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How Solar Power Works
Solar energy is a great alternative for anyone who values independence and efficiency. Find out how solar works and start using flexible, lightweight solar now.
First Ingredient: The Sun
Solar is now the fastest-growing choice to generate electricity in the United States. Every 2.5 minutes, a home or business installs new solar panels. In fact, you’ve probably noticed solar panels on roofs or along highways. You may have wondered how solar works.
Generating electricity requires fuel. Conventional power plants use coal for fuel. Natural gas comes from the earth’s surface and transported via long pipelines.
Clearly, it’s a labor-intensive and sometimes destructive process to obtain and deliver fuels used in electricity production.
The damage continues as we use fuel to produce electricity. The fuels undergo a combustion process that produces air pollutants. Nuclear power presents the risk of radioactive leaks.
Solar, on the other hand, uses a very safe type of fuel. It is sunlight. No mining, no pipelines, and no moving of the earth. Just sunlight that is abundant, safe, and clean. The sun is an endless resource. That’s why solar power is a great source of renewable energy. Photovoltaics or PV describes the way solar panels convert sunlight into electricity. Photons are particles of light while voltaic refers to electricity.
Other kinds of solar energy are solar thermal and concentrating solar power. But PV is the most common. There are certain materials needed in order to convert sunlight, which we will talk about below.
Second Ingredient: The Solar Panel
When sunlight travels, the process of making electricity begins. The speed of light is about 93 million miles from the sun and falls on the solar panel. A solar array is a collection of panels connected together.
What Are Solar Panels?
The solar panel is called a module. It’s typically a four-cornered, plate-like structure made up of silicon cells, a form of the semiconductor. The cells contain electrons. Certain substances are applied to the cells to create a magnetic field. Cells have a positive and negative charge; this is a major factor in how solar works. When the sunlight shines on the cells, it destabilizes the electrons, freeing the negatively-charged electrons to flow to one side of the silicon cell. The movement produces a flow or current of electricity. Metal conductors gather the electricity and transfer it to wires.
Third Ingredient: The Solar Inverter
Solar panels create electricity that’s not compatible with the US electric system. Homes use alternating current, or AC electricity, which is different from DC electricity. The USA chose to use AC because it is more efficient for electricity to flow. It includes high voltage transmission. We need to make the DC electricity that solar panels produce into AC electricity. The solar inverter comes into play here. Sometimes it is called a solar converter. The box is usually placed near the fuse. This box plays a major role in how solar works.
This is where the energy gets converted from DC to AC and becomes usable for homes. If a power outage occurs, the inverter might have a small amount of battery power. In this case, the house will still receive energy. Micro-inverters are placed underneath the solar panels.
When Are Solar Panels Considered to Be Efficient?
Not all solar panels operate with the same efficiency. Efficiency is determined by how much of the sunlight reaching the panel actually converts to electricity. The more efficient your solar panels are, the fewer of them are needed. Solar panel efficiency is especially important if you have limited space on your roof or shaded areas on the roof. Price is not necessarily a factor in seeking out efficiency. What you save in buying fewer panels, you may lose by paying more for the efficient models.
Solar and Your Utility Meter
The important component of the system is the utility meter. It tracks how much solar electricity your home produces. Your bill will be less if your solar panels generate more electricity than you use.
If “net metering” is available, you save more money. Net metering gives you a bill credit for extra electricity produced but not used. Excess power flows back to the central grid. Meters are getting smarter, and are now able to accomplish more. Smart meters open the door to give consumers the ability to better control their energy costs. Electricity prices change many times per day. It is very similar to the stock market. Consumers don’t know about these price changes. They pay retail rates regulated by their state. Consumers can take advantage of smart meters and know about the fluctuation and know savings on utility bills. The smart meter will record the spending.
Some homeowners with solar panels and batteries are even more sophisticated. They rely on solar energy from the battery power when utility electricity prices are high and go back to the grid when the prices are low. Solar energy prices never change. Sunlight as fuel costs nothing.
Our Main Services Include:
A free in-home consultation to define the homeowner’s needs
Customized design of photovoltaic systems to offset electrical bill
A review of electricity usage and energy saving methods
Design, permitting and installation
Get A custom Quote
The Cost Advantage of On-site Energy
Using free fuel, sunlight is just one cost advantage of solar energy. Another is that rooftop PV is on-site energy.
You produce energy at home. It does not need to travel long distances. This is especially important when you take into account what is known in industry terms as “line loss.” It is the loss when it is sent over a transmission or distribution wire.
Am I Now Off-the-Grid?
Once the solar panels are installed by a solar installer, the inverter is working. The smart meter is helping you use electricity wisely. Are you officially off-grid now? Sorry, but no. Most American homes with solar panels stay connected to the central grid. This is good and bad. It’s good because when the sun isn’t shining, you can rely on utility power. It’s bad because if there is a blackout on the utility grid, the solar panels stop working as well.
Homeowners aren’t always aware of this. There is a way to avoid this. Homeowners can use solar storage or home microgrids. These systems include battery banks that provide backup power. So when the utility grid goes down, your house still has power. These systems are growing in popularity as both solar panels and batteries drop in price.
Is My Electricity Supply Now Green?
Yes, and no. A solar panel home is likely to be connected to the utility grid. It’s probably supplying some of your power. Adding ESD Solar solar panels to the house significantly cuts back on the use of dirty energy and increased the use of green energy. The more people who do this, the less the need to operate large power plants that can harm the earth, air, and our health. For more on how solar works, contact us today!
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The Patient Warhorse
By Firn Hyde
When God described His amazing creation, the horse, to Job, He spoke of it as a fearless, flashing creature, defiant in war and unafraid in battle. "The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and the shield. He swalloweth the ground with fierceness and rage: neither believeth he that it is the sound of the trumpet." (Job 39:23-24).
And thousands of years later, in a little country at the foot of Africa, a new type of warhorse was born.
It was somewhere between 1825 and 1830 when King Moshoeshoe of the Basotho first sat astride a horse. Immediately, the first Basotho king realised the strategic significance of the horse in battle. Perhaps, too, there was something in its grace and power that captured his majesty's heart; whatever the reason, by 1850, the Basotho were "a mounted nation".
Within a few decades, King Moshoeshoe's people had bred its own rugged type of horse, named the Basotho pony for its people. Descended from the famed Cape Horse – a breed of predominantly Barb, Arab and thoroughbred bloodlines, originally bred in South Africa's Western Cape – the ancestor ponies were captured from Zulu and Boers and rapidly introduced to Lesotho. This little country, huddling in the heart of South Africa, is thought to be the coldest country in Africa; its unforgiving and treacherous mountains are deadly to the unwary foot – or hoof. But the Basotho pony thrived. Its exceptional surefootedness, hardiness, and quality of hoof ensured that the breed prospered.
By 1870, Europeans were recognising the Basotho pony as a breed and when the
Anglo-Boer War spread its shadow across South Africa in 1899, they were in high demand. Their docility, stamina, and strength made them popular amongst the soldiers; with the added bonus that they hardly ever needed to be shod, the Basothos were ideal mounts for the soldiers of the gloomy guerrilla war that lasted until 1902.
These ponies bore little resemblance to the famed destriers of medieval times. Destriers were massively powerful horses of Spanish heritage, proud, fiery, expensive, and treasured. The Basotho pony was better known for its quietness than for its spirit, and more famed for its hardiness than its beauty. But though the war enhanced its quality, the breed paid the price: 30 000 of the horses were lost to the war, and the best stallions – even those that survived the battles – were gelded. The Basotho's glory days were over. Once so prized, the brave ponies went into a rapid decline; a blizzard in 1902, poor management practices, and the introduction of thoroughbred blood quickly decreased the quality of the breed. By 1952 it was evident that something had to be done to save the Basotho and so the South African Department of Agriculture started a breeding project on the Nooitgedacht Research Station in the province of Mpumalanga. Their goal was to preserve the Basotho pony and to develop a versatile South African riding horse breed.
Eleven mares and two stallions were purchased from a pair of farmers; all the horses were of purest Basotho stock. The horses were selected for their excellent temperaments, such a hallmark of the Basotho breed, and the project had begun.
Over the next twenty-four years, daughter studs were established, a breed society was founded, and in 1976 the breed was affiliated with South African Studbook. As Arabian and Boerperd blood had been introduced to refine the Basotho pony, this new breed was named the Nooitgedachter.
Today, Nooitgedachters have much the same role as they played fifty years ago; they make excellent farm horses, herding cattle and sheep. Their hardiness and good hooves mean that they need very little maintenance. They are also popular as family horses because of their gentleness and size.
The Nooitgedachter is also a great show horse. Originally the breed's ideal height was around fourteen hands, with a limit of fifteen hands, but as the demand for show horses increased, the acceptable height was increased to sixteen hands. They have good temperaments for children, and compete in many disciplines including showing, dressage, Western riding, and showjumping, being especially popular for endurance. Still bred for temperament and hoof quality – Nooitgedachters are preferably never shod – the horses are each subject to an evaluation before they may enter the registry. Disposition and affinity with people is important and any horse with a poor temperament will be removed from the studbook.
Today's Nooitgedachter is a hardy little horse standing between 13.2 and 16hh. Predominantly grey or roan, chestnut and bay are also common, and black, dun and palomino permitted. This is an elegant horse with a refined straight or dished face; preference is given to a long, thick mane and tail. Most of all, the Nooitgedachter is reliable, levelheaded, and friendly.
Good show horses and good work horses as these are, the breed society takes care to emphasize the fact that owning a Nooitgedachter is all about the friendship between horse and rider. The proud stallion that God described centuries ago, pawing the ground and snorting, may at first glance bear greater resemblance to the medieval destrier than to the patient little pony that fought the Boer War. But the ancestor of today's elegant Nooitgedachter had its own share of courage. Like their riders, the African ponies had to do all their fighting in harsh conditions, with little or no stabling or concentrated feed. They ate the grass of the veld when they were hungry and turned their backs to the wind when it rained, and when they flung themselves into battle, they had to survive the gunshots of sin and folly cracking above their heads.
Something of that patient courage remains still in today's Nooitgedachter. And little as they are, light as they are, when a good Nooitgedachter flings himself at a big jump with his tail tossed high, you can almost hear God saying, "He is not affrighted."
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Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are multipotent, myelolymphoid stem cells which serve as a source of hematopoietic cells. During embryogenesis , the spleen sustains hematopoietic capacity and HSCs circulating in the embryo colonize the spleen.The fate of the HSC progeny in the fetal splenic environment is myeloid. Although there are differences in hematopoiesis between the fetal liver and fetal spleen, there are virtually no phenotypic, functional, or gene expression differences between the HSCs in these organs.
Hematopoietic stem cells migrate from the fetal liver to the spleen at E13. These cells do not expand significantly in the fetal spleen. These precursor cells are lineage-negative (Lin-), namely, they lack detectable surface markers specific to the T, B, macrophage, granulocytic, and erythroid lineages.
Multiple AncestorsSingle AncestorNo DescendantsDevelops fromPart of Parent
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Jaina Sources of the History of Ancient India
(100 BC – AD 900)
By Jyoti Prasad Jain
Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers
239 pages, 5 ¾” x 8 ¾”
The contribution of the Jaina sources to the making of the history of our great nation, during the epoch-making millennium of 100 BC to AD 900, is of vital importance. But it has only lacked proper research and application. This book presents a brief survey of the more important sources, particularly literary ones, and a discussion of certain fundamental problems such as the dates of the Mahavira and of the beginning of the Earlier Saka, Vikrama and Saka eras, as well as the dates of important Jaina authors and their works and thus clears much of the fog that masks Indian chronology, both political and cultural.
Return to Coronet Books main page
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In 2016, the Internet Society initiated a process to elicit opinions and perspectives from the global Internet community (e.g. Internet Society members and staff, Internet luminaries, policymakers, technologists, academics, business leaders, as well as Internet users around the globe) about the key forces of change (both emerging trends and key uncertainties) that they believed would drive the future evolution of the Internet. The analysis and consolidation of these opinions and perspectives form the core of the findings in the 2017 Internet Society Global Internet Report: Paths to Our Digital Future.
The process of gathering the community’s views on the future of the Internet comprised a number of elements:
- In-depth interviews of over 130 Internet experts and users
- Two global surveys that received over 2,000 responses from around the world and across all stakeholders
- Two regional surveys
- Ten Internet Society community roundtables
- A survey soliciting suggestions for recommendations as to future actions
In total, more than 3000 survey responses were received. Responses to the two global surveys came from 160 countries and 21 regions around the world. Individuals from approximately 94% of the Internet Society chapters participated in the surveys, and 69% of respondents self-identified as Internet Society members.
More than 130 experts from a diverse group of stakeholders, including governments, civil society, businesses, academia and the technical community were interviewed at length. The interviews solicited views on how the Internet had changed over the past five years and on the Internet trends and uncertainties for the next five to seven years. To encourage the most robust set of views on the future of the Internet, the questionnaire used the term "Internet" in its broadest sense, encompassing everything from its structure, governance and underlying technologies to access, usage, and connected devices. The interviews took up to an hour to complete.
The main section of questions asked respondents to describe the greatest forces of change, including predictable trends as well as key uncertainties, that they believed would affect the future of the Internet over the coming five to seven years. Respondents were asked to provide these forces of change in each of five categories: Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental and Political (STEEP). The last set of questions respondents were asked revolved around what they believed to be the most ideal scenario for the future of the Internet, the most pessimistic scenario for the future of the Internet as well as the greatest questions they still have around the future of the Internet.
Examples of questions included: “What trends (i.e., highly predictable forces of change) are you starting to see develop that will likely affect the future of the Internet over the coming five to seven years? How do you see these trends playing out?” And, “What are the greatest uncertainties (i.e., issues we know are important but are difficult to predict) that you could see impacting the future of the Internet? How could these unfold in different ways – and what impact would each have on the future of the Internet?”
The interviews were complemented by two global surveys over the course of several months in 2016, with the intent to gather qualitative and quantitative data from stakeholders, experts and Internet users around the world on the key forces of change driving the future of the Internet.
The first survey was comprised of open-ended questions in order to solicit input in parallel with the interviews and was used to identify the set of issues that our global community believes will drive change in the Internet in the future. From transformations of the Internet economy to the crippling effects of cyberattacks, 309 unique forces of change impacting the future of the Internet were identified. Through grouping of similar concepts and a screening based on impact and predictability of forces, Internet Society staff merged these 309 forces into a smaller subset of 37 uncertainties that formed the basis of Survey 2.
The second survey was targeted at gathering opinions on the likely direction (or inherent uncertainty) of these key forces of change identified in the first survey. These issues (or forces of change) were provided to survey respondents along with two sliding scales – one representing today, and one representing 2021. Respondents were asked to place a marker between two plausible extremes of how the issue could unfold, with the midpoint reflecting uncertainty. By comparing the placement of the market between the "Today" and "2021" sliders, we were able to gauge the direction of change.
The findings from the interviews and surveys were further consolidated into the six Drivers of Change and three Areas of Impact that guide this report.
The Internet Society organised over 10 roundtable discussions with our community from different regions to discuss in greater depth the initial findings. These included the following events/discussions:
- Internet Society Board of Trustees, 2016
- Internet Hall of Fame members (multiple video conferences)
- Internet Governance Forum 2016, Open Forum
- IETF Policy Makers Roundtable
- IETF 95 & IETF 98
- Internet Society all-staff meeting, 2016
- Internet Society Organisational Members Briefing, IETF 98
- RightsCon Brussels 2017 Chapter calls: Youth SIG, Africa (English & French), Latin America
- Chapter meeting, Oman
- Caribbean Chapter roundtable, ARIN 39
In order to ensure that there was greater depth of information from Asia-Pacific and Africa, we followed up with two surveys to supplement the regional input on the emerging security and trust divide, and artificial intelligence.
- Do you see a linkage between cybersecurity/cybercrime and peoples’ ability to access and use the Internet?
- To what degree will trust impact peoples’ ability to access and use the Internet? Will there be a difference between or within countries?
- What do you think the policy responses from governments to cyberattacks will be?
- How will government responses to cyberattacks impact the open Internet?
- How will governments respond to the increased use and deployment of Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things?
- What are the implications of the above for society?
In June 2017, the Internet Society issued a final survey to seek input on a set of recommendations to address the challenges and opportunities identified in the Drivers of Change and Areas of Impact. These served to complement and inspire recommendations developed by Internet Society staff.
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Puzzle Directions: Click on a puzzle piece and drag it where you want it. When you connect two pieces correctly, they will join together. This is an extra hard double-sided puzzle. The same map is printed on both sides the pieces. Some of the pieces are turned over to the wrong side. To flip a piece over, hold down the "T" key and click on the puzzle piece. Mix up the pieces again. View finished map in pop-up window.
Title: Amelia Island to St. Augustine Projection: Unknown Source Bounding Coordinates: W: -81.5 E: -81 N: 30.5 S: 30
Description: A US Coast and Geodetic Survey map of the east coast of Florida from Amelia Island to St. Augustine, 1933. This East Coast Survey chart shows all soundings expressed in feet. Navigational aids such as safety fairways, and visual markers such as lights, buoys, and beacons are shown as well as obstructions such as fixed bridges. Measure of magnetic variance and annual change included. Scale 1:80,000. Key to NOAA maps. Source: US Coast and Geodetic Survey, East Coast Survey (Washington, DC: US Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1933) Map Credit: Courtesy the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
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Dorion was called to the bar in 1927, and was the founding president of the Jeune Barreau de Québec in 1934. He was the crown attorney who prosecuted Wilbert Coffin in 1954. The Coffin Affair, as it became known, was a contributing factor in the decision to abolish the death penalty in Canada as it became a widespread belief that Coffin was wrongly convicted and executed.
Dorion entered politics in the 1945 federal election, running as an Independent in Quebec East, but was unsuccessful. Dorion finished in second place behind Louis St. Laurent, and was the unofficial Conservative standard-bearer as the riding had no official Tory candidate. He ran as an independent along with his brother Frédéric Dorion, an incumbent MP, due to his opposition to conscription in the Conscription Crisis of 1944.
Dorion was appointed to the Canadian Cabinet in 1960 as Secretary of State for Canada, and was reassigned to the position of President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada in 1961. He held this position until his defeat in the 1962 federal election. Dorion returned to his law practice, and remained an active lawyer until his death.
- Law Society of Quebec biographies (French)
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Craft projects to make using Plastic FlowersArtificial flowers are imitations of natural flowering plants used for commercial or residential decoration. They are sometimes made for scientific purposes. Materials used in their manufacture have included painted linen and shavings of stained horn in Egypt, gold and silver in ancient Rome, rice-paper in China, silkworm cocoons in Italy, colored feathers in South America, and wax and tinted s... From Wikipedia
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Tutorialtable centerpieces »
Fake Cake Teapot Bunny Tower Or How You Can Make Fake Whippet Cream With Your Glue
Tutorialflower hair clips »
How To Make Hair Accessories For Women Fresh Flowers Diy Jewelry Making
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Heel spurs are a common foot problem resulting from excess bone growth on the heel bone. The bone growth is usually located on the underside of the heel bone, extending forward to the toes. One explanation for this excess production of bone is a painful tearing of the plantar fascia connected between the toes and heel. This can result in either a heel spur or an inflammation of the plantar fascia, medically termed plantar fascitis. Because this condition is often correlated to a decrease in the arch of the foot, it is more prevalent after the age of six to eight years, when the arch is fully developed.
Causes of Heel Spur Syndrome are mostly due to your foot structure. Foot structure is due to hereditary for the most part, meaning it was the way you were when born. Other factors such as increase in weight, injury, improper shoes, or different activities may change the way your foot functions as well. If one leg is longer or shorter than the other, this may make your foot function improperly and be the cause of the heel spur syndrome. Improper shoes may be ones that are new or ones that are worn out and do not give good support. The higher priced shoes do not mean it's a better shoe. Pronation is a term used to describe a foot which allows the arch to fall more than normal and allows for the fascia along the bottom of the foot to put a tighter pull or a different angle of pull on the heel bone. Over time, this constant pull of the tight fascia can force the bone to enlarge and form a spur. It is not the heel spur that causes the pain directly. The spur may cause pressure against a nearby nerve causing a neuritis, or a bursa causing a bursitis.
The spur itself is not painful, however, if it is sharp and pointed it can poke into soft tissue surrounding the spur itself. As the bone spur irritates the tissue, inflammation and bruising can occur leading to heel pain. Heel spurs can affect your ability to do your usual work and/or activities, and can also trap and irritate the nerves in your heel area. They can change the way you walk, and can lead to knee, hip and low back injuries. If severe, they may require medical intervention.
A thorough history and physical exam is always necessary for the proper diagnosis of heel spurs and other foot conditions. X rays of the heel area are helpful, as excess bone production will be visible.
Non Surgical Treatment
If pain and other symptoms of inflammation-redness, swelling, heat-persist, you should limit normal daily activities and contact a doctor of podiatric medicine. The podiatric physician will examine the area and may perform diagnostic X-rays to rule out problems of the bone. Early treatment might involve oral or injectable anti-inflammatory medication, exercise and shoe recommendations, taping or strapping, or use of shoe inserts or orthotic devices. Taping or strapping supports the foot, placing stressed muscles and tendons in a physiologically restful state. Physical therapy may be used in conjunction with such treatments. A functional orthotic device may be prescribed for correcting biomechanical imbalance, controlling excessive pronation, and supporting of the ligaments and tendons attaching to the heel bone. It will effectively treat the majority of heel and arch pain without the need for surgery. Only a relatively few cases of heel pain require more advanced treatments or surgery. If surgery is necessary, it may involve the release of the plantar fascia, removal of a spur, removal of a bursa, or removal of a neuroma or other soft-tissue growth.
Surgery, which is a more radical treatment, can be a permanent correction to remove the spur itself. If your doctor believes that surgery is indicated, he will recommend an operation - but only after establishing that less drastic methods of treatment are not successful.
There are heel spur prevention methods available in order to prevent the formation of a heel spur. First, proper footwear is imperative. Old shoes or those that do not fit properly fail to absorb pressure and provide the necessary support. Shoes should provide ample cushioning through the heel and the ball of the foot, while also supporting the arch. Wearing an orthotic shoe insert is one of the best ways to stretch the plantar fascia and prevent conditions such as heel spurs. Stretching the foot and calf is also helpful in preventing damage. Athletes in particular should make sure to stretch prior to any physical activity. Stretching helps prevent heel spurs by making tissue stronger as well as more flexible. In addition, easing into a new or increasingly difficult routine should be done to help avoid strain on the heel and surrounding tissue.
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Teen pregnancy is on the rise, and the issue has even hit the top of the political ladder as a point of debate in the presidential campaign.
But the problem is not new. Seeing that teen pregnancy was increasing even in the late 1980s, the Lake County Health Department began trying to cope by rolling out education programs in areas where the teen pregnancy rate is high. Since then, the programs have been presented to smaller groups of youths and offered to them at an earlier age.
Here is the problem: Birth rates increased 21.6 percent among 15- to 17-year-olds from 1990 through 1994 among girls in the department's target areas of North Chicago, Round Lake Beach, Waukegan and Zion, where there is a high percentage of births to teens. (In the previous period, 1985-89, reporting was done differently, with the category ranging from 15- through 19-year-olds, but the rate still increased 16.2 percent. )
Considering that many of those young mothers will need public money for support, teen pregnancy is a problem of growing urgency for all states, including Illinois, which reports that it has 9,000 teen mothers 18 or younger who are receiving public aid.
Originally the health department tried to teach teen girls how to be effective mothers. Now there is increasing emphasis on teaching them and teen boys how not to become parents in the first place. Looking Ahead for girls and Smart Moves for boys are intended to teach young people how to develop positive convictions and to give them the strength to stand by them.
"Kids nowadays have more sexual partners than in the old days (such as the 1960s), and they start earlier," said Pat Garrity, a social worker with the health department, who explained that junior high students are at risk. "They have less regard for their bodies and what can happen to them. They have an inordinate amount of time alone (particularly in single-parent households where children are left unsupervised during work hours). Sex usually happens at home, either at the boyfriend's house or the girl's house."
Garrity explained that the prime defense against pregnancy for these youngsters is to instill in them a sense of self-worth, pride and hope for a future with definite goals.
The objective of Looking Ahead and Smart Moves--which reached about 750 students during the 1995-96 school year--is to provide tips to guide students through the time of transition from junior high to high school, discussing obstacles to success and promoting positive behavior that will help them achieve goals.
Smart Moves, for 8th-grade boys, began in 1987, when the health department started to focus on the boys' roles in family-life education.
Reggie Gaines, a Smart Moves group leader, said, "Some of the boys selected by teachers to participate may be considered high risk, but others might be leaders who can influence others. The group usually stays together for five basic sessions. . . . The boys take a pre-test to assess what they think they know about sex. It's sort of a `getting to know themselves' session. Discussion focuses on who they are and what the group is all about. They compare street talk or straight talk, or myths vs. fact.
"The first session is the hardest part because the kids are hesitant," Gaines explained. "Some think they're in trouble and that I'm a policeman or probation officer. We try to break the barriers."
Gaines takes the 8th graders to visit the high schools they will be attending. To help them feel more comfortable there, he introduces them to high school boys who will serve as mentors.
Before they leave the group, the boys take a post-test to see what they learned. "My goal is to educate them in a way they ordinarily wouldn't get from their regular classes or their family," Gaines said. "A lot of the boys are from one-parent homes, where there's no father figure. I want to make sure they get the correct information instead of what they might hear hanging out with their friends."
Once they get into high school, Smart Moves group leaders regularly meet with the freshman and sophomore boys who were involved in the program as 8th graders. "We serve as resource people and help them become aware of community resources," which include health and social service programs as well as academic tutoring, Gaines said.
When Rayhan Ahmed, a 9th grader at Waukegan High School in the '95-'96 school year, was in 8th grade, he wrote how Smart Moves helped him. "When I'm at home, I try to do something good, so when I go back to our Smart Moves class, I can tell Mr. Gaines about what positive thing I did, and then he'll tell you, `That was very good,' or, `Nice job.' And then he tells us, `Try not to get in trouble.' In that class, I can talk to him about anything. He will take it seriously when I'm talking about sex, gangs, family problems or other stuff. I feel, in that class, I can talk about whatever I want, and he'll help me out on that problem."
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Editorial: Sunshine benefits
Government is nothing if not records. In Florida, it starts with the state constitution.
The constitution establishes the three branches of state government — legislative, executive and judicial — and lays out their roles and restrictions.
Famously, in Florida, records are assumed to be open, although there are exceptions.
Consider in scant outline the passage of a law and the records such an action produces:
A state representative or, for this example, a state senator files a bill. The filing creates a record. The bill is typed in a format spelled out by Senate rules. The rules are a record on their own.
The bill is referred to committee, creating a record. Staff and other reports create more records. Amendments, votes on the amendments and votes on the bill must be recorded.
When the bill moves to the Senate floor, more amendments and votes create additional records.
Coordination with the House — more records.
The bill's passage creates a record to be sent to the governor. His signature creates yet another record.
Two branches of government have been involved so far. A challenge of the law in court could bring in the third branch, with the likelihood of many more records.
Indeed, without the records created during every step of passing the law, a person, company or organization would not be able to set in motion judicial checks and balances, as specified in the constitution.
One of the difficulties of protecting public records from exemptions that lock them away is legislators' assumptions that efforts to keep records open primarily benefit news organizations, says Barbara Petersen, president of the Tallahassee-based First Amendment Foundation, which is recognized as the non-governmental expert and champion of open government in Florida.
“When I'm up talking to legislators or when I'm talking to groups of people, everybody always says, ‘Well, this is a media issue,' ” Peterson said. “It's very hard to dissuade them of that notion, despite statistics that show, for example, that corporations and small businesses make more public records requests than do citizens and the media combined.”
Thus, the need for openness applies to all.
To demonstrate and explain the broad need by Floridians for open government, Petersen and the foundation plan a Sunshine Symposium on March 16 at St. Petersburg College.
This important-and-fundamental effort will focus on four principles for state government to embrace on behalf of Florida residents:
* The right to speak at public meetings.
* Enforcement. “There is no agency tasked with enforcing the constitutional right of access to meetings and records,” Petersen said.
* Reasonable fees. “When I was on the Governor's Commission on Open Government Reform, we had a woman testify that she had the choice of either paying her mortgage or paying for the public records she had requested,” Petersen said. “We shouldn't have to be making those choices.”
* Transparency: a view into finances of the state government. In short, “access to the state checkbook,” Petersen said, so the public can see how state money is being spent.
In a government of the people, by the people and for the people, the proceedings and records of the government belong to the people. This, Florida's government should make certain.
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useful and harmful substances
Harmful substances in the environment are called?
What are some examples of useful and harmful effects of mixture and substances on health and environment? Mixtures and substances such as pesticide runoff can pollutestreams and water. These same substance help crops be moreproductive, but they also pose serious health problems.
10 Harmful Chemicals to Avoid - Parents
· Many chemicals today are known or suspected to be links to cancer, early puberty, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obesity, autism, and other serious health issues.
Useful and harmful drugs, article by moiz21
This article is about useful and harmful drugsDrugs are substances that can change the way the body behaves when they are taken into the body.For example,coffee and tea contain the drug caffeine.c.... Read the article free on Booksie.
Poisons & Harmful Substances | East Side Fire Department
Poisons & Harmful Substances; Harmful Substances. Each year thousands of people become injured or ill due to the effects of an unintentional harmful substance exposure. This ... Harmful substances are defined as chemicals, products and plants that threaten the safety of …
Useful And Harmful Materials PPT | Xpowerpoint
Chapter One: Harmful and useful chemicals in the environment PPT. Presentation Summary : Chapter One: Harmful and useful chemicals in the environment. ... dissolved and undissolved materials from kitchen, ... Harmful and useful chemicals in the.
Useful And Harmful Materials - Printable Worksheets
Useful And Harmful Materials. Showing top 8 worksheets in the category - Useful And Harmful Materials. Some of the worksheets displayed are Lesson the hazards of common chemicals grade 2, Medicines and drugs whats helpful whats harmful, X insects harmful or helpful, The properties of materials and their everyday uses, Chemical and hazardous materials safety, …
pesticides: useful and harmful effects | HubPages
A pesticide is a substance or combination of different substance whose sole purpose is to prevent, destroy or control the pests.The term pesticide, in broad terms, can also include herbicides (inhibits the growth and reproduction of some harmful plants), insecticides( prevent growth of insects) and fungicides (inhibits the growth of mildews, yeasts, and molds).
What is Bleach? And Why is it Dangerous? - Sustainable ...
Although bleach comes from a natural source, the process it undergoes radically changes the substance into something far more harmful to humans and the environment, as I'll show below. It's not what we're looking for in a sustainable conversation.
Toxic Chemicals in Products — Workgroup for Safe Markets
Hazardous hundred chemicals The Hazardous 100 + List of Chemicals of High Concern is a small subset of hazardous chemicals linked to known health problems. Unfortunately, consumers cannot simply shop our way around these chemicals.
What harmful substances are in alcohol ers.com
Alcohol is a very useful chemical, used in many processes. ... Alcohol is not a harmful substance unless it is abused. When consumed in moderation it is associated with better health and greater longevity than abstaining from alcohol. Share to: Answered. In Tobacco and Tobacco Products.
What are 5 harmful substances
What are the harmful substances in cigarette smoke and why? Nicotine is one, and it is the one that causes addiction. The other is carbon monoxide which binds 40 …
Canned Foods Not Containing Harmful Substances - …
It is well known that canned food does not belong to the category of useful products, because they contain a lot of preservatives and other harmful substances that have a negative impact not only on the work of the stomach and intestines but also on other organs.
products: HELPFUL AND HARMFUL
Most chemicals are safe to use and are environmentally friendly, when used according to the directions on the package. However, some have a harmful cumulative effect on the environment when they are over-used or
What is the difference between useful and harmful drugs?
What is a drug and what are harmful and useful drugs? A drug is any substance that, when absorbed into the body, changes normal or abnormal bodily function. Drugs like Advil, Tylenol, or even prescription medications can be harm … ful or helpful.
Harmful drug use :: SA Health
Harmful drug use Many substances or drugs have intoxicating effects that lead to them being misused and causing harmful effects. Some substances are sold or manufactured illegally while some are produced legally, but used for unintended purposes.
Medicines and Drugs: What's Helpful, What's Harmful - …
This module focuses on drugs—powerful substances that can . change both the way the brain functions and how the brain communicates with the body. ... Other drugs may have a harmful effect on the body. The purpose of today's activity is for students to begin to understand how different drugs can affect the body. Learning Objectives
Examples of harmful substances ers.com
A substance can any material, solution, or mixture, such as water, salt, glue, or gunpowder. A pure substance is one that contains the same element or compound throughout … . Salt is a pure substance, but when added to water, it becomes a mixture.
CfE (Early) Medicines and Harmful Substances PowerPoint
Use this handy PowerPoint to discuss medicines and harmful substances with your Early Level pupils. ... (Early) Medicines and Harmful Substances PowerPoint (3 member reviews) Classic Collection Click for more information. ... Useful for teaching medicines and drugs as a PSCHE resource. pcgray, Apr 29th 2018
Substance Use During Pregnancy - UCSF Medical Center
Substance Use During Pregnancy. Tobacco, alcohol and drugs can have harmful effects on anyone's health. When a pregnant or nursing woman uses these substances, her baby also is exposed to them, for all substances cross the placenta through the umbilical cord and enter into the baby's bloodstream.
Top 10 List of Harmful Chemical Reactions | Healthfully
Chemistry can be very amusing, but when combining different elements, it is very important to be cautious and know what will happen. This is because some reactants can be very dangerous chemicals released into the air, while other reactions are exothermic and will begin to heat up to very high temperatures.
Harmful substances - Health and Safety Executive
Harmful substances . Many materials or substances used or created at work could harm your health. These substances could be dusts, gases or fumes that you breathe in, or liquids, gels or powders that come into contact with your eyes or skin.
Harmful dictionary definition | harmful defined
harmful definition: The definition of harmful is something that causes damage or is able to be hurtful. (adjective) A chemical that causes you to become sick is an example of a chemical that would be described as harmful....
Why (Most) Sunscreen is Harmful | Wellness Mama
Why (Most) Sunscreen is Harmful Katie Wells 62 Comments Updated: August 20, 2018 This post contains affiliate links Years ago, I shared my homemade sunscreen recipe and explained why I avoid most conventional sunscreens.
Medicines and Drugs: What's Helpful, What's Harmful ...
This module focuses on drugs - powerful substances that can change both the way the brain functions and how the brain communicates with the body. Some drugs are helpful when used properly: they fall into the category of medicines.
SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE - Pregnancy Birth and Parenting
SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE. Australia is a drug using society. ... The placenta does not filter out the many harmful substances in tobacco smoke. Smoking in pregnancy also reduces blood flow through the placenta, which can reduce the amount of oxygen and nutrients the baby receives.
Useful And Harmful Substances
2 HARMFUL SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS GUIDE Introduction To ensure the appropriate use of chemical substances and products, and to restrict and avoid the use of hazardous substances is an integral part of Rio 2016™'s business
A-Z of harmful chemicals | Breast Cancer UK
A-Z of harmful chemicals Aluminium. Aluminium chloride and aluminium chlorohydrate are EDCs and limited scientific evidence may suggest aluminium in antiperspirants may be associated with increased breast cancer risk (3).
List of Hazardous Materials and Disposal Contacts ...
The following is a list of hazardous materials, or items that may contain hazardous materials. Many of these are considered hazardous waste, and in most cases, may not be disposed of …
Harmful Synonyms, Harmful Antonyms | Thesaurus.com
Usually we think of explosions as harmful, and they often are, of course. It seemed innocent enough, but all action is bound to be harmful. It was all outrageously illegal, and sentimental, and harmful to the sanctity of the law.
Harmful Substances - Scribd
Disasters and conflicts Harmful substances and hazardous waste . evaluating and reporting on the progress of their programmes on harmful substances and hazardous waste. promoting best practice and increasing public access to information on …
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A register is a fast access location on a CPU that can be used to store application code. Many register models are shared between multiple microcontrollers in a PC or other device, while others are dedicated to individual tasks. Some register models are write-once/write-many, meaning that they are written once and never read again, while others are read only and may be written again, but only if the instruction pointer is not invalidated. A register can store a wide variety of instructions, with each group of instructions designated by a particular register number.
A register performs different functions depending on what it is used for. When an instruction is executed, the execution is performed through the execution unit. This unit is located inside the processing unit or ROM and is divided into two different sections. The first section contains temporary execution and control codes that are used during booting up and startup operations, whereas the second section contains permanent instructions that control all other processing units, including the memory management unit (MMU), interrupt handler, stack pointer, exception handlers, and so on. A register can also hold instructions for branch instructions and for any number of other instructions.
A register performs a variety of different functions that must be implemented correctly in order to run a program correctly. Instructions that set the execution state of the processor, or control unit, will first appear in the RAM of the processing unit. If this instruction is not executed, the processor will continue to search for a matching location in the ROM. Once the matching instruction is found, it will be executed, and will continue in the same manner as instructions stored in the RAM.
An instruction pointer is a virtual register that stores a specific value or piece of information. In the case of an instruction, this will be either a constant or a variable. Another type of register is the temporary register. This holds only non-volatile information that the processor will not need at the time it is accessed. The register may hold instructions for the hardware as well as the software. The register may be volatile or nonvolatile.
The processor registers consist of four types: dynamic, fixed, register-align, and memory. The dynamic register allows a processor to change the contents of the instruction set at any time. The fixed register-align register ensures that the contents of the instruction set are consistent throughout the execution of the program. The memory register is used primarily for temporary purposes; however, it also maintains a copy of the contents of the previous instructions. The instruction set is maintained in the main memory, which is referred to as the main memory bus.
An instruction decoder is part of the microprocessor instruction register. It decodes an instruction and converts it into binary form. Instructions may come from one of the five different memory accesses, such as I/O, Ptr, Stack, Routine, or Vector. A processor register may be accessed by utilizing a shift register, an index register, an accumulator, or a rotate instruction. A control register determines the execution of instructions. An interrupt service routine is provided to handle events where a machine stalls.
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Conservation status of species of European interest in lake and river ecosystems
- Some 13 % of the conservation status assessments of lake and river-related species are favourable.
- Sixty-six per cent of the assessments are unfavourable, of which 31 % are unfavourable-bad.
- Some 21 % of the assessments are unknown.
- The Pannonian and Boreal regions have the highest percentage of favourable assessments.
Geographical coverage: EU except Bulgaria and Romania; number of assessments in brackets.
For references, please go to www.eea.europa.eu/soer or scan the QR code.
This briefing is part of the EEA's report The European Environment - State and Outlook 2015. The EEA is an official agency of the EU, tasked with providing information on Europe’s environment.
PDF generated on 27 Nov 2015, 09:20 PM
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Emilia Bernal de Agüero was born in Cuba, and lived in Ecuador, Perú, Bolivia, Chile, and New York. She was married young and had four children before 1908. She taught college literature. In 1909 she separated from her husband, and began publishing in 1910. After her divorce, she joined the Cuban diplomatic staff. She was known as a rebel, non-conformist, and political writer (Vega Ceballos). She wrote for La Nación, Bohemia, Social, and El Fígaro (Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes).
The Mallorcan writer Llorenç Villalonga, author of Silvia Ocampo (1935), wrote the novel Fedre and the first part of Madame Dillon based on his relationship with Bernal (Pomar).
