et al. 2019). The study was carried in three rangeland sites of the Kanchenjunga landscape, Nepal, namely, Phalelung and Yangwarak of Panchthar district and Sidingwa, of Taplejung district. The main reason behind the selection of these sites was the similarity in transhumance practice. Livestock production is one of the dominant economic activities in these sites. The total number of yaksheds in the area is 60 out of which 33 are in Phalelung, 14 in Yangwarak and 13 in Sidingwa (Fig. 1). Herders here have only two sheds for summer and winter and they must move them once in each season. The study was conducted in the fourth week of October and some yak herds had already moved down towards the village, particularly in Sidingwa and Yangwarak, by the time we carried out the interviews as it was the end of October. In Yangwarak and Sidingwa, the duration of stay of yak herders in summer pasture is about 6–7 months while it is 8 months long in Phalelung. In the case of the former, the herds start to move down to the village for winter pasture from October 15 whereas in Phalelung it begins on November 15. Further, they move up to summer pasture around February 15 in Phalelung. The yak sheds found in the lowest altitude during the survey period were 2115 m and 3549 m above the mean sea level in Sidingwa and Phalelung, respectively. Two methods were used in the study to elicit the required information from yak herders in the study area: a questionnaire survey and focus group discussions. To prepare the questionnaire survey, two focus group discussions were carried out in Phalelung, Panchthar and Yamphudin, Taplejung with local stakeholders including yak herders and local government representatives, including officials of the rural municipality, as well as civil society organizations working to support livestock management in the area in January 2021. Discussions were mainly guided by open-ended questions. Issues related to yak herding and rangeland management were discussed at this stage. The discussions also focused on the role of the local government in promoting yak herding and the impact of government policies on rangeland management. During the focus group discussions, participants, particularly herders, suggested ways to minimize the problems associated with yak herding and how to improve it. The focus groups identified the benefits and costs associated with yak herding. They also shared the general production costs/prices associated with yak herding. The focus group participants said that all herders produced equal quantities of butter and chhurpi. They said further that they do not prefer to sell milk as there is no market for the milk (Table 1). As revealed in the focus group discussions, a chauri gives birth for the first time at the age of 3 years and continues up to the age of 25 years. According to experienced herders, a chauri is likely to give birth up to 19 calves over her lifetime. They usually calve once every other year (Degen et al. 2007). The maximum productive age is between 6 and 11 years. A chauri yields 5 l of milk per day for around eight months per year. The market price of the animals is as follows: ○ Adult chauri (female yak): NPRFootnote 1 70,000/ ○ Calf (she): NPR 40,000.00 ○ Calf (he): NPR 35,000.00 ○ Adult yak (male): NPR 100,000 In the rangeland area, the market price of chauri/yak products is as follows: ○ Chhurpi—NPR 900/kg ○ Butter—NPR 600/kg ○ Fibre—NPR 500/kg ○ Meat—NPR 400/kg Questionnaire development and survey administration The questionnaire was developed based on the focus group discussions. Local enumerators were recruited to administer the interviews and they were oriented on the questionnaire and trained to carry out the interviews with the choice set. In addition, they were supervised by the research team. The questionnaire was piloted with the local people and updated based on the feedback. Before starting the interview, the enumerators read a plain language statement about the research and ask the yak herders for their verbal consent to take part in the interview. After their consent, interview was carried out with the questionnaire in October 2021. The contents of the questionnaire included information related to the practices, benefits and costs of yak herding and the risks entailed in yak herding. A benefit–cost analysis of yak herding was carried out based on the actual benefits and costs of yak herding. Since there is variation in the cash flow during different periods (R), the present value (PV) was calculated from Eq. (1). The time period (t) for this estimation was 25 years, which is the yak’s milking age. Thereafter, herders use the yak for their meat. The discount rate (i) calculated for this estimation is 5%, which is the average interest rate for an agriculture loan, depending on the base rate of the individual bank. In addition, the benefit–cost ratio was estimated as the ratio between the present value of the benefit and cost. Similarly, the internal rate of return was estimated to calculate the yield from the investment in yak herding. The following assumptions were made for the benefit–cost analysis: Each shed will have 23 chauris and one yak (based on the existing number). Calf mortality is 40% (Degen et al. 2007). The sex ratio between male and female calves is 1:1. Yak herders start to sell calves from the second year. The estimation of chauri products is based on the existing sale, volume. The price and production are constant over the year. The benefit–cost analysis is based on certain assumptions, but these assumptions may not hold due to the uncertainties. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to measure and evaluate the possible uncertainties (Jain et al. 2011). Five different scenarios were identified based on the existing situation in yak herding and the changing economic context. Two issues were considered while developing the scenarios for the sensitivity analysis. The first was animal mortality, which is considered the greatest risk to yak herding (Dorji et al. 2022). The second was the propensity for outmigration among youth in the mountain area, which is a critical issue in maintaining the traditional occupation (Schwilch et al. 2017). The scenarios are as follows: Scenario I: An average adult yak mortality rate is one every other year. Scenario II: The combination of scenario I and calf mortality reduce to 30%. Scenario III: The combination of scenario I and calf mortality reduces to 20%. Scenario IV: The combination of scenario I and the practice yak herding is using hired labour with minimum wage rate NPR 15,000/month. Scenario V: The combination of scenario IV and social value of yak herding. Here, social value is estimated as the difference between the income from alternative opportunity and minimum wage. Socio-economic characteristics of the yak herders Of the total number of respondents 60, only three (5%) were female. This may be because the interviews were carried out in the yakshed which is managed by a male member when most of the yaks are in the summer pasture. Moreover, more than three-fourths (78%) of the herders were from the indigenous community while the rest (22%) were from the Brahmin/Chhetri ethnic group. The age of the herders was between 21 and 62 years. Among them, only seven (12%) were below 25 years of age while fourteen (23%) herders were above 51 years of age. A total of 1460 chauris were reported from the 60 sheds with an average of 24 chauris and one yak per shed. The herd size ranges from five to 52 chauris. The average herd size was higher in Yangwarak (29.64) while it was the smallest in Phalelung (18.76). Some herders raise other livestock such as goat, sheep, cow and buffalo in addition to yak. Of the total number of herders, one-third (20 herders) raise only chauri whereas the rest (40 herders) kept other animals. The average annual income is NPR 450,833 (USD 3920) per family. The income from yak herding accounts for 72.71% of the total annual income,Footnote 2 on average, ranging from 40 to 100%. Yak herding was not a hereditary occupation for all herders. There were a few newcomers (15%) who had initiated herding on their own due to reasons such as lack of alternative livelihoods and the belief that yak herding is a profitable business as it can be linked with tourism. A majority of the herders indicated that the rangeland was not sufficient to fulfil the forage demand of chauri and that, therefore, they have to purchase supplementary food to feed their animals. About 60% of the herders use rangeland in the community forest and 37% use private rangeland while the rest combine their own pasture with community forest. However, there is a ban on controlled burning inside the community forest. Almost half of the yak herders (45%) are happy with the existing condition of rangeland while 17% are satisfied and 38% are dissatisfied. About 48% stated that, in their experience, the rangeland condition is degrading while 20% said that they had not experienced a change and 32% said that they had experienced improved conditions in rangeland. Nevertheless, all of them said that rangeland do not provide sufficient forage for their animals. As a result, their annual expenditure on grain supplements is NPR 32,875 (USD 286) per shed. The herders identified several issues related to yak herding, among them, disease, water availability, invasive species, wild animal attacks and rangeland degradation. Eighty-five percent of the yak herders have lost chauri in the last 5 years due to these problems. The mortality rate was estimated at 55.2 chauris per year. By yak herd cluster, annual mortality was 23 in Phalelung, 13 in Sidingwa and 19 in Yangwarak. Among the reasons for chauri deaths were accidents, disease, wild animal attacks and age. Of the herders interviewed, 90% and 87% of herders, respectively, also mentioned the problems associated with not having health care services and non-availability of veterinary doctors. Although a market exists for products currently produced, herders have an interest in value addition to chauri/yak products in the form of cheese or milk powder. An emergent issue is conflicts with pasture owners (individuals or community forest users). Consequently, 24 (40%) of the herders believe that a threat exists for yak herding in the future. This is because young people are not interested in engaging in yak herding. In the herders’ opinion, young people are attracted to a modern lifestyle, and they regard yak herding as a time-consuming though unprofitable job connoting low social status. Hence, they are more interested in securing employment abroad or engaging in other off-farm activities. The solution, as 77% of herders see it, is to link yak herding with tourism to attract a younger generation. Cost of yak herding Yak herders spend around 6.23 months on average in summer pasture and approximately 5 months in winter pasture. Thus, they spend around 9.93 months on average in yak keeping. The herders were asked what they would have done if they were not in yak herding. Of the total respondents, 40% selected business followed by employment abroad (35%), employment within the country (13%) and agriculture (12%). The estimated income from these alternative jobs was considered as an opportunity cost, which is estimated NPR 355,400 per year. More than two-thirds of the herders (77%) stated that yak herding is an occupation that affords self-reliance and 17% indicated that yak herding provides an opportunity to live close to nature while the rest said that they chose the occupation to ensure the continuation of their ancestral occupation and culture. The annual cost of yak herding is the registration fee, which is a one-time cost as reported in Table 2. In addition, there is the cost of yak purchasing, which is discussed in the “Methods” section. Benefits of yak herding Income from yak covers around 72.71% of the total household income, on average, ranging from 40 to 100%. Yak herders prefer not to sell milk. Instead, they sell chhurpi (hard curd cheese) and ghee (butter), which are processed in the yak shed. These are the main commercial products of chauri. The average annual income from the yak is reported in Table 3. In addition, opportunity exists for other income from selling calf and meat as well as tourism. In recent years, yak herders have started “Shed Stay (Goth Stay) to link tourism with yak herding. But, of the total number of herders interviewed, only 7% had started Goth Stay up to now. Yak herders also sell the meat after the chauri ceases to produce milk. The cost presented in Table 3 is the average annual benefit from selling calf meat from the fifth year onward. Yak herding also offers several environmental benefits. When herders were asked to share their understanding of the environmental benefits of yak herding, they responded that it helped to control brush encroachment in rangeland (93%) thereby facilitating the Red Panda’s movement (92%). Furthermore, 87% of herders said that it had reduced the poaching of wild animals while 85% said it had reduced illegal logging and 82% said it had prevented encroachment. At the same time, yak herding is contributing to promoting tourism as the herders of the area celebrate the annual “Yak Festival” during the Nepali New Year. We carried out a benefit–cost analysis based on the assumptions made in the data analysis section. The estimated present value of benefits and costs for the given time period are NPR 12,718,772 (USD 110,598) and NPR 13,768,825 (USD 119,729), respectively. The benefit–cost ratio is 0.92 and the internal rate of return is 3.30. The lower return may be due to the inclusion of the opportunity cost as the present value of the opportunity cost constitutes 36 of the total present value of the cost. The exclusion of the opportunity cost produces a benefit–cost ratio of 1.45 and internal rate of return (IRR) of 10.74. The results of the sensitivity analysis are presented in Table 4. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the benefit–cost ratio and IRR increase with reduced calf mortality. Yak herding would be more beneficial when there is hired labour as per Scenario IV and when the herder takes up other income-generating activities. But, if the social benefits of yak herding like preserving traditional cultures and practices, supporting local economies, maintaining rangeland ecosystems, living with family and curbing illegal activities are added as in scenario V, then herding would be more attractive financially. Despite the fact that yak herding is the oldest commercial activity in the high mountains, the analysis indicates that, in the current context, yak herding is not financially attractive. This findings aligns with existing studies that have indicated yak husbandry as a less profitable business compared to the husbandry of goat and sheep because of productivity and the quick turnover of the latter (Errang 2019; Khadka and Thapa 2020). In the Himalayas, yak herders also keep other livestock and engage in subsistence farming to supplement their livelihood(Gyamtsho 2000). The results of our study, particularly the calculated IRR, indicate that yak herding would be financially viable only with incentives to rear yak. This is because subsidies and incentives contribute to enhance agricultural productivity (Garrone et al. 2019) and prevention of grassland deprivation (Lin et al. 2022), as it encourages farmers for innovation and technology adoption (Omotilewa et al. 2019). It is therefore necessary that the government recognizes and acknowledges the role of yak herders in preserving the rangeland ecosystem, highland tradition and culture; and their contribution towards the local economy by devising different models such as development of community cooperatives and value addition of yak products to attract more herders for yak herding (Foggin 2021). This argument is supported by the highest IRR and benefit–cost ratio, while social benefits of yak herding are included in the analysis as evident in Table 4. This supports the existing belief that yak herding is part of the culture and tradition of the high mountains and not just a livelihood option (Dorji et al. 2020). This is also supported by the fact that a few herders are continuing this occupation as an ancestral occupation and part of their culture. In addition, not only indigenous community, but also people from other ethnic groups living in the highland are involve in this occupation. This means yak herding is key to establish human civilization in the highlands (Wiener 2013; Joshi et al. 2020). This may suggest that providing incentive for the herders for their contribution to maintaining rangelands and preserving culture can motivate them to continue herding. For instance, implementing payment for ecosystem services scheme may compensate herders for their efforts (Carriazo et al. 2020; Upton 2020). This makes yak herding financially attractive. Yak herders maintain the rangeland ecosystem through the practice of controlled burning and brush cutting to increase fodder production (Humphrey 1962; Dong et al. 2007; Limb et al. 2016). However, rangeland in Nepal falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Forest and Environment. Nepal’s Forestry Sector has given higher priority to community forestry programme. This programme involves local people in forest management as community forest users. This means those who live close to forests (usually less than 5 km from the forest) can participate in forest management activities physically and can be registered as forest users (Rai et al. 2017). This provision has kept these seasonal and distant users out of community forest management and resource utilization (Kanel and Kandel 2004). Some activities of community forest user groups may have adverse impacts on forest production. First, they manage community forests for the production of timber, fuelwood and fodder (Adhikari and Lovett 2006; Rai et al. 2016). Second, community forest user groups are preventing prescribed burning and grazing, in order to improve the forest conditions (Sapkota 2017; Shrestha et al. 2017; Gaire and Ghimire 2019). This applies to rangelands, which fall under the jurisdiction of community forest user groups. But most of the herders feel that rangeland conditions are showing signs of degradation compared to the last 5 years. Invasion by woody vegetation is one of the major causes of rangeland loss (Limb et al. 2010). Herders believe that grazing increases rangeland productivity as free-range yak supply nutrients through urine and dung. In addition, grazing may improve rangeland health by controlling weed invasion (Frost and Launchbaugh 2003). This has led to conflicts between nomadic pastoralists and community forest users (Pant et al. 2017). This may lead towards the discontinuation of yak herding, which threatens the integrity of rangeland ecosystems. Another benefit of yak herding is that it increases the presence of herders in remote areas. In these remote areas, the government is not able to provide proper services to the citizens (Dawadi and Shakya 2016). Herders’ presence in remote areas can be regarded as providing a free service to the government as local guardians, particularly to minimize illegal activities. This shows that nomadic pastoralists are important stakeholders of natural resource management in the high mountains. This means yak herding is contributing to protect resources and to curb illegal activities, which can be accounted as their benefits. It is apparent from the results that calf mortality is a serious threat to yak herding as frequent calf mortality impacts profitability. The higher rate of yak calf mortality is one of the main causes of the low yak population in the Himalayas (Acharya et al. 2014; Bera et al. 2015). Among the main causes of calf mortality are diseases, predation and climate (Acharya et al. 2014; Bera et al. 2015; Kar and Thungon 2015; Anzai et al. 2021). Lack of health facilities in the high-altitude pastures, particularly in the summer pastures, is challenging. As yaks are free-ranging animals and most of the rangelands, particularly summer pastures, are close to protected areas, there is a high probability of predation by wild animals. Therefore, it is also important to have access to financial institutions to purchase yak to maintain yak herding to prevent losses due to high mortality (Degen et al. 2007). The findings of this study suggest that improving rangeland management would lead to an increase in forage production and, thereby, reduce the cost of grain supplements. In this context, it is vital to review the provisions on prescribed burning as it is an important aspect of rangeland management. The Divisional Forest Office may consider facilitating prescribed burning under the supervision of forest user groups in the community forest operational plan. Similarly, the provisioning of veterinary services, particularly in the summer pasture, would also help as health is a dominant cause of yak mortality. This can be managed in coordination with the local municipalities. Finally, our work suggests that yak herding could attract younger herders if more visibility was given to the herders’ contribution towards preserving the culture, maintaining the rangeland ecosystem and promoting the local economy. This can be done by incentivizing the yak herders for their contribution towards maintaining the rangeland ecosystem and linking yak herding with tourism. Other options would be establishing milk-processing industries to produce cheese and milk powder which would increase the earnings of herders. But, for this, it is necessary to prepare a business plan with the possibility of long-term investment after further investigations into its feasibility. Yak herders provide global services, such as maintaining the health of highland ecosystems, and transhumance, which eventually contribute to the preservation of culture, tradition and social ties in the highlands, yet these global services are often overlooked. Moving forward, the value of such critical socioecological services to the global community should be explicitly considered and duly accounted, so that yak herding receives appropriate attention and support in light of its local and global contributions and benefits. Availability of data and materials NPR is Nepali currency. 1 USD = NPR 115. Nepal per capita income for 2021—$1208. Acharya, K.P., B.K. Nirmal, B. Poudel, S. Bastola, M.K. 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Wangchuk, Kesang, and Jigme Wangdi. 2018. Signs of climate warming through the eyes of yak herders in northern Bhutan. Mountain Research and Development 38: 45–52. Wiener, Gerald. 2013. The yak, an essential element of the high altitude regions of Central Asia. Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines.43-44. CEMS/EPHE. Wouters, Jelle J P. 2021. Relatedness, Trans-species Knots and Yak Personhood in the Bhutan highlands’. Environmental Humanities in the New Himalayas. 27–43. Routledge. This study was partially supported by the core funds International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal, under the Kanchenjunga Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative (KLCDI) programme. ICIMOD gratefully acknowledges the support of its core donors: the Governments of Afghanistan, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden and Switzerland. This study was partially supported by the core funds International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Nepal, under the Kanchenjunga Landscape Conservation and Development Initiative (KLCDI) programme. Ethics approval and consent to participate Consent for publication The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About this article Cite this article Rai, R.K., Joshi, S., Dorji, T. et al. Economics of Yak herding in the Kanchenjunga landscape of the Eastern Himalayas. Pastoralism 13, 16 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13570-023-00276-6 - Benefit–cost analysis - Controlled burning	<urn:uuid:8eb4600a-bf0d-419c-af83-936bc20b43e4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://pastoralismjournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s13570-023-00276-6", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506539.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923231031-20230924021031-00180.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9146028757095337, "token_count": 9471, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4 }
For decades, the human race has been deploying satellites into orbit. And in all that time, the method has remained the same – a satellite is placed aboard a booster rocket which is then launched from a limited number of fixed ground facilities with limited slots available. This process not only requires a month or more of preparation, it requires years of planning and costs upwards of millions of dollars. On top of all that, fixed launch sites are limited in terms of the timing and direction of orbits they can establish, and launches can be delayed by things as simple as bad weather. As such, DARPA has been working towards a new method of satellite deployment, one which eliminates rockets altogether. It’s known as the Airborne Launch Assist Space Access (ALASA), a concept which could turn any airstrip into a spaceport and significantly reduce the cost of deploying satellites. What ALASA comes down to is a cheap, expendable dispatch launch vehicle that can be mounted onto the underside of an aircraft, flown to a high altitude, and then launched from the craft into low earth orbit. By using the aircraft as a first-stage, satellite deployment will not only become much cheaper, but much more flexible. DARPA’s aim in creating ALASA was to ensure a three-fold decrease in launch costs, but also to create a system that could carry payloads of up to 45 kg (100 lbs) into orbit with as little as 24 hours’ notice. Currently, small satellite payloads cost roughly $66,000 a kilogram ($30,000 per pound) to launch, and payloads often must share a launcher. ALASA seeks to bring that down to a total of $1 million per launch, and to ensure that satellites can be deployed more precisely. News of the agency’s progress towards this was made at the 18th Annual Commercial Space Transportation Conference (Feb 4th and 5th) in Washington, DC. Bradford Tousley, the director of DARPA’s Tactical Technology Office, reported on the progress of the agency’s program, claiming that they had successfully completed phase one, which resulted in three viable system designs. Phase two – which began in March of 2014 when DARPA awarded Boeing the prime contract for development – will consist of DARPA incorporating commercial-grade avionics and advanced composites into the design. Once this is complete, it will involve launch tests that will gauge the launch vehicle’s ability to deploy satellites to desired locations. “We’ve made good progress so far toward ALASA’s ambitious goal of propelling 100-pound satellites into low earth orbit (LEO) within 24 hours of call-up, all for less than $1 million per launch,” said Tousley in an official statement. “We’re moving ahead with rigorous testing of new technologies that we hope one day could enable revolutionary satellite launch systems that provide more affordable, routine and reliable access to space.” These technologies include the use of a high-energy monopropellant, where fuel and oxidizer are combined into a single liquid. This technology, which is still largely experimental, will also cut the costs associated with satellite launches by both simplifying engine design and reducing the cost of engine manufacture and operation. Also, the ability to launch satellites from runways instead of fixed launch sites presents all kinds of advantages. At present, the Department of Defense (DoD) and other government agencies require scheduling years in advance because the number of slots and locations are very limited. This slow, expensive process is causing a bottleneck when it comes to deploying essential space assets, and is also inhibiting the pace of scientific research and commercial interests in space. “ALASA seeks to overcome the limitations of current launch systems by streamlining design and manufacturing and leveraging the flexibility and re-usability of an air-launched system,” said Mitchell Burnside Clapp, DARPA program manager for ALASA. “We envision an alternative to ride-sharing for satellites that enables satellite owners to launch payloads from any location into orbits of their choosing, on schedules of their choosing, on a launch vehicle designed specifically for small payloads.” The program began in earnest in 2011, with the agency conducting initial trade studies and market/business case analysis. In November of that same year, development began with both system designs and the development of the engine and propellant technologies. Phase 2 is planned to last late into 2015, with the agency conducting tests of both the vehicle and the monopropellant. Pending a successful run, the program plan includes 12 orbital launches to test the integrated ALASA prototype system – which is slated to take place in the first half of 2016. Depending on test results, the program would conduct up to 11 further demonstration launches through the summer of 2016. If all goes as planned, ALASA would provide convenient, cost-effective launch capabilities for the growing government and commercial markets for small satellites, which are currently the fastest-growing segment of the space launch industry. And be sure to check out this concept video of the ALASA, courtesy of DARPA: Further Reading: DARPA TTO, DARPA News	<urn:uuid:1248fdd9-41cd-4a8b-be97-44f9bbd9c706>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-05", "url": "https://www.universetoday.com/tag/space-launch/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250626449.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124221147-20200125010147-00313.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.956526517868042, "token_count": 1076, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3 }
Killifish are an important forage species, and share similar habitats with shrimp, oysters, blue craps, redfish, and speckled trout. Credit: Andrew Whitehead/UC Davis This Research in Action article was provided to LiveScience in partnership with the National Science Foundation. New research shows that a signal species of fish in the Gulf Coast was harmed by exposure to crude oil toxins nearly a year after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil rig disaster occurred. Using wire minnow traps, the researchers — from Louisiana State University, Clemson University and the University of California, Davis — collected Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) from oil-contaminated Grande Terre, La., and from reference sites in Mississippi and Alabama — sites that were not contaminated — during four trips between May 2010 and August 2011. Analyses of the Grande Terre fish revealed abnormal gene expression in their liver and gill tissues. Furthermore, embryos that were exposed in the lab to Grande Terre sediments failed to hatch or were smaller and showed "poor vigor." The embryos also suffered edema, or excessive fluid buildup, around the heart and in the yolk sac. Killifish are useful as study subjects because they don't migrate, making them good indicators of the effects of toxins in their environment. Other species that share similar habitats with the Gulf killifish are redfish, speckled trout, flounder, blue crabs, shrimp and oyster. "These effects are characteristic of crude oil toxicity," said co-author Andrew Whitehead, an assistant professor of environmental toxicology at UC Davis. "It's important that we observe it in the context of the Deepwater Horizon spill because it tells us it is far too early to say the effects of the oil spill are known and inconsequential. By definition, effects on reproduction and development — effects that could impact populations — can take time to emerge." But he also noted that oil from the Deepwater Horizon spill showed up in patches without coating the coastline. That means some killifish may have been less impacted. The National Science Foundation-supported paper was posted online before its publication in Environmental Science and Technology. The Deepwater Horizon oil spill is the largest recorded in history, resulting in an estimated 210 million gallons of crude oil spilled. Editor's Note: Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. See the Research in Action archive.	<urn:uuid:c01fb0e9-d972-4bd7-b53d-1fb4f0200ffb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-06", "url": "http://www.livescience.com/34625-deepwater-horizon-spill-damages-nsf-ria.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-06/segments/1422120928902.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20150124173528-00013-ip-10-180-212-252.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9518745541572571, "token_count": 516, "score": 3.671875, "int_score": 4 }
ManitobaArticle Free Pass - Government and society - Cultural life In the south, Manitoba’s countryside has an older, more occupied look than those of the other Prairie Provinces. The development of the Red River Settlement in the 19th century gave the early province a distinctly rural character. The rapid occupation of the agricultural lands between 1870 and 1914 and subsequent expansion into the Interlake and northwest areas maintained the rural dominance. During World War II, however, the rural-urban balance tipped. Since then, the depopulation of rural Manitoba has continued apace, and Winnipeg and the province’s network of smaller urban centres have grown accordingly. By the turn of the 21st century, nearly three-fourths of the province’s population was urban. Over four-fifths of this urban population (and about three-fifths of the total population of the province) resides in metropolitan Winnipeg. Other than Winnipeg, the province’s main towns are Brandon, an industrial and agricultural centre serving the southwest; Thompson, a nickel-mining and nickel-processing town in the northern forest; The Pas, a trading and communications centre on the Saskatchewan River; Flin Flon, a mining centre near the Saskatchewan border; Churchill, a trans-shipment centre and port on Hudson Bay; Dauphin, a regional service town in west-central Manitoba; Selkirk, the centre of commercial fishing and water transportation on Lake Winnipeg; and several service towns, such as Steinbach and Morden, in the southeastern region. Mainly because Manitoba’s economy faltered in the late 20th century, at least by comparison with the economies of other western Canadian provinces, there has been a steady out-migration of young people and professionals to other provinces—especially the Canadian West. Immigration to the province now comes mainly from less-developed countries. Manitoba’s population also has become consistently older since the end of World War II. The province’s birth rate is slightly higher than the national average. As a result of all of these factors, Manitoba’s population was barely growing at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing Agriculture remains an important sector of the Manitoban economy, though climate and soil types limit agricultural production; indeed, some marginal areas, including the Interlake District, have been farmed for several generations with little success. A significant portion of the province lies north of the 53rd parallel, where the Canadian Shield begins, and has an extremely short growing season. While much of the agricultural production is grain for export, a sizable market gardening sector (cultivation of vegetables and flowers for sale in nearby markets) has developed in the lands bordering the Red and Assiniboine rivers. In addition, poultry, hogs, and cattle are raised throughout the southern districts of the province, and the livestock sector has grown significantly. Wheat remains the province’s main crop; others include barley, rapeseed (canola), flaxseed, oats, rye, sugar beets, sunflowers, corn (maize), and canning vegetables. Dairy products, eggs, and potatoes are also important. Forestry is a key factor in northern Manitoba’s economy. More than one-fourth of the province’s landmass supports valuable timber, although there has been much devastation from forest fires. Manitoba also has a specialized commercial fishing industry, primarily located around the major lakes—Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Winnipegosis. Resources and power The province has a range of resources to draw upon, which has allowed it to diversify its economic base. Numerous mineral deposits, including nickel, copper, gold, lead, silver, cadmium, and zinc, make mining a vital part of the economy. Oil and natural gas have been found in the southwest, particularly around Virden, although the fields are relatively small. Manitoba also has a huge network of streams, rivers, and lakes with considerable potential for hydroelectric development. Manitoba Hydro, the government-owned utility, has developed a number of large power stations along the Nelson and Saskatchewan rivers, and a portion of the power generated is exported. Moreover, Manitoba has arguably the best wind resources in North America, which the province is in the process of developing. Manufacturing has overtaken agriculture as the largest sector of the province’s economy. The traditional industries are chiefly involved with resource processing: meatpacking, flour milling, and the production of lumber, pulp, and paper. Distilling, printing, textile manufacture, and nickel and copper ore smelting also remain important. Beginning in the latter part of the 20th century, the economy was supplemented by technology industries, including the manufacture of aeronautical systems, computers, and electrical equipment. Although no single industry dominates the Manitoba economy, many communities are dependent upon only one industry. In general, Manitoba’s non-resource-based industries are located in the Winnipeg area, while those based on resource processing are found throughout the province. Services, labour, and taxation The service sector has become the largest single part of Manitoba’s economy. Winnipeg, once the commercial centre for western Canada, remains a major financial centre and home to the Winnipeg Commodity Exchange as well as other financial institutions, including insurance companies. The growth of government services also has contributed to the expansion of Manitoba’s service sector, as has tourism, which increased steadily at the end of the 20th century, although the province’s distance from the centres of North American population remains a drawback. Sportfishing is particularly vital to Manitoba’s tourist industry. Government revenues are derived largely from taxation and federal grants, with a small portion coming from fees and royalties on hunting, fishing, and oil, as well as from other sources. What made you want to look up Manitoba?	<urn:uuid:ac145f8a-c4e3-43b3-bb66-23eada94fc58>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362369/Manitoba/43171/Settlement-patterns", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507443438.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005723-00330-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9532455801963806, "token_count": 1217, "score": 3.34375, "int_score": 3 }
Cytoskeleton refers to the intracellular network of protein filaments. They are involved in adopting a variety of shapes and to carry out directed movements within the cell. There are three types of protein filaments: microfilaments (Subunit- actin like protein, are capable of contraction), microtubules (Subunit- alpha and beta tubulin, they do not contract but they can assemble and disassemble; play important role in the movement of the chromosomes) and intermediate filaments (forms a basket around the nucleus and are present in cell-cell junctions). - Non-living, contractile, solid rods made of actin, a protein. They are long polymerized chains of the initially globular actin molecules that are intertwined which thus create a filamentous protein known as F-actin. Make up 10-15% of total cell protein. - Also known as actin filaments. - Common to all eukaryotic cells. - Not found in prokaryotes. - Narrowest when compared to other elements of cytoskeleton i.e., IF and microtubules. - Tough and flexible framework - Also found connected with ER, spindle fibers, chloroplast etc. - The highest concentration is found at the edges of the cell since they are nucleated at the plasma membrane. Discovery: discovered by Paleviz. Polarity in nature: same orientation of all the subunits that make up a microfilament. Size: Diameter ranges from 5 to 9 nanometer. Microfilaments (called as myofibrils) are present in muscle tissues. The two proteins myosin (Thick filament )and actin (thin filament ) work together to help the muscle cells relax and contract. When both these filaments, actin and myosin slide over each other, the muscles contract. The two proteins need each other and together they are called actomyosin. - Help a dividing cell to separate into 2 cells. - They along with myosin generate forces that are used for basic cell movements and also in cell-contraction. - Developing cell surface projections. For eg- lamellipodia, filopodia, and stereocilia. - Provide mechanical support to cell and help a cell in shaping. Microfilaments disassemble and again assemble quickly. For this reason, a cell changes its shape and moves. - Un branched structural and functional elements of the cytoskeleton. - 8 to 12 nanometers in diameter. - Made up of structural proteins like vimentin, keratin, and desmin. - Larger than microfilaments. - Form a basket around the nucleus. - Found in cell-cell junctions. - Found in glial cells and neurons. For eg, peripherin, neurofilaments - Keratin filaments—form keratin of skin & tonofibrils. - Glial filaments- intermediate filaments occurring in astrocytes. - Neuro filament- lattice formation with bundles of microtubules in axons and dendrons of neurons. - Heterogeneous filaments-found in muscles these are intermediate filaments connected to centriole, nuclear envelope. - Maintain rigidity and the shape of the cell as these elements bear the tension. - Put the desmosomes and nucleus in place inside the cell. - Shape of nucleus is maintained by nuclear lamina that is formed by the intermediate filaments. The nuclear lamina is a fibrous protein network and is found along the lining of the inner nuclear membrane. - Hollow unbranched proteinaceous cylinders, found in all eukaryotic cells and absent in prokaryotes. - In plants, they are associated with cell wall. Size: 200-700 A0in diameter. Length ranges b/w 200nm and 25micrometre. Discovery: by Franchi and De Robertis in 1953. Structure: Tubulin, a glycoprotein is the main constituent of microtubule which occurs in two forms, α-Tubulin and β-Tubulin. Found in association with cilia, flagella, centriole, astral fibres, spindle fibres and other whips like organs that aid in locomotion. etc. No movement of chromosome occurs where microtubules are disrupted with colchicine or other chemicals like colchicine. Take part in the formation of spindle fibre at the time of cell division in mitosis. - Since they are a part of the cytoskeleton, they provide support and maintain cell shape. - Provide guidance to the chromosome movement at the time of cell division. - Help in transporting cell wall material from Golgi apparatus to exterior of cell in plants. All the best!!	<urn:uuid:e6c487da-380d-4b73-bfba-e90cdf7b0c10>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://gradeup.co/important-notes-cell-structure-cytoskeleton-i-d49d2580-79cb-11e7-8723-75a40d22e401", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390448.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526050333-20200526080333-00208.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8905625939369202, "token_count": 1023, "score": 4.09375, "int_score": 4 }
Distribution function, mathematical expression that describes the probability that a system will take on a specific value or set of values. The classic examples are associated with games of chance. The binomial distribution gives the probabilities that heads will come up a times and tails n − a times (for 0 ≤ a ≤ n), when a fair coin is tossed n times. Many phenomena, such as the distribution of IQs, approximate the classic bell-shaped, or normal, curve (see normal distribution). The highest point on the curve indicates the most common or modal value, which in most cases will be close to the average (mean) for the population. A well-known example from physics is the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution law, which specifies the probability that a molecule of gas will be found with velocity components u, v, and w in the x, y, and z directions. A distribution function may take into account as many variables as one chooses to include. Alternative titles: cumulative distribution function; probability distribution Email this page	<urn:uuid:474cc9bc-9ae1-4a19-8c17-017904b14b79>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.britannica.com/topic/distribution-function", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049270513.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002110-00229-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.899644136428833, "token_count": 209, "score": 4, "int_score": 4 }
Juniper is an evergreen tree native to Europe, Asia, and North America. Juniper has been used since at least 1500 B.C.E. It works well both on its own and when combined with other herbs. Taken internally as a tea, decoction, powder, capsules, or extract. Juniper has many culinary uses and is a well-known ingredient in gin. Juniper is best used on a short-term basis and should be avoided by those with kidney disease or who are pregnant. Visit our recipe archive for more information on learning how to cook with juniper. Juniper is often used for urinary tract infections, arthritis, and rheumatism. It is a powerful antiseptic as well as a diuretic. Additionally, it is anti-inflammatory and can help to relieve muscle aches due to excess lactic acid. Volatile oil, tannins, flavonoids, glucuronic acid.	<urn:uuid:4fa0911f-6bf0-429d-b9ed-ee95a6a25135>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2024-10", "url": "https://puremarket.ca/products/organic-juniper-berries-50g", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947475311.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20240301125520-20240301155520-00879.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9481289386749268, "token_count": 196, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