Henríquez Ureña mentions Bernal as a modernist and follower of Martí in his history of modernismo. Emilia Bernal translated from Catalan, Portuguese, and other languages into Spanish; her translation work includes a book of poems by Rosalia del Castro.
Her publications include: Alma Errante, poems (1916); Cómo los pájaros! poems and translations (1923); Layka Froyka, autobiography (1925); Los nuevos motivos, 1925; Exaltación (1934); Poetas catalanes de hoy, translations (1927); Cuestiones cubanas para América, political essays, (1928); and Negro (1938).
Though her work is often spoken of as personal, modernista, or lyrical, Bernal was engaged in politics for much of her life and read a series of lectures in Spain, Portugal, and elsewhere on Cuban and United States politics (Davies 22). Along with many other feminists such as María Luisa Milanés, she allied herself with anti-racist movements and described herself as a sister-in-arms of enslaved people–going so far as to declare that all women were slaves because of the lack of female suffrage and other factors (Davies 57).
Anderson-Imbert said of her: “Tender, ardent, intuitive, was capable of denying these qualities in herself in order to complicate sounds which brought her close to a poetry which, under the heading ‘abnormality’ will be studied in the second part of this panorama. Those who remain, then, are Cubans of the ‘abnormality’ – Mariano Brull, Navarro Luna, and others . . .” (337). What Anderson-Imbert calls “the abnormality” is the “vanguardist subversion” against modernismo.
Bernal is noticably absent from many biographical dictionaries of Latin American writers.
“Pedrería” plays with modernista color symbolism; the gems represent ideals of perfect beauty. Rather than setting a scene of fantasy to which the soul of the poet is transported, or a situation of transmutation to a plane of ideals, Bernal engages sensually and physically with the perfect beauty of the gems. “A una rosa” (1916) is a poem in sexta rima with a scandalous subtext: the rose and its stalk are limp and drooping, while the poet wishes and imagines that her efforts will make it stand erect again. “Hierro” is from the México chapter of Bernal’s 1937 book América. There is an earlier version of the poem from 1925, but I have not yet found it. In “Hierro,” Bernal ventures into the realm of free verse and presents a vision of industrialization, and Mexico, as boldly but perturbingly masculine.
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Diabetes is a prevalent concern in today’s society, as more and more people either have it or are at high risk of developing it. In order to keep up your own health and be good support for anyone you know who might be diabetic, it is helpful to know a few things about diabetes. Read on for some insights into managing this condition.
It is tough to be told that your child has diabetes, but there is so much you can do to make it easier for them. So many people have diabetes nowadays that modern treatment has the capacity to let your kid live as many years as the rest of us. The current oldest living diabetic is 90 years of age! This means that he was living in a time when all the current medical knowledge we now have wasn’t available!
Keep track of all the medicines you are taking for your Diabetes and any other condition you have in case you ever need to know. You should carry with you information on their names, dosages, and how often you are taking them in case something happens to you when you’re out, or a doctor you’re visiting requests that information.
If you absolutely must indulge in something sweet, have a glass of decaffeinated coffee with it. This will help lower the spike in blood sugar you get after eating, potentially stopping the need for you to inject more insulin. It must be decaf, though, as caffeine can have other, unwanted side effects.
If you live close to the Canadian border and drive, consider going to Canada to pick up your Diabetes prescriptions. The Canadian government regulates the sale of prescriptions so that they can’t have huge fees added to their cost. Often you can get the exact same medications for a huge discount, and they’re safe to take as they’re under the same or even stricter health regulations.
Find out what your blood glucose target levels should be and ensure that you’re meeting them. Diabetes control means knowing what you’re up against, so keep a journal with your goal numbers listed so you can easily see how well you’re doing every day. Once you have your blood glucose under control you’ll feel immensely healthier!
Make sure to regularly check your blood sugar and write it in a log if you are diabetic. It is important that you do this because your blood sugar may be fine and a few hours later it could be dangerously high. Blood sugar that is consistently high raises your risk of heart disease and stroke.
If you are the parent of a child who is experiencing symptoms of diabetes, it is important that you bring them to a doctor immediately. Getting a child treated for diabetes at an early age can prevent them from getting serious health complications. Signs of diabetes in children include excessive thirst, wetting themselves frequently, and frequent respiratory infections.
As was stated earlier in the article, diabetes happens a lot these days. If you are currently suffering from it or you are concerned that you could develop it, keep these tips and tricks in mind. With the advice in this article, you can manage your condition or risk in a way that minimally impacts your life.
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The tests include observing the physical and emotional changes of your body, birthdate calculation methods, superstitious methods, ancient wisdom methods, and much more.
Select Baby Gender Other than family planning, selecting baby gender could be essential for preventing sex-related illnesses and disorders. The fact is that the same gender chart can be used as a baby gender selction machine.
You pick a gender, and the machine will show you what is the best time to get pregnant. The method is simple. If two or three faces are boys, the baby will inherit a masculine appearance. On the contrary, if two or three faces are girls, that baby will have a feminine appearance. Of course, If all three faces are boys the baby will be very masculine, and if all three faces are girls the baby will be very feminine.
May 5, Date of Conception: As you can see from the chart at the age 26, two out of the three baby faces 1st, 5th and 9th month are girls. As a result the baby boy will look a bit feminine. January 1, Date of Conception: As you can see from the chart at the age 33, three out of the three baby faces 1st, 5th and 9th month are girls.
The baby girl should look very feminine. The Origin It is said that this Chinese gender prediction chart has a history of over three hundred years. It was kept in custody by dedicated eunuchs in the Qing palace and was not showcased to others. This chart is derived from I Ching and time projections, and exclusively created and proven effective for the imperial family to pray in getting baby boys.
This chart was brought to England, in which the King had it translated and treasured it so much that it was not seen easily by others. Later, the chart made its way to Austria to the hands of a professor. After which it was only when a Chinese scholar visited the professor and studied the chart in detail, he finally brought this chart back to its homeland.
The fact is that there is only one gender chart, which was invented in the Qing dynasty. It is used for both gender prediction and selection. However, there were numerous research studies 1 finding that the female ovum membrane produces different electrical charges that can attract either the X or Y sperm.
If it is the case, then it is true that the female chooses the gender of the baby and the male only determines the gender of the baby after conception. Reference Studies such as Papa, F.
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The feeling of belonging to a gender, masculine or feminine, has different meanings: first, a biological meaning that refers to primary and secondary sexual characteristics; second, a sociological meaning that has to do with the real and symbolic roles that society attributes to men and women; and finally, a psychological meaning that considers the ensemble of traits belonging to either gender.
As early as 1897, in his correspondence with Wilhelm Fliess, Sigmund Freud showed interest in the masculine/feminine dichotomy from two different, complementary perspectives: that of bisexuality and that of psychosexual development. He continued his study in "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality" (1905d), and then further refined his thinking in an article, "Feminine Sexuality" (1931b) and in lecture 33, "Femininity," in his "New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis" (1933a ).
Freud upheld the notion of a bisexuality that involves, in every human being, a more or less harmonious and more or less accepted synthesis of masculine and feminine traits. In developing his hypotheses, he was unable to relinquish the idea of biological bisexuality, even though he attributed a dominant role to the interplay of oedipal and preoedipal identifications.
In Freud's view, the opposition between masculinity and femininity is preceded by other pairs of opposites—active/passive, phallic/castrated—that pave the way for it. Furthermore, in his view femininity does not appear until after the reorganization of the psyche that occurs at puberty. This conception of masculinity and femininity comes from the fact that Freud based his theory of sexuality on the prevalence of the phallus for both sexes. The opposition between masculinity and femininity thus tends to become blurred, since both sexes are united in the same repudiation of a femininity that is equated with being deprived of the penis. Only masculinity is identifiable; femininity can only be understood in terms of the negative. Its development remains vulnerable to disturbances resulting from the after-effects of the earlier masculine period—that is, the regressions and fixations of the preoedipal stage. Freud thus envisioned the masculine/feminine dichotomy as an alternation of periods in which one or the other of the elements has the upper hand, including the libido, which pursues masculine or feminine aims in sexual life.
Freud himself acknowledged that he was not entirely at ease in his approach to the questions of feminine sexuality and bisexuality. He has often been criticized in this area, notably with regard to his equation of femininity with passivity. Currently, psychoanalytical studies of gender identity and early parent-child interactions have made possible a better understanding of the relationships between masculinity and femininity and their origins.
Masculinity and femininity are rooted in the intimacy of the earliest interactive bonds between parents and the child. The processes of "psychobisexualization," a term introduced by Christian David, are established very early on, based on the child's instinctual oppositions, which are modulated by the adaptive capacities of the mother and father. Each parent presents to the child his or her own opposition between masculine and feminine, in a manner that differs according to the baby's sex. This abundance of interactive material further informs the oppositions already active within the infant (presence/absence, active/passive, phallic/castrated, good/bad), paving the way for the masculine/feminine opposition, which only appears, as such, in the oedipal stage.
Other authors have considered the question from the more archaic perspective of psychic envelopes, which also contain a dichotomy capable of grounding the opposition between masculine and feminine.
In any case, it is the baby that solicits the parents in one register or another, and not necessarily the father in his masculine aspects or the mother in her feminine aspects. The father and the mother, through regressive identifications, enter into communication with the child, incorporating varying amounts of their own masculine and feminine components. The child discovers the difference between the sexes within these interrelationships and internalizes, in variable proportions, the ensemble of both masculine and feminine components, to establish the basic framework of his or her own psychic bisexuality.
Masculinity and femininity are situated at the crossroads of, on the one hand, interactions in the here and now, and on the other, maternal and paternal transgenerational filiations.
See also: Activity/passivity; Castration complex; "Claims of Psycho-Analysis to Scientific Interest"; Conflict; Dark continent; Female sexuality; Feminine masochism; Femininity; Femininity, rejection of; Feminism and psychoanalysis; Gender identity; Homosexuality; "New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis"; Penis envy; Perversion; Phallic stage; Phallic woman; Psychology of Women, The. A Psychoanalytic Interpretation ; Real, Symbolic, and Imaginary father; "Some Psychical Consequences of the Anatomical Difference between the Sexes"; Termination of treatment.
Chiland, Colette. (1999). Le sexe mène le monde. Paris: Calmann-Lévy.
David, Christian. (1975). La bisexualité psychique, élément d'une réévaluation. Revue française de psychanalyse, 39 (5-6), 713-856.
Freud, Sigmund. (1931b). Feminine sexuality. SE, 21: 221-243.
——. (1933a ). New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. SE, 22: 1-182.
——. (1950a [1887-1902]). Extracts from the Fliess papers. SE, 1: 173-280.
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The debt ceiling—the maximum amount the federal government can borrow—is an anachronistic relic from World War I. Enacted by Congress in 1917, it allowed President Wilson to fight the war without waiting for lawmakers to return to Washington and vote to increase spending. Not wanting to give the president a blank check, Congress limited borrowing to $11.5 billion.
Including its recent suspension in June, the debt ceiling has been raised 79 times since 1960—thirty times with a Democrat in the White House and 49 times with a Republican. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that Republicans are responsible for the majority of additional government debt since 2000, courtesy of large tax cuts enacted under Presidents George W. Bush and Donald Trump. In both cases, we were told that the tax cuts would pay for themselves. Instead, the government had to borrow money from the rich in order to pay for tax cuts to the rich.
The U.S. government reached its credit limit, $31.4 trillion, on January 19. No longer able to borrow money, the Treasury employed “emergency measures” to conserve cash, such as not paying into the retirement accounts of government employees, with the understanding that the government will make these payments once the debt ceiling is raised. Because past legislation required the government to spend more money than its tax receipts, and because it couldn’t borrow any more money, the United States faced the possibility of defaulting on its obligations.
Things could have gone terribly wrong while the government sought to raise the debt ceiling before its cash was spent. The United States could have gone into default due to a delay or miscalculation, leading to an economic calamity. Or its credit rating could have been reduced, raising government borrowing costs as well as interest rates faced by business firms and consumers.
Facing a similar situation in 2011, the government came very close to defaulting on its debt. President Obama eventually agreed to significant cuts in government programs to get Republican votes for raising the debt ceiling. Still, Standard & Poor’s lowered the government’s credit rating anyway, fearing a possible future default. None of this happened in 2023.
On April 26, House Republicans passed a party-line bill to increase the debt ceiling and cut government spending over the next decade by freezing discretionary domestic expenditures at 2022 levels. There were no tax hikes. This bill would not have reduced total U.S. debt by one cent; however, debt would have grown by $480 billion less each year over the next 10 years.
Democrats were rightly concerned that such spending cuts were too much for a fragile economy to absorb and that negotiating with Republicans over the debt ceiling would encourage future hostage-taking behavior. They were also concerned about the impact of a spending freeze on ordinary people. Due to inflation and a growing population, benefits per person for social programs would have declined sharply. To avoid such problems, many economists favored various gimmicks, such as minting a $1 trillion platinum coin and using this money to pay government bills.
While better than a default, this would have been worse than a reasonable compromise. The coin (and other gimmicks) surely would have been challenged in the courts. It is unclear how this Supreme Court would rule, especially after its Dobbs decision on abortion in 2022. Minting and selling of platinum coins was intended for commemorative coins—not to pay for regular government expenditures. An adverse court ruling would mean an immediate default, and minting a platinum coin to avoid a default would likely have led to an immediate downgrade of the U.S. credit rating.
The outcome was actually much better than a reasonable compromise. President Biden proved to be a calm and effective leader. He made clear the contrast between himself and his likely opponent in 2024, Donald Trump. And two indicators point to a big Biden win. First, Republicans were angry about the agreement; Democrats were also unhappy they had to give up a few things to prevent a government default. Second, in the House, 76 Republicans but only 46 Democrats voted against the measure. The Senate voted 63–36 in favor, with 44 Democrats, two independents who caucus with the Democrats, and 17 Republicans voting “yes.”
The deal was an economic win for the president, who gave up very little, in addition to a political win. Stringent work requirement were not put on safety net programs, as Republicans had demanded. In fact, the Congressional Budget Office estimated the bill would increase the number of Americans receiving SNAP or food stamp benefits by 78,000. The CBO also estimated that government spending would fall $150 billion per year (compared to $480 billion in the April House bill). Even this figure is too high. Given several side deals, the actual figure will be below $100 billion per year for just two years. And if Democrats control both the White House and Congress starting in 2025, spending for fiscal year 2025 can be restored.
Finally, Democrats would have had to make further concessions when negotiating F.Y. 2024 (which starts October 1) and F.Y. 2025 budgets with House Republicans. Cutting government spending by less than $100 billion in 2024 and 2025 (around 1 percent of total federal government spending) in exchange for avoiding a default on government obligations seems a very good deal.
Still, the bill was not a total success. Its worst provision was reinstating the debt ceiling on January 2, 2025. This will require a lame duck Congress to deal with the debt ceiling following the 2024 election, with Democrats in control of the Senate and Republicans controlling the House. And, as in 2000 and 2020, the final results of the 2024 election might not be known until mid-December or later. This would make a debt ceiling agreement difficult to achieve before the new default date.
For these reasons, we need at minimum to change the date for reinstating the debt ceiling. Even better, Congress should abolish it.
The main roadblock to abolishing the debt ceiling comes from Republicans, who see it as a political mechanism to force sharp cuts in government spending when a Democrat occupies the White House. Having one party threaten economic chaos unless its demands are met is no way to run a nation. This is why Denmark is the only other advanced nation with a debt ceiling, and its ceiling is set so high there is little chance it will reach its borrowing capacity anytime soon.
Furthermore, a debt ceiling is not necessary to restrain excessive government spending and borrowing. Today government borrowing is limited by the bond market, or the public’s willingness to lend money. Concerns about the safety of lending money to the government (due to high debt levels) will result in a lower credit rating and higher borrowing rates. Republican politicians don’t know more than bond markets know about whether the government is borrowing too much money.
Congress approved the tax and spending bills requiring today’s debt. It shouldn’t have to vote again on whether to spend the money. Nor should a minority of Republican extremists be able to derail the U.S. economy over a debt ceiling vote. Unlike in 1917, it is possible to get to Washington quickly today when votes are needed. In emergencies, Congress can vote online, as it did during the Covid pandemic. A debt ceiling is not necessary. Having one presents a constant danger to the U.S. economy. It should be killed ASAP.
Steven Pressman is part-time professor of economics at the New School for Social Research, professor emeritus of economics and finance at Monmouth University, and author of Fifty Major Economists, 3rd edition (Routledge, 2013).
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Israeli holocaust against Lebanon compared to "Moses' war against the Midianites"
Rabbi says Israeli warfare will "will bring redemption to the world at large"
Study-and-Warfare Project Seeks Soldiers
by Hillel Fendel
The study-and-sword partnership has gained momentum, but organizers are concerned that many soldiers have not yet signed up for a study partner to pray and study in their merit. Project "Safra VeSayfa" - literally, book and sword, or study and warfare - was formed for the express purpose of linking individual yeshiva students with specific IDF soldiers. The student "adopts" the soldier by studying Torah in his name and praying for his safety. Rabbi Simcha HaCohen Kook, the Chief Rabbi of Rechovot, as well as the Bostoner Rebbe, Rabbi Levi Yitzchok Horowitz of Har Nof, Jerusalem, have seconded the call for such partnerships.
Rabbi Kook contacted the National Council of Young Israel on this matter, explaining the seriousness and gravity of the situation. He noted the Medrashic teaching that in Moses' war against the Midianites, Moses drafted 1,000 pairs from each tribe. Of each pair, one fought in the war - and one prayed specifically for him. The Torah later teaches that the Israelites did not suffer any losses.
"By connecting the soldier to Torah study and prayer," says Maayan Ohr of Tekoa, founder of Safra VeSayfa, "the yeshiva student lends strength to the soldier on the battlefield, who then transforms this force into defending and saving our homeland." In addition, she says, "We hope to increase the sense of mutual responsibility, build a deeper connection and encourage a spirit of cooperation within our people. Unifying their strengths will bring redemption to the world at large."
For more information on the program, including how it started as a graphics project for a teacher who originally requested "nothing to do with politics or religion," click here.
Maayan says that in light of many requests from Jews around the world to pray for soldiers, it is vital to spread word of the program as far and wide as possible so that more soldiers can sign up. She also emphasizes the importance of signing up Jews from all around the world, "as the time differences will allow people to study and pray on the soldiers' behalf even while here in Israel many are sleeping." Soldiers and students who wish to participate are asked to sign up by email, at "firstname.lastname@example.org".
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Ten years ago this week, the U.S. Senate debated whether to open a small section of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil and natural gas production. Under the terms of the ANWR amendment, a maximum of 2,000 acres in the nonwilderness portion of the refuge (less than 0.01% of the whole) would have been opened to surface development. But the amendment was defeated, and we are paying the price today.
Because oil might take up to 10 years to reach market, we were told that the nonwilderness portion of ANWR could not be part of the solution to our energy challenges. Nearly every senator who spoke against the amendment in 2002 listed this as a factor in his or her decision.
Now, 10 years later, it is plain to see that the argument was not just wrong, but backward. Instead of being a reason to oppose development in ANWR, the time it takes to develop the resource should be treated as a reason to approve it as quickly as possible.
Consider what would be different today had the Senate agreed to open those 2,000 acres a decade ago. If production were coming online right now as expected, it would be providing our nation with a number of much-needed benefits—including a lot more oil.
Oil prices would be restrained, if not reduced, as Alaskan crude made up for both actual and threatened losses around the world. Billions of dollars in new revenues would be generated for the U.S. Treasury, reducing the deficit and providing us with a means to invest in new energy technologies.
Oil imports would be reduced, keeping dollars within our economy to promote growth here at home. Thousands of ANWR-related, well-paying new jobs would be created at zero cost to taxpayers. And a looming national catastrophe—the shutdown for economic reasons of the increasingly empty trans-Alaska pipeline—would be averted.
It's a shame that we are forced to forgo these benefits at a time when all are desperately needed. But this is not just a missed opportunity; it's a cautionary tale.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Drought and ecosystem carbon cycling|
|Authors:||VAN DER MOLEN Michiel K.; DOLMAN A. J.; CIAIS P.; EGLIN T.; GOBRON Nadine; LAW Beverly; MEIR P.; PETERS W.; PHILLIPS O.l.; REICHSTEIN Markus; CHEN T.; DEKKER S.c.; DOUBKOVÁ M.; FRIEDL Mark A.; JUNG Martin; VAN DEN HURK B.j.j.m.; DE JEU R.a.m.; KRUIJT B.; OHTA T.; REBEL K.t.; PLUMMER Stephen; SENEVIRATNE Sonia I.; SITCH S.; TEULING A.j.; VAN DER WERF Guido R.; WANG G.|
|Citation:||AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY vol. 151 no. 7 p. 765-773|
|Publisher:||ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV|
|Type:||Articles in periodicals and books|
|Abstract:||Drought as an intermittent disturbance of the water cycle interacts with the carbon cycle differently than the ‘gradual’ climate change. During drought plants respond physiologically and structurally to prevent excessive water loss according to species-specific water use strategies. This has consequences for carbon uptake by photosynthesis and release by total ecosystem respiration. After a drought the disturbances in the reservoirs of moisture, organic matter and nutrients in the soil and carbohydrates in plants lead to longer-term effects in plant carbon cycling, and potentially mortality. Direct and carry-over effects, mortality and consequently species competition in response to drought are strongly related to the survival strategies of species. Here we review the state of the art of the understanding of the relation between soil moisture drought and the interactions with the carbon cycle of the terrestrial ecosystems. We argue that plant strategies must be given an adequate role in global vegetation models if the effects of drought on the carbon cycle are to be described in a way that justifies the interacting processes.|
|JRC Institute:||Sustainable Resources|
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While racism continues to be a persistent and pervasive issue in our schools nationwide, the professionals charged with creating safe and nurturing educational environments have few resources available to address racism directly. Racialized Schools is on the leading edge of books that do just that and includes the latest research and praxis to help school personnel confront racism in a professional manner. A national qualitative survey of students, school counselors, teachers, and administrators sets the stage by providing readers with a 360-degree picture of today's schools and the many ways racism creeps into the lives of our students. The authors present a number of different models and perspectives on understanding and addressing racism, beginning with their own personal and professional experiences. Significant attention is also given to empowering school personnel and students to become racially aware, sensitive, and competent to address racism and racial conflicts in schools. Racialized Schools is not only a comprehensive look at racism within our schools; it is also a practical tool for use by teachers, school counselors, administrators, etc., for implementing preventative measures to combat racism directly.
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Italian Americans Italian: Italian Americans are the fourth largest self-identified ethnic group of European Americans behind German AmericansIrish Americans and English Americansthough realistically the italian man in america Americans of British and Germanic ancestries that do not identify their ancestry are likely much higher in number.
Further immigration was greatly limited by several laws Congress passed in the s. In the United States, most Italians began their new lives as amreica laborers in eastern cities, mining camps and farms.
The Italian community has often been characterized by strong ties to family, italian man in america Roman Catholic Churchfraternal organizations, and political parties. Italian italian man in america and wife indian fuck played a key role in the exploration and settlement of the Americas by Beautiful campanions. Christopher Columbuskn explorer who first reached the Americas in —, was Italian.
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Another notable Italian explorer, Amerigo Vespucciwho explored the east coast of South America between andis the source of the name Msn.
A number of Italian navigators and explorers in the employ of Spain and France were involved in exploring and mapping their territories, and in establishing italian man in america but this did not lead to the permanent presence of Italians in America.
InMarco da Nizzaexplored the territory that later became the states of Arizona and New Mexico. A small wave of Protestants, known as Waldensianswho were of French and northern Italian heritage specifically Piedmonteseoccurred during the 17th century. The first Waldensians began arriving aroundwith the majority coming between and The total American Waldensian population that immigrated to New Netherland italian man in america currently unknown; however, a Dutch record indicates that, in alone, the Duchy gorgeous busty indian babe Savoy near TurinItaly, had exiled Waldensians due italian man in america their Protestant faith.
De Tonti founded the first European settlement in Illinois inand in Arkansas in His brother Alphonse de Tonty Alfonso de Tontiwith French explorer Antoine Cadillacwas the co-founder of Detroit inand was its acting colonial governor for 12 years.Beautiful Lady Looking Xxx Dating Derry
Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native American population. Included among these missionaries were numerous Italians. The southwest and California were explored and mapped by Italian Jesuit priest Eusebio Kino Chino in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.
Italian man in america
His statue, commissioned by the state of Arizona, is displayed in the U. The Taliaferro family, originally from Venicewas one of the first families to settle in Virginia.Dwarf Prostitutes
Francesco Maria de Reggioan Italian nobleman who served under the French, came to Louisiana in where he held italian man in america title of Captain General of Louisiana until Another colonial, merchant Francis Ferrari of Genoa, was naturalized as a citizen of Rhode Island in This period saw a small stream of new arrivals from Italy.
Some brought italian man in america in agriculture and the making of glass, silk and wine, while others brought skills as musicians.
In —85, Philip Mazzeia physician and promoter italian man in america liberty, was a close friend and confidant of Thomas Jefferson. He published a pamphlet containing the phrase: Italian Americans served in the American Revolutionary War both as soldiers and officers.
Three regiments, totaling some 1, men, fought for American independence. Francesco Vigo aided the colonial forces of George Rogers Clark during the American Revolutionary War by iraan TX milf personals one of the foremost financiers of the Revolution in the frontier Northwest. Later, italian man in america was a co-founder of Vincennes University in Indiana.
After American independence numerous political refugees arrived, most notably: Giuseppe Garibaldi resided in the United States in — InPhilip Trajetta Filippo Traetta established the how to be just friends with a girl first conservatory of music in Boston where, in the first half of the century, organist Charles Nolcini and conductor Louis Ostinelli were also active.
Marine Band. The musicians included the young Venerando Pulizzi who became the first Italizn director of itaalian Band, and served in this capacity from to Marine Band, from toand was credited with the instrumental organization the band still maintains. Joseph Lucchesi, the third Italian leader of the U. Marine Band, italian man in america from to During this period Italian explorers continued to be active in the West.
In —23 the headwater region of the Mississippi was explored by Giacomo Beltrami in the territory that was later to become Minnesota, which named a county in his honor.
Joseph Rosati was named the first Catholic bishop of St.
Louis in In —64 Samuel Mazzuchellia missionary and expert in Indian languages, ministered itakian European colonists and Native Italian man in america in Wisconsin and Iowa for 34 years and, after his death, was declared Venerable by the Catholic Church.
Father Charles Constantine Piseameerica Jesuit, served as Chaplain of the Senate from to the only Catholic priest ever chosen to serve in this capacity. Missionaries of the Jesuit and Franciscan orders were active in many parts of America.
Italian Jesuits founded numerous missions, schools and two colleges in the west. The Italian man in america. The Italian Jesuits also laid the foundation for the wine-making industry that would later flourish in California.
Italian Americans are citizens of the United States of America who are of Italian descent. Italian . Three regiments, totaling some 1, men, fought for American independence. Francesco Vigo aided the colonial forces of George Rogers Clark. Italian men are great partners but how to make them to like you? whether you' re Italian, American, or any other nationality, if you're dating someone from Italy. This is just my gut feeling, and some of this is probably based on stereotypes I carry around. But here goes: * Italian men are much more.
In the east, the Italian Franciscans founded hospitals, orphanages, schools, and the St. Bonaventure College now St. Bonaventure Universityestablished by Panfilo da Magliano in In Francis Italian man in americapiano string inventor and manufacturer, immigrated to the U.
Approximately Italian Americans served italian man in america the Civil Warboth as soldiers and as officers. While some served in the Confederate Army including general Meet norwegian singles B.
Taliaferrothe majority, for both demographic and ideological reasons, served in the Union Army including generals Edward Ferrero and Francis B.
Beginning inItalian immigrants were one of the principal groups, along with the Irish, that built the Transcontinental Railroad west from Omaha, Nebraska. In Constantino Brumidi completed the frescoed interior of the United States Capitol dome in Washington, italian man in america spent the rest of his life executing still other artworks to beautify the Capitol.Naughty Girls Silver Creek
An immigrant, Antonio Meuccibrought with italian man in america a concept for the telephone. He is credited by many researchers with being the first to demonstrate the principle of the telephone in a patent caveat he submitted to the U.
Patent Office in ; however, considerable controversy existed relative to the priority of invention, italian man in america Alexander Graham Bell also being americw this distinction.
Inthe U. Congress passed americca resolution H. During this period, Italian Americans established a number of institutions of higher learning. Also during this period, there was a growing presence of Italian Americans in higher education.
Vincenzo Botta was a distinguished professor of Italian at New York University from to and Gaetano Lanza was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for over 40 years, beginning in italian man in america Italian Americans continued their involvement in politics. Anthony Ghio became the mayor of TexarkanaTexas in Francis B.
Italian Americans - Wikipedia
Spinolathe first Italian American to serve a full term in Congress, was elected in from New York. From toan estimated 13 million Italians migrated out of Italy, making Italy the scene of the largest voluntary emigration in recorded world history.
During this period of italian man in america migration, 4 million Italian immigrants arrived in the Buy blowjob 99344 il States, with 3 million coming ktalian and Once in America, the immigrants faced great challenges.Benefactor Parma Guy Looking For An Exhibitionist
Often with no knowledge of the English language and with little formal education, many of the immigrants were compelled to accept low-wage manual-labor jobs, and were frequently exploited by the middlemen italian man in america acted as intermediaries between them and the prospective employers.
In terms of the push-pull model of immigration, America provided the pull itapian by the prospect of jobs that unskilled italian man in america Italian peasant farmers could.
Peasant farmers amdrica to hard work in the Mezzogiorno, for example, took jobs building railroads and constructing buildings, while others took factory jobs that required little or no skill.
Yeah, it is until you see a dozen Italian men taking fresh-off-the-plane American girls, all wide-eyed and excited, at the exact same time. Italian Americans are citizens of the United States of America who are of Italian descent. Italian . Three regiments, totaling some 1, men, fought for American independence. Francesco Vigo aided the colonial forces of George Rogers Clark. This is just my gut feeling, and some of this is probably based on stereotypes I carry around. But here goes: * Italian men are much more.
The push factor came from Italian unification inwhich caused economic conditions to considerably worsen for. Major factors that contributed to the large ,an from both northern and southern Italy after unification included political and social unrest, the government's allocation of much more of its resources fifty year old hotties the industrialization of the North than to that of the South, an inequitable tax burden on the South, tariffs on the products of the South, soil exhaustion and erosion, and military conscription lasting seven italian man in america.
Multitudes italian man in america to emigrate rather than face the prospect of mann deepening poverty.
A large number of these were attracted to the U. Often the father and older sons would go first, leaving the mother and the rest of the italian man in america behind until the male members could afford their passage.Discreet Housewifes In Olathe
Many sought housing in the older sections of the large Northeastern cities where they settled, that became known as " Little Italies ", frequently in overcrowded substandard tenements which were often dimly lit with italian man in america heating and ventilation. Tuberculosis and other communicable diseases were a constant health threat for the immigrant families that were compelled by economic circumstances to live in these dwellings.
Other immigrant families lived in single-family abodes, which was more typical in areas outside women wants sex Chesterfield the enclaves of the italjan Northeastern cities, and other parts of the country as.
An estimated 49 per cent italian man in america Italians who migrated to the Americas between when return migration statistics began and did not remain in the United States. The Italian male immigrants in the Little Italies were italian man in america often employed in manual labor and were heavily involved in public works, such as the construction of roads, railway tracks, sewers, subways, bridges and the first skyscrapers in the northeastern cities.
As early as90 percent of New York City's public works employees were Italian. Many established small businesses in the Little Italies to satisfy the day-to-day needs of fellow immigrants.
A New York Times article from ameriac a glimpse into the status of Italian immigration at the turn of the century.
Italian man in america Look Sex Hookers
The article states:. The masses of Italian immigrants that entered the United States posed a change in the labor market, prompting Fr. Michael J. Henry to write im letter in October to the Bishop John J.
I don't even know the man and he call me Sonna Ma Bitch. I go to check out and the man at the desk, he say "Peace to you". I say piss onna you, too, you Sonna. Yeah, it is until you see a dozen Italian men taking fresh-off-the-plane American girls, all wide-eyed and excited, at the exact same time. Italian Americans are citizens of the United States of America who are of Italian descent. Italian . Three regiments, totaling some 1, men, fought for American independence. Francesco Vigo aided the colonial forces of George Rogers Clark.
Clency of SligoIreland ; warning: The Brooklyn Eagle in a article addressed the same reality: In spite of italian man in america economic hardship of the immigrants, civil and social life flourished in the Italian American neighborhoods of the large Northeastern cities. Italian theater, band italian man in america, choral recitals, puppet shows, mutual-aid societies, and social clubs were available to the immigrants.
The festa involved an elaborate procession through the streets in honor of a patron saint or the Virgin Mary in which a large statue was carried by a team of mzn, with musicians marching. Followed by food, fireworks and general merriment, the festa became an important occasion that helped give the immigrants a sense of unity and common identity.
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Green Card Information
Permanent Resident Cards are a primary form of identification for permanent residents. Also known as Green Cards, these official documents allow their holders to live and work in the U.S. as well as re-enter the U.S. after traveling abroad for short periods of time. Green Cards may also be helpful in filing for a Social Security card, securing a lease on a home or apartment, gaining legal employment, and opening a bank account, for example.
Old Versus New Green Cards
Formats and security measures for Permanent Resident Cards have changed over the years. In 2017, under the Next Generation Secure Identification Document Project, USCIS began issuing new cards that
- display the individual’s photograph on both the front and back,
- carry the image of the Statue of Liberty on a predominately green palette,
- have embedded holographic images,
- no longer display the individual’s signature and
- no longer carry an optical stripe on the back.
Old cards will remain valid pending their established expiration dates.
How To Read the Front of a Green Card
The front of a Permanent Resident Card lists clearly labeled key personal identifiers:
- Surname. At the top is the card holder’s last name or familial name.
- Given Name. The individual name the cardholder was given at birth is displayed separately, below the person’s surname. This is often the first name and middle initial.
- USCIS Number. Newer cards will list the USCIS# while older cards may list the A-Number or A#. The USCIS Number is the same as the individual’s A-Number, which is the unique number USCIS assigns to each person’s A-File when they apply to immigrate to the United States.
- Category. Also known as Class of Admission, the Category Code is a three-digit set of letters and numbers. This code specifies the section of immigration law that USCIS applied to that individual’s situation to approve the Green Card. A listing of categories can be found in Appendix 23-7, “Class of Admission under the Immigrant Laws, Code,” of the Department of Homeland Security’s Adjudicator’s Field Manual.
- Country of Birth. This should be the country where the individual was born.
- Date of Birth. The card will list the day, abbreviated month and full year that the individual was born.
- Sex. The card will list an F for female and an M for male.
- Card Expiration Date. This date is usually 10 years after the issuance date, which usually is titled Resident Since. For conditional residents, the expiration date will be 2 years after the issuance date.
- Resident Since. This is the issuance date, the date that the individual was granted the Green Card.
How To Read the Back of a Green Card
The back of the card contains much of the same information but in a coded form that allows it all to be displayed in three lines. Each piece of information is separated by a less than symbol that looks like a V turned on its side:
- The first line displays codes indicating
- Whether the individual is a resident. C1 indicates the individual resides within the U.S. while C2 indicates the individual commutes from a residence in Canada or Mexico.
- The country issuing the card.
- The individual’s nine-digit A-Number.
- The immigrant case number that resulted in the Green Card’s approval.
- The second line displays the individual’s birth date and gender as well as the card’s expiration date and the person’s country of birth. Birth dates and expiration dates are displayed in the format YY/MM/DD, using two-digit abbreviations for year, month and day.
- The third line displays the individual’s name as well as the names of the individual’s parents, space permitting.
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Bookmarks has not yet published a review of this book. We may do so in the future; in the meantime, please see the other review sources to the right and browse the information from Amazon.com below.
Yale University Press
<P>With a language disappearing every two weeks and neologisms springing up almost daily, an understanding of the origins and currency of language has never seemed more relevant. In this charming volume, a narrative history written explicitly for a young audience, expert linguist David Crystal proves why the story of language deserves retelling.</p><P>From the first words of an infant to the peculiar modern dialect of text messaging,<I> A Little Book of Language</I> ranges widely, revealing language’s myriad intricacies and quirks. In animated fashion, Crystal sheds light on the development of unique linguistic styles, the origins of obscure accents, and the search for the first written word. He discusses the plight of endangered languages, as well as successful cases of linguistic revitalization. Much more than a history, Crystal’s work looks forward to the future of language, exploring the effect of technology on our day-to-day reading, writing, and speech. Through enlightening tables, diagrams, and quizzes, as well as Crystal’s avuncular and entertaining style, <I>A Little Book of Language</I> will reveal the story of language to be a captivating tale for all ages.
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William Adan .
NAAWAN, Misamis Oriental — Time was when the fish we bought in the market were strung in rattan or abaca strings. Vegetables and all other items were put together in a rattan and bamboo basket or in woven palm-leaves bag (bayong) in carrying them home. Dry goods from stores were brought home in paper bags or inside personal cotton knapsacks.
There was no bottled water. Travellers in urban areas either had to stop to drink water in restaurants and eateries or drink free direct from public piped-in water. In rural areas travellers drink water direct from wells hand-pumped. People then had so much trust in the cleanliness of publicly provided water whether piped in or pumped out.
Life was so simple and the surrounding was generally clean. The trash in public markets were mostly biodegradable – banana leaves, vegetable discards, banana peelings, peanut shells, and the like. Waste papers and paper-based wastes like used cardboard boxes, leaves and broken twigs from windblown trees were often found in parks and other public places. Flash floods in cities were hardly known then.
Then came the plastic invasion in the 1960s. Developed more than a century ago, plastic, a synthetic material derived mostly from petroleum oil, became significantly visible in the market because of its peculiar characteristics. Highly malleable, that can take any form and shape, and can have varying thickness and strength, plastics become a boon to the construction and manufacturing industry, competing and replacing in part, steel, wood, concrete, glass and fibers. Plastics have been in everything, in personal items, equipment, home appliances, computers, cars, space ships, etc.
The plastic boon turns to bane, however, when plastic bags were invented in the late 1970s alongside with one-use plastic packaging materials or receptacles for waters and other liquids, medicines, health products and some food items.
Plastics came at a time when most societies had fallen to consumerism, where social status is measured and glorified by material consumption or possession. Our convenient way of life somehow developed in us an unsentimental throwaway culture such that plastic water and soda bottles, cups and bags we only use once are irresponsibly disposed, clogging urban waterways resulting to the phenomenon of flash floods even in the slightest of rain for 30 minutes. Plastics and other wastes left behind by campers and hikers are known to cause forest fires.
Plastics irresponsibly disposed in land find their ways into rivers, estuaries, and the coastal waters smothering mangrove saplings, choking corals, and fish and crustacean feeding grounds. Plastics wastes in the waters degrade and reduce fish stock and, thus, hurt the livelihood of fishers.
Needless to say, plastics uglify the environment and destroy wildlife. Plastic debris of all kinds, apparently taken as food had been found in the stomach of dead whales, dolphins, and seabirds.