Risk management is a process that was designed to offer a general framework for organizations to assist in the identification, monitoring, analysis, evaluation, and management of unforeseen threats to the business (Robertson, Moore & Kean, 2004). The application of this process has been accepted plus proven to be successful in different parts of the globe and the disaster management societies around the world have effectively used them. Risk, as explained by (Constantinescu, 2015), is found in every aspect of life in real world such as in nature and around people’s social life including in tourism, hospitality and events. The idea of risk management is an organizational procedure that is supposed to be a process used in the tourism industry, destinations and businesses including a host of multiple agencies process. The process of risk management must also involve the communication and consultation aspects, which are essentially necessary to be undertaken during each step in the process of risk management. A process of both internal plus external communication and discussion about the process needs to be set up and sustained between the stakeholders and decision-makers who hold different views in various areas and their expertise is considered. An analytical essay which explains the nature of the scope, identification and analysis of the significant ethical, legal, and sustainability dimensions of risk management in the tourism, hospitality and events industry. When risk management is effective, it can avert crisis that may arise from arising issue and the poor assessment of risks plus misunderstanding and mismanagement may lead to a crisis. Risk management entails the assessment of the probability of any negative happenings that may cause the tourism sector to not function customarily (Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC), 2017). Overall, these factors outline the steps and processes involved in risk management, as they seek to establish policies, systems, and procedures including how the internal and external organizational relationships. Legal Dimension of Risk Management Liability is one of the important legal issues of risk management, and this includes the acceptance of any damages or loss resulting from actions, omissions or obligations resulting to harming others due to lack of observing the above-given scenario without compensation to the aggrieved parties. When one is involved in the hotel and hospitality industry, it is important to note that they should take responsibility for their actions and the organizers should assign liability for actions they do not have control over. In a case scenario where there is an event for a children’s fun park, in case there is an accident, and one of the fun park merry go round malfunctions and cause injuries, there should be steps to know who is to take liability for the disaster. The duty of care is another form of a legal issue of risk management, for example, in tourism; there are relationships that exist between guests and hotels including tour guides and participants. The aforementioned then translate to what the concerned parties put in place measures that prevent disaster in case care is not taken and where there is foreseeable room for catastrophe. If a person or institution acted unreasonably and their services or goods did not meet the set standards or expectations, this results in the breach of the duty of care. For instance, if there were construction repairs in a hotel and the contractors left a gas pipe leaking without repairing the damage, this is the epitome of not observing the duty of care aspect in the proper formation of risk management. In this example, there is the outright foreseeability of the risk involved by the hotel management when they decided to leave a leaking gas pipe and outright gravity of injury risk in case the hotel got destroyed by the leaking gas. In this regard, there is logical practicability that comes with the need to fix the leaking gas, but the hotel ignored it causing or exposing the risk of injury and loss of both life and property. Therefore, the lack of due diligence on the part of the hotel leads to exposure to damages and risking lives due to their ignorance of the industry’s standard practice of duty of care. Negligence is the lack of doing or taking reasonable actions and steps in situations where a reasonable person should have acted reasonably (Webster, 2015). In other words, when the safety principles of an organization fall short of a given standard and damage or loss happens because of this, the injured individual can sue for negligence. In this regard, neglect covers the legal and ethical dimensions of the risk management by way of law and the common practice of principles and business morality. There is the need for hotels and players in the hospitality industry to observe this aspect so that in case of damage or loss of property or life from the intent of the institution to cause harm, recklessness or failure to act reasonably, and these results will not be blamed on them. Webster (2015) indicates that in the tourism industry, most of the lawsuits that usually involve negligence, are those where one of the parties seek monetary compensation. As dictated by law and expected by ethical duties, there is the need for individuals and institutions in the hotel and hospitality industry to have documented evidence such as security and safety credentials from their suppliers and other contractors to mitigate any claims of negligence on their part. The fundamentals of primary human conduct are referred to as ethics and entail honesty, prudence, openness, equitability, dignity, avoidance of suffering, and goodwill. Ethics give guiding principles for suitable actions between individuals and groups in given circumstances including the appropriate way forward. Head (2005) notes in doing this, the process shows respect for other individuals’ and groups’ privileges and rights actions which defend others from humiliation or harm, including activities that empower others with freedom to act on their own will. The observation of the basics mentioned above leads to a synergy in administrative and human resource systems that form the basis of management of resources. When organizations do not follow the laid down rules or adhere to any systems of moral ethics in their operations, there is a possibility of serious issues arising and affecting the organization including the risk of damaging its moral values of honesty, responsibility, reliability and accountability (Silvers, 2008). In this regard, business ethics lead to the establishment of moral philosophies in organizations in the hospitality industry by observing values, norms and behaviors that guide the organization in the society (Robson, 2008). It also leads to the interest of the well-being of people in the organization such as employees, customers and suppliers who form the part of the management of stakeholders. In this dimension of risk, there is also a factor known as the “ethical gap” which defines the variance of the risks that are noticeable and those that are not expensive (Hansson, 2004). If tolerable risk is lower that of discovery, there is not a way to conclude if the risk falls in the bracket of tolerable ones. So as to minimize and eliminate the gap of tolerable risks and that of discoverable risks, there is need for to minimizing the level of affordable risks till it corresponds to the level of noticeable risks. An example is when a chef at a New York restaurant was caught on a client’s camera redistributing some leftovers to a fresh plate that was served to another customer who had order a similar meal in a restaurant. Risk exposure and taking the said risk are two different aspects since in risk taking, the individual or organization knows the risks plus is also ready to face it. However, exposure to risk is the action of an individual or organization being placed in a greater form of risk or harm as a result of other factors or people’s action. In this regard, good risk management requires that it is followed up by good ethics so as to support it while at the same time, the aspect of good ethics dictate and call for good risk management in return. Therefore, risk management and morally upright ethics have the tendency of going hand in hand. Sustainability in the hospitality industry is usually an interpretation that is constructed within business obligations instead of an ongoing obligation to sustainability (Jones, Hillier & Comfort, 2016). The sustainability aspect of risk management is not exclusively agreeable among issues but have common characteristics as the others because it focuses on the future that is always unpredictable in any industry. Sustainability risk management is interconnected with the environmental and social responsibility risks, and in order to work around these relationships, and performance, businesses utilize risk management principles (Anderson 2009). However, if a hotel has a culture of sustainability and a strengthened alignment in the understanding of risks that come with business strategies, then the organization will survive. Sustainability seeks to incorporate and bring about the aspect of balance in the contending objectives of the environmental, economic, and social elements. Sustainability entails serious reflection of the future of an organization and the way forward in an unpredictable future (Gemmell and Scott, 2011). Sustainability risk management is organizations’ strategies of the future and creating business opportunity in the future and adding sustainability into risk management certainly results in better control and measure. Sustainability has an effect on economics, society and environment in risk management. For example, Fukushima was made inhabitable when a huge tsunami struck the north-east coast of Japan in March 2011. The loss of property, people and animals led to a lot of suffering in different forms and caused a lot of harm due to the nuclear radiation. The residents of Fukushima had to vacate their homes and as of now, only half of the population is presently leaving there and the rest cannot access their homes. The aftermath of these events was nuclear radiation, and Fukushima has been left as inhabitable and not a pleasant tourist attraction. According to Ritchie (2009), organizations need to learn ways of mitigating future crisis by making disaster preparedness plans so as to diminish the risks of an incident that might occur through development of future prevention and mitigation strategies. Sustainability helps bring about better control and measures put in place for the provision of a higher level of promise that the, in the end, ensures the organization prospers in the long run. In the earlier set up of the hospitality industry, the cost and feasibility of the sustainability of the organization were placed as a specific duty and burden on the general society and environment. Organizations did not feel the effects of these burdens and ignored by the industry, and as a result, they could not tell the misguided form or nature of their interaction with clients. When the full effect of this detachment was felt, the result was the internalization of the sustainability into risk management while observing the impact of the same on the business. The consequences of this internalization are felt through the utilization of using risk management principles, making companies more sustainable and resourceful. Therefore, the need for the observation of legal, ethical, and sustainability integration in risk management policies goes hand in hand with the success and resourcefulness of the business, including the internal and external stakeholders. It is necessary for an organization in the hospitality industry to observe the implementation of the above under the laws set up to control their business environment and the ethics threshold setup for the regulation of character plus due diligence. All in all, the importance of the need for setting up a reasonable sustainability plan due to the unpredictable nature of business needs to be observed as it is a crucial part of the risk management aspect. These three dimensions are best ways in risk management, and are essential in helping organizations address risk and problems before disasters occur. Our law services are included but limited to: – Law Essay Writing Services – Law Dissertation Writing Services – Law Assignment Writing Services – Law Coursework Writing Services – Law Report Writing Service – BVC/BPTC Writing Service Online	<urn:uuid:ace2fa9d-e217-43b2-89ca-7c7842ce731a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://peachyessay.com/sample-essay/legal-ethical-and-sustainability-of-risk-management/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030337529.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20221004215917-20221005005917-00213.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9549093842506409, "token_count": 2335, "score": 2.9375, "int_score": 3 }
Quartz - It's More Likely Than You Think Created 7 months ago · 16 images · 2,218 views · stats Second only to feldspar in abundance. If feel like you ain't got time for this basic rock crystal, then you need to step back and re-evaluate your life choices ya simple bitch. You think you know silicon dioxide? We'll see. So yeah, it does come in multiple different color varieties like this Amethyst here. But that doesn't even come close to scratching the surface of Quartz, which by the way, you would need something of a 7 or harder on the mohs scale to actually do. There's two basic genres of quartz, based on it's internal crystal structure. Macrocrystalline, would be the first. It's formed by adding more and more molecules to the surface of a crystal in layers. Like this citrine right here, which is actually very rare to find naturally occurring in this particular shade of Tang. This is Ametrine. Fancy dual color shennanigans going on here. Amethyst and citrine are virtually the same: quartz with iron or manganese impurities. Heat causes amethyst to turn yellow/orange. Unfortunately most any kind of ametrine or citrine you'll find on the market has been heat treated and filled with lies. Also comes in green, which would be called Prasiolite. This Chalcedony demonstrates the second main type of quartz, Cryptocrystalline. Which is formed in basically a liquified silica solution. Mostly you'll see it polished since its all milky and swirly. Soothing isn't it? NO! THIS SHIT FORMS IN VOLCANOES. FORGED IN FACE MELTING LAVA WITH THE RAGE OF A DYING SUN, now available in charming, adorable arrangements on Etsy and ebay. Agate is a type of Chalcedony. Agate tends to be hollow in the middle, and when combined with chalcedony and the regular macrocrystalline varieties of quartz, a magical thing happens. The best thing... GEODES. GEODES ARE FUCKING BRILLIANT. LOOK AT THIS ROGUE GEODE. I DON'T EVEN KNOW WHAT ITS DOING OR HOW IT GOT THAT WAY. WHY IS IT SQUARISH IN THE MIDDLE? NO ONE KNOWS. ALIENS. Really though, look at this sweet ass geode carving. If I tried to make something like this, I'd probably just end up with a oblong lumpy turd and upwards of three missing fingers. Those super tiny sparkly crystals that look like they've just been dusted over the interior of the geode are a good example of what's called druzy. Now I'm basically just going to run through a few other varieties of quartz. Quartz is sneaky, and there's stones out there you probably never even suspected were quartz. You won't trick me you crafty bastard. I see you. This is Aventurine. It's green and translucent, but with all kinds of inclusions, like mica (muscovite), which make it shimmery. This is the poster child for Chatoyancy. Cat's Eye. This optical effect is caused by fibrous structures or inclusions, usually rutile. The rutile fibers are all aligned and that iridescent line you see appears perpendicular to them. It moves with you regardless of the angle you're viewing it at. Like a stalker. Or crushing debt. Tiger's Eye! Also Chatoyant, but with layers. Heroic layers apparently. Tiger's eye forms when silica and iron oxide replace crocidolite (lol blue asbestos) in the quartz. That's called pseudomorphism, when one mineral replaces another, without altering the structure of the formation as a whole. Hawk's eye is what you get when the delicious crocidolite fibers are still present in the quartz. This is how I imagine Jeremy Renner was formed. One day science will vindicate me. You'll see. And now my favorite, Rutilated Quartz. "Rutile" refers to tiny fibers of titanium dioxide. So "Rutilated Quartz" usually refers to clear or smokey quartz with sticks of rutile in it. I could look at this shit all day. Honestly I have been looking at this shit all day. I should probably eat something. But it's all shiny and tiny, and that's what I look for in my quartz. Damn that's a lot of Red. I approve. This is Jasper. It's what happens when chert get's off it's lazy boring ass and includes itself some iron oxide. Or a lot of iron oxide. Seriously, that's excessively red. Maybe see a doctor. Onyx is a banded variety of Chalcedony. usually black and white. Like a zebra, but hard as fuck. Learns slam at level 33. This is called Titanium Quartz, a type of Aqua Aura. It doesn't form naturally, but I couldn't care less, because it looks like someone blenderized Rainbow Dash and glazed some crystals with the resulting liquified remains. The process by which you make this is almost as cool. Throw a crystal in a vacuum chamber, heat it like you hate it, then vaporize some metal, and toss that into the mix. The vapors stain the outside of the crystal with iridescent metallic glory.	<urn:uuid:725c2ab9-152e-4b8e-b701-2c7e699288e7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://imgur.com/a/ZXHIx", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507445159.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005725-00268-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.950100839138031, "token_count": 1144, "score": 2.765625, "int_score": 3 }
BC is returning to its big spending ways of the 1990s During the 1990s, British Columbia’s economy generally suffered from lacklustre growth and poor fiscal performance. To bring the extent of BC’s fiscal and economic weakness into focus, consider that the 1990s have been referred to as the province’s “lost decade”. In every year of the 1990s, BC ran budget deficits—at a time when many other provinces were implementing successful fiscal consolidations and producing balanced budgets. Following the fiscal consolidations of the early 1990s, nearly every other province saw its net financial position (government liabilities minus financial assets) relative to GDP either essentially hold steady or improve over the second half of the 1990s. BC, on the other hand, saw continued growth in its debt-to-GDP ratio through the second half of that decade. Back in 2001, my colleagues Jason Clemens and Joel Emes noted that undisciplined government spending was one of the root problems of BC’s fiscal and economic woes during the 1990s (the other being uncompetitive tax rates). Specifically, in a detailed analysis of BC’s fiscal and economic situation, they wrote: “The root of the economic problems in British Columbia is poor public policy founded on a belief in the efficacy of a more activist and interventionist government. Over the last decade, real per capita government expenditures in British Columbia have increased 7.5 percent, compared to declining expenditures of 0.6 percent in Ontario and 19.7 percent in Alberta. Government spending as a percent of GDP increased by 13.3 percent in British Columbia over the 1990s while it decreased 2.8 percent and 27.0 percent in Ontario and Alberta, respectively.” With a new Liberal government elected in 2001, and a new focus on more prudent fiscal management, BC’s fiscal situation began to improve. In a recent examination of program spending (all spending excluding debt service payments), my colleagues and I found that BC exercised greater spending restraint than any other province in the decade and a half after 2001. The chart below illustrates this by comparing the growth in real (inflation-adjusted) program spending per person in all 10 provinces between 2002/03 and 2016/17. It shows that real per capita program spending in BC increased at an average annual rate of 0.9 percent over the period—the lowest rate of any province. Newfoundland had the highest rate of spending growth at 2.8 percent while Ontario’s rate was 1.8 percent and Alberta’s was 1.3 percent. These differences in the annual spending growth rate between provinces may appear relatively small at first glance. However, compounded over time they have a substantial impact on a province’s overall spending level. Things have changed again in BC with a new NDP government assuming power in July 2017. Based on BC’s latest budget, we’re seeing early signs of a reversion back to the big spending ways of the 1990s. As evidence, the following chart displays program spending in BC from 2016/17 to 2019/20 under both the previous Liberals plan from the 2017 budget and the current NDP plan from the 2018 budget. Cumulatively, the NDP plan is to spend $9.9 billion more over the course of three years than the Liberals. Moreover, from 2017/18 to 2019/20, the NDP plans to increase program spending at an average annual rate of 5.2 percent, which is double the 2.6 percent planned under the Liberals. After just one full year in power, it seems British Columbians may be seeing history repeat itself with a return to the big spending NDP government of the 1990s. Subscribe to the Fraser Institute Get the latest news from the Fraser Institute on the latest research studies, news and events.	<urn:uuid:d1116b4d-5c67-42c3-852f-64f00c1c4c49>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.fraserinstitute.org/blogs/bc-is-returning-to-its-big-spending-ways-of-the-1990s?language=en", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511002.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002164819-20231002194819-00247.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9522841572761536, "token_count": 784, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
Effective Diabetic Treatment Possibilities in Homeopathy Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how the body converts food into energy. The food we eat consists of blood glucose, which is our main source of energy. This disease develops when your blood glucose levels are too high. This condition can only be regulated since there is no known cure for it yet. Thus if you are looking to stabilize your blood sugar levels, you might consider diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy. Homeopathy is a good strategy to deal with this life-long ailment because it treats the person, not just the symptoms. It has long-term benefits which will aid the lifestyle changes required in the treatment of diabetes. Recommended reading: Best Treatment for Migraine Diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy are a promising option due to the lack of adverse effects on the body. Diabetes is of different types, following are the causes for each type – Type 1 Diabetes The cells in the pancreas get attacked and destroyed by our immune system. So there is no production of insulin by the body. The cause for this type of diabetes is not clearly known yet. Thus exploring diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy may be crucial for this type of diabetes. A possible explanation may be that it is genetic, or a virus could set off this behavior by our immune system. Type 2 Diabetes A common type of diabetes, here the body does not effectively use the insulin produced by the pancreas. Factors such as obesity and lifestyle generally lead to the development of this disease. The cells become resistant to the insulin being produced by the body. Genes play the biggest role in causing this condition. This type of diabetes is diagnosed among women during pregnancy. It usually goes away after giving birth but may develop into type 2 diabetes. It is caused due to hormonal changes that occur during pregnancy. Diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy would cater to such needs of women in natural and safe ways. Recommended reading: Improvement of Weak Vision Through Homeopathy The degree of symptoms experienced in diabetes is influenced by the fluctuation of blood sugar levels. The unpredictability of this condition raises the need to consider diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy. Homeopathic doctors customize treatments based on the lifestyle of the patient; this helps in preparing for the uncertain situations that may arise due to this disease. Increased thirst and hunger, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, extreme vision, and taking longer to heal injuries or sores. Symptoms in Type 1 Diabetes Besides the common symptoms, people with type 1 diabetes may experience mood swings. Typically symptoms are more sudden and severe in type 1 diabetes, Symptoms in Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 is characterized by a slow healing process because of the high blood sugar levels. Some people might not experience intense symptoms of type 2 diabetes if they make efficient lifestyle changes. Symptoms among men Symptoms among women Yeast and urinary tract infections, along with dry, itchy skin. Diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy would include effective remedies for these problems. Women with gestational diabetes typically do not experience any symptoms, but in rare cases they may have increased thirst or urinate frequently. Recommended reading: Homeopathic Treatment For Hair Fall Homeopathic Treatment for Diabetes Government surveys have reported 11.8% of diabetic cases in India. An effective and sustainable way of nipping the problem at the bud is trying diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy. Diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy are cost-effective, as opposed to the long bills incurred for diabetic medication otherwise. Some ways in which homeopathy may treat diabetes are – - Lowering blood sugar levels in the blood and urine - Helping with numbness in the feet or hands due to potential nerve damage caused by diabetes - Improving kidney function - Treating infected ulcers, yeast infections Consulting a good homeopathic doctor to study the various diabetic treatment possibilities in homeopathy would ensure a harmless strategy of treatment for people of all ages, including pregnant women.	<urn:uuid:4adddad0-83f3-408c-b450-6dfcfa63aa28>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://homeoclinicbydrnanda.com/effective-diabetic-treatment-homeopathy/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710690.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20221129064123-20221129094123-00255.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9378612637519836, "token_count": 836, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
- an extraordinary Buddhist cave temple built by hand This phenomenal cave temple houses a large, exquisitely carved Buddha statue looking out to sea. The artificial cave, built on top of a mountain, was constructed using complex mathematical theories 1200 years ago. Established in the 8th century on the slopes of Mount Toham, the Seokguram Grotto contains a monumental statue of the Buddha in the Bhumisparsha Mudra position looking toward the sea. With the surrounding portrayals of gods, Bodhisattvas and disciples, all realistically and delicately sculpted in high and low relief, it is considered a masterpiece of Buddhist art in the Far East. Together the Seokguram Grotto and the nearby Temple of Bulguksa form a religious architectural complex of exceptional significance. Overlooking the East Sea from the southeastern tip of the Korean Peninsula, Seokguram stands as a proud testimony to Korea's exceptional tradition of classical Buddhist sculpture. The centuries-old cave temple, enclosing an extraordinary collection of sculptured divinities symbolizing Buddhist philosophy and aestheticism, is a structure of exquisite beauty culminating religious belief, science and fine arts, which flowered in the golden age of Asian art. Seokguram is located near the summit of Mt. Toham, east of the historic city of Gyeongju, which was the capital of the Silla Kingdom from 57B.C.- A.D.935. Quite remote, it is reached after an hour-long walk up a steep, winding mountain path over some four kilometers from the nearby Temple of Bulguksa. One of Korea's most popular tourist destinations, Seokguram differs in construction from cave temples in India and China where Buddhism flourished before arriving in Korea. The cave pantheons in India and China were mostly built by digging into hillsides and carving on natural rocks. Instead, at Seokgurm, an incredible artificial cave was created using great granite stones high on the mountain some 750 meters above sea level. The unique architectural technique used to construct Seokguram is unprecedented the world over. Highlighted by the majestic seated Buddha with a serene, all-knowing expression as the primary object of worship, Seokguram enshrines an impressive assembly of 40 different divinities embodying various aspects of Buddhist teaching. The grotto chapel has an exceptional feeling of peace and harmony resulting in an intense spiritual impression. Modern scientists studying the history of Seokguram have discovered that, aside from the incredible skill needed to handle solid granite, the Silla architects used complex mathematical equations including the geometric theories of the golden rectangle and symmetry to construct the cave temple. Seokguram is an ancient architectural marvel indeed.	<urn:uuid:89caf7fb-9c38-467f-9c11-ecbe3b788fbb>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.antiquealive.com/Korea_Tour/World_Heritage_Site/Seokguram_Grotto.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936535306.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074215-00308-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9253048896789551, "token_count": 561, "score": 3.03125, "int_score": 3 }
India's economic boom threatens water crisis: study New Delhi (AFP) Aug 12, 2009 Rocketing domestic use and farm irrigation have seriously damaged India's groundwater supply, and drinking water may become scarce, according to a study released Wednesday. The study of three states in northwest India, including the capital New Delhi, found that water was being extracted at an unsustainable rate as the region undergoes rapid economic development. Water shortages are a growing concern in the country, with this year's monsoon so far delivering only a fraction of the rainfall needed by farmers to save their crops. Satellite and land data between 2002 and 2008 showed that the groundwater level was being depleted by about four centimetres a year, said the report by three US scientists and published in Nature magazine. The extraction in the states of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana was the equivalent to 109 cubic kilometres (26 cubic miles) of groundwater -- far more than government estimates. "The consequences for the 114 million residents of the region may include a reduction of agriculture output and shortages of potable (drinking) water, leading to extensive economic stresses," the study's authors said. They said population growth, irrigation and development had put pressure on water supplies across India, where groundwater management is poor, and added that shortages could trigger social conflict. In the short-term, the government this week warned that 80 percent of the country was threatened by drought due to the weak monsoon. India's hundreds of million farmers rely on the annual rains to soak the rock-hard earth and turn it into fertile soil. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh moved to quash fears of hunger, saying that grain stores were adequate after two years of good harvests. The study was conducted by Matthew Rodell of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland and Isabella Velicogna and James Famiglietti of the University of California. Share This Article With Planet Earth Water News - Science, Technology and Politics Baghdad (AFP) Aug 11, 2009 Iraq's water minister accused Turkey on Tuesday of breaking a promise to increase water flows down the Euphrates river, saying Ankara was actually holding back on the precious commodity. He was responding to remarks by Turkey's visiting foreign minister that his country had fulfilled its promises and was considering a further hike. "Despite promises made by Turkish officials to provide ... read more \|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2009 - SpaceDaily. AFP and UPI Wire Stories are copyright Agence France-Presse and United Press International. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by SpaceDaily on any Web page published or hosted by SpaceDaily. Privacy Statement\|	<urn:uuid:b3e8d96d-f93f-46b2-9350-508fbc7f0e14>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-42", "url": "http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Indias_economic_boom_threatens_water_crisis_study_999.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507444339.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005724-00339-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9528253674507141, "token_count": 599, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
Analysis: Writing Style Metaphors and What's Left Out If you've read Bradbury or our learning guides about his work, you might know that he likes his metaphors and similes. (Check out the guides to Something Wicked This Way Comes and Fahrenheit 451 for more examples.) In a Bradbury story, one thing is always like another thing. For instance, in "The Veldt," the virtual sun in Africa is "like a hot paw" (66). And the lion's yellow eyes are "like the yellow of an exquisite French tapestry" (29). And… well, there are a lot of them. These metaphors don't come out and tell us stuff directly. They hint. The sun = hot paw comment, for example, reminds us of the connection between Africa and the lions. And French tapestry-like eyes, well that makes us see the lions as something beautiful and artistic. After all, just like tapestries, these lions are essentially man-made. They are creations of the nursery, which was also made by people. George actually has a little rapturous thought along these lines when he comes into the nursery: "George Hadley was filled with admiration for the mechanical genius who had conceived this room" (28). So the lions are artistic and beautiful creations. But what George forgets—and what we might forget too—is that lions are also deadly. Whoops. We got distracted by the metaphor and then the lions ate us. What's Left Out Bradbury has a hard time being a straight shooter. Sometimes, he simply refuses to give us the scoop directly, and sometimes he even leaves stuff out. If he were writing a paper for English class, he probably wouldn't get a good grade, but since he's a famous writer, we're willing to cut him some slack. He likes to hint or make us catch up. For instance, check out the opening of the story: we hear two people talking back and forth. Who are they and where are they and when are they? Who knows? We can gather from the first line that one of them is named "George" and we know by the seventh paragraph that the other is his wife and that they are in the kitchen. But that's all we get. Bradbury leaves out a ton. We can't really answer simple questions about what these people look like or where they live or what year it is. But here's the question: why? By leaving big blanks, Bradbury makes his story more universal. For example, we can all imagine ourselves as George because George has whatever hair we have (or don't have). So while Bradbury's gaps may be frustrating at times (especially if you're trying to picture these people in all their glory), he's leaving things out on purpose. (Plus, the guy was being paid by the word. It's not like he benefits from being succinct.) Let's take a peek at the biggest gap of all: the end of the story. What happens to the parents? Bradbury leaves that open because, if he were to tell his readers that George and Lydia got eaten by lions, it would change a dreadful story (see "Tone") into a gory horror story. But if they don't get eaten, well then the story probably doesn't seem so bad for the parents. In other words, Bradbury wants us to imagine the parents meeting (oh, we almost wrote "meating"!) a bad end, but he doesn't want to spell it out for us because that would ruin the effect.	<urn:uuid:139ed677-1b25-4479-9278-0480163532bc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-49", "url": "http://www.shmoop.com/the-veldt/writing-style.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-49/segments/1416400380627.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20141119123300-00143-ip-10-235-23-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.982098400592804, "token_count": 735, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
Appends a copy of the source string to the destination string. The terminating null character in destination is overwritten by the first character of source, and a null-character is included at the end of the new string formed by the concatenation of both in destination. destination and source shall not overlap. Pointer to the destination array, which should contain a C string, and be large enough to contain the concatenated resulting string. C string to be appended. This should not overlap destination. destination is returned. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 /* strcat example */ int main () strcpy (str,"these "); strcat (str,"strings "); strcat (str,"are ");	<urn:uuid:465d2609-7807-4b54-8030-a5562eea4488>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-11", "url": "http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstring/strcat/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-11/segments/1424936463453.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20150226074103-00090-ip-10-28-5-156.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8358654379844666, "token_count": 164, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
Wireless cellular services originally were driven by the need for wireless speech communication. However, we are seeing more data-based services taking a major role in our lives-paging, e-mail, Internet access, electronic commerce and others. Although some services traditionally have been offered only over wireline infrastructure, the high mobility of our society requires more and more wireless access to these services. Up to now the barrier has been the limited bandwidth of the wireless systems. To enable wireless access to these emerging services, wireless media must be able to provide a cost-effective wireless "pipe." Enter 2.5G and 3G, which are all about providing this pipe. Those new standards have three main attributes. First is higher data rates. Essentially, 2G systems' data rates are limited by the bit rate offered by an active compressed speech channel. This yields data rates of about 14.4 kbit/second, hardly enough for these services. But 2.5G and 3G systems are targeting data rates of up to 384 kbit/s and, later, 2 Mbit/s. This requires not only changes in the air interface, but also in providing the ability to dynamically allocate multiple slots to a user that requires higher data rates. The second attribute of the new standards is packet switching, a technique that partitions digitized voice and data into packets that can be loaded conveyor-style with other packets onto the airways. It is replacing circuit-switched techniques in which a connection between transmitter and receiver is maintained even when nothing is being sent. While today's wireless system are circuit switched-for example, a connection is established and main- tained, no matter how much information is actually transferred-the next-generation system will be packet switched. That is, information is transferred as packets. Packet switching is better suited for data transfers and provides much better bandwidth utilization between the base-stations and the network. The third attribute is the voice side, where there is a push toward higher speech quality. Wireless speech quality has always been inferior to that of wireline. The reason is the three-way trade-off among speech quality, compression ratio and bit rate, which translates into system capacity and implementation complexity, which translates into cost. Using the sharp cost-reduction curve in DSP technology, next-generation systems will use higher-quality vocoders, which do not increase the bit rate. How will the wireless topology be affected by the introduction of 2.5G and 3G systems? Most 2G systems are based on a four-level hierarchy. At the cell center we see the base transceiver station (BTS), which supports a small number of radio links to the mobile units traveling within the cell. The base station controller (BSC) is responsible for the handoff procedure when a mobile unit moves from one cell to another. The Mobile Switching Center (MSC) provides the switching function in the system. It is the gateway to the public-switched telephone network and records billing and roaming information. Between the BSC and the MSC we find the transcoder function, which provides speech compression/decompression as well as echo cancellation to compensate for the delay in the system. This topology will not necessarily remain intact for next-generation wireless systems. Packet switching opens the door for links into packetized networks, such as IP, right from the BSC level, thus bypassing the traditional wireless switch. We might very well see multiservice systems that ignore the traditional boundaries between wireless and wireline. Meanwhile, cost is another driving factor. Driven by competition and deregulation, wireless service is becoming less and less expensive. In the wireless infrastructure equipment cost is driven not only by the price of silicon components but also by space and power dissipation. This in turn translates into much higher integration, lower power devices and much denser, less expensive packaging. This, in fact, is fueling a trend toward the use of LDMOS for the power transistors in basestation transmitters, replacing costly GaAs devices. No single standard The migration from analog to digital systems did not meld the wireless market into one worldwide digital standard. It seems this will also be the case in 2.5G and 3G. Wireless infrastructure manufacturers that support multiple regions have to design different equipment for different standards. Significant cost reductions can be achieved by utilizing the same hardware platforms using different software to support different standards. Therefore, a trend in which more functions will be done in hardware than software will likely materialize. But to minimize software development time, thereby improving time-to-market, the DSPs used must enable efficient software development in C. This, in turn, is spurring the trend toward C compiler-friendly DSP architectures. The DSPs are used for voice and channel coding. Very long instruction word (VLIW) architectures, like the StarCore SC100, become efficient targets for C compilers. This will enable software programmers to complete their work in C. Ordinarily, DSP programming requires assembly language experience-along with an intimate knowledge of the internal register and pipeline structures of the DSP. With new-generation DSPs, tuned to compilers, the C compiler automatically accounts for the hardware resources of the target DSP. Thus, VLIW architectures will extract high performance from programs written in C. The use of C language programming will enable faster time-to-market, and easy upgradability for cellular basestations in their move to 2.5 and 3G capability.	<urn:uuid:b7cb9852-b909-4a32-a9ef-886c04525338>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1224516", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394010623118/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091023-00066-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9387896656990051, "token_count": 1135, "score": 3, "int_score": 3 }
Short-Beaked Common Dolphin – Delphinus delphis The Short-Beaked Common Dolphin, also known as the Whitebelly Porpoise or Saddle-Backed Dolphin, belongs to the family of the Dolphins (Delphinidae) and is thus part of the infraorder of the Whales (Cetacea). Delphinus delphis was first described in 1758 by Linnaeus. Since it is widespread in European waters, it was for a long time the most famous representative of the dolphins. Only the Bottlenose Dolphin is more famous due the film Flipper. The back of the Short-Beaked Common Dolphin is black or brown, while the belly is whitish. The sides are yellowish in the front area and grey in the rear area. It can be easily distinguished from other species by the hourglass form on the sides created by the different colours. The Short-Beaked Common Dolphin can reach a length of 2.40m and weigh up to 75kg, according to English Wikipedia even 136kg. Males are usually longer and therefore also heavier. Delphinus delphis has up to 65 teeth in each half of the jaw, making it one of the mammals with most teeth. Habitat & Distribution The Short-Beaked Common Dolphin is distributed in a lot areas worldwide. These include the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, the Northeast Atlantic, the West Coast of America, the coasts off South Africa, Oman, Madagascar, New Zealand, Tasmania and the seas between Japan, Korea and Taiwan. It is without a doubt the most common dolphin species off the coasts of Europe. It prefers the open sea and rarely comes close to the coasts. When diving in the Canaries it is almost impossible to encounter Delphinus delphis. However, they are regularly watched at Whale Watching boat trips. Like all dolphins, the Short-Beaked Common Dolphin lives predatorily and feeds mainly on fish, sometimes also on cephalopods, that live up to 200m deep. It is also said that they eat about 9-10kg of food per day. They form highly complex social associations, which can comprise up to 1000 animals. In the summer these associations are divided into smaller schools. Short-Beaked Common Dolphins care for each other. It has already been observed how species companions can help wounded animals to get air on the surface. During childbirth, too, mothers are protected by other dolphins of possible shark attacks. In addition, Delphinus delphis is a fast swimmer. They reach speeds of up to 60km/h. They like to ride in the bow wave of boats or other bigger whales. Also interesting is that the Short-Beaked Common Dolphin sleeps only with one closed eye. One eye is closed for 5 to 10 minutes and then the other eye is the turn. Within a day they sleep about 3 to 4 hours. Reproduction & Developement Delphinus delphis, depending on the region and gender, attains sexual maturity between 2 and 12 years. In females, it is between 2 and 7 years, whereas in males it is with 3 to 12 years. The gestation period is between 10 and 11 months. Furthermore, a newborn is about 70 to 100cm long and weighs around 10kg . At birth the young animals are born with the tail fins first, so they do not drown. Mothers help their calves for the first breaths on the surface. The young ones stay with their mother for up to 3 years, staying only a few meters away. Every now and then there are twin births. However, the young animals usually do not survive this because there is simply not enough milk. Calves are nursed for 6 months and during this time they only drink the mother’s milk. The maximum life expectancy of Delphinus delphis is 40 years. Apart from reproducing, the Short-Beaked Common Dolphin also seems to have sex for fun!	<urn:uuid:ec918fc2-cc0c-4b83-8032-50f184f8cbbe>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-34", "url": "https://www.diving-canary-islands.com/en/short-beaked-common-dolphin-delphinus-delphis/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-34/segments/1534221217901.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180820234831-20180821014831-00386.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9553528428077698, "token_count": 816, "score": 3.515625, "int_score": 4 }
March 14, 2012 Dr. Geraldine Smith Theories of Children's Literature Without a doubt, there are different theoretical models of childhood development that exist in children’s literature. Children’s literature has been used as a tool to help children identify with the world that they live in. Different philosophers believed that a child’s development occurs in stages and that each stage presented a new challenge for the child. Children’s literature, such as Harold and the Purple Crayon, when effectively used, is a tool that parents may use to help children identify with the stage of development that the child may be going through. The author Owocki (2001) is quoted saying: ‘‘Children’s unique interests, ways of knowing, and dispositions inﬂuence how and to what extent they participate in early literacy events, and in turn, the knowledge they construct.’’ There are several theories of childhood development that parents may find in children’s literature. Parenting for cognitive development is the continual, purposeful engagement by parents with young children in cognitively based activities (Schaub 2004). Several philosophers have provided different theories that outline the stages of childhood development. The philosopher, Jean Piaget believed in the theory of cognitive or intellectual development. He believed that there are four major periods that children go through in their development. The first period is called the sensorimotor period and it occurs roughly from birth to two years of age. As one can imagine, it is a very important period of a child’s developmental stage. During this period, the child is interested only with the things that he or she can see, hear, smell, taste and feel. Children also become concerned with figuring out how to use their hand and legs. This is the period in which it is important to introduce children to the concept of reading. For this reason, there are many books that are written specifically to enhance to the child’s experience during this period. The next period is the preoperational period and it occurs between the ages of two to seven years. This period is extremely important as well because it is the period following the first period and can be very confusing for children. There are two stages in the preoperational period. The first stage is called the preconceptual stage and it occurs between the first two to three years of this stage. In this stage children will become aware of their surroundings, but their views are still somewhat egocentric. However, the second stage is the intuitive stage and it occurs between the ages of four and seven. The children’s views become less egocentric and they become more interested in their surroundings during the latter part of this stage. The next period is called the Period of Concrete Operation and it is the time that children learn to use logic and problem solving skills. Their attention span increases and they become more interested in the people that they encounter on a daily basis. Literature that has multiple chapters and historical information are books that may interest children in this period. The children’s logical thinking ability leads them to search for answers to questions that involve issues of the past. Children also learn to use information from the past to help with situations that may affect the present and future. This is the period that will prepare the child for the final and arguably the most important period that they will have to face. The last period is the Period of Formal Operation and it occurs during the ages of eleven and fifteen. Piaget believed this is the period that a child reaches its full level of maturity. They become more interested with issues of society and the views of others. Most children in this stage are ready for more mature literature because their interests tend to be of a more mature nature. Children in this stage...	<urn:uuid:98d0db64-195f-4401-92a5-ba1075967892>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-07", "url": "http://www.studymode.com/essays/Applying-Theoretical-Models-To-Children's-Literature-972998.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701150206.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193910-00088-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9719765782356262, "token_count": 775, "score": 2.890625, "int_score": 3 }
The defining aspect of our school is the use of teaching and behavioural intervention methodologies based on Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA). Teaching is provided in structured one-to-one and small-group sessions throughout each school day. The School uses Applied Behaviour Analysis (ABA), a research-based approach, to improve the communication, social and behavioural skills of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The ABA method is scientifically proven to help children to achieve their fullest potential. For maximum impact, the ABA method should be started as early as possible, and the child should attend school regularly. Autism Spectrum Disorders are complex neurological disorders that typically appear during the first three years of life. Autism affects the development of the child in three broad areas: communication skills, social skills, and repetitive or rigid behaviours. Children typically show repetitive behaviours, difficulties in verbal and non-verbal communication, limited play activities, and impaired social interaction. Tutor and Parent Training Dr. James Ellis (BCBA) trains tutors in applied behavioural analysis (ABA). Dr. Kerry Davis, a certified speech-language pathologist trains tutors in language development and communication. Dr. Ellis and Dr. Davis collaborate to develop cohesive individualized programmes that address four main areas: → Academic (math, reading and writing) Tutors receive regular consultation through weekly video conferences. Student activities are video recorded, which helps monitor progress, and make changes as needed. Dr. Ellis and Dr. Davis visit the school at least 3 times per year to conduct onsite evaluations, train tutors, and meet with families. Parent Training Workshops Parents learn about behaviour, communication and independence. They have the opportunity to ask questions and practice using strategies to help support their child at home.	<urn:uuid:e429b328-01a3-4386-94df-5839bcfae3ff>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-13", "url": "https://stepbystepguyana.org/our-vision/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202572.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20190321193403-20190321215403-00405.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9279522895812988, "token_count": 359, "score": 3.265625, "int_score": 3 }
Cantaloupe is one of the small groups of fruits that are quite easy for most people to palate. It’s one of the most common fruits to be included on any fruit platter and let’s be honest; children don’t usually shy away from it – a huge reason to be a cantaloupe fan. In the United States, June through August is the peak season for the fruit. The rest of the year, it is typically shipped in from South America or the like. When at its peak, the fruit should be heavy to hold, firm to the touch, and on the tan/slight yellow side rather than green. Arm yourself with these basic tips, and you will likely take home the pick of the pack! Now, let’s get to the good part – the light orange internal flesh that is sweet and juicy as can be! We must note the center cavity is filled with seeds, and these should be spooned out first and foremost. The flesh is all we need when it comes to cantaloupe. Cantaloupe is considered a muskmelon – a species of melon that is part of the gourd family. Other members of fruit and vegetables, which are considered muskmelons, are squash, watermelon, pumpkin, zucchini, etc. Just like its family members, cantaloupe boasts quite loud in the nutrition department. Perhaps the most important to note is the beta-carotene content. Get this – as discovered and noted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), cantaloupe has MORE beta-carotene than apricots, grapefruit, oranges, peaches, tangerines, nectarines, and mangoes! Think of all that deeply orange-fleshed fruit – and cantaloupe blows them all out of the water with these carotenoid pigments. We know carotenoid pigments convert into vitamin A or are used as antioxidants that gravitate towards fighting free radicals in our bodies, which is extremely necessary. Following in the footsteps of beta-carotene, vitamin C, folate, fiber, potassium, and many vitamins and minerals stand strong in the nutritional value of the fruit. Recently, we have written up on a lot of high water content centered fruits – and cantaloupe slides right on in as a perfect fit on the scale at almost 90 percent water. Just like watermelon and cucumbers, for example, consuming cantaloupe helps you stay hydrated without just drinking plain water. This is often a great hack for parents who can’t get their little ones to drink their daily water intake. Sweet pieces of fruit such as cantaloupe or watermelon will distract children with their powerful flavor and texture, all while they are consuming a high water intake and packed nutrients. We can sum up cantaloupe comfortably, knowing it isn’t a complicated commodity. It’s not interwoven with complex compounds and minute details that we need to break down. It comes down to an outer hard rind with an inner sweet and smooth light orange flesh – made up of water and a list of nutrients that the human body craves to function. Cantaloupe is what we love to call a win-WIN-win-WIN! Western Veg-Produce, Inc. PO Box 82217 Bakersfield, CA 93380 Office: 1-800-WVegPro (983-4776)	<urn:uuid:980455b9-ec9d-487a-9db3-9f9cbb88a3dd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://wvegpro.com/products/cantaloupe/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764500251.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20230205094841-20230205124841-00714.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.928176999092102, "token_count": 770, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