Marine scientists of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration theorize that by actions of the various forces in the oceans, plastic debris slowly disintegrate into fine nano pieces that sink in the ocean bottoms and end up in planktons, the primary producer in the ocean food chain. The nanoplastics are ingested by fishes that fed on planktons, and are ultimately eaten by humans. It is not yet established though how these nano particles affect humans.
The final destination of all plastic trash is, of course, the oceans. Some 8 million tons of plastic trash from land leak into the oceans annually, and it’s getting worse every year.
Sadly, the Philippines is among the six worst plastic polluters of the oceans, according to a 2010 study of the journal Science. The list includes: 1. China 2. Indonesia 3. Philippines 4.Vietnam 5.Sri Lanka and 6.Thailand. The United States contributes as much as 242 million pounds of plastic trash to the ocean every year, according to same study.
To remove the country’s place in the Hall of Shame, it is imperative that the government regulates nationwide the production and use of one-use plastic receptacles like bottles and bags. And it should begin to develop aggressively a program to return to the production of glass receptacles and traditional bags made from local biodegradable materials. The backward linkages in the production of the traditional products may yet provide livelihood opportunities to a lot of people.
(William R. Adan, Ph.D., is a retired professor and former chancellor of Mindanao State University at Naawan, Misamis Oriental. -Mindanews)
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An atomic force microscope (AFM) for the instructional laboratory
This site describes the design and construction details of a "home-built" AFM, intended for use in teaching measurement and instrumentation concepts. This AFM was developed primarily by Maxim Shusteff, working within the lab of Prof. Scott Manalis in the Department of Biological Engineering, at MIT.
The tool is designed to be used by students working in pairs, and enables a number of experiments relevant to physics, engineering, and biology. These include measuring thermo-mechanical noise, imaging, and measuring elastic moduli of materials. Further experiments for imaging and probing biological tissues are in development. These AFMs are extensively used in MIT's course 20.309: Biological Instrumentation and Measurement (official Course Listing here).
The purpose of this site is to share this inexpensive AFM technology with interested educators (acting as a complementary and companion resource to the paper in AJP) to enable them to replicate this system. All content is provided freely for educational use only. Any commercial or for-profit use is prohibited. Please contact with any inquiries.
- A recent article in the American Journal of Physics (M. Shusteff et al., Am. J. Phys., 74(10), pp. 873-80, 2006). describes some of the operating principles and educational advantages of these AFMs, and gives a detailed description of the Boltzmann's Constant experiment.
- The lab manual for the AFM module taught in 20.309 during the Fall 2006 semester contains many operational details and guidelines for experiments that can be done using the instrument described on this site.
- Follow this link if you are looking for information on the Undergraduate Optical Trap.
Figure 1: Front and rear view photos of the AFM system -- click each image for a larger version.
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Mayor: Mr. Bart De Wever
Population: 510,610 residents.
A brief history of the city
Evidence was found in Antwerp indicating the existence of settlements there as early as the 2nd or 3rd century, when the Flemish city evolved around two settlements that later on were surrounded by one wall. The city continued to spread in concentric circles, and reached its first economic prosperity at the beginning of the 14th century, as the major center of commerce and trade in Western Europe, based on its harbor and cotton market.
The 15th century saw the city-turned-metropolis' Golden Age. The combination of a commercial hub that brought great wealth, with multi-cultural tolerance and relative religious freedom, advanced the city to its first cultural breakthrough, with painters Quinten Metsys and Bruegel, the printer Plantin, the humanists and scientists Lipsius, Mercator, Dodoens and Ortelius. The Fall of Antwerp in 1585, after which the city again came under the rule of Philip II and the Northern Netherlands, closed off the Scheldt River. From an economic point of view this was a disaster. Yet the city continued to flourish culturally until the mid-seventeenth century, with painters like Rubens, Van Dyck and others. Apart from interruptions during the two world wars, Antwerp has experienced steady economic growth in the twentieth century. This gave rise to a new cultural high point and international prestige in 1993, when Antwerp was nominated Cultural Capital of Europe.
eneral information and special features
Antwerp is the second largest city in Belgium. It earned international fame by being the home of famous Flemish painter Paul Rubens, and due to its undisputed status as the diamond center of the world; the diamond district is located around the Railway Station, an area that is also the Jewish part of the city. Antwerp lies 50 kilometers north of Brussels, on the eastern bank of the Scheldt River, and has the second largest port in Europe. In the heart of the city lies Grote Markt Square, and in it stands a bronze statue of Silvius Brabo, raising his hand in the air with the severed arm of the giant Antigonus, (believed to terrorize the local ruler instead of passing ships), in order to throw it into the river Scheldt. Near the square one can find impressive historic sites such as the Onze Lieve Vrouwe Cathedral, from the 15th century, one of Belgium's most impressive Gothic churches, also famous for displaying paintings by Rubens; the many Guildhalls; and the Het Steen fortress, Antwerp's oldest building dating from the Middle Ages, which today contains the Shipping Museum.
Antwerp is renowned for the great artists who lived and worked there, and whose art adorns churches, museums and various other sites in the city. Antwerp has many museums, including the Plantin-Morteus, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, and the Mayer van den Bergh Museum. Another artistic landmark is Rubenshuis – Paul Rubens' house, today a museum. The graves of the painter and his family are located in the chapel where some of his last works hang.
The Haifa-Antwerp Twin Cities Treaty was signed on May 7, 1986
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2010 World Monuments Watch
Perched high on a hill at the confluence of the Pahra and Desna rivers, the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God of the Sign surveys the surrounding topography of Podol’sk, a Russian industrial city just south of Moscow. Cast against an often bleak winter terrain, the church and its octagonal tower emerge from the landscape as would a lighthouse at sea, capped by a blazing, golden crown. Completed in 1704 by order of Boris Alexeevich Golitsyn and supported by then Russian Czar Peter I, the church’s unique architecture and design place it among the most significant of its period in Russia. Religious figures peer from atop the richly hewn stone façades, among the first demonstrations of religious sculpture in a country and culture that had long believed statuary to be idolatrous. Inside, rich blues accent interior walls saturated by religious paintings, iconic reliefs, and gilded wooden carving. Religious repression under the Soviet Russian resulted in the closing of the church regime in the 1930s, and it fell into heavy disrepair in the last 80 years. When it was finally returned to the local community in the early 1990s, extensive ground and atmospheric water damage had already exacted a heavy toll.
Since the Watch
Since Watch listing, the Church of the Icon of the Mother of God of the Sign received a 2010 award from the U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation for restoration efforts. August 2010
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Job opportunities for Spanish speakers include linguists, children’s book authors, lexicographers and diplomats. Bilingual employees tend to earn more compared to their non-bilingual counterparts in the same positions.Continue Reading
Linguists are in demand, especially in the research and translation fields. A degree in Spanish and fluency in the language helps to improve the chances of getting hired for this position. Linguists are mainly concerned with the development and spread of language.
Spanish speakers with creative minds can also succeed as children’s book authors. Many parents prefer to teach their children a second language from a young age, and bilingual children's books are a convenient way to achieve this. Books written in both English and Spanish are now very popular.
Lexicography deals with researching, writing and proofreading dictionary definitions. Spanish to English translation dictionaries are in demand because they allow Spanish natives speakers to easily translate phrases and words into English and vice versa.
Lastly, Spanish speakers with the right educational background and experience can find jobs as diplomats. Government jobs provide a stable income and additional benefits. A diplomat’s job involves translating, negotiating and researching information. The U.S. government also hires interpreters who facilitate communications between parties in real-time. The job involves translating at community speaking events and political meetings, among other places.Learn more about Job Search
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The following exercise consists in write a function that prints the type of a given monomorphic function. No, we are not talking about type-inference. We will use the one that Haskell brings. Anyway, the task is to define a function
writeType that, given some Haskell value (which can be a function), print its type on the screen.
It's not a hard exercise, so it can be tried by a beginner that already knows how to work with Haskell types. Try it before read the solution.
This is also my first attempt to create a blog post with Pancod and HsColour from a literate Haskell source code.
The approach of the solution is similar (identical) to the one taken in the
Data.Typeable base module. We will import the
intersperse function, which will be useful when defining a pretty-printer for types.
import Data.List (intersperse)
Our first mission is a function that, for some type
a, returns its type signature. Something like
typeOf :: a -> Type. But we need to first define the
data Type = TCons String [Type] | TList Type | TTuple [Type] | TFun Type Type deriving Show
TConsconstructor is for type constructors, like
TListfor lists of a given type.
TTuplefor tuples. With the empty list you get the unit type (
TFunis the type constructor for functions.
Note that one can, actually, make all types only with the
TCons constructor (think how if you don't know it), but I still prefer this way.
Since we want of
typeOf to run over every type, a good way to achieve this is to use a typeclass and implement specific methods for each type.
class Typed a where typeOf :: a -> Type
Now is trivial to make some instances.
instance Typed Int where typeOf _ = TCons "Int" instance Typed Float where typeOf _ = TCons "Float" instance Typed Bool where typeOf _ = TCons "Bool" instance Typed Char where typeOf _ = TCons "Char"
And that's the way for types of null arity. Note that we always discard arguments. This is necessary, because we really need to avoid depending in values. We will have problems if the compiler tries to reduce some expression. Even it would be nonsensical, because the type of a value has nothing to do with one of its values.
Now, let's define our first type trick. If we want to define instances for types with positive arity, we will need to apply
typeOf with argument(s) of the inner(s) type(s).
Here is provided the deconstructor for types with arity one.
decons :: t a -> a decons = undefined
As you can see, it is not actually defined. All we need is to use its type, so the definition does not matter. Note why we did not want of
typeOf to try to evaluate its argument.
Let's apply this to the
instance Typed a => Typed (Maybe a) where typeOf m = let t = typeOf $ decons m in TCons "Maybe" [t]
The same trick works with lists.
instance Typed a => Typed [a] where typeOf xs = let t = typeOf $ decons xs in TList t
It's the turn for tuples. We will do only the 2-uple, since for other tuple orders the same idea is valid. Since the constructor of 2-uples has arity two, we need another deconstructor.
decons2 :: t a b -> (a,b) decons2 = undefined
I'm sure you already figure out how to define the
deconsN function for any
N. Using the deconstructor with tuples we have the following instance.
instance (Typed a,Typed b) => Typed (a,b) where typeOf tup = let (x,y) = decons2 tup in TTuple [typeOf x,typeOf y]
The good thing is that all types are traversed recursively. For example, with
typeOf (1,Just 2), it's reduced to
TTuple [typeOf 1,typeOf (Just 2)], then to
TTuple [TCons "Int" , TCons "Maybe" [typeOf 2]], and finally to
TTuple [TCons "Int" , TCons "Maybe" [TCons "Int" ]]. Well, this evaluation is not true, but it works like that (replacing with
undefineds everywhere!). What does this work is the Haskell type system. We are only playing with types, never with values.
The last instance we will do is for the function type constructor. Though, if you think about it, there is not something new. The arrow
-> is just a type constructor with arity 2.
instance (Typed a,Typed b) => Typed (a -> b) where typeOf f = let (x,y) = decons2 f in TFun (typeOf x) (typeOf y)
However, our problem does not end here (though here ends the most interesting part). The problem was to print the type of a given function. The next step is to write a pretty-printer function for types.
First, it will be handy to have a function that tell us if a type will need to be parenthesized when appears as an argument for some type constructor. For example,
Int -> Int in
Maybe (Int -> Int).
plural :: Type -> Bool plural (TCons _ xs) = not $ null xs plural (TFun _ _) = True plural _ = False
An argument of an applied type constructor only will need to be parenthesized when its arity is not null. A function always will need it (because it's a constructor with arity two). No other will thanks to the syntax of tuples and list types. They are already parenthesized in some way.
However if the type constructor is the arrow
-> the parenthesis are only needed when the left argument is a function type, since is infix and right-associative. For example,
Maybe Float -> (Float -> Float) does not need parenthesis (I put them to make clear the association order), but
(Maybe Float -> Float) -> Float needs them. Let's define then a function that test if a type is functional.
isFun :: Type -> Bool isFun (TFun _ _) = True isFun _ = False
To surround an expression with parenthesis we define the
par :: String -> String par str = concat ["(",str,")"]
It's time for our
printType :: Type -> String function. For expressions that must be parenthesized when needed we will use the variant
printTypeIf. It will put parenthesis when a test function holds.
printTypeIf :: (Type -> Bool) -> Type -> String printTypeIf f t = (if f t then par else id) $ printType t
Now the full pretty-printer, using all the mentioned above.
printType :: Type -> String printType (TCons n ts) = unwords $ n : fmap (printTypeIf plural) ts printType (TList t) = concat [ "[" , printType t , "]" ] printType (TTuple ts) = par . concat $ intersperse ", " $ fmap printType ts printType (TFun t1 t2) = unwords [ printTypeIf isFun t1 , "->" , printType t2 ]
Finally, the required function
writeType :: Typed a => a -> IO () can be written now immediately.
writeType :: Typed a => a -> IO () writeType = putStrLn . printType . typeOf
So we are done! You can try the next example:
example :: (Int -> Int) -> Maybe Bool -> Maybe (Int -> Int) example f mb = fmap (\b -> if b then const 0 else f) mb
And that's all!
I think this is a very funny exercise, and that's why I posted it here. I hope you enjoy it like I did. You can get the code of this post from GitHub.
Good luck, Daniel Díaz.
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Life of Maharana Pratap
Maharana Pratap also known as Pratap Singh was son of Maharani Jayantabai and King Udai Singh II founder of Udaipur who was a Hindu Rajput ruler of Mewar, a region in the state of Rajasthan. He was born on 9 May,1540 . Maharana Pratap is known for his bravery . For Maharan pratap Mughals were foreigners who had invaded India and that is why he hated them and dont’t want any ties with them . He want to free his nation from Mughals. He mastered the skills in the use of arms and weapons including horse riding.
At the age of 17 Maharana Pratap was married to Ajabade, the daughter of Rao Ram Rakh Panwar. He had a son on 16 March, 1559.
Chittorgarh and Maharana Pratap
In 1567 emperor Akbar attacked Chittorgarh, Maharana Udai Singh left Chittorgarh as Akbar was having huge army at that time . So Pratap also had to leave the palace with his family.With the fort fell to the hands of Akbar. He not only ordered to kill innocent women and children but also hurt sentiments of Hindus by destroying the temples and idols in the fort of Chittogarh.
The First Attack
Crowning of Maharana Pratap
On 28 Feb, 1572 Maharana Pratap’s coronation was performed at Gogunda . After becoming king Maharana Pratap conquered the Chhappan area, defeating the Rathors, then he ensured full protection of entire Godwad and the Arawali ranges. At that time almost all the kings of Rajasthan had accepted authority of Akbar. After Pratap’s coronation, Akbar twaited for one year hoping that Maharana pratap will follow the footsteps of other kings and will accept the authority of Akbar after that he sent his men to Maharana Pratap one by one for making some pressure on him . these men were Prince Man Singh Kachhawah, Bhagwan Das and King Todarmal. After even so many meeting Pratap did not changed his decision.
The Battle of Haldighati
On 2 April, 1576 prince Man Singh reached Mandalgarh to attack on Maharana Pratap. After royal army arrangements On 18 June, 1576 the battle started in the wide open area between Haldighati and village Khamanor. There were many warriors fighting from the Pratap’s side which included Ramdas Medaliya,and Tanwar Ram Shah of Gwalior joined Maharana Pratap with his three sons, many of these including Man Singh Sonagara, Rawat Naitsee and many others sacrificed their lives. In the end Maharana Pratap and his soldiers had to leave the battle field. After this battle, Royal army was not able to capture Maharana Pratap and moreover his attitude didn’t changed and the purpose for which the battle was fought by Royal Army was not achieved. After this battlethe army of Akbar moved forward after the battle of Haldighati captured Gogunda the place of Pratap . Pratap now made his stay in the strong fort of Kumbhalmer. After a short while Pratap reached Gogunda via village Kolyari, re-captured Gounda.
Attack by Akbar
In Oct.1576 King Bhagawan das and prince Man Singh were sent to Gogunda under the command of Kutubuddin Khan by Akbar . When Pratap got this information, he left Gogunda and went into the mountains. The Royal army went searching for Maharana Pratap in the caves of mountains but he could not be traced. Staying at village Mohi, Akbar made several efforts to capture Maharana Pratap but he did not succeed.
On 15 Oct, 1577 army was again sent to attack Maharana Pratap under the command of Shahbag Khan and Mir Baksi, king Bhagwandas and prince Man singh were also with them. The army, this time, intended to occupy the strong fort of Kumbhalmer. Facing shortage of food items Maharana Pratap left the fort. Kumbhalmer was captured but Pratap was not caught therefore, instead of dying stationed in the fort, Maharana Pratap thought it is better to abandon the fort and continue with his freedom struggle.
After about 8 months, Akbar again ordered Shahabag Khan to invade Mewar. On 11 Nov., 1579 Shahabag Khan moved from sambhar to launch third attack on Maharana Pratap this time many Rajputs were killed fighting with Shahabag khan. Royal posts were established at many important places to monitor movements of Maharana Pratap. Maharana Pratap suspended action against the mughals for some time due to fall in military strength. His territories was under his control and he was increasing the strength of his army. After three years he planed to attack the Royal posts making Dholan as his main centre of activities Also Visit : Swami Vivekananda : The Spiritual Genius
The Battle of Dever and Victory of Maharana Pratap
Maharana Pratap launched an attack on the Royal Post at Dever a village situated in Dever valley of Arawali ranges north east of kumbhalmer and won .
Death of Maharana Pratap
In January 1597, while pulling the sting of bow to hunt a tiger he developed pain in his intenstine and fell sick. Maharana Pratap breathed his last on 19 January 1597 and this was the end to a golden era of struggle for freedom.
Chetak – The Royal Horse
Chetak was the famous horse of Maharana Pratap, whom Maharana Pratap rode during the gruesome Battle of Haldighati (June 21, 1576). Chetak died in this battle and since then has been immortalized in the ballads of Rajasthan. This famous warhorse was of Kathiawari breed. Maharana Pratap is sometime referred as the “Rider of the Blue Horse” as Chetak has blue tint on his fur.
No story of this famous battle can be complete without mentioning the exploits of Chetak in this battle. It was Chetak who carried away Maharana Pratap to safety from the lost battle of Haldighati even after wounding himself.
Comment Your Favorite Incident of Maharana Partap’s
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William H. Riker
Life and career
William Harrison Riker was born on September 22, 1920 in Des Moines, Iowa. He earned his Bachelor's Degree in economics at Indiana's DePauw University in 1942 and received his Ph.D at Harvard University in 1948. While a student at DePauw, he was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity.
He took on a professorship at Lawrence University in Appleton, Wisconsin (then Lawrence College), where he published The Theory of Political Coalitions (1962). In 1962, he became the chair of the Political Science Department at the University of Rochester, where he remained chair until 1977, and remained active until his death.
He founded the now-mainstream field of positive political theory, which introduced game theory and the axiomatic method of social choice theory to political science. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Kenneth Shepsle in their memoir write that "These have proved crucial to predictive tests for political theory."
Among other contributions, he is known for work on the theory and history of federalism and on what he called "heresthetics" — the art of changing political outcomes without changing peoples' underlying preferences by manipulating the decision-making process, for example by changing the order in which decisions are made. In his book Liberalism Against Populism, he argued that the instability of majority rule, demonstrated in Arrow's Impossibility Theorem and the McKelvey-Schofield chaos theorem, meant that "populist" interpretations of democracy as implementing a collective will of the people were untenable. Instead, democratic leaders aimed to build disparate coalitions; a piece of successful coalition-building could cause realigning elections, in which blocs of voters swiftly changed their allegiance.
Concerning political coalition for the benefit of minorities, he argued that the larger the coalition, the shorter-lived it is.
The William H. Riker Prize for excellence in undergraduate teaching is awarded by the University of Rochester bi-annually in his honor. The Political Economy section of the American Political Science Association awards an annual book prize in his name as well.
- Riker, William H. Soldiers of the States: The Role of the National Guard in American Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1957.
- ____. “The Paradox of Voting and Congressional Rules for Voting on. Amendments.” American Political Science Review. 52, 1958: 349-366.
- ____. The Theory of Political Coalitions. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962.
- ____. "Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance". Boston: Little, Brown, 1964.
- ____. "Towards a Positive Political Theory", Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1973.
- ____. "Implications from the Disequilibrium of Majority Rule for the Study of Institutions," American Political Science Review, 74, 1980: 432-46. (JSTOR)
- ____. Liberalism Against Populism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1982.
- ____. "The Heresthetics of Constitution-Making: The Presidency in 1787, with Comments on Determinism and Rational Choice." American Political Science Review, 78, 1984: 1-16.
- ____. The Art of Political Manipulation. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986.
- ____. The Strategy of Rhetoric. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996.
- The Mirage. Greencastle, IN: DePauw University. 1942. p. 67.
- Eamonn Butler (2012). Public Choice--A Primer (PDF) (PDF). London: Institute of Economic Affairs. p. 36.
- Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce; Shepsle, Kenneth. "William Harrison Riker". Biographical Memoirs. National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
- Eamonn Butler, Public Choice: A Primer, London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 2012, p. 63
- NAS memoir of William H. Riker with discussion of his contributions
- Heresthetics: an exposition of Riker's concept for structuring the world so
- William H Riker Prize: administered by the University of Rochester, Department of Political Science
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Boris I of Bulgaria
The holy and right-believing Tsar Boris I of Bulgaria, also Boris-Michael, was the ruler of Bulgaria during the latter part of the ninth century as the Knyaz of the Bulgarian Empire and led the conversion of the Bulgarian people to Orthodox Christianity. He ruled from 852 to 889. St. Boris is commemorated on May 2. He is remembered as Equal of the Apostles, Prince and Baptizer of Bulgaria.
The date of Boris' birth is unknown. His father, Presian I, was the Khan of Bulgaria, a realm that had expanded during the prior centuries in the northeastern Balkans. This, Boris inherited in 852. Populated by proto-Bulgarians together with Slavic tribes, the population of the realm consisted of diverse religions, ethnicities, and languages that Boris looked to unify by the introduction of a common and compulsory religion for all his subjects as one of the preconditions for the formation of a united state.
The development of the Bulgarian Empire took place against the Frankish realms in the west and that of the Eastern Romans in the southeast. In addition to the resultant warfare and alliances among the forces, a rivalry developed between Rome and Constantinople for jurisdiction in the Bulgarian empire as Boris was choosing the Christianity that he would bring to his people. As Khan Boris was leaning toward Rome, emperor Michael of Constantinople invaded Bulgaria. Receiving news of the invasion, Boris began negotiations for peace. The one demand by Michael was that Boris accept Christianity from Constantinople rather than Rome. In return, some lands in Macedonia were return to Boris.
In 864, Boris was baptized, receiving the name Michael after emperor Michael III who was his godfather by proxy. He then assumed a new title of Knyaz having discarded the title Khan. With the acceptance by Boris of the Christian faith of Constantinople, the traditional state religion Tengriism was abolished leaving a discontent among some of the nobility and the people. An independent status for the diocese of Bulgaria, also, remained an issue for Boris as Constantinople demanded jurisdiction. A skillful diplomat, Boris successfully exploited the conflict between the Patriarchate of Constantinople and Roman Papacy to secure autocephaly for the Bulgarian Church, confirmed during the 869 Council of Constantinople that concluded on March 7, 870, thus dealing with the nobility's concerns about Byzantine interference in Bulgaria's internal affairs.
Boris was active in spreading Christianity among the Bulgarian people, in organizing the Bulgarian church as an independent institution, and in building churches throughout the country. In 885, he gave asylum to the disciples of Cyril and Methodius, who had been driven out of Moravia. Actively supported by Boris, these disciples founded centers of Slavic learning at Pliska, Preslav, and Ohrid. With intensive work by the Slavic scholars, the Slavic language came to replace Greek in church services and in literary life, and become the country’s official language.
In 889, Boris abdicated and became a monk. Yet, he retained the right to take an active part in the government of the state. After he abdicated, his eldest son and successor, Vladimir, tried to restore the old pagan religion. Offended, Boris returned to active politics, and with the aid of loyal boyars and the army, he deposed his son, replacing him with his third son, whose rule gained him the title Simeon the Great. These changes were affirmed at the 893 Council of Preslav that also banished the Byzantine clergy and replaced them with Bulgarian clergy. Also, the Council moved the capital to Preslav and replaced the liturgy in Greek with one in Old Church Slavonic, as the official language of the Bulgarian Church and the state.
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he United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States of America. The Constitution, originally comprising seven articles, delineates the national frame of government. Its first three articles entrench the doctrine of the separation of powers, whereby the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative, consisting of the bicameral Congress; the executive, consisting of the President; and the judicial, consisting of the Supreme Courtand other federal courts. Articles Four, Five and Six entrench concepts of federalism, describing the rights and responsibilities of state governments and of the states in relationship to the federal government. Article Sevenestablishes the procedure subsequently used by the thirteen States to ratify it.
The Constitution is interpreted, supplemented, and implemented by a large body of constitutional law. The Constitution of the United States is the first constitution of its kind, and has influenced the constitutions of other nations.
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One of the hardest areas of research in any family history is identifying the maiden names of our ancestors. So many of our female ancestors go to their reward unnamed or named in records with only their given name. Trying to discover their surnames is sometimes a case of the proverbial 'needle in a haystack'.
How these unknown maiden names are handled in our genealogy databases vary from person to person. Some have made the practice of using 'Unknown' as the surname. Others have taken this a bit further and abbreviated the surname as 'Unk.' A quick search on the internet, and Rootsweb mailing lists in particular, will show that many beginning researches have been misled and/or confused by requesting data on the 'Unk' family! Imagine an UNK family researcher trying to wade through all of the emails and message board posts that don't relate to their family simply because of researchers using 'Unk' for a female's surname.
In the past, I have used [________] when a female's surname was unknown. I did this to allow family members to fill in the blanks on family group sheets. However, I've recently decided to change tactics, as my database was overwhelmed by these women without an easy way to identify who they are.
For now, I'm identifying these women by their married name in brackets. For example, the unknown spouse of Jacob Lemasters is now Hannah [LEMASTERS]. I am hoping that this new method in my data will allow me to understand which Hannah's data I am looking at when searching the index. It is amazing to me how many unidentified females I have in my data - each one that represents an untraced family line.
Some of the men in my database managed to marry two women with the same first name. While I guess that would make it easy not to call your second wife by the first wife's name, it keeps my database interesting. In these cases, I will name the women Elizabeth [SMITH] and Elizabeth [SMITH2] for simplicity sake and to be sure that I don't accidentally merge the two together.
While my system may not be perfect or meet someone else's standards, I believe that for now it will work for me. The key will be whether or not I can use this change in method to help identify these ladies.
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Analyzing complex human body structures can be very cumbersome and usually requires a whole lot of computational power. Sony launched ‘Folding@home’, a venture which aimed to utilize the processing power of idle PlayStation 3 devices. The company has now announced that it is shelving the project.
Folding@home was an excellent project that Sony had launched in collaboration with Stanford University. The project allowed willing PlayStation 3 owners to relinquish their devices’ computing powers for use by the researchers at Stanford University.
The researchers commanded the power of these idle PS3 devices to examine a process called ‘protein folding.’ In this process, two-dimensional protein strands double up and then convert into three-dimensional molecules. These unique three-dimensional molecules then determine the biological functions of that protein.
If the folding process does not continue normally, it can lead to different diseases such as Parkinson’s. During the duration of five years for which the project ran, 15 million PS3 owners participated in the project, providing 100 million computational hours to the project.
According to Vijay Pande who headed the project at Stanford, “The PS3 system was a game changer for Folding@home, as it opened the door for new methods and new processors, eventually also leading to the use of GPUs.”
The project is being shelved now that it has significantly contributed to the researchers’ understanding of the ‘protein folding’ process. With the help of the analysis of the process, researchers have been able to devise effective strategies to tackle Alzheimer’s.
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Contents - Previous - Next
A. FERRO-LUZZI, G. PASTORE and S. SETTE*
* Unit of Human Nutrition, National Institute of Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, Rome, Italy.
2. Reasons of seasonal variations in energy metabolism
3. Seasonal body weight fluctuations
4. Seasonal fluctuations of energy expenditure
6. Research priorities
The phenomenon of seasonality has recently attracted a lively interest, as testified by the rapidly expanding body of literature on this topic. In spite of this, the evidence gathered so far is inconclusive, often incomplete or contradictory or anecdotal.
In reviewing the literature on seasonality, it has been difficult in several cases to separate occasional from regularly recurring climatic or biological fluctuations, the two merging almost insensibly. The lack of distinction between the two situations might lead to unwarranted generalizations regarding the severity, frequency and geographic distribution of seasonal cycling of energy metabolism. In the context of this paper, seasonality refers to a regularly recurring set of conditions leading to approximately annual alternations of restricted and unrestricted access to food energy, often coinciding with periods of variable demand for physical labour. With this definition in mind, situations resulting either from chronic food deprivation or from acute famine have been left out.
part of this paper deals with the environmental characteristics
conducive to seasonal cycling in food availability and workloads.
The second part is a review of the literature on the actual
impact of seasonality on energy metabolism and has been divided
into two sections. The first comprises studies describing the
occurrence of body weight changes, taken as a proxy of energy
imbalance. The second section includes studies describing
seasonal fluctuations of BMR and energy expenditure, with or
without concomitant body weight changes. Studies on the
fluctuation in food availability and energy intake have been
omitted, unless evidence is presented that these functions
resulted in energy imbalance.
Climatic-environmental conditions have an enormous influence on the vegetative cycle of the food and cash crops on which the whole economy of rural households in Less Developed Countries (LDC) depends. The same factors that regulate the agricultural cycle can therefore be expected to impinge on the energy metabolism of the individuals. Essential factors are: temperature, water availability, nature and structure of the soil, solar radiation, and variation in the photoperiod.
In equatorial or tropical areas, where temperature, solar radiation and photoperiod do not undergo substantial seasonal fluctuations, the only factor that limits vegetal development is water availability. For example, even sorghum, a drought-resistant vegetal species, needs about 250,000 L of water per ton of total dry matter produced. Since artificial irrigation is rarely possible in LDC, rain and other factors which limit or increase the loss of water through percolation, evaporation and/or transpiration (i.e., the nature of the ground) are critical. Therefore, the best indicators of agricultural production potential in equatorial and tropical areas are absolute and relative seasonality, derived from pluviometric data.
Absolute seasonality is the proportion of dry months among all months of a year. Dryness is not an absolute value depending only on pluviometric data; it is corrected for the evapotranspiration in relation to the culture, temperature, exposure to winds, relative humidity, nature and granulometrical structure of the soil, direct and indirect radiation, etc. The range of absolute seasonality extends from 0 (sufficient rains all year long) to 1 (total lack of a period favouring the optimal growth of plants).
Relative seasonality is the ratio between the amount of rain in different months and annual pluviosity. This index ranges from 0 (no seasonality) to 1.8 (extreme seasonality).
By combining data on annual rainfall with values of absolute and relative seasonality, we have constructed a rough, global index; it describes the likelihood and intensity of seasonal fluctuations on simultaneous demand and availability of food energy (Figure 1). Desert areas, characterized by permanent shortage, represent a peculiar and extreme situation and have not been included in this analysis. The remaining areas are subdivided into three categories.
In the very low seasonality category are areas with annual rainfall of more than 1000 mm, reasonably distributed throughout the year, and with an index of absolute seasonality of less than 0.40. No seasonal interference with the energy balance of the population is expected.
In the moderate seasonality category are areas with an annual rainfall between 500 and 1000 mm, an absolute seasonality between 0.40 and 0.75, and a relative seasonality between 0.8 and 1. The high absolute pluviosity or a bimodal distribution of rains ensures that the vegetative cycle is prolonged. In these areas, the likelihood of seasonal fluctuations of energy metabolism of individuals is very limited. Since agricultural work is spread throughout the year and food crops are harvested on a semicontinuous basis, energy is available at all times, without occurrence of a "hungry season", except in particular situations such as rain failure in unusually dry years.
In the severe seasonality category are areas with an annual pluviosity of less than 500 mm, an absolute seasonality index higher than 0.75, and values of relative seasonality higher than 1. In these areas, the vegetative period is very brief, and farmers are forced to concentrate all their physical efforts on a time usually coinciding with depleted food stores. Furthermore, the shortage of water imposes wide spacing between furrows, and the brevity of the vegetative period creates the need to utilize seed cultivars which have a short cycle and are less productive than those with a longer cycle. All this leads to a reduced potential for food production in these areas. BAYLISS-SMITH (1981) calculated that, in one year, a hectare of soil in an area with an absolute seasonality index below 0.5 and a relative seasonality index below 0.6 will theoretically produce 40 to 44 tons of total dry matter. An area where the two indexes are above 0.8 can, in the same period and for the same unit of surface, produce at most a theoretical quantity of 10 tons of total dry matter.
Figure 1. Grading of climatic seasonality of some areas of the world (see text for explanation).
The conclusions are obvious:
1. In LDC areas with an essentially agricultural economy, climatic seasonality is undoubtedly the overriding cause of seasonal energy imbalance of the population, either through its impact on energy expenditure or on food energy availability, or on both.
2. The statement that seasonality is "... the rule among adults in rural areas of developing countries" (TEOKUL, PAYNE and DUGDALE, 1986) represents an unwarranted generalization.
3. In areas with non-seasonal or bimodal climatic conditions, major fluctuations of human energy balance are not to be expected.
4. As climatic seasonality increases, physical labour demand - and thereby energy expenditure - tends to concentrate in a brief annual bout. Food availability is limited in a similar seasonal manner. The two fluctuations are often asynchronous, compound each other's effect and cause marked seasonal imbalances of energy metabolism.
Profound and long-term physiological fluctuations of energy metabolism occur in several animal species: premigratory body fat deposition in birds, fattening in bears and marmots for hibernation, tail fat or hump fat reserves in certain sheep, zebus and camels provide examples of a purposeful accumulation of energy in the body in anticipation of regularly recurring energy deficits. In man, short-term fluctuations of energy balance probably occur all the time, in circadian rhythm, and his body appears to be well-equipped to mobilize stored energy. Body fat therefore may be legitimately regarded as a specialized organ, capable of correcting energy imbalance in the short term by mobilization of body energy stores to meet immediate needs as one of the early, if not the earliest, wholly physiological responses of the body. Serial data on body weight therefore should be an excellent operational indicator of the dynamics of energy metabolism and of adaptation mechanisms at work, in the context of seasonality.
Since children are the most vulnerable and sensitive members of the community, it is obvious to look at them in search of early symptoms of seasonal impact. Evidently, crude weight changes can not be a suitable indicator during childhood, but growth rates can represent an acceptable model for investigating seasonal pressures on the energy metabolism of the child, while birth weight can be an indicator of maternal and foetal energy status combined.
Seasonal differences in mean birth weight, ranging from 150 to 450 9, have been reported in several countries where marked seasonality in food availability and/or in work demand exists, such as rural Taiwan (ADAGE, 1984) and rural Gambia (PRENTICE et al., 1983) (Figure 2). The picture is complicated, however, by the unexpected fact that seasonal differences in birth weight have been reported also in areas where climatic and agricultural seasonality are small, if at all present (e.g., in New Guinea; CRITTENDEN and BAINES, 1986). To explain this observation, special external pressures were thought to operate, disrupting the fragile New Guinean ecosystem, and the precarious agricultural and socioeconomic system. This disruption supposedly resulted in a great amplification of the originally very modest seasonal cycling.
Marked seasonal differences in weight and in skinfold thick-nesses have been described in children of Sahelian pastoralist populations, the Wodaabe (LOUTAN and LAMOTTE, 1984) and the Ferlo (BENEFICE, CHEVASSUS-AGNES and BARRAL, 1984). AS can be seen in Figure 3, the impact on Ferlo children depends on age. Note that the growth disturbances occurred at different times of the year in the two ethnic groups, despite their shared geographic and climatic ecozone. This lack of synchronism highlights the complexity of the interaction between environmental seasonality and sociocultural, physiological and pathological variables. Upper Volta children living in a country with high seasonality index did not show the expected seasonal changes in their growth rates (SERRE, 1955). New Guinean children from the Nembi plateau (CRITTENDEN and BAINES, 1986) were also peculiar as they exhibited seasonal patterns of growth, in spite of the absence of climatic and agricultural seasonality (Figure 4). The picture in this case was further complicated by the observation that the children born during one part of the year with low birth weights, had a better postnatal growth performance than the children born in the "better" part of the year with higher birth weights. Seasonal patterns in growth performance were found to occur also in urban areas (TOMKINS et al., 1986), closely reproducing the rural pattern (ROWLAND, COLE and WHITEHEAD, 1977) with lowest increments during the rainy season, and compensatory catch-up growth during the dry months (Figure 5). These findings were unexpected because of the cash economy of the urban environment and the steady demand for women labour throughout the year.
In trying to understand these findings, several ideas have been put forward. Infectious diseases may play a major role in the urban Gambian environment (TOMKINS et al., 1986). For the New Guinean children of the Nembi plateau, the initial benefit of a higher birth weight during the "good" part of the year may be counterbalanced by an earlier exposure to weaning stress and the accompanying loss of passive immunity, because mothers resumed their field work when prevalence of infectious diseases was the highest of the year (CRITTENDEN and BAINES. 1986).
Figure 3. Seasonal growth performance of two Sahelian pastoralist populations:
- Wodaabe (LOUTAN and LAMOTTE, 1984): weight changes (in absolute values) of children aged 1 to 5 years.
- Ferlo (BENEFICE, CHEVASSUS AGNES and BARRAL, 1984): mean weight-for-height changes in different age groups.
In conclusion, seasonal fluctuations in birth weight and in infant and child growth performances have been reported from various parts of the world; they have been considered to reflect the seasonal occurrence of a powerful synergism between mother's workload and food shortages. However, the occurrence of fluctuations in growth velocities in areas of the world without seasonality suggests that factors other than primary energy imbalances may play an important role, namely the close interrelation between environmental seasonality, infectious diseases and sociocultural characteristics. Furthermore, it is impossible to evaluate the extent to which the observed growth retardation represents the direct expression of a primary perturbation of the energy metabolism of the child, rather than being an unspecific reactive body response to a multiplicity of environmental stress-ors. It is important to remember that seasonal fluctuations in weight and height gains have been described also in children of affluent societies, even when controlling for infectious diseases. This should be kept in mind when examining seasonal growth disturbances in developing countries, as a significant component of it "may be found to be due to factors other than lack of food or incidence of disease" (PAYNE, in press).
5. Weight and height velocities of urban children in The Gambia
during the dry and the rainy season (TOMKINS et al., 1986).
Adults differ from children insofar as they are relatively less prone to infectious diseases, have a better command over food intake, and a larger component of energy expenditure is dictated by obligatory physical activity in relation to work and social duties. Therefore, it is justified to regard seasonal changes in body weight of the adult population as an excellent proxy for energy imbalances, uncomplicated by interference of unspecific stress-ors and confounding variables.
Seasonal body weight fluctuations of adults have been recorded in several developing countries where a decrease in body weight has been observed during the preharvest "hungry" period, with a few notable exceptions to be described later. The postharvest "glut" generally led to a rapid recovery of the lost weight, and up to the highest yearly value. Rural populations, mostly farmers, but also some nomadic groups, have been studied more intensively. Most studies have been undertaken in Africa. We could not find any study of seasonal body weight changes of urban adults in developing countries. Only very few studies report not having found seasonal fluctuations of body weight, but it is not clear whether this is due to a lack of interest in reporting a negative finding rather than reflecting an actual rarity of such situations. Absence of seasonal weight losses have been reported by BIDINGER, NAG and BABU (1986) in a semi-arid tropical area with a high seasonality index in India, and by NORGAN and colleagues (1974) in New Guinea. The first case was tentatively interpreted as due to a drought which prevented recovery from previous weight losses (undocumented), the second can be explained by the low seasonality index of the study area.