1 Answer \| Add Yours For a comparison essay on two pieces of literature, you'll want to compare the literary elements and the literary techniques. Literary elements are things that all narratives (literature) have in common. All have things like a point of view (is a character talking for themselves or is someone else talking for them?), narrator (who is telling the story), chronology (the time sequence of events), tone (the emotion the narrator feels for the characters and events) and mood (the emotional atmosphere within the characters and events themselves). Literary techniques are things that authors choose to include that may be the same as or different from what other authors choose. Techniques include things like symbolism, metaphor and simile, imagery and irony. To start your comparison between "Hills Like White Elephants" and "Two Kinds" you can analyze the element of point of view. In Hemingway's, someone is telling the story about the two characters. This is a third-person narrator speaking about the story as it happens to someone else, not to the narrator. In Tan's, the main character is speaking for herself and telling her own story. This is a first-person narrator speaking about her own story. Then you can analyze the element of narrators. In Tan's, the first-person narrator is emotionally involved with the story and uses descriptive words to tell about her feelings and her mother's feelings ("I performed listlessly ... I got so bored"). In Hemingway's, the third-person narrator is distanced and not involved. This narrator avoids descriptive words and lets the characters express their emotions through the content of their speech ("The man called 'Listen' ..."). Continue analysing other elements in this same way and finding what is the same and what is different in things like chronology, tone and mood: the narrator's tone about the story may be different from or the same as the mood; example: the mood of the story might be frightened and scary but the tone of the narrator might be bored or irritated. Then look for techniques to analyze, like symbolism. You can analyze the technique of symbolism. In Tan's, she is telling a straightforward true story from her own life as a result, there is not much, if any symbolism. [Symbolism is one thing represented by another thing (e.g., a cold stone symbolizing someone's lack of love).] In Hemingway's, the narrator does provide some symbolic representation in the title and descriptions given. The "white elephants" are a rare and revered type of elephant that few are privileged to see ("No, you wouldn't have") and symbolize the pregnancy choices being covertly discussed. The description of the valley and dry land symbolizes the choices before the couple ... and the two individuals. This should get you started on your comparison. Continue to look for and analyze other techniques these authors might have used. We’ve answered 324,511 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question	<urn:uuid:89cd3cb3-a590-4bc8-afbc-b27040ab78ee>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/please-need-help-how-write-comparison-essay-about-337954", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464049278887.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524002118-00145-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9435311555862427, "token_count": 615, "score": 3.6875, "int_score": 4 }
Media propaganda is a form of communication that is utilized by media houses to influence the attitude of the community towards various issues. Propaganda is spread across various media houses and is repeated over time in order to emphasize the facts and to change the attitudes of individuals. The primary objective of propaganda is to sway the thinking and understanding of the community towards various courses of action. The media use propaganda in order to generate attraction towards various pieces of news that could be vital for the welfare of the community. There exist various propaganda techniques. Media houses would always use the most appropriate one according to the situation at hand. This essay explicates the recent propaganda techniques and the BP oil spill using the functionalism, critical, and interactionism theories. The current propaganda techniques that have been used by the media include common man technique and repetition. The common man technique has been used by various media recently, especially in relation to political figures. The technique aims at winning the confidence of society by ensuring that they change their normal way of thinking and reasoning according to the politician’s way of thinking. The common man technique has been used to convince individuals during political campaigns in order to change the normal thinking of individuals in relation to various aspects of the society such as macroeconomic policies. If one is portrayed as the individual to bring change in the society in case he/she is elected, this changes the normal thinking of citizens towards the individual. Repetition is another key propaganda technique that has been used especially in various adverts. The media have been emphasizing on the feature of the advertised products and the benefits one would derive from using the products. Repetition is aimed at ensuring that the community does not forget about the product. Such propaganda has been used in the introduction of new products and in the improvement of existing products. This has seen most businesses increase their profit margins; hence, they have achieved stability in their operations. The BP oil spill was portrayed by the media as the worst happening ever. In fact, the media stated that the spill was a global disaster, as it would lead to the spillage of oil and chemicals to other parts of the world. Politically, the oil spill was portrayed as the inability of the government to deal with disasters. It instilled fear and concern among most individuals, as the problem appeared difficult to solve. This portrayal is related to the functional theory, in that it helped coordinate the social system and vividly disseminated vital information to be used in precautionary measures. This theory defines media propaganda as a tool for social information on significant issues. The critical theory is also related to this portrayal of the spill. This theory asserts that media propaganda is tailored towards ensuring that the interests of the elite are catered for. The interactionalism theory is related to this media portrayal in its explanation that propaganda is a social process that emphasizes on pragmatism and the change of the community’s perspectives. The theory asserts that the attitudes of the society could be changed by the use of some specific practical ideas. This portrayal is not only information, but also propaganda, because it is presented in a manner that captures the minds of individuals and affects their attitudes. Citizens were made to hate the government for the oil spill and live in fear of further effects of the spill. It is because there was a media threat that the spill could affect the entire world. The interactionism theory provides the best explanation of propaganda, since typical propaganda should entail the use of practical words that would change the attitudes of individuals. The theory deals with the living conditions of individuals and the use of specific words to change the normal state of events.	<urn:uuid:378d1696-d098-437f-adfd-b1ee4b75547d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-39", "url": "https://primeessays.com/samples/communication-and-media/consumer-of-media-and-propaganda.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057589.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210925021713-20210925051713-00611.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9697024822235107, "token_count": 723, "score": 3.078125, "int_score": 3 }
Learn something new every day More Info... by email Up until recent years, many doctors and dentists concluded that it was better to avoid pacifiers because pacifier weaning can be so difficult. Recent research suggests potential real health benefits of using pacifiers, including the fact that they may reduce incidence of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Of course, many parents also know that pacifier use can help calm some babies and gives them an opportunity to learn self-calming methods. Pacifiers or binkies may help everyone in a home get a little more rest. On the other hand, pacifier weaning can be very stressful for both child and parents. It can be rough going for a child to give up something that they have come to depend upon for soothing. Many parents initially want to know when they should start weaning. Dentists usually recommend that children not use pacifiers after the age of two, since this can affect mouth shape, and alignment and bite of permanent teeth. Some recommend beginning pacifier weaning gradually a few months before a child turns two. There are different strategies for pacifier weaning. Some people favor a cold turkey approach, where the pacifier simply goes away. Kids who are two or three will certainly ask for and understand that this beloved comforting device is missing, so other people recommend a more gradual approach to weaning that first reduces pacifier use. Once a child is about one year old, you should restrict pacifier times, potentially only using the binkie during sleep times. When the baby is wandering about, watching TV or playing, they shouldn’t have a binkie available to them. After the child adjusts to initial reductions, see where you can reduce further. For instance, sneak in and remove the pacifier at night if the child sleeps through the night. Alternately, have pacifiers at night but not for nap times. This gradual method can help children become less dependent on pacifiers, which makes pacifier weaning slightly easier. It’s a lot harder to wean when a child uses a binkie at all times of the day. It is recommended that when you decide the pacifier should go, you discuss this with your child. You can plan a special party, a gift for when all binkies are gone or have small rewards in place. Don’t plan pacifier weaning around the birth of another child, as this may increase sibling tension. It is usual and expected for children to grieve the loss of pacifiers, especially during the times of the day when they most need them. If pacifiers were used at night, expect a few nights to be sleepless. Children may be very upset and have a challenging time falling asleep. As much as it may be heartbreaking to watch kids endure this loss, giving in won’t help with pacifier weaning. Make sure you have gotten rid of all pacifiers when you start so that you can’t give in when you’re exhausted and would just like your child to stop crying. Parents who have successfully helped kids give up pacifiers note that the first two to three days are hardest. Children may still talk about their binkies thereafter, but they’ve usually learned to get to sleep without them. Offer plenty of support and love for children as they endure this loss, but don’t bring up the subject of binkies unless the child mentions it first. Within a week or two, conversations about binkies are likely to end. One potential foil to pacifier weaning are hidden binkies. Make sure you have gotten rid of them all. Your path to ending the habit won’t be easy if your child has a secret stash of binkies, and some kids do hide one if they are aware that they must give up pacifiers. When your child is one year old he or she should not be watching TV! The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends no viewing time under age 2! Great posts! Regarding the binky, my friend absolutely raved about the cut method, and the psychology behind it. -Bella One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!	<urn:uuid:9f5917a6-615f-444f-8e74-9f9e7deaf7ca>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-32", "url": "http://www.wisegeek.com/what-should-i-know-about-pacifier-weaning.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-32/segments/1438042981921.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20150728002301-00254-ip-10-236-191-2.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9472851157188416, "token_count": 901, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
Most of us are sick of hearing about the 'fake news crisis' plaguing social media. But a new study shows that it might be more of an issue than we want to admit, with even the next-generation of internet-literate students proving unable to tell fake from real news. A new study has shown that up to 80 percent of middle school students surveyed in the US couldn't tell the difference between sponsored content and a real news story. And more than 80 percent of high schoolers didn't have a problem taking facts from an anonymous Imgur post. "Many people assume that because young people are fluent in social media they are equally perceptive about what they find there," said lead researcher Sam Wineburg from Stanford University. "Our work shows the opposite to be true." Fake news refers to news from dubious sources, advertising content, or stories that are just totally made up - but which still go viral on Facebook and Twitter. For example - stories saying that Pope Francis endorsed Donald Trump (he didn't), or the false headlines about the FBI agent who apparently investigated Hilary Clinton's emails being found dead in his apartment. Over the past few months, social media and tech giants have been cracking down on this type of illegitimate news. But a lot of us are kinda fatigued on the issue. After all, anyone who uses the internet regularly can surely tell the difference between bogus and real news, right? Well, if these new results are anything to go by, no, no they can't. And that's a real problem. The Stanford researchers admitted to being "shocked" by the results. "In every case and at every level, we were taken aback by students' lack of preparation," they write in their report. The researchers surveyed a total of 7,804 students ranging in age from middle school to college level across 12 US states, and gave them a range of different activities based on their education level. One exercise asked high school students to rate the trustworthiness of an Imgur photo of deformed daises with the headline "Fukushima Nuclear Flowers: Not much more to say, this is what happens when flowers get nuclear birth defects." When quizzed, only 20 percent of the students thought the anonymous photo was a little dubious, and 40 percent of high-school students believed that the photo was "strong evidence" that the region around Fukushima was toxic. "We asked students, 'Does this photograph provide proof that the kind of nuclear disaster caused these aberrations in nature?' And we found that over 80 percent of the high school students that we gave this to had an extremely difficult time making that determination," Wineburg told NPR. "They didn't ask where it came from. They didn't verify it. They simply accepted the picture as fact." The team also asked middle-school students to look at the homepage of the news site Slate and identify whether content was a news story or an ad. The students were able to identify traditional ads, such as banner ads, but out of the 203 students, more than 80 percent thought that a native ad about finance - which was identified with the words "sponsored content" - was a real news story. Students also struggled to identify which sources were legit and which weren't, and often ignored things like the authenticated tick on verified Facebook and Twitter accounts. In one exercise, 30 percent of the students argued that a fake Fox News account was more trustworthy than the verified account because it used better graphics. Even at the college level, participants struggled to identify the political views of candidates based on Google search information. The research has been published in full by the Stanford History Education Group, but it has yet to be published in a peer-reviewed journal, so the results need to be replicated and verified before we can read too much into it. But with 62 percent of US adults admitting to getting the majority of their news from social media these days, it's a problem when even the future of our planet are struggling to know what's okay to share and what isn't. Google and Facebook say they're both working on banning fake news organisations, but in the meantime, the researchers say we need to focus on better educating students on the issue at school. "What we see is a rash of fake news going on that people pass on without thinking," Wineburg told NPR. "And we really can't blame young people because we've never taught them to do otherwise." "The kinds of duties that used to be the responsibility of editors, of librarians now fall on the shoulders of anyone who uses a screen to become informed about the world," he added. "And so the response is not to take away these rights from ordinary citizens but to teach them how to thoughtfully engage in information seeking and evaluating in a cacophonous democracy." You can read the full report here.	<urn:uuid:0906ee5d-6c37-4e4b-8df2-005d2d81af16>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-47", "url": "https://www.sciencealert.com/bad-news-study-finds-80-of-students-can-t-tell-the-difference-between-real-and-fake-news", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805809.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119210640-20171119230640-00705.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9771825671195984, "token_count": 1000, "score": 2.71875, "int_score": 3 }
Pushed Nation Over the Dairy Cliff in 1934 With many fixated on the so-called "fiscal cliff," some fear that the nation will soon fall off the "dairy cliff." In particular, current legislation setting milk prices higher than the competitive level (see below) is due to expire on December 31. If such legislation does expire, then federal law will revert to that contained in a 1949 statute. That statute, in turn, will require the Department of Agriculture to begin purchasing milk and other dairy products in an effort to drive milk prices even higher than they already are. According to a recent essay in the Economist magazine: "[I]f there is no farm bill by the start of the next agricultural year, the government’s price-support scheme will automatically revert to what it was in 1949. Most crops have until the spring or summer, but the deadline for milk and other dairy products comes at the end of December. Applying the old formulas today would require the federal government to buy up enough milk to establish a minimum wholesale price more than double its current level." As explained elsewhere, these "old formulas" set milk prices "based on what dairy farm production costs were in 1949, when milk production was almost all done by hand." Presumably the government would hold milk, cheese and other products off the market indefinitely, allowing them to spoil while some Americans go hungry. So far as this blogger is aware, no public official or pundit wants the nation to revert to the 1949 legislation, and the current Administration and some in Congress have proposed various solutions. If, however, the nation does fall off the "dairy cliff," the result will simply be the most extreme manifestation of welfare-reducing federal intervention in dairy markets. Even under current law, the national government issues annual "milk marketing orders" that set minimum prices that dairy processors must pay milk producers, "to assure dairy farmers a reasonable minimum price for their milk through the year." (See this articulation of the policy by the United States Department of Agriculture.) These prices vary, sometimes by almost a factor of four, county by county (compare the price set for most of Montana with that for parts of Florida, for instance). Prices also vary according to the use the purchaser plans to make of the milk. Processors must pay the highest prices for Class I or "beverage" milk and lower prices for milk used in yogurt and cheese, for instance. The image posted above, from a USDA website, shows only Class I prices. Such marketing orders, the government claims, "make the buying and selling of fluid milk an orderly process." These regulations result in two obvious and inter-related harms. First, they protect inefficient producers, by preventing more efficient producers from gaining market share by pricing below the coercively-established price. Second, they injure milk purchasers by pricing some out of the market and forcing others to pay higher prices for the same product than they would pay in a competitive market. Those consumers forced out of the market will, of course, purchase other, perhaps less nutritious, products. In short, current federal law enriches producers at the expense of consumers and ensures that the milk industry employs more scarce resources than are necessary to produce its output, depriving other industries of such resources and making them less competitive vis a vis foreign rivals. Of course, such price-fixing by the nation's dairy farmers would be a felony under the Sherman Act and analogous state antitrust laws. These statutes reflect the nation's faith that competition, not collusion, should determine prices, output and thus the allocation of resources. Unfortunately, both Congress and the states repeatedly displaced competition with government planning or authorization of private cartels during the 1930s, ostensibly to combat the Great Depression. Wages, trucking, airlines, insurance, and agriculture --- all fell prey to anticompetitive governmental intrusion that enriched producers and injured consumers. The Supreme Court stood idly by, validating such legislation, including milk price controls. Thus, in Nebbia v. New York, 291 U.S. 502 (1934), for instance, the Court, in a 5-4 decision, sustained a New York statute that set minimum resale prices for milk during the depths of the Depression, while many of the state's families were struggling to put food on the table. The majority opinion, by Justice Owen Roberts (pictured above) rejected or mischaracterized relevant precedents, many of which had invalidated such coercive state price fixing. The Court also claimed that the legislation served a valid public purpose, without identifying any such purpose. As Justice McReynolds observed in dissent, the state may as well have enacted legislation that "required householders to pour oil on their roofs as a means of curbing the spread of fire when discovered in the neighborhood." Instead, he observed, there was a "superabundance" of milk, "which no child can purchase from a willing storekeeper below the figure appointed by three men at headquarters." A few years later, Congress enshrined New York's anti-consumer policy into Federal Law in the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1937. As previously explained on this blog, these Depression-era measures, including the cartelization of labor, both deepened and lengthened the Great Depression, as John Maynard Keynes had predicted in an open letter to President Roosevelt in 1933. In short, the nation has been falling off the dairy cliff each year since the New Deal. Unless Congress abolishes federal (and state) regulation of milk prices, such intervention in the free market will continue to gouge consumers, foster inefficiency and destroy economic welfare. Perhaps the severity of the pending 1949 cliff will jar Congress into action. We can only hope.	<urn:uuid:594cc0df-2125-483e-8672-f6215f432177>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://bishopmadison.blogspot.com/2012/12/the-annual-dairy-cliff.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541140.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00210-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9580161571502686, "token_count": 1161, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3 }
Overview of Coagulation Disorders The major causes of acquired coagulation disorders are Severe liver disease (eg, cirrhosis, fulminant hepatitis, acute fatty liver of pregnancy) may disturb hemostasis by impairing clotting factor synthesis. Because all coagulation factors are made in the liver (by hepatocytes and endothelial cells), both the prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) are prolonged in severe liver disorders. (PT results are typically reported as INR [international normalized ratio].) Occasionally, decompensated liver disease also causes excessive fibrinolysis and bleeding due to decreased hepatic synthesis of alpha 2-antiplasmin. The most common hereditary disorder of hemostasis is von Willebrand disease (VWD) The most common hereditary coagulation disorders are Patients in whom a coagulation disorder is suspected require laboratory evaluation beginning with Results of these tests narrow the diagnostic possibilities and guide further testing. Normal results on initial tests exclude many bleeding disorders. The main exceptions are Von Willebrand disease is a common entity in which the associated deficiency of factor VIII is frequently insufficient to prolong the PTT. Patients who have normal initial test results, along with symptoms or signs of bleeding and a positive family history, should be tested for VWD by measuring plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen, ristocetin cofactor activity (an indirect test for large VWF multimers), VWF multimer pattern, and factor VIII levels. Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (also called Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome) is a hereditary disorder of vascular malformation. People with this disorder have small red-to-violet telangiectatic lesions on the face, lips, oral and nasal mucosa, and tips of the fingers and toes. They may experience recurrent bleeding from the nasal mucosa and gastrointestinal tract and may have other potentially serious consequences of arteriovenous malformations. If thrombocytopenia is present, the peripheral blood smear often suggests the cause. If the smear is normal, patients should be tested for HIV infection. If the result of the HIV test is negative and the patient is not pregnant and has not taken a drug known to cause platelet destruction, then immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is likely. If the smear shows signs of hemolysis (fragmented red blood cells on smear, decreasing hemoglobin level), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is suspected. "Classic" HUS occurs in patients with Shiga-like toxin-induced hemorrhagic colitis that occurs during infections with several Escherichia coli serotypes. An "atypical" form of HUS occurs uncommonly in individuals with congenital abnormalities of the alternative complement pathway. The Coombs test is negative in TTP and HUS. If the CBC and peripheral blood smear demonstrate other cytopenias or abnormal white blood cells, a hematologic abnormality affecting multiple cell types is suspected. A bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are then necessary for diagnosis. Prolonged PTT with normal platelets and PT suggests hemophilia A or B. Factor VIII and IX assays are indicated. Inhibitors that specifically prolong the PTT include an autoantibody against factor VIII and antibodies against protein-phospholipid complexes (lupus anticoagulant). Clinicians suspect one of these inhibitors when a prolonged PTT does not correct after 1:1 mixing with normal plasma. Prolonged PT with normal platelets and PTT suggests factor VII deficiency. Congenital factor VII deficiency is rare; however, the short half-life of factor VII in plasma causes factor VII to decrease to low levels more rapidly than other vitamin K–dependent coagulation factors in patients beginning warfarin anticoagulation or in patients with incipient liver disease. Prolonged PT and PTT with thrombocytopenia suggest DIC, especially in patients with obstetric complications, sepsis, cancer, or shock. Confirmation is by finding elevated levels of D-dimer (or fibrin degradation products) and decreasing plasma fibrinogen levels on serial testing. Prolonged PT or PTT with normal platelet count occurs with liver disease (except sometimes in portal hypertension, when the platelet count is reduced due to splenomegaly), vitamin K deficiency, or during anticoagulation with warfarin, unfractionated heparin, or a direct oral inhibitor of thrombin or factor Xa. Liver disease is suspected based on history or physical examination findings (eg, jaundice, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, telangiectasia) and is confirmed by finding elevations of serum aminotransferases and bilirubin. Hepatitis testing is recommended. Drugs Mentioned In This Article \|Drug Name\|\|Select Trade\|	<urn:uuid:45c375da-e499-481d-965d-d67c59291824>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/coagulation-disorders/overview-of-coagulation-disorders", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244231.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926134026-20200926164026-00008.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8910057544708252, "token_count": 1076, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
The Negro prisoner was forced to wear a ball and chain attached to one of his ankles. It's impolite to call the black people Negro. a person with dark skin who comes from Africa (or whose ancestors came from Africa) relating to or characteristic of or being a member of the traditional racial division of mankind having brown to black pigmentation and tightly curled hair The slave catcher shouted: "Stop, you Negro." 抓逃跑奴隶的人大声喊道: "站住, 你这黑鬼。" "Negro songs make me sick, " said the racist.	<urn:uuid:95548250-6c51-480b-9784-229acd2f765d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://www.dacidian.net/en/Negro.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413097.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531085047-20200531115047-00494.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.7561806440353394, "token_count": 145, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
- Marketing ethics Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing Distribution · Service · Retail Ethics · Effectiveness · Research Segmentation · Strategy · Activation Management · Dominance Promotional content Advertising · Branding · Underwriting Direct marketing · Personal sales Product placement · Publicity Sales promotion · Sex in advertising Loyalty marketing · SMS marketing Premiums · Prizes Promotional media Printing · Publication · Broadcasting Out-of-home advertising · Internet Point of sale · Merchandise Digital marketing · In-game advertising In-store demonstration · Word-of-mouth Brand ambassador · Drip marketing · Visual merchandising Marketing ethics is the area of applied ethics which deals with the moral principles behind the operation and regulation of marketing. Some areas of marketing ethics (ethics of advertising and promotion) overlap with media ethics. - 1 Fundamental issues in the ethics of marketing - 2 Specific issues in marketing ethics - 3 Regulation and enforcement - 4 See also - 5 References - 6 Bibliography - 7 External links Fundamental issues in the ethics of marketing Frameworks of analysis for marketing ethically - Value-oriented framework, analyzing ethical problems on the basis of the values which they infringe (e.g. honesty, autonomy, privacy, transparency). An example of such an approach is the AMA Statement of Ethics. - Stakeholder-oriented framework, analysing ethical problems on the basis of whom they affect (e.g. consumers, competitors, society as a whole). - Process-oriented framework, analysing ethical problems in terms of the categories used by marketing specialists (e.g. research, price, promotion, placement). None of these frameworks allows, by itself, a convenient and complete categorization of the great variety of issues in marketing ethics. Contrary to popular impressions, not all marketing is adversarial, and not all marketing is stacked in favour of the marketer. In marketing, the relationship between producer/consumer or buyer/seller can be adversarial or cooperative. For an example of cooperative marketing, see relationship marketing. If the marketing situation is adversarial, another dimension of difference emerges, describing the power balance between producer/consumer or buyer/seller. Power may be concentrated with the producer (caveat emptor), but factors such as over-supply or legislation can shift the power towards the consumer (caveat vendor). Identifying where the power in the relationship lies and whether the power balance is relevant at all are important to understanding the background to an ethical dilemma in marketing ethics. Is marketing inherently evil? A popularist anti-marketing stance commonly discussed on the blogosphere and popular literature is that any kind of marketing is inherently evil. The position is based on the argument that marketing necessarily commits at least one of three wrongs: - Damaging personal autonomy. The victim of marketing in this case is the intended buyer whose right to self-determination is infringed. - Causing harm to competitors. Excessively fierce competition and unethical marketing tactics are especially associated with saturated markets. - Manipulating social values. The victim in this case is society as a whole, or the environment as well. The argument is that marketing promotes consumerism and waste. See also: affluenza, ethical consumerism, anti-consumerism. - Marketing has a major impact on our self-images, our ability to relate to one another, and it ruins any knowledge and action that might help to change that climate. - Marketing/Advertising creates artificiality and influences sexual attitudes. Specific issues in marketing ethics Ethical danger points in market research include: - Invasion of privacy. Stereotyping occurs because any analysis of real populations needs to make approximations and place individuals into groups. However if conducted irresponsibly, stereotyping can lead to a variety of ethically undesirable results. In the American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics, stereotyping is countered by the obligation to show respect ("acknowledge the basic human dignity of all stakeholders"). Ethical danger points include: - Excluding potential customers from the market: selective marketing is used to discourage demand from undesirable market sectors or disenfranchise them altogether. - Targeting the vulnerable (e.g. children, the elderly). Examples of unethical market exclusion or selective marketing are past industry attitudes to the gay, ethnic minority and obese ("plus-size") markets. Contrary to the popular myth that ethics and profits do not mix, the tapping of these markets has proved highly profitable. For example, 20% of US clothing sales are now plus-size. Another example is the selective marketing of health care, so that unprofitable sectors (i.e. the elderly) will not attempt to take benefits to which they are entitled. A further example of market exclusion is the pharmaceutical industry's exclusion of developing countries from AIDS drugs. Examples of marketing which unethically targets the elderly include: living trusts, time share fraud, mass marketing fraud and others. The elderly hold a disproportionate amount of the world's wealth and are therefore the target of financial exploitation. In the case of children, the main products are unhealthy food, fashionware and entertainment goods. Children are a lucrative market: "...children 12 and under spend more than $11 billion of their own money and influence family spending decisions worth another $165 billion", but are not capable of resisting or understanding marketing tactics at younger ages ("children don't understand persuasive intent until they are eight or nine years old"). At older ages competitive feelings towards other children are stronger than financial sense. The practice of extending children's marketing from television to the schoolground is also controversial (see marketing in schools). The following is a select list of online articles: - Sharon Beder, Marketing to Children (University of Wollongong, 1998). - Miriam H. Zoll, Psychologists Challenge Ethics of Marketing to Children, (2000). - Donnell Alexander and Aliza Dichter, Ads and Kids: How young is too young? - Rebecca Clay, Advertising to children: Is it ethical? (Monitor on Psychology, Volume 31, No. 8 September 2000), American Psychological Association - Media Awareness Network. How marketers target kids. Other vulnerable audiences include emerging markets in developing countries, where the public may not be sufficiently aware of skilled marketing ploys transferred from developed countries, and where, conversely, marketers may not be aware how excessively powerful their tactics may be. See Nestle infant milk formula scandal. Another vulnerable group are mentally unstable consumers. The definition of vulnerability is also problematic: for example, when should endebtedness be seen as a vulnerability and when should "cheap" loan providers be seen as loan sharks, unethically exploiting the economically disadvantaged? Chris Akabusi is the leading academic author of Marketing Ethics and his theories are widely debated. List of unethical pricing practices. - Bid rigging - Dumping (pricing policy) - Predatory pricing - Price discrimination - Price fixing - Price skimming - Price war - Supra competitive pricing - Variable pricing Ethics in advertising and promotion Ethical pitfalls in advertising and promotional content include: - Issues over truth and honesty. In the 1940s and 1950s, tobacco used to be advertised as promoting health. Today an advertiser who fails to tell the truth not only offends against morality but also against the law. However the law permits "puffery" (a legal term). The difference between mere puffery and fraud is a slippery slope: "The problem... is the slippery slope by which variations on puffery can descend fairly quickly to lies." See main article: false advertising. - Issues with violence, sex and profanity. Sexual innuendo is a mainstay of advertising content (see sex in advertising), and yet is also regarded as a form of sexual harassment. Violence is an issue especially for children's advertising and advertising likely to be seen by children. - Taste and controversy. The advertising of certain products may strongly offend some people while being in the interests of others. Examples include: feminine hygiene products, hemorrhoid and constipation medication. The advertising of condoms has become acceptable in the interests of AIDS-prevention, but are nevertheless seen by some as promoting promiscuity. Some companies have actually marketed themselves on the basis of controversial advertising - see Benetton. Sony has also frequently attracted criticism for unethical content (portrayals of Jesus which infuriated religious groups; racial innuendo in marketing black and white versions of its PSP product; graffiti adverts in major US cities). - Negative advertising techniques, such as attack ads. In negative advertising, the advertiser highlights the disadvantages of competitor products rather than the advantages of their own. The methods are most familiar from the political sphere: see negative campaigning. - Direct marketing is the most controversial of advertising channels, particularly when approaches are unsolicited. TV commercials and direct mail are common examples. Electronic spam and telemarketing push the borders of ethics and legality more strongly. - Shills and astroturfers are examples of ways for delivering a marketing message under the guise of independent product reviews and endorsements, or creating supposedly independent watchdog or review organisations. For example, fake reviews can be published on Amazon. Shills are primarily for message-delivery, but they can also be used to drive up prices in auctions, such as Ebay auctions. Deceptive Advertising and Ethics Another breach of marketing ethics has to do with the use of deceptive advertising. This form of advertising is not specific to one target market, and can sometimes go unnoticed by the public. There are a number of different ways in which deceptive marketing can be presented to consumers; one of these methods is accomplished through the use of humor. In a study conducted by Hassib Shabbir and Des Thwaites, 238 advertisements were assessed and 73.5% of them were found to have used deceptive marketing practices. Of those advertisements that were conducted deceptively, 74.5% of them used humor as a masking device in order to mislead potential customers. Part of what drives this study is the idea that humor provides an escape or relief from some kind of human constraint, and that some advertisers intend to take advantage of this by deceptively advertising a product that can potentially alleviate that constraint through humor. Through the study it was also found that all types of humor are used to deceive consumers, and that there are certain types of humor that are used when making certain deceptive claims. It is important to understand that humor is not the only method that is used to deter consumer’s minds from what a product actually offers. Before making important purchases, one should always conduct their own research in order to gain a better understanding of what it is they are investing in. ] The use of ethics as a marketing tactic Business ethics has been an increasing concern among larger companies, at least since the 1990s. Major corporations increasingly fear the damage to their image associated with press revelations of unethical practices. Marketers have been among the fastest to perceive the market's preference for ethical companies, often moving faster to take advantage of this shift in consumer taste. This results in the expropriation of ethics itself as a selling point or a component of a corporate image. - The Body Shop is an example of a company which marketed itself and its entire product range solely on an ethical message. - Greenwash is an example of a strategy used to make a company appear ethical when its unethical practices continue. - Liberation marketing is another strategy whereby a product can masquerade behind an image that appeals to a range of values, including ethical values related to lifestyle and anti-consumerism. "Liberation marketing takes the old mass culture critique — consumerism as conformity — fully into account, acknowledges it, addresses it, and solves it. Liberation marketing imagines consumers breaking free from the old enforcers of order, tearing loose from the shackles with which capitalism has bound us, escaping the routine of bureaucracy and hierarchy, getting in touch with our true selves, and finally, finding authenticity, that holiest of consumer grails." (Thomas Frank) The main theoretical issue here is the debate between free markets and regulated markets. In a truly free market, any participant can make or change the rules. However when new rules are invented which shift power too suddenly or too far, other participants may respond with accusations of unethical behaviour, rather than modifying their own behaviour to suit (which they might not be able to anyway). Most markets are not fully free: the real debate is as to the appropriate extent of regulation. Case: California electricity crisis, which demonstrates how constant innovation of new marketing strategies by companies such as Enron outwitted the regulatory bodies and caused substantial harm to consumers and competitors. A list of known unethical or controversial marketing strategies: - Anti-competitive practices - Bait and switch - Planned obsolescence - Pyramid scheme - Vendor lock-in / Vendor lock-out - Viral marketing / guerilla marketing Controversial marketing strategies associated with the internet: Further issues in marketing ethics Marketing ethics overlaps with environmental ethics in respect of waste problems associated with the packaging of products. Some, such as members of the advocacy group No Free Lunch, have argued that marketing by pharmaceutical companies is negatively impacting physicians' prescribing practices, influencing them to prescribe the marketed drugs rather than others which may be cheaper or better for the patient. Ethically thinking is responding to situations that deal with principles concerning human behavior in respect to the appropriateness and inappropriateness of certain communication and to the decency and indecency of the intention and results of such actions. In other words, ethics are distinctions between right and wrong. Businesses are confronted with ethical decision making every day, and whether employees decide to use ethics as a guiding force when conducting business is something that business leaders, such as managers, need to instill. Marketers are ethically responsible for what is marketed and the image that a product portrays. With that said, marketers need to understand what good ethics are and how to incorporate good ethics in various marketing campaigns to better reach a targeted audience and to gain trust from customers. Marketing ethics, regardless of the product offered or the market targeted, sets the guidelines for which good marketing is practiced. When companies create high ethical standards upon which to approach marketing they are participating in ethical marketing. To market ethically and effectively one should be reminded that all marketing decisions and efforts are necessary to meet and suit the needs of customers, suppliers, and business partners. Ethical behavior should be enforced throughout company culture and through company practices. Regulation and enforcement Marketing ethics and marketing law are related subjects. Relevant areas of law include consumer law which protects consumers and antitrust law which protects competitors - in both cases, against unethical marketing practices. Regulation extends beyond the law to lobbies, watchdog bodies and self-regulatory industry bodies. - Customer relationship management - Ethical marketing - False advertising - List of business ethics, political economy, and philosophy of business topics - Marketing warfare strategies - Media ethics - ^ American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics (2004) - ^ Lizabeth England,Marketing With A Conscience: Sales and Ethics, US Dept. of State. - ^ A.J.Kandy, Is marketing evil?, King Marketing, 2004; William DeJong, Marketing Gets Unfairly Branded as Evil, Youth Today; Kathy Sierra, You ARE a marketer. Deal with it, 2005. - ^ The vastness of the literature on this topic is perhaps best conveyed by D. Slaters 1999 bibliography of consumer culture with over 1500 items. W.R. Childs (Ohio State University) has posted a shorter bibliography of consumer culture. - ^ American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics - ^ The term "selective marketing" is preferred. The term market exclusion is normally used in the different context of a cartel of suppliers excluding newcomers from distribution chains. - ^ CBS News, Plus-Size People, Plus-Size Stuff, Nov 10, 2003 - ^ Mark H. Waymack, The ethics of selectively marketing the Health Maintenance Organization, Journal of Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, Issue Volume 11, Number 4 / December, 1990, Pages 301-309 - ^ Ruairí Brugha, Antiretroviral treatment in developing countries, BMJ 2003;326:1382-1384 - ^ Senior Journal, Hundreds Arrested in Mass-Marketing Fraud Targeting Senior Citizens, May 24, 2006 - ^ Washington State Department of Financial Institutions, Frauds That Target The Elderly, July 11, 2006 (Originally from: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Consumer News) - ^ US Federal Trade Commission, Consumer fraud against the elderly. - ^ a b Tom McGee and Kevin Heubusch, `Getting Inside Kids' Heads', American Demographics, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1997), quoted in Sharon Beder, Marketing to Children, University of Wollongong, 1998. - ^ UOW.edu.au - ^ Mediachannel.org - ^ Mediachannel.org - ^ PA.org - ^ Media-awareness.ca - ^ Deborah Josefson, Marketing of antipsychotic drugs attacked BMJ 1998;316:645 - ^ Chickenhead Productions, Truth in Advertising. - ^ Lew McCreary, Lies, Damn Lies and Puffery: Is it OK to bend the truth if no one believes you anyway?, CMO Magazine, July 2005. - ^ S.Gilman, Ethics Today Newsletter, September 17, 2003 - ^ S.J.Gould, Sexuality and ethics in advertising: A research agenda and policy guideline perspective, Journal of Advertising, Sep 2004. - ^ David S. Waller, What factors make controversial advertising offensive?, ANZCA04 Conference, Sydney, July 2004 - ^ Vladimir Cole, Sony's fony graffiti sparks lashback, Joystiq, Dec 3, 2005 - ^ Richard Monson-Haefel, Amazon.com reviews are a farce, Jave.net, Nov 16, 2003. - ^ Shill Bidding Exposed in E-Bay Auctions, Consume Affairs, November 2004. - ^ Shabbir, H., & Thwaites, D. (2007). THE USE OF HUMOR TO MASK DECEPTIVE ADVERTISING. Journal Of Advertising, 36(2), 75-85. - ^ Liberation Marketing and Consumer Society, KLM Inc., 2001. - ^ Thomas Frank, Liberation Marketing and the Culture Trust, (date unknown). - ^ Definition of marketing ethics (in German), excerpted from: Bruhn, M., Homburg, C.: Gabler Marketing Lexikon, Wiesbaden 2001. - ^ Brendan I. Koerner. Dr. No Free Lunch. Mother Jones, March/April, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-10-06. - Davidson, D. Kirk (2002). The Moral Dimension of Marketing: Essays on Business Ethics. South-Western Educational. ISBN 0-87757-300-X. - Murphy, Patrick E.; Gene R. Laczniak, Norman E. Bowie (2004). Ethical Marketing. Prentice Hall. ISBN ISBN 0-13-184814-3. OCLC 54805964. - American Marketing Association Statement of Ethics (2004) - "Ethics in Marketing." Encyclopedia of Business and Finance. Mohandeep Singh. Thomson Gale, 2001. eNotes. 2006. 16 Oct, 2006 - Marketing Ethics Resources from the Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions, Illinois Institute of Technology. - Direct Marketing Association, Guidelines for Ethical Business Practice (September 2006) - The Catholic Church's Handbook on Ethics in Advertising - Federal Trade Commission, FTC Guidelines on Advertising Plato · Aristotle · Confucius · Mencius · Mozi · Augustine of Hippo · Thomas Aquinas · Baruch Spinoza · David Hume · Immanuel Kant · Georg W. F. Hegel · Arthur Schopenhauer · Jeremy Bentham · John Stuart Mill · Søren Kierkegaard · Henry Sidgwick · Friedrich Nietzsche · G. E. Moore · Karl Barth · Paul Tillich · Philippa Foot · John Rawls · Bernard Williams · J. L. Mackie · Alasdair MacIntyre · Peter Singer · Derek Parfit · Thomas Nagel · more... Theories Concepts Related articles Wikimedia Foundation. 2010. Look at other dictionaries: Marketing research — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing management — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing effectiveness — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing performance measurement and management — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing warfare strategies — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing strategy — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing activation — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing mix — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing communications — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia Marketing operations management — Marketing Key concepts Product marketing · Pricing … Wikipedia	<urn:uuid:3816e4ab-7eef-42f9-8b48-a9a92c492ca9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://en.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/3876544/Marketing_ethics", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347401004.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200528232803-20200529022803-00533.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8949816823005676, "token_count": 4405, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