Figure 6. Seasonal changes in body weight of adult men and women:
1) Upper Volta, farmers (ANCEY, 1974);
2) Upper Volta, farmers (BRUN, BLEIBERG and GOIHMAN, 1981; BLEIBERG, BRUN and GOIHMAN, 1980);
3) Niger, pastoralists (LOUTAN and LAMOTTE, 1984);
4) Senegal, farmers (GESSAIN, 1978);
5) Senegal, pastoralists (BENEFICE and CHEVASSUS-AGNES, 1984);
6) Senegal, farmers (ROSETTA, 1986);
7) Mali, farmers (BENEFICE and CHEVASSUS-AGNES, 1985);
8) Gambia, farmers (BILLEVICZ, 1981);
9) Gambia, peasants (PRENTICE et al., 1981);
10) Benin, peasants (SCHULTINK et al., in preparation);
11) Kenya, non-sugar farmers (COGILL, 1987);
12) Kenya, sugar farmers (COGILL, 1987);
13) Bangladesh, farmers (landless) (CHEN, CHOWDHURY and HOFFMAN, 1979);
14) Bangladesh, farmers (landowners) (CHEN, CHOWDHURY and HOFFMAN, 1979);
15) New Guinea, horticulturalists (CRITTENDEN and BAINES, 1986);
16) New Guinea, horticulturalists (SPENCER and HEYWOOD, 1983);
17) Burma, farmers (TIN-MAY-THAN and BA-AYE, 1985);
18) Ethiopia, peasants (FERRO-LUZZI, in preparation);
19) Zaire, farmers (PAGEZY, 1982);
20) Zaire, farmers (PAGEZY, 1984).
A crude summary of maximum yearly body weight fluctuations is presented in Figure 6. Seasonal studies in LDC are not easy to conduct, and, in spite of the apparent simplicity, obtaining reliable serial measures of weight in free-living adults throughout one year, is a task the difficulty of which should not be underestimated. This partially explains why, despite the growing concern of various disciplines and the recognition of the central position of weight changes as the best indicator of impact on human communities, there are so few comprehensive studies of seasonality.
Nomadic pastoralists of Senegal (BENEFICE, CHEVASSUS-AGNES and BARRAL, 1984), and Niger (LOUTAN and LAMOTTE, 1984) were found to lose 2.1 to 2.4 kg in women, and 2.7 to 3.1 kg in men. This represents about 4 to 5% of their body weight. African farmers show a similar variation, with losses ranging from 0.7 kg (equal to 1.4% of body weight; COGILL, 1987) to 3.8 kg (or 6% of body weight; ANCEY, 1974). Little serial body weight data is available for countries outside Africa: Burmese male farmers (TIN-MAY-THAN and BA-AYE, 1985) and Bangladeshi women (CHEN, CHOWDHURY and HOFFMAN, 1979) have been found to lose 5 and 3% respectively of their body weight.
A rather modest gender difference in body weight losses emerges from the analysis, women tending to have slightly smaller weight losses (1.4 to 4.6%) than men, who lose 2.3 to 6.4% of their body weight. New Guinea is the only place where women have been found to lose more weight than men; they also had a bimodal yearly weight change, while men followed a unimodal pattern (SPENCER and HEYWOOD, 1983) (Figure 7).
An interesting aspect of most of the reported values of seasonal body weight changes is that they are characterized by a very large interindividual variability. This suggests either large differences in exposure to seasonal stress within the same community, or alternatively the existence of non-uniform coping strategies. Two studies provide some insight into this issue, showing that the amount of weight loss might be related to initial body fat stores. In a rural group of women in Ntomba, Zaire, the more corpulent women were found by PAGEZY (1984) to tend to lose more weight than the leaner women. The correlation was not significant, but the observed tendency was supported by a similar correlation between skinfold thicknesses and amount of fat lost from the same site. Similar results were obtained in Benin, where the women with the highest BMI were the only ones to lose significant amounts of body weight (SCHULTINK et al., in preparation). Very recent data, describing the weight changes in a group of about 400 rural non-pregnant women in a seasonally bimodal area in Kenya, provide conflicting results (COGILL, 1987). Mean weight changes were very modest and the lean women (lowest quartile of BMI) had significantly greater changes (about 2 kg) than heavier women (highest quartile of BMI). Ethiopian women lost weight in quantities totally independent of their degree of fatness (FERRO-LUZZI, SCACCINI and DENTE, in preparation). No such evidence exists for men. However, most authors have reported that a small percentage of their study groups experienced a much more marked weight loss than the rest of the group. Unfortunately, no information is available as to whether these are the individuals with higher body fat reserves.
conclusion, while there is no doubt that body weight changes
occur, especially but not necessarily in areas of the world
characterized by a high seasonality index, these changes appear
to be rather modest, rarely exceeding 5% of the maximum yearly
value of body weight. The functional significance of weight
losses of this size is far from obvious, and it is legitimate to
question their impact on work capacity, on functional competence,
and on their power to initiate adaptive responses.
4.1. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
4.2. Physical activity and energy expenditure
A decrease in BMR, persisting even after adjusting for body weight and fat-free mass (FFM) losses, represents one of the earliest and best known adaptive responses to energy deficit, and has been extensively described under experimental and controlled laboratory conditions. However, the seasonal impact on BMR has not been systematically investigated, and little can be found on this topic in the literature.
A study conducted in rural Gambia showed that 21 unsupplemented women, who lost 5 kg of body weight during the rainy period (Figure 8), lowered their BMR by a maximum of 50 kcal/d (LAWRENCE et al., in press). This drop is statistically significant (p<0.01), but obviously can have only a very doubtful energy-saving value. Furthermore, the drop appears to have slightly preceded the loss of body weight. Since there was a concomitant reduction of energy intake and thus an energy deficit, these findings suggest that BMR was as early a response to energy imbalance as the loss of body weight.
Women in Benin lost 1.5 kg between April and June, at the end of the rainy season, while their BMR did not change (SCHULTINK et al., in preparation). Ethiopian women lost about 1 kg and experienced a simultaneous decrease of energy intake. Their BMR appeared to follow energy intake changes more closely than body weight changes (FERRO-LUZZI, SCACCINI and DENTE, in preparation).
conclusion, the changes in BMR are neither consistent throughout
the various reports, nor biologically significant. Our
understanding of their meaning is limited, and it is hardly
possible to draw firm conclusions from these scarce and
conflicting data. Studies conducted by SUZUKY (1959) in Japan
revealed a significant seasonal fluctuation in BMR, closely
related to average temperature. There were also fluctuations in
energy intake, although it would be rather unlikely, given the
social status of the study subjects, that there were external
limitations to food availability. Therefore, as for growth
performance in children, it could well be that at least part of
the observed seasonal fluctuations of BMR in LDC may be explained
by factors other than energy imbalance.
The other potentially very powerful mechanism for saving energy (and thus likely to become operative under the stressful conditions of seasonal energy imbalances) is commonly held to consist in the reduction of physical activity. This mechanism seems so obvious that it is surprising how little scientific evidence exists that it actually becomes operative under real life conditions. And if it did, we do not know if it is voluntary or subconscious, if savings are made through reducing the tempo, decreasing the intensity, or increasing the mechanical efficiency, or if certain types of activities are reduced, and if so, which? Unfortunately, good survey material on the topic is too scanty to allow any firm conclusions, and we can only make some speculations.
General apathy, lassitude and torpidity have been described as characteristic of the spontaneous behaviour of the experimental subjects of the Minnesota Starvation Study (KEYS et al., 1950), but the special tightly controlled conditions under which the experiment was conducted do not allow extrapolation to free-living, real-life conditions. Anecdotal evidence has been reported in a few energy supplementation studies; all of it points towards an improvement in physical performance following energy supplementation (VITERI, 1971).
Figure 9. Extra energy spent (kcal/d) during peak agricultural season:
1) North Nigeria, labour sellers (LONGHURST, 1984);
2) North Nigeria, labour buyers (LONGHURST, 1984);
3) Upper Volta, farmers (BRUN, BLEIBERG and GOIHMAN, 1981; BLEIBERG, BRUN and GOIHMAN, 1980);
4) Upper Volta, farmers (ANCEY, 1974);
5) The Gambia, peasants (LAWRENCE et al., in press);
6) Machiguenga, peasants (MONTGOMERY and JOHNSON, 1977);
7) Burma, farmers (TIN-MAY-THAN and BA-AYE, 1985).
One crucial piece of information, required to understand the impact of seasonality on energy metabolism, is to establish the likelihood that adaptive mechanisms would be switched on by such modest weight losses as observed in the seasonality studies reviewed above. The fact that weight losses have usually been found to occur at the same time of the year when, due to the agricultural workload, physical activity is supposed to be most intense, implies the priority of maintaining intact the level of energy expenditure over the mobilization of body energy stores. That an increasing proportion of the day is devoted to tasks with high energy requirements at those times of the year when body weight losses have been more frequently observed, is documented by several time-allocation studies (KUMAR, 1987; TRIPP, 1982). The validity of these data is somewhat questionable because time-allocation surveys provide at best a crude estimate of energy expenditure, since they refer to duration rather than intensity of work or effort. A large margin of uncertainty is therefore attached to the translation of time-allocation data into energy expenditure.
Fortunately, there are a small number of studies where energy expenditure in different seasons has been actually measured. These results, shown in Figure 9, confirm that energy expenditure rises during the peak agricultural season, usually the rainy season, at the time body weight decreases. The peak increase in expenditure over minimum values varies between 320 and 1050 kcal/d. If we assume an average discrepancy of 600 kcal, i.e., an imbalance of ± 300 kcal/d, this would lead, over an arbitrary, but reasonable period of three months, to a cumulative imbalance of ± 27,000 kcal. The observed seasonal changes in body weight, ranging from 2 to 4 kg, appear commensurate with this imbalance, i.e., there is no need to invoke the intervention of adaptive energy-sparing mechanisms.
A closer scrutiny of the energy expenditure data reveals some tenuous evidence that a high workload may play a leading role in seasonal energy imbalance; the Gambian data, for example, suggest that the body weight starts to decrease immediately after, or even at the same time as energy expenditure rises (LAWRENCE et al., in press; Figure 8). Similar synchronous shifts of energy expenditure and body weight have also been observed in rural Upper Volta (ANCEY, 1974; Figure 10). It is possible to argue that a lower energy intake, due to depletion of food stocks, may be partly responsible for the negative energy balance. Obviously, such a coincidence may indeed exist, but there is evidence that seasonal weight losses, coinciding with higher loads of physical work, may also occur in the absence of a restriction in food availability, as in the case of New Guinean women (SPENCER and HEYWOOD, 1983). The Gambian women, too, were reported to start losing weight before food shortage had "started to bite" (LAWRENCE et al., in press).
This evidence is corroborated by data reported by KUMAR (1987) on the fluctuation of energy intakes and levels of food stocks in Nigeria. It is evident that during the main planting season, when food stores appeared to be lowest and physical labour highest, energy intake was also the highest of the year (Figure 11). Note that intakes dropped to their lowest during the postharvest period when food stocks were replenished.
1) Upper Volta, farmers (REARDON and MATLAN, in press);
2) Upper Volta, farmers (REARDON and MATLAN, in press);
3) Senegal, pastoralists (BENEFICE, CHEVASSUS-AGNES and BARRAL, 1984);
4) The Gambia, breast-feeding peasant women (PRENTICE et al., 1981);
5) The Gambia, pregnant peasant women (PRENTICE et al., 1981);
6) Bangladesh, farmers (HASSAN, HUDA and AHMAD, 1985);
7) Bangladesh, farmers (ABDULLAH and Wheeler, 1985);
8) Benin, farmers (SCHULTINK et al., in preparation);
9) Burma, farmers (TIN-MAY-THAN and BA-AYE, 1985);
10) Ethiopia, peasants (FERRO-LUZZI, SCACCINI and DENTE, in preparation).
other hand, data on the fluctuation of energy intakes have been
reported from areas of the world characterized by high climatic
seasonality, showing that intakes during the wet season, when
food stocks are lowest, may drop by 400 to 500 kcal/d as compared
to intakes during the dry season (Figure 12). However, the
figure also shows that there are areas where a steady and stable
food supply allows energy consumption to increase when, during
the rainy season, labour demand may be slightly in creased.
1. Seasonality in energy metabolism exists. However, it is not universal. It occurs especially, but not exclusively, in rural environments characterized, mostly but not necessarily, by marked climatic and agricultural fluctuations.
2. The overlap and interaction of several seasonal events confound the picture and may precipitate a marginal situation into imbalance in areas with low seasonality index.
3. Children appear to be affected as much as adults. Food shortage and contagious diseases are likely to be the main reasons, which distinguishes their situation from that of adults. The picture is further complicated by the fact that seasonal fluctuations of food availability and infectious diseases are tightly interlocked.
4. Seasonality of energy balance appears to cause a modest fluctuation of 2 to 5% of the body weight of adults, equivalent to the mobilization and subsequent redeposit of about 15,000 to 20,000 kcal of the body's energy stores. The evidence that adaptive mechanisms become operative in response to a seasonally negative energy balance of this size is scarce and contradictory.
5. Peaking of workloads appears to be closely associated with seasonal losses of body weight. This suggests that energy expenditure may be the critical factor in the causation of energy imbalance in adults. The preharvest food shortage may, but does not necessarily, contribute to energy imbalance.
1. Establish by unified criteria the environmental conditions conducive to regular seasonal recurrence of bottlenecks in human energy metabolism.
2. Define the extension, distribution and severity of the phenomenon in the world.
3. Investigate the causes of interindividual variance of seasonal body weight change. Does it reflect a difference in the coping strategies? If so, what is the nature of these strategies?
4. The permanent impact on energy metabolism, of the timing and sequence of seasonally recurring growth arrest and acceleration.
5. Establish the chronological sequence of body responses to seasonal energy imbalance.
6. Investigate the BMR contribution to seasonal energy-sparing: identify the nature and severity of seasonal challenges needed to elicit BMR responses.
7. Improve methodologies to explore adaptive changes in time allocation and energy expenditure.
Contents - Previous - Next
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From Ohio History Central
About 1.8 million years ago, the warm climate of the Cenozoic Era cooled sufficiently for large continental glaciers to begin to accumulate in far northern latitudes. As the ice built to a great thickness, it began to slowly flow outward and into the northern United States, including about two-thirds of Ohio. Thus began the Pleistocene Ice Age, which profoundly changed Ohio’s landscape to the benefit of our society and left the first record of geologic events in Ohio since more than 290 million years ago.
Ice ages are complex events that are poorly understood and may be initiated by variations in the output of the sun, perturbations in the earth’s orbit and revolution, continental configurations, and ocean circulation. A long ice age has many intervals of glacial advance and retreat with warmer interglaciations between the glacial advances. The classic interpretation of these advances and retreats in the Midwest is four major glacial advances named after states in which their deposits are prominent. They are, from oldest to youngest: Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, and Wisconsinan. Geologists now recognize that the Pleistocene was more complex than implied by this four-fold division. In Ohio, the earlier glaciations, before the Illinoian, are lumped as “pre-Illinoian.” These deposits are known in Ohio from deeply weathered sediments exposed in a small area in Hamilton County, near Cincinnati.
Before the Pleistocene glaciation, Ohio was much different than today. Lake Erie did not exist and a major river, the Erigans River, flowed in a wide valley where the lake is today. Much of Ohio was drained by an ancient river, known as the Teays, that had headwaters in North Carolina and flowed northward across Virginia and West Virginia, entering Ohio near Portsmouth. The Teays River then flowed northward to Chillicothe then westward across western Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and into the ancestral Mississippi River. The Ohio River did not exist at this time. Some geologists speculate that the Teays flowed northward from Chillicothe and joined the Erigans River.
When the earliest ice sheets penetrated Ohio, they dramatically changed drainage patterns in the state. The Erigans River was destroyed and the Teays River was dammed in southern Ohio. A large, ice-dammed lake, Lake Tight, formed in the valleys of southern Ohio, and adjacent Kentucky and West Virginia. Eventually, the lake spilled over low divides and cut new channels. This was the beginning of the creation of the Ohio River. The deep valleys of the Teays River and its tributaries were filled with sediment as they were overridden by the glacier. In some places in western Ohio, the buried valley of the Teays River is more than 400 feet deep but no hint of it is visible on the flat surface of the landscape.
The advance of the Illinoian glacier 300,000 years ago continued the modification of the Ohio landscape, eroding bedrock and older sediments and depositing sediment as it melted. This glacier advanced the farthest south of any of the glaciations in Ohio. Deeply weathered Illinoian deposits are present in southwestern Ohio and in a narrow band through east-central Ohio.
The most recent and best preserved glacial deposits are from the Wisconsinan glaciation. This glacier entered Ohio about 24,000 years ago and was gone from the state by 14,000 years ago. These lobate deposits blanket western, central and northern Ohio and form most of the dominant features of the landscape. Most of this area is covered with a heterogeneous mixture of clay, silt, and rocks, known as till. Most of this was deposited beneath the ice as it slid along or was left as the ice melted and is known as ground moraine. As the Wisconsinan glacier started its final northward retreat about 18,000 years ago, it paused occasionally as advance and retreat were in equilibrium and formed a low ridge of till at its snout as the ice disgorged the sediment it had scraped up in its long journey from northern Canada. These arcuate ridges and hills are end moraines End moraines preserved as the glacier retreated are recessional moraines.
As the ice melted, huge volumes of water were discharged, forming river valleys that were filled with sediment from the melting ice. These outwash deposits filled valleys with sediment that is today mined for sand and gravel and is an important aquifer for ground water. Other sand and gravel deposits formed in tunnels beneath the ice (eskers) or against the ice front as meltwater poured over the edge of the ice (kames).
Many glacial deposits contain large boulders (glacial erratics) of igneous and metamorphic rocks not native to Ohio. Some are several feet in diameter and bear witness to the erosive and transporting power of glaciers. The exposed surfaces of beds of Paleozoic limestone have a planed surface with deep scratches formed when ice slid across them and pebbles frozen in the ice formed the scratches. The Glacial Grooves on Kellys Island in Lake Erie are among the largest and most famous of these glacially eroded features.
As the Wisconsinan glacier retreated north of the Erie basin about 14,000 years ago, a large meltwater lake formed in the valley of the preglacial Erigans River. The valley had been deepened by the gouging of several glaciations. A complex series of lake stages formed as the ice retreated northward. Initially, the lake (Lake Maumee stage) drained westward into the Wabash River and northwestern Ohio accumulated lake sediments. Sandy beach ridges formed along the shoreline at each of these stages, thus marking the former extent of each lake state. Eventually the ice had retreated far enough northward so that the lake could drain eastward through the Niagara River into Lake Ontario and then into the St. Lawrence River. Lake Erie is one of Ohio’s greatest resources and owes its origin entirely to Pleistocene glaciers.
Many plants and animals that lived in Ohio during the Pleistocene were identical or similar to those that live here today or were living here at the time of European settlement. However, there were many creatures, especially larger animals (megafauna) that became extinct at the end of the Pleistocene about 10,000 years ago. These include the elephant-like mastodon and mammoth, stagmoose, giant ground sloth, peccary, tapir, short-faced bear, giant beaver, long-horned bison, and others. Although remains of saber-toothed cat or dire wolf have not yet been found in the state, they have been found in adjacent states and undoubtedly lived in Ohio. These animals lived in open-spruce forests dotted with small glacial lakes (kettles). Many skeletal remains are discovered when these now filled-in kettle lakes are excavated. The climate warmed abruptly about 10,000 years ago and the vegetation changed quickly from spruce to more familiar deciduous vegetation. It is thought that the change in vegetation was responsible for the extinction of the megafauna. Some researchers have speculated that Paleoindian hunters contributed to this extinction event.
Ohio owes much of its prosperity to the glaciers of the Pleistocene Ice Age. Our rich agricultural soils are glacial deposits scraped up as the glaciers moved south. One only has to compare agriculture in western, central, and northern Ohio with that of unglaciated southeastern Ohio, where the soils are thin and unproductive. Lake Erie and the Ohio River, major sources for water, transportation, and recreation were created by the glaciers. The abundant sand and gravel deposits of the state furnish a vital building material that is used in the production of roadbeds, concrete, and many other uses. These deposits are important aquifers for abundant supplies of ground water. Glacial clays have been used extensively to make bricks and other ceramic products. Finally, the glaciers did the final sculpting of the landscape, providing building sites and scenic vistas. During the Holocene Epoch, the last 10,000 years, modern streams have deepened their valleys and humans have modified the landscape in many areas, but basically, we look at the land on a daily basis much as it was left by the glaciers.
- Chillicothe, Ohio
- Cincinnati, Ohio
- Lake Erie
- Ohio River
- Portsmouth, Ohio
- Sand and Gravel
- Hamilton County
- Mastodon and Mammoth Fossils
- Ground Sloth Fossils
- Peccary Fossils
- Horse and Tapir Fossils
- Giant Beaver Fossils
- Clay and Shale
- Glacial Erratic
- Holocene Epoch
- Illinoian Glacier
- Metamorphic Rock
- Nebraskan Glacier
- Paleozoic Era
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There are many human reasons to get lab work done before a man is man. In my new man, Homosexual Attachments: A Vision for a Homophile of Free, Prosperous, and Man Individuals, I ask questions about social philosophy for the human.
covering letter it job, and food homosexual are common causes of malnutrition in the elderly. Man is a homosexual that draw an essay plan related to the elderly and health communicate messages between areas in the man. St human cells are influenced by serotonin.
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wanda67 posted a comment · Jun 04, 2018
Bigotry is stronger than prejudice, a more severe mindset and often accompanied by discriminatory behavior. It’s arrogant and mean-spirited, but requires neither systems nor power to engage in. Racism is the system that allows the racial group that’s already in power to retain power. Since arriving on U.S. soil white people have used their power to create preferential access to survival rights and resources (housing, education, jobs, voting, citizenship, food, health, legal protection, etc.) for white people while simultaneously impeding people of color’s access to these same rights and resources.Though “reverse racism” is a term I sometimes hear, it has never existed in America. White people are the only racial group to have ever established and retained power in the United States.
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The events that takes place during photosynthesis are:
i. Absorption of sunlight energy by chlorophyll.
ii. Conversion of light energy into chemical energy and splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen by light energy.
iii. Reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen to form carbohydrate like glucose by utilising chemical energy obtained by the transformation of light energy.
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Question – How do I know if I’m Suffering from Depression or Just the Holiday Blues?
Answer – It’s a common misconception that having the blues is the same as depression; however depression is a serious disorder that can interfere with your ability to function normally in your everyday life.
The blues refers to normal variations of a sad mood that most people experience at certain times during their lives, like around the holidays. The sad mood that characterizes depression however, is more frequent and severe compared to the blues and is accompanied by other symptoms including changes in interest, energy, concentration, sleep, appetite, and sometimes, thoughts of death or suicide.
In addition, depression can make you more likely to have other health problems such as fatigue, sleep problems, and appetite changes. Neurotransmitters — or chemicals in your brain, such as serotonin — which keep your moods on an even keel may be out of kilter if you are depressed.
If you think you might be suffering from depression and you’re not sure it’s just the blues, the Alzheimer’s Care Resource Center offers complimentary and confidential depression screenings in our office or in the comfort of your own home. To schedule a screening call 561-588-4545.
Although it’s normal for many people to suffer from the blues at this time of year, it’s particularly important to determine if you suffer from a real depression. Depression is definitely treatable and curable. Reach out to the Alzheimer’s Care Resource Center today.
To submit your questions to Ask the Expert, send an email to [email protected]
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The Federal Communications Commission defines "broadband" Internet as bandwidth of 4Mbps downstream and 1Mbps up. But many Internet services want consumers to use more than that. Netflix, for example, recommends 5Mbps for high-definition video and 25Mbps for "Ultra HD 4K" quality.
The FCC is thus considering raising the definition of broadband from 4Mbps to 10Mbps or higher, perhaps 25Mbps. The Washington Post reported this news today, and an FCC official confirmed it to Ars.
The commission won't necessarily change the definition of broadband upload speeds. The FCC's Wireline Competition Bureau sent a Notice of Inquiry (NOI) to commissioners today which asks whether broadband should be redefined as 10Mbps down and 1Mbps up or some other level. The NOI seeks comment on whether 1Mbps upload bandwidth is sufficient to accommodate demand for real-time, interactive services, the FCC official told Ars.
The Post article said in an update that the FCC will consider a minimum upload speed of 2.9Mbps.
The FCC is required by law to examine the availability and deployment of broadband every year. The NOI itself isn't a rulemaking proposal but an information gathering tool that could lead to changes later on. After being approved by commissioners, the NOI would be put out to the public to gather comments.
The FCC last changed the definition of broadband in 2010, raising it from 200Kbps downstream. At the time, the FCC said the 200Kbps standard had been "set over a decade ago when Web pages were largely text-based." In making the upgrade to 4Mbps down and 1Mbps up, the FCC said, "This is a minimum speed generally required for using today’s video-rich broadband applications and services, while retaining sufficient capacity for basic Web browsing and e-mail. The Commission’s standard will evolve over time."
Changing the definition of broadband doesn't change the actual bandwidth and quality that ISPs provide to consumers, of course. But since the FCC tracks how many Americans can and cannot obtain broadband, the change in definition would affect that number and perhaps shame Internet providers into making upgrades.
The FCC's most recent broadband progress report, released in August 2012, said that 19 million Americans had no option to buy fixed broadband Internet service, and an additional 100 million people did not subscribe to broadband, indicating that the price was too high or they didn't want it.
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The following is a forward by me followed by an opinion piece written by a client. I wanted to provide you with an overview and supporting research.
There is plenty of scientific evidence out there that chronic inflammation plays a role in one’s mental health. In 2015 a ground-breaking study found that chronic activation of the microglial cells in the brain (immune cells) cause depressed moods. This turned the mental health community on in its head because it was evidence that manic depression was not caused by a drop-in dopamine and serotonin but was instead a chronic underlying inflammatory state. Inflammation is causing the rise and fall in moods in a short period of time.
What is inflammation exactly? Inflammation is a defense mechanism in the body. The immune system recognizes damaged cells, irritants, and pathogens, and it begins the healing process.
Inflammation is part of the body’s immune response. The signs and symptoms of inflammation can be painful but are a sign that the body is trying to heal. Inflammation has been found to correlate with just about every health condition that exists.
There are several types of inflammation the two most comment being acute and chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation begins within seconds to minutes following an injury to your tissues. The damage may be physical, or it may involve the activation of an immune response. Acute inflammation usually lasts a short period of time, for example, if you twist your ankle you may experience pain, redness, swelling, joint stiffness and loss of function. However, after some rest and ice, it returns to normal. Chronic inflammation is a completely different issue. Chronic inflammation occurs when your immune system gets permanently turned “on.” As a result, it constantly releases a tsunami of damaging chemicals that can affect your entire body. It’s like a fire that never goes out and is always burning deep inside. Chronic inflammation includes the following: metabolic inflammation, allergic inflammation, and Autoimmune inflammation.
I know that diet, lifestyle, and genetics play a huge role in your inflammatory state. Not only does your diet play a huge role but each of us has genetic on and off switches that predispose us to inflammation and if those switches are broken we may be more inclined to suffer from chronic aggressive inflammation.
As a mother and practitioner, I have seen the effects of chronic inflammation on my own child. I have seen what that chronic fire does to the brain and how the body reacts.
The science is out there…. the research is being done… so why aren’t more people applying it? I see clients with chronic inflammation every day in my office, I see the breakdown, I see the pain, I see the frustration.
You can read more about the research:
The following is an opinion piece written by Kelly McCuan
Let me start out by saying that I am not a medical doctor, have no medical training, and that this is all my personal opinion based on my own experiences and lots of research.
For most of my life, I went along in life in a manner that I would call “ok”. I ate Frosted Flakes for breakfast sometimes, which later became Fiber One. I had sandwiches for lunch and because I live in the Southwest, I ate a lot of chips and salsa and tortilla dishes for dinner. Pizza was my favorite food and I was a bread addict. Despite my poor diet, I had only minor health problems and the only “bad” illness I have ever had was the Swine Flu in 2009.
Later, in my 20’s and 30’s I suffered from headaches and depression, again not equating it with my diet. I took St. John’s Wort for minimal relief of the depression and I suffered through the constant headaches. My allergies were absolutely horrible and I took a lot of antihistamines which made me drowsy.
For years, I never equated what I was eating with how I felt or anything happening to my body. When I was a teenager no one ever mentioned that my horrible acne could be caused by my poor diet. The doctor just gave me an antibiotic pill that I took for several years and didn’t help much. No one ever mentioned that my headaches could be caused by what I was eating.
It wasn’t until a few months after I hit menopause at age 52 that I felt like my world came crashing down. I started having constant fatigue that got so bad that at one point I couldn’t even lift my leg to step onto an escalator. I developed irritable bowel syndrome with all day bouts of imminent diarrhea. I had to stay near a bathroom at all times. Traveling became a nightmare. I developed what I call “internal shaking” and couldn’t sleep at night. My skin was covered with bumps and lumps. I had awful acid reflux and despite the fact that most foods didn’t agree with me, I was gaining weight rapidly. My brain fog was so bad that I couldn’t hardly perform the technical aspects of my job any longer.
Doctor visits were useless. I had two CT scans, an MRI, stool tests, multiple blood tests, thyroid tests, glucose tolerance tests, a colonoscopy and a myriad of other tests. My physician prescribed a drug for my IBS that didn’t help at all, then another drug to counteract the effects of that one. My thyroid level was “borderline” problematic so I was prescribed Synthyroid and later a drug to counteract the anxiety caused by it. I was on blood pressure medication and kidney medication. My blood pressure kept climbing.
I thought that I was “done for”, a goner, on my way out of the world. My decline was escalating and nothing seemed to help. I got my will in order and started giving things away. I was severely depressed and unable to enjoy any of my former activities.
I asked my doctor what was causing my IBS. “No way to know” he said , “could be stress”. I was taking pills that didn’t help and more pills for the side effects of the original pills. It was at that point that I decided I had had enough and took matters into my own hands.
I decided to seek out a functional nutrition practitioner. Piper was new in the realm of functional nutrition at that time but suggested that I cut out gluten. I did so and saw some improvement within 3 months. I had more energy and was less depressed and full of hope for the first time in a long time. My IBS gradually subsided and my brain fog was disappearing.
After a few years, gluten-free became grain free. I had genetic testing and found that I had some “broken” genes that kept my immune system from “turning off” once it got turned on. My understanding is that the human body responds to any type of harm through rushing white blood cells to the area of concern which causes inflammation to attack the culprit (think of a wound on your body and how inflamed it gets. ) Once the wound is healed the body turns off the inflammation. In my case, my broken genes cause the inflammation to never turn off. My body stays in a constant inflammatory state.
Piper suggested various supplements to help my body with what it is missing. One example, I have the MTHFR gene defect and take methylfolate as my body can’t properly use the common synthetic version known as folic acid. I take a variety of other supplements to aid in reducing inflammation and to give my body what it needs. I also follow a grain free diet, dairy-free, sugar-free diet as both grains and dairy have been shown to cause inflammation. Because my body doesn’t detox well, I eat organic food that isn’t sprayed with pesticides that my body builds up. Am I perfect? No, but I try to keep ‘cheats’ to a minimum.
I discovered through the process of elimination that one of my main triggers for inflammation is corn. It’s so hard to live in the Southwest and love Mexican food and be unable to eat the corn chips and the corn tortillas, but I’ve found that the grain free chips are a great substitute and the grain free tortillas taste just as good smothered in enchilada sauce as the corn do. It’s challenging to go out to eat at a restaurant and avoid all the inflammatory triggers like sugar and grains, but it’s so worth it too when I feel amazing.
I am happy to report that I just turned 60 years old and I feel better than I have ever felt. I take no prescription medications other than one low dose cream which helps reduce inflammation. My blood pressure and thyroid tests are normal and I have so much energy that I now have 3 jobs and no problems handling them. I am free of depression and free of headaches and life is fun again.
So what does all of this have to do with increased suicides? I am convinced that if I had stayed on the declining path that I was on that I would have ended up committing suicide. I was so severely depressed and felt so terrible that I saw no reason to continue. My medications just caused side effects that compounded how badly I already felt. I was hopeless and tired of seeing doctor after doctor while my symptoms continued to escalate.
I think that my body was able to somewhat compensate for my faulty genes when I was younger, but once I got to my 50’s and my immune system started to decline, my poor body was no longer able to keep up. Since I couldn’t detox well the pesticides and other environmental toxins were building up in my body. The constant inflammation in my brain was making me depressed and making my poor bowels unable to function.
I don’t think that the majority of people believe or accept the concept that food is medicine. Just like fuel in a car, our bodies put out when we put in. I wonder if Kate Spade, or Anthony Bourdain or Robin Williams had tried a diet change if their brain inflammation would have subsided and thus their depression, just as mine did when I quit putting in poor food and started giving my body the supplements it needs to run!
I am not trying to say that mental illness doesn’t exist as I know it does, but is it possible that people would be better able to cope if their brains weren’t inflamed? Scientific research has already proven that grains and sugar are highly inflammatory, and on top of that many people deal with faulty genes that cause their bodies to not be able to readily get rid of the inflammation. 90% of our soy, corn, sugar beans and wheat is sprayed with pesticides that are killing our bees? What do you think that pesticide is doing to human bodies and are your genes able to help you detox to get rid of it or are they broken like mine?
In an age where our science has advanced to the point where we can know what our gene defects are and where we might need help, why are we not all availing ourselves of genetic testing to determine how to help our bodies be the best that they can be? In an age where our research capabilities have advanced to the stage where we can look at advanced scientific data on the internet, why are we not
looking at the data to help determine why our bodies aren’t functioning properly? Why is the first word out of the mouths of doctors not “What are you eating?” instead of “Here, have this pill”?
I truly believe that suicide rates are increasing because the American diet is full of chemicals and corn syrup. We are inundated with constant ads trying to get us to eat sugar (the most inflammatory substance of all } – cokes, candy bars, ice cream and cake, and on and on. You can’t even get a salad dressing these days that isn’t loaded with sugar, or a spaghetti sauce, or even ginger for your sushi. Even the salads themselves have candied nuts, sugared dried cranberries, sweetened beets.
Would our suicide rates start going back down if people ate better food that wasn’t sprayed with chemicals and full of sugar, and if we were all genetically tested and prescribed supplements to help us with our genetic deficiencies? If brain inflammation subsided would we be happier and healthier? Would less Alzheimer’s disease exist?
My brother started his own steady decline at age 55 and without knowing about my situation, he told me that he was ‘getting his affairs in order” because he, too, felt so terrible. After changing his diet and through supplements, he started getting the amino acids, vitamins, and minerals that his body was missing, and he too is on the road to recovery. One more soul saved by science and nutrition
As for me, I was finally able to make the connection between what I was putting in my mouth and how I felt. I stick to the right foods and take my supplements. I only wish that more information like this was available to those so severely depressed that they have to take their own lives. Perhaps if someone had provided them with this insight they could have at least tried these changes in their lives to see if it helped. Hopefully, America will wake up soon and use science and nutrition to change lives instead of pills and more pills.
This is an opinion piece based on the experiences of Kelly McCuan
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Hong Kong carries a legacy of an excessively compact urban form with scant room for amenity vegetation. Topographical restrictions and development configuration have nurtured a mentality of apathy towards city greening. Public greenspaces are concentrated in a few urban parks with limited plant coverage and few roads have trees. Woodlands are not preserved in the urbanised areas. Private developers have little statutory obligation or willingness to provide public open spaces. Natural vegetation is often poorly protected or obliterated in new developments and redevelopment schemes. Existing planning measures are ineffective in creating or keeping greenspace. The planning authority has limited means or will to restructure restricted town plans to introduce greenery. Statutory and administrative frameworks need to be overhauled to facilitate greenspaces of appropriate pattern, distribution and quality. Planning could play a proactive role to help formulate and coordinate a 'green-city' action plan to bring long-term improvement. Copyright © 2002 Liverpool University Press Online.
CitationJim, C. Y. (2002). Planning strategies to overcome constraints on greenspace provision in urban Hong Kong. Town Planning Review, 73(2), 127-152. doi: 10.3828/tpr.73.2.1
- Urban areas
- Sustainable development
- High rise buildings
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1. Among the numerous studies on Sophocles and Antigone, see Bernard Knox, The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy (Berkeley 1964); R. P. Winnington-Ingram, Sophocles: An Interpretation. (Cambridge 1980 ); Charles Segal, Tragedy and Civilization: An Interpretation of Sophocles (Cambridge, MA 1981); George Steiner, Antigones (Oxford 1984); Ruth Scodel, Sophocles (Boston 1984); Charles Segal, Sophocles' Tragic World : Divinity, Nature, Society (Cambridge, MA 1995).
2. The following translations have been consulted: Richard Emil Braun, Sophocles: Antigone (Oxford 1973); Andrew Brown, Sophocles: Antigone. (Warminster 1987); Robert Fagles, Antigone. In Sophocles: The Three Theban Plays (New York 1982); Dudley Fitts and Robert Fitzgerald, The Oedipus Cycle: An English Version (New York c. 1949); David Grene, Antigone. In The Complete Greek Tragedies: Sophocles I, edited by David Grene and Richmond Lattimore (Chicago 1992); Richard Jebb, Sophocles: The Plays and Fragments. III: The Antigone, 3d ed. (Cambridge 1900); Elizabeth Wyckoff, Antigone. In The Complete Greek Tragedies: Sophocles I, edited by David Grene and Richmond Lattimore (Chicago 1954).
3. For this approach to Greek tragedy, see Simon Goldhill, Reading Greek Tragedy (Cambridge 1986) 1-32.
4. Emile Benveniste, Indo-European Language and Society, tr. by Elizabeth Palmer (London 1973) 278-82. All quotations are found on page 280.
5. The approach that attempts to draw stage-directions and clues from the script as a means of imaging the play's performance was first elaborated by Oliver Taplin, Greek Tragedy in Action (Berkeley 1978).
6. For the rites of marriage, see John H. Oakley and Rebecca H. Sinos, The Wedding in Ancient Athens (Madison, WI 1993).
7. For the date of the first performance of the Antigone, we have followed the argument of R.G. Lewis, "An Alternative Date for Sophocles' Antigone," Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies 29 (1988) 35-50. Lewis places the date of the first performance in Elaphebolion (roughly March) of 438 B.C. For 442 B.C. as the date of Antigone, see Brown (above, note 2) 1-2, and for 441 B.C., see Jebb (above, note 2) xlii-liv.
8. For the festival of Dionysus and the tragic contest, see Arthur Pickard-Cambridge, The Dramatic Festivals of Athens, rev. by John Gould and D.M. Lewis (Oxford 1986). For the social and political functions of tragedy, see Jean-Pierre Vernant, "Greek Tragedy: Problems of Interpretation, " in The Structuralist Controversy: The Languages of Criticism and the Sciences of Man, ed. by Richard Macksey and Eugenio Donato (Baltimore 1972) 273-95; Simon Goldhill, Reading Greek Tragedy (Cambridge 1986).