Ecosystem accounts define explicit and spatial trade-offs for managing natural resources Decisions about natural resource management are frequently complex and vexed. Now, ecosystem accounting has the potential to re-frame these debates and contribute to the policy process. The paper in Nature Ecology & Evolution is here: http://go.nature.com/2hzbcCJ The tall, wet eucalypt forests in the Central Highlands are awe-inspiring – giant trees up to 70m high and 4m diameter. It can be difficult to sight the top of trees to measure height and it takes two people to walk around the tree and hold a diameter tape. Beneath the tree canopy is a complex structure of mid-storey trees and shrubs, as well as lush tree ferns in damp pockets. The forest is an enchanting place where many visitors find peace and beauty. It is home to a wide range of plant and animal species, including some threatened and critically endangered. What an amazing place to have just 100 km from the city of Melbourne? Tall, wet eucalypt forests of the Central Highlands with complex structure and species composition. Image: Dave Blair People use the ecosystem assets and services from this forest environment for many different purposes and they contribute to many industries. The catchments provide the main water supply for Melbourne and surrounding area. Native forests, softwood and hardwood plantations supply wood for sawlogs and pulp. The biomass in the forest, in the form of living and dead trees, shrubs, litter and fallen logs, as well as soil, store large amounts of carbon. The forests, streams, reservoirs, mountain peaks, birds and animals attract many local visitors and tourists. The surrounding agricultural area also relies on ecosystem services, such as pollination, water, nutrient cycling and erosion control. Managing these various land use activities within a region can be problematic when some activities diminish the provision of ecosystem services for other activities. Catchments in the Central Highlands are important sources of water for Melbourne. Image: Dave Blair In the Central Highlands, the main cause of conflict between uses of different ecosystem services is the harvesting of native forests. Harvesting is by clearfelling and slash burning. Regenerating forests are younger, even-aged and with lower species composition. These characteristics reduce the condition of the ecosystem to support services for biodiversity, carbon, water and recreation. Of particular concern is the diminishing number of large, old, hollow-bearing trees that provide nest sites for arboreal marsupials, like possums and gliders, and many species of birds and invertebrates. Many of these large trees were lost in a wildfire in 2009, and the continued clearfell logging has progressively reduced numbers of trees suitable for nest sites. Now, less than 3% of old growth forest remains in this region. Many people have advocated for a change in management of the forest to protect endangered species – scientists, environmental groups and local communities. However, the arguments about protecting biodiversity have not influenced decision-makers or people within the timber industry. Measuring diameters of Eucalyptus regnans trees. Image: Dave Blair As researchers who are committed to improving management of our natural resources, and have been working on various scientific studies in this forest for many years, we wanted to find a better way of tackling the issue. The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting afforded the capacity to evaluate ecosystem assets, the production of goods and services, and the people who benefit, in an holistic manner. Demonstrating the value of ecosystem services to economic activities in a common currency has provided a more complete picture on which to base decisions. Government departments, politicians, the media and local communities are listening our results seriously, and we are hopeful that this form of presenting information and analyzing options will improve natural resource management decisions.	<urn:uuid:8be30c92-878d-44f8-b675-37ebfeed47d9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://natureecoevocommunity.nature.com/posts/20657-ecosystem-accounts-define-explicit-and-spatial-trade-offs-for-managing-natural-resources", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655894904.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200707173839-20200707203839-00453.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9361001253128052, "token_count": 782, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
1.A Free Health Service 2.A Communal Responsibility 3.State Funding of the NHS 4.The NHS is not a Welfare State 5.Triumphant Collective Action 6.The Cautious Medical Profession 7.Pay Beds in the NHS 8.The Equipment of a Civilized Society A free Health Service is a triumphant example of the superiority of collective action and public initiative applied to a segment of society where commercial principles are seen at their worst. A striking illustration of this was provided by our efforts to take proper care of the deaf. It had always seemed to me that this affliction had received too little attention. Deafness is a grievous handicap, worse some say even than blindness, though here we must speak with diffidence, because no one who has not suffered both can really judge. But this at least is agreed: deafness causes much personal suffering and industrial loss. The mechanical aids to deafness were often deficient, and always too expensive for all but a tiny section of those in need. The way that seemed to offer the best chance of success was to bring the hearing specialist and the aural technicians into conference with each other, to see if a satisfactory aid could be devised, which could then be put into mass production and distributed through the hospitals. The effort met with outstanding success. By September 1951, one hundred and fifty-two thousand aids had been distributed and the users are enthusiastic about them. They cost approximately one tenth of those on sale commercially. There is no reason why, after the home demand has been met, they should not prove the basis of a thriving export trade. By bulk ordering of common essentials and cutting out unnecessary retail profit margins, as in the instance given, substantial economies can be made. It is significant that few Conservatives mention this side of the Health Service. They are silent where economies could be made , at the expense of profits. The possibilities of bulk ordering of whole ranges of hospital equipment and necessities, such as blankets and linen, were realized early in the development of the scheme. In order to extend the advantages of this over a wider field of public expenditure the Supply Department of the Ministry of Health was made responsible for the medical needs of the armed forces. When all these are fully integrated, the result should make a significant impact on the private sector of the industries affected. The manufacturers will be afforded a reliable estimate of the requirements of the public authorities and can adjust their production flows accordingly, while improved specifications should improve quality and reduce cost. (Excerpts from Bevan, A. 1952. “A Free Health Service”. In “In Place of Fear”: 77-97) Page Updated: 27 May, 2017Tweet	<urn:uuid:fc582548-74a6-4818-9c74-2904dd43ac4a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-34", "url": "http://opennhs.org/openNHS_triumphant_collective_action.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886106367.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170820092918-20170820112918-00266.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9670016765594482, "token_count": 561, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
Comparing Poems with Similar Themes This jigsaw cooperative learning event is designed to analyze similar themes in poetry. Each of you will become an expert in TPCAST-ing one poem. You will then teach others in your learning group, and they will teach you. Learner Description: This activity is for high school English classes. Instructions: You will begin in your home group. There will be four people in each home group. Count off from one to four. Then, split up into your expert group to complete the reading and TPCAST for your poem. You will want to print out a copy of the What is TPCASTT? before you begin. Your number determines which expert group you are in and which poem is your focus. Work in your expert group to read your groups' poem in the linked table. After all of the expert groups have finished reading and TPCAST-ing the assigned poem, then everyone returns to the home group. The person who was in expert group 1 will teach their task to the home group; the person who was in expert group 2 will teach the home group their task. This continues until all four experts have taught their poems and TPCAST's to the home group. Then, create a chart using TPCASTT as the model (be creative in your chart mapping). Once the chart is completed, then each home group member will write a one-page journal exploring the similar theme(s) portrayed in all four poems. Resources: Have a The Jigsaw Activity When you complete your chart with your home group, click here to see the common theme each poem expresses. © 2008, C.R. Sears Wasco Union High School, English Department Chair	<urn:uuid:16061a07-9307-4bf9-84bf-cdfd9d3f6c9a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://edtech2.boisestate.edu/searsc/573/jigsaw.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999642168/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060722-00076-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9513667225837708, "token_count": 362, "score": 3.609375, "int_score": 4 }
UPDATED: April 28 at 3:45 p.m. Earthquakes shake the planet everyday, even though some are just small tremors that no one feels. A big enough earthquake from that fault line will definitely be felt in the Tri-States. Some say it's not if the fault line ruptures in the future, it's when, and that means it's good to be prepared. Today, thousands of people in the Midwest took part in the Great Central U.S. Shakeout, a massive earthquake drill. Most Hannibal schools took part, including Veteran's Elementary. Anytime there's a drill at Veteran's Elementary, these tones start it off. The message that follows tells teachers and students what they should do. This particular drill was for an earthquake, so everyone knew to get under their desks. Principal Beverly Walker says, "Teachers start talking to the students ahead of time because some get afraid of the drill thinking that means there is that thing that happens. They assure them it's just a practice." Most of the teachers also talk to the students during the drill, so if the real thing ever hits, the kids will be used to hearing from the teacher. Walker says, "When they are in the position they are in for an earthquake drill, it is scary to them. So practice helps them relax." Since the tone for all emergencies is the same, it's important to remember you have to prepare for an earthquake differently than a tornado or intruder. Walker says, " We stay away from lights, and windows as much as possible...where ever debris would be flying or falling." The students also know to keep practicing through the whole drill until they get the all clear from the principal. More than 275 school districts around the Show Me State took part in the Great Central U-S Shakeout. Hospitals and medical facilities also took part. Students at Veterans Elementary school in Hannibal hid under their desks for an earthquake drill. Eleven states along the New Madrid fault line held a collective earthquake drill at 10:15 a.m. Thursday, April 28. The drill, known as the Great Central U.S. ShakeOut, will commemorate the 200th anniversary of the New Madrid earthquakes in 1811 and 1812. That earthquake was estimated to have had magnitudes of 8.0, and could be felt on the East Coast. FEMA had been planning the drill before the earthquakes in Japan. Participating states affected by the New Madrid seismic zone will participate in the drill. Those states are Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina. Drop, Cover and Hold On is the safety motto in the event of an earthquake. Unless you are driving, you should immediately drop to the ground if an earthquake happens. If you TMre standing during a large earthquake, the ground movement could throw you down. Take cover under something sturdy to protect yourself from objects hurled across the room. If you can TMt get under something, stay low and protect your head and neck with your arms. Hold on until the shaking stops. Remember, aftershocks can occur after an earthquake.There TMs a website dedicated to the Great Central U.S. ShakeOut. More information about disaster preparedness can be found at www.ready.gov.	<urn:uuid:6579a91f-5c4e-4fc1-9024-def21ead94ac>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-48", "url": "http://khqa.com/news/local/drop-cover-and-hold-on?id=611303", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398447881.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205407-00047-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9674991369247437, "token_count": 694, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
The mathematical modeling of fracture networks is critical for the exploration and development of natural resources. Fractures can help the production of petroleum, water, and geothermal energy. They also greatly influence the drainage and production of methane gas from coal beds. Orientation and spatial distribution of fractures in rocks are important factors in controlling fluid flow. The objective function recently developed by Masihi et al. 2007 was used herein to generate fracture models that incorporate field observations. To extend this method, simulated annealing, genetic, and tabu search algorithms were employed in the modeling of fracture networks. The effectiveness of each algorithm was compared and the applicability of the methodology was assessed through a case study. It is concluded that the fracture model generated by simulated annealing is better compared to those generated by genetic and tabu search algorithms.	<urn:uuid:6cf20078-7bba-452c-94bf-650626a641dc>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-06", "url": "https://ijogst.put.ac.ir/article_9592.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-06/segments/1674764501407.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230209045525-20230209075525-00350.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9439855217933655, "token_count": 172, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
definition of Wikipedia Wombourne Civic Offices Wombourne shown within Staffordshire \|Population\|\|13,691 (2001 Census)\| \|OS grid reference\| \|Sovereign state\|\|United Kingdom\| \|EU Parliament\|\|West Midlands\| \|UK Parliament\|\|South Staffordshire\| \|List of places: UK • England • Staffordshire\| Wombourne (also spelt Wombourn) is a very large village (sometimes claimed to be the largest village in England) and civil parish located in the district of South Staffordshire, in the county of Staffordshire, 4 miles (6 km) south-west of Wolverhampton. Local affairs are run by a parish council. At the 2001 census it had a population of 13,691. It is just outside the West Midlands metropolitan county, and only narrowly outside the West Midlands conurbation, so it is, to some extent an urban fringe settlement or dormitory village, although it also has a distinctive centre and a long history. The Old English word burna signifies a stream, and a stream is a notable feature of the village. Formerly the village name was thought to mean "Womb Stream", or stream in a hollow, because this is a reasonable description of the situation. However, more recent scholarship explains the name as meaning a Crooked Stream, which is at least as good a description. Burna was one of the terms for a stream used in the earliest Anglo-Saxon place names, and the stream was presumably itself called the Wom Bourn. However, today it is always distinguished from the village by the name Wom Brook, from another, slightly later, Old English term for a stream: brōca. The Wom Brook, which has required considerable work to ameliorate its flooding, originates on Penn Common and is a tributary of the Smestow Brook, which it meets just south of Wombourne. The spelling "Wombourne" is now preferred for official use. However, the village is marked "Wombourn" on the 1775 William Yates Map of the County of Stafford and as late as the 1945-48 series Ordnance Survey maps. There has been considerable feeling about the issue and road signs were regularly amended unofficially with spray paint until the 1990s at least. The village has Anglo-Saxon origins, and was part of the large central kingdom of Mercia, which was settled by Angles. The whole region was wooded when the Germanic settlers arrived, and hamlet names like Bratch ("newly-cleared-land) and Blakeley ("dark clearing") attest to the need to clear land for settlement. The settlers reared large herds of pigs, which were easily fed in the beech, oak and birch woods, which are the naturally-predominant vegetation in the region. Local toponyms like Kingswinford ("royal pig crossing") and Swindon ("pig hill") confirm the importance of pig rearing in Anglo-Saxon times. Wombourne is mentioned in Domesday Book and was clearly a medium-sized village by the standards of the time. Before the Norman Conquest, it was owned by an Anglo-Saxon nobleman called Thorsten. By the time of the survey, probably 1086, William, Fitz Ansculf, held seven hides of land, some of them let from him by one Ralph of Wombourne. William was an important landowner throughout the West Midlands, the son of Ansculf of Picquigny, a Picard baron who came to England with William the Conqueror and built a castle at Dudley. William's total holding at Wombourne supported 8 ploughs and was worth £3. There were 13 villagers (probably not including dependents, so perhaps thirty to forty people in total); a priest, and so perhaps some sort of church; as well as two mills, the first evidence for the importance of water power in the area. Wombourne was part of the Seisdon Hundred. The Priors of Dudley built or rebuilt the Parish Church of St. Benedict Biscop around 1170, the only parish church dedicated to this Anglo-Saxon cleric. The building as it is seen today, however, is the result of numerous reconstructions and refurbishments, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. The parish of Wombourne extended far from the village, taking in Orton and Swindon. For most of its history Wombourne was mainly an agricultural village. However, its involvement with industry began unusually early. From the Middle Ages, the Smestow Brook and the Stour were lined with small iron bloomeries and forges, using local reserves of charcoal and water. The Industrial Revolution brought coke-fired furnaces. In 1772, the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal was opened, with major canal locks at the Bratch and Bumble Hole, integrating the area more closely into industrial Britain. Iron production concentrated in a smaller number of centres - at Swindon, in the southern part of the Wombourn parish, at Gothersley, at the Hyde near Kinver, and increasingly in the nearby Black Country - using the canal to bring ore, coal and limestone to the works. Other villages, however, remained centres for smithing, with cheaper and more available iron greatly increasing the number of workers. Increasingly, Wombourne became a centre for nail-making. The Wom and the Smestow continued to provide both power and cooling water, with several large mills along each stream by the late 18th century. Perhaps the largest water-driven forge was to the west of the village, where, an 1817 history remarks, "has been erected an iron-work called the Heath-forge, with genteel mansion". This works had a large mill pool, supplied by the Meryyhill Brook and by a contour canal from the River Smestow. Water fell thence in several stages to the Wom, which then joined the Smestow a short distance to the west. The forge mill was later converted into a corn mill, which functioned until the 1930's. The Heath Mill industrial estate on the main Bridgnorth road preserves the name of the complex. The mansion building, now converted into flats, is still to be seen in the Poolhouse estate, itself named after the poolhouse that stood at the dam. The water mill is clearly marked on the 1775 Yates map of Staffordshire, along with one at the Wodehouse, and another just south of the village centre, the remains of which are now the Pool Dam. It was around the same time that the Hellier family reached the peak of their influence in the area. The Helliers lived at the Wodehouse, on the Wom Brook, to the east of the village. It was the fourth Samuel Hellier, knighted in 1762, who turned the Jacobean house into a centre of culture. He had the grounds laid out in fashionable style, with a hermitage, a temple to the memory of Handel, and a music room. He spent a fortune on musical instruments and books of music, building up a private collection and endowing both the church at Wombourne and St. John's, Wolverhampton. The family collection included the Stradivarius named after them. Dying without issue in 1784, he left his property to a family friend, the Reverend Thomas Shaw, on condition he change his name to Hellier. One of his descendents spent years as commandant of the Royal Military School of Music at Kneller Hall. It is claimed that the Wodehouse has not been sold for over 900 years. In 1851, Wombourne was described by William White as a large village, "occupied chiefly by nailors, who work for the neighbouring manufacturers". Nail-making remained important into the 20th century. As White implies, it was mainly the preserve of outworkers, who operated small-scale machinery in, or attached to, their own homes, fetching iron sheet or rod from the foundries and returning the finished product. White tells us that the main landowners in the area in the mid-19th century were John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley, a notable astronomer, and Lord Ward - at this time the Reverend William Humble Ward, the tenth Baron, a relative of the Earl of Dudley. The Wards made their wealth not merely from land, but what lay under it: the coal and limestone of the West Midlands. Another important landowner, the Reverend William Dalton, was an Evangelical clergyman from Ulster, but he owed his wealth to marriage to the widow of a Bilston iron master. Although the parish had a population approaching 2000 by the mid-19th century, the village itself remained quite small - essentially confined to the area around the present village green. The hamlets of Giggetty, Blakeley, Ounsdale, and the Bratch were quite separate from the village and were only absorbed into it as suburban housing spread from the mid-20th century. This changed the whole character and structure of the village. The area around the green, the original village of Wombourne, evolved as the commercial and cultural centre. The green was surrounded by small, independent shops, which remain a distinctive feature of the village's commercial life. A new civic centre, housing local council services, was constructed near Lower End, just south west of the centre. Suburban housing grew to form a wide ring around it, absorbing most of the hamlets. Large housing developments of the 1960s and 1970s around Giggetty and Brickbridge, to the west, were followed by a still larger westward extension in the Poolhouse estate of the 1980s, which absorbed the former Heath Mill. Meanwhile, light industry developed along the canal and the River Smestow, particularly beyond the main Bridgnorth Road, with industrial estates replacing former foundries. A new bypass was driven through to the south of the village in 1988, carrying Bridgnorth and Telford traffic around Wombourne and Himley, and clearly separating much of the industrial area from the residential section. Housing development continued into the new millennium, with building to the west of the canal between Ounsdale and the Bratch. The Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal runs north-south through the western side of the village and Bratch Locks are located just to the north-west. Another popular local spot is the South Staffordshire Railway Walk which follows the path of a now disused railway until the 1960s as a goods railway, but also as a passenger line for a few years between the two wars. Wombourne village green, which resembles an archetypal 'English Village' as it is in the centre of the village adjacent to the church, regularly plays host to local cricket matches. The main commercial area is around the village green and on the neighbouring streets. This contains a considerable range of small, independent shops, as well as banks, cafes and other services. There are also small developments of shops and services in outlying areas of the village, particularly at Giggetty and Blakeley. Wombourne has a Retained Fire Station, run by Staffordshire Fire and Rescue Service, which is currently being refurbished. The Station houses one pumping appliance and is located on Giggety Lane next to Wombourne Ambulance Station. The Ambulance Station is run by West Midlands Ambulance Service and is manned full time. Wombourne Police Station can be found on the High Street and is part of Staffordshire Police. Police officers work from police station all hours: however, enquiry office staff are only available at certain times. The village is served by a wide variety of churches, many based around the village green, which do much in the way of maintaining village traditions and in serving the more needy people in the parish. There was considerable volunteer support to the mental health centre in Planks Lane, before it closed. The Hand in Hand centre is well supported by Christians, and a number of activities are run, and paid for by volunteers, for older members of the village. The nearby Bratch Locks. A number of important footpaths cross Wombourne, constituting an important leisure amenity as well as providing safe access to the village and surrounding countryside for walkers and cyclists. The Wom Brook Walk is a Local Nature Reserve entirely within the boundaries of the village. It stretches for about 1.5 miles (2.6 km) along both sides of the Wom Brook, traversing the village from east to west. It contains a mix of meadow and woodland. It was established after some years of work by a local conservation group, the Friends of Wom Brook. There has been great excitement over the arrival of Wombourne's very first Little Egret in October/November 2010. It was seen hunting and roosting around the Wombrook on a number of occasions and Daniel Traynor captured the very first image of the bird which was later shown in the Parish News. The South Staffordshire Railway Walk is another Local Nature Reserve. It follows the course of the former Wombourne Branch Line, traversing Wombourne from north to south, before swinging east towards Himley and Dudley. It intersects with the Wom Brook Walk at the western end of Ham Meadow. To the north, it connects with the Wolverhampton Railway Walk, affording a pedestrian route into Wolverhampton via the Smestow Valley LNR. The former Wombourne station at the Bratch has car parking facilities, as well as a café and information. The tow path of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal also runs north-south through the western part of Wombourne, roughly parallel with the South Staffordshire Railway Walk and intersecting with the Wom Brook Walk at Giggetty. It forms part of a conservation area and can be followed as far as Kidderminster and Stourport on Severn to the south and Wolverhampton and Stafford to the north. As well as the walks in or passing through Wombourne, there are also many country parks and places to walk in the surrounding area including: Baggeridge Country Park, Highgate Common, Himley Hall and Kinver Edge Wombourne is part of a two-tier local government structure, typical of rural county areas in England. Wombourne also has a parish council. This was originally established in 1894 and took its present form in 1974. Wombourne is part of the South Staffordshire (UK Parliament constituency), which is not coterminous with the district of the same name. It is also part of the large West Midlands (European Parliament constituency), which has seven MEPs. Before the local government reforms of the 19th century, the local parish or vestry was both a civil and an ecclesiastical unit within the Seisdon Hundred of the historic county of Staffordshire. In Victorian times, it became part of the Seisdon Poor Law Union. Wombourne's Member of Parliament is Gavin Williamson, who represents the South Staffordshire (UK Parliament constituency) in the House of Commons after Sir Patrick Cormack stepped down in the 2010 general election . He is a Conservative. In elections to the European Parliament, Wombourne is part of the very large West Midlands constituency which is represented by a total of seven MEPs: 3 Conservative, 2 Labour, 1 Liberal Democrat and 1 UK Independence Party. All nine of Wombourn's district councillors are Conservative and the district council is Conservative-controlled. National Express West Midlands bus routes 255, 256, 255s and 256s all serve Wombourne, with the 255s and 256s serving Ounsdale High School along with Staffordshire CC sponsored route 584 (operated by Arriva Midlands. Timetables for these buses can all be found on the internet. There used to be a railway line but this closed to passenger services in 1932 . Also, this area is near the main A449 road. There are four primary schools in Wombourne; Westfield, St. Bernadettes R.C, Blakeley Heath primary and St. Benedict Biscop. There is also a secondary school, Ounsdale High School, that takes many of the local primary schools pupils on. Students also come from local areas on coach and bus services to the school. There is also Cherry Tree's special school and Adult Education centres operating in several locations around the village, including Ounsdale High School and the Library. A large Sainsburys supermarket was completed in Spring of 2010, along with major road adaptations to the B4176 and community investments such as a local free shuttle bus. This was preceded by a long contest with Tesco to secure a site and planning permission near the village. The supermarket is located to the south of the village centre, just off the main road to Bridgnorth, in a commercial estate. South Staffs Karate, formally Wombourne Shotokan Karate Club, was founded in 2008 by Tom Davies and first opened its doors at Wombourne Leisure Centre. SSK now runs two weekly classes on Mondays and Fridays at Wombourne Community Centre, right in the centre of the village, overlooking the cricket field. McCain (GB) Limited have a production plant in Wombourne. The Wombourne plant is responsible for manufacturing ranges of McCain’s well known frozen potato products, such as Smiles and Hash Browns \|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wombourne\| Dictionary and translator for handheld New : sensagent is now available on your handheld A windows (pop-into) of information (full-content of Sensagent) triggered by double-clicking any word on your webpage. Give contextual explanation and translation from your sites ! With a SensagentBox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by Sensagent.com. Choose the design that fits your site. Improve your site content Add new content to your site from Sensagent by XML. Crawl products or adds Get XML access to reach the best products. Index images and define metadata Get XML access to fix the meaning of your metadata. Please, email us to describe your idea. Lettris is a curious tetris-clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. Each square carries a letter. To make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble English words (left, right, up, down) from the falling squares. Boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words (3 letters or more) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. You can also try the grid of 16 letters. Letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. See if you can get into the grid Hall of Fame ! Change the target language to find translations. Tips: browse the semantic fields (see From ideas to words) in two languages to learn more.	<urn:uuid:52906617-b37c-4ab3-96f6-d9bce8ad7d76>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-52", "url": "http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Wombourne/en-en/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-52/segments/1418802769419.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20141217075249-00032-ip-10-231-17-201.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9675371646881104, "token_count": 3983, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3 }
What Is an HTML Form? Learn about HTML forms and how you can use them to gather data for your website. 1. Mixture of coding elements Technically, an html form is just a part of a website that includes a variety of different design elements, nested together in one place. These elements are responsible for both giving and collecting information, and they might be text- or image-based. Your standard html form can include any of the following: Text box - you provide summaries, label each entry field, and explain the form. Entry fields for text - users can enter their own numbers and symbols into blank boxes. Radio buttons - series of exclusive options. HTML checkbox - text field that can be clicked, in a series with other options. Drop-down menu - user can select from a list of prompts. Link button - user can click it to submit the data or visit a new page. These various elements work together as one unit, and they almost always get their own web page within the site. It's a good idea to eliminate distractions and focus on gathering accurate data, but don't make it too time-consuming by asking too many questions. 2. Versatile way to collect user data Different sites have different uses for customer data. Bloggers collect readers' email addresses to provide updates and keep them reading, retailers promise exclusive sales to website members, and businesses offer everything from free quotes to coupon codes in exchange for a few pieces of contact information. If you want to collect user data for any reason, you can rely on an HTML form to do it for you. 3. Point-of-sale system for online transactions Of course, the most useful data is usually financial information. If you want to conduct online transactions, your POS will almost always be an HTML form. You'll need to secure your customers' privacy by making sure your website is encrypted, especially if you're collecting credit card numbers or routing numbers. If you incorporate rich elements from PayPal or BitCoin providers, you won't even have to worry about handling the financial part at all. 4. Interactive content that drives user engagement The information you collect with HTML forms doesn't necessarily have to be practical. Fun forms include quizzes, opinion polls, and sweepstakes entries, all of which require nothing but the user's time. Interactive content is always a great way to make people feel like active participants in your business, which in turn makes them more likely to share your website with others. People also like to feel heard, so you can show respect by asking for feedback. Solicit questions and comments with a feedback form, and respond to every submission to make sure there's continued communication between you and your potential customers.	<urn:uuid:1e7636fa-421d-4212-86ec-5d42e6165e1b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://ar.site123.com/learn/what-is-an-html-form", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154158.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20210801030158-20210801060158-00073.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9367892146110535, "token_count": 559, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3 }
Who Was Fritz Schumacher? by Diana Schumacher E F Schumacher, the economist-philosopher, was born 100 years ago this year. The following article is edited from a longer paper written for the Schumacher Society in 2008. Ernst Friedrich (Fritz) Schumacher was an unlikely pioneer of the Green Movement. He was born in Bonn in 1911, studied at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar and returned to England before the Second World War to avoid living under Nazism. He died prematurely on a visit to Caux, Switzerland, in September 1977. Although from a distinguished intellectual background, and having himself experienced a short but meteoric academic career in Germany, England and America, Schumacher always believed that “an ounce of practice is worth a tonne of theory”. Like Gandhi in both his outer and inner life he was a searcher of truth and dedicated to peace. Unlike so many of his contemporary academics, however, he needed to see these ideals translated into practical actions. Fritz observed that throughout his own school and university careers he had given “maps of life and knowledge” on which “there was hardly a trace of many of the things I most cared about and that seemed to me of the greatest possible importance to the conduct of my life”. He saw the need to provide his colleagues and audiences with philosophical ‘maps’ and guidelines which related to actual reality. In the process, his life was one of constant questioning, including challenging most of the basic assumptions on which Western economic and academic theory have been based. What are the ‘laws’ that govern the ‘science’ of economics? What is the true value of money? What is the relationship between time and money? What is the real worth of work? And of development? These were the everyday questions which interested him as an economist. In 1937, owing to Hitler’s frenzied ascendancy and his own feeling of the intellectual and political betrayal of Germany and its heritage by his nationalistic compatriots, he decided to abandon all social, family and business ties and to bring his young wife and son to London. During the war, the family faced the hostility of being regarded as German aliens. They had to give up their home, and after being briefly interned, Fritz was hidden away with his family in Northamptonshire working as a farm labourer and was referred to by the very English name of James. At the same time (with the support of J M Keynes) he was seconded to do government research at the Oxford Institute of Statistics whilst at the same time working on his own ‘world improvement scheme’. Sometimes his ideas were appropriated by others, such as his contribution to the Beveridge Report in the early 1940s and to the Marshall Plan of 1947. Although he never received official recognition for his input to such prestigious schemes because of his German background, this did not disquiet him. Although the expanding family was again domiciled in England from 1950 onwards, his quest for patterns of sustainability took him all over the world. He had experienced poverty, social injustice and alienation first hand, and felt that with his uniquely varied and practical background, he had something useful to contribute. As an economist he was derided by his peers for pointing out the fallacy of continuous growth in a finite world dependent on limited fossil fuel resources, but at the same time he became a champion of the poor, the marginalised and those who felt misgivings over the shallowness of contemporary values. Philosophy and Religion From his youth Fritz had always read prolifically. At one stage or another during his life, Fritz questioned all the main traditions, whether intellectual, national, economic or religious. As a young man he claimed to be a dedicated atheist, lecturing that religion and morality were mere products of history; they did not stand up to scientific examination and could be modified if regarded as inappropriate. Politically he was a person-loving socialist, the antithesis to Hitler’s fascism and an idealist with a restless mind. His values were very modern, based on the speed, measurement, efficiency and logic of the industrialised Western world which he inhabited. It was only later that he understood that such criteria were too inflexible, and totally incompatible with the more subtle ‘unconscious’ rhythms of the natural world. As a commuter from suburban Caterham (where he finally lived), to the National Coal Board headquarters in London’s Victoria (where he worked from 1950 to 1970), he used the train travelling time to study comparative religions and was greatly influenced by the French philosopher Fritjof Schuon’s The Transcendent Unity of Religions. This ‘commuting’ period proved a most fruitful turning point in his inner life. He first studied notably those religions from the East, attending meetings and lectures on the spirituality of other faiths and began to practice meditation. Gradually he came to relinquish the atheism of his youth and to admit to the possibility of a ‘higher order of Being’. His changing economic and metaphysical views (which sometimes seemed contradictory) chronologically mirrored his own spiritual struggles and development. There was, after all, a transcendent ‘vertical perspective’ to life: a hierarchy of orders from inanimate matter, through different levels of consciousness to a supreme consciousness or Being. After years of searching and inner struggles he had realised a way of bringing his lifelong paths of study and social concerns to a point of convergence and had reached his own spiritual homecoming. Finally, to the astonishment of Schumacher’s Marxist and Buddhist friends alike, he was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1971, six years before he died. It was a formal renouncement of his previously cherished views of the supremacy of the intellect and reason over the Christian virtues of compassion, forgiveness, unconditional love, the acknowledgment of a Divine Creator, and the integrity of all creation. In 1955, whilst working at the National Coal Board, Schumacher accepted a three-month assignment as Economic Development adviser to the Government of the Union of Burma, where he immediately attached himself to a Buddhist monastery. He soon concluded that the last thing the Burmese people needed was economic development along Western lines. They needed an economics suited to their own culture and lifestyle – a ‘middle way’ between the Western model which sought to increase material wants and consumption to be satisfied through mechanised production and the Buddhist model which was to satisfy basic human needs through dignified work which also purified one’s character and was a spiritual offering. The tools of economics therefore had to be adapted to people’s needs and values and not vice versa. Unsurprisingly, his report was not well received in official quarters, but the experience proved yet another turning in Fritz’s spiritual and intellectual development. He was later to coin the term ‘Buddhist Economics’ which, like Marxism, implies a complete rejection of the greed and materialism on which so much of modern economics is based and a respect for the value and dignity of meaningful work. In tandem with his job at the Coal Board, Schumacher also undertook an intensive programme of international travel, initially to give substance to his proposals to save the collapsing British coal industry, and to encourage independence from the Western world’s industrial reliance on cheap oil imports from the Middle East. Alas – and to our cost today – he was successful in neither. His aim was also to promote sustainable development strategies in the First and Third World alike. Food and fuel he saw as the two basic necessities for survival and sustainability. All communities and regions should strive to be self-sufficient in these as far as possible – otherwise they become economically and politically vulnerable. In this respect he was an early proponent of harnessing renewable energy in all its different forms and upgrading the existing traditional technologies. Unfortunately Fritz was many years ahead of his time, and few took much notice. Putting his own self-sufficiency theories into practice, his was one of the first UK houses to have solar panels installed on its roof. He also personally became involved in sustainable agriculture; an enthusiasm which he claimed had its seeds in his work as a farm labourer. He spent much time on his organic garden, was President of the UK Soil Association, ardently supporting Richard St Barbe Baker and his Men of the Trees, and was an unflagging advocate of tree planting and forest farming schemes wherever he went. India and Intermediate Technology It was during an official visit to India in 1970 to advise the Indian Government on a Five Year Development Plan, that Fritz became deeply moved by the hopeless poverty and deprivation of countless thousands of people. He encountered a despair such as he had not met in other poor countries and realised that all the official government and other Western aid schemes proposed so far were completely inadequate. As a heartfelt response, in 1966 with a small group of committed colleagues including George McRobie from the National Coal Board, he founded the Intermediate Technology Development Group (ITDG), a London-based charity concerned with technology transfer. The aim was to give practical ‘tool aid’, skills and education to poor rural communities in developing countries rather than expensive highly mechanised equipment which was not appropriate to the understanding and needs of the illiterate majority and which put them out of work. What was needed was ‘production by the masses and not mass production’ using ‘technologies with a human face’. With Indian colleagues, he helped to set up in Lucknow the Appropriate Technology Development Association (ATDA), working very much along the same lines and supported financially by the UK India Development Group of which Fritz was Chair. Schumacher also understood that Western aid to poor communities frequently simply served to increase their cultural and economic dependence, and to increase the gulf between rich and poor, educated and illiterate, young and old, even within their own societies. This still holds true. On the other hand, by respecting communities’ own indigenous and cultural traditions, providing them with skills and upgraded tools and recognising that each individual could play their part the communities would be enabled to achieve long term sustainability and security. This ‘middle way’ has gained increasing acceptance over the past forty years, particularly among the poor countries themselves. The ‘development’ charities which Fritz founded continue to flourish today, although ATDA has become the Schumacher Centre Delhi. The India Development Group became the Jeevika Trust; and the ITDG has been renamed Practical Action. In 1950 Schumacher accepted the post of Economic Adviser to the National Coal Board, partly because of his socialist conviction that true economic sustainability would most readily come about through proper organisation and use of energy resources. He was also an early advocate of the principle of subsidiarity and realised that the workers themselves needed to operate within ‘human scale’ structures even within large organisations. The National Coal Board he hoped would be an excellent springboard for testing his ideas in practice. Small is Beautiful Despite growing recognition of Schumacher’s numerous projects, broadcasts, writings, and public lectures, the real breakthrough only came with the publication in 1973 of his first book Small is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered. This was written in layman’s terms, since it was mainly based on previous lectures and articles, but somehow caught the spirit of the times. Small is Beautiful was not just about appropriate size. It articulated what millions of ‘little people’ worldwide subconsciously believed: that unlike any previous culture or civilisation, twentieth century Western society, whether agricultural or industrial, was living artificially off the Earth’s capital rather than off its income. Its lifeblood was the ever-increasing use of non-renewable resources primarily by the rich countries at the expense of the poor. The world could not continue sustainably on the increasing curve of production and consumption without material or moral restraint. A Guide for the Perplexed followed in 1977; other publications such as Good Work and This I Believe were produced posthumously and were based on his earlier writings in different publications. Over thirty years after Schumacher’s death, the wisdom, warnings and predictions contained in these controversial writings, are seen to be more relevant than ever. Many organisations worldwide have since developed one or other aspect of his work. Nevertheless the trend towards gigantism, the vast growth of mega cities, mass unemployment, unsustainable patterns of energy use, rampaging environmental degradation and social violence demonstrate that none of Schumacher’s simple, human-scale solutions have been interpreted correctly by those in a position to change policies. There is now an even more urgent need to revisit some of these fundamental prerequisites for sustainability. These include, above all, the transcendence of moral values; the equality and dignity of all people; the integrity of human work as the resource base of any economy; the value of local communities; and the need for decentralised decision-making and regional self-sufficiency wherever practicable, particularly with respect to food and fuel. There is always a great danger to freeze a human icon such as Schumacher in the situation of their time, and not to allow for the fact that their own ideas would be constantly changing and moving on with changed circumstances. The revolutions in information technology, virtual reality and genetic engineering would have occupied Schumacher’s attention insofar as they affect our overall human condition. It is now up to a new generation to arm itself with the necessary knowledge and moral courage to find its own solutions to the contemporary interrelated crises and to build peace with all levels of Creation. As Fritz Schumacher said in Good Work: “I certainly never feel discouraged. I can’t myself raise the winds which might blow us, or this ship, into a better world. But I can at least put up the sail, so that when the wind comes I can catch it.” Diana Schumacher is a Patron of The Gandhi Foundation and active in the environmental field. She was a founder of the Schumacher Society and founded its Annual Schumacher Award. She also co-founded the Environmental Law Foundation.	<urn:uuid:8cd626a2-1ba8-4444-ad69-b875a929a2bf>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://gandhifoundation.org/2011/11/25/who-was-fritz-schumacher-by-diana-schumacher/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163964642/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133244-00023-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9785496592521667, "token_count": 2915, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