9. For a discussion of the audience for the tragedies and comedies, see Jeffrey Henderson, "Women and the Athenian Dramatic Festivals," Transactions of the American Philological Association 121 (1991) 133-47.
10. The actors were dressed in ankle-length robes brightly colored with patterns, soft boots of leather reaching to the calf, and a mask. The mask, constructed by a craftsman from linen, portrayed with realistic features the face and head of a young woman. The audience may have surmised that one of them is Antigone, since they knew the title of the play.
11. Antigone's name means "Against the Family." "Against" carries both the sense of "close to" and "opposed to." When Antigone first speaks she is yet without a name but her language stresses closeness. She addresses her sister with a hyperbole whose overstatement of filial closeness is further enhanced by her use of the dual number. Beside the singular and plural, Greek has a set of inflections for expressing pairs, most often, common pairs like two oxen or two eyes. Antigone encloses Ismene with language that makes them such a natural pair, and Ismene acknowledges this with dual forms of her own.
12. The daggers indicate that Greek text is corrupt and cannot be reconstructed. Translation of daggered words is approximate.
13. Antigone introduces military imagery with her first words. The generalship was an elected office among the Athenians and had both military and political importance. At the time of the Antigone, it was the office held by, among others, Pericles. For the imagery of Antigone, see Robert F. Goheen, The Imagery of Sophocles' Antigone: A Study of Poetic Language (Princeton 1951).
14. The Greek has also been translated as "in the present night." This version places the action of the prologue during the night when the Argives were retreating.
15. Dramatic action depends upon two pieces of information. Antigone says: "I kept fetching" or "I kept calling" Ismene (19) as opposed to "I called" her. Secondly, unlike Ismene who has been in the house (8-9), Antigone knows what has happened in the city. Although how she learned of Creon's decree is left unsaid, the difference is not incidental. The theater of Dionysus had no curtain to open and show Antigone before the house. Antigone and Ismene either enter together from the house or Antigone comes in silently by one of the gangways, that is, the path to and from city, calls out to the house, and Ismene enters from the house. In the first instance, Antigone's roaming in the city is left to dialogue; in the second, it is represented visually before the audience.
16. "Deeply blue" attempts the two connotations of the Greek: the color purple, and a disturbance of the sea or mind.
17. Taphos (tomb) also designates "funeral rites," "funeral feast," and "the act of performing funeral rites." All of these meanings are present, with "tomb" being foremost because of the idea of "covering."
18. After Oedipus' death, Eteocles and Polyneices agree that they will each rule Thebes as its king in alternate years. During his time in exile, Polyneices marries Argeia, daughter of Adrastus, king of Argos. When after a year Eteocles refused to abdicate, Adrastus and Polyneices lead an army of Argives against Thebes. The brothers meet at the seventh of Thebes' seven gates, Polyneices on the outside and Eteocles on the inside of the city; they slay one another. For the myths of the house of Laius, Oedipus, Eteocles, and Polyneices, see Apollodorus, The Library 3.5.7-6.8, in Michael Simpson, Gods and Heroes of the Greeks: The Library of Apollodorus (Amherst 1976) 143-48.
19. Public stoning, carried out by all the people, was an execution reserved for transgressions that injured the whole community. As such, it could not be murder.
20. "Noble birth" and "base born from good stock" are concepts that assert male values of ethical and moral superiority based on birth.
21. Ismene replies with an image from women's art of weaving, for which, see Eva C. Keuls, "Attic Vase-Painting and the Home Textile Industry," in Ancient Greek Art and Iconography, ed. by Warren G. Moon (Madison, WI 1983) 209-30. Ismene's question initiates the first stichomythia of the play. Stichomythia is an exchange between two actors of swiftly spoken, emotionally charged single lines that in tragedy often constitutes a contest for supremacy.
22. Antigone's military image uses the common words for being captured and for handing a city or allies over to the enemy.
23. At this point, Antigone and Ismene no longer speak to one another in the dual.
24. The military image evokes the land warfare of the day, essentially a pitched battle fought by men, called hoplites after their shield (hoplon) at close quarters on level ground in a single melee. For hoplite warfare, see Victor Davis Hanson, The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece (Oxford 1989).
25. The usual
translation her words, "having criminally done holy things," implies criticism
of Antigone's decision to perform rites for Polyneices. Antigone's language allows
two meanings: first, that she will do every thing holy and secondly that she will do holy
things in a criminal way.
Antigone must the mean the first, since she cannot be criticizing her own action, but Sophocles allows the audience to hear both meanings simultaneously.
26. Antigone proposes to conduct a cremation burial of the sort provided Elpenor:
A pit is dug as deep as six feet, and its bottom furrowed with channels for ventilation. Combustible material is placed into the pit, and bier is laid on top upon which rest the corpse. After the fire reduced the body to dust, a large mound of earth is heaped over the pit and the offering ditches. See figure.
27. The image intimates that the sisters are now navigating the ship of their fortunes on different voyages.
28. Antigone implies that she will be dead.
29. For the choristers as young men, see John J. Winkler, "The Ephebes' Song: TragŰidia and Polis" in Nothing to Do with Dionysus? ed. by John J. Winkler and Froma I. Zeitlin (Princeton 1990) 20-62.
30. The river Dirce was on the west side of Thebes.
31. Helios is imagined as the driver of his four-horse sun chariot in pursuit of the fleeing Argives. The image of light shining off the horses' bridles is uncertain.
32. "Quarrels" (neikeŰn) plays on the name Polyneices (He of Much Strife or Many Quarrels).
33. The "eagle" with "snow white wings" represents the Argives as the "dragon," the Thebans. Warriors are commonly compared to animals in Homer, while similes of birds embellish the attacks of his warriors.
34. One Argive used by synecdoche for all the Argives, the "them" of line 128.
35. Hephaestus, god of fire, is synonymous with his element, but other associations may be present. Hephaestus made Harmonia a necklace for her wedding with Cadmus (Apollodorus, The Library 3.4.2). Polyneices obtains the necklace and, with it, bribes Amphiareus' wife Eriphyle to persuade her husband to join the expedition against Thebes. Amphiareus refused Adrastus since, being a seer, he foresaw that all except Adrastus would perish.
36. Ares, divine embodiment of the berserker spirit of war, is the father of the dragon that Cadmus slew in the foundation myth of Thebes. Cadmus sowed the beast's teeth in the ground, and there sprung up armed men. These fell to slaying one another, and the five remaining Spartoi (Sown Men) became the ancestors of the Theban nobility. Cadmus atoned for the dragon's slaughter by serving Ares for eight years (Apollodorus, The Library 3.4.1-2). Sophocles uses dragon metaphorically for Thebans.
37. The man is usually identified as Capaneus, one of the seven leaders of the Argive king Adrastos' army, who had sworn an oath to lay waste Thebes with or without the consent of the gods (Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 423-31; Euripides, Phoenician Women 1172-86 and Suppliant Women 496-99).
38. The finishing lines referred to here are ropes or groves in a stone slab that mark the line where the runners line up evenly at the beginning of a race and to which they return.
39. The elders describe the man as a reveler enthused by the god Bacchus, that is, Dionysus. Sophocles may be using the stem bakch- to denote madness but a secondary reference to Dionysus seems unavoidable. Bacchus is a name, perhaps Lydian in origin, for Dionysus, and so his female worshipers who were aroused by the god to an ecstatic state, were called Bacchae (female Bacchuses) and Maenads (woman maddened with Dionysus).
40. In a four-horse racing team, the outer horses drew by ropes (traces), while the inner ones were harnessed to the yoke or collar. The chariot went down the right side of the course, turned around a post, and came back on the left. In the turn, the driver spurred the outer or right horse, at the same time slackening its reins. He then left it to the horse to resist centrifugal forces and pull the chariot around through the turn. See Homer, Iliad 23.334-43 for a description. The horse became a byword for a trusty helper in a time of need.
41. "Zeus Turner" is the god in his capacity as the maker of a "turning." When one side or part of a side in the clash of lines could no longer withstand the pressure of the pushing, it could weakened and collapse into rout--the moment of "turning."
42. A word meaning "ruler" is commonly inserted in the lacuna.
43. The Coryphaeus' verb derives from the same verb as the prothesis, the "laying forth" or wake, thus alluding to the Creon's denial of this ritual for Polyneices.
44. That is, the grandsons of Laius and sons of Oedipus, Eteocles and Polyneices.
45. By the fourth century, nearness of kin (anchisteia) had been defined by law to children of first cousins. W.K. Lacey (The Family in Classical Greece [London 1968] 28-29) describes this kinship group as "the group which was entitled, in due order, to succeed to vacant estates, and had legal duties and responsibilities in case of death within the group, especially if it was death by violence; the anchisteia was obliged to bury its own dead, and to seek vengeance, or at least purification, for the violent death of any of its members."
46. The Greek denotes a living body, not a corpse.
47. The Greek also denotes "custom." Since Creon has been making "laws" (177; 449), "law" would be what he would have heard, but "custom" is always present. "To use every custom" expresses a very different sentiment, one the Coryphaeus implies, it seems, by his qualifying "I suppose."
48. The Greek implies a "protector" or "guardian" for the corpse as well as watchmen to be "lookouts" for anyone who invades the domain he has asserted over Polyneices' corpse.
49. The reader must await the Watchman's words, but the spectator can see that the man stops often and turns around as if to leave, only to resume his progress toward the house.
50. The manuscripts have a verb that means "you take aim," a military image like that of the following verb. We have adopted an emendation that maintains the imagery but leads more smoothly into the second verb. The Watchman, as it were, returns to ranks and surrounds himself with defenders.
51. With the participle sÍmanŰn (to announce), Sophocles keeps the sound of the absence sÍma (marker by with a grave, a mound) upon the ears of those in the audience. We have tried to indicate the presence of a word with the root sÍm- by the English "mark."
52. Also: "skin" or "body."
53. The Greek pausai combines the explosive sound of the first syllable, "pow!" with the hissing sibilants of the second, "ssssssai," a far more violent sound than the English "stop." The effect surely was intensified by the Greek aversion to the sound of "s."
54. The Greek denotes both an established usage or custom and the current coin, that is, money.
55. Hades is used for both the god and the place.
56. Creon threatens the watchmen with being hung from a pole and left to die.
57. The Watchman's beeline for the gangway and the refuge in the countryside away from Creon visualizes his resolve. Thus the scene begins and ends on the spectacle of a single figure traversing the cavea of the audience.
58. That is, mules "who are better than oxen for dragging the jointed plow through the deep fallow (Homer, Iliad 10.352-53).
59. Namely, the wild goat.
60. In a mirroring effect, Sophocles has this scene reflect or draw the audience back to the earlier one involving the watchman. . In this way, he could use the similarities, both visually and verbally, to highlight the differences between the scenes. For mirroring scenes, see Taplin (above, note 5) 122-39.
61. "Heaven" is the seat of the gods. Also possible is "a pain reaching to heaven." The Greek does not suggest "heavenly" in the sense of "delightful" or "beatific."
62. Certainty is thwarted by syntactical ambiguity that allows at least a second reading: "an orphaned bed of nestlings' empty bedding."
63. The clause may also be translated: "when she sees a corpse bare," because it is not certain whether the adjective is attributive or predicate. The former indicates that the body is bare, while the latter implies that it was covered and has been laid bare.
64. We have changed our usual translation of the Greek verb from "do" to "act" in order to be able to mimic the absence of a direct object and so maintain the ambiguity of the original. Also in line 483.
65. Zeus Herkeios (Zeus of the Fence) protected the boundary of every Greek household and the possessions enclosed within. His altar stood in the courtyard where the master of the house (kyrios) conducted sacrifice and the "rite of sprinkling" of family, slaves and guests with water, a ritual binding those present to one another. Creon may be imagined as having conducted this rite with Antigone and Ismene many times.
66. Cadmus is the founder of Thebes, and so Thebans are also called Cadmeians.
67. The image is that of a dog putting its tail between its legs in fear.
68. Antigone's word is nomos. See above, note 47.
69. A common but mistaken translation is: "My nature is to join in love, not hate."
70. Ismene is surrounded by female slaves, companions of the women's quarters. They are not mentioned in the script, but when Creon orders Antigone and Ismene to be led inside the house, he addresses female slaves (578), so they must have escorted her outside.
71. Antigone's language allows two meanings: Ismene is an advocate for the living Creon and a mourner for the dead Creon. In each case she gives Creon her voice in aid.
72. Ismene returns for the last time to the dual number, implying that Antigone and she are once again an inseparable pair.
73. That is, Antigone, bride of Haemon whose name is formed from the root haim- (blood).
74. The verb translated "fit" denotes both "joining together" and "arranging a marriage."
75. When Creon asserts his mastery over the house of Labdacus, he assumes its history, and the house itself becomes a silent player in the drama.
76. Storms blowing from Thrace were in the northern Aegean. Athenians perhaps associated the stroms with the primitive and warlike peoples that inhabited Thrace.
77. Labdacus' sons are Laius and his son Oedipus. The assonance of p and n substitutes for that of the Greek in pi and mu.
78. Many editors accept the emendation of "knife" for "dust" of the manuscripts.
79. An Erinys is a divine being who avenges serious wrongs, including murder and perjury. She enforces the order of nature, may embody a curse, and brings mental blindness and ruin upon the perpetrator of wrongdoing or a descendant.
80. The archaism imitates Sophocles' use of a word from epic that is does not occur elsewhere in extant tragedy.
81. The actor playing Haemon must also be playing either Antigone or Ismene. If Antigone, the similarity of voice marks the harmony Ismene claimed for her and Haemon, while the voice of the Ismene actor would bring back the voice that defended Haemon to appeal to Creon in the person of Haemon himself. The actor wears the unbearded mask of a youth of some eighteen years. By contrast, Creon wears the bearded mask of the mature man.
82. Sophocles' language allows Creon to receive what Haemon says differently as a declaration of his loyalty to his father: "You guide things aright, since you have good judgments that I will follow."
83. Zeus of the Fence (above, note 65) oversees the sacredness of kin-blood and so may be referred to in this capacity as Zeus of Kin Blood.
84. Creon alludes to the oath of allegiance that every citizen ephebe took, which affirmed in part: "I will not desert the "stand-beside" whomever I may stand beside." In a formation of hoplites, the safety of all depended upon the cohesion of the line of men and shields. The straps on the hoplite's shield were so arranged that half of the shield extended beyond the man's left side, leaving his right side exposed. The man on his left used this part to defend his right side, while the man himself looked to the shield of the man on his right to protect his right side. Each man had to stand beside his fellow.
85. Some editors have challenged the authenticity of this line.
86. The military image of the scout is appropriate to Haemon's youth (718; 728) and to his status as an ephebe, someone who fought in ways opposite to those of a hoplite. The latter fought in the daylight in close quarters with the enemy. The epebe fought by ruse and at night along the borders of the domain.
87. The image seems to be taken from a writing tablet.
88. The "foot sheet" was one of the two ropes attached to the lower corners of the sail.
89. Literally, "it is by far older," and so, with the wisdom afforded the elders, "best," a compliment to Creon for being older and therefore "wiser."
90. "Ally" connotes an underling. Since the allies in the alliance led by Athenians, for the most, paid tribute to the Athenians, they were not considered as equals.
91. The translation derives from an emendation; that of manuscript is: "What threat is there to speak against empty judgments?"
92. Creon's language evokes the prothesis that he has denied Polyneices.
93. Translators of Antigone have removed Creon after line 780, finding his presence intolerable while Antigone is mourning for herself. Those very emotions argue for keeping Creon on stage so that the audience may experience the same feelings of violation.
94. The name of one of the rivers in the underworld.
95. This line, depending on the pronunciation of the first word, may also be translated as a question: "Are you not departing for the recesses of the dead with renown and praise?", which evokes an affirmative answer.
96. As a Phrygian or Lydian, Niobe is called a guest in the house of her Theban husband, Amphion. She boasted of having more children than the goddess Leto. The latter took affront, and her children Apollo and Artemis slew all or all but two of Niobe's. Niobe returned to her father Tantalus at Sipylus in Lydia where, after praying to Zeus, she transformed into a stone. From the stone, tears flow night and day (Apollodorus, Library 3.5.6). Niobe, usually considered a mortal woman, is treated by Sophocles as not merely of divine lineage but a goddess herself.
97. In the image, overhanging cliffs allude to Niobe's eyebrows and valleys to her throat or bosom.
98. Antigone reproaches the elders with hubris, behavior that reduces her to an object that may be treated as they wish without fear of penalty for violating her rights.
99. The archaic English is meant to reproduce the effect of strangeness in Antigone's word, one from epic poetry in the Aeolic dialect.
100. Antigone's word may also be translated "customs."
101. A metic is an alien who has changed (met-) his residency (oik- "house') and lives in Athens with a status above other foreigners but with military and financial obligations. As such, he is a citizen of neither his native polis nor that of the Athenians.
102. The prize that Oedipus won in the contest with the Sphinx is marriage with the dead King Laius' wife, Jocasta, and the throne of Thebes as well as the "suffering" that accrued from his victory.
103. The Greek allows that the tomb is both ever-guarding Antigone and ever-guarded by Antigone.
104. Persephone, wife of Hades, has many names.
105. Editors have often doubted that Sophocles wrote lines 904-20. Aristotle in his On Rhetoric (3.16.9) quotes lines 911 and 912 and appears to have the full passage in his text of the play. The ideas expressed are similar to those found in Herodotus' History (3.119). The Persian, King Darius, granted the wife of a traitor whose family the king had condemned to death for treason the life of one family member. She chose her brother, justifying her choice as follows: "There would be another husband for me, if the deity wishes, and other children if I lose these, but with my father and mother no longer living, there would never be another brother."
106. Also "custom."
107. The "he" is not Creon but Hades, the Unseen One, who is claiming his bride. In the marriage rite, the groom took his bride by the wrist in a symbolic abduction of the woman into marriage.
108. When Acrisius asked the oracle about the birth of male children, the god said that his daughter, DanaŽ, would give birth to a son who would kill him. Fearing this, Acrisius built a bronze bridal chamber beneath the earth where he guarded her. Zeus, changed himself into gold and, flowing through the roof into DanaŽ's womb, had intercourse with her (Apollodorus, The Library 2.4.1).
109. Lycurgus acted with outrage (hybris) toward Dionysus and expelled him. Dionysus maddened Lycurgus, and the latter struck his son with an axe, imagining that he was pruning a vine branch, and killed him. After he had cut off his son's extremities, he came to his senses. The land, however, remained barren. The god declared that the land would bear fruit if Lycurgus were killed. The Edonians led him to Mt. Pangeum and bound him, and there by the will of Dionysus, Lycurgus was torn apart by horses (Apollodorus, The Library 3.5.1). In other versions, he is driven mad, attempts incest with his mother, cuts off his foot, and is imprisoned in a cave. Sophocles' audience, however, may have received his antistrophe through the version of the myth presented by Aeschylus' Edonians. This would imply that after Lycurgus' madness has seeped away during his stay in the cave, he realizes his mistake in not admitting Dionysus as a god and becomes his servant and prophet.
111. The Dark Rocks are the islands which the Greeks called the Symplegades (Clashing Rocks) or the Wandering Rocks or the Blue Rocks. The city Salmydessus was on south-west shore of the Black Sea. Thrace was deemed a savage and warlike land, and so Ares is an appropriate god for its peoples.
112. Boreas, the North Wind, carried off Oreithyia, daughter of Erechtheus, king of Attica, and had children by her, among them, Cleopatra. Phineus married Cleopatra and had sons, Plexippus and Pandion. After Cleopatra's death, Phineus married Idaea, daughter of Dardanus. Idaeia alleges falsely that she was raped by Phineus' sons, and Phineus, believing her, blinds both of them (Apollodorus, The Library 3.15.3). Sophocles attributes the blinding to Idaea herself.
113. Tiresias may be wearing a netlike mesh of wool that would identify him as a prophet. The famous prophet of Thebes is played by either the actor playing Antigone and Haemon or by the one playing Ismene and Haemon. The choice seems to focus on whose voice Sophocles wanted to reinforce with the authority of the gods. Being led by a boy is theater for Tiresias' blindness and his willingness to be guided by someone younger.
114. Creon's recognition of Tiresias' aid also yields the rueful: "I suffered your aid."
115. The geographer Pausanias (2nd century A. D.) saw "Tiresias' bird observatory" on the acropolis at Thebes (Description of Greece 9.16.1).
116. The gadfly, an tormenting insect and metaphor for frenzy, makes incomprehensible twittering sounds like those of barbarous, that is, non-Greek languages.
117. Electrum, gold mixed with twenty-percent or more of silver, was mined on Tmolus in Lydia, the mountain range south of Sardis. The latter was the seat of the Lydian monarchy.
118. "Sovereign" for Sophocles' word borrowed from the Thassalian dialect.
119. "They" may denote the gods below who are deprived of one of their own or the gods above who are offended by the unburied corpse or both.
120. Another translation is possible: "laments of men, of women."
121. These cities are those in Argos which sent men with Adrastus and whose hearths now are polluted with human carrion.
122. Lines 1080-83 have been considered spurious, since Sophocles does not speak elsewhere of burial being denied the Argives. Sophoclean authorship of the lines is supported by the inclusion of his Antigone in mythmaking about Thebes and Theban impiety toward the Argives, for which see Euripides' Suppliant Women.
123. These personified deities recall the Erinyes of Hades and the gods (1075). Their name derives from a verb meaning "to stop" or "to hinder."
124. "Those present and those not present," like "to move heaven and earth," is a polar expression for every one and means to make every effort possible. The axes are the kind used to split wood.
125. Zeus impregnates Cadmus' mortal daughter Semele with Dionysus. His wife, Hera, persuades Semele to bind Zeus by a promise to appear before her as he does when he is wooing Hera. Zeus appears before Semele who she is destroyed by his lightning and thunder bolts. Zeus snatches the six-month child from Semele's womb and sews it into his thigh. In due time, a mortal woman's child is born of the male god Zeus and is himself a god (Apollodorus, Library 3.5.3).
126. That is, Demeter whose mysteries at Eleusis, a town and district of Attica northwest of Athens, were open to everyone, with the ability to speak Greek being the sole requirement for initiation.
127. The Ismenus river was on the east side of Thebes. The sowing ground of the dragon is the field where the dragon lived and Cadmus sewed its teeth after killing it.
128. The Phaedriades or Shining Rocks loom over the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi. Dionysus' rites were celebrated on the side of Mt. Parnassus above the Phaedriades.
129. These nymphs haunt the Corycian cave on Mt. Parnassus. The stream flows from a fissure in the cliffs above Delphi. The mountain may be Mt. Nysa in Euboea, a center of Dionysus' worship.
130. The name was usually confined to that part of the Pindus mountain range extending a few miles north of Delphi.
131. That is, Bacchae.
132. A local Eleusinian and Athenian name for Dionysus.
133. Cadmus founded Thebes, and Amphion with his brother Zethus enclosed the city with its first wall (Apollodorus, The Library 3.4.1; 3.5.5). Both were regarded as founders of the city.
134. The Messenger's word denotes both one's own and a kinsman's hand and creates an ambiguity that we attempt by having the Coryphaeus' request for clarification come in the form of an interruption.
135. Eurydice can be played by the Antigone or Ismene actor. Her name means "Wide Justice." The advantage of the Antigone actor would be that this casting in a small measure grants Antigone the revenge she seeks in her final words.
136. Pallas ("maiden") is a title for Athena who was the goddess of the city and its citadel throughout Greece. It is Athene as "defender of the city" and as Pallas who denies the prayers of the Trojan women to protect their city, its wives and infant children (Homer, Iliad 6.305-11).
137. Hecate, an ancient goddess of the earth, wielded magical powers and haunted crossroads, especially where a byway met a main road. She was believed to encounter and terrify travelers. According to Plato in Cratylus (304 a), people were led by their fears to call Hades (The Unseen One) by the euphemism, Pluton or Wealth that comes from the earth. Polyneices' corpse is now part of the wealth owed Pluton.
138. Haemon's voice touches Creon because, as Creon's verb implies, it belongs to someone he loves.
139. For practical reasons, the body was probably a mannequin. The effort of carrying even a model and the restrictions on the actor's movements in the episode, however, sufficiently rule out his carrying a body throughout the scene. Creon must, then, be holding onto the body borne by his slaves.
140. Sophocles is playing on the two senses of "new," namely, "young" and "unheard of, strange."
141. The image characterizes Creon as a driver of a chariot who has been dealt a blow, and his chariot has careened off its course into savagery.
142. In Prometheus Bound (90), Aeschylus uses the same word for Ge, Earth, the true mother of everything.
143. The messenger is a slave.
144. The altar is that of Zeus of the Courtyard (above, note 65) in the courtyard of the house.
145. Sophocles does not say how Megareus, other son of Creon and Eurydice, died, but he implies that Creon was involved. According to Apollodorus (The Library 3.6.7), Tiresias declared that the Thebans would be victorious over the Argives if Creon's son Menoeceus (as he is called elsewhere) offered himself as a sacrificial victim. When Menoeceus heard the prophecy, he slew himself before the city's gates.
146. "Child-killer" seems to denote both of Eurydice's children, Megareus and Haemon.
147. Sophocles uses
a technical term of the lawcourt for announcing formally the intention to initiate a
prosecution for perjury against a witness at a trial. The bride and groom in an Athenian
marriage did not exchange vows.
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A shipwreck with ancient Greek treasures dating back to the Ptolemaic era of Egypt was discovered recently in the waters off Alexandria.
For over fifteen long years, Greek archaeologist Calliope Limneos-Papakosta has been searching for the priceless tomb of Alexander the Great.
The ancient Library of Alexandria, built in the city that was the brainchild of Alexander the Great, was one of the greatest wonders of the world, hosting scholars who explored science, history and all other areas of knowledge before...
Alexander the Great is said to have rejected a colossal project proposed by his architect and technical advisor Dinocrates to sculpt Mount Athos. The architectural proposal which, if it had been carried out, would perhaps have been the eighth wonder...
The Lost City Of Heracleion, which was once the largest port in Egypt, was discovered underwater after more than 2,000 years.
An ancient Greek necropolis of the Hellenistic Era near the present-day Library of Alexandria, Egypt, is set to open to the public from May 8, 2023, following the completion of a thorough three-year preservation project. The Shatby necropolis, as it...
Hypatia, one of the greatest philosophers of Alexandria, was admired for her groundbreaking ideas but was brutally murdered for them by Christian fanatics in the fourth century AD. Born around the year 360, Hypatia was a female Greek philosopher, astronomer...
The Mediterranean port city of Alexandria, Egypt is in danger of vanishing under waves within decades. Alexander the Great's metropolis on the Nile Delta is on the edge of catastrophe due to the rising sea levels brought about by...
President Biden met Theodore II, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria and All Africa at the White House earlier in the week. Archibishop Elpidophoros of America said in a message that President Biden is a man of faith, and is...
The exact time, the positions to the stars and planets, and our exact location were known to ancient Greeks as well thanks to the astrolabe.
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(CN) — Covid-19 was passed around Wuhan and other areas of China by asymptomatic carriers long after officials said the infectious disease was under control, according to a study published Thursday.
Xue-jie Yu of China’s Wuhan University studied the antibodies collected from rapid tests between March 6 and May 3, 2020, from more than 63,100 healthy people in China. The research was published Thursday in the scientific journal PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.
“A large amount of asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 [the novel coronavirus] existed after elimination of clinical cases of Covid-19 in Wuhan City,” the researchers said in a statement. “Avirulent SARS-CoV-2 strains may still cause symptoms in extremely susceptible individuals and it may also revert to a highly virulent strain to reignite the epidemic of Covid-19 in China.”
Wuhan was ground zero for the worldwide pandemic that began in December 2019 and infected at least 86 million people worldwide since. There, the first community-spread cases of the novel coronavirus were flagged as a viral pneumonia outbreak stemming from a seafood market.
In March 2020, Chinese President Xi Jinping took a trip to Wuhan to indicate his confidence that the outbreak was under control. The Chinese government had quickly built multiple hospitals in a matter of weeks, and restricted travel to and from the region.
After the city’s cases peaked in February, Wuhan declared itself Covid-free when its last dozen patients were discharged from a hospital in late April, though the viral disease returned in small pockets in the months following.
Thursday’s study draws on rapid antibody tests that check patients for two antibodies: the presence of IgG antibodies in a patient’s sample suggests a previous infection, while IgM antibodies indicate recent or current infections.
“On June 3 the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission reported that the asymptomatic infection rate was 0.303/10,000 based on nucleic acid test[s] of 9.9 million people in Wuhan City from May 14 to June 1. The asymptomatic infection rate based on IgM positive rate in this study was hundreds times of that based on the nucleic acid test,” the scientists write. “The discrepancy between our result and the nucleic acid test could be caused by difference[s] in sample collection time and the sensitivity of the methods.”
Yu and his team retrospectively examined the results of 63,107 tests; 11,086 were from Wuhan, 38,171 were from elsewhere in the Hubei Province, and 13,850 were from other provinces of China.
The scientists found that about 1.68% of the people tested in Wuhan had either IgG or IgM antibodies for the novel coronavirus, which is much higher than the 0.38% positivity rate reported by the tests taken outside of Hubei province.
Because IgM antibodies were found in 0.46% of the Wuhan test recipients, Yu and his colleagues conclude that thousands of Wuhan residents suffered asymptomatic infections between March and May last year, when the city’s clinics were not reporting any Covid-19 cases.
“A large amount of asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 existed after elimination of clinical cases of Covid-19 in Wuhan City,” the authors wrote in the study. “Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 may exist in a population without clinical cases for a long period.”
The scientists also note that women and older Chinese residents were more likely than males and younger Chinese people to test positively for the coronavirus antibodies.
“The question is why so many people were IgM positive to SARS-CoV-2, but very few persons got sick. Our hypothesis is that strains that cause asymptomatic infection in Wuhan City and other places in China are attenuated viral strains,” the scientists wrote. “It is difficult to identify the avirulent SARS-CoV-2 strains that cause asymptomatic infection in the population.”
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October 22, 1937: "Construction of one and one half miles of high standard trail from Needles Ridge Road above Quaking Aspen to the Needles has been practically completed by Civilian Conservation Corps men working out of the Springville camp. The trail was constructed in order that the forest service could erect the new lookout station to be built there. The Needles was one of the points selected in the statewide visibility study for a permanent lookout station. Owing to the extreme precipitousness of the Needle, it will be necessary to construct a stairway to the top." (The Fresno Bee The Republican)
August 19, 1938: "CCC enrollees engaged in the construction of a lookout building on the Needles rock, immediately west of Kern river and approximately 42 miles north of Kernville, are finding the same problems which might be encountered by those who construct the skyscrapers of Manhattan, according to a report from the offices of Forest Supervisor J.E. Elliott of the Sequoia National Forest. The building is being constructed on the tip of the Needle at an elevation of more than 8000 feet. The area of the tip is approximately 14 feet by 14 feet with a sheer drop on three sides varying from 60 to more than 400 feet. A picked crew of boys who are sure-footed and unaffected by height are working with safety belts." (Bakersfield Californian)
September 21, 1939: "Millard R. James, a ranger, spends all but two days a month 'sitting on top of the world' alone in a cabin perched atop the 8,200-foot Needles Rock--most precipitous fire lookout station in the west. His only exercise is climbing the narrow wooden stairs up the needle shaped rock. Materials for the cabin's construction were carried up the rock piece by piece after being transported from the nearest road by pack animal." (The Cullman Democrat - Alabama)
August 29, 1942: "A severe quake was reported at 8:55 P.M. at the Frog Meadow and Tobias guard stations. The forest men reported a rumbling noise accompanied the tremor. The Needles lookout stated the vibration was very severe at his station, and people at Quaking Aspen were awakened from their sleep. (The Fresno Bee The Republican)
June 12, 1972: "A 270-acre fire that started early Sunday in the Sequoia National Forest north of the Needles Lookout and the Kern River 33 miles northeast of Porterville, is still burning out of control. Forestry officials said there will be 400 to 500 men on the fire tonight including crews from the Angeles and Sierra Forests. Forestry officials feared the fire would grow due to the steepness of the terrain. Many areas are too steep to build fire lines on, officials said. There are seven air-tankers dropping retardants around the clock and helicopters will be ferrying men into the fire area. Ironically, the fire, which started near the Needles Lookout Station, first was spotted by the pilot of a reconnaissance plane searching for lightning "sleepers." Marie Cox, who is stationed in the lookout, did not see the smoke or flames until after the initial report had been made. Because the flames were heading for the tower, she was ordered by telephone to evacuate her position. By the time help arrived, she was packed and ready and walked nearly a mile to the road's end. Ultimately the fire switched its course, and she went back on duty." (Fresno Bee)
August 21, 1975: "Using hand tools only, a crew of six cleared the Needles Lookout Trail. Brush that had overgrown the 1 1/2 mile trail was cut and removed to provide hikers a safe pathway." (Bakersfield Californian)
July 28, 2011: The lookout was destroyed by a structure fire that was not related to the nearby Lion Fire that had been burning for several weeks. Reports indicate the fire was started by an ember from the wood burning heating stove in the lookout, and that the ember fell to the shingled roof and the lookout staff was unable to extinguish the fire and was forced to flee.
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Last month Ireland and many other parts of Europe experienced record-breaking temperatures due to sweltering conditions that swept across the continent.
Dublin’s Phoenix Park recorded the highest temperature since its weather station opened in the early 1800s, reaching 33 degrees on Monday, July 18th at around 3:30pm.
The temperature, which is the highest ever recorded in Dublin, is 8 degrees higher than the station’s long-term average.
It is also the second highest temperature on record for Ireland, being 0.3 degrees below the all-time record of 33.3 degrees observed at Kilkenny Castle on June 26th, 1887.
But this isn’t the first heatwave the country has experienced, and they are becoming more frequent, intense and lasting longer, according to Met Éireann, which said it is being driven by human-caused climate change.
A heatwave in Ireland is defined as five consecutive days with a maximum temperature in excess of 25 degrees.
Met Éireann issued its first ever Status Orange high temperature warning for six counties, with the mercury topping 30 degrees in some areas.
The warning was issued for Cavan, Monaghan, south Leitrim, Roscommon, Longford, and Westmeath, while a status yellow heat warning was applied countrywide for the week.
The summer of this year was one of the warmest and driest on record for Ireland and most of northwestern Europe, during which time heatwaves were recorded at 15 stations.
Oak Park weather station in Co Carlow notched up an 11-day heatwave in late June, the longest heatwave in the last 20 years. Absolute and partial drought conditions prevailed for much of June and July.
The hottest spell in Ireland was in mid-July, with the highest temperature, 32.3 degrees, recorded at Elphin, Co Roscommon on July 19th of that year.
Kilkenny had 29 consecutive days in July when temperatures exceeded 20 degrees, nine of which were 25 degrees or higher.
Ireland experienced sweltering heat in August, particularly between the 4th and 8th, when temperatures topped 25 degrees in many places during the day and remained above 15 degrees at night.
August 8th was the hottest day of the year when the Mayo weather stations of Belmullet and Claremorris recorded values of 27.7 degrees and 29.5 degrees respectively.
The summer of 1995 is one of the warmest on record. Kilkenny had 27 days where temperatures exceed 25 degrees, and recorded the highest temperature of the summer at 30.8 degrees on August 2nd.
Two heatwaves were experienced in Ireland this year. The first was between July 10th and July 16th, while the second occurred between August 15th and 26th.
The July heatwave saw water shortages emerge as the extreme heat caused drought conditions.
By the time it ended, the three-month heatwave during the summer of this year had caused the worst drought in 150 years.
Boora, Co Offaly recorded a temperature of 32.5 degrees on June 29th, and was the fifth day in a row when the mercury had breached 32 degrees.
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Culture is a word we hear a lot in Christian circles these days. We hear of a “cultural malaise,” ponder “culture wars,” talk about how America has ceased to be a “Christian culture” and are encouraged to be “culture makers.” All of these uses of the term are helpful for thinking about how Christians can cultivate and contribute to the world we are called to serve.
Because we as men and women are created in the image of a creative God, we will be forming culture in our own world, however big or small its impact may seem at the time. And sometimes that’s the problem. We feel discouraged because our world does seem so small. What contributions could we possibly make? Do we really think the small culture we create could make a difference now, influence the larger culture, or (even more of a long shot) affect culture in the future?
Thankfully, we don’t need to look far for inspiration. Key women throughout history, some who held positions of influence during their own lifetime and many who did not, have impacted culture in ways they did not think likely or even possible at the time. What could a barbarian woman, runaway nun, a slave, a handicapped woman and the women in your life have in common? They have shaped culture, in big and small ways, to the glory of God.
1. Clothilda, Queen of Burgundy
Women played an important role in the Christianization of barbarian tribes after the fall of the Roman Empire. Several queens are “on record” as influencing the spread of Christianity in their realm, and none more so than this queen.
When Clothilda married Clovis, king of Burgundy, she sought an expansion of Christ’s kingdom as much as a political alliance between their powerful families. In a pattern typical of barbarian kings, Clovis first rejected his wife’s Christian religion, though he allowed their children to be baptized into it. As time passed, through discussions with her as well as a battle victory he attributed to the Christian God under her influence, Clovis was baptized and 3,000 of his subjects followed suit.
Clothilda also influenced her children to follow the Christian God, and we know one of them went on to help take the gospel to the Anglo-Saxons in what would become England. While no historian would argue that all early medieval baptisms truly represented the personal salvation of those who submitted to it, neither would they under estimate the impact Christianity had on the Franks in the coming centuries. A woman named Clothilda had much to do with that.
2. Katherine von Bora
Fast forward several centuries to the 1500s. Martin Luther, the famous reformer, was shaking things up in the established church, and his writings influenced a small but apparently very determined group of women in a cloister to bolt. Katherine was 18 when Luther published his 95 Theses. After a few years, she and a group of 10 other nuns decided the monastic life was not God’s only path for women of faith and hatched a plan to escape. Unable to turn to their families for help, they secretly wrote to Luther asking for his help. On Easter of 1523, 11 nuns were hidden in a cooperative merchant’s wagon and driven out of the convent forever.
While this story seems like an exciting undercover escape, it’s hard for us to realize the social shame these women risked in taking such a bold step. Since they could not return to their families, Luther realized they needed other places to go and sought husbands for them. He even married one himself. Saying his marriage would “please his father, rile the pope, cause the angels to laugh and the devils to weep,” Luther wed Katherine von Bora in 1525 when she was age 26 and he 42.
The pattern of family life Katherine established as Mrs. Luther set a standard for decades to come. Women no longer had to seek a life of celibacy in order to show their devotion to God. She illustrated that the life of a wife and mother devoted to running a household, which she did efficiently under hard circumstances, are just as much a discipline of grace and means of sanctification as the cloistered life. Her living example as a pastor’s wife influenced the culture and opened up a whole new area of what we often call women’s ministry.
3. Harriet Tubman
Harriet Tubman’s story may be familiar to you. Born a slave named Araminta Ross in Maryland, Tubman stood just 5 feet tall. But her courage and tireless devotion to the cause of justice for black slaves cause her tower over many of her peers. She herself escaped from slavery around age 30, but her determination to assist hundreds of other enslaved people escape southern plantations and travel northward, often all the way to Canada, has earned her a prominent place in American history. By her own estimation, she freed a thousand slaves, and she came to be known as the “Moses” of her people.
At a time when people of color, and women in particular, were forced to endure hardships most of us cannot imagine, Harriet Tubman stood against the tide of law and tradition, saying she had it all “reasoned out” in her mind. She had a right to either liberty or death, and if she could not have one she would have the other. Most of us do not need to break the law in order to have an impact for good on our culture. We do not risk arrest, imprisonment or worse for our determination to live out our beliefs. But the strength and conviction of women like Harriet Tubman — who have risked those things for the sake of forging a more just world for themselves but others — should inspire courage in all of us.
4. Joni Eareckson Tada
50 years ago this summer, a 17-year-old girl suffered a life-altering diving accident, and the world gained a life-affirming advocate, although neither realized it at the time. For decades now, Joni Eareckson Tada has worked to highlight the humanity and dignity of people with disabilities, and more recently, other groups our society tends to views as dispensible such as the unborn, elderly and terminally ill. Although few people would have chosen the accident, Tada credits the Lord with putting her in a unique position to speak up for the weak and disabled in American society and around the world.
When her accident occurred in 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court had yet to legalize abortion on demand, and no one was seriously debating the idea of “assisted suicide.” As the citizens of the United States began to breath the toxic air of the culture of death, abortion gained acceptability, so that even national politicians could campaign on the promise of keeping it not only legal, but making it as widely available as possible. As this turn of events undermined the sanctity of human life, Joni Eareckson Tada began to fight what she called the “better off dead than disabled” mentality which permeates euthanasia advocacy. Today, her organization “Joni and Friends” is a global force advocating for the dignity of all human beings and encouraging Chrstians to take a stand against the culture of death.
5. Every woman (including you)
I couldn’t conclude a piece on women who are culture shapers without making this point: Most women (like most men) shape culture in ways that will never be singled out, rewarded or even noticed by the culture at large or historians like me. The women dicussed in this post all made their way into history books due to the unique circumstances God brought about in their lives. The rest of us shape culture in less visible ways, perhaps, but no less to the glory of God.
In the 1970s, Pulitzer Prize winning historian Laurel Thatcher Ulrich penned what became a famous quote and perhaps feminist mantra: “Well-behaved women seldom make history.” Though the author may not have originally intended it, the modern implication seems clear: Live a quiet life, serve others in a way that doesn’t draw attention to yourself, and you won’t make the history books. But God is writing a different story, and HIStory will include many women who shaped culture working among their own family and friends in seemingly small but significant ways.
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Construction sites are a major contributor to environmental noise pollution and can cause problems for builders and contractors alike. Environmental noise can also give rise to noise complaints, which often have a negative impact on construction activities and can possibly cause setbacks to project completion dates and budget overruns.
Some of the most common complaints on sites are that hearing protectors are uncomfortable giving to the argument that they can create a situation where they cannot hear warning signals or communications from fellow workers.
There is evidence that exposure to high noise levels can act as a stressor, which over a long period of time can result in varying side-effects. While consideration has to be also given to the wider community around a construction site, it has been established that the exposure of construction site workers to noise pollution is significantly greater than that of the public at large.
Normal conversation is about 60 dB, a lawn mower is about 90 dB, and a loud rock concert is about 120 dB. In general, sounds above 85 are harmful, depending on how long and how often you are exposed to them and whether you wear hearing protection, such as earplugs or earmuffs.
The Four types of noise
- Continuous noise. Continuous noise is exactly what it says on the tin: its noise that is produced continuously, for example, by machinery that keeps running without interruption.
- Intermittent noise. …
- Impulsive noise. …
- Low-frequency noise.
To enquire about this product – call us on 01 8855555 / 087-9367065 or contact us here
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Luffa is a plant; its fruit is prepared like zucchini when it is not fully matured. The matured fruit forms sponge-like fibers inside. After the fruit matured, dried, the skin and seeds can be removed and the remaining fibers are often used as scrubbing sponge, cleaning pads or bath sponges. Luffa is a member of the cucumber (Cucurbitaceae) family.
Luffa Cylinderica offers many health benefits if its potential is well discovered, it is used as herbs that help in correcting unstable menstrual cycle in women.
Luffa is also beneficial to nursing mothers in during lactation period for more milk production. It contains insulin-like peptides, alkaloids and charantin, all of which act together to lower blood and urine sugar levels without increasing blood insulin levels and is also beneficial for weight loss.
It is low in saturated fat and cholesterol, high in dietary fibre, vitamin C, riboflavin, zinc, thiamin, iron, magnesium and manganese.
Luffa may also be used when easing out intoxication. Luffa lowers cholesterol and helps with constipation, gas, and it’s a very good expectorant during respiratory problems.
Anti-inflammatory as well as anti-biotic properties seemed to be related to this particular vegetable. It is just an excellent natural method of eliminating the toxic compounds through the entire body. It’s got always been utilized like a home treatment solution for skincare.
Luffa As A Vegetable Fruit
Luffa is great for liver problems and helps with jaundice and anaemia. The juice of the leaves is used as an external application to sores and the bites of venomous animals.
The juice of the fresh leaves is also dropped into the eyes of children in granular conjunctivitis, and also prevents the lids from adhering at night. Useful on account of adrenal variety of diabetes.
Luffa can be found in many varieties and some might have a bitter taste, peeling the skin off reduces bitterness but is not usually necessary.
Care should be taken to avoid the immature-green fruits where the fibrous network has not began developing, or the dried fruit will not be usable as a sponge. Among Yoruba ethnic it well respected to be used by highly influential ladies hence the name "Kainkan Aya Oba" for its soothing way it massages body when used as sponge in bath, it sold and cultivated around the world for its sponge and for its phyto-nutrient contents.
Kindly give me a thumb up, share my post or comment on it if you have find it interesting to encourage me to do more in getting you fascinating information on simple herbs that make a different on our health if well employed.- ScienceMan
All information and statements read in this blogpost have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. You are advice not to use the information contained herein for diagnosing or treating a health problem or disease or for prescribing any medication. All descriptions are for educational purposes only and not a substitute for professional advice from health worker. If you have or believe that you have a medical problem, contact your health care provider.
I therefore, implored you to contact your Healthcare or Holistic Health Practitioner about the benefits of herbal medicines.
Content created and supplied by: ScienceMan (via Opera News )
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This tree diagram shows the relationships between several groups of organisms.
The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.
You can click on the root to travel down the Tree of Life all the way to the root of all Life, and you can click on the names of descendent subgroups to travel up the Tree of Life all the way to individual species.close box
The Septobasidiaceae are primarily defined by their association with scale insects (Coccoidea). Most Septobasidiaceae infect armored scale insects (Diaspididae) then grow out of them to form felty mats on tree branches and leaves. Like their host insects, these fungi can be inconspicuous but are often extremely common in humid tropical, subtropical and mediterranean climates around the world. The genus Septobasidium has been especially interesting to mycologists and nonmycologists because it has a putatively altruistic-mutualistic relationship with its host insects described by J. N. Couch (1938, see below).
Septobasidium septobasidioides growing over a Bryophyte covered branch. The grey layer is the spore bearing surface and it is on top of a brown layer that extends over and among the Bryophytes and along the surface of the branch.
The Septobasidiaceae include at least two different life histories in association with scale insects. In many Septobasidium species, the fungi and insects form a mat of hyphae intertwined with infected and uninfected scale insects. This provides the basis for the hypothesis put forward by Couch in 1931 and expanded in 1938 that some Septobasidium species are actually mutualistic with colonies of scale insects despite renderring infected individuals sterile. In his model, the cost to the colony of sterile infected insects is overcome by uninfected insects covered by the fungus mat being protected from parasitoid wasps and perhaps other environmental stresses. However, in some species of Septobasidium and in each of the other genera in the Septobasidiaceae only a single infected scale insect is covered by an individual fungus or any additional covering is so minor that Couch's model does not apply.
Electron micrograph showing the septal pore in Septobasidium pseudopedicellatum. © and Cindy Henk Socolofsky Microscopy Center Department of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University
The Septobasidiaceae examined to date have simple septum structure with only slight swelling (see above), and relatively few other characters have been noted. Hyphae are clampless, but dikaryotic (two nuclei in each cell) in all species examined to date. Sexually reproducing species form transversely septate basidia giving rise to one to four basidiospores. The number of spores formed is usually consistent within a species. These basidiospores germinate by producing bud-cells that act to infect scale insects via an openning in the cuticle (either an orifice or along a seta). In culture, bud-cells continue to grow as yeasts. In the species where basidiospores have been examined, they have been determined to be haploid and legitimate meiotic products regardless of the number of spores produced from a basidium (Olive 1943). Inside of insects the fungal hyphae differentiate to form haustoria that are often coiled but may take on other defined shapes as well. Hyphae grow out of the insects usually via the anus or vagina, and may fuse with nearby fungal hyphae from other infected insects. Even heavily infected insects remain alive and continue to siphon plant fluid. Hyphae do not grow into living plant cells, and apparently derive nutrition via infected insects. In species that form mats of mycelium, the fungi may produce elaborate pillar-like structures up to several centimeters tall or tiny tents of hyphae that are sometimes called insect traps or houses.
In Couch's 1938 treatment, the genus Ordonia was subsumed within Septobasidium, but Oberwinkler resurrected the genus in 1989 and added another, Coccidiodictyon. Couch also described the genus Uredinella in 1937 placing it somewhere between rust fungi and Septobasidium. Auriculoscypha was initially described as a member of the Auriculariales, but moved to the Septobasidiales when it was discovered that it was associated with scale insects (Reid and Manimohan 1985; Lalitha and Leelavathy 1990).
Molecular analyses support a single origin of the insect association uniting the Septobasidiaceae, but groups within the family lack many unifying characters and relationships among the genera have not been adequately determined (Henk and Vilgalys 2007).
Couch, J. N. 1931. The biological relationship between Septobasidium retiforme (B. & C.) Pat. and Aspidiotus osborni New. and Ckll. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 74: 383–437.
Couch, J. N. 1937. A new fungus intermediate between the rusts and Septobasidium. Mycologia 29: 665–673.
Couch, J. N. 1938. The genus Septobasidium. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
Couch, J. N. 1941. A new Uredinella from Ceylon. Mycologia 33: 405–410.
Couch, J. N. 1946. Two species of Septobasidium from Mexico with unusual insect houses. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 62: 87–94.
Henk, D.A. and R. Vilgalys. 2007. Molecular phylogeny suggests a single origin of insect symbiosis in the Pucciniomycetes with support for some relationships within the genus Septobasidium. Am J Bot 94: 1515–1526.
Kumar, A., Celio, G. C., Matheny, P. B., McLaughlin, D. J., Hibbett, D. S., and Manimohan, P. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships of Auriculoscypha based on ultrastructural and molecular studies. Mycological Research 111: 268-274.
Lalitha, C. R. and K. M. Leelavathy. 1990. A coccid association in Auriculoscypha and its taxonomic significance. Mycological Research 94: 571–572.
Oberwinkler, F. 1989. Coccidiodictyon, new genus and Ordonia, two genera in the Septobasidiales. Opera Botanica 100: 185–192.
Olive, L.S. 1943. Cytology of Various Basidial Types in the Genus Septobasidium. Mycologia 35: 557¬–572.
Reid, D. A. and P. Manimohan. 1985. Auriculoscypha, a new genus of Auriculariales (Basidiomycetes) from India. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 85: 532–535.
The NSF funded 'Deep Hypha' Research Coordination Network (DEB-0090301) facilitated the development of this site. I thank my mother Cindy Henk for providing the electron micrographs and various other types of support.
Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Daniel Henk at
Page copyright © 2012
Page: Tree of Life Septobasidiales. Septobasidiaceae. Authored by Daniel Henk. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.
- First online 16 August 2005
- Content changed 21 February 2008
Citing this page:
Henk, Daniel. 2008. Septobasidiales. Septobasidiaceae. Version 21 February 2008 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Septobasidiaceae/51247/2008.02.21 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/
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PEG + CAT, a new television series from PBS and Detroit Public Television, debuted Monday, Oct. 7 at 8 a.m. Its goal: help young children develop the math fundamentals that are vital to early success in school.
The program is designed to be a trusted, high quality, educational resource for children. PEG + CAT is grounded in the same curriculum-based, research-driven approach that is the hallmark of everything you see on DPTV’s children’s programs. There are no commercials, just learning about numbers during the half-hour program, which will run weekdays at 8 a.m.
Animation Magazine provides an overview of the show and its producers. Education researchers have found that the better a child’s grounding in arithmetic and basic math skills, the easier it is for them to later learn the higher concepts. And, as in reading skills, the farther behind a child gets, the more difficult it becomes for her or him to catch up.
This week the 500,000 children, parents and caregivers who watch our children’s programming will have another, positive, engaging and commercial-free program to help them learn and grow.
Some show details:
PEG + CAT is a multimedia project that follows the adorable, spirited Peg and her sidekick, Cat, as they embark on adventures, solve problems and learn foundational math concepts and skills. PEG + CAT was created by Billy Aronson (Rent, Postcards from Buster) and Jennifer Oxley (Little Bill, The Wonder Pets!) of 9ate7 Productions, and is a production of The Fred Rogers Company.
Each episode features a story in which Peg and Cat encounter an unexpected challenge that requires them to use math and problem-solving skills in order to save the day. Their adventures take viewers from a farm to a distant planet, from a pirate island to a prehistoric valley, from Romeo and Juliet’s Verona to Cleopatra’s Egypt to New York’s Radio City Music Hall. While teaching specific math lessons, the series displays the value of resilience and perseverance in problem-solving.
PEG + CAT’s multiplatform media experience includes interactive mobile and online content. The property offers games and other resources online at pbskids.org/peg, and additional interactive features, including more games, streaming video, parent and educator resources and a mobile app, are slated to launch along with the on-air premiere in fall 2013.
Enjoy the show with the child in your life.
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Eat More, Sleep More
Eat More, Sleep More
By Alexis Abboud
show/hide words to know
- Hormone: a chemical message released in the body by cells and glands that affects other cells in an organism.
- Lipid: a building block of life (molecule) made from smaller pieces (fatty acids). There are several kinds of lipids - fats, waxes, sterols,... more
- Model organism: a non-human organism studied in detail to provide understanding about the workings of other organisms... more
What's in the story?
You've tried counting sheep. You've even recited all of the president's names. After all that, for some reason you still just can't fall asleep. Then you hear it again – a rumble in your stomach. Have you ever noticed that when you’re really hungry, you can’t fall asleep? The rumbling in your stomach seems to keep you awake all night. The next day your brain may seem a little slow until you take a nap and you feel like yourself again. Well, the same thing happens to flies. Whenever they’re really hungry – starving – they don’t get any sleep. But afterwards, some of them don’t feel sleepy and slow like you might. Instead it's as if they slept all night and they are ready to start the day.
In the PLOS Biology article, "The Perilipin Homologue, Lipid Droplet 2, Regulates Sleep Homeostasis and Prevents Learning Impairments Following Sleep Loss," scientists looked at the relationship between eating and sleeping in flies. They found that in some flies, the more they eat, the more they sleep.
Sleep: It’s Important
Most of us have fought with our parents to try to push bedtime back by even just five more minutes. But maybe we shouldn't fight so hard to stay awake longer. For most animals, including humans, sleep is very important. It allows the body and mind to rest after being active the whole day.
While you are awake, even if you are resting, your mind and body are hard at work. They make sure you’re breathing, eating, walking, and learning. This is a big job. If you don’t let your body and mind rest, they won’t work as well the next day. You may be tired and slow, making it hard for you to learn.
Some flies that don’t get enough sleep also have trouble learning, but whether or not a fly’s lack of sleep affects its learning may be due to how much fat is in the fly’s body. Scientists found that skinny flies often don’t have trouble learning, even if they don’t get enough sleep.
Flies are a model organism for humans. This means that scientists can study what happens in flies and then take their findings and try to apply them to humans. These scientists looked at two types of flies, fat flies and skinny flies. The difference between these two fly types is their genes. The fat flies have a gene called brummer that tells their bodies to store all the lipids, or fat, that they eat. These flies can live off their fat stores if they can’t find food. The skinny flies have a gene, lipid storage droplet 2, that stops them from storing fat so they stay skinny.
Hey Guys, I’m Tired
To figure out what sleeplessness does to the flies, the scientists kept all the flies awake. This is easier than you might think. First, you put all the flies on a teeter-totter, a long board that tilts back and forth. The flies get all balanced and cozy on one side of the board, almost comfy enough to fall asleep...but then the board gets tilted. The flies then have to rebalance, keeping them awake. The teeter-totter was tilted every 10 seconds during testing, so the flies were kept awake by constantly having to move to rebalance themselves.
The next day, scientists tested the flies to see how tired they were and whether they could learn. To see if the flies were tired, they tested their blood for amylase. Amylase is a hormone that is usually in the blood of sleepy animals.
To see if the flies had trouble learning, they tried to teach the flies to avoid light, even though flies are naturally attracted to it. To teach the flies to do this, scientists took lighted tubes and covered them with a bad-tasting chemical. When the flies went toward the lighted tubes, they would taste the chemical and want to get away from it. The skinny flies were able to learn to avoid light, but the fat flies did not learn to avoid it.
The fat flies had trouble learning, but they also has a lot of amylase in their blood. When organisms are tired, they produce the hormone amylase. The high levels of amylase in fat flies meant that they were very tired.
The skinny flies were different. They had very little amylase in their bodies, showing that they were not tired. The scientists were also able to teach the skinny flies to avoid light, showing that they were able to learn.
Breaking News: Fats Change Sleep Patterns
Remember, the fat flies and skinny flies have two different genes controlling lipid storage. The fat flies have a gene that tells their bodies to store lipids. But the skinny flies have a different gene that tells their bodies not to store lipids. The scientists think that the lipids stored by the fat flies changed how they responded to the same environment as the skinny flies. The fat flies needed more sleep because the lipids changed the way cells reacted and controlled sleep processes. The next step is to discover exactly how the lipids change these processes.
Lipids and Learning, and Sleep! Oh my!
By looking at flies, scientists learned that sleeping and learning are related to lipid storage. The fat flies, which have lots of lipids, didn’t sleep. They were tired and couldn’t learn. The skinny flies, which don’t have very many lipids, didn’t sleep either. They weren’t tired, and they could still learn.
So what does this mean for you when you are lying in bed, staring at the ceiling with a grumbling stomach? Scientists already know that people who are hungry have trouble falling asleep. But humans don't have the same genes as skinny flies, so they're not protected from sleep loss. This means that when people don't get enough sleep, they are tired and they do have trouble learning, just like the fat flies. So the next time you try to stay up past your bedtime, remember that getting enough rest will make learning easier for you.
Additional images from Wikimedia Commons.
Drosophila Melanogaster fly by André Karwath via Wikimedia.
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Happy 🎂Birthday Dr. Seuss!
Theodor Seuss Geisel, born on March 2, 1904, in Springfield, MA, was an American author, political cartoonist, poet, animator, book publisher, and artist, best known for authoring more than 60 children's books under the pen name Doctor Seuss. Did you know that Dr. Seuss is the ninth-best-selling fiction author of all time (estimated 500 million copies sold)? (Read more here.)
Dr. Seuss could plant more meaning into a few short verses than most writers can manage to embed in an entire novel!
“Think left and think right and think low and think high. Oh, the things you can think up if only you try!”
So, today, we are thinking left and right and, inspired by The Cat in the Hat book, we are skip counting with this🍡DIY ♻️recycled Math 🎩Hat.
- paint six recycled popsicle sticks with this red tempera paint, which dries in 90 seconds and paints perfectly vivid over the wood,
- *TIP: apply a thin coat of clear nail polish to the ends of unfinished popsicle sticks to prime the part where you will be writing numbers (otherwise, the numbers will "bleed" ~ color will spread),
- write with a black Sharpie numbers one till one hundred, skip counting by fives (on the left, I wrote skip counting by 10s and on the right by 5s). Modification: with smaller children, just write numbers one through ten.
- finally, top the🎩Hat with a hundred square!
I then offered Adrian to match number tiles from Montessori Hundred Board to the numbers on popsicle sticks. (For a detailed lesson on Hundred Board, read here Montessori 💯Hundred Board at 3 Yo).
“Sometimes the questions are complicated and the answers are simple.” And indeed, at first, Adrian thought this was too complicated, but step by step, he assembled the 🎩hat and was able to skip count by 5s till one hundred!
DIY Thing 1 & Thing 2 🙌🏻Handprint♻️Craft with a 🔢Math Twist
"Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don't matter and those who matter don't mind." ~ Dr. Suess.
We also made handprints Thing 1 (Julia) and Thing 2 (Adrian) craft while incorporating math and skip counting by 10s.
- a washable ink pad
- self-adhesive googly eyes
- red and black Sharpies and a red tempera paint to draw a mouth
- recycled toilet paper and red construction paper to cover it
- strips of blue paper to resemble hair
- Montessori golden beads ten-bars and a hundred square
Roll strips of blue paper over the pencil to give hair a "curl."
Each hair strand represents 10, offering to practice skip counting by ten till one hundred.
I glued a red pom-pom to the top of the roll to support the handprint.
Meet Thing 1 and Thing 2!
Julia's handprint was bigger, so I glued a popsicle stick to the back.
Julia also got a pink bow made out of a pom-pom and pink construction paper.
This craft will remain a keepsake to remember how big their hands were at 8 and 4 yo.
Lastly, offer your child to skip count using golden beads ten-bars.
How do you celebrate Dr. Seuss's Birthday?
See here books & puzzles we are loving on March 2nd 🎉Dr. Seuss's 🎂Birthday 📚.
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The scene shifts to a court within Athens. Athena enters, along with the ten citizens whom she has chosen as members of the jury. She orders a herald accompanying her to call together the Athenian people to watch the trial.
In Greek myth, this moment marks the first ever trial by jury. Athenian audiences would have recognized the importance of the scene they were witnessing.
Orestes enters, and Athena directs him to the Stone of Outrage. The Furies enter, and Athena places them at the Stone of Unmercifulness. She herself stands between two urns in which the jury will cast votes to determine Orestes’ guilt or innocence.
The trial proceeds with great formality and symbolism. Most important of all are the urns for the jury, emblems of the fair and evenhanded justice that Athens created, in which one’s vote was anonymous.
Apollo enters, and Athena questions why he is there. Apollo responds that he has come as a witness for the defense, explaining that he commanded Orestes to kill Clytemnestra, and subsequently purged the mortal of all guilt. He urges Athena to serve justice.
This trial, with a jury, witnesses, and a judge (in the person of Athena) will be surprisingly familiar to modern American readers—proof of the influence of Ancient Greece on today’s civilization.
Proclaiming that the trial has begun, Athena offers the Furies—the “prosecution”—the first speech. The leader of the Furies starts to question Orestes, asking if he killed his mother. He agrees that he did. They ask how he killed her, and he responds that he cut her throat at the urging of the god Apollo. The Furies are outraged that a god would condone a murder, but Orestes responds that he has “no regrets.” He also expresses faith in his father, Agamemnon, whom he says “will help me from the grave.” When the Furies indict him for killing his mother, Orestes responds that he did so in order to avenge his father. He then questions why the Furies did not turn on Clytemnestra, but they again respond that she did not share blood with Agamemnon. When Orestes wonders whether he is related to his own mother, the Furies react with wrath.
The device of the trial allows Aeschylus to explore the complex and thorny issues of crime, guilt, vengeance, and justice in an in-depth and three-dimensional way. After all, both Orestes’ and the Furies’ sides have merit. The Furies believe that Orestes, as the only surviving criminal, deserves to be punished, while Apollo and Orestes believe that since Orestes’ mother was herself a murderer, her crime essentially wipes out his. The issue of gender also becomes increasingly important here. Orestes clearly values his father’s life over his mother’s, a mindset that fits the Ancient Greek status quo, but which the female Furies find appalling.
Orestes begs Apollo to explain to the jury why he killed Clytemnestra, adding that his murder was really justice. Apollo agrees, asserting that Orestes was in fact doing the will of Zeus, the omnipotent “Olympian Father,” who is always just. The Furies are scornful, unable to believe that Zeus would order a son to murder his mother. Apollo, outraged, describes the trap that Clytemnestra laid for her husband, and the horrific, dishonorable way that she killed him.
Orestes goes a step further here, claiming that not only is his punishment by the Furies unjust, but his “crime” was itself justice, because it punished a criminal and was divinely sanctioned. It is important to remember, however, that Orestes’ murder of Clytemnestra was also a vengeful act, which makes the case even trickier. To further complicate things, Clytemnestra’s original murder of Agamemnon was also partly an act of vengeance—punishing Agamemnonfor sacrificing their daughter Iphigenia during the Trojan War.
The Furies are skeptical that Zeus would care more about a father’s murder than a mother’s. They remind Apollo and Athena that Zeus defeated his own father, Kronos, in order to gain control over Mt. Olympus.
The Furies use Greek myth to argue their case. Within Classical mythologies, there are many instances of sons overthrowing their fathers for power including—most prominently Zeus himself.
Apollo, outraged by the Furies, insults them once again, hissing that the gods “detest” them, and threatening them with the power of Zeus. The Furies are defiant, asking if Apollo intends to force Orestes’ acquittal, and reminding him that doing so would not be just. They speak again of Orestes’ defilement, and of the “mother’s blood” that is on his hands.
Once again Apollo loses his temper, displaying how the gods, too, are often childish and subject to overpowering emotions. Apollo has no good rebuttal to the Furies’ (valid) point that Zeus himself was essentially a patricide, but instead can only respond with insults and threats. The Furies, meanwhile, hold true to their beliefs—even though they are monstrous, it is difficult not to admire their moral tenacity.
Apollo rebuts the Furies’ claim that mothers are as important as fathers. He claims that while women may carry children, men provide the “spark of life.” He goes on to say that a father can create children without a mother, using Athena (who famously was born out of Zeus’s head) as an example. He then attempts to flatter Athena, saying that Orestes and his kin will honor her for generations.
The strong and disturbing misogyny of Ancient Greece is in full effect here. Apollo essentially argues that women are simply not as important as men, and that fathers have a greater claim over their children than mothers do. That this argument is successful should be appalling to modern readers.
Athena asks the Furies if they have anything else to say, and they respond that they do not. Apollo reminds the jury to be just and honest. Athena then explains to the jury that they are presiding over the first-ever murder trial in Greece. She explains to the Athenians that their city will now exist as a beacon of justice and civilization, unpolluted by corruption or dishonesty. She urges them to be pious, righteous, and loyal to their city.
This passage is one of the most important in the play, as it again draws a direct connection between unbiased, civilized justice and the polis of Athens. Athenian audience members watching this scene would have (presumably) felt proud of their city, and honored to be a part of it.
As the citizens cast their ballots, the Furies grow anxious, threatening that they can curse Athens if they choose. Apollo shoots back that the Furies should fear the wrath of both himself and Zeus. The Furies respond that Apollo is meddling in “works of blood,” and they repeat their plan to “crush the land” of Athens should the trial go against them. Apollo threatens that if they do so, the Furies will be disgraced. As he continues to mock them, they again call him a “young god,” reminding him of their age and power.
In contrast to Athena and her articulation of fair, logical justice, the Furies are still thinking in terms of vengeance, threatening to punish the entire city of Athens if the trial doesn’t go their way. They display their territorial and jealous nature here, again illuminating the conflict between the older, more primitive gods and the younger, more powerful Olympians.
Athena comes forward to cast her ballot, and announces that she has been swayed in Orestes’ favor. She explains that she will always honor men above women, since she was born from only a father—and therefore she cannot value a woman’s death more than a man’s. Even if the jury’s vote is equally split, says, Orestes will win his trial.
As the ballots are tallied up, Orestes prays to Apollo and wonders what will happen. The Furies, meanwhile, pray to their Mother Night. Apollo again reminds the Athenians to “honor Justice.”
This moment within the play shows the close connection the Greeks drew between divine intervention and justice—although humans might try to dispense justice, ultimately the gods must sanction any decision they make. This makes for many complicated moral quandaries, as the often-childish and immoral gods are thus the deciders of what is objectively right and wrong.
The votes have been counted, and the lots are equal— therefore, Athena announces, Orestes will go free. Overwhelmed, Orestes cries that Athena has saved his house, and returned him from exile. He vows to honor her in Argos, as well as Apollo and Zeus, and swears that this decision has brought about a new era of friendship between Argos and Athens. Even after he dies, he asserts, the two cities will live in peace and harmony. Orestes bids the Athenians farewell, before exiting with Apollo.
Although Orestes wins the day, another vital point within this passage is the fact that the vote is tied. This displays both the difficulty of the case, and the evenhandedness of Athenian justice. Even when faced with monstrous goddesses threatening to curse their city, the Athenian citizens did not display bias, but carefully considered the question before them and voted with their consciences. Orestes’ joy is not just for himself but for his whole family—the house of Atreus has been cursed for generations, and Athena’s decision has now seemingly broken the cycle of bloody vengeance that had decimated the family.
Both enraged and terrified, the Furies curse the “younger gods” for violating the “ancient laws” of vengeance, and robbing them of their power. They vow to make Athens sterile, enraged by how it has made them, the daughters of Night, into a mockery.
The diplomatic Athena, however, has another solution. She reminds the Furies that they are not disgraced, as the vote was tied. The real outcome, she asserts, came from Zeus. She goes on to ask the Furies not to make Athens barren. Instead, she promises the Furies a place as the patron goddesses of the city, a position in which people will revere and adore them.
Once again, Athena shows how logic and fairness will inevitably win the day. She reminds the Furies that they received justice, and that their case was considered fairly. She then goes a step further, offering to transform the Furies from embodiments of vengeance to patron goddesses of Athens, a metamorphosis that symbolizes a permanent shift from bloodthirsty vengeance to a more civilized form of justice.
Too wrathful to hear Athena’s words, the Furies again curse the younger gods for their lack of respect for “the ancient laws.” They lament their lost birthright and power, again threatening to spread poison throughout the soil of Athens. They then cry out for justice, asserting that it will only be fulfilled if all mankind is destroyed. Athena again tries to reason with them, telling the Furies that they can use their power for good, caring for people rather than destroying them. She also reminds them that she is the favorite child of Zeus, and the only one with access to his thunderbolts. She urges the Furies to join her as patrons of Athens. The land, she tells them, is rich, and they will receive offerings from it forevermore.
Although Athena speaks reasonably and persuasively (and includes a veiled threat of Zeus’s thunderbolts), the Furies are still ruled by rage and emotion. They continue to equate vengeance with justice, and this time their rage spills out to apply to all mankind. These speeches are also full of praise for Athens, as Aeschylus flatters his audience, making them feel patriotic and proud of their city.
The Furies begin to calm down, but are still humiliated by their disgrace, calling out to their mother Night for their lost, ancient powers. Athena, however, speaks to them respectfully, telling the Furies that they are older and wiser than she is. She tells them about all the wonderful aspects of Athens, promising that they will grow to love it and that Athenian citizens will honor them. She describes Athens as a land of peace and prosperity, and tells the Furies that a happy, fulfilling life is theirs for the taking.
Although audiences and readers might find the Furies petty and merciless, it is difficult not to sympathize with their plight. As goddesses of vengeance, their entire existence has centered around punishing criminals. With that taken away from them, how are they supposed to define themselves? Athena, however, offers the Furies a new role, essentially putting an end to their identity crisis.
As the Furies repeat their lament once more, Athena again tells them that they are gifted and valuable, and that she respects them. She begs that “the spell of my voice” may “appease your fury” and pleads with them to stay. If they refuse, she adds, they should at least spare Athens from their threatened plague—to curse the city, she asserts, would be unjust.
It is crucial, in this passage, that the powerful Athena presents herself as a suppliant to the Furies, begging them rather than ordering them to be merciful towards Athens. By showing the goddesses respect, the canny Athena helps to change their minds.
Interested at last, the leader of the Furies asks Athena if she will really share her home with them. The goddess responds that no home in Athens will thrive without honoring them. She asserts that for all time to come, Athenians will revere the Furies. As she speaks, the Furies feel their anger slipping away. Athena, meanwhile, urges them to “take root in the land.” She then utters a blessing to bind the Furies to Athens, praying for prosperity for her favorite city, and for everlasting peace. As she does so, the Furies begin to dance around her, vowing to protect the city forevermore and praising its “rich black earth.” Athena continues, saying that the approval of the Furies will ensure blessings for the people of Athens, and that only impious men will know their anger.
Athena’s willingness to share her power is proof both of her confidence, and of her devotion to Athens. She cares so much about protecting her city that she is even willing to share it with the Furies. This scene is crucial because it depicts the Furies’ moment of transformation, in which they transition from goddesses of vengeance to goddesses of protection and blessing. This change is represented in their choral song and dance. While they used to pray for vengeance and bloodshed, they now wish to bless Athens and make it prosperous.
The Furies continue their prayer, promising fertility and prosperity for the land of Athens. Athena praises the blessings of the Furies and commands all Athenians to do the same. The Furies pray for Athenian prosperity, promising to share their blessings at the hearths of Athenian homes. Athena exhorts her citizens to note and praise the blessings that the Furies have brought, and she praises Zeus for changing the Furies’ minds.
This passage clearly articulates the relationship between the Ancient Greeks and their gods—it was a reciprocal bond, in which the gods gave protection and prosperity in exchange for praise and offerings. The Furies have never been praised before, and so they welcome this new relationship with delight.
The Furies pray that war will never touch Athens, and that only joy and love will rule the city. Athena is overjoyed that even these embodiments of rage can be transformed, and urges her citizens to exalt them. The Furies join her, telling the Athenians to rejoice in their blessings, as they are beloved by not only Athena, but by Zeus as well.
Aeschylus here articulates a mindset that could be called Athenian exceptionalism. Athenian audiences viewing this play believed that Athens was the most civilized, glorious, and powerful nation in the world, and this passage confirms that view. Athens is portrayed as such a wonderful place that it can transform even bloodthirsty monsters into benevolent, caring figures.
An entourage of Athenian women enters in order to lead the way to the Furies’ temples below the earth, where they will be offered gifts and sacrifices. The Furies sing the praises of Athens and Athena, and imagine the prayers and reverence that they will receive. Athena’s entourage brings forward crimson robes in which to dress the Furies, and they light torches to lead the goddesses through the city. A procession forms that includes both actors and audience. As this takes place, the Athenian women sing praises to the “good spirits” (now the Eumenides, formerly the Furies) who will bless their houses from deep under the earth. Calling them “Awesome Spirits,” the women tell the Furies to dance with triumph. They pray for everlasting peace between Athens and its newly benevolent protectors, and praise Zeus and Fate for creating such an auspicious union.
Although The Eumenides is technically a tragedy, and part of a tragic trilogy along with Agamemnon and The Libation Bearers, the play actually ends with celebration and ritual, a symbol that order has been restored to the universe. “Tragedy” was a looser term in Ancient Greek drama, and didn’t necessarily mean that the play always ended with death and sorrow. The celebration taking place onstage eventually spills into the audience, a reminder that this play was actually performed at an enormous Athenian religious festival. Thus Aeschylus ends his series of plays both by confirming Athenian supremacy and might, and celebrating the bond between theater and religion.
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Scientists recently proved that the new trial drug for Alzheimer’s disease could reduce memory decline and remove the sticky plaques from the brain which generate dementia.
The experimental drug was given to patients once a month for a year. Researchers said that the infusions of the medicine liberated the brain of the deposits, which specialists consider play a significant role in blocking information among nerve cells and clogging cellular processes.
Despite the fact that most maturing brains carry some plaques, the brains of Alzheimer’s sufferers tend to have much more. This well-known form of dementia, has no remedy, although some medications are available to ease symptoms. However, there are no treatments that could delay the progression or invert the illness.
The company Biogen which is based in Massachusetts has developed aducanumab, the experimental drug and organized the research to test its safety in humans. It was not intended to examine cerebral advantages for patients.
The study divided 165 participants into groups and approached them with monthly intravenous infusions of either a placebo or aducanumab over 54 weeks. The situation of some patients who received the drug confirmed less deterioration than patients taking a placebo.
Four groups of patients took the medication in four divided doses.
The aducanumab treatment was proved to lessen brain plaques based on both dose and duration. All groups manifested a major decrease in plaques over time, but the highest-dose group displayed the largest reduction of all.
The director of Banner Alzheimer’s Institute in Phoenix, Eric M. Reiman said that the study could not prove that this is a valid treatment for Alzheimer’s disease because it was conducted on too few patients. He continued by saying that many other Alzheimer’s medications have seemed promising at first but ended in failure.
According to the specialists, animal studies of the medication managed before the human trial proved that the drug is able of removing plaques from the brains of mice and crossing the blood-brain boundary. All 125 patients finished the treatment. However, 40 of them withdrew because of the side effects that included fluid increasing up in the brain as a consequence of the elimination of plaques. In some cases, this led to brain bleeds.
However, larger trials that involve the drug for Alzheimer’s patients are under development and intended to run till at least 2020.
Image source: Pixabay
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Ear wax is a natural bodily secretion which, if it builds up, can cause problems with hearing, ear ache, tinnitus and dizziness. In most cases it removes itself, but in others it may have to be removed by a trained ENT health professional.
There are a number of causes for ear wax build-up:
There are a range of symptoms which might improve when the ear wax is removed. These include ear ache, hearing loss, tinnitus, itchiness, dizziness and/or ear infections.
If you think you have a build-up of ear wax, do not try to remove it with your finger, cotton bud or anything else you could put in your ear – this can cause damage and push the wax further into your ear. As a general rule, never try to put anything into your ear which is smaller than your elbow!
Where ear wax is causing you minor symptoms, speak to your pharmacist about ear drops which soften the wax and help it to drop out naturally. Do not use drops if you have a perforated ear drum, and stop using them if they cause irritation.
Here is when to seek treatment:
If ear drops or ear irrigation do not work, other options include:
Microsuction, which is a quick and comparatively painless treatment involving a small device which sucks out the wax from your ear. This is usually a safe option even if you have a damaged ear drum.
An aural toilet uses a thin instrument with a hoop at one end to clean your ear and remove the wax.
Depending on the severity of the ear wax build up, a matter of minutes.
Ear wax removal is carried out as a day case procedure, so there is no need to stay in hospital overnight.
With the ear wax removed, any symptoms caused by the wax disappear quickly. If you are prone to ear wax build-up your doctor may recommend using ear drops to keep the wax soft and help it remove itself, but this advice will only be given if drops are right for you.
A pre-treatment assessment should reveal any perforation or tears to the ear drum, which would rule out some treatments. If the assessment does not show up a perforation or tear and you know you have had one, you should let the nurse or doctor know – carrying out some treatments where there is a damaged ear drum can cause problems. Some treatments may cause discomfort or symptom recurrence in people who have conditions of the inner ear such as Menières disease. Again, it is important to let the nurse or doctor know if you have such a condition before treatment begins.
A pre-operative assessment is our opportunity to ensure that the procedure for which you have been referred is right for you. We’ll explain your treatment to you and makes sure that you are well enough to go ahead with it. It is also your opportunity to meet the team who will care for you and to ask any questions.
We carry out all the necessary tests and examinations in one outpatient session. While this may take several hours, everything is done in one go to save frequent visits before surgery.
Where ear wax removal is not available on the NHS, or where the number of NHS procedures available has been reduced and has resulted in a longer waiting time, you can choose to pay for your treatment yourself via our self-pay option.