LOCATION: Turkey; Iraq; Syria; Iran; Lebanon; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Germany POPULATION: 5–22 million Kurds have almost never had a country of their own. "Kurdistan" is the mountainous area where the borders of Iraq, Iran, and Turkey meet. The average altitude is 6,000 feet (1,950 meters) and much of the land is inaccessible (difficult to reach). For most of their history Kurds have been a part of the Persian and Ottoman empires. (The Persian Empire became modern Iran. The Ottoman Empire became modern Turkey.) From 1920 to 1923, an independent Kurdistan existed. In 1923, Kurdistan was divided between the two countries that are Iraq and Turkey today. Since then, the Kurds have been divided between Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey. They have struggled to build an independent nation. Guerrilla fighters called peshmerga (one who faces death) fight to win territory for Kurdistan. The long years of war and hostility between Iran and Iraq have put the Kurds in a very difficult position. They have large communities in both countries and are constantly caught in the fighting between the two countries. In Turkey, the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) is a radical group that campaigns for Kurdish independence. The PKK is a terrorist organization. Sometimes they resort to killing of civilians to further their cause. Because of this, many Kurds oppose them. Population estimates for the Kurds range from 5 million to 22 million. More Kurds live in Turkey than anywhere else. They are the second-largest ethnic group in Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. They are the third-largest group (after Azerbaijanis) in Iran. Kurds also live in Lebanon, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Germany, and other places across Europe, the United States, Canada, and Australia. Although they live among them, Kurds are ethnically unrelated to Turks, Arabs, and Iranians. The Kurdish language is related to Persian (or Farsi), the language spoken in Iran. Kurdish, like Persian, has also borrowed many words from the Arabic language. Until 1991, it was illegal to speak Kurdish in Turkey except at home. The skillful use of language is highly valued by Kurds. Cleverness and a command of poetry are considered important skills. Modern Kurdish names are mostly Arabic or Persian. The mother usually names her child. Kurds did not traditionally use surnames (last names), so most modern surnames are tribal designations or geographic locations. Modern-day Kurds are descendants of ancient Indo-European peoples known as the Medes. They moved into the Middle East 4,000 years ago. The Muslim hero Saladin (Salah Ad-Din Yusuf Ibn Ayyub, AD 1137–93) was a Kurd, as were many of his soldiers. Saladin became the sultan (king) of Egypt and Syria in 1174. A well-known folktale, "Kawe the Blacksmith and Zohak," explains the origin of Nawruz, the Persian New Year celebration. According to the story, Zohak was an evil king who enslaved the Kurds. One year, on the first day of spring, Kawe the Blacksmith led the Kurds in a revolt against Zohak. They surrounded Zohak's palace, and Kawe charged past the guards. He grabbed Zohak by the neck with a powerful blacksmith's hand, and struck Zohak on the head with his hammer. The Kurds set bonfires on the mountaintops to announce their freedom from Zohak. The event is said to have taken place around 700 BC . The Kurds at first resisted the Islamic invasion during the seventh century AD . They gave in after the Islamic victory near the modern-day Iraqi city of Sulaimaniya in AD 643. Most Kurds are now Sunni Muslims (a branch of Islam). About one-fifth are Shi'ite Muslims, most of whom live in Iran. Many Kurds belong to Sufi (Islam mystic) brotherhoods. They meet to chant and dance together to worship Allah. The Sufi brotherhoods are very important in Kurdish village life. There are about 1 million Kurdish 'Alawis (a secretive faith based on and distinct from Islam) in Turkey, and 40,000 to 70,000 Yazidis mostly in Armenia and Azerbaijan. Yazidism is a small religion that combines aspects of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity. A very few Kurds are Christian. The most important Kurdish holiday is the Nawruz , or Persian New Year. It is celebrated at the time of the spring equinox, or first day of spring (March 21). There are special foods, fireworks, dancing, singing, and poetry recitations. Spring flowers (such as tulips, hyacinths, and pussy willows) are cut, new clothes are worn, and pottery is smashed for good luck. Families spend the day in the country, enjoying nature and the fresh growth of spring. During the thirteen days after Nawruz, families visit each other and visit the graves of dead relatives. Everyone tries to resolve any conflicts or misunderstandings that may be carried from the year before. Even though most Kurds are longer nomads, they continue to celebrate important dates associated with that way of life. These include lambing time, celebration before moving the herds to summer pastures, shearing time, and the time of return to the village in the fall. Islamic holidays vary in importance among individual Kurds. The greatest occasion for celebration in a Kurd's life is marriage. Kurds marry young, at about seventeen or eighteen. The bride is dressed in gold bracelets, earrings and necklaces, and a new dress and shoes. The highlight of the wedding is the public procession from the home of the bride to the home of the groom. After they reach the groom's home, the veiled bride enters the house and sits quietly in a corner of the room while the guests feast and dance outside. In some areas, there are horse-riding displays. Parents and relatives hold a feast for the birth of a child, especially the birth of a first son. Most boys are circumcised during the first week after birth. In some more traditional Kurdish communities, boys are circumcised at age ten, followed by a huge party. The Kurds are very family oriented. Family lines are patriarhcal—traced along the father's ancestry. Marriage between first cousins is common. A man often marries the daughter of one of his father's brothers. This practice is common among many cultures. Tribal leadership among the Kurds is inherited. However, local leaders are chosen for their personal qualities, including integrity, generosity, and skill at dealing with government officials. Most Kurds live in small villages in remote mountain regions. A typical Kurdish house is made of mud-brick with a wooden roof. In the summer, Kurds sleep on the roof where it is cooler. Some homes have under-ground rooms to use in the winter to escape the cold. There is rarely indoor plumbing. Water is carried into the house in jars and cans from a central village well. There is no central heating. The few remaining nomadic Kurds live in tents made of blackened hides. Extended family members cluster their tents together in small communities. There are only a few Kurdish towns: Diyarbakir (a sort of capital for Kurds) and Van in Turkey; Erbil and Kirkuk in Iraq; and Mahabad in Iran. Few Kurds marry non-Kurds. Couples may live with one or the other's family after marrying, but they have rooms of their own and separate housekeeping arrangements. Men and women both work in the fields, and boys and girls start helping at an early age. Kurdish women were traditionally not veiled except during parts of the marriage ceremony. They freely associated with men in most gatherings. If there was no qualified male heir, a woman could become a tribal leader. Even today, living in countries with conservative Islamic governments, many Kurdish women fight alongside the men as peshmerga (guerilla fighters). More than 1,000 peshmerga are women. The radical Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) encourages freedom for women. Traditionally, Kurdish women wore colorful skirts and blouses. Men wore baggy, colorful pants with a plain shirt having very full sleeves, which were tied at the elbow. Bright-colored vests and sashes (often red) were worn over the shirt. A man wore a blue silk turban on his head, and often completed his costume with a dagger worn at the waist. Traditionally, nomadic Kurdish men shaved their heads and wore long moustaches. Women wore bright, colorful, heavily embroidered clothing. Traditional dress is becoming rare. Kurds generally dress like the people of the countries where they live. In Iran, women must wear a cloth covering their hair and clothes. In Turkey, on the other hand, the government has banned women from covering their hair in universities and public jobs. Women there are required to wear more Western-style clothing. In Iraq, men wear woolen coats and vests, checkered head-scarves, and baggy pants. Women wear the Muslim-style dress, often with baggy trousers underneath. The traditional Kurdish shoe, the klash, is a soft crocheted mocassin with a flexible sole. Bulghur (cracked wheat) used to be the staple food for Kurds. Rice is becoming more popular. The Kurdish diet includes a wide variety of fruits and vegetables. Cucumbers are especially common. In the valleys where grapes are grown, raisins and grape jam are common. Meat is only eaten on special occasions. The usual beverage is tea. Kurdish specialties include a type of wafer bread eaten for breakfast, and any kind of grain cooked in whey. A recipe for a flatbread appears on the next page. Note: For crispier bread, increase baking time until the bread is spotted with brown all over. Wrap the baked bread in a clean kitchen towel to keep warm while rolling out and baking the rest of the dough. Serve warm or at room temperature. Makes 8 loaves. Adapted from Alford, Jeffrey, and Naomi Duguid. Flatbreads & Flavors: A Baker's Atlas . New York: William Morrow & Co., 1995, p. 175–76. Schools are not widely available. When they are, classes are not taught in Kurdish, and so many children find school too difficult and drop out. The Kurdish literacy (the ability to read and write) rate is very low. Girls often do not attend school at all. Tradition holds that they are needed at home. Kurdish culture has a rich oral tradition. Most popular are epic poems called lawj . These often tell of adventure in love or battle. Kurdish literature first appeared in the seventh century AD . In 1596, Sharaf Khan, Emir of Bitlis, composed a history of the Kurds in Persian called the Sharafnama . Almost one hundred years later, in 1695, a great national epic called the Memozin was written in Kurdish by Ahmed Khani. Traditional music is played on flute, drums, and the ut-ut (similar to a guitar). The music of Sivan Perwar, a Kurdish pop music performer, was banned in Turkey and Iraq in the 1980s, so he left the region to live and work in Sweden. Most Kurds are farmers and sheep-and goat-herders. They sell products from their flocks such as leather, goat cheese, and wool. Women make carpets and cloth to sell at market. Some Kurds grow tobacco. Turkish Kurds grow cotton. A few mountain Kurds are still nomadic herders. In towns, Kurds work as shopkeepers, plumbers, teachers, bankers, and so on. Kurds work as unskilled laborers in large Turkish cities, as well as in Baghdad and Mosul in Iraq, and Tehran in Iran. Some urban Kurds work as bricklayers, butchers, cattle dealers, and small traders. The oil fields in Turkey and Iraq have attracted many Kurdish workers in recent times. Those Kurds who are able to go abroad find a variety of jobs and send the money back home. Popular sports include soccer, wrestling, hunting and shooting, and cirit , a traditional sport that involves throwing a javelin while mounted on horseback. Camel-and horse-racing are popular in rural areas. Only men go out at night. They often sit at tea houses and cafes and play backgammon or dominoes. A favorite pastime is to listen to tapes or live singers at cafes. Singers have only recently been allowed to sing publicly in Kurdish. Carpet-weaving is by far the most significant Kurdish folk art. Other crafts are embroidery, leather-working, and metal ornamentation. Kurds are especially known for copper-working. The greatest problem for the Kurds is the unwillingness of the nations in which they live to give them cultural independence. Kurds do not currently want an independent state. They only wish to be allowed to maintain their own language and culture. During the Iran–Iraq War (1980–88), the government of Iraq engaged in genocide to stop the Kurds from fighting for Iran. Thousands of villages were destroyed and tens of thousands of Kurds were murdered and buried in mass graves. The Iraqi government also used nerve gas (purchased from European governments) against Kurdish civilians and Iranian troops. These horrible attacks killed thousands of civilians. One of the worst massacres occurred in the Iraqi Kurd town of Halabja. The entire population of the town was killed. After the Persian Gulf War (1991), thousands more Kurds were forced into refugee camps. Some of these areas are now protected by the United Nations (UN). Since 1991, the government of Turkey has attacked Kurdish civilian centers inside the UN-protected areas. Many thousands of Kurds have now fled to Iran. The government there is less hostile, but it has trouble supporting millions of refugees. To make matters worse, there is fighting even among Kurds. Two rival Kurdish groups have fought small wars over who truly represents the Kurdish people. Meanwhile, the Kurdish civilians continue to suffer. Alford, Jeffrey, and Naomi Duguid. Flatbreads & Flavors: A Baker's Atlas . New York: William Morrow & Co., 1995. Bulloch, John, and Harvey Morris. No Friends But the Mountains: The Tragic History of the Kurds. New York: Viking, 1992. King, John. Kurds. New York: Thomson Learning, 1994. Moss, Joyce, and George Wilson. Peoples of the World: The Middle East and North Africa , 1st ed. Detroit: Gale Research, 1992. Embassy of Turkey, Washington, D.C. [Online] Available http://www.turkey.org/turkey/ , 1998. Human Rights. The Kurds. [Online] Available http://www.humanrights.de/~kurdweb/children , 1998. Kurds. [Online] Available http://www.itlink.se/lasse/Sol/Library/Struggle/kurds.html , 1998. World Travel Guide, Turkey. [Online] Available http://www.wtgonline.com/country/tr/gen.html , 1998.	<urn:uuid:c3912acd-c0ff-4561-8a2a-adb9dd4edc28>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-27", "url": "https://www.everyculture.com/wc/Tajikistan-to-Zimbabwe/Kurds.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104690785.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220707093848-20220707123848-00064.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9588651657104492, "token_count": 3251, "score": 3.515625, "int_score": 4 }
from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition - n. A grave or other place of burial. - n. A vault or chamber for burial of the dead. - n. A monument commemorating the dead. from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License - n. A small building (or "vault") for the remains of the dead, with walls, a roof, and (if it is to be used for more than one corpse) a door. It may be partly or wholly in the ground (except for its entrance) in a cemetery, or it may be inside a church proper or in its crypt. Single tombs may be permanently sealed; those for families (or other groups) have doors for access whenever needed. - v. To bury. from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English - n. A pit in which the dead body of a human being is deposited; a grave; a sepulcher. - n. A house or vault, formed wholly or partly in the earth, with walls and a roof, for the reception of the dead. - n. A monument erected to inclose the body and preserve the name and memory of the dead. - transitive v. To place in a tomb; to bury; to inter; to entomb. from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia - n. An excavation in earth or rock, intended to receive the dead body of a human being; a grave; also, a chamber or vault formed wholly or partly in the earth, with walls and a roof, or wholly above ground, for the reception of the dead, whether plain, or decorated by means of architecture, sculpture, etc.; a mausoleum; a sarcophagus. See also cuts under catacomb, Lycian, and altar-tomb. - n. A monument erected to preserve the memory of the dead; any sepulchral structure; a cenotaph. - n. Same as altar-cavity. - n. Figuratively, the end of earthly life; death. - To bury; inter; intomb. from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved. - n. a place for the burial of a corpse (especially beneath the ground and marked by a tombstone) Cocumella tomb at Vulci, and the Regulini Galeassi tomb_ [Footnote 1: But when we come back, I'll tell you why there's not just one, but three locations vying for the title tomb of Jesus when we come back. If an old priest tells you that the body in the tomb is an undead Spanish nobleman, and you happen to be a credulous cowboy, next time, believe him! Lastly, a 3D animated narrated tour of a tomb with images and explanation of elements of the tomb is available. And now his tomb is a place whither men resort to pray for rain and ask their requirements of Citium pay particular honor to a certain tomb which they call the tomb of Cimon, according to Nausicrates the rhetorician, who states that in a time of famine, when the crops of their land all failed, they sent to the oracle, which commanded them not to forget Cimon, but give him the honors of a superior being. This room, which you describe as a tomb, or an antechamber of hell, might have been an inner sanctuary, from which blessings might flow out over the whole neighbourhood. Dr. Joann Fletcher contends that a cache of mummies found in tomb KV55 are the bodies of Nefertiti and the Dowager The tomb is also artistically significant, as it is considered the masterpiece of the sculptor Tilman Riemenschneider, in whose workshop it was sculpted from Jura marble from 1499 to 1513. MAJOR SPOILER/BOOKS: It just hit me, what if the vampire who turned Logan and wants to get Katherine out of the tomb is Klaus?	<urn:uuid:193e1beb-ac7d-4d41-ae4b-d995a38582b7>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-22", "url": "https://wordnik.com/words/tomb", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-22/segments/1464051342447.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160524005542-00142-ip-10-185-217-139.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9114929437637329, "token_count": 861, "score": 3.125, "int_score": 3 }
XXI century science does not recognize such a thing as telepathy. However, enthusiasts have not given up trying to read minds from a distance. And despite official skepticism, these studies often find a patron in the military. If the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, published in 1956, opened the letter 't', where we read: "telepathy — unscientific, idealistic fantasy." That was the official position of our state. But in reality, the ratio of the authorities to the problem of transmission of thought at a distance was quite different. Unknown to the public in the secret laboratories were in full research on this phenomenon. Their scope can be seen even by the anxiety that showed CIA experts regarding Soviet experiments in telepathy in the early 70's of the XX century. According to them, the study of "anti-scientific, idealistic fantasy" the Soviet Union was isolated from the state budget from 60 to 300 million rubles a year. DIA even held at the direction of President Gerald Ford's analysis of parapsychological research in the USSR. The outcome of this "revision" of today are already known, since according to the law on freedom of information, they have been published. The report stated: "… the success of Russian parapsychological research are enormous. Soon, they may allow them at a distance to know the contents of top-secret U.S. documents, track the movement of troops and ships of the United States, to cause instant death of any person in the distance, disable any equipment, including spacecraft … "frightened Americans, not to be outdone in this area, even launched an alternative research program, which was closed until the early 90's. Why are they so afraid of? It's been a few decades, but no scientific breakthroughs in the field of parapsychology has not happened! But let us return to the history of the question of telepathy. The first studies of … 1875. The famous Russian chemist A.Butlerov, engaged in the study also thought-transference, proposed to explain this phenomenon electroinduction hypothesis. …1886. British researchers E.Gerney, F.Mayers F.Podmor and puzzling phenomenon to describe the transmission of thought at a distance for the first time used the term "telepathy." …1887. With expanded justification hypothesis Butlerov made professor of philosophy, psychology and physiology of Lviv University Yu.Ohorovich. As you can see, parapsychological research did not begin yesterday, and took them to scientists from around the world. For example, few people know today that in the 1919-1927 academic V.Behterevym years at the Leningrad Institute for Brain Research conducted serious experiments in telepathy. Simultaneously, the same experiments were conducted B.Kazhinsky famous engineer. Recall the science fiction novel A.Belyaeva "Lord of the World" (1929): in the hands of immoral people is an invention that allows you to read and write the thoughts of men, and send by special emitters faultless mental orders. The plot of this piece is built entirely on the scientific ideas of Bernard Bernardovich Kazhinskogo. To emphasize this, Belyaev give a name to your main character — Kaczynski, changing only one letter in the name Kazhinskogo. Results from Bekhterev and Kazhinskim, according to our data, confirmed the existence of phenomena of thought transference. Roman A.Belyaeva also not go unnoticed. And in 1932, the Leningrad Institute of the brain derived from a People's Commissariat of Defense mission to intensify investigations regarding telepathy. Scientific management was entrusted to Professor L.Vasileva. The corresponding order was received and the Moscow Laboratory of Biophysics, headed by academician P.Lazorevym. Executor threads ordered by the military, and therefore received the "secrecy" was Professor S.Turlygin. Keep the memories of these people. "We have to admit that there really is a physical agent, the interaction of two sets of organisms with each other", — stated the professor S.Turlygin. "No screening, no distance is not worsened results" — recognized and Professor L.Vasilev. It would seem that the existence of telepathy (and after a very serious research) has been scientifically confirmed in the Soviet Union before the war. So why, in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia of 1956 says that "telepathy — is anti-scientific, visionary fiction"? The reasons for this can be called a set. First, scholars and scientists, in their own words, the experimental confirmation of the existence of the phenomenon of telepathy, and failed to give at least some reasonable theoretical explanation of the nature of this phenomenon. Therefore the official science was easier to disown telepathy than recognize it and be trapped, then if it turns out that the successful results of the experiments were flawed. Second, the existence of telepathy is conclusive of the materiality of thought, thus entering into an ideological conflict with one of the tenets of Marxist-Leninist philosophy of the primacy of matter and consciousness secondary. Third, the military is still hoping that will be able to use telepathy to their advantage, so do everything to stop even talk about it. The facts show that they belonged to the existence of the phenomenon of thought transference away seriously. For example, in September 1958, by order of the Soviet Defense Minister Marshal R.Malinovskogo held several private meetings on the study of the phenomenon of telepathy. Attended Head voennomeditsinskogo management professor L.Vasilev Professor P.Gulyaev and other specialists. …1960. At the Physiological Institute (Leningrad) organized a special laboratory for the study of telepathic phenomena. …1965-1968 years. In Akademgorodok near Novosibirsk Institute of Automation and Electrometry USSR performed an extensive program of telepathic human studies and animal. Closed on parapsychology research conducted in the Moscow Brain Institute, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Institute for Information Transmission Problems (IPPI) of the USSR and in other institutes and laboratories. Secret experiments were conducted with the active participation of the military from using expensive equipment, up to submarines as the site of the experiments. Funds are not spared. And it speaks for itself. Dips and breaks The results, however, were mixed. Thus, in Moscow on the initiative of the Ministry of Defence on the streets of Nizhny Novgorod was created secret "box number 241." Scientific director of the project was named Academician Joseph Eydeyman, and his deputy — Professor Dmitry Mirza. Experimenters repelled from stories zooferm workers who claimed that if newborn rabbits beat shock even for a hundred kilometers from the rabbit, she feels it. Scientists began experimenting. Rabbits in a cage glued over sensors, and rabbits were brought to Tula to torture. Alas, according to the memoirs of one of the researchers — a doctor Kirill Leontovich, the result was zero. …1969. By order of the Secretary of the CPSU P.Demicheva held a special meeting of the Commission to investigate the problems and causes of psychic phenomena enhance public interest in them. Gathered the cream of the national psychology — A.Luriya, A.Lyuboevich, V.Zinchenko. Before them was a task to dispel the myth of the existence of parapsychological movement in the USSR. Results of the activities of the Commission are reflected in the ninth issue of the journal "Psychology Matters" for 1973. Despite the pressure of party ideologues, scientists have not been able to palter. With many reservations it still says: "The phenomenon is …". Interest in telepathy, then cooled, then come up with a bang. In the early nineties, our state once again became active pay of various experts in the field of "energy-exchange" and "microlepton telepathy." But, alas, capricious phenomenon remained unconquered. Americans too much hardship with telepathy successful experiments were followed by a complete failure. In 1971, astronaut, U.S. Navy Captain Edgar Mitchell held a session of telepathic communication with lunar ship "Apollo 14." Four people in various American cities recorded mental images "coming" of the cosmos. Overall, the results were negative. In 1981, the Pentagon drew psychics who have the gift of "dalnovideniya" Search for a mental Douzera General James, who was kidnapped by terrorists in Verona from the Italian "Red Brigades". The attempt was unsuccessful. Perhaps it is so badly so far and make most people ask, "Yes there is, telepathy?" The situation today is exacerbated by the fact that the wave of public interest in anomalous phenomena research engaged in numerous amateurs. This is even more discredited in the public eye telepathy. And among the scientists themselves is no consensus in this area. According to Academician VP Kaznacheyev, in ancient times, all our ancestors had the ability to share thoughts without words. For primitive community mental "language" was a natural and unique. Therefore, the ancient people were able to communicate at any distance. Kaznacheeva work formed the basis of a global experiment to "distant transfer of mental images", conducted by members of the Novosibirsk Institute of General Pathology and Human Ecology, and has given interesting results. This scientific event it involves several thousand volunteers participated scholars and psychics over twenty countries. Telepathic signals transmitted from different continents, in special chambers, isolating the magnetic field of the earth, of the anomalous zones of the planet, such as the "triangle of Perm" or the Cave of Black Devil in Khakassia. Novosibirsk claimed that the result of this experiment was positive. Information about an interesting experiment and received from the Institute of traditional treatments Health Ministry. Stanislav Zenin, head of one of the laboratories of the institute, said that a person is able to "power of thought" to change the structure of water. And this seems to be confirmed by dispassionate devices. Does this mean that today's science has been unequivocal evidence for the existence of telepathic effect? Alas. The results of these experiments (and Novosibirsk researchers and specialists from the Institute of the Ministry of Health) adopted by their own colleagues, as they say, a hostile reception. New approaches Despite healthy skepticism in this area today prevails, research is still ongoing. And from some of the results is simply impossible to dismiss, calling them pseudoscientific. Thus, a large international group of neuroscientists have recently created an interesting technique of "functional magnetic resonance imaging." In their experiments, the scientists succeeded in using the tracking devices with high probability (75%) to determine whether the subject intended to add or subtract two numbers offered to him. Is not this the beginnings of mind reading technology? At least, many Western experts are seriously discussing the possibility of using it in areas such as the fight against crime and terrorism, saying that the method of "functional magnetic resonance imaging" will away, potential criminal on his "bad thoughts." Other foreign researchers have come up with devices that allow a person "mentally" to enable or disable devices and even typing on a computer without touching the keyboard. Of course, it's not mind-reading in pure form, but, you see, is already quite close. So close that the neuroscientist John-Dylan Haynes, a professor of the German Institute for Brain and mind of Max Planck, spoke on the need of the legislative ban on the widespread "instrument of mind reading." The scientist believes that society must decide pre-ethical issues related to the "dash telepathy." After all the bad thoughts — this is not a bad thing. How would we not been told that telepathy exists, research in this area does not stop today. And then, early to put on this topic bullet. 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“America’s Early Whalemen” John A. Strong University of Arizona Press, $45 While John Winthrop was aboard the Arabella, one of the 11 ships that left England in 1630 for the New World, he noted in his journal that he saw “mighty whales spewing up water like the smoke of a chimney . . . of such incredible bigness that I will never wonder that the body of Jonah could be in the belly of a whale.” He saw the whales’ presence as a hint of the natural riches awaiting his party of immigrants, who would soon found the Massachusetts Bay Colony. By the time European explorers came upon the Americas, whale bone and oil had substantial value. And by that time, the native people had been hunting whales along the northern Pacific and the Bering Sea. Based on a contemporary account, Theodor de Bry illustrated an Indian whale-hunting party off the coast of Florida, and it was published in 1590. It is more than just conjecture that the native people of Long Island took part in the same tradition of shore whaling for some time before the settling of Southampton in 1640 and East Hampton in 1648. After more than 50 years of teaching, researching, lecturing, and publishing, John A. Strong has written the book we have all been waiting for, “America’s Early Whalemen: Indian Shore Whalers on Long Island, 1650-1750.” It has often been assumed that the new English arrivals saw Indian whalers at work and adapted their techniques to establish a sporadic enterprise that soon blossomed into hiring native people for what was becoming a formal business. All this is true, but the scope of these mid-17th-century businesses has been underestimated by most historians. Indeed, the makeup of these small English family-owned concerns became the very diagram for drift, offshore, and the later deep-sea whaling companies. This book is a revelation. Mr. Strong begins the story with an overview of European and precontact Indian whaling. He has filled his book with a wealth of primary sources, like the 1602 account by Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold (who named Cape Cod and Martha’s Vineyard). He watched a group of Maine Indian whalers in a Basque boat outfitted with a mast, copper kettle, and an iron grapple. Other accounts include descriptions of native people harpooning whales, towing them ashore, and then butchering them, also dating from 1602 and 1620. The author quickly delves into the importance of the whale in Long Island native culture. In an archaeological dig in 1920 on Wright’s Island, near Throgs Neck, a stash of six whale tail vertebrae were uncovered. Mr. Strong notes that the bones had been secured and carefully placed together in a fashion that appears ritualistic. In David Lion Gardiner’s folkloric “Chronicles of East Hampton,” he references a “song of joy” following a successful Indian whale hunt. Gardiner describes a “great and prolonged pow-wow” that included vocalizing and dancing. Such ceremonies probably celebrated the success of the hunt and were as well a way of thanking the gods so the next hunt would be equally successful. The size of the whales made them worthy of awe. Their tails and fins were often used as gifts or fashioned into elaborate belts. The world of the South and North Forks’ native people changed forever with the permanent arrival of the English in 1639, when Lion Gardiner bought the island soon to bear his name. But nothing prepared them for the broken floodgate, when in the next year there were two sizable settlements on the East End, in Southold and Southampton. By 1645, a group of Southampton residents decamped farther east to found East Hampton. The rest of Mr. Strong’s book is a look at this clash of cultures. From reading the town records of Southampton and East Hampton, the author agrees with the historian David Goddard, who realized that Southampton’s Puritan pioneers, led by Edward Howell, John Cooper Sr., Daniel How, and Thomas Halsey, were more interested in improving their economic status than in religious piety. There were disputes about ownership of drift whales, so in 1644 Southampton drew up an ordinance that formed four wards, with 11 persons in each. By lot two of each ward were employed in cutting up the whale, and for their work they would receive a double share. The ordinance goes on to describe who gets the rest of the shares, on down to a resident and his child or servant. Such ordinances changed with new arrivals and departures. The English were in charge, but most of the work force was native. The most enlightening chapters, indeed the bulk of the book, are also the most unsettling. It is no surprise that the English immigrants saw the New World as theirs for the taking. They were Christians, the native people were pagans. The Shinnecocks and Montauketts were more than annoyances who stood in the way of the Englishmen’s presumed divine right to the native lands. They also caused problems with the commercial goals the English desired. If they saw a positive to the Indians, it was their usefulness as an easily deceived work force. The colonial British government mostly sided with the British settlers, no matter how contrived their claims were in breaking tribal leases and deeds. And since beach rights were very important to the newly formed English whaling companies, the native people invariably lost their rights to whales that were on the beaches. They were paid for cutting up the whale carcass, transporting the bone and blubber, and trying out the oil. The original English whaling companies were harvesting drift whales with their shore crews made up of contracted Indians. By the end of the 1650s, some Southampton men began using the boat-handling prowess of the native people to go out for the companies in twin whaleboats with harpoons to capture the whales swimming offshore. These companies were often successful. The 1686 to 1687 whaling season produced on the South Shore of Long Island (from Montauk to beyond Brookhaven) 2,148 barrels of oil from over 60 whales, valued at 4,300 pounds sterling. To make a comparison in period values, the whale conservationist Randall Reeves in 1986 compared the 4,300 pounds sterling of the yearly whale catch to the value of Lion Gardiner’s estate. Gardiner’s Island was worth 2,349 pounds sterling at about the same time. The commercial value of whaling was enormous. The contracts the Indians signed with the companies could often last two or more years. They needed to be available when whales were sighted, and to hold them to the contract they were given an advance that mostly included English coats and blankets. The Indians were to be paid at the end of the season, but by the time that came around, they usually owed more money than they earned. This process kept the natives in constant debt to their employers. The author has compiled lists of the names of the Indians who were under contract. We can follow them from one company to another. We can also follow the names of their employers, the wealthiest members of the South Fork communities. Names like Gardiner, Ogden, Raynor, Cooper, Howell, Jessup, Shaw, and Topping are only a few from the list of company owners. It is frustrating to read about the improper use of power by English settlers to entrap the natives into a deeply entrenched bond of servitude by debt. It is also unpleasant to see the dubious ways the English had of lessening the powers of the Indian leaders by duplicitous negotiations. Power and money certainly combined to almost destroy the civilization of the native people of Long Island. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the colonial history of Long Island. It is both shocking and fascinating. Richard Barons is the chief curator at the East Hampton Historical Society. He lives in Springs. John A. Strong is professor emeritus of history and American studies at Long Island University. Formerly of Southampton, he lives in Maryland.	<urn:uuid:03416c4a-4c69-4ab2-bb33-f75f6cc90e6f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.easthamptonstar.com/books/2020430/long-island-books-english-cometh", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107869785.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20201020021700-20201020051700-00213.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9769513607025146, "token_count": 1696, "score": 3.046875, "int_score": 3 }
There is not only one answer to what is Six Sigma. Firstly, six sigma is a management philosophy. It is a customer based approach realizing that defects are expensive. Fewer defects mean lower costs and improved customer loyalty. The lowest cost, high value producer is the most competitive provider of goods and services. Six Sigma is a way to achieve strategic business results. Secondly, six sigma is a statistic. Six Sigma processes will produce less than 3.4 defects or mistakes per million opportunities. Many successful six sigma projects do not achieve a 3.4 ppm or less defect rate, which indicates that there is still opportunity. Thirdly, six sigma is a process. To implement the six sigma management philosophy and achieve the six sigma level of 3.4 defects per million opportunities or less, there is a process to be used. The Six Sigma process is Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC). 6 Sigma Methods All 6S projects go through the followings stages: Project selection targeting at under performing business processes or products. Process exploration. On this stage the business process is formalized into Y=F(Xs) function, where Y is important characteristic of the product or process and Xs are inputs bringing variations to the Y. Statistical analysis of the elements of Y=F(Xs) formula. Variations in Y are reduced, and performance is improved. Business plan to implement/sustain achieved improvements. Six Sigma Champions Business Leaders who lead Six Sigma by sponsoring projects are called "Champions" Champions are trained in the essentials of the Six Sigma Methodology focusing on selecting the projects that are aligned with business goals Champions must select and mentor Six Sigma project leaders called "Belts" Champions must support, align and integrate the Six Sigma Launch into their organization Six Sigma Master Black Belt Often the key support person to the Champions to assist in Project Definition The mentor and teacher of Six Sigma Green Belts and Six Sigma Black Belts Requires extensive project management experience Requires proven mastery of Six Sigma Methdology Requires proven mastery of Six Sigma Statistical Tools Often chosen to be the future leaders of an organization Six Sigma Belts Belts are Six Sigma project leaders who receive training in the Six Sigma roadmap Each week of training is separated by one month to allow the Belt to align project progress to the training. Six Sigma Certification requires both projects and training. Six Sigma Black Belts are project leaders who receive four weeks of training focusing on the Six Sigma Roadmap and extensive statistical methodologies. Successful Black Belts normally dedicate at least 75 percent of their time to a four to six month Six Sigma Project Six Sigma Green Belts are project leaders who receive six days to two weeks of training on the Six Sigma Roadmap and essential elements of statistical methodologies supporting Six Sigma projects. Successful Greenbelts are able to allocate 25 to 50 percent of their time to their four to six month Six Sigma Project. Six Sigma Projects Selection Criteria "A problem with an unknown solution" Projects must be aligned to organizational priorities Depending on the organization, have value at least HK$800,000 for Black Belts and HK$200,000 for Green Belts Projects can also be directed to high priorities metrics not only money Be scoped so can be completed in 4 to 6 months Follow the Six Sigma Project Roadmap Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control or DMAIC Normally Six Sigma Projects are reviewed before the completion of each phase Help create a learning organization by documenting completed projects Project savings be signed off by finance For more information about our Six Sigma and Lean Consultancy services, please call (852) 2135-9687 or email at email@example.com Want to learn more about our courses? Please click here to understand why most people choose our Lean Six Sigma training	<urn:uuid:a3e3c551-4dda-4577-b6aa-f0dd52d2b9ab>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "http://acna.com.hk/index_topic.php?did=25836&didpath=/25836", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178367790.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210303200206-20210303230206-00632.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9294089078903198, "token_count": 819, "score": 2.671875, "int_score": 3 }
The Republic of Nauru is an island nation in the Micronesian South Pacific. Nauru, formerly known as Pleasant Island, is the world's smallest island nation, covering just 21 km² (8.1 sq. mi), the smallest independent republic, and the only republican state in the world without an official capital. It is the least populous member of the United Nations. Nauru was annexed by Germany and became a colony in the late 19th century. It became a mandate territory administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom following World War I. The island was occupied by Japan during World War II, and after the war entered into trusteeship again. Nauru achieved independence in 1968. This oval-shaped outcrop in the Central Pacific, west of Kiribati, is surrounded by a reef which is exposed at low tide. A century of phosphate mining has stripped 80 percent of the land area, and has left the central plateau infertile and unpopulated. The island has a fertile coastal strip. The population in the year 2000 was 11,000. The clan has been the traditional building block of Nauruan life, and electoral boundaries follow the clan boundaries. Clan names are of the utmost importace in doing Nauran family history work. They give us clues as to who is our relative and where they lived. 1798 Captain John Feam names it “Pleasant Island.” 1850 Whalers, black birders, loggers, and buccaneers stop by the island. Firearms are introduced. 1870 The 12 tribes of islanders have been at war and the population was decreased by one third. 1888 The Germans invaded Nauru. They make it a German protectorate along with Marshall Islands until 1914. 1900 A huge supply of phosphate is discovered and a London company begins shipping it to Australia. 1914 Australian warships wrest the island from Germany and it becomes a British-mandated territory. Phosphate mining continues, with thousands of tons of phosphate exported. Chinese laborers are brought in. 1942 The Japanese invade Nauru and deport 1200 native islanders to Truk Island for forced labor. 500 perish. The Japanese starve and force the islanders to harsh labor. 1946 The Japanese surrender and the British take over again. 737 survivors return to find that only 1,000 native islanders are left. 1951 The Local Government Council is established. 1968 Nauru wins full independence and becomes a special member of the British Commonwealth. 1970 Australia, New Zealand, and Britain hand over their joint control of phosphate operations to the Nauru Phosphate Corporation. 1989 Nauru wins a suit and Australia pays for damages of the landscape. Environmental recovery work begins. 1996 Due to financial need, Nauru begins to receive would-be refugees to Australia in exchange for payment. 2008 LDS Church membership on Nauru was 100. On the Internet, go to Familysearch.org. Choose the Library tab and then Family History Library Catalog. Click on Place. Type in Nauru, and a list of current holdings for Nauru will be displayed. Microfilm number VAULT INT Film 1213009 contains some oral histories from the 1900s to 1945.	<urn:uuid:d3492620-15ef-4b73-9805-463383524184>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "https://familysearch.org/wiki/en/index.php?title=Nauru&oldid=240133", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279248.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00425-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9496068954467773, "token_count": 677, "score": 3.515625, "int_score": 4 }
Return to Ocean Observing Discussion and Research Questions for Ocean Observing These discussion and research questions can be used with either the Ocean Observing video segment on North Carolina Now and/or “FerryMon Connects Students to Water Quality” and “Coastal Ocean Observing: Real-time Data Available to Students” articles in the Spring 2008 issue of Coastwatch magazine. - What is a harmful algal bloom (HAB) and how does it affect various marine and estuarine species? - Research the political impact of data collected by ferries in the Baltic Sea on decisions affecting fisheries and water consumption. - Research restrictions placed on fisheries following Hurricane Floyd based on the water quality data collected from the floodwaters. - Why would it be a poor decision to have water quality data collected from a dredging operation? - Develop a cooperative learning activity in which eighth grade classes could integrate historical data, math, and science as they compare Hurricane Floyd with Hurricane Isabel. - Compare water quality data obtained in the Albemarle Sound to that of the Pamlico Sound. What factors, including population, agriculture, and manufacturing, account for the differences? - Write a story, song, or poem that chronicles the path of a loggerhead turtle as it follows the ocean currents from hatchling to adulthood. - What oceanographic data would be most useful when planning an archeological project searching for a sunken pirate ship? - Analyze the impact modern technology has made on: accurate weather forecasting, the protection of lives and property during storms; or the protection of endangered species as they migrate. - Research careers associated with ocean observing. List at least 10 and write an in-depth summary (at least 250 words) about one. - How might the use of online data influence students to follow a career in science? - As the earth’s icecaps melt, more solar energy is absorbed. Which technology could be best used to predict the global impact of these changes? - What technologies for remote sensing of ocean data are used most by charter boat captains? - Who developed the plan for FerryMon and when? - Explain the low salinity water of the Albemarle Sound. - Explain oddities such as flounder and harbor seals found in the Meherrin River. - Research the agencies that regulate water quality in the Pamlico Sound and list them. - Have the data from FerryMon led to a change in laws for hog farms, pulp mills, or the forestry industry? - Who uses the data from FerryMon and how do they use them? - Compare water quality data collected by FerryMon to data collected at stormwater collection sites. - How does water quality impact decisions relevant to public health (e.g. swimming, seafood quality, etc.)?	<urn:uuid:94fa2af1-45b7-4279-8caa-19a8e7bad8f3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-48", "url": "http://www.unctv.org/content/coastwatch/oceanobserving/questions", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164032040/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133352-00088-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8970794081687927, "token_count": 586, "score": 3.25, "int_score": 3 }
This is Part 1 of our three-part Accessibility series. Jump to the end to see an overview of Parts 2 & 3. When talking about the web, “accessibility” means “make it easy for people of different abilities to use your web-based product or service”. The Web is an increasingly important resource in many aspects of life, and therefore, it only makes sense that business owners and web developers strive to make it as inclusive as possible. But a business might argue, “My customers are well-bodied people. My service isn’t a need for those who are blind, deaf, or have limited motor function.” To that, we say, “Oh really?” Consider these scenarios. Do these people have disabilities? - John fractured two fingers on his dominant right hand, which makes using a touchscreen or trackpad difficult. They will heal in four weeks, but in the meantime, he is learning to navigate with his left hand and the keyboard. - Maryanne is partially color-blind, but she does not know it (only 0.5% of females are affected, as compared to 8% of males). She finds most websites hard to read, but chalks it up to the visual trends of the day. - Jennifer has age-related macular degeneration. There are dark spots in the middle of everything she looks at. She can see, but it will take her longer to consume information or fill out forms, constantly moving her head to the screen and back to keyboard, trying to see with her peripheral vision. - Robert has 1 year old twins. He’s a stay at home Dad and freelance writer. Lately, his sleep deprivation makes him easily frustrated with the web and his devices. He has a hard time working his phone while holding a child because important actions are at the top of the screen, and he can’t easily stretch his thumb to access them. Some of these might be familiar to you — if you think about it, you can probably replace these sample names with people you know. Do they fit the description of people you usually think about when you think of people with disabilities? Probably not, but they are just as important to consider as anyone else. The Numbers are Higher than you Think From a Census report in 2010, 19% of the U.S population has some form of broadly defined disability — nearly 1 in every 5 Americans, or about 57 million people. About half of those reported their disability as severe (about 10% of people). Disabilities can range from non-permanent—temporary vision or hearing loss, loss of mobility in hands or arms—to permanent—blind, deaf, cognitive impairment, limited mobility, etc… One in five Americans self-identify as disabled. From our previous list of examples, only Jennifer would consider her macular degeneration a disability. What about the others? One person will heal in a month, another doesn’t know they are missing something, and another wouldn’t use the term “disabled”. But they all have different challenges when accessing content on the web. What does an Accessible Site Look Like? Accessibility does not look different from what you are already used to seeing or using, and in many ways it will make the web better for ALL users and your business. Here are some examples: - Higher contrast ratios for text or text over images — better legibility for all! - Keyboard navigation with landmarks and focus styles — make it easy and quick for someone to use ANY device to navigate a site, and that means keyboard and mouse, but also touch, stylus and voice commands. - Adaptable content (different ways to view and consume the same content) — this is easy! Responsive mobile design is part of this, but semantic HTML lends itself to other formats as well, such as machine-readable content outlines. - Visible and clear form labels, landmarks, and error messages — improves ease of use for all users (and improve conversion rates if this is a checkout form)! - Flashing elements limited to three flashes per second for users with photosensitive epilepsy or vestibular disorders — who wouldn’t want fewer flashing images? - Screen Reader content and context for visually impaired users — a little more work to think about and implement, but, the result is typically a clearer workflow for any user, and improves SEO because of tightly structured and semantic content with additional meta data. - Transcripts for audio or video content — again, a little more work, but the result is better searchability (and SEO) by text when a transcript is present. Assess Your Site’s Accessibility There are many ways to assess your current site’s accessibility. Some of them require a little bit of technical knowledge, or at least, some knowledge to understand what to look for and what the results mean. For those of you that have sites built on WordPress or Drupal, the good news is that quite a bit of basic accessibility is baked in. A firm that builds and maintains your custom theme, though, could have done a lot or very little to support additional accessibility. The simplest way is to try to use a keyboard to tab through your site’s pages. Can you move the mouse cursor’s focus from one area of the page to another? Can you get into forms to fill them out? Or does tabbing jump from the top of the page (navigation) down to the bottom, and skip the content entirely? A tool that we recommend for functional analysis is Tota11y, a browser extension that adds a layer of diagnostics to any site. It is easy to read and use, and offers some explanation as to why the problems it encounters could be a big deal for someone using assistive technology. These methods will give you a baseline idea of what issues exist on your site. For a more in-depth analysis, contact us for a full audit of your site code and functionality. Accessible for All There are solid business reasons why accessibility is a good idea. More visitors that can use your site with any device and a broader range of abilities means more traffic and potentially more revenue (more on that in the next article). And beyond that, a more accessible web is a great thing to support, and everyone has something to gain. Have questions? Wondering how to more deeply assess your site’s accessibility? Give us a call or drop us an email, we are always happy to assist. This is the first in a series of articles about accessibility and the web. Check back often for additional articles on this topic. Our Accessibility Series+ Part 2: The ADA Applies Accessibility Rules to Websites — Dive into the history of the ADA, Section 508, and the WCAG. In context, review some recent litigation that makes brick-and-mortar stores liable under the ADA for accessibility within their “integrated” online experiences. + Part 3: Accessibility by the Numbers: How it Helps your Business — Outline how an ecommerce business can increase revenue if it invests in making its checkout forms more accessible. - The Alphabet of Accessibility by Anne Gibson, from the Pastry Box Project - Differences between Accessibility, Usability and Inclusion from the WC3’s Web Accessibility Standards (WAI)	<urn:uuid:a3e05441-9d5a-4ec8-913c-df54bca9160b>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.oomphinc.com/insights/accessibility-for-everyone-part1/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400244231.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200926134026-20200926164026-00216.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9465866684913635, "token_count": 1530, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
Seneca Meadows – it sounds romantic, right? Well you may be surprised to learn that Seneca Meadows is actually a major waste management and recycling facility located just northeast of Waterloo, NY. But what makes Seneca Meadows so unique (and such a draw for both locals and visitors) is the more than 1100 acres of Wetland Preserve that Seneca Meadows created and propagated. Located just 34 miles north of Trumansburg, the Seneca Meadows Wetlands Preserve is a great way to enjoy the outdoors during your Inn at Gothic Eves getaway, no matter what the season! So how did the Preserve come about? In 2007, Seneca Meadows found it necessary to expand operations into existing wetlands at their treatment facilities just northeast of Waterloo, NY. Of course, the US Federal Government requires that when a company or organization destroys a natural watershed (wetlands or streams), the organization must “mitigate” the loss of natural resources, either through monetary compensation, or the creation of new natural watershed areas. The industry standard for this mitigation is 3:1 (three acres created for every one acre destroyed). Seneca Meadows went way above and beyond what is required by the industry, sponsoring a total of over 1100 acres of both preserved and created wetland area as a home for countless birds, amphibians, and other animals – more than an 8:1 ratio of what they had taken! Of course, this fits right into our state’s philosophy of eco-friendliness and preservation. This was no small task! Existing wetland areas needed upgrades and improvements to provide the best diversity of plant life and animal species in the form of additional plants added to the existing acreage. New wetland areas were a whole other beast, as six specific ecosystem types are needed to support a healthy overall wetland area. Each type has its own plant, sunlight, landscape, soil, and moisture requirements. And any invasive plants had to be cleared from the acreage to assure a healthy ecosystem. This means that the land had to be re-shaped for each ecosystem, methods for natural water aeration and cleansing had to be added, over 10,000 trees and shrubs were planted, and more than 450 acres of wetland and prairie were seeded. Upkeep of the area continues to this day, thanks to the National Audubon Society. What does this mean to our visitors? - Seven miles of hiking trails, open all year - A Nature Center that offers information and education - A large number of bird species for discovery, including the threatened and rare Least Bittern - Animal habitats that you may not see in a non-wetland environment - Gorgeous vistas, no matter what the season When you visit, look for outcroppings of glacial sand throughout the area. These provide dens for foxes. Also be on the lookout for indication of endangered Indiana Bats which enjoy roosting under shag-bark-type trees in the summer months (and are a big help in controlling insects and pollenating/spreading plant life). Benches can be found throughout the Preserve where you can watch, listen, read, and sketch. Upstate New York is arguably one of the best places for outdoor activities and appreciation in the country. Yes, we have lakes. Yes, we have waterfalls in our many area parks. And yes, we have wetlands and savannah at the Seneca Meadows Wetlands Preserve! Whether you’re a bird-watcher, animal-lover, or just appreciate natural surroundings, consider a visit during your bed and breakfast stay!	<urn:uuid:1fde84d8-b56e-49ad-84db-2a69e4197fca>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-24", "url": "https://gothiceves.com/blog/natural-beauty-at-nys-seneca-meadows-wetlands-preserve/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347394074.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20200527110649-20200527140649-00475.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9518159627914429, "token_count": 747, "score": 2.921875, "int_score": 3 }
At the end of last year, North Korea launched a satellite that was misinterpreted as the launching of a long-range missile. This caused a standoff between the US and North Korea and as a result, North Korea carried out a third nuclear test. Outside observers began emphasizing the military threat posed by the North and decided that the country was preparing to start a full-fledged war. Of the countries on the UN Security Council, China and Russia have already implemented appropriate economic sanctions against North Korea. However, the US has not given up and continues its military containment of the North with the intention of using strong measures to address the issue of its nuclear weapons. North Korea will not submit to the US’ military threats nor make any concessions. It has now adopted every countermeasure possible and has fully prepared itself for war. The country has made it clear that if its enemies attack with nuclear weapons, it will also respond with nuclear weapons. However, some outside observers have interpreted this as meaning that North Korea plans to launch a nuclear attack on the US first. When any side declares war, the ramifications need serious consideration and there is no way that North Korea would first attack the US with no provocation. If the US makes a pre-emptive strike on the North, it would have to consider a possible war with China and Russia. It is therefore clear that both sides have many factors to consider. The US must consider that if war breaks out on the Korean Peninsula, the Sino-North Korean Mutual Aid and Cooperation Friendship Treaty and the Moscow Declaration both stipulate that China and Russia would provide North Korea with military assistance. Also, while directly attacking North Korea’s nuclear facilities may be the most effective way for the US to solve the North Korean nuclear problem, this would also mean that the US would have to consider the issue of radioactive contamination. It is commonly assumed that North Korea is using nuclear weapons to force the US into talks as a way of gaining more economic assistance. However, when the North conducted its previous nuclear tests, the US did not enter into negotiations and instead convinced international powers to increase economic sanctions on Pyongang. Now that North Korea possesses nuclear weapons, the US would be giving the North official recognition of its nuclear-power status if it were to enter into negotiations. The US has also made it clear that it will not engage in dialogue with North Korea before it gives up its nuclear weapons. However, given the current situation, there is no way that the North can back down and abandon its nuclear weapons. Since the US continues to keep large numbers of troops on the Korean Peninsula in an attempt to use military force to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue, and given the US’ continued tough attitude, North Korea has even less reason to give up its nuclear weapons. When viewed in this light, using the six-party talks framework to bring about a nuclear-free Korean Peninsula will become increasingly difficult. The current level of tensions between the US and North Korea, have not been seen since the 1950 to 1953 Korean War, and are not likely to subside until after the US and South Korea finish joint military exercises at the end of the month. Lee Kyung Hee is an assistant professor at National Chin-Yi University of Technology. Translated by Drew Cameron	<urn:uuid:fe242b80-b785-41b1-abe6-7bb9e3c1f893>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-40", "url": "http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/print/2013/04/16/2003559836", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736677946.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215757-00006-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9671082496643066, "token_count": 676, "score": 2.90625, "int_score": 3 }
The Plant is basically multicellular organisms. They are autotrophic in nature. By the process of photosynthesis, they make their own food. In the kingdom Plantae, there are almost over 300,000 species of plants are present. Grasses, trees, and shrubs are very common examples of plants. In the world, ecosystem Plants play a vital role. Plants essential function is that they generate the maximum amount of world’s oxygen. Plants are essential for food chain continuity. Information about Plants In the coming paragraphs features and characteristics of plants are briefly described: - Plants are autotrophic in nature they make their own food by the special process called Photosynthesis. - In the process of photosynthesis, plants make their own food in the form of Glucose by utilizing carbon dioxide, sunlight, and water in the presence of chlorophyll. - Photosynthesis process takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells. - Plants are basically multicellular living organisms which consist of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic Cells are large cell consisting of a large nucleus with the well-developed organelles. - Eukaryotic cells are present in Plants, protists, fungi, and animals. - Plant cells are eminent from the animal cells due to the presence of a cell wall containing cellulose. - Plants also contain chloroplasts that help in photosynthesis. - Plants also contain large central vacuole which maintains the turgidity of the plant by holding water. - Plants consist of vascular tissue. These tissues are a collection of xylem and phloem. - Xylem tissues carry water and dissolved minerals and transport it throughout the body of the plant. - Phloem carries water and nutrients in the form of Glucose and transports it throughout the body of the plant. - Vascular bundles are found in Higher Plants that are complex structures they have to transport water to the whole plant body. - Botanist believes that Plants are progressed or evolved from Algae descendants. But nowadays Algae are confidentially classified as Bacteria rather than plants. But, Green Algae, whose cell wall is made up of cellulose and their bodies also consist of chloroplasts which help them to perm photosynthesis process. These are classified with plants group. - Plants replicate or reproduce both Sexually and Asexually. - Alternation of Generations is also present in the plants. In this, during a complete cycle, Haploid stage substitutes or alters with a Diploid stage. - In the Haploid stage, cells consist of only one chromosomal set while in the diploid stage two sets of chromosomes are present in each cell. - During the process of reproduction in plants, two haploid gametes seam of fused to form a diploid Zygote. After this diploid zygote divides by the process of mitosis and later on after these divisions, it developed into a multicellular organism. Later on, these developed cells are called sporophyte, and at the time of maturity, the process of asexual reproduction they produce haploid spores. - Later on, the haploid spores germinate into multicellular organisms which are called Gametophytes. - In a simple explanation, Gametophytes yield haploid gametes, which later on combined to form a diploid organism. Due to this, there is an alternation between diploid and haploid occurs. This image below shows the process of Alternation of Generation. Classification of Plant Kingdom Types of Plants Charophytes are basically multifaceted Green Algae e.g Stone Worts. These cells have cellulose containing Cell Wall. These cells also have Chloroplasts and also have the ability to store starch, exactly the same as plants do. They imitate or reproduce sexually by the flagella movement their flagella have sperms. They are non-vascular land plants. Bryophytes lake Vascular tissue. Inside the other plants, vascular tissues help is the transportation of water and nutrients. They are also known as Amphibian Plants because they are found on land and in water. They are usually similar to algae due to lack of vascular system. Its body has similar structures like stem, root, and leaves but these structures are not true stem, leave and root that is found in vascular plants. Common examples of bryophytes are mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. 3. Seedless Vascular Plants Seedless vascular plants generate the embryos which are not dwindled by seeds. Besides this, they are replicated by the help of spores. Examples of the Seedless Vascular plants are spike mosses, ferns, quillworts, horsetails, and clubmosses. But above these plants are called Pteridophytes. During the Devonian period and Carboniferous forests period Seedless vascular plants have been thrived or evolved. Gymnosperms comprised of conifers and its interrelated plants e.g Cycads and Ginkgoes. Like the flowering plants, their seeds are not present inside the ovary due to this character they are known as Naked Seeds. Besides this in the gymnosperms seeds are cultivated on the leaves upper surface or seeds might produce on the specialized structures called Cones in the case of Conifers. The furthermost communal specimen of a gymnosperm is Pine Tree. Angiosperms are Flowering Plants and widely distributed all over the world. About 295,000 different species of angiosperms are well known now a day. Reproductive organs of Angiosperms include flowers, which consists of male parts e.g. Pollens and Stamen, and female parts e.g. Pistil. When the pollination takes place, flowers are pollinated after this fruit develop. The seed is present inside the fruits. They possess more complex vascular system as compare to Gymnosperms. You May Also Like: Cerebrospinal Fluid Functions \| Introduction\| Composition Importance of Plants Human beings cannot live without plants because by the process of photosynthesis Oxygen is produced as a byproduct of photosynthesis. Oxygen is essential for the organism’s survival. Names of Plants Related Biology Terms - Eukaryotic Cell – It is a large cell consisting of a large nucleus with the well-developed organelles. - Chloroplast – specialized organelle initiate in Plant cell which comprises chlorophyll. It is the site for photosynthesis. - Organelle – A particular edifice inside a cell which performs a specific function in the cell. - Alternation of generations – The interchange of Haploid stage with Diploid stage in a life cycle of the plant.	<urn:uuid:2595c327-20e0-4b92-82b9-2433c6948202>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-30", "url": "https://ibiologia.com/plant/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-30/segments/1563195523840.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20190715175205-20190715201205-00227.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9354403018951416, "token_count": 1425, "score": 3.671875, "int_score": 4 }
posted by Gee on . I need help with this question: Estimate the product by rounding to the nearest one 6.38 times 18.716 I said on my assignment 120 and my teacher marked it wrong. She said it's 114, and I donot see how it's 114. Any input, would certainly be welcome. By rounding to the nearest 1, you are multiplying 6 x 19. That product is 114. Before multiplying first round the numbers. It would be 6x19 then the answer comes out to be 114.	<urn:uuid:9e31a801-e821-4b81-b5fa-e6f8084015a2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-22", "url": "http://www.jiskha.com/display.cgi?id=1173020866", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-22/segments/1495463607806.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20170524074252-20170524094252-00155.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.955345869064331, "token_count": 120, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
Coral reefs are habitats that are equally important to fish and people. Reefs support more fish species per unit area than any other marine environment. There are more than 4,000 known species of reef fish and 800 species of hard corals, although scientists estimate that there may be another 1 to 8 million undiscovered organisms living in and around reefs. Coral reef biodiversity aids in the development of cancer treatments, bacterial infections, viruses and other diseases. They also provide immense economical and environmental services to millions of people. Annually, goods and services from coral reefs are valued at more than $375 billion (NOAA, 2020). Unfortunately, current news about coral reefs is rarely positive. Catastrophic bleaching events, ocean acidification, rising sea levels, and other man-made calamities threaten some of the world’s most precious and important ocean habitat. However, scientists led by Keri O’Neil from the Florida Aquarium in Tampa recently made a breakthrough that could help save America’s Great Barrier Reef, the third largest coral reef in the world (Elassar, 2020). Commonly referred to as the Florida Reef, this shallow coral reef spans for over 300 miles from St. Lucie Inlet to the Dry Tortugas in the Gulf of Mexico. It is estimated that the reef and its associated activities generate $3.4 billion annually in sales and income, and support 36,000 jobs in the region each year (USDOC/NOAA, 2020). Apart from accessibility and water depth, the primary difference between shallow and deep water reefs is that shallow reefs have more extensive biodiversity. Additionally, shallow corals tend to be hermaphroditic (both sexes) whereas deep corals are single sex and do not rely on sunlight for growth (Ocean Portal Team, 2018). For the first time in history, scientists successfully reproduced ridged cactus coral (Mycetophyllia lamarckiana) in human care. Ridged cactus coral, while not endangered, are a relatively uncommon coral despite being native to Caribbean reefs. The team was able to replicate conditions to induce spawning of the species after an initial event was recorded somewhat by accident in August of 2019. The species was initially rescued from Florida waters by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation commission after reefs suffered major disease outbreak in 2014 (Elassar, 2020). While disease outbreaks are somewhat common, this outbreak of Stony Coral Tissue Loss disease was unique because many species of coral were killed over a huge geographic area for an extended period of time (USDOC/NOAA, 2020). Scientists hope to continue breeding the coral colonies in the hope that the reefs can be restored after the disease is gone. The breakthrough is particularly exciting because it has allowed scientists to gain valuable information about the coral’s reproduction strategy, for which very little has been previously known. Ridged cactus coral are not a common aquarium coral, so scientists know very little about when, why, and for how long they reproduce. Specifically, they learned that this species utilizes a brooding strategy where the eggs are internally fertilized. The parent coral later “spits out” the baby coral that swims until it anchors itself permanently to a new host reef (Elassar, 2020). Other corals may use broadcast spawning or reproduce asexually. This research is part of Project Coral, which is a program intended to spawn coral with the goal of repopulating the world’s coral reefs. Project Coral is a multi-organizational partnership that uses advanced LED technology and computer control systems to mimic the natural environment of the coral in order to signal them to reproduce (Elassar, 2020). It will take much more than just this instance of spawning to save the world’s coral reefs. However, the ability to reproduce and grow corals outside of their native in environments is a critical piece of the solution and fight against the damaging changes occurring in our oceans. Elassar, A. (2020, April 23). The Florida Aquarium just made a breakthrough that will help save the third largest coral reef in the world. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/22/us/florida-aquarium-first-reproduce-ridhed-cactus-coral-trnd/index.html US Department of Commerce, & National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2020, April 22). NOAA CoRIS – Regional Portal – Florida. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://www.coris.noaa.gov/portals/florida.html NOAA. (2020, April 9). Corals. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/corals/coral07_importance.html Ocean Portal Team. (2018, December 18). Deep-sea Corals. Retrieved May 22, 2020, from https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/deep-sea-corals	<urn:uuid:7cb96992-cd46-441e-9048-e20dcd7cf653>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://habitat.fisheries.org/a-major-breakthrough-for-coral-reefs/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107892062.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20201026204531-20201026234531-00505.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9323052763938904, "token_count": 1047, "score": 4.0625, "int_score": 4 }
We first visited the town of Lexington, where colonial militia and British Regulars clashed on April 19, 1775. The Colonel and I strolled around the Lexington Green and viewed several Revolutionary War monuments and markers. I felt incredibly moved to be standing on the very ground where the fight for independence began. As we walked behind the Buckman Tavern, I spotted a memorial "dedicated to the memory of those who served aboard a ship named Lexington." Erected in 1988 by the Lexington Lions Club and the USS Lexington CV-16 Association, the monument contains five markers, each one dedicated to a vessel that carried the name "Lexington." As to be expected, the marker for the Civil War-era Lexington caught my eye. This timberclad gunboat participated in major battles and campaigns in the Western Theatre, including Ft. Henry, Ft. Donelson, Shiloh, and Vicksburg. \|Marker dedicated to the timberclad gunboat Lexington.\| We next drove from Lexington to the Minute Man National Historical Park. Here we viewed a film about the famous Revolutionary War engagements and visited a few landmarks along the Battle Road, including Paul Revere's capture site. I was reminded of the Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's 1860 poem, "Paul Revere's Ride," which served as a rallying cry for the Union in the days leading up to the Civil War. The remainder of our tour was spent in and around Concord. This town is best known as the site of the "shot heard 'round the world." However, during the mid-19th century, Concord was home to several famous writers and intellectuals. Many of these individuals held strong anti-slavery views, and the town became known as a center of the abolitionist movement. Amos Bronson Alcott, father of Louisa May Alcott, was a reformer, teacher, and writer. A friend of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, he protested against the implementation of the Fugitive Slave Act and even opened his home to runaway slaves. Poet and essayist Ralph Waldo Emerson spoke publicly against the evils of slavery. Philosopher Henry David Thoreau wrote his famous essay Civil Disobedience (1849) after being arrested for failing to pay taxes in opposition to the Mexican War and slavery. Many of Concord's leading thinkers supported abolitionist John Brown and provided money for his cause. Brown visited Concord in 1857 and again in 1859. When Brown was captured in the raid on Harpers Ferry, Thoreau came to his defense in a speech that was later published as A Plea for Captain John Brown. The Colonel and I stopped to visit a few homes that figured in the literary and abolitionist history of Concord (see photos below). We had limited time, so I could not take docent-led tours, but I am sure that I will be back in future years! Another must-do on the return trip is the walking tour of African-American and abolitionist history sites put together by the non-profit Drinking Gourd Project. The Project is also creating an African-American and Abolitionist History Center in a restored cabin that once belonged to Caesar Robbins, a freedman and Revolutionary War veteran. \|The Wayside in Concord, which today is part of Minute Man National Historical Park. The Alcotts resided here from April 1845 to November 1848. The home, called "Hilldside" by the Alcotts, served as a stop on the Underground Railroad. Two fugitive slaves stayed here on their way to Canada during the winter of 1846-47. Author Nathaniel Hawthorne also lived at the Wayside from 1852 until his death in 1864. Hawthorne, unlike many of his neighbors, was not entirely sold on the idea of abolition. After a trip to Washington in March 1862 to meet with military and civilian leaders, Hawthorne penned an essay entitled, "Chiefly About War Matters." The piece, published in the July 1862 issue of The Atlantic, was critical of the war and earned Hawthorne the scorn of many readers.\| \|The Orchard House, where the Alcotts resided from 1858 to 1877. The house is next door to the Wayside. While living here, Louisa May Alcott decided to volunteer as a nurse for the Union Army. She headed to Washington in December 1862, where she served until falling ill with typhoid pneumonia in January 1863. Returning to Concord, Alcott recovered and wrote Hospital Sketches, a book about her experiences as an army nurse. Originally published as a four-part series in a Boston weekly, the story was released as a book in August 1863. Alcott also wrote Little Women (1868) while residing at Orchard House.\| \|The Ralph Waldo Emerson House, located not far from the Wayside and Orchard House in Concord. Emerson resided here with his second wife from 1835 until his death in 1882.\| Every man was an abolitionist by conviction, but did not believe that his neighbor was. The opinions of masses of men, which the tactics of primary caucuses and the proverbial timidity of trade had concealed, the war discovered; and it was found, contrary to all popular belief, that the country was at heart abolitionist, and for the Union was ready to die. \|The Soldiers' Monument in Concord, proclaiming "Faithful Unto Death."\| \|Detail of one of the sides of the Soliders' Monument listing the names of those with Concord connections who died in the Civil War.\| After lunch and a beer at the historic Colonial Inn, my father-in-law and I drove to the North Bridge. The site, part of Minute Man National Historical Park, marks the spot where British and colonial forces clashed on April 19, 1775. The famous statue of the Minute Man by Daniel Chester French sits at one end of the bridge. President Ulysses S. Grant attended the dedication ceremony for the statue during the Centennial celebration of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in 1875. \|Minute Man at the North Bridge. The sculptor, Daniel Chester French, is also famous for his statue of President Abraham Lincoln at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington.\| We made our last stop at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, not far from Monument Square in Concord. Established in 1855, this burial ground contains the graves of many of the town's most prominent citizens. As I walked through the cemetery and looked over the sloping hillsides, I noticed the large number of graves belonging to Civil War veterans. Each resting place was marked with an American flag. I reflected on just how dramatic an impact the war had on a place like Concord. Far removed from the battlefields in the South, this New England town experienced much sacrifice and loss during four years of war. Perhaps the most fitting symbol of Concord's ultimate contribution to the Union cause is the Melvin Memorial, known also as Mourning Victory. James C. Melvin commissioned the memorial in honor of his three brothers who had died in the Civil War. All three belonged to Company K of the 1st Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, which manned the defenses of Washington before being sent to the front in the spring of 1864. John Heald Melvin died at a military hospital at Ft. Albany (in Arlington, Va.) on October 13, 1863, while Asa Heald Melvin was killed at Petersburg on June 16, 1864. Samuel Melvin, who was captured at Harris's Farm, Virginia on May 19, 1864, later died at Andersonville in September 1864. (Incidentally, all three names are also on the Concord Soldiers' Monument, as seen in the picture above.) \|A closer view of the relief sculpture of Victory in mourning, draped in the American flag.\| After visiting the Melvin Memorial, I walked to Authors Ridge to see the graves of Concord's famed intellectual and literary community. The hill is the final resting place for Bronson and Louisa May Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, and Thoreau. The latter two died and were buried during the Civil War. I was fascinated to see that many modern-day visitors have left behind mementos in honor of their favorite authors. \|The Alcott family grave site at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. Louisa May Alcott's grave is marked by a flag to honor her wartime service as a nurse.\| \|The graves of James C. Melvin and John H. Melvin at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. James Melvin served with the 6th Massachusetts Infantry. Asa Melvin, killed at Petersburg, is buried in an unknown grave in Virginia, while Samuel Melvin is interred at Andersonville National Cemetery.\| Aside from the links provided above, the following sources were useful in compiling this post: Concord (Mass.), Ceremonies at the Dedication of the Soldiers' Monument in Concord, Mass. (1867); Concord Free Public Library, "Address at the Centennial of the Concord Fight, 1875" (2003); "Famous (and Infamous) Authors: Nathaniel Hawthorne: Clashes with Editors," The Atlantic; National Park Service, Soldiers and Sailors Database; Alfred S. Roe (ed.), The Melvin Memorial, Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts: A Brother's Tribute: Exercises at Dedication, June 16, 1909 (1910); Robert Sattelmeyer, "Miss Alcott Goes to War," Civil War Times, April 2012; Richard Smith, "Concord and Captain John Brown," The Concord Magazine, March-April 2001.	<urn:uuid:1484991e-da4a-409a-9c42-ada3bc9bcc41>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://dclawyeronthecivilwar.blogspot.com/2012/07/a-civil-war-enthusiast-visits-lexington.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698542695.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170902-00181-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9713772535324097, "token_count": 1955, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
- 06 Apr 2011 - Working Paper Summaries Do Not Trash the Incentive! Monetary Incentives and Waste Sorting Executive Summary — Many cities encourage residents to sort their domestic trash into separate bins, for the sake of recycling some of it and thus reducing the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills. The problem is that sorting waste is not a fun activity, and not everyone is willing to do it. Using data from 95 municipalities in Italy, this paper discusses whether and how monetary incentives can encourage people to sort their trash. Research was conducted by Alessandro Bucciol of the University of Verona and the University of Amsterdam, Natalia Montinari of the University of Padua and the Max Planck Institute of Economics, and Marco Piovesan of Harvard Business School. Key concepts include: - The paper discusses the pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) system, in which residents pay lower fees if they sort their trash than if they don't. - The researchers found that the introduction of a PAYT system had a significant and positive net effect of 12.2 percent on the amount of trash that residents sort. This compares with a positive effect of 18.1 percent for the nonmonetary incentive of letting residents leave sorted bins outside their doors, rather than requiring them to carry their trash to drop-off bins on the street. Thus, the PAYT system is more of a complement than a substitute for the door-to-door collection system. - However, the PAYT system does not affect the actual amount of waste each household creates. While the system induces residents to sort their trash, it does not induce them to produce less of it. This paper examines whether monetary incentives are an effective tool for increasing domestic waste sorting. We exploit the exogenous variation in the pricing systems experienced during the 1999-2008 decade by the 95 municipalities in the district of Treviso (Italy). We estimate with a panel analysis that pay-as-you-throw (PAYT) incentive-based schemes increase by 12.2% the ratio of sorted to total waste. This increase reflects a change in the behavior of households, who keep unaltered the production of total waste but sort it to a larger extent. In addition, we show that several factors that may discourage local administrators from adopting PAYT—illegal dumping and higher cost of management—are not important at the aggregate level. Hence, our results support the use of PAYT as an effective tool to increase waste sorting. - Full Working Paper Text - Working Paper Publication Date: March 2011 - HBS Working Paper Number: 11-093 - Faculty Unit(s):	<urn:uuid:54a903fa-ced0-4cf1-a039-23a79ea612c3>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-44", "url": "http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/do-not-trash-the-incentive-monetary-incentives-and-waste-sorting", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719437.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00125-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9217820167541504, "token_count": 548, "score": 2.859375, "int_score": 3 }
Though spatial skills -- the ability to find meaning in the shape, size, orientation, or trajectory, of objects -- are valuable, the tactics we use to measure student outcomes don't always include these important skills. By not placing value on spatial thinking, we may be missing out on developing the skills of the next Thomas Edison. One of the biggest tech trends to follow is the evolution of 3D printing -- not just in the consumer market, but also in education. But to use 3D printers, students will need to learn how to design using digital programs. Here are a few great options for students and teachers to learn how to design for 3D printers. Allowing kids to deeply engage with a project they are passionate about also helps produce more positive memories of school, Stager said. “The reason the Maker Movement is so exciting is it can reenergize the classroom and it can make high quality memories of education,” he said.	<urn:uuid:f3eb7449-2350-4890-b60f-4b1db5006ac5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-50", "url": "http://ww2.kqed.org/mindshift/tag/maker-movement/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-50/segments/1480698541396.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20161202170901-00060-ip-10-31-129-80.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9516815543174744, "token_count": 194, "score": 3.546875, "int_score": 4 }
Adagia for the End of Our World Proverbs are a treasure house or live within a lake held in common property. We fish for them like trout and recipients nod and reckon they have heard this one before. If I were to tell my ancestors about our heat, they would detect a tall tale, I would hear them hiss: go fish. Erasmus thought proverbs were we set, and deemed it garish to use too many. He used the following metaphor: a painter projects figures in a painting so that the shadows do not overlap with other figures. But take and his Netherlandish Proverbs. He fit 119 in his. Here, already: our house is on fire. Yet, what can smoke do to iron? It takes a level of picturacy to work one’s way through this painting. And there are so many proverbs here we can no longer read: taxidermy of lost tongues, frozen in oils, crimson, earth, azure. Memento mori. Proverbs are as weak as life. Consider the frailty of the crocodile always shedding so many tears in vain. Dropping tears worth nothing. There are tears that are worth something, There are things of capital importance. Sit tibi Terra levis. Netherlandish always sounded like Outlandish to me, which is how I think of the Earth. In Bruegel’s Netherlandish Proverbs: Some catch fish without a net. One shears sheep; the other, pigs, but mostly, albeit the proverb’s predilection for housing animals within its walls, I see humans, almost a hundred, a house, a yard or inlet, densely pressing one against the other, teeming. Foregrounded. Anthropocene. The world turned upside down. A man yells to the heavens for mercy. Another is armed to the teeth: expecting the unexpected, in shining armor, blade between two lips. Proverbs shelter our faith in murmurs. They exceed time: in them, things happen aren’t happening, unlike in Bruegel’s painting where simultaneous scenes are happening and overlap, for a second. I blink. This is the way of the world: Big fish eat. Small fish never had a chance. Stones can duplicate in mid-flight to kill two birds, whose fall in mid-air is only like a book falling defoliating itself in wounds. Finders, seekers. What killed the cat? She was a hard-working cat, came home on Sundays. Fed her children, a cluster of grapes but tarter, with lactic acid. What killed her? We need to know, we need answers. Wisdom is wisdom is wisdom. Intertextuality is a form of expropriation. Expropriation is God kicking Adam out of heaven. The original sin all along was being an owner of property. All roses are not not roses. Not all that glitters is mine. A mine a day keeps the miners away-- or dead, or both, like parrots underground, faint, feathered. Alea iacta est. Proverbially. Better late than-- Oil is thicker than water. Marbled film of fuchsia and patent jet. So don’t cry cat tears the day of weakened bonds. Don’t cast pearl drops before the swine, not over spilt oil, plastic, milk. Better to business as usual. Consider Bruegel’s crane starting its migration, right next to our house on fire, leaving towards another land, more temperate, her white span feathering, untarnished, gleaming in sun spill and maybe returning and returning here never pausing her flight waiting only for us, the blind leading the blinded, to give her a signal María Gómez de León María Gómez de León is a Mexican writer, based in Mexico City, where she studied English Literature at UNAM. She is currently assembling her first collection of poetry, nestled in a 215-square-feet apartment in Colonia del Valle, at times longing to be outside, where jacaranda and colorín flowers stipple the sidewalks in scarlet and lilac; at times, outside. The Ekphrastic Review Find a writer, artist, or poem, etc. by searching here: Join us on FB and Twitter!	<urn:uuid:cc3d0bb4-9ef5-4b4c-a8e6-76655f53ef8d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "https://www.ekphrastic.net/ekphrastic/adagia-for-the-end-of-our-world-by-maria-gomez-de-leon", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911792.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030212708-20201031002708-00158.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9085422158241272, "token_count": 1004, "score": 2.515625, "int_score": 3 }
There is no doubt that African Swine Fever in Poland is causing the pork industry significant harm but exports of the meat to the US keep rolling thanks to disease control zones. In 2018 Poland exported almost 61,000 tonnes of pork to the US worth almost € 150 million. African Swine Fever (ASF) first entered Poland in the eastern Podlaskie province in 2014 and spread to other areas including Lublin and Masovia and even around the capital Warsaw. Pork is critical to Poland’s economy accounting for exports of around € 1.5 billion and to the national population who consume over 40 kg of pork per head per year. Polish warning sign to remind the people ASF is in the area. Photo: Shutterstock Poland reported 68 new cases of ASF in its domestic pig herd from July 2018 to February 2019 and 1,692 cases in its wild boar in the same period. Maintaining pork exports from Poland In a bid to maintain exports, the Polish government set up specialist health zones within the country which are designed to assure consumers porkmeat from a zone free of ASF is safe to eat. This zoning programme is managed by the General Veterinary Inspectorate in Poland in official efforts to contain the spread of ASF in the country. Within protection zone and surveillance zones, producers are prohibited from moving pigs from the holding and all pig owners are obligated to immediately notify the District Veterinary Officer about all cases of dead or diseased pigs in the holding. Areas defined by risks posed by ASF When ASF hit Poland the authorities, in co-operation with the European Commission, set up 3 different zones that are each enforced by a different set of regulations, depending on the risk of ASF in that area. Zone 1 is a buffer zone that is disease free, zone 2 has the disease present in the wild boar population and zone 3 has ASF present in both the commercial pig population and the wild boar population. The Polish authorities say disease controls measures will be enforced in zones 2 and 3, otherwise known as protection zones, confirming to EU regulations. There will be trade restrictions on all zones and additional culling measures taken in other areas of Poland. Various orders controlling the movements of pigs into and out of zones is also in force. Regulations controlling movements within and out of zone 1 include clinical testing of pigs by the official veterinarians not earlier than 24 hours before the movement. Only when a health certificate is issued by the official veterinarian confirming that no pigs show symptoms indicating ASF can the pigs be moved. Possible sources of ASF virus introduction However, some results of epizootic investigations have provided possible sources of ASF virus introduction into herds. These include: • Non-compliance with biosecurity rules with regard to handling of pigs kept with another species (cattle or horses); or hay or grass for feeding animals, brought from places where cases of ASF in wild boars have occurred; • Non-compliance with biosecurity rules as due to lack of fences, lack of disinfection mats, etc; • Non-compliance with biosecurity rules during human activity in an area related to contamination with ASF virus; • Illegal movements of pigs of unknown origin.	<urn:uuid:bf5cdec7-f34e-4e81-b790-82934a6bab84>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-10", "url": "https://www.pigprogress.net/Health/Articles/2019/4/ASF-Poland-Restricted-zones-keep-exports-rolling-416653E/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178362133.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301060310-20210301090310-00252.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9516724944114685, "token_count": 667, "score": 2.84375, "int_score": 3 }
I don’t usually get a good night’s sleep, and my kids are starting to pick up on my bad habit. How can I stop this? Getting a good night’s sleep is incredibly important: it allows your body to recharge and gives you more energy the following day. In fact, we burn the most calories when we sleep, so people who don’t rest properly tend to carry more weight than people who do sleep well. Depending on age of children, it’s recommended they get 10-12 hours a night to be their best. Getting a good night’s sleep is one of the Seven Healthy Habits that we teach kids at HealthBarn USA. How does lack of sleep affect kids? Besides having low energy, general crankiness, and a lack of focus or poor performance at school, kids can also suffer from a weakened immune system and slow physical growth and mental development due to not getting enough sleep. In teens, sleep deprivation is linked to stress and serious depression. For adults and kids alike, it’s important to have a routine to wind down at the end of the day. And if you adopt better sleep habits, your kids will follow! Here are some things I suggest to get all of you on track for a restful night: - Avoid pre-bedtime stimulants. TV and computer time are also stimulants. It takes a while to come down from the high of an exciting or violent TV show or movie. Exercise is another obstruction to sleep. Kids get riled up from sports or even horseplay and need some time to decompress from it before trying to sleep. - Sugar free. Candy and other simple carbohydrates tend to keep both kids and adults awake. Try not to eat too close to bedtime, especially foods high in sugar or caffeine. - Give it an hour. If you want your child to go to bed at 9:00, start her moving in that direction at around 8:00. Kids often resist bedtime, so it’s important to start the process early enough that you don’t need to rush it. - Build in some fun rituals. Consider sharing a cup of tea (or warm milk with honey), reading a book, taking a warm bath, coloring, or listening to music together. Bedtime doesn’t have to be all about brushing teeth and putting on PJs! - Make sure there are no fears or distractions. Put on a nightlight if your son or daughter is afraid of the dark. If siblings share a room, make sure they don’t keep each other up late chatting. And as parents, make sure that you don’t have the volume on the TV all the way up or that you’re not making noise while your child tries to get to sleep. By improving your own sleep habits and your family bedtime routine, you and your kids will all be off to a better night’s sleep. – Stacey Antine, MS RD, author, Appetite for Life and founder, HealthBarn USA What puzzles you about keeping your family healthy? Tell us what’s on your mind by emailing [email protected]. Stacey will answer those questions here weekly.	<urn:uuid:3bf67e51-c9a3-4f8d-81f5-51b14e5881f2>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.healthbarnusa.com/moms-burning-questions-how-to-make-bedtime-happen/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647895.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601143134-20230601173134-00476.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9400985836982727, "token_count": 670, "score": 3.1875, "int_score": 3 }
Attendance is a vital factor in student success, and schools are increasingly turning to technology to enhance their attendance tracking and intervention strategies. Student Attendance Management Software have emerged as powerful tools that not only streamline attendance recording but also help identify at-risk students early. In this article, we delve into how these systems contribute to improving student success by identifying and supporting students who may be facing challenges. - Early Identification of Attendance Patterns - Data Insights Student Attendance Management System provide real-time data on attendance patterns, allowing educators to spot irregularities and trends. - At-Risk Indicators Frequent absences, tardiness, and patterns of low attendance can be indicators of students facing challenges that require intervention. - Targeted Intervention Strategies - Timely Notifications Attendance systems can trigger automated notifications to teachers and administrators when specific attendance thresholds are crossed. - Personalized Support With early insights, educators can offer personalized support to students who might be struggling academically, socially, or emotionally. - Enhanced Communication - Collaboration with Parents Attendance systems can send automated notifications to parents about their child’s attendance, fostering collaboration between parents and schools. - Student Engagement By keeping parents informed about attendance, students are more likely to attend regularly, leading to improved engagement and success. - Data-Driven Decision-Making - Targeted Resources Attendance data helps schools allocate resources like counseling, tutoring, and mentorship to students who need them most. - Academic Planning Educators can use attendance insights to tailor academic plans, ensuring students receive appropriate support to catch up on missed material. - Positive Impact on Student Achievement - Improved Learning Regular attendance is closely linked to better academic performance, and intervention strategies can help students stay on track. - Boosting Confidence By addressing attendance challenges early, students are more likely to feel supported, leading to increased self-confidence and motivation. - Continuous Improvement - Feedback Loop Attendance data can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention strategies, enabling schools to refine their approaches. - Data Analysis Regular analysis of attendance trends helps schools identify patterns and make informed decisions to improve student success rates. Student Attendance Management System have revolutionized the way schools track attendance and support their students. These systems not only automate the attendance recording process but also provide valuable insights that enable early intervention for at-risk students. By identifying attendance patterns and implementing targeted strategies, schools can make a significant impact on student success and well-being. The ability to communicate attendance data with parents creates a collaborative environment where all stakeholders work together to ensure students are attending regularly and receiving the necessary support. This, in turn, leads to improved engagement, academic achievement, and overall student success. Data-driven decision-making is a cornerstone of modern education, and attendance data plays a pivotal role in this process. Schools can allocate resources effectively, plan interventions, and make informed adjustments to their strategies based on attendance insights. The positive impact on student achievement and confidence cannot be understated. In conclusion, Student Attendance Management System offer a comprehensive solution for improving student success through the early identification of attendance challenges. By using technology to track attendance patterns, schools can implement targeted interventions, communicate effectively with parents, and make informed decisions to enhance student engagement and achievement. With these systems in place, schools are better equipped to create a supportive learning environment that sets students up for success both inside and outside the classroom.	<urn:uuid:6f6c2372-88a5-4103-931b-18d1934a0d90>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://neservicee.com/improving-student-success-using-attendance-management-systems-to-identify-at-risk-students/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506676.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925015430-20230925045430-00359.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9088669419288635, "token_count": 720, "score": 2.578125, "int_score": 3 }