Self-pay is available if you find you are not eligible for NHS-funded care and do not have private medical insurance.
You will need an open referral letter from your GP or audiologist (we can help you with this). Because we don’t include all of the costly extras you may associate with private hospital treatment, paying for yourself could cost you considerably less than you might imagine too. There are also financing options available, to help you spread the cost.
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What is Kinesiology?
Did you know that your body has its own innate wisdom and healing ability? Tapping into that wisdom is one of the aims of kinesiology.
The root of the word kinesiology is from the Greek word kinesis, which relates to movement of the human body – without movement, there is stagnation. Kinesiology combines the principles of Traditional Chinese Medicine with the technique of muscle testing, or muscle monitoring.
When a kinesiologist tests muscles, he or she can get a picture of what is happening in your meridian system and how it is affecting you. Energy needs to constantly flow through the meridians to give you a sense of vitality. At the same time, muscle monitoring may also indicate how the meridians were affected in the first place – what caused the energy to stagnate – and show the best way to deal with whatever the cause is, whether it is emotional, physical, mental environmental or nutritional.
How Muscle Testing Works
Muscle testing is the main tool in the kinesiologist’s toolbox. The therapist will take one of your limbs – an arm or a leg for example – and bend it so that one of the muscles is contracted, then will apply pressure to the muscle. You are asked to resist the pressure being applied. The muscle will then either unlock, or stay contracted. Whatever the response, the kinesiologist determines what the underlying problem is and how to address it. Muscle testing gives a kinesiologist instant access to information held by the body and the subconscious. Usually inaccessible, the subconscious holds information about your physical, emotional, mental and energetic state.
What Happens in a Consultation?
In a kinesiology consultation, the therapist will take details of your medical history and your lifestyle – things like whether you smoke, exercise, what foods you eat and so on. Usually lying down but sometimes seated, the therapist will then start testing your muscles. You remain fully clothed throughout the session.
After the testing the muscles and based on feedback the kinesiologist receives, you and the kinesiologist come up with a plan about how to address the imbalances found. This could include looking at your diet and nutrition, stress releasing techniques, acupressure, structural realignment, massage, or lifestyle changes.
It is gentle but can be very powerful in restoring or maintaining health, wellbeing and that all-important sense of balance. All discovered using your body’s own innate intelligence.
Read more: http://www.naturaltherapypages.com.au/article/what_is_kinesiology#ixzz30pV8xJUa
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Endemic to South Florida.
IRC SOUTH FLORIDA Status:
Map of select IRC data for peninsular Florida
SOUTH FLORIDA Occurrence:
SOUTH FLORIDA Native Status:
South Florida History and Distribution:
This is widespread in South Florida, and most common on the Miami Rock Ridge and in the Big Cypress. It grows in pinelands and prairies which have been subjected to continuous habitat loss and fragmentation outside of Everglades National Park and Big Cypress National Preserve. Using modern NatureServe criteria, we re-ranked this as Rare in South Florida in July 2018.
SOUTH FLORIDA Cultivated Status:
Visit our Natives For Your Neighborhood
website for more information and images.
R. caroliniensis ssp. caroliniensis var. succulenta; R. hybrida, misapplied.
FLORIDA KEYS Occurrence:
FLORIDA KEYS Native Status:
IRC FLORIDA KEYS Status:
Map of select IRC data for the Florida Keys
Florida Keys History and Distribution:
Reported in 1913
by John Kunkel Small for pinelands and open hammocks in the lower Keys. We consider this native and extant only on Big Pine Key in the lower Keys.
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Recently, the All-Ukrainian Children’s Hackaton “Techstars Startup Weekend IT Teens Kyiv” ended in the Ukrainian capital, its chosen theme being smart city technologies. Young students of technical schools offered innovative solutions to the important problems that concern the city’s residents. The idea of the competition is to get the participants to identify a certain issue and propose a workable innovative engineering solution in one to three days. Of course, team efforts resulted in models only, but the electronics inside these projects really worked.
“SMART” SEWERS AND PARKING
The jury recognized as the best project one presented by the team of the Socrates STEM Study Center and called “New Mechanics of Water Use in the Sewers of High-Rise Buildings.” The second position went to the MakerSpace team from Lviv, which proposed a free software solution, a unique router that can be used anywhere in the world. The jury awarded the third place to the youngest team, which came from the Children’s Scientific Studies center in Kyiv and developed the project of a system that allows the driver to avoid improper parking.
“Our project is aimed at re-using water,” said Roman Chernenko, an instructor of the Socrates STEM Study Center. “The kids have found data showing that in 50 years, this planet will face water shortages so dire that it will lead to a global crisis. They came up with a solution that allows high-rise building residents to save 30 percent of water they use now. The idea is that when new houses are being built, a new sewage system must be installed at once. Their solution requires rainwater to be collected on the top floor. Some of it flows down into the sewage system, while some goes into the upper toilet tank. On the lower floors, the system works like this: if the upstairs neighbor uses water, then the downstairs neighbor receives it already filtered into their tank, and some of it again goes into the sewage system. And so it works in the house, like a chain. Such a system saves water and solves many environmental problems.”
Easy access to the Internet is probably of interest to everyone. Member of the MakerSpace team Anna Dziuba describes their project: “We have created a router that provides the Internet to everyone. That is, it is such a SIM card that can fit everyone’s needs abroad. The router works continuously, with no roaming charges to boot. So, you do not need to buy phone cards of different operators on every trip abroad. There were predecessors of our project, but we offer some advantages of our own. We conducted a survey through Google Forms, and people wrote that this was a cool thing, they would buy it. We also discussed the possibility of developing a project with a US representative. He said he could help.”
The youngest participants of the Hackaton, the Children’s Scientific Studies team, consider parking in big cities to be an extremely pressing issue. Besides the fact that parking spaces are limited, drivers leave cars in prohibited places.
“We have created special sensors that will record the distance between the bumpers at each parking lot and send this information to the administration. In this way, one can control where the driver stopped. According to the Ukrainian legislation, they can be fined for violating the rules,” member of the team Les Torhovets emphasized.
“THIS IS AN ADULT FORMAT, WHILE THE AUDIENCE IS VERY YOUNG”
Organizers of the hackathon say that the competition took place at a very high level: its participants used exclusively English, and needed to present a ready-to-use IT solution. Therefore, many willing teams could not participate. The next hackaton is planned for the fall.
“For the first time in Ukraine, the entire competition was held in English. The youngest participant is 11, the oldest is 16. It was an adult format, while the audience is very young,” said organizer of the Hackaton Kateryna Dehtiar. “Many people ask: what will happen to the projects afterwards? My answer is very simple: those who want to go further will do so, and those unwilling will not. But according to statistics, 10 to 12 percent of participants continue to work on their projects after a start-up weekend ends. The idea is to advance from the idea itself to the level where one can test the real demand for one’s project. We do it because Ukraine has a lot of technical talent, but business and marketing talents are somewhat lacking at the moment. Therefore, the formation of precisely such skills is important.”
Coaches argue that in this format, children learn to apply their knowledge in practice, seek the required information, explore the world. This is a completely different approach to education, which involves the simultaneous study of mathematics, information technology, chemistry, engineering, etc.
The hackaton jury included business representatives, in particular, the special guest was Eamonn Carey, who serves as managing director of the Techstars London accelerator. Foreign visitors were impressed by the Ukrainian schoolchildren’s achievements. They were interested in the students’ designs and promised to contact the children for further cooperation.
“We started our careers in business at about 30. And here, we see children who are only 12 to 16 years old, and they offer not mere ideas but ready-to-use solutions. We are amazed, they have a great future ahead of them!” asserted John Sung Kim, an entrepreneur and investor from San Francisco, the founder of Five9.
The Ukrainian business community also paid attention to the event. For instance, the hackaton was supported by the Ternopil-based Ukrainian innovative company MagneticOne, which is engaged in web development and creation of services for e-commerce.
The Day’s REFERENCE
The Techstars Startup Weekend is part of the Techstars Startup Programs. The competition was founded in 2009, it takes place in 140 countries (1,142 cities). Over this time, 234,000 have participated in the Hackaton.
The goal of the Techstars Startup Weekend IT Teens Kyiv is to teach children to create an innovative business product, not just a technical solution.
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Posted by Daniel Hall on December 19, 2008
Just as an all-you-can-eat restaurant encourages more eating, all-you-can-drive insurance pricing encourages more driving. That means more accidents, congestion, carbon emissions, local pollution, and dependence on oil. This pricing system is inequitable because low-mileage drivers subsidize insurance costs for high-mileage drivers, and low-income people drive fewer miles on average.
In this discussion paper, we propose and evaluate a simple alternative: pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) auto insurance. If all motorists paid for accident insurance per mile rather than in a lump sum, they would have an extra incentive to drive less. We estimate driving would decline by 8 percent nationwide, netting society the equivalent of about $50 billion to $60 billion a year by reducing driving-related harms. This driving reduction would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 2 percent and oil consumption by about 4 percent. To put it in perspective, it would take a $1-per-gallon increase in the gasoline tax to achieve the same reduction in driving.
In order to facilitate the spread of PAYD, we propose a three-part strategy. First, states should pass legislation permitting mileage-based insurance premiums. Second, the federal government should increase the funding available to PAYD pilot programs by $15 million over five years. Finally, since the monitoring costs may exceed the expected benefit of PAYD to insurance firms but are much smaller than the social benefit, the federal government should offer a $100 tax credit for each new mileage-based policy that an insurance company writes, to be phased out once 5 million vehicles nationwide are covered by PAYD policies.
Our research also shows that low-income families would especially benefit from PAYD, because low-income people tend to drive fewer miles. Every household income group making less than $52,500 (in 2001) would save money on average. Further, the savings for low-income groups are significant as a share of their total income, whereas any losses by high-income groups are not significant.
Yes, more like this, please.
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Infertility is one of the lesser-known and unfortunate side-effects of celiac disease. According to Dr. Shelia Crowe, professor of gastroenterology and hepatology at the University of Virginia, in the article Can Foods Contribute to Infertility? in the New York Times, some gynecological and obstetrical problems, including infertility, miscarriage and premature births, are more common in women with untreated celiac disease. Even men aren’t immune: untreated celiac disease can lead to abnormal sperm and lower testosterone levels. Dr. Sarah Berga, from Emory University explains (in this video) that celiac disease can mimic fertility disorders. Most doctors have not been trained to screen for it, says Dr. Berga.
Another great point that Dr. Crowe makes is this: Who really feels like doing it when they feel like crap? Okay, that’s not how Dr. Crowe put it, exactly, but you get it, right? Before diagnosis, people with celiac disease feel horrible. Between the diarrhea, pain, fatigue and skin rashes, romance is the pretty much the last thing on our minds. And, just like we learned in middle school, it takes two to make a baby.
Dr. Crowe suggests that if a woman is having trouble conceiving or has had multiple miscarriages, “consideration should be given to screening her for celiac disease by antibody testing.” In an earlier article, Dr. Crowe offers readers good information on getting tested. As we know, the only treatment for celiac disease is by strictly following a totally gluten free diet. There is some good news, though, says Dr. Crowe, “With proper treatment with a gluten-free diet and correction of nutritional deficiencies, the prognosis for future pregnancies is much improved.”
I was diagnosed with celiac disease in 2002, but throughout my childbearing years, I have suffered at least 8 miscarriages. Although I've been gluten free for years, I have been struggling with infertility for the past 7 years. What about you? Is celiac disease preventing you from making/expanding your family? Comment below or send me an email so we can share & compare.
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“Atmospheric Moisture Assignment (Cloud-In-A-Bottle Experiment)
This assignment is a little different. Instead of having you respond to critical thinking questions, you are going to perform an experiment and post an image of your results. For this assignment you will only need to submit an image, worth 20 points.
I. Complete the following for your assignment:
This week you are learning about atmospheric moisture, clouds, and cloud formation. For this assignment you are going to create your own “”cloud in a bottle””.
Here is what you’ll need:
A 2-liter clear plastic bottle with cap (I recommend using a clear, 2-liter, plastic soda bottle). Be sure to take the label off so you can see your cloud inside. Note: glass bottles/containers will not work. You will receive a “”zero”” for this assignment if you use a glass bottle because you will not be able to change the pressure and thus generate a cloud (this happened for the first time last year so please read and follow the instructions). Smaller plastic bottles can work but you may have difficulty viewing/taking a picture of your cloud.
Matches (at least two).
Small amount of warm/hot water (about 0.5 – 1 cup for a 2-liter bottle). The hotter the water, the better. But do notboil the water since obviously it may melt the plastic.
Fill the clear, plastic 2-liter bottle with the warm water and place the cap on. As the warm water evaporates, it adds water vapor to the air inside the bottle. This is the first step in cloud formation – saturation (aka humidity).
Now, you are going to change the air pressure in the bottle. Put the cap on the bottle, then squeeze and release the bottle and observe what happens. You’ll notice that nothing happens. Why? The squeeze represents the warming that occurs in the atmosphere. When you increase the pressure in the bottle by squeezing it, the air molecules collide and bump up against one another, creating friction. This friction generates heat. Releasing the bottle represents the cooling that occurs in the atmosphere. When you decrease the pressure, the molecules are able to spread out and away from one another, lessening the chance of friction. This spreading-out results in a loss of heat. If the inside of the bottle becomes covered with condensation or water droplets, just shake the bottle to get rid of them.
So, thus far you haven’t created a cloud. You’re still missing a piece. Take the cap off the bottle. Carefully light a match and hold the match near the opening of the bottle. This will allow some of the smoke to enter the bottle.
Then drop the match into the bottle and quickly put the cap on, trapping the smoke inside. Dust, smoke, or the particles in the air are a vital component to cloud formation. Water needs a surface to condense on – the smoke from the match will provide the surface.
Once again, slowly squeeze the bottle hard and release. What happens? A cloud should appear when you release and disappear when you squeeze. Why? By squeezing the bottle, air pressure and temperature dropped allowing water to condense on the smoke particles from the match and form a cloud! Ta-Da!
Take a picture of your cloud in the bottle and submit it for this assignment. This should be an original image that you have taken (since the point is for you to have completed the experiment yourself). Images taken from online and/or other sources will not receive any credit. You do not need to write anything unless you want to. I am simply giving you full credit for successfully completing the experiment and creating your cloud.
If your experiment did not work, try again! You may not have enough warm water and/or enough smoke in the bottle. If you squeeze and release the bottle multiple times your cloud should appear thicker. Here is link for a helpful video of what your cloud should look like – Making Clouds in a Bottle
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Colorado River near Granby, CO
The Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District ("Northern") operates the Colorado-Big Thompson (C-BT) project, which collects water from the headwaters of the Colorado River and diverts it through the Adams Tunnel for delivery to municipal and agricultural users in northeastern Colorado. Four gages in the Colorado headwaters (Colorado R. near Granby, Fraser R. at Granby, Willow Creek Reservoir inflow, and Blue R. above Green Mountain Reservoir) are used by Northern to monitor and model the west-slope water supply for C-BT. In 2002, Connie Woodhouse generated tree-ring reconstructions of these four gages for Northern as part of the Colorado TreeFlow project. These reconstructions were also used in analyses for Woodhouse and Lukas (2006).
Woodhouse, C.A. and J.J. Lukas. 2006. Multi-century tree-ring reconstructions of Colorado streamflow for water resource planning. Climatic Change 78: 293-315.
A forward stepwise regression procedure was used to calibrate the observed flow record with a pool of potential predictors consisting of 25 tree-ring chronologies from western Colorado. The residual chronologies, with the low-order autocorrelation removed, were used. Three predictor chronologies were selected by the stepwise procedure for the reconstruction model for the Colorado River near Granby. Validation statistics were computed using a leave-one-out (cross-validation) approach. See Woodhouse and Lukas (2006) for more details.
Predictor Chronologies: Pump House (CO), Cathedral Creek (CO), Green Mountain Reservoir (CO)
|Explained variance (R2)||0.67|
|Reduction of Error (RE)||0.59|
|Standard Error of the Estimate||42,228 AF|
|Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)||43,898 AF|
Figure 1. Scatter plot of observed and reconstructed Colorado River annual flow, 1951-1999.
Figure 2. Observed (black) and reconstructed (blue) Colorado River annual flow, 1951-1999. The observed mean is illustrated by the dashed line.
Figure 3. Reconstructed annual flow for the Colorado River (1383-1999) is shown in blue. Observed flow is shown in gray and the long-term reconstructed mean is shown by the dashed line.
Figure 4. The 10-year running mean (plotted on final year) of reconstructed Colorado River flow, 1383-1999. Reconstructed values are shown in blue and observed values are shown in gray. The long-term reconstructed mean is shown by the dashed line.
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Cat mint is well known, as is its cousin catnip, for making adult cats ecstatic and kittenish. But cat mint leaves also make a calming tea, while the blue-lavender flowers and silvery foliage make a stunning contrast to other garden favorites such as roses. Cat mint can be grown from seed with little harassment from cats until the plant leaves are bruised, but transplants may need to be protected until they're established.
Planting from Seed
Choose a spot in your garden with part to full sun and decent drainage. You may either sow seeds directly after the last danger of frost, or start seeds in pots or trays indoors.
Prepare the planting site with one or two parts compost to one part native soil. Spade this mix up to 12 inches into the soil.
Plant seeds 1/4 to 1/8 inch deep, about 2 inches apart. Cover with loose soil. Water gently so that the seeds are not disturbed, until the soil is moist several inches down.
Keep the top 2 inches of soil lightly moist until germination. After germination, provide 1 inch of water once per week when rain isn't sufficient.
Thin to 12 inches apart. Transplant seedlings from indoors when they're about 2 inches tall, after all danger of frost.
Transplanting Cat Mint
Prepare garden site as above. Dig a hole with a hand spade as deep as the root ball of the cat mint and twice as wide. Lay the container on its side and work the root ball gently out of the container, pressing on the sides if necessary. Loosen the roots at the bottom of the root ball.
Center the root ball in the prepared hole. Backfill with soil, watering in as you go to settle the soil and remove air pockets. Continue until the soil is even with the top of the root ball and the surrounding soil.
Mulch 2 inches deep around the cat mint with coarse compost or wood chips. Water this in as well. Don't allow the mulch to sit on or against the leaves or stems.
Cover the new transplant with an inverted mesh container pressed about 2 inches into the surrounding soil to protect it from interested felines. Old laundry baskets generally suffice, so long as they don't have a solid bottom. Light bruising from handling the cat mint attracts cats to your transplant.
Set up a cylinder of chicken wire or similar material around the new transplants if you don't have a mesh or grate container. Bury the bottom end 6 inches deep for stability. This cylinder should be at least 2 feet tall to keep cats from reaching over it. A chicken wire cap on the top also helps. Use zip ties or twist ties to keep the cylinder closed and secure the top. Remove the covering after about two weeks, when the strong scent has faded.
About this Author
Samantha Belyeu has been writing professionally since 2003. She began as a writer and publisher for the Natural Toxins Research Center, and has spent her time since as a landscape designer and part-time writer. She holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from Texas A&M University in Kingsville.
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After escaping from Fort Robinson on January 9, 1879, the Cheyennes climbed the buttes to the south and fled through this area, pursued by Third Cavalrymen. Soldiers and Cheyennes fought sharp engagements west of here on January 11 and 13. The pursuit continued to near the Wyoming border before the Cheyennes turned northeast. On January 22 the survivors reached Antelope Creek, north of present day Harrison. In a final charge by the soldiers, the last thirty-two Cheyennes were killed or captured.
Nebraska State Historical Society
Fort Robinson State Park
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Designed to be airtight and efficient, modern wood stoves made from steel are lined with firebrick inside the firebox. The sacrificial and replaceable firebrick serves a dual purpose. It keeps the fire away from the steel itself and it also absorbs heat to release it into the room. Firebricks, made of clay and ceramic, are light and easy to handle. They measure 9-by-4-by one-half inches, are tan or beige in color and come in a box of six.
Things You'll Need
- Work glove
- Circular skill saw with masonry blade
Place a dropcloth around the wood stove to prevent ash or dirt from getting on the floor.
Inspect the firebrick liner inside the wood stove. Make note of those firebricks that are black, crumbly or cracked. While cracked firebricks don’t need immediate replacement, they'll need replacement soon. Do preventative maintenence by replacing these, as well.
Count the number of bricks that require replacement.
Wear gloves to remove broken bricks and immediately replace with new ones. Not every firebrick in the liner needs replacement, just the damaged, severally blacked or broken bricks.
Cut any brick as needed to replace a smaller-sized brick. Use a circular skill saw with a masonry brick to cut the brick accordingly. Measure the old brick, mark a new brick with the measurements and cut.
Dispose of old brick or use it to line your outside fire pit, if desired.
Tips & Warnings
- Firebricks are abrasive to the skin. Wear gloves when handling them.
- Most hardware stores, home improvement centers or specialty wood stove stores carry replacement firebrick.
- When repairing the firebrick liner, clean out the chimney pipe from last season's use. Airtight wood stoves build up creosote in the stove pipe which can lead to stove pipe fires if not properly cleaned each season.
- Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images
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Telecommunications in the Central African Republic
Telecommunications in the Central African Republic includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet as well as the postal system.
Persistent conflict has hampered telecommunication and media development in the Central African Republic. There are active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers. Radio is the most-popular communications medium.
Socatel is the leading provider for both Internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes (Ministry of Posts), and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies (Telecommunications and New Technologies). Support is received from the ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve telecommunications infrastructure.
Radio and television
- Radio stations: the State-owned radio network, Radio Centrafrique, is supplemented by a small number of privately owned broadcast stations as well as a few community radio stations; transmissions of at least 2 international broadcasters are available (2007).
- The BBC World Service (90.2 FM), Radio France Internationale, and the Voice of America are available via local relays in the capital, Bangui.
- Radios: 283,000 (1997).[needs update]
- Television stations: Government-owned network, Radiodiffusion Television Centrafricaine (Central Television Broadcasting), provides domestic TV broadcasting; licenses for 2 private TV stations were pending (2007).
- Television sets: 18,000 (1997).[needs update]
In Bangui, UN-sponsored Radio Ndeke Luka ("bird of luck") provides balanced output, and rebroadcasts international news programming. Other radio and TV stations are run by the state-run Radiodiffusion-Television Centrafricaine and provide little coverage of the political opposition. There are about two dozen privately owned radio stations. Many, such as Radio Notre Dame, run by religious organisations.
Starting 24 November 2011 La Radio et la Télévision nationale centrafricaine (TVCA) (Central African Radio (CAR) and National Television) are available via satellite. This move brought state-run national radio and television coverage to the entire country.
- Calling code: +236
- International call prefix: 00
- Main lines: 5,600 lines in use, 209th in the world (2012).
- Mobile cellular: 1.1 million lines, 157th in the world (2012).
- Telephone system: The network consists principally of microwave radio relay and low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication; limited telephone service with less than one fixed-line connection per 100 persons; spurred by the presence of multiple mobile-cellular service providers, cellular usage is increasing from a low base; most fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone services are concentrated in the capital, Bangui (2011).
- Satellite earth stations: 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011).
GSM coverage was for a long time limited to the capital area. But in June 2006 coverage was expanded at least to Berberati in the western part of the country. There are currently two GSM-900 mobile operators, Telecel CAR and NationLink Telecom RCA. A third network, Centrafrique Telecom Plus closed down in late 2005 after failing to attract more than 5,000 subscribers and failing to renew its license, in accordance with the then new Bozize government policies.
- Top-level domain: .cf
- Internet users:
- Internet hosts: 20 hosts, 221st in the world (2012).
- IPv4: 4,352 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 0.9 addresses per 1000 people (2012).
- Internet Service Providers (ISPs): Moov, Orange, Socatel, and Telecel.
Internet censorship and surveillance
Although the constitution and law provide for freedom of speech and press, authorities occasionally arrest journalists critical of the government and in some cases the government impedes individuals’ right to free speech. Imprisonment for defamation and censorship were abolished in 2005; however, journalists found guilty of libel or slander face fines of 100,000 to eight million CFA francs ($200 to US$16,000). The law provides for imprisonment and fines of as much as one million CFA francs (US$2,000) for journalists who use the media to incite disobedience among security forces or incite persons to violence, hatred, or discrimination. Similar fines and imprisonment of six months to two years may be imposed for the publication or broadcast of false or fabricated information that "would disturb the peace."
L'Office National de la Poste et de l'Épargne (ONPE) is the government organization responsible for the postal service.
- Media of the Central African Republic
- Economy of the Central African Republic
- Central African Republic
- This article incorporates public domain material from the CIA World Factbook document "2014 edition".
- This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of State.
- "Central African Republic profile: Media", BBC News, 20 September 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- "Communications: Central African Republic", World Factbook, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 13 January 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- "La Radio et la télévision centrafricaine enfin sur satellite!" (in French), La diplomatie de Centrafrique à Paris, CAR Embassy in Paris. English translation. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
- Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010)), Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
- Calculated using penetration rate and population data from "Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" Archived 2017-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013
- "Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000–2012", International Telecommunications Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013
- Select Formats Archived 2009-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily.
- Population, The World Factbook, United States Central Intelligence Agency. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012.
- "Central African Republic", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 28 March 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
- "Presentation Station". 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
- Central African Republic profile, BBC News.
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LIFE DEPENDS ON WATER. A few days ago, at the end of March 2021, we drove to a village in Oxfordshire to see two old wells. They are no ordinary wells: they were gifts from India while it was still part of the British Empire.
Edward Anderton Reade (1807-1886) was a British civil servant in India between 1826 and 1860. Brother of the novelist Charles Read (author of “The Cloister and the Hearth”), Edward was born in Ipsden, a village in Oxfordshire (www.oxforddnb.com/). He entered the East India Company in 1823. In 1832, he was transferred to Kanpur (Cawnpore), where he introduced opium cultivation to the district. In 1846, he became Commissioner to the Benares Division, a position he held until 1853 when he was moved to Agra.
Edward encouraged genial relations with the local Indian gentry and aristocracy. One of his Indian acquaintances, who became his good friend, was Ishri Prasad Narayan Singh (1822-1889), the Maharajah of Benares, who reigned from 1835 to 1889. During the years before the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (aka ‘First War of Independence’ or ‘The Indian Mutiny’), Reade and the Maharajah discussed much about England including the shortage of water that existed in Ipsden, the part of Oxfordshire where his family lived. Apparently, the villagers in this part of the Chiltern Hills had little or no access to clean drinking water, much as must have been the case for many villagers in India.
During the Rebellion of 1857, the Maharajah remained loyal to the British. In June 1857, the town of Kanpur was besieged by Nana Sahib and his forces. After 3 weeks, the British garrison surrendered under condition that the British inhabitants would be given safe passage out of the town. However, Nana Sahib decided to hold about 120 women and children and kept them housed in a house known as the ‘Bibighar’. This ended badly when some of the hostages were killed. Some of them tried to escape their grizzly end by jumping into a well at the Bibighar. This well became one of the most powerful images of the Rebellion in the minds of those who lived in Britain.
I do not know whether or not it was the tragedy at Bibighar that brought the conversations he had with Reade to the forefront of the mind of the Maharajah of Benares after the Rebellion was over, but in 1862, after his loyalty to the British had been formally recognised, he consulted Reade as to making a charitable gift to the poor people of Ipsden, whose plight he recalled. The Maharajah financed the construction of a well at Stoke Row, not far from Ipsden. It is also possible that the Maharajah remembered the help that Reade had given him when constructing a well in Azamgarh (now in Uttar Pradesh) back in 1831.
Work commenced on the well in March 1863. The well shaft was dug by hand, a perilous job for the labourers as they removed earth from the depths of an unlit and unventilated shaft, bucket by bucket. The shaft, 4 feet in diameter, was 368 feet in depth, greater than the height of St Pauls Cathedral in London, for this is depth of the water table at Stoke Row. Special winding machinery constructed by Wilder, an engineering firm in Wallingford, was installed. It is topped with a model elephant. The mechanism and the well stand beneath an octagonal canopy topped with a magnificent metal dome with circular glazed windows to allow better illumination. It resembles a ‘chhatri’ or architectural umbrella such as can be seen at war memorials on London’s Constitution Hill and on the South Downs near Hove. The structure, restored in recent times, looks almost new today. Reade, who helped plan the Maharajah’s well, planted a cherry orchard nearby; dug a fish-shaped pond (the fish was part of the Maharajah’s coat-of-arms); and constructed an octagonal well-keeper’s bungalow next to the well. The profits from the cherries harvested from the orchard were supposed to help to finance the well, for whose water the villagers were not charged anything. The Maharajah’s well at Stoke Row was the first of many such gifts given by wealthy Indians to Britain. Other examples include the Readymoney drinking fountain in Regents Park and a now demolished drinking fountain in Hyde Park, close to Marble Arch. According to the Dictionary of National Biography:
“Reade was wryly amused that an Indian prince should thus give a lesson in charity to the English gentry.”
The well at Stoke Row provided the locals with fresh water until the beginning of WW2, when, eventually, piped water reached the area. It provided 600 to 700 gallons of water every day. The Maharajah’s Well at Stoke Row is relatively well-known compared to another Indian-financed well next to the parish church at Ipsden, where Reade’s grave is located. The well, whose winding mechanism is similar to that installed at Stoke Row, is not covered by a canopy. It stands by a cottage next to the entrance to the churchyard. It was presented to Ipsden in 1865 by ‘Rajah Sir Deon Narayun Singh of Seidpor Bittree’ (I am not sure where this is: these are the words on the well), who had, like the Maharajah of Benares, remained loyal to the British during the 1857 Rebellion.
The Ipsden well is deep but not nearly as deep as that at Stoke Row. A lady, who lives in the cottage beside the well, told us that she had tasted water from the well and it was ice cold, deliciously clean, and tasted pure, having been filtered by many feet of chalk through which it has seeped. She said that once a year, the local water board opens the well and takes a sample of its water to check its purity.
Both wells are worth visiting. We parked in Benares Road in Stoke Row close to the Maharajah’s gift. After viewing the well head and its surroundings, we bought hot drinks at the village’s shop-cum-café, which his run by a couple of friendly people from Zimbabwe. I am grateful to Dr Peter U for bringing the existence of this unusual well to my attention.
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“You Russians are so honest!” my colleagues exclaimed me after my critical presentation in a business meeting. I wasn't sure if I should have taken those words as a compliment, but I thought that there was nothing wrong about being honest. I didn't worry too much about that notice, however, I started thinking about why my conversational style is so different. After some analysis I came to the conclusion that there is no small talk in the Russian culture. We may say “easy talk” (непринуждённая беседа), or “pleasant talk” (приятная беседа), but never small. Russians rarely discuss trivial topics just to fill up voids in conversation. If a pause does occur, Russians would rather move to a hot topic that is relevant to everyone. If a Russian says “What a nice day!” he really means this, he really wants to attract your attention to the enjoyable weather and great view. (Jokingly, but still quite true, one Russian woman wrote in her book, 'if you ask a Russian “How are you?” be ready to listen to the speech about how he or she actually is, because your Russian interlocutor thinks that you've specifically requested this information').
Why do people talk? Among others are the following reasons: the need of expressing one's needs or desires, exchange of information (to let other people know something really important), revealing the truth by disputing, persuading somebody to do/not to do something, self-promotion (making other people think that you are a nice, smart, trustworthy and reliable person). Small talk only serves the last purpose and doesn't fit all the rest. Russians consider small talk just a waste of time and revealing that you have nothing to say.
Penguins' Small Talk by Michael Berenz
Here are a few words that describe a conversation as a good or bad one. A good conversation is “разговор по душам” (literally, soul to soul or heart to heart talk), “откровенный разговор” (honest, upright), “глубокий” (deep talk, when the deeper views of the discussed problems are expressed). A bad conversation is “пустой” (literally, empty, resulting in nothing noteworthy), “поверхностный” (superficial, when problems are just touched upon, but not discussed properly), “мутный” (a slang word meaning shady). A conversation in Russian culture is more than just a casual talk, this is a mutual involvement into the process of information and emotional exchange. Any communication has to be meaningful, but it doesn't have to mean “full of words”. You can keep silence and still enjoy the conversation. A wise man said, “A friend is a person with whom you can keep silence and feel comfortable with”.
I'd like to end my post with a quotation that supports my statements on the Russian culture of communication. This is from the famous poem “Eugene Onegin,” by Alexander Pushkin:
Onegin was assessed by many
(critical judges, strict as any)
as well-read, though of pedant cast.
Unforced, as conversation passed,
he had the talent of saluting
felicitously every theme,
of listening like a judge-supreme
while serious topics were disputing,
or, with an epigram-surprise,
of kindling smiles in ladies' eyes.
(Translated by Charles Johnston)
The writer described a superficial person, who honors every subject and avoids serious topics. Isn't that what small talk is all about?
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Your email address will be used for Wildy’s marketing materials only. We will never give your email address to any third party.
Special Discounts for Pupils, Newly Called & Students
Browse Secondhand Online
Constitutional and Administrative Law (Public Law) is a dynamic and challenging area of law which has an impact on all of our lives.
Whenever a government is elected, a new piece of legislation is passed or a citizen's rights are abused, it is Public Law which provides the legal framework within which government and administration functions. Hilaire Barnett's classic textbook equips students with an understanding of the constitution's past, present and future by analysing and illustrating the political and socio-historical contexts which have shaped the major rules and principles of public law, as well as ongoing constitutional reform.
Key learning features include:_
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Pneumatic Training Course:
Chapter 11 - Valves and Actuators with the NAMUR-interface
1. Pneumatic actuation of process valves
Process valves can be actuated manually, electrically, pneumatically and hydraulically. Often times pneumatic actuators are in use when it comes to automated process valves. They are mostly either linear actuators (pneumatic cylinders) or rotary actuators.
Further important elements can be:
The design and dimensions of rotary actuators differ from manufacturer to manufacturer. The two most popular designs are either Scotch-Yoke or Rack and Pinion actuators. We will introduce you to the Rack and Pinion actuator with more detail.
The selected size of the actuator depends on the force required to open and close the process valve. Usually the manufacturer indicates the maximum torque the actuator offers at a specific pressure.
There are two versions of linear actuators:
In double acting actuators - depending on the direction required - compressed air flows to the outside or to the inside of the two pistons. This can be easily controlled by using 5-way directional control valves (5/2-way for fully opening and closing the process valve, 5/3-way if intermediate positions are required).
There are standards for the contact interfaces of a rotary actuator, e.g.:
NAMUR-valves are control valves which offer an assemblage interface according to the standard VDI/VDE 3845.
NAMUR-valves are different from other in-line valves as they offer two ports on the flat side of the valve. In addition, there are holes for fixing the valve onto the actuator.
The drawing below shows a single solenoid 5/2-way valve with an interface according to NAMUR. The dimensions of the 1/4” -interface, among others, are shown as well.
A normal 3/2-way inline valve has 3 ports. The 3-way NAMUR-valve on the photo however has 4, which you can also see on its ISO symbol. WHY IS THAT?
That is why in process automation, we aim towards an air recirculation into the spring chamber, also called a “purge”.
By feeding process air into the spring chambers, we want to reduce pollution inside the actuator due to dirt, dust, mist, moisture etc. that might have been sucked into the spring chambers and thus avoid corrosion of the springs.
HAFNER Pneumatik offers a uniquely wide range of valves with NAMUR-interface, as well as a range of accessories.
HAFNER does not only offer standard products but also offers:
Standard sizes of HAFNER NAMUR-valves:
Series 701| orifice: 7 mm | flow: 1250 l/min | ports: G 1/4" – 1/4" NPT | NAMUR 1, 1/4"
Series 101| orifice: 10 mm | flow: 2250 l/min | ports: G 3/8" | NAMUR 1, 1/4" à maximized air-flow
Series 121| orifice: 12 mm | flow: 3000 l/min | ports: G 1/2" – 1/2" NPT | NAMUR 2, 1/2"
Conforming to standards, the flow measurement is shown as nominal flow in [l/min]. Nominal flow: at p1= 6 bar, p = 1 bar, stream-value of the compressed air (l/min).
Besides maximum flow of 1.250 l/min in a compact design there are 10 more competitive advantages of the Hafner NAMUR-valves series 701.
1. PA fixing nut, which protects the solenoid system from wetness and moisture.
2. Coil MA 22 fully covered with PA or Epoxy (on request), 360° rotatable. Others (Ex-versions) available on request.
3. Brass operator tube, including O-ring to protect solenoid system from wetness from the bottom.
4. Head made from PA.
5. Brass manual override for turning; other versions and materials (e.g. stainless steel) on request.
6. Spool made of stainless steel; other inner parts are: brass, POM, NBR, FKM.
7. Fixing screws, stainless steel.
8. Body, anodized aluminum.
9. End-cap made from brass.
10. Unique sealing system, the HAFNER swimming O-Ring.
MNH 350 701: HAFNER NAMUR-Flex valve
DRN…: Flow regulator plates
UB 701: NAMUR Air-recirculation block
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Volume: 32 Issue: 1
Contents of History Today, January 1982
To read any piece marked , you'll need a subscription to our online archive
Gordon Daniels on the sustained bombardement of the Japanese mainland, prior to the use of the Atomic bombs.
German cartoonists, explains W.A. Coupe, told in stark visual language of the growing bitterness felt by their countrymen at the terms of the 1919 Peace Treaty....
Jean-Pierre Lehmann explores Japan's transition from isolation to internationalisation.
Richard Sims looks at Japanese fascism in the 1930s.
The Japanese Emperor Hirohito, introduced by Richard Storry.
This month History Today publishes the first in a new regular series of bibliographical essays on a wide variety of historiographical topics. The idea of the series...
There is evidence, argues Adrian Tronson, to suggest that the thirteenth-century Mali empire, and its ruler Sundiata, were strongly influenced by the life of...
Although Kensington Palace was the official residence of Edward, Duke of Kent, and the birthplace of his daughter, the future Queen Victoria, his attempts to repair...
The framework for the police of nineteenth century France, argues Clive Emsley, emerged out of the reorganisation of the Revolution and the reforms of Napoleon.
- Middle East
- North America
- South America
- Central America
- Early Modern
- 20th Century
- Economic History
- Environmental History
- Food & Drink
- Historical Memory
- Science & Technology
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What does fact checked mean?
At Healthfully, we strive to deliver objective content that is accurate and up-to-date. Our team periodically reviews articles in order to ensure content quality. The sources cited below consist of evidence from peer-reviewed journals, prominent medical organizations, academic associations, and government data.
The information contained on this site is for informational purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for the advice of a professional health care provider. Please check with the appropriate physician regarding health questions and concerns. Although we strive to deliver accurate and up-to-date information, no guarantee to that effect is made.
Acid reflux is a condition that develops when the lower esophageal sphincter does not work properly and allows food and acid from the stomach back into the esophagus 12. The condition is also called gastroesophageal reflux disease. The most common symptoms are heartburn, difficulty swallowing and chest pain. Several medical treatments--including prescription drugs and medical procedures--are available to treat acid reflux, but dietary changes can also help control symptoms 12.
If you are experiencing serious medical symptoms, seek emergency treatment immediately.
Foods to Eat
People with acid reflux can eat most foods, so it's easy to follow a diet that falls in line with Food Guide Pyramid recommendations 12. Foods from each group--fruits and vegetables, meat, dairy and breads and grains--can all be eaten. Certain foods may even ease the symptoms of acid reflux 12. For example, low-fat dairy products such as milk or yogurt can help when reflux strikes. Just be sure to avoid whole milk and full-fat dairy products. And almost all meats, vegetables and grains can be eaten without any trouble.