Where birds and habitat need protection, Audubon answers the call. In the rich bird nurseries and habitats of the Pacific Flyway’s farthest reaches, there’s a potential catastrophe looming. A drilling fleet under contract to Shell Oil is planning to drill in the Arctic Ocean’s Beaufort Sea about 15 miles from the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. If Shell has its way, drills will also penetrate deep beneath the Chukchi Sea, farther west, cracking open a box of almost unimaginable environmental woes. The Arctic Ocean is a phenomenally harsh environment. Broken ice covers enormous expanses for much of the year. Storms with hurricane-force winds can whip up 20-foot seas. Temperatures drop to 40 below zero. And it’s dark for half the year. Retired Vice Admiral Roder Ruff, who helped prepare the Coast Guard’s review of the BP oil disaster, has described the United States’ ability to address a spill in icy conditions as “pretty abysmal.” The U.S. Geological Survey has concluded that “it remains unclear” whether oil spill countermeasures can be deployed effectively in the Arctic Ocean “or whether they will work even if available.” More than 500 scientists joined in sending a letter to President Obama asking him not to allow oil drilling to proceed this summer, after various federal agencies, including the EPA, granted the necessary permits. The U.S. government’s own nonpartisan watchdog, the Government Accountability Office, is also concerned about the lack of oil spill response capability and preparedness. We are, too. Cleaning up a major spill in the Arctic Ocean would make the BP disaster look like child’s play. The unspoiled Arctic doesn’t just hold a sacred place in our collective imagination—it is critical like nowhere else on earth to the future of our wild birds. Hundreds of species arrive every spring from North America’s four flyways. Here they nest, lay eggs, and raise their young. This is also crucial habitat for many of America’s remaining polar bears. We’re using every weapon in our arsenal to avert this desecration of our shared natural heritage. The battle to protect the Arctic is a touchstone for conservation and the future of wilderness and wildlife on our planet. I’m asking each of you to Raise Your Voice for Arctic Birds. To help, click here.	<urn:uuid:86e5b656-709e-45d8-8de7-53ca82a13134>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-50", "url": "https://www.audubon.org/magazine/july-august-2012/audubon-view", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100286.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201084429-20231201114429-00426.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9122869968414307, "token_count": 505, "score": 2.75, "int_score": 3 }
Batteries are fascinating devices that we often take for granted in our everyday lives. How often have you thrown out a AA alkaline cell and stopped to consider what actually happened inside that chemical-filled container to provide your remote control with electrical power? Batteries are made of three basic components: Batteries can also have a separator to prevent the anode and cathode from touching, and most have some kind ofcasing to keep all the components contained. Batteries use chemical reactions to cause a flow of electrons. Two special reactions occur: oxidation and reduction. The first produces excess electrons, and the second requires extra electrons. The reactions happen inside the battery, and we harness the flow of electrons to perform work in our circuitry. When an electrically conducting circuit connects the anode to the cathode, an oxidation reaction happens between the anode and the electrolyte. The extra electrons flow through our circuit toward the cathode. In or around the cathode, the extra electrons are used in a reduction reaction. In some batteries, ions can also be produced and consumed during the oxidation and reduction reactions. Some batteries need to be thrown out when the chemicals reach equilibrium. These batteries are known as primary cells. Other types of batteries can be recharged, and these are called secondary cells. Original article here. Robot is an electromechanical device which is capable of reacting… Earlier this year, the laws around legal operation of remote… Raspberry Pi, one of the most ingenious invention for makers…	<urn:uuid:1c405294-3e0f-4a85-bfb3-1be5af09bd6e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-09", "url": "http://diygadgets.co.za/what-is-a-battery/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-09/segments/1487501170521.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20170219104610-00168-ip-10-171-10-108.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9381750226020813, "token_count": 317, "score": 3.703125, "int_score": 4 }
Memory and Urban Religion in the Ancient World brings together scholars and researchers working on memory and religion in ancient urban environments. Chapters explore topics relating to religious traditions and memory, and the multifunctional roles of architectural and geographical sites, mythical figures and events, literary works and artefacts. Pagan religions were often less static and more open to new influences than previously understood. One of the factors that shape religion is how fundamental elements are remembered as valuable and therefore preservable for future generations. Memory, therefore, plays a pivotal role when - as seen in ancient Rome during late antiquity - a shift of religions takes place within communities. The significance of memory in ancient societies and how it was promoted, prompted, contested and even destroyed is discussed in detail. This volume, the first of its kind, not only addresses the main cultures of the ancient world - Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome - but also look at urban religious culture and funerary belief, and how concepts of ethnic religion were adapted in new religious environments.	<urn:uuid:9e1aeb13-0153-4b8c-a40d-0f738296fab4>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-23", "url": "https://www.bloomsbury.com/au/memory-and-urban-religion-in-the-ancient-world-9781472530530/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648000.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601175345-20230601205345-00540.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9526234865188599, "token_count": 204, "score": 3.0625, "int_score": 3 }
By Jove! What a collection! On this day in 1759, the British Museum opened to the public in the Bloomsbury district of London. The original collection was donated by a doctor, Sir Hans Sloane who had amassed what he called "a cabinet of curiosities." The collection included thousands of books, manuscripts, items from the nature and art objects from around the world. The round, domed Reading Room was built over a hundred years later and could hold one million volumes. Until recently, only those who presented an almost exhaustive life history as well as references could use the collection. Some lucky users included Bram Stoker, author of Dracula, Virginia Woolf, Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Gandhi and George Orwell. Lenin was initially denied access because of difficulty locating a reference. The museum has created digital records of items in their collection which can be accessed on their website. The Library also owns many books that contain objects that belong to their collections.	<urn:uuid:c98f35c0-9da7-49bd-bc97-38a64a23694c>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2013-20", "url": "http://www.aadl.org/node/32993", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368700984410/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516104304-00040-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9732494354248047, "token_count": 198, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
October is the month when production of greenhouse tomatoes, aubergines and peppers usually comes to an end. With falling temperatures and longer nights, growth is slowing down and your plants will be less able to ripen fruit. Remove all flowers as they are unlikely to set usable fruit in time for them to ripen this late. Thin out some of the fruits already set, especially the smaller ones. Stop shoots from growing any more by cutting off their tips. The above actions divert all the plants’ resources into filling the remaining fruit, so you get bigger, riper, tastier fruit instead of many small unripe ones. Do this earlier or later depending on your location and how mild the autumn is. With the rising humidity, disease control becomes more important by the day. So make sure to remove any dead leaves, spent plants, weeds, rubbish and dropped fruits from the greenhouse. Open the vents or doors on sunny mornings, but close them up earlier in the evening before it gets too cold. Feeding should have ended in September, and watering should be reduced to match the plants’ lower needs. As a rule of thumb, don’t water until the soil surface is dry. Avoid wetting the leaves. By about mid-October it can be too cold to ripen tomatoes well. If so pick all the fruit and ripen them indoors in a dark, airy cupboard. Don’t leave them on a sunny windowsill: if they once get heated above 35°C (95°F) the red pigment is destroyed and they stay pale and blotchy. Some people put a ripe apple or banana with them to speed up ripening with the ethylene gas it gives off. Remove plants when their fruits are all picked, and clean up the greenhouse for the winter.	<urn:uuid:4853b718-4781-4f08-9486-b337f131f1dd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-26", "url": "http://www.polydome.ie/blog/?p=1359", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267867095.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20180624215228-20180624235228-00481.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9454867243766785, "token_count": 367, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3 }
Coffee grounds are often thrown away or used as fertilizer, but they can also be repurposed into something useful. Can you use them to create beautiful gardenia flowers? Coffee grounds contain nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, boron, molybdenum, chlorine, sulfur, and other nutrients. They also add a nice aroma to your home. You can use coffee grounds to fertilize plants such as roses, geraniums, petunias, dahlias, begonias, marigolds, chrysanthemums, and zinnias. The trick is to soak the grounds in water before adding them to the soil. This helps the plant absorb the nutrients better. Can I use coffee grounds as fertilizer? Coffee Grounds Are Often Thrown Away Or Used As Fertilizer, But They Can Also Be Repurposed Into Something Useful. Can You Use Them To Create Beautiful Gardenia Flowers?Coffee Grounds Contain Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Calcium, Sodium, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Boron, Molybdenum, Chlorine, Sulfur, And Other Nutrients. They Also Add A Nice Aroma To Your Home.You Can Use Coffee Grounds To Fertilize Plants Such As Roses, Geraniums, Petunias, Dahlias, Begonias, Marigolds, Chrysanthemums, And Zinnias. The Trick Is To Soak The Grounds In Water Before Adding Them To The Soil. This Helps The Plant Absorb The Nutrients Better. What are the other applications of coffee grounds? Coffee grounds can be used as effective fertilizers when mixed with some natural fertilizer like manure or compost in just about half part coffee grounds per part natural fertilizer.. Although this mixture is usually meant for growing plants rather than flowers but it still works well as an effective fertilizer as long as it is applied at right time and right amount.. And when you are buying manure or compost don’t buy it from those who use coffee grounds as waste because they won’t have much nutrients in them because they don’t process them first.. There are lots of organic fertilizers available in market nowadays so use those ones..If you want any help with gardening just drop your queries here or comment below.. [/box] [box]Q3: How Do You Create A Mosquito Repellent Patch With Rubbing Alcohol And Tea Tree Oil?How do I create an insect repellent patch using rubbing alcohol and tea tree oil? Other FAQs about Coffee that you may be interested in. mix equal parts hot water and alcohol in a spray bottle and then spray this solution on the area of your skin where mosquito usually bite you but make sure that you don’t use it on open wounds because it may cause more harm than anything… This remedy will repel mosquitoes for up to a week and after that you can start to use it again to keep yourself free from any types of insect bites…. When the mixture gets cold it won’t work for longer period so it must be used fresh every time you have to apply it again on your body to prevent yourself from insects’ attacks and it will last for another one or two weeks also depending on the usage of alcohol on your skin and the amount of humidity in the air which can effect its retention ability on your skin and hair and also the amount of sweat secreted by our body which also affects its ability to keep your self from bugs’ attack.so if you want to last longer use this solution every morning before you go out or just before you go to bed and keep using it everyday for at least one week so you can get rid of this problem for a longer period of time. You can also use epsom salt in place of water and glycerin instead of alcohol and it will work in the same way so this will help you to find a more useful remedy for long period of time and it also help you to kill ants without any harmful chemicals by using hot coals of charcoal burning woods to make a fire and let those ashes cool down to around room temperature before applying them on the places where you find many bug eggs left behind by last year’s pests because these fumes won’t kill the eggs but will kill them if they hatch into larvaes. Are coffee grounds good fertilizer for gardenias? Coffee grounds are often used as a fertilizer for gardenias. They contain nitrogen, which is an important nutrient for plants, and can help to improve drainage and aeration in the soil. Coffee grounds can also help to deter pests and diseases. Is Miracle Grow good for gardenia? It is essential that you have all necessary things required for gardenia plant care right from beginning till end to avoid all complications or problems while caring them properly Gardenia plants need proper soil which contains proper amount of watering as well as fertilizers which should be done as per requirements only. What is the best fertilizer for gardenias? Gardenia plants are very sensitive plants; they require special care during their growth period as they are very susceptible towards environmental conditions such as cold weathers etc. . gardenia needs proper fertilization at regular intervals during its growing season so as not only maintain its health but also give them good looking flowers throughout their blooming season. What can I feed a potted gardenia? The potted gardenia has a good demand. It is known for its aromatic smell and it can be kept indoors all year. In the house the best thing that you can feed your gardenia plant with would be coconut water. Coconut water contains many nutrients such as minerals, vitamins and enzymes which nourish your plant and give it growth. Another benefit of using coconut water instead of other nutrients is that this will not add some extra amount to the weight or size of your plant, unlike foodstuffs such as fertilizers which normally do enhance plant’s growth by boosting their weight or size. Can I use Epsom salt on my gardenia plant? Epsom salt is a great way to add nutrients to your gardenia plant. It can help the plant to grow stronger and healthier. You can add epsom salt to the soil around the plant, or you can dissolve it in water and spray it on the leaves.epsom salt can be used as a fertilizer for gardenia plants. It is rich in magnesium, which is essential for plant growth. Epsom salt can also help to improve the drainage of gardenia plants. To use, mix 1 teaspoon of epsom salt with 1 gallon of water and apply to the soil around the plant. In conclusion cardamom keeps ants away because they don’t like its smell or taste (it’s bitter).	<urn:uuid:a29a12ee-1f6a-4049-8d81-30ed7a9a0a24>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-49", "url": "https://bronniebakes.com/can-you-use-coffee-grounds-for-gardenias/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710918.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20221203011523-20221203041523-00417.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9296712279319763, "token_count": 1449, "score": 2.5625, "int_score": 3 }
Other Phonology Features In Vinyar Tengwar, Volume 5b, Issue 48, pg 24, it is stated that "Khuzdûl, the tongue of the Dwarves, did not, however, tolerate two initial consonants." At the same time, Appendix F in The Return of the King describes the addition of Angerthas #35 as being " ' (the clear or glottal beginning of a word with an initial vowel that appeared in Khuzdul)". Both of these describe rules for syllable formation that are common, if not ubiquitous, in Semitic languages. Almost or all of them require syllables to start with a consonant. For words that seem, to native English speakers, to start with a vowel actually are beginning with a glottal stop. Many Semitic languages also require only one consonant to start a syllable, and those that appear to allow consonant clusters to start a syllable can sometimes be analyzed as having a very short schwa sound between them. Beyond that, we know that Khuzdul can have two consonants at the end of a syllable, as seen in Khuzd and Sharbhund. That, apparently, is only at the end of a word, for in all other places where two consonant sounds occur, there would probably be a syllable division between them. This is due to the requirement of starting a syllable with one consonant. I highly doubt that there would be any more than two consonants to end a syllable, as I know of no Semitic languages that tolerate such, and it doesn't appear in Khuzdul at all. Regarding what consonants may appear in cluster, it's hard to say what rules Khuzdul has. Some clues may be taken from what clusters do exist, the Angerthas, and assimilation rules in Adunaic. See the section below on Sound Changes for more information. Not much can be said of assigning primary stress. Semitic language vary quite a bit, and Adunaic says nothing on the matter. The one thing we can say is that, for two-syllable words that have a short vowel in the first syllable and a long vowel in the second, stress probably falls on the second. This is because Tolkien envisioned a word salôn or sulûn "to descend, fall quickly" which would be borrowed into Sindarin and lose the first vowel to become slôn or slûn respectively. Vinyar Tengwar, Volume 5b, Issue 48, pg 24 It's more likely that the first syllable's vowel would be lost if it is unaccented. At least some varieties of Arabic also tend to favor syllables with long vowels for primary stress. Analysis & Rationale >	<urn:uuid:6c0ede83-9f0b-45fe-b55e-df0c7ff4aeab>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-30", "url": "https://sites.google.com/site/quasikhuzdul/analysis-rationale/other-phonology-features", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-30/segments/1469257832399.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160723071032-00152-ip-10-185-27-174.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9439771175384521, "token_count": 578, "score": 3.390625, "int_score": 3 }
The City of Indio was born out of necessity, a railroad town that sprung to life in 1876 as the Southern Pacific Railroad built lines between Yuma, Arizona and Los Angeles, California. The engines needed a place to refill their water, and the workers needed somewhere to recharge their own batteries. Shortly after the City of Indio, named after a Spanish variation of “Indian,” was founded, the first permanent building was erected: The Southern Pacific Depot Station and Hotel. Hoping to attract and retain workers, the hotel quickly became the center of all social interactions in Indio, a place where one could find fine dining and Friday night dances, a welcome reprieve from life in the difficult desert terrain. By the turn of the century, Indio had blossomed into a promising agricultural region. Ingenious farmers irrigated the land first through wells and later by accessing the All-American Canal, which allowed crops such as onions, cotton, grapes, citrus, and dates to thrive in the otherwise arid climate. In 1907, Indio began work as the home of the USDA’s Date Station. Scientists researched date cultivation, learning the techniques of farmers from the Persian Gulf and Northern Africa, where dates are native. The data collected through this initiative bolstered date production in Indio, and today the area produces all of the United State’s 41.4 million pound annual output. Date production has become more than an economic boon to Indio, though. It has become part of its culture. Every year, Indio holds the National Date Festival, its Middle Eastern theme harkening back to the crop’s roots. It was likely this transition into an agricultural powerhouse that saved Indio from becoming a fading railroad outpost. By the 20th century, Indio was growing into a fine place to live. With population growth came schools, medical facilities, and economic opportunity. On May 16, 1930, Indio was the first city in the Coachella Valley to be incorporated; only 54 years after its first building was erected. Today, the City of Indio is currently the largest and fastest growing city in Riverside County’s Coachella Valley with over 93,000 residents. Nearly 1.4 million people visit the “City of Festivals” every year to attend its world famous arts, food, and music festivals such as the Coachella Valley Music & Arts Festival and Stagecoach Country Music Festival. These are some of the reasons why Indio is ranked as one of the top emerging travel destinations in the country. With nationally recognized public safety services, exceptional schools, great parks and senior and teen centers, no wonder it is ranked as one of the best places to live for young families with over 3,000 new housing units in construction or being planned throughout the city in addition to new hotels, restaurants and retailers. People who visit tend to stay here once they experience Indio’s temperate winter climate, high quality of life, art and cultural offerings, unique restaurants and shops, diversity, and outstanding municipal services. For more history about Indio and the Coachella Valley, go to the Coachella Valley History Museum.	<urn:uuid:7e4f132c-6c60-43a8-85d7-b5a7c9fe8e9d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-40", "url": "https://www.indio.org/about/history.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400203096.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922031902-20200922061902-00234.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9633252024650574, "token_count": 651, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
The perception of reality is subjective. This awareness is vital to my thinking. If you think about the subjectivity of perception you will realize the incredible pros and cons that are implied. It is amazing that people have been able to communicate well enough through their subjective, individual perceptions to get everything done that has been done in the world. It is an important implication for teamwork, when several people work as a team each person’s perception plays an important role in accomplishing any task. Each individual comes into this world with a unique set of genes which result in different perceptions. By the time we are 18 months old key brain circuits involved in our stress responsiveness and some social-emotional processes have been “sculpted”. A child who has experienced trauma during that time will be much more easily frightened than those with no trauma. Due to this many of the more serious clinical emotional disorders become part of a person before the age of three. Even physical perceptions are subjective. Some of us have a much stronger sense of smell than other’s. One person loves lima beans while another hates them. Neuroscience has proven that no two people perceive colors exactly the same. This makes it unnecessary to argue about whether or not something is navy blue or black. Unless one person has a need to “win” or “be right”, and in that type situation the other person might decide to get out of the relationship, so no one actually “wins”. It’s best when people can agree to disagree. As we grow up we live in unique circumstances and absorb many more perceptions from the people we live with. For instance, if one person grows up in a family in which eating meat is important and another person grows up in a family of vegetarians, as adults those two people may perceive one another as being “weird”. Of course, both people may be healthy/normal even though they develop different tastes, values and perceptions. We learn different perceptions about religion, politics and many other important topics. Parents/teachers can observe a child developing her own perspectives as part of normal/healthy development. When we become young adults and no longer live with our parents it is healthy to develop perspectives that are different from our parents. Because a young adult received genes from both parents and grew up during a different time period from her parents he will develop somewhat or even very different perceptions from both parents. This development of different perspectives is logical. Learning how to cope with them in a relationship with a significant other or with coworkers, bosses or clients can be difficult. Everyone has a right to their own perspectives and different perspectives give us more information. Problems arise when one person feels a need to impose his perceptions onto other people. If a person experiences trauma during the toddler and/or adolescent stages of growth she may not develop healthy self-confidence and, as an adult, feel a need to try to impose his perceptions onto others in order to feel better about herself. Sometimes people with these issues feel invalidated, hurt then angry by another person’s different perspective. People with these problems often have difficulty believing others have viable perspectives and struggle to participate well in relationships Good communication skills are vital for working through situations in which people have different perceptions. The most important communication skills are accepting other’s rights to different perspectives and listening with an open mind. The ability to accept perceptual differences is the foundation of good communication. Without acceptance a person can spend all his time and energy trying to “fix” or “change” other people and true communication will never happen. Listening involves using all our senses and checking in with the speaker to make sure we’ve heard her correctly. Often, we listen and interpret another person so quickly that we stop truly listening. The ability to stay attuned to the speaker, paraphrase what we heard the speaker say and ask if we heard him correctly is vital. By accepting, negotiating, collaborating, juggling and blending different perspectives, we keep our minds open to new learning, continually improve our relationship skills and progress. As we continue to develop our own perspective through many relationships, taking what we like and leaving the rest, we are enriched in multiple ways. “Just remember that sometimes, the way you think about a person isn’t the way they actually are.” John Green By Anne Ream LMFT, LPC, ATR-BC www.annescreativetherapy.com 215-753-2519	<urn:uuid:a59db71b-6dc8-4191-a48d-1971bcf054a5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-45", "url": "http://www.annescreativetherapy.com/2018/02/26/perception-and-relationships/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107881640.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20201024022853-20201024052853-00371.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9596637487411499, "token_count": 924, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
Electrolysis is used to break a simple compound into its component elements. In this activity you will break copper chloride into the elements from which it is made. You will identify the products of the electrolysis and work out half-equations that describe the formation of these products. Here is an example of a half-equation: 2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g) maybe....klau slh sorry	<urn:uuid:d8f37e95-d147-4104-a3b1-e0400ced7d35>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-04", "url": "https://brainly.my/tugasan/231687", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280280.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00361-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9086689352989197, "token_count": 93, "score": 3.875, "int_score": 4 }
The Works of Archimedes. Archimedes and Sir Thomas Heath (translator). Mineola, NY: Dover, 2002. Contains all known mathematical and scientific works of Archimedes. For adults. Archimedes and the Door to Science. Bendick, Jeanne and Laura M. Berquist. Warsaw, ND: Bethlehem Books, 1997. Describes Archimedes' life and his contributions to physics, astronomy, and math. For young adults. Bradshaw, Gillian. New York, NY: Tom Doherty Associates, 2000. Explores the life of Archimedes through an historical novel. For adults. Dijksterhuis, E. J. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univ. Press, 1987. Shows how Archimedes developed his ideas through the use of geometry. For adults. Lafferty, Peter. New York, NY: Bookwright, 1991. Examines the life, discoveries, and contributions of the ancient Greek mathematician. For young adults. Archimedes: What Did He Do Besides Cry Eureka? Stein, Sherman. Washington, DC: The Mathematical Association of America, 1999. Describes Archimedes' methods for determining center of gravity, floating bodies, the spiral, the sphere, pi, and more. For young adults and adults. Dime: ¿Cómo flotan los barcos? Willis, Shirley. New York, NY: Franklin Watts, 1999. Provides simple experiments that explore floating and sinking and Archimedes' principle of buoyancy. (Spanish) For children. WGBH Boston Video, 2004. Examines Archimedes' life, his work, and the science involved in the restoration of the Palimpsest. For young adults and adults. Provides articles, interviews, interactive activities, and resources related to the "Infinite Secrets" program. For all ages. Archimedes and the Computation of Pi Demonstrates how Archimedes calculated the value for pi by inscribing and circumscribing regular polygons around a circle. For young adults and adults. Archimedes Home Page Includes information on Archimedes' life and work as well as pictures and animations of his inventions. For all ages. Archimedes' Palimpsest at the Walters Art Gallery Serves as the official site of information regarding the Palimpsest. For all ages. Archimedes of Syracuse Provides a biography of Archimedes, mostly told in the words of Plutarch, a historian who lived in Greece in about A.D. 100. For young adults and adults. Archimedes of Syracuse: The Father of Buoyancy Tells the story of how Archimedes used buoyancy to determine whether King Hiero's crown was pure gold. For all ages. Math and Mathematicians The Joy of Pi. Blatner, David. New York, NY: Walker, 1997. Explores pi and those fascinated with it—from the ancient Egyptians to the modern—day Chudnovsky brothers, who have calculated pi to billions of digits with a homemade supercomputer. For young adults and adults. Journey Through Genius: Great Theorems of Mathematics. Dunham, William. New York, NY: Wiley, 1990. Investigates 17 landmark mathematical theorems, which span 2,300 years and represent the work of 10 mathematicians. For adults. Ehlert, Lois. New York, NY: Lippincott, 1990. Introduces geometry with a barnyard full of animals made of colorful shapes. For children. The Number Devil: A Mathematical Adventure. Enzensberger, Hans Magnus. New York, NY: Henry Holt, 1998. Tells the story of 12-year-old Robert, a boy who hates math until he gets a visit from the Number Devil. For young adults. The Crest of the Peacock. Joseph, George Gheverghese. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000. Provides a tour of non-European math developments, including the influence of the Egyptians and Babylonians on the Greeks and the math of India and China. For adults. Barron's Math Wizardry for Kids. Kenda, Margaret, and Phyllis S. Williams. Hauppauge, NY: Barron's Educational Series, 1995. Includes more than 200 math puzzles, games, designs, and projects. For children. Captain Invincible and the Space Shapes. Murphy, Stuart. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 2001. Follows Captain Invincible, who encounters three-dimensional shapes while piloting his spaceship through the skies. For children. A Beautiful Mind. Nasar, Sylvia. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 2001. Tells the story of John Nash, a man who spent a lifetime battling schizophrenia and who won the Nobel Prize for his contribution to the field of game theory. For adults. G Is for Googol: A Math Alphabet Book. Schwartz, David M. Berkeley, CA: Tricycle Press, 1998. Explores geometry, number series, and math history through each letter of the alphabet. For young adults. A to Z of Women in Science and Math. Yount, Lisa. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1999. Profiles more than 150 women from antiquity to the present who have made contributions in science and math. For young adults. Famous Problems in the History of Mathematics Explores the history and culture surrounding certain famous math problems and their solutions, including the Bridges of Königsburg, the value of pi, and several famous paradoxes. For young adults and adults. The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive Includes numerous biographies of notable mathematicians. Can be searched by name, location, time period, or subject. For young adults and adults. Mathematicians of the African Diaspora Primarily profiles biographies of mathematicians of African descent and includes a listing of organizations dedicated to minorities in math and science. For young adults and adults. Ancient Machines and Inventions Inventors and Inventions of the Ancient World. Baldwin, Gordon C. New York, NY: MacMillan, 1973. Discusses inventions of the ancient world and cultures that produced them. For children. Science in Early Islamic Culture. Beshore, George. New York, NY: F. Watts, 1998. Describes the scientific discoveries in the Islamic world after the birth of Mohammed in A.D. 571 and discusses their impact on Western civilization. For children and young adults. Science in Ancient Greece. Gay, Kathleen. Danbury, CT: Grolier, 1998. Discusses the theories and discoveries of the ancient Greek philosophers and scientists and their impact on modern science. For children and young adults. James, Peter and Nick Thorpe. New York, NY: Ballentine Books, 1995. Includes more than 90 inventions created before A.D. 1492. Entries are divided into sections such as "Military Technology" and "Communications." Each entry consists of the historical developments leading up to the invention, a biographical description of the inventor, and the story of the creation of the invention itself. For adults. Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Ancient World. Krebs, Robert E., and Carolyn A. Krebs. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Traces the history and development of approximately 100 discoveries, inventions, and experiments of the ancient world. For young adults and adults. The Way Things Work. Macaulay, David. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1988. Explains how many common things work. For children and young adults. Discoveries, Inventions & Ideas. Shuter, Jane. Des Plaines, IL: Heineman Library, 1999. Concentrates on the great discoveries, inventions, and ideas of the ancient Greeks from 800 B.C. to 146 B.C. Includes a glossary, an index, and a list of related books. For children. Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. Woods, Michael, and Mary B. Woods. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press, 2000. Discusses six simple machines invented from the Stone Age to the fall of the Roman Empire. For children and young adults. In Search of History: Ancient Inventions. History Channel Video, 1996. Details the technological achievements of ancient civilizations from the pyramids to a battery built before the birth of Christ. For young adults and adults. (50 minutes) Discovery Channel Video, 1997. Takes a humorous look at ancient inventions and ideas. Covers the cultural background of ancient devices, how they were inspired, who invented them, what they were used for, and what impact they made on ancient societies. For young adults and adults. (3 volumes, 52 minutes each) Museum of Ancient Inventions Provides a virtual museum of ancient inventions. Includes photos of replicas of different inventions and describes how these models were made. For all ages. History of Books and Bookmaking The Story of Writing and Printing. Ganeri, Anita. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995. Presents an overview, from ancient times to the present, of the evolution of writing, including the development of alphabets, writing instruments, inks and papers, and printing methods. For young adults. A Book of One's Own: Developing Literacy Through Making Books. Johnson, Paul. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1990. Shows teachers how to teach kids to write, design, and bind a book. For adults. The Evolution of the Book. Kilgour, Frederick G. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1998. Provides a history of the book in all its forms, from clay tablets to the electronic book. Highlights the inventors, engineers, and entrepreneurs who created the machinery of production and dissemination. For adults. Breaking into Print: Before and After the Printing Press. Krensky, Stephen. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company, 1996. Describes the nature of books before the development of the printing press and the subsequent effect of that invention on civilization. For children and young adults. The History and Power of Writing. Martin, Henri Jean, and Lydia G. Cochrane (translator). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1995. Examines forms and structures of writing throughout history, from as far back as the earliest efforts of ancient civilizations to medieval language studies. For adults. The Smithsonian Book of Books. Olmert, Michael. New York, NY: Wings Books, 1995. Includes information on the history of books and the evolution of the printing industry, libraries, medieval illumination and modern illustration, the book trade, and methods of book conservation. For adults. The History of Making Books: From Clay Tablets, Papyrus Rolls, and Illuminated Manuscripts to the Printing Press. New York, NY: Scholastic Trade, 1996. Tells the story of the written word, from hieroglyphics to electronic libraries. Photographic illustrations and film overlays help exemplify the processes of illuminating a manuscript or printing by color separation. For children and young adults.	<urn:uuid:d5c59e77-83e5-4a9b-a238-97c029df2199>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2015-14", "url": "http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/archimedes/lrk_bibliography.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131300313.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172140-00235-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8335545659065247, "token_count": 2423, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
For exotic pet owners, raising a baby tarantula can be a rewarding experience. While adult tarantulas are often portrayed as "big and scary," baby tarantulas are typically very small and fragile in early life. Many owners can be intimidated by the feeding process involved with baby tarantulas, or spiderlings, but it simply takes dedication. Always ask the provider of your spiderling for species-specific advice regarding feeding before attempting to feed your baby tarantula. Baby tarantulas are too small for water dishes, so pet owners should avoid putting a water dish in the tank with their spiderlings. Instead, baby tarantulas obtain the water they need from their prey and the humidity of their surroundings. However, you must regularly mist your spiderling's enclosure to keep it humid and moist. Avoid spraying your spider directly as spiders dislike this. Once your baby tarantula's legspan has grown to be equal to the diameter of a 2-liter soda bottle's lid, you can use the lid as a water dish. Always use clean, fresh water and avoid using damp sponges or paper towel as these can become bacteria breeding grounds. When choosing what type of food to feed your baby tarantula, you must take its species into consideration. The most common prey for young tarantulas are small "pinhead" crickets or full-size, freshly killed crickets. While young tarantulas are able to kill "pinhead crickets," adult crickets must be killed or they may injure your pet. Maggots, baby cockroaches (especially smaller species) and termites can also be used to feed your spiderling. Some owners use fruit flies, but this may be difficult for aboreal tarantula species to catch so be wary of this if you choose to use them. As a general rule when feeding your tarantula crickets, the cricket's size should be no larger than the tarantula's body (excluding its legs). While small crickets may be given to your spider live, larger crickets must be freshly killed. Most owners do this by smashing in the cricket's head and cutting the cricket into smaller pieces, which make it more managable for your pet. Young tarantulas do not need to be fed daily. Regular feedings twice a week are the best regime for your growing pet. Any less than that and your spider may not be getting enough water, since it extracts water from its prey. Monitor your pet's eating habits and watch for any unusual signs. Keep in mind that spiders will refuse food if they are resting in preparation to moult. If you are concerned, you can continue offering your spider food until it eats, but remove any uneaten food from your spider's enclosure immediately the following day. Dead crickets can attract odours and pests. - BananaStock/BananaStock/Getty Images	<urn:uuid:5632f53d-d32e-47c2-a951-b7375f9f8117>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-26", "url": "https://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8734215_do-baby-tarantulas-eat.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560628000164.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20190626033520-20190626055520-00087.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9417228102684021, "token_count": 589, "score": 2.59375, "int_score": 3 }
President Trump's decision to yank the United States from the Paris climate agreement spurred a rallying cry from environmentalists committed to meeting the accord's goals anyway. Too late, say the researchers behind a pair of studies published yesterday in Nature Climate Change. Climate modeling and observational data suggest the world is already on track to reach dangerous levels of warming by the end of the century, according to the two papers. There's only a 5 percent chance of limiting warming to less than 2 degrees Celsius, according to a forecast drawn from a statistical analysis of 150 countries' population and economic growth. Two degrees of warming marks the likely threshold for widespread ecological problems, including coral reef collapse, markedly higher sea-level rise and crop failures, according to NASA. The median forecast suggests 3.2 C of warming by 2100, with a likely range of between 2 and 4.9 C. Even if all human emissions immediately ceased, the atmosphere probably contains enough carbon to push up temperatures by about 1.3 C by the end of the century, according to the second study. And that might understate the effect of today's greenhouse gases. The amount of warming caused by CO2 might have been masked over the years by accompanying aerosol emissions. So as emissions fall — and aerosols wash out of the air — we might find ourselves on track for even more warming than we realized, said Robert Pincus, a scientist with the University of Colorado, Boulder, and NOAA's Physical Sciences Division. Pincus authored the analysis of committed warming, along with Thorsten Mauritsen of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. The ocean's ability to absorb heat and carbon could reduce the warming already in the pipeline by 0.2 to 0.3 C, they wrote. The findings are dire, but they should inspire action rather than hopelessness, said Adrian Raftery, a professor of statistics and sociology at the University of Washington and author of the study on temperature forecasts. "The consequences of not [acting] are even higher with these results than they were before, when we could think about 1.5 degrees as being in the realm of possibility — which I think, realistically, it's not," he said, urging more investments in research, a tax on carbon and other established paths to emissions reductions. Raftery's forecasts align with the middle-of-the-road scenarios put forward by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. His study found population growth will likely play a small role in climate change, because the areas with the highest growth — like Africa — have a small carbon footprint. Some uncertainty remains around how much Africa's emissions will grow over the coming century, he said, but relative to the United States, it's a question of whether Africa's per capita emissions will be "lower or much, much lower." Reprinted from Climatewire with permission from E&E News. E&E provides daily coverage of essential energy and environmental news at www.eenews.net.	<urn:uuid:6af5d0af-a6c4-43f3-acfe-30c47e62782d>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-16", "url": "https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/earth-almost-certain-to-warm-by-2-degrees-celsius/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370508367.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200402204908-20200402234908-00480.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9489255547523499, "token_count": 615, "score": 3.3125, "int_score": 3 }
Recognizing the importance of school breakfast in ensuring student health, well-being and academic success, schools across the country are increasingly making breakfast a part of the school day. Breakfast After the Bell (BAB) models, such as Breakfast in the Classroom (BIC), Grab and Go to the Classroom (GNG) and Second Chance Breakfast, can increase participation, school meal program revenues, and student performance. Implementing BAB may present some initial challenges, however. Preparing for implementation can make the transition from traditional cafeteria breakfast to BAB smoother and increase the chances of maintaining a successful program. Each school has their own unique needs and adaptability during early implementation can help refine and improve the breakfast program. In preparing to implement BAB, there are several important steps to consider, as discussed within this resource. This resource is a mapped out list of action steps schools can take to prepare for BAB implementation, from creating a school breakfast team, to connecting with schools that have already implemented BAB to learn from their experiences.	<urn:uuid:efccf007-d05f-479d-91f3-a3a178cdb0d9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://bestpractices.nokidhungry.org/resource/pre-implementation-checklist", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506399.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922102329-20230922132329-00161.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9523818492889404, "token_count": 221, "score": 2.875, "int_score": 3 }
Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) is a small seeded grass that can be grazed in spring or fall, hayed, used as a cover crop, plowed as green manure or used as a nurse crop for fall-seeded legumes. Around the world, annual ryegrass has many different agricultural, horticultural, and urban uses. Common Name: Annual ryegrass or Italian ryegrass. Annual ryegrass should not be confused with “Rye” or Cereal Rye, a completely different species. Scientific Name: Family: Poaceae, Genus: Lolium, Species: multiflorum Origin: Introduced to the USA from Europe Annual ryegrass is a very competitive winter annual, with good seedling vigor, fast germanation (with adequate moisture) and rapid establishment. Annual ryegrass is a bunch grass, yellowish-green at the base, with long glossy green leaves up to 12” each. The plant may reach up to four feet in height at maturity. In the context of cover crops, however, annual ryegrass is killed in the spring before it reaches seed formation stage. Cold Tolerance: Annual ryegrass is a cool-season annual grass that – with good snow cover – possesses good cold tolerance. Not as winter hardy as cereal rye or winter wheat. Geographic Range: While annual ryegrass can be found throughout the US, it has much greater persistence in temperate climates. It is used in the south to fill in during winter months for other grasses that thrive only in summer months. In central and northern states, annual ryegrass is a popular cover crop, wintering over well especially when snow cover can protect the plant from excessive temperature fluctuations. Growing Requirements: Annual ryegrass grows vigorously under a wide range of soils and climates. It is tolerant of wet soils and temporary flooding, will grow in sandy soils but is better adapted to heavy clay or silty soils. It is a great nitrogen scavenger and can assimilate as much as 200 lbs N/acre/yr. Most of that N then becomes available to crops following, thus saving on fertilizer input. It also responds well to P on eroded soils. Annual ryegrass tolerates a pH range of 5-8 with the optimum between 6 and 7. Annual ryegrass has thge greatest rate of seedling growth among cultivated cool-season grasses if soil moisture is adequate and soil temperatures are above 60 degrees F. Seed Longevity: Under field conditions seed longevity is relatively short (3-4 years), however seed longevity when stored under dry cool conditions is long. Seed Production: The Willamette valley in Oregon is the primary region of annual ryegrass seed production.	<urn:uuid:bbd0313f-9db9-4caf-9052-14f108817783>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2017-43", "url": "http://ryegrasscovercrop.com/portfolio-view/infoannualryegras/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825147.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022060353-20171022080353-00444.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9459573030471802, "token_count": 608, "score": 3.375, "int_score": 3 }
Timber's superior strength qualities provide a versatile and reliable building material for a wide range of structural applications - from beams, walls and flooring through to formwork and large timber panels. Density is the single biggest factor influencing the strength of a piece of timber. Solid hardwoods are often high density, making them perfect for structural applications. When considering thermal performance issues, timber, a naturally insulating material, makes for an excellent choice. Air pockets within timber's cellular structure create a natural barrier to heat and cold Timber performs strongly in the acoustic arena - whether the objective is to enhance sound or reduce sound. Its network of small interlocking wood cells converts sound energy into heat energy by frictional resistance within these cells and by vibrations within their sub-structure. Because of this internal friction, wood has a stronger sound dampening capacity than most structural materials. While a concrete wall will also reflect sound, it does so in a much harsher way, resulting in stronger echoes. While timber is indeed a combustible material, in construction it has significant insulating properties and burns in a slow, predictable and measurable way. Wood contains water and is a poor heat conductor, which is why it burns slowly. Under a charred outer layer, wood remains undamaged and retains its weight-bearing capacity. These factors see timber perform strongly against fire and give designers the ability to confidently create strong, durable, fire resistant timber constructions.	<urn:uuid:6453ac60-1b86-41d4-b704-c57665c027f6>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2023-40", "url": "https://www.wood-ideas.com/product-performance", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511021.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002200740-20231002230740-00877.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9201924800872803, "token_count": 309, "score": 3.40625, "int_score": 3 }
Regression Analysis > Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Test You might find it helpful to read this article first: What is heteroscedasticity? What is the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Test? The Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Test (sometimes shorted to the Breusch-Pagan test) is a test for heteroscedasticity of errors in regression. Heteroscedasticity means “differently scattered”; this is opposite to homoscedastic, which means “same scatter.” Homoscedasticity in regression is an important assumption; if the assumption is violated, you won’t be able to use regression analysis. Running the Test - n = sample size - R2 = R2(Coefficient of Determination) of the regression of squared residuals from the original regression. - k = number of independent variables. The test statistic approximately follows a chi-square distribution. - The null hypothesis for this test is that the error variances are all equal. - The alternate hypothesis is that the error variances are not equal. More specifically, as Y increases, the variances increase (or decrease). A small chi-square value (along with an associated small p-value) indicates the null hypothesis is true (i.e. that the variances are all equal). Note that the Breush-Pagan test measures how errors increase across the explanatory variable, Y. The test assumes the error variances are due to a linear function of one or more explanatory variables in the model. That means heteroskedasticity could still be present in your regression model, but those errors (if present) are not correlated with the Y-values. If you suspect that a small subset of values is causing heteroskedasticity, you can run a modified Breusch-Pagan test on those values alone. Caution: Some authors (including Bickel(1978) and Koenker(1981) have suggested the Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey test statistic may not be accurate for non-normal data. Bickel, P.J., 1978, Using residuals robustly I: Test for heteroscedasticity and nonlinearity, Annals of Statistics 6, 266-291. Breusch, T.S. and A.R. Pagan, 1979, A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation, Econometrica 47, 1287- 1294. Koenker, R., 1981, A note on studentizing a test for heteroscedasticity, Journal of Econometrics 17, 107-l 12. Stephanie Glen. "Breusch-Pagan-Godfrey Test: Definition" From StatisticsHowTo.com: Elementary Statistics for the rest of us! https://www.statisticshowto.com/breusch-pagan-godfrey-test/ Need help with a homework or test question? With Chegg Study, you can get step-by-step solutions to your questions from an expert in the field. Your first 30 minutes with a Chegg tutor is free! Comments? Need to post a correction? Please Contact Us.	<urn:uuid:b955758d-fcbe-43fc-9d8a-8adb7bffe198>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-40", "url": "https://www.statisticshowto.com/breusch-pagan-godfrey-test/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030335286.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20220928212030-20220929002030-00338.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8275082111358643, "token_count": 689, "score": 2.734375, "int_score": 3 }
Timeline: Events is a card game played using 55 cards. Each card depicts an invention on both sides, with the year in which that invention was created on only one side. Players take turns placing a card from their hand in a row on the table. After placing the card, the player reveals the date on it. If the card was placed correctly with the date in chronological order with all other cards on the table, the card stays in place; otherwise the card is removed from play and the player takes another card from the deck. The first player to get rid of all his cards by placing them correctly wins - Easy to learn with engaging gameplay that makes it perfect for players of all ages - Innovative gameplay makes learning about a specific topic in the past easy, enjoyably competitive, and highly replayable - Perfectly compatible with other Timeline titles for intriguing and challenging combinations - Accessible and portable	<urn:uuid:6603c737-054d-46f0-9d66-70f7dcb15dfd>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2022-05", "url": "https://cardscafe.ca/products/timeline-events", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-05/segments/1642320304134.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220123045449-20220123075449-00045.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9754928946495056, "token_count": 185, "score": 2.625, "int_score": 3 }
Square Billet finishing line, which is the abbreviation of Square Billet finishing operation line, at the same time, is also the following learning object, because only by having a comprehensive understanding and understanding of it, can we know how to use it correctly and rationally, and then to reflect the product Use value and play its due role, not waste it. 1. Is the finishing process in the Square Billet finishing line important? In the Square Billet finishing line, the finishing process can be said to be an important aspect and factor, because if the finishing process is not suitable or used improperly, it will affect the finishing effect and finishing quality of the billet, so With this conclusion, everyone should pay attention to it and take it seriously, and choose the right finishing process to ensure a good finishing effect. 2. Can the length of the fixed length of the Square Billet finishing line be adjusted automatically? The Square Billet finishing line has the parameter of the length of the length, and like other finishing lines, it can be automatically adjusted in some ways, such as the adjustment mechanism using the door change. Moreover, this is also a very good way of operation, which can ensure the smooth progress of the Square Billet finishing work. 3. Which of the finishing operations of the Square Billet must be on the finishing line? There are a lot of finishing operations for billet, but not every finishing operation will be carried out, but depending on the actual situation and finishing requirements. On the finishing line, what it has to have is three things: leveling, straightening and shearing. Moreover, these three finishing operations should be done well and should not be sloppy. 4. Which ones will be invested in the Square Billet finishing line? In the input of Square Billet finishing line, there are mainly two equipments and operators, and these two must be, because there is no finishing equipment that can not be used for finishing work, and its operators can be called finishing personnel. Although automatic operation can be used, in some work, manual manual operation is also required, and machine operation cannot be replaced.	<urn:uuid:cd5c02aa-7336-4d2c-99eb-ff7eddecb078>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-35", "url": "http://m.chamferingmachinechina.com/info/square-billet-finishing-line-length-adjustment-27395951.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027323067.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20190825042326-20190825064326-00408.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9339955449104309, "token_count": 437, "score": 2.53125, "int_score": 3 }
- The chemical element of atomic number 22, a hard silver-gray metal of the transition series, used in strong, light, corrosion-resistant alloys. (Symbol: Ti) One of the transition metals, titanium is a common element in the earth’s crust; the main sources are the minerals ilmenite and rutile. Very large quantities of the dioxide are manufactured for use as a white pigment in paper, paint, etc.More example sentences - As is the case with steel, titanium is alloyed with other metals to increase its strength. - Fairly strong bonds of titanium with itself, copper, and steel have been produced. - Could you add carbon to titanium or vanadium to make them even harder and stronger? late 18th century: from Titan, on the pattern of uranium. More definitions of titaniumDefinition of titanium in: - The British & World English dictionary	<urn:uuid:564f1faf-fc5f-45e5-abd2-d63c9b1ec44f>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-10", "url": "http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/titanium", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011160422/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305091920-00060-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8736355900764465, "token_count": 188, "score": 3.234375, "int_score": 3 }
Global Agricultural Productivity (GAP) Report® The Global Harvest Initiative created the Global Agricultural Productivity Report® (GAP Report®) in 2010. The GAP Report is an annual revision of global strides toward sustainable agriculture and food systems (Steensland, 2019). In 2019, Virginia Tech became the first U.S. land-grant university to create a GAP Report® (Barlow, 2019). The GAP Report® is part of the Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) Global Programs that focus on enriching communities at home and abroad through the development of international engagement opportunities and partnerships to tackle wicked problems affecting society (“CALS Global Programs,” 2019). The main objective of the GAP Initiative is to engage faculty, students, and other partners with the GAP Report through various networking activities (Barlow, 2019). Ms. Ann Steensland is the coordinator of the GAP Report Initiative and lead author of the VT GAP Report. She can be contacted at: 540-231-3990, firstname.lastname@example.org. To learn more about the GAP Initiative, visit the sites below: GAP Report VT News: Productivity Growth for Sustainable Diets and More GAP initiative: https://globalagriculturalproductivity.org Direct Link to the GAP Executive Summary: Barlow, Z. (2019). New report says accelerating global agricultural productivity growth is critical. Retrieved November 6, 2019, from https://www.vtnews.vt.edu/content/vtnews_vt_edu/en/articles/2019/10/cals-GAPreport.html CALS Global Programs. (2019). Retrieved November 6, 2019, from https:////www.cals.vt.edu/content/cals_vt_edu/en/global.html Steensland, A. (2019). CALS Ann Steensland Page. Retrieved November 6, 2019, from https:////www.cals.vt.edu/content/cals_vt_edu/en/global/people/AnnS.html	<urn:uuid:a3400ef0-c9e5-414e-a5bc-d0ba9d57fdbe>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2020-29", "url": "https://www.harvestrcn.org/post/global-agricultural-productivity-gap-report", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655881763.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706160424-20200706190424-00193.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8437859416007996, "token_count": 445, "score": 2.546875, "int_score": 3 }
The History of OxyContin: The Downfall of a Painkiller Drug On December 12, 1995, Purdue Pharma obtained approval to market oxycodone, an opioid painkiller, under the brand name of OxyContin. In 1996, Purdue commenced a product launch of their new drug as an extended release schedule II narcotic. OxyContin was given approval as being an improvement to morphine, at a time when it was recognized that pain symptoms in many patients were undertreated by doctors. Unlike morphine (delivered to the patient according to strict legal requirements), OxyContin was always intended to be self administered and available in prescription form, but only for patients with moderate to severe pain. The Problem of Pain Management Pain management has always been problematic. Although many, such as the Veteran’s Administration, have made pain as the 5th vital sign, which is something to be managed and treated, there is an alternative view. The expression of pain and its meaning is so subjective that it cannot be considered objectively as a reliable indicator of health or disability. There is and will always be an emotional component of pain - witness the screaming child, instantly cured with a pacifier. There is no doubt that most people who have used, and who continue to use OxyContin for physical pain relief, also get some reward in terms of reduced emotional pain. A narcotic drug that has the side effect of relieving the symptom of emotional pain, in addition to relief of physical pain, has the potential to become highly addictive. As early as 1995, the problem of potential addiction was raised by the medical profession at meetings with Purdue Pharma. However, the pharmaceutical company took the risk of misleading the medical practitioners, and the general public, with the intention of making a profit. False information as to the safety and addiction potential of OxyContin was provided, and accepted at face value, by the doctors. (source: USA Today Article) OxyContin is Released on the Market In 1996, OxyContin went onto the market, as a safe alternative to morphine for people with intense, chronic pain. It was marketed as an extended release medication, originally in 10, 20 and 40mg strengths. In 1996, the 80mg dose was approved by the FDA and a 160mg dose was approved in the year 2000. Although warnings were provided that 80 / 160mg doses should be given only to opioid tolerant patients, it has subsequently been ascertained that even the 40mg dose carries serious risks for the opioid naïve user. (source: www.nlm.nih.gov) Fueled by marketing tactics (as used by Purdue Pharma) that some have called aggressive, people throughout the world have been prescribed OxyContin and exposed to the risk of addiction and overdose. OxyContin is in fact very much similar to heroin. People given a slow release heroin dose, might reasonably expect the risk of addiction. However, heroin is an illicit drug that no one expects to be safe. People who go to a doctor for prescription medications don’t expect to go home with a monkey on their back and the potential risk of taking an unintended overdose. Purdue Pharma has been criticized for the emphasis that it placed in early marketing material, which made it very clear to people that crushing, or otherwise adulterating the product increased the risk of getting “high” and unintentional addiction. Some saw it as flagging to drug addicts the potential of OxyContin for use as an illicit drug. This painkiller has attracted drug addicts as a red rag to a bull. (source: http://www.gao.gov) OxyContin Addiction reaches Alarming Levels In the year 2011, OxyContin has survived, and sales increase every day. Addiction of this prescription drug has reached alarming levels. Its addiction in rural and indigenous communities has led to community elders calling upon their governments for immediate help to contain and eradicate OxyContin abuse. The problem still remains because of a lack of government initiative, or support for alternatives to painkiller drug use for chronic pain at a national level. The Maker of OxyContin on Trial Purdue Pharma was taken to court as a result of reports and findings of death by overdose, due to OxyContin addiction. By way of settlement, Purdue paid, in the year 2007, a sum of $19.5 million to 26 US states and the District of Columbia. This settlement was based upon allegations that the pharmaceutical company had used unethical, and, or illegal methods to encourage doctors to over prescribe OxyContin to their patients. In the same year, Purdue Pharma settled an FDA case that could have led to criminal charges against some of its top executives by a payment of $ 634,5 million to the US government, this for claiming that OxyContin was less addictive and less susceptible to abuse than other pain relief medications. (source: http://www.justice.gov) The combined result of the court actions led Purdue to re-package its OxyContin product in early 2010, so as to provide a genuine slow release formulation, with a more tamperproof structure. Nonetheless, there are increasing numbers of prescription drug addicts, and illicit users of this still highly addictive oxycodone product. Since OxyContin first came onto the drug scene in 1996, alarming rates of addiction, related harm and death directly attributable to ill informed OxyContin use and abuse have continued to rise . Purdue removed from the market the 160mg medication for sale in the year 2001, as a result of government pressure for being unsafe. Children have arrived at emergency rooms, suffering OxyContin o/d. Some have died, as do hundreds of people each year, throughout the world, as a result of oxycodone abuse. The problem with OxyContin is that it has become widely abused. The abuse is fueled by both prescription users, who are not informed and unaware of its addictive potential, together with increasing diversion of OxyContin to illicit use. Court cases brought privately by individuals against the maker of the drug have been settled out of Court. However, authorities are reluctant to take action to remove OxyContin from the market due to there being no viable alternative in the medical field for self administered, long term pain relief. As always, it is and will continue to be those most vulnerable in society who are at most risk of exploitation. OxyContin is also known as “hillbilly heroin”, due to the problems that it has caused in Virginia, and other areas of the Appalachian mountains. Between 1996 and 2005, 228 people in Western Virginia died from an oxycodone overdose, and many more suffer from continuing addiction. (source: http://www.vaag.com/PRESS_RELEASES) OxyContin abuse causes problems such as doctor “shopping”, illicit supply by “pill mills”, and has led to an increase in drug related crime, particularly pharmacy robbery. People have branded OxyContin as nothing more than legal heroin. Its addictive and fatal properties have been reported upon and recorded in many countries. People speak out about their suffering as a result of addiction to oxy. True Pain Relief True pain relief and recovery only comes with natural healing. Allopathic drugs like OxyContin support continued pain. We suffer not only the pain of our original injury, but the additional pain of addiction when we choose to use narcotic drugs instead of natural, therapeutic options for pain management and recovery. Narconon offers an OxyContin addiction treatment program that help addicts to stop their addiction naturally and without the use of any drug. It is possible to life a happy life without drugs. More Information on Oxycontin OxyContin Rehab Hotline:	<urn:uuid:094c7b54-e4cd-4a51-9e4f-bfdc00584eb5>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2014-23", "url": "http://narconon.ca/oxycontin-history.htm", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510275111.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011755-00232-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.963670015335083, "token_count": 1560, "score": 2.828125, "int_score": 3 }
When referring to people who have Down syndrome or to Down syndrome verbally or in writing, follow these guidelines (courtesy of National Down Syndrome Society): - People with Down syndrome should always be referred to as people first. - Instead of “a Down syndrome child,” it should be “a child with Down syndrome.” Also avoid “Down’s child” and describing the condition as “Down’s,” as in, “He has Down’s.” - Down syndrome is a condition or a syndrome, not a disease. - People “have” Down syndrome, they do not “suffer from” it and are not “afflicted by” it. - “Typically developing” or “typical” is preferred over “normal.” - “Intellectual disability” or “cognitive disability” has replaced “mental retardation” as the appropriate term. - NDSS strongly condemns the use of the word “retarded” in any derogatory context. Using this word is hurtful and suggests that people with disabilities are not competent. Down vs. Down’s - NDSS uses the preferred spelling, Down syndrome, rather than Down’s syndrome. - Down syndrome is named for the English physician John Langdon Down, who characterized the condition, but did not have it. An apostrophe “s” connotes ownership or possession. - While Down syndrome is listed in many dictionaries with both popular spellings (with or without an apostrophe s), the preferred usage in the United States is Down syndrome. The AP Stylebook recommends using “Down syndrome,” as well. This information courtesy of National Down Syndrome Society.	<urn:uuid:5ab413e7-9e28-4da9-9a11-3558525387e9>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-13", "url": "https://tdsn.org/about-down-syndrome/preferred-language-guide/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-13/segments/1521257647692.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180321195830-20180321215830-00171.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9335380792617798, "token_count": 383, "score": 3.765625, "int_score": 4 }
Electric Vehicle Charging Transformers are increasingly being used to power electric vehicle charging stations. Several considerations need to be made when integrating transformers and electric vehicle chargers. Electric vehicle chargers act as non-linear loads to the power grid which causes current and voltage harmonics and distortion. These harmonics make the proper selection of a transformer critical to the operation of both the transformer and the overall system. Lower capacity Level 1 and Level 2 chargers are single phase loads that are most common in homes, parking lots and commercial fleets and typically have loads of 2 to 4 kVA. Installations with multiple units can cause critical harmonic current and voltage distortion. HPS Sentinel K-Rated distribution transformers should be considered to effectively operate with these harmonics while the HPS Sentinel H harmonic mitigating zig-zag secondary winding can significantly improve power quality and reduce neutral currents through harmonic cancellation. Level 3 chargers are commonly above 200 kVA to effectively charge a car in 10-20 minutes. These large power draws often need to be supplied by large 600 volt class HPS Sentinel distribution transformers or by medium voltage dry-type HPS Millennium and HPS EnduraCoil transformer lines. \|Level 1\|\|Level 2\|\|Level 3\| \|Typical Load Per Unit\|\|1 to 2 kVA\|\|3 to 8 kVA\|\|200 to 500 kVA\| \|Typical Feed Voltage\|\|120 to 240\|\| 240 to 480. Fleet and parking lots may be fed from medium voltage \|480 or medium voltage\| \|Phase\|\|Usually Single\|\| Single or three depending on number of installation - HPSTA1-EV Using Magnetic with Electric Vehicle Applications - HPSTA2-EV Transformers for Powering EV Charging Stations	<urn:uuid:2c88a673-70b9-40f7-a109-326629b2befa>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-31", "url": "https://americas.hammondpowersolutions.com/en/industries/ev-charging", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153531.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20210728060744-20210728090744-00028.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.8755682110786438, "token_count": 357, "score": 2.609375, "int_score": 3 }
This region “beyond the Duero” (extremos del Duero) is larger than Switzerland with an area of over 40,000 square kilometers, but is among the most underdeveloped and sparsely-populated border provinces in Spain. Countless residents have emigrated over the centuries. To the north, the region is rainy and mountainous. The highest mountain is the Torreón (2,400 m) on the border of Salamanca. Further south, the land becomes more dry and is vegetated with holm oaks and cork trees. Iberian pigs are kept in its wooded groves, where they feed on acorns. Extremadura is famous for its ham (Jamónes Ibéricos). It is also home to a number of endangered species, including lynx, great bustards, cranes, black storks and wolves. Nothing much has changed in Cáceres since the Renaissance, when the returning conquistadors built their palaces in the ancient city. A walk through the Ciudad (old town) is thus a journey back to the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. A fully preserved city wall replete with towers and gates separates the medieval core, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, from the newer districts. The best view of Cáceres and the vast landscapes of Extremadura that surround it can be had from the top of a hill 2 km south of town. Important center for medieval medicine in the Monastery of Santa María After the Spaniards had reconquered the Extremadura from the Moors in the 14th century, a shepherd is said to have found a wooden panel depicting Maria, which had survived the 600 years of Muslim rule. The Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe was founded at the location of the find. The king held the patronage rights over the monastery, which provided it with influence and wealth and enabled Guadalupe to develop into an important center for medicine. Three hospitals and a large library have survived to this day. This is also where the first scientific autopsy in the world was conducted in 1402. Today, the monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Snow-covered peaks in the Spanish Central System This imposing wall of rock with snow-covered peaks is the highest part of the Spanish Central System, which runs from east to west and divides both Castile and Spain itself along a north-south axis. It is a fantastic and expansive landscape, which is one of the most popular destinations for hikers and mountain climbers in the country. The highest massif, the Amanzor (2,592 m) is part of the nature reserve, which is home to chamois and ibexes. Urban plazas with an Andalusian flair The Romans founded this town and the Moors later gave it the name Zafar. It still exudes an Andalusian Moorish atmosphere. This is especially so in the “Great Plaza,” which is lined with palms and magnificent city houses dating to the 18th century. The Plaza Chica with its arcades was constructed by the Arabs and the town's 15th-century castle now serves as a parador. Toward the end of September and the beginning of October, the town is the site of a five-hundred-year-old annual livestock market, the Feria Internacional Ganadera.	<urn:uuid:991692bc-32df-45b4-9cd2-abc105488581>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-51", "url": "https://www.umfulana.com/spain/places/657635-extremadura", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540569146.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213202639-20191213230639-00066.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9544568061828613, "token_count": 699, "score": 2.984375, "int_score": 3 }
\|Visitors watching "Liberty to Go to See" at Cliveden. \| Credit: National Trust for Historic Preservation Fifteen years ago, Susan Schrieber, who was then the National Trust’s director of interpretation and education for its historic sites, wrote an article entitled “Interpreting Slavery at National Trust Historic Sites: A Case Study in Interpreting Difficult Topics,” which was published in Cultural Resources Management . The article documented work at six National Trust Historic Sites to discuss and coordinate their interpretations of slavery through a series of five workshops held over the course of a year. Since the article’s publication, much has changed in how slavery is interpreted at National Trust Historic Sites and at historic sites around the country. And much has changed in the world in general. So it seems appropriate and instructive that we take this opportunity to survey our portfolio of now 27 historic sites to see how they are interpreting slavery right now. As broader context for the work now underway at our sites, the scholarship on interpreting slavery has also increased exponentially since 2000. Public historians, women’s historians, geographers, archaeologists, architectural historians, architects, and landscape architects are all now engaged in examining how we tell the stories of enslavement from their disciplinary perspectives. The internet yields interpretive plans, case studies, and other resources on addressing slavery at historic sites. A couple of new collections of essays that focus on this topic have come out over the past year, including Interpreting Slavery at Museums and Historic Sites and Interpreting African American History and Culture at Museums and Historic Sites. So where are National Trust Historic Sites today in interpreting slavery and why does it matter? The strength of the National Trust’s portfolio of historic sites lies in its diversity, offering a range of settings—rural, suburban and urban—in the Deep South, the mid-Atlantic, and well north of the Mason-Dixon Line. Our sites also represent a range of budgets, staffing, audience demographics, size and extant physical evidence of slavery—all factors that have played a role in their interpretations of slavery. Since 2000 the National Trust’s portfolio has expanded to include sites that broaden the story beyond a plantation setting to include the Museum of African American History in Boston and in Nantucket, both powerful loci for free black communities and abolitionist sentiment and action, and President Lincoln’s Cottage, where the president contemplated and drafted the Emancipation Proclamation. \|"House and Field" by Lynda Frese for Art and Shadows at Shadows-on-the-Teche. \| Credit: National Trust for Historic Preservation The tools and methodologies that are used to interpret slavery at National Trust Historic Sites have diversified. We have archaeological digs underway at Montpelier and Belle Grove to help us understand the buildings where enslaved people lived and worked. As a part of the “Telling All of Our Stories” project at Oatlands, a new online database allows people to search through references to enslaved people in the primary sources related to the property. At the Shadows-on-the-Teche, two artists-in-residence, a fiddler and a visual artist, have created new works of art that are inspired by the lives of people who lived at the site—both enslaver and enslaved—and their interactions and the evidence of them that remains among the archives and objects in the site’s collection. We engage our visitors with not only the stories of enslaved people, but also in discussions about the ideas of bondage, liberty and emancipation at places like President Lincoln’s Cottage and Cliveden. Our interpretations of the architecture of enslavement include planning for the reconstruction of buildings in the South Yard at Montpelier and revealing the evidence of both construction and demolition in the rare example of an urban slave quarters at Decatur House. Within our historic landscapes, we now actively interpret the cemeteries where enslaved people are buried, and we continue to search for archaeological evidence of slavery. In our object and archival collections, we continue to make significant discoveries, such as a branding iron within the collection at Drayton Hall, believed to have been used on enslaved people, or the extensive slave holdings revealed in the papers of the Chew family at Cliveden. Telling the stories of resistance to slavery is also part of the interpretations that our sites offer today. The story of Charlotte Dupuy, a slave who served Henry Clay when he rented the Decatur House and who sued for her freedom in 1829, is now a central part of the White House Historical Association’s K-12 programming at the David M. Rubenstein Center for White House History at Decatur House. At the African Meeting House in Boston, the current exhibition “Freedom Rising: Reading, Writing and Publishing Black Books” and complementary programming examines “the historical and cultural implications of forbidding enslaved Africans to read or write, and traces the evolution and majestic recovery of their written voices.” A commitment to interpreting slavery has also created new partnerships that have expanded exponentially to support this work. We have been successful in raising financial support from individuals, private foundations, and public sources, and state and local governments. At places like Drayton Hall, Montpelier and Oatlands, we are engaged in building relationships with the descendants of those who were enslaved at these places and working with them to interpret this history. Our sites are also at the leading edge of connecting the interpretation of slavery to contemporary issues. At President Lincoln’s Cottage, the site’s programming is explicitly and powerfully connected to human trafficking in the 21st century. At Woodlawn, our partnership with the Arcadia Center for Sustainable Food & Agriculture offers an opportunity to explore the history of Quakers who leased land at the site to free black farmers on the eve of the Civil War and connect it to current work in addressing inequalities within the food system. \|Arcadia Farms at Woodlawn Plantation. \| Credit: Jason Clement/National Trust for Historic Preservation Looking back at the article written 15 years ago, I am also struck by the fact that the staff at our sites continue to express concern about how to speak with visitors about difficult subjects such as slavery. Today, however, most of the sites offer specific training on how to address the controversial subjects and staff share insights and materials with each other. As I have said in many of these trainings and gatherings, our concerns about saying the right thing are valid and important, but they should never stop us from talking about slavery. I suppose if there is any accomplishment of the past 15 years, it is that staff members don’t question whether or not they should interpret slavery. Today, for all of those sites whose history touches the subject of slavery, it has become a theme in their broader story. And the interpretations of African American history at our sites have expanded to examine the broader journey from slavery to freedom—characterized by both absolute and incremental change—and how it is manifested in our buildings, landscapes and object collections. At some sites, the interpretation of African American history is more prominent than others. At every site, it takes different and evolving forms. So, why does this matter? It matters because a million visitors will come through National Trust Historic Sites this year, and we have the opportunity to help them understand the terrible institution of slavery and how it manifested itself in the lives of people. Over the last 15 years (and before that), our historic sites and others in this country have been engaged in a steady, thoughtful and ultimately constructive dialogue about slavery and race. To be sure, this conversation isn’t always comfortable or easy, but it happens consistently and it happens with the authenticity and veracity that can only happen in an old place, in a place where history happened and history is preserved and history is connected to the present. As our president Stephanie K. Meeks said in a recent speech at the King Center in Atlanta, we are committed “to keep exploring how to best commemorate the more complex and difficult chapters of our story.” Our work to interpret slavery at National Trust Historic Sites is far from over, and we have even more work to do to better tell the stories of other marginalized groups at our sites. Where will we be in 15 years in respect to telling LGBTQ stories? Will we have made this much progress in battling through misappropriations and misconceptions of facts associated with LGBTQ history at our sites? I hope so. Over the next ten months, we will be bringing that discussion to Preservation Leadership Forum as we hear from different National Trust Historic Sites in individual blog posts about their different interpretations of slavery. And in 2016, we look forward to convening another gathering of staff from our sites to discuss interpreting slavery—where we go from here and how we help each other along the way. There is much to be learned here, much to be discussed, and much to be built upon. Please join us in this conversation. Katherine Malone-France is the vice president for historic sites at the National Trust for Historic Preservation.#HistoricSites #AfricanAmerican #Interpretation #Woodlawn #Diversity	<urn:uuid:fa0d0967-cb4f-4084-a6ae-6e2c04e73aec>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2018-30", "url": "https://forum.savingplaces.org/blogs/forum-online/2015/04/07/interpreting-slavery-at-national-trust-historic-sites", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591216.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20180719183926-20180719203926-00045.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9479578137397766, "token_count": 1890, "score": 3.28125, "int_score": 3 }
What Is Pain and Why Do We Feel It? Being in pain isn’t pleasant, but we often find ourselves feeling pain for a variety of reasons. You can feel pain when you’re hurt, ill or even just experiencing a natural bodily function. Sometimes pain can be unexplainable, but there is usually a reason that you feel pain. When you hurt yourself, pain is a normal response, and it’s not just there because your body wants you to suffer. Pain serves a number of purposes, such as helping to prevent further injury when you’re hurt. Although pain might not be pleasant to feel, it would be much more dangerous to never feel pain. What is Pain? Pain is part of the body’s response to injury or illness. It lets us know that something is wrong and that we might need to be careful. It’s an uncomfortable sensation that can affect you not just physically but emotionally as well. Everyone can feel pain differently, and many people have a higher tolerance for pain than others. Pain can range from short, sharp pain to dull and long-lasting aches. It can last only a short while or it can be chronic and caused by a prolonged and permanent health condition. Pain can often affect your quality of life and your ability to carry out daily activities. Pain is controlled by the nervous system, which makes it difficult to understand. It occurs through a complex process when receptor nerve cells, which can sense temperature, touch, pressure and pain, send signals to your brain. Pain can cause other problems too, from feeling nauseous to experiencing emotional distress. Why Do We Feel Pain? Pain can have a huge range of causes, but why do we experience pain? The idea of not being able to feel pain might sound good, but it’s actually quite dangerous for the few people who are unable to feel pain like everyone else. Pain is a necessary function of the body that warns us when something is wrong. It helps us to prevent causing further injury when we’re hurt and tells us when we might need to take it easy for a while. Pain might be a signal to stop doing something, or an indication that something isn’t right and needs to be corrected. It could be anything from a stinging pain when you cut yourself to a headache if you’re dehydrated or an ache when you pull a muscle. Why Do We Feel Pain When Injured? Pain plays an important role when you have an injury. It’s your body’s way of saying that something isn’t right, and that you might need to take it easy. When you feel pain after injuring yourself, it not only tells you that you’re hurt but also warns you against doing anything that might hurt you more. If you didn’t feel pain, you might not even notice that you were injured. Feeling injury pain doesn’t always mean that you need to stop moving, and some pain can be relieved with gentle movements and moderate amounts of exercise. Pain acts as a warning sign when you might be pushing yourself too far. When you hurt yourself, it can help to indicate when your injury has healed and when it’s safe to resume your normal level of activity. When you feel pain, it can be a message to stop what you’re doing, or just a reminder that you have an injury so that you move more carefully. Dealing with Pain from an Injury When you’re injured, pain can help to protect you, but it’s not something that you want to feel all the time. Treating the injury can help to relieve the pain and prevent any further pain. For example, if you sprain your ankle, using the RICE method to rest it can relieve pain and help you to recover. Sometimes, you might want some kind of pain relief, whether it’s an oral medication or something like a soothing heat rub or ibuprofen gel. There are many over-the-counter products that you might use for pain relief, including both painkillers and products like heat and cold packs. Pain isn’t something that you want to experience, but it plays an important role when you hurt yourself. Although you don’t always want to spend too much time resting when you injure yourself, it’s important to listen to your body and to work out what it’s trying to tell you. Ignoring pain can have negative consequences, so it’s always important to pay attention.	<urn:uuid:c0ad3bde-e335-4c6d-85c8-58fac3fc590e>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2019-47", "url": "https://www.safeandsoundhealth.co.uk/what-is-pain-and-why-do-we-feel-it/", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-47/segments/1573496664752.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20191112051214-20191112075214-00117.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9496588110923767, "token_count": 941, "score": 3.015625, "int_score": 3 }
- What is the K value of a material? - What is K value in viscosity? - What is a good U value? - Which insulation is best? - What is K in heat transfer? - What does a high K value mean? - Is a high U value good or bad? - What is the U value of glass? - What is R value and K value? - How is K value calculated? - What is a good R squared value? - What U value do I need for floor? - Is a higher K value better? - What does it mean if K is less than 1? What is the K value of a material? K-value is simply shorthand for thermal conductivity. The ASTM Standard C168, on Terminology, defines the term as follows: Thermal conductivity, n: the time rate of steady state heat flow through a unit area of a homogeneous material induced by a unit temperature gradient in a direction perpendicular to that unit area.. What is K value in viscosity? K value (viscosity), is an empirical parameter closely related to intrinsic viscosity, often defined in slightly different ways in different industries to express viscosity based estimate of statistical molecular mass of polymeric material used particularly for PVC. What is a good U value? The best insulating materials have a U-value of close to zero – the lower the better. Building regulations currently stipulate that for a new building, the elements must have maximum U-values as follows: Wall – 0.3 W/m2k. Which insulation is best? Fiberglass, cotton, and mineral wool can all work as loose-fill material, but the far and away top choice for blown-in insulation is cellulose. Contrary to batts, blown-in cellulose insulation is perfect for filling in tight voids around wiring, pipes, or any area with awkward framing. What is K in heat transfer? Thermal conductivity (often denoted by k, λ, or κ) refers to the intrinsic ability of a material to transfer or conduct heat. It is one of the three methods of heat transfer, the other two being convection and radiation. … The rate equation in this heat transfer mode is based on Fourier’s law of heat conduction. What does a high K value mean? The magnitude of the equilibrium constant, K, indicates the extent to which a reaction will proceed: If K is a large number, it means that the equilibrium concentration of the products is large. In this case, the reaction as written will proceed to the right (resulting in an increase in the concentration of products) Is a high U value good or bad? The lower the U-value of an element of a building’s fabric, the more slowly heat is able to transmit through it, and so the better it performs as an insulator. Very broadly, the better (i.e. lower) the U-value of a building’s fabric, the less energy is required to maintain comfortable conditions inside the building. What is the U value of glass? 0.89The normal emissivity εn of glass is 0.89. Certain types of glass can be modified by means of a low-emissivity coating, in which case εn can be as low as 0.02. A surface will exchange heat with the air it is in contact with by conduction and convection. What is R value and K value? R-Value is commonly used to measure the insulating performance of building materials such as fiberglass insulation that you can buy at Home Depot, Lowe’s or any other lumber yard. … The thicker the insulation is, the greater the R-Value. K-Value on the other hand is the measure of heat conductivity of insulation. How is K value calculated? In general K-values are function of the pressure, temperature, and composition of the vapor and liquid phases. The components making up the system plus temperature, pressure, composition, and degree of polarity affect the accuracy and applicability, and hence the selection, of an approach. What is a good R squared value? Any study that attempts to predict human behavior will tend to have R-squared values less than 50%. However, if you analyze a physical process and have very good measurements, you might expect R-squared values over 90%. There is no one-size fits all best answer for how high R-squared should be. What U value do I need for floor? Currently the Building Regulations Part L1A (which refers to new dwellings are as follows: U-value requirement External Walls 0.18 W/m²K. U-value requirement Party Walls 0.0 W/m²K. U-value requirement Floor 0.13 W/m²K. Is a higher K value better? This means that the higher the U-value the worse the thermal performance of the building envelope. A low U-value usually indicates high levels of insulation. … The thermal conductivity (k-value) is the ability of a material to conduct heat; hence, the lower the k-value, the better the material is for insulation. What does it mean if K is less than 1? If the value of K is greater than 1, the products in the reaction are favored; if the value of K is less than 1, the reactants in the reaction are favored; if K is equal to 1, neither reactants nor products are favored.	<urn:uuid:37971efc-d1da-4078-9bd7-6d7a6a07b6e0>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2021-04", "url": "https://thetextchemistry.org/qa/quick-answer-what-is-k-value.html", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703536556.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123063713-20210123093713-00183.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.9175229668617249, "token_count": 1168, "score": 3.21875, "int_score": 3 }
The “Thiodendron” stage refers to an extant bacterial consortium that models our idea of an archaebacteria-eubacteria sulfur syntrophic motility symbiosis. The partners in our view merged to become the chimeric predecessor to archaeprotists. The membrane-bounded nucleus, by hypothesis, is the morphological manifestation of the chimera genetic system that evolved from a Thiodendron-type consortium. Each phenomenon we suggest, from free-living bacteria to integrated association, enjoys extant natural analogues. Study of marine microbial mats revealed relevant bacterial consortia in more than six geographically separate locations. Isolations from Staraya Russa mineral spring 8, mineral spring Serebryani, Lake Nizhnee, mud-baths; littoral zone at the White Sea strait near Veliky Island, Gulf of Nilma; Pacific Ocean hydrothermal habitats at the Kurile Islands and Kraternaya Bay; Matupi Harbor Bay, Papua New Guinea, etc. (17) all yielded “Thiodendron latens” or very similar bacteria. Samples were taken from just below oxygen-sulfide interface in anoxic waters (17, 18). Laboratory work showed it necessary to abolish the genus Thiodendron because it is a sulfur syntrophy. A stable ectosymbiotic association of two bacterial types grows as an anaerobic consortium between 4 and 32°C at marine pH values and salinities. Starch, cellobiose, and other carbohydrates (not cellulose, amino acids, organic acids, or alcohol) supplemented by heterotrophic CO2 fixation provide it carbon. Thiodendron appears as bluish-white spherical gelatinous colonies, concentric in structure within a slimy matrix produced by the consortium bacteria. The dominant partner invariably is a distinctive strain of pleiomorphic spirochetes: they vary from the typical walled Spirochaeta 1:2:1 morphology to large membranous spheres, sulfur-studded threads, gliding or nonmotile cells of variable width (0.09–0.45 μm) and lengths to millimeters. The other partner, a small, morphologically stable vibrioid, Desulfobacter sp., requires organic carbon, primarily acetate, from spirochetal carbohydrate degradation. The spirochetal Escherichia coli-like formic acid fermentation generates energy and food. Desulfobacter sp. cells that reduce both sulfate and sulfur to sulfide are always present in the natural consortium but in far less abundance than the spirochetes. We envision the Thiodendron consortium of “free-living spirochetes in geochemical sulfur cycle” (ref. 18, p. 456) and spirochete motility symbioses (19) as preadaptations for chimera evolution. Thiodendron differs from the archaebacterium-eubacterium association we hypothesize; the marine Desulfobacter would have been replaced with a pleiomorphic wall-less, sulfuric-acid tolerant soil Thermoplasma-like archaebacterium. New thermoplasmas are under study. We predict strains that participate in spirochete consortia in less saline, more acidic, and higher temperature sulfurous habitats than Thiodendron will be found. When “pure cultures” that survived low oxygen were first described [by B. V. Perfil'ev in 1969, in Russian (see refs. 17 and 18] a complex life history of vibrioids, spheroids, threads and helices was attributed to “Thiodendron latens”. We now know these morphologies are artifacts of environmental selection pressure: Dubinina et al. (ref. 17, p. 435), reported that “the pattern of bacterial growth changes drastically when the redox potential of the medium is brought down by addition of 500 mg/l of sodium sulfide.” The differential growth of the two tightly associated partners in the consortium imitates the purported Thiodendron bacterial developmental patterns. The syntrophy is maintained by lowering the level of oxygen enough for spirochete growth. The processes of sulfur oxidation-reduction and oxygen removal from oxygen-sensitive enzymes, we suggest, were internalized by the chimera and retained by their protist descendants as developmental cues. Metabolic interaction, in particular syntrophy under anoxia, retained the integrated prokaryotes as emphasized by Martin and Müller (20). However, we reject their concept, for which no evidence exists, that the archaebacterial partner was a methanogen. Our sulfur syntrophy idea, by contrast, is bolstered by observations that hydrogen sulfide is still generated in amitochondriate, anucleate eukaryotic cells (mammalian erythrocytes) (21). T. acidophilum in pure culture attach to suspended elemental sulfur. When sulfur is available, they generate hydrogen sulfide (16). Although severely hindered by ambient oxygen, they are microaerophilic in the presence of small quantities (Thermoplasma partner thus would be expected to produce sulfide and scrub small quantities of oxygen to maintain low redox potential in the spirochete association. The syntrophic predecessors to the chimera is metabolically analogous to Thiodendron where Desulfobacter reduces sulfur and sulfate producing sulfide at levels that permit the spirochetes to grow. We simply suggest the replacement of the marine sulfidogen with Thermoplasma. In both the theoretical and actual case, the spirochetes would supply oxidized sulfur as terminal electron acceptor to the sulfidogen. The DNA of the Thermoplasma-like archaebacterium permanently recombined with that of the eubacterial swimmer. A precedent exists for our suggestion that membrane hypertrophies around DNA to form a stable vesicle in some prokaryotes: the membrane-bounded nucleoid in the eubacterium Gemmata obscuriglobus (22). The joint Thermoplasma-like archaebacterial DNA package that began as the consortium nucleoid became the chimera's nucleus. The two unlike prokaryotes together produced a persistent protein exudate package. This step in the origin of the nucleus—the genetic integration of the two-membered consortium to form the chimera—is traceable by its morphological legacy: the karyomastigont. The attached swimmer partner, precursor to mitotic microtubule system, belonged to genera like the nearly ubiquitous consortium-former Spirochaeta or the cytoplasmic tubule-maker Hollandina (19). The swimmer's attachment structures hypertrophied as typically they do in extant motility symbioses (19). The archaebacterium-eubacterium swimmer attachment system became the karyomastigont. The proteinaceous karyomastigont that united partner DNA in a membrane-bounded, jointly produced package, assured stability to the chimera. All of the DNA of the former prokaryotes recombined inside the membrane to become nuclear DNA while the protein-based motility system of the eubacterium, from the moment of fusion until the present, segregated the chimeric DNA. During the lower Proterozoic eon (2,500–1,800 million years ago), many interactions inside the chimera generated protists in which mitosis and eventually meiotic sexuality evolved. The key concept here is that the karyomastigont, retained by amitochondriate protists and later by their mitochondriate descendants, is the morphological manifestation of the original archaebacterial-eubacterial fused genetic system. Free (unattached) nuclei evolved many times by disassociation from the rest of the karyomastigont. The karyomastigont, therefore, was the first microtubule-organizing center.	<urn:uuid:ee0644ff-8021-4fca-8628-e07ef5788c5a>	{ "dump": "CC-MAIN-2016-26", "url": "http://www.biology-online.org/kb/revision.php?p_id=5085&a_id=2164", "file_path": "s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz", "language": "en", "language_score": 0.891229510307312, "token_count": 1677, "score": 3.15625, "int_score": 3 }

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