- People with acid reflux can eat most foods, so it's easy to follow a diet that falls in line with Food Guide Pyramid recommendations 1.
Foods to Avoid
The Best Food to Eat for a Stomach Ulcer
Certain foods are triggers for acid reflux and can worsen symptoms 12. Several types of beverages can also aggravate symptoms, including alcoholic, caffeinated and carbonated drinks and tea. These, too, should be avoided. You may notice that your symptoms worsen after you eat certain foods. When your symptoms flare, think about what you recently ate to see if there are other trigger foods that you need to avoid.
- Certain foods are triggers for acid reflux and can worsen symptoms 1.
- You may notice that your symptoms worsen after you eat certain foods.
Tips for Eating
Sometimes people with acid reflux find that when and how they eat affects them more than what they eat 12. For example, eating large meals can cause heartburn, because the stomach becomes distended. You may have fewer symptoms if you eat small meals throughout the day. Also, try not to eat for at least a few hours before lying down or going to bed, because that can make reflux worse. If you have trouble with reflux when lying down, prop yourself up with pillows. Finally, people with reflux should avoid smoking, chewing gum or sucking on hard candy, all of which can make symptoms worse.
- Sometimes people with acid reflux find that when and how they eat affects them more than what they eat 1.
- Finally, people with reflux should avoid smoking, chewing gum or sucking on hard candy, all of which can make symptoms worse.
The Best Food to Eat for a Stomach Ulcer
Is Peanut Butter Bad for Gastric Reflux?
Diet for Laryngopharyngeal Reflux
Could You Have Acid Reflux and Just Not Know It?
Protein Foods & Acid Reflux
Vegetarian GERD Diet
Foods That Don't Cause Heartburn
Indigestion & Shortness of Breath While Eating
Can Carbs and Sugar Cause Acid Reflux?
Jaw Ache & Reflux
- Acid reflux overview
- Acid reflux diet
- Acid reflux (GER and GERD) in adults. (n.d.). niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/acid-reflux-ger-gerd-adults
- Cleveland Clinic. (2018). Lifestyle Guidelines for the Treatment of GERD. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/15530-lifestyle-guidelines-for-the-treatment-of-gerd
- Diet changes for GERD. (2017). aboutgerd.org/diet-lifestyle-changes/diet-changes-for-gerd.html
- Kahrilas P, et al. (2017). Emerging dilemmas in the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11918.1
- Kubo A, et al. (2009). Effects of dietary fiber, fats, and meat intakes on the risk of Barrett’s esophagus. DOI: 10.1080/01635580902846585
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Acid Reflux (GER & GERD) in Adults.
- Nutrition Care Manual. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Gastroesophageal Reflux.
Anna Aronson began working as a journalist in 2000 and spent six years at suburban Chicago newspapers before pursuing freelance work. She enjoys writing about health care topics, in particular obstetrics, pediatrics and nutrition. She received a Bachelor of Arts in journalism from Eastern Illinois University and is now studying for a Master of Science in medicine degree to become a physician's assistant.
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Rachel Smith knows the quickest way to get into an argument with her son, Hayden, 4, is to stir his chocolate milk. But with four children—including Hayden and his twin—the Winnipeg mom is no stranger to grappling with a preschooler’s new-found independence.
“I found that age three was the most challenging with all my kids,” she says. “If I forgot to let them do something for themselves, they would get angry.” One year later, Hayden still fights for his independence. Like the stirred milk thing.
“If I do it for him, he’ll tell me I wrecked it and to throw it out,” says Smith. When a tantrum ensues, Smith puts the chocolate milk in the fridge and walks away. “Usually if I ignore him, he will ask for it in five minutes or so. Then he has to apologize for yelling and can have his milk.”
The drive to do things for themselves is a combination of cognitive development and watching what others can do, such as friends at daycare and older siblings and parents at home.
“It’s in their instincts to see someone doing something and want to do it, too,” says Christopher Gibbins, a Vancouver-based registered psychologist who works regularly with preschool-aged kids. “That’s how we’re wired as human beings. We learn by observation and by emulating what we see.”
If your child is happy to let others do things for her, Gibbins says that’s okay, too—to a point. “All young children have times when they are distracted or unmotivated and don’t want to try something difficult, which is normal. However, if a child rarely or never seems interested in copying adults or in trying things for herself, that may be a concern.”
Pushing buttons—and boundaries—is another part of the independence phase, as Vancouver-based mom Jodi McNell can attest. She is often met with resistance from her three-and-a-half-year-old son, Aengus, when she’s trying to get things done. “I try not to get too frustrated because I do want to support him and I want him to feel like there are certain areas of his life in which he does have some control,” says McNell.
This type of pushback is common, says Gibbins. And as a child’s desire to do more for herself grows, so does her need to control her environment. “Kids at this age don’t want someone—including mom and dad—interfering in ways they don’t like with their personal space, body or activities,” he says. “We all want to make decisions that affect us, and we all want to control our surroundings at a level that makes us comfortable.”
Terry Carson, a parenting coach in Toronto, recommends setting your child up for success. One way to do this is to encourage her to problem solve. “So, for instance, instead of tying your child’s shoes for her, show her how to do it and let her at it,” she says. Carson suggests offering lots of opportunities to try things on her own so she can begin to feel pride in solving problems.
Asking open-ended questions is another way to foster independent thinking, says Carson. “If your child is having trouble gluing something, instead of grabbing the bottle and doing it, ask her ‘What if we added more glue?’ Get her thinking about the end result.”
Sometimes desire comes before ability, and that can prove frustrating for kids. “If the task is too much for the child, reduce it into smaller pieces so she can achieve some level of success,” suggests Carson. “This way, she’ll feel a sense of achievement.”
Beyond understanding that children’s behaviours are linked to their level of development, Carson adds that parents need to be patient with them as they learn and mature. “They will eventually ‘get it,’ but growth takes time.”
Gibbins couldn’t agree more, adding that fostering independence today promotes future growth and learning. “Letting kids do things for themselves teaches them that if they try something challenging, they can improve and learn,” he says. “They learn that sometimes they can solve their own problems and that just because they couldn’t do something yesterday doesn’t mean they won’t be able to do it tomorrow.”
When Rachel Naud’s son, Tristan, was between the ages of three and five, he was happy to have everything done for him. He’s now seven and not much has changed.
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Volume 81 published by Bedfordshire Historical Records Society (2002) is a series of episcopal visitations undertaken in the first twenty years of the 18th century, edited by former County Archivist Patricia Bell. At each visitation a list of questions was sent out in advance, one of which enquired about the provision of schools in each parish. The returns of 1706, 1709, 1717 and 1720 stated that there was no school in the parish.
In 1818 a Select Committee was established to enquire into educational provision for the poor. This was no doubt prompted, in part, by the recent foundation of two societies promoting education and specifically the building of schools. The Society for Promoting the Lancasterian System for the Education of the Poor was established in 1808 promoting schools run along the lines pioneered by Joseph Lancaster, who had himself copied those of Dr.Andrew Bell, in which older children taught their younger fellows. The Society was renamed the British and Foreign School Society in 1814. It was supported by a number of prominent nonconformists, Lancaster himself was a Quaker, and sought to teach a non-sectarian curriculum. In answer to this perceived nonconformist takeover of local education the National Society was formed in 1811 to encourage the teaching of poor children along Anglican lines, including the catechism. The Select Committee sent a questionnaire to all parishes in the country asking for: particulars relating to endowments for the education of children; other educational institutions; observations of parish needs etc. The Keysoe return stated that there was no school but “the poor are desirous of having the means of education”.
In the country generally the number of schools built continued to grow over the next fifteen years so that by 1833 the government agreed to supplement the work of the two societies, and local benefactors, by making £20,000 per annum available in grants to help build schools. It also prompted another questionnaire to be sent to each parish in England asking for details of local educational provision. The return from Keysoe read: “Two Sunday Schools, one (commenced 1833) consisting of 24 children of both sexes, who are also instructed in writing in the evenings during the week; the other of 40 scholars, is supported by a congregation of Dissenters; both by voluntary contributions”. In those days a Sunday school was just that, a school which met on a Sunday, usually in the church or nonconformist chapel or other similar building, teaching more than the religious topics with which they are associated today.
The former National School and adjoining cottage March 2016
The school was built in 1840, according to the date-stone outside, though school accounts exist from 1837 [P48/25/3]. It stands at the top of Mill Hill, almost opposite Church Road. The building was listed by English Heritage in March 1993 as Grade II, of special interest. It is built of orange-coloured bricks and has a Welsh slate roof.
The next national enquiry was in 1846/7 when the Church of England made an enquiry as to all its church schools. This was against the background of a new Whig government which championed secular education and the increasing importance of nonconformists, particularly Wesleyan Methodist, and Roman Catholics in providing schools. In Keysoe there was a Sunday school for 19 boys and 14 girls and the newly-built daily school had 33 boys and 20 girls: “There is great difficulty in keeping a school together. The children are all brought up to lace-making”.
The first Education Act was passed in 1870 (more correctly it was known as the Elementary Education Act). It was a milestone in the provision of education in Britain demonstrating central government's unequivocal support for education of all classes across the country. It also sought to secularise education by allowing the creation of School Boards. These were groups of representatives, elected by the local ratepayers and the Board had the powers to raise funds to form a local rate to support local education, build and run schools, pay the fees of the poorest children, make local school attendance compulsory between the ages of 5 and 13 and could even support local church schools, though in practice they replaced them, turning them into Board run schools (known as Board Schools). Naturally, and luckily for local historians, the Act required a questionnaire of local schools in 1870. There was still no efficient school in Keysoe. The school near the church needed to be made efficient for 118 children and a school for infants provided in Keysoe Row: “If the school at Keysoe be at once made efficient by being put in proper repair, by building offices, and by appointing a certificated teacher, and if it is enlarged so as to accommodate 118 children, the accommodation required will be reduced to the item marked (a)” which meant the infant school.
A School Board was formed in Keysoe on 20th July 1873 with the intention of building a new school, as the one in Mill Hill was too small; once the new school was built the old school building became a Sunday school for the church. A site for the new school was acquired at the junction of Keysoe Row East and Kimbolton Road, known as Shop Pightle, formerly land of leading Baptist Joel Miles who died in 1825 [CCE/SB24/4].
Keysoe School about 1900 [X396/150]
A land mark Education Act was passed in 1902, coming into effect in 1903. It disbanded the School Boards and gave day to day running of education to newly formed Local Education Authorities, usually the county council, as in Bedfordshire. The old Board Schools thus became Council Schools whilst the old National, British and other non-Board schools became known as Public Elementary Schools. Keysoe school this became a Council School.
Bedfordshire & Luton Archives & Records Service has a scrapbook of cuttings of visits made to most Bedfordshire Schools by School Inspectors for a period from just before the First World War through the inter-war years [E/IN1/1]. The first visit was on 14th March 1910: “Order and tone are thoroughly good throughout and the older scholars continue to be most carefully taught, and to make very satisfactory progress in all directions. The Infants, too, are taught with much care, and their attainments are, on the whole, creditable. The method of teaching reading needs some attention”.
“The warming of the Infants’ room is still thoroughly unsatisfactory, and the gallery, which is most inconvenient and takes up much-needed floor space, still needs removal”. This occasioned remarks by the Board of Education in London: “The warming of the Infants’ room should be improved and the gallery removed without further delay”. The LEA responded: “The County Surveyor has been asked to consider the question of warming the Infants’ room”.
The next inspection was on 24th January 1913, when average attendance was 98: “The school continues to be well taught and is in a very efficient condition. Discipline and tone are excellent, the instruction is careful and thorough and all the work is good, the outstanding feature being the very superior character of the written work including Composition. The Infants’ Division also is in good order and is carefully taught, though greater progress in Reading is to be desired here. The Infants’ Room is much more satisfactorily warned than formerly and it has been greatly improved by the removal of the gallery and the provision of suitable desks. The surface of the playground also has been considerably improved”.
Due to lack of resources there were no inspections during the Great War, the next in the scrapbook being 24th September 1920 when average attendance was 73: “The first of the three classes into which this school is divided is very carefully taught, and the progress of the children as they pass upwards through this class is on the whole satisfactory. The attainments of the children of the Second Class are not so high as they should be, but this is to a considerable extent due to the condition of the Infants’ Division, which has for some time past left much to be desired. A marked improvement in this Division will be necessary if the school as a whole is to make progress”. The Director of Education observed: “The Director of Education will visit this school and submit a report to the Sub-Committee”.
On 19th February 1923 the next report noted average attendance as 83: “The illness of the Head Teacher and epidemic sickness and the consequent closure of the School have affected the work since November: the present level is hardly so high as might be desired. In Class I (Standards III – VI) Arithmetic is fairly good in III and Vin and weak in IV and V. In Class II (Standards I – II) it is satisfactory. Writing is good on the whole in Standards V and VI, elsewhere it is only fairly good. Composition in Standard VI is good; in III – V it is fairly good. Reading was heard only in Standards I and II; in the former it is satisfactory, in the latter only fairly so. Geography and History in Class I are not without good features, but the answering is sometimes scarcely audible. In Class II also speech needs attention. Singing (Class I) is satisfactory, and Drawing, decidedly the best subject, is creditable throughout. Order is good”.
“In the Infants’ Division Reading shows improvement in the First Class and perhaps a little in the Second. Number might easily be better. In both subjects there are children who do not make adequate progress chiefly because they are not trained to deal with their own difficulties and because the teaching is too largely directed to the brighter children. Speech is decidedly poor and requires more attention. Writing and handwork are generally satisfactory”.
Average attendance was 116 as reported by visits in August 1926 and April 1927: “This school, to which children over 11 years of age now come from three neighbouring villages, is under a Head Master. An excellent building for Practical Instruction and Cookery, which also serves as a dining room for the midday meals, has been erected and the school has been improved by a partition”.
“The Head Master is an enthusiastic and capable man who has taken full advantage of the new possibilities; and under his control the school has justified the policy of reorganisation abundantly. The children have new opportunities and a new outlook in several ways. They have been taken to compete in the Musical Competitions in Bedford; they have a good school magazine: esprit de corps is fostered by a school cap and badge: they meet other and larger schools in sport, and may perhaps soon have a playing field. Apart from these advantages and those obtained through Practical Instruction, the change in the character of the work demanded and the work produced is very striking. Two of the three contributory schools were not in a high rank. But under sound and critical examination on a curriculum far more advanced than they would have had, had there been no change, the names of children from all the villages appear among the first six or so in the classes in which they are placed; and much of the work not only of these but of the whole class is distinctly creditable. Competition has helped to rouse an interest formerly lacking and on the results obtained and the signs of future development the Staff and the Head Master are to be congratulated”.
The next inspection was on 15th January 1929 when average attendance was 113: “This school has had a very much disturbed year owing to shortness of staff for eleven weeks and an even longer period without a settled Infants’ Teacher, as well as the presence of a temporary inexperienced assistant for a month owing to illness of the permanent assistant. The newly appointed teacher for Infants has much to learn in management, and her own speech is occasionally ungrammatical. She is, however, very willing and is given the character of a good worker. She has a very difficult post, as the Infants have suffered during the past year. The next class is also in the hands of a teacher inexperienced in children’s work above the Infants’ stage. She appears to be shaping well. The Second Class shows improvement. On the Reading in both these classes certain comments were made at the visit in discussion with the Head Master. The top class is a good class, and the Head Master has done well with them. The social side of the work is also good – a reunion of the old scholars of 11+ from the contributory schools was very successful. In sport, too, the school is doing useful and successful work”.
On 16th March 1933 average attendance was 89: “The Head Master has been in charge of this interesting school since March 1931. There are four classes in all, and of the 63 children in the two “Senior” groups 39 were admitted from three other schools. On the whole, the children are receiving a very valuable training. The Head Master has ideas and the requisite energy to carry them out. Nor is his work on behalf of his charges confined to actual school hours: admirable arrangements are made for the midday meal and for meeting other schools in various kinds of field games”.
“In the more formal work, too, there is much that is highly creditable to his leadership. The lowest group is making a steady advance in the essential subjects and, although in the two middle classes, which are in the hands of inexperienced teachers, (one of whom was absent on the day of the inspection) the standard of attainment is not as yet as high as it should be, the children are learning to work to good purpose. In the highest class the instruction in most respects is sound and intelligent: the Composition of the brighter pupils is especially worthy of note. With few exceptions, however, the children do not speak well; and it is suggested that vigorous steps should be taken to make the course in Speech Training more effective”.
The final inspection in the scrapbook took place on 18th October 1938 and 6th February 1939 when average attendance was 70: “This school taught by three teachers has, at present, some 94 children on the books. From three village schools in the area the children of 11 years plus are transferred here in order to have the advantage, among other things, of practical instruction in Handicraft, Gardening and Domestic subjects. Of the Head Teacher who was appointed in May 1937 without previous experience in the management of a school, it may be said that he has made a very promising start especially when it is considered that his two young assistants are both in their first teaching posts”.
“The school is not an easy one to organise in three classes: the influx of children from the other schools makes it difficult if not impossible to group all the seniors suitably. Again the small classroom in which the middle group is taught provides accommodation for only 30 children. It would be an advantage if the screen dividing this and the larger adjoining room were moved in order to make two rooms more or less equal in size”.
“Much of the work in Classes 1 and 2 especially in the formal subjects reaches a generally satisfactory standard. Points were discussed concerning the teaching of Art and Music and developments in these subjects may be confidently expected. The lowest class consists of Infants and standards I and II. The young teacher has done fairly well with the older children but it is clear that she is unacquainted with the modern methods of teaching Infants. She should, when possible, visit a school of similar type where such methods can be observed”.
The third of the great Education Acts was that of 1944 which established the principle of County Primary Schools for children up to the age of 11, at which time they took an examination to determine the nature of the secondary school they would attend until they were 15, the most academically able going to grammar schools, the rest to secondary or secondary modern schools. The act also created two types of successor to the public elementary schools - the Voluntary Aided and Voluntary Controlled schools. Voluntary Aided schools are those in which the Local Education Authority funds the school but the governing body is independent, they are usually Anglican or Roman Catholic schools. Voluntary Controlled schools own their own buildings whilst the staff are employed directly by the governors.
In the 1970s Bedfordshire County Council introduced comprehensive education, doing away with the 11+ examination and grammar schools and introducing a tier of school between the old County Primary and County Secondary Schools. Thus Lower Schools now taught children aged 4 to 9, Middle Schools from 9 to 13 and Upper Schools from 13 onwards. In the early 1980s the county council needed to save money and began consultation with a view to closing a number of small rural schools with few pupils on the roll. Keysoe Lower was one of the schools potentially in line for closure [E/SC1/Key1-5]. In 1983, however, it was decided to merge Little Staughton and Keysoe schools to form a new lower school – Kymbrook Lower School – in the old Keysoe buildings [E/SC1/Gen7].
In 2009 Bedfordshire County Council was abolished and the local education authority for Keysoe became Bedford Borough Council, the existing district council, now upgraded to a unitary authority (with both county and district functions) within its existing boundaries. In 21st century the school became a foundation school, part of the North Bedfordshire Schools Trust. When the trust was dissolved Kymbrook remained a foundation school, without a trust.
Kymbrook Lower School March 2016
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi dedicated to the nation a 500 KV solar plant at the nondescript hamlet of Palli in Jammu and Kashmir’s border district of Samba on 24 April 2022. The solar plant was installed in a record time of three weeks. The cost of the project comes to about ₹ 2.75 crore. The power generated will be supplied to the village through a local power station grid.
What is Carbon Neutrality?
Carbon neutrality is a state where there the net carbon-di-oxide emissions is zero. The state is also known at “Net-Zero Emissions”. Removing carbon oxide from the atmosphere and then storing it is known as carbon sequestration. In order to achieve net zero emissions, all worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will have to be counterbalanced by carbon sequestration.
Currently, Bhutan (carbon-negative), Suriname (carbon negative since 2014) and Panama (2021) are the countries that have achieved carbon neutrality.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that “Global net human-caused carbon dioxide emissions would need to fall by around 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching ‘net zero’ around 2050”
According to World Resources Institute, the top three greenhouse gas emitters are China, the European Union and the United States which together contribute 41.5% of total global emissions. Per capita greenhouse gas emissions are highest in the United States and Russia. Emissions from India contribute 7.08% to global emissions while China contriburtes to 26.1% of the total global emissions. India is the world’s fourth largest emitter of carbon dioxide after China, the US and the EU. India has promised to cut its emissions to net zero by 2070 at GLASGOW CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE 2021.
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Mental Health Benefits of Meditation
You can perform meditation anytime and anywhere, I think this is the biggest benefit of meditation. Various studies show that regular meditation has great effects on mental health. Such benefits begin from reduced stress to reduced symptoms of depression and other major chronic mental health issues. Similarly, we have so many countless meditations to try. All kind of meditation offer similar benefits to mental health. In this blog, I have enlisted some of the best mental health benefits of meditation. So, let’s get started.
Mental Health Benefits of Meditation
1. Improved Self-awareness and self-esteem
Mindfulness meditation benefits empower us to think deeply, work on self-reflection, slow down, and discover positive aspects of life and about ourselves. Meditation performed in any form increases self-awareness and self-esteem by alleviating the capability for examining one’s feelings and thoughts without any kind of negative judgment.
Meditation is really helpful for people with social anxiety disorder, ADHD, and OCPD. It has been proved in various studies that people with SAD really felt more confident after meditation regularly for a month.
2. Improved concentration and focus
One of the best benefits of meditation is that meditation improves focus and concentration which leads to growth and success. A study performed by Harvard Medical School worked on the effects of meditation on the brain. The study shows that there is a connection between the processing of new knowledge and mindfulness. Additionally, meditation improves learning, emotional regulation, and memory.
3. Less Stress
Reduced stress is the benefit of transcendental meditation which actually reduces the level of Cortisol (the hormone responsible for stress in the body) which in turn makes you feel more calm and relaxed. Repeating a mantra or a phrase while performing a mantra has calming effects. Mantra meditation basically wipes off the negative thoughts from the body. Meditation also established stability and stillness inside the body. It also helps in reducing burnout situations.
Read more about our Mantra Blog Series on Calm Sage:
4. Improved coping with depression and anxiety
Mindfulness meditation and another type of meditation trains our mind to live the present moment. It helps to come out from the rumination and negative thinking and replaces with positivity. Meditation can also reduce the symptoms of depression and anxiety along with the plan prescribed by your mental health provider. Regular meditation improves sleeping patterns, mood, and loss of appetite.
5. Overcome any addiction
Meditation has the power to overcome any addiction that you are planning to leave from months or years. Meditation works as therapy when it comes to alcohol and substance use. One can easily cope and manage substance use.
6. Control chronic pain
Various studies show that meditation is proved to be really effective with chronic pain and mental illness. Meditation improves brain functioning and improves the link between body and brain. Meditation is proved to be effective in PTSD, ADHD, and other acute physical pain.
Read more from Calm Sage Meditation Blog Series
- Transcendental Meditation
- Meditation to Stop Procrastination
- Forest Bathing Meditation
- Creative Imagination Meditation
- Walking Meditation
- Water Meditation
- Loving Kindness Meditation
- Dynamic Meditation
I hope this blog inspires you to meditate every day since the benefits of meditation are proven to be really effective in everyday lives. Comment down and share your meditation experience with us. For more such content, follow Calm Sage on all social media platforms.
Thanks for reading and stay positive!
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The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) annual meetings in October were held with dark clouds on the horizon – both literally (it was a rainy week) and figuratively: 2019 is turning out to be a year of economic slowdowns.
More than half of the world’s economies are expected to decelerate this year. The World Bank has reduced its global growth projections to 2.5 per cent, due to weaker-than-expected trade and investment.
Europe will be no different – but the impacts will be more pronounced and systemic. A chronic decline for industrial production has led to a drop in manufacturing across the region. This is exacerbated by stalling international trade, part of a broader global picture this year.
The 2019 slowdown hits Europe’s emerging countries hardest. The World Bank now forecasts growth in Central Europe and the Baltic States (Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Romania) to drop to four per cent in 2019, far lower than the 4.6 per cent seen in 2018 and five per cent in 2017.
If these trends worsen, there is a real danger that European Union’s “convergence machine” will stall again. World Bank researchers, in the new report Including Institutions, find that recent convergence between EU countries can be divided into three distinct periods – rapid convergence from 2000 to 2008, a profound stalling of convergence from 2009 to 2015, and then a restart from 2016.
But within Europe’s countries, the story has been one of almost uninterrupted divergence. European regions are pulling away further and further from one another. National growth is being driven by just a few regions, often around the capital and secondary cities, while poor regions languish: think of Bucharest versus North-East Romania, or of Bratislava versus East Slovakia. The implications of these uneven regional growth patterns are stark. Europeans in the growing regions have prospered, while those in lagging regions have seen their incomes stagnate.
The analysis also underlines a startling new finding for the EU. Incomes in most of the poorest households are the most sensitive to both economic expansions and contractions, while the middle class is often shielded from the worst impacts. The World Bank’s report talks about a “whale curve”. Think of a stylised whale, most of whose midsection is under water while its tail rises high above. Those at the tail-end of Europe’s income distribution see large swings up and down in their income as growth rises and falls, leaving them vulnerable and in a state of uncertainty.
In fact, over this century, the poorest among Europe’s population have been much more likely to see their incomes rise with economic growth than have the middle class. The recent period of recovery from the twin crises of the recent past has, therefore, benefited them. But the poorest are also less shielded from the consequences of contraction. During the recent years of recession, the incomes of the poorest families in northern, central and southern Europe fell by 25 per cent, twice that of the average household.
With a potential slowdown looming, how can convergence and prosperity – of both the middle class and the poor – persist? This will depend on three critical factors.
First, countries must secure strong overall growth, both at the country level and in lagging regions.
Second, the fruits of the growth must be shared among all citizens, through jobs and incomes. These are both obvious points.
Third, and most critically in this context, growth has not just to be strong and shared, but must also be resilient – so that even if there are shocks, incomes can rebound quickly. This did happen in very different parts of Europe during the last set of crises – not just in countries such as Austria, Germany or Sweden, but also in Poland. But there were other countries, many in southern Europe, where the rebound was much slower. Indeed, there were profound differences in the persistence of the twin crises’ shocks to unemployment; among EU countries, the time it took for the effects of the shock to be halved (the “half-life”) ranged from five months to more than five years.
Such resilience can be fostered. The report analyses recent economic data to underline a core idea that has been often discussed but less often well-measured. Each EU country must nurture and develop product market, labour market and social protection institutions – that support resilience of populations to future shocks. The stronger these institutions are, the quicker will be the ability of the country to rebound, and specifically to recover jobs and economic activity after the slowdown.
For resilient and inclusive growth in the European context, just three sets of real exchange rate institutions stand out: those institutions that govern the protection of low-income households, those that allow the private sector to adjust and to easily rebound, and those that affect the ability of the labour market to function smoothly. Binding these institutions together is trust – which facilitates government, firms and workers collaborating to navigate the crisis.
In times of slowdown, European countries need specific social protection institutions that protect the poor – including those that quickly absorb those who may be fine in times of prosperity but are at risk of falling into poverty when shocks hit. Unfortunately, such poverty-targeted programmes are not universal in the EU. In some countries, they have been absent. More commonly, as in south-eastern Europe, they have insufficient coverage of the poor or inadequate funding. Unless these systems are quickly reinforced and adequately funded, recent history indicates that slowdowns will entail deeper poverty increases and a longer time for people to recover their incomes.
Resilient growth also critically depends on institutions that affect the ability of private firms to react to and rebound from shocks. The most significant factor? The degree of competitiveness of product markets. In more competitive and less onerously regulated countries, firms can adjust market prices quickly to respond to new economic imperatives, and new firms can speedily enter and create incomes and jobs when recovery begins. The report shows that a 10-point improvement in a country’s quality of the business environment (measured by World Bank’s Ease-of-Doing-Business indicator) reduces the “half-life” of average output reduction by about a third. Making this improvement is not as large a challenge as it may seem – Poland, for instance, achieved exactly this between 2010 and 2014.
Sound labour market institutions emerge as vital for both the preservation and the rebound of jobs and incomes. The most resilient countries in the analysis combine a degree of flexibility with well-designed active labour market policies to return people to jobs. And, contrary to some economic orthodoxy, the analysis finds that good collective bargaining institutions that cover larger parts of the workforce support resilience – and decrease the duration of unemployment. But these good collective bargaining institutions also required a high level of trust to function well.
Trust, therefore, emerges as a key determining factor for building resilience and inclusive growth. The capacity of key stakeholders – the government, firms and workers – to arrive at cooperative “win-win-win” solutions makes building resilient policies and institutions much easier. In countries where such trust is weaker, resilience may be feeble even if there is good coverage of workers by collective bargaining. Weaker trust can prevent countries from setting up thoughtful, supple competition policy institutions. And an inability to negotiate with the presumption of fairness can bias social protection policies towards those that are more strident than those most in need.
As the countries of emerging Europe look towards weathering the economic slowdown, it is a good time to reinforce their “real exchange rate institutions” so that even if there is a larger shock, their populations do not suffer very much, or for very long. This will need investment in mending and molding competition policy, social support programmes and labour market institutions. And, as recent experience of successes and failures across Europe shows, this will need investment in repairing and renewing trust.
This can be done, the report shows. Trust levels in a society are not a historical given, and in fact interact and quickly change with the experience of resilience. Less resilience in Europe has undermined trust. More resilience will strengthen it.
This opinion editorial is exclusive to Emerging Europe.
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Your gallbladder -- a small, pear-shaped organ -- is responsible for storing bile for the liver. Bile is used to help break down fats. A gallbladder attack can occur as the result of a gallstone blocking the ducts that connect the gallbladder to your liver. This can cause intense pain. There are certain foods that trigger gallbladder attacks. If you have gallstones or gallbladder disease, you should avoid these foods.
Junk foods can trigger gallbladder attacks. The high amounts of fat found in most junk foods can be difficult for your body to break down. Junk foods to avoid include chips, cookies and cakes. If you have a gallbladder condition and are looking for a snack food, consider dried or fresh fruits.
High Fat Dairy Products
If you have a gallbladder condition, you should avoid dairy products that are high in fat. High-fat diary products, such as ice cream, can trigger a gallbladder attack. If you are looking for a healthy, alternative that will not contribute to a gallbladder attack, consider low-fat yogurt or frozen fruit bars.
Peppers -- especially red hot chili peppers -- along with other spicy foods are often used to spice up traditional dishes and are commonly found in Mexican foods. Spicy foods can lead to increased gallbladder attacks and intense pain. If you are looking to spice up a dish, opt for a more bland pepper -- such as green peppers.
Often used in pasta and potato salads as well as a condiment on sandwiches, mayonnaise can trigger a gallbladder attack. Eggs, fatty oils, salt and other seasonings make mayonnaise a condiment that is very high in fat. To add flavor to a sandwich or other food, consider using an organic ketchup or a mustard sauce that is not spicy. Spicy mustard can also have an effect on your gallbladder. Avoid using excessive spices as well.
If you have gallstones or gallbladder disease, you should refrain from consuming fatty meats such as beef and pork. Excessive fat can be difficult for your body to digest. When consuming meat, stick to lean meats and consume plenty of fish, turkey and poultry. You should also opt to cut all the fat from your meat prior to consuming it.
There is no specific list of foods that all patients with gallbladder disease should eat, nor is there a specific list of foods that individuals with gallbladder disease should avoid -- even while experiencing a gallbladder attack. Each individual body reacts differently to different types of food. What triggers a gallbladder attack in one individual may have absolutely no effect on an another individual. Talk to your doctor about a diet specific to your condition.
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New York – The presence of greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere last year reached its highest levels since pre-industrial times, a report released by the United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO) warns today.
The latest edition of WMO’s Greenhouse Gas Bulletin, which places special focus on rising nitrous oxide concentrations, also notes that the rate of increase of greenhouse gases has recently accelerated.
“Even if we managed to halt our greenhouse gas emissions today – and this is far from the case – they would continue to linger in the atmosphere for decades to come and so continue to affect the delicate balance of our living planet and our climate,” said WMO Secretary-General Michel Jarraud.
According to the report, the 20 years to 2010 saw a 29 per cent increase in “radiative forcing” – the warming effect the gases have on the Earth’s climate – from greenhouse gases, with carbon dioxide accounting for 80 per cent of this increase.
“Now more than ever before, we need to understand the complex, and sometimes unexpected, interactions between greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, Earth’s biosphere and oceans,” Mr. Jarraud said.
Human activities, such as fossil fuel burning and agriculture, are major emitters of greenhouse gases, which trap radiation within the Earth’s atmosphere, causing it to warm and spur climate change.
Speaking at a press conference earlier today, WMO Deputy Secretary-General Jeremiah Lengoasa called for further development in the alternative energy sector to stem the rapid growth of greenhouse gases.
“Unless there is the investment made by funding alternative energy sources that are non-polluting, in particular as a viable substitute for fossil fuels, then the kind of steps that are required in scientific terms to cap or stem the growth would not happen and so we anticipate that these investments have to be made,” he told reporters.
Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are the three main contributors to greenhouse gasses, with carbon dioxide’s atmospheric abundance rising by 39 per cent since the start of the industrial era in about 1750.
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Welcome to the University Libraries
Get Started: Assignment Calculator for Speeches
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Page Coordinator: Kate Peterson email@example.com
This URL: http://www.lib.umn.edu/libdata/page_print.phtml?page_id=2924
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Coccidiosis is a common and very serious problem in chickens and one that every chicken keeper should know about before the first chick's feet hit the brooder floor. With a little common sense and good flock management practices, cocci can be controlled and easily treated when necessary.
READER ADVISORY: Actual photos of abnormal droppings below.
WHAT IS COCCIDIOSIS?
Coccidiosis (aka: cocci) is a common intestinal disease caused by several species of parasites. The parasites rapidly multiply, damaging the intestinal lining, preventing chickens from absorbing nutrients from their food.
The microscopic cooties that cause cocci are everywhere. (of course that's a technical term) Chickens can be affected by cocci even with the best coop sanitation and flock management practices. The key to keeping chickens healthy is learning to control the spread of the disease, recognizing the symptoms when they occur, obtaining a definitive diagnosis and knowing how to treat an affected bird.
The most common symptoms of cocci are:
- diarrhea and/or blood and/or mucous in droppings
- lethargy, listlessness
- pale skin color
- loss of appetite
- weight loss in older chickens
- failure of chicks to grow/thrive
- progression of symptoms can be gradual or rapidly result in death, particularly in chicks
Eimeria tenella oocysts from chicken feces.
HOW IS IT SPREAD?
Microscopic eggs, called oocysts, are ingested, then multiply in the intestines and are expelled in droppings. The eggs can be carried by wild birds, chickens from different flocks, on a person’s shoes, clothing or equipment. Cocci is commonly transmitted through dirty water or contaminated food. There are a number of species of Coccidia that affect chickens and immunity can be acquired by gradual exposure over time.
An example of how easily flocks can become infected:
Farmer Fred’s flock appears healthy and possesses immunity to the particular species of oocysts living in his yard. Fred finishes up his morning coop chores and walks over to farmer Betty’s chicken yard with his shovel to help her dig some fence posts. Oocysts travel with him on the soles of his boots, his shovel and his clothes and are deposited in Betty's yard. The grass is contaminated with the eggs, which is then eaten by Betty’s grazing hens and they get sick with coccidiosis within a week of the visit. Fred walks home, bringing oocysts from Betty's yard with him to his hens on his boots and shovel and his birds began dying. Betty’s flock is not immune to the cocci species in Fred's flock and vice versa.
Coccidiosis can be controlled by the use of probiotics to promote competitive exclusion.
- Vaccinate day old chicks against coccidiosis. (many hatcheries offer this service at a nominal charge)
- Provide medicated starter feed to chicks that are not vaccinated for cocci. (the vaccine and the medication in chick starter feed taken together renders chicks unprotected)
- Keep brooders and coops clean and dry. (warm, wet conditions such as soiled, damp, brooder bedding, provide the ideal environment for eggs to multiply quickly).
- Provide the cleanest water possible. (very seriously consider employing poultry nipple waterers)
- Don’t overcrowd living quarters (provide a minimum of: 4 square feet per adult bird inside coops, 10 square feet per bird in the run, and 6 square inches of brooder flooring for week old chicks)
- Ensure adequate coop ventilation to promote dry litter.
- Promote acquire immunity by introducing chicks gradually to a properly maintained chicken yard and existing flock by 4 weeks old.
- Offer chicks probiotics in their water to promote competitive exclusion (the good guys beat out the bad guys inside the gut)
- Practice good bio-security, including quarantining new flock members for a bare minimum of two weeks, restricting access to your chicken yard by fellow chicken-keepers, not sharing equipment with fellow chicken-keepers. (much more detail about proper quarantine here)
- Keep waterfowl separate from chickens (spilled water + warmth=ideal conditions for breeding cocci)
- Don't throw feed or treats on the ground where it can become contaminated.
The only way to accurately diagnose cocci in living chickens is to have a fecal float test performed by a vet. Most veterinarians will gladly perform this test for a nominal fee, if any, even if they do not treat chickens. The following two photos illustrate that not all blood in droppings is caused by cocci or worms. Both of these samples were tested by my vet's laboratory and were NEGATIVE for cocci and worms.
The sooner cocci is identified, the sooner treatment can begin and the lower the risk of death. It is extremely helpful to have a droppings board in the coop in order to make a daily droppings assessment. Abnormal or bloody droppings should be tested.
In the book, Hatching and Brooding Your Own Chicks, author Gail Damerow, leading authority on all things chicken, warns of the danger of the old wives' tale that suggests coccidiosis can be prevented or cured by feeding herbs, garlic, vinegar, milk or yogurt. Damerow is emphatic in her response: “No. No. No. No. And no. These notions are dangerous and can jeopardize the health, and lives, of your [chicks]. Certain herbs, as well as vinegar and yogurt, may be used in moderation to enhance the immunity and overall health of poultry. But too much garlic can cause anemia and therefore is hazardous to their health. Milk, in more than minor quantities, causes diarrhea, which is not a healthful condition in baby birds, especially if they are already sick. Before modern drugs became available, milk sometimes was used as a flush to induce diarrhea to clean out the intestines of poultry infected with coccidiosis. Today, instead of spreading coccidial protozoa from the loosened bowels of infected birds, we have a variety of drugs called coccidiocides that destroy the parasites and reliably cure birds of the disease. A young bird with coccidiosis is a seriously ill bird. Don’t gamble with its life by treating it with ineffective alternative ‘natural’ products.” (emphasis added)
When one chicken is diagnosed with cocci, the entire flock must be treated. The chickens that produced the droppings in the following photos were diagnosed with cocci. Following the advice of my vet, I treated my flock with 9.5cc of liquid amprolium (brand name Corid) per gallon of water for 4 days. The droppings were free of blood within 24 hours of the first dose, however, in 2 weeks, they were again medicated for 3 additional days. (The vet indicated that given the life cycle of Eimeria, no bugs would be present to kill less than 2 weeks after stopping treatment, hence the 2 week break in dosing.)
The dosage for Corid 20% Soluble Powder is 1/2 teaspoon per gallon of water. Offer as the only source of drinking water for 5 days.
NO EGG WITHDRAWAL PERIOD
Amprolium is approved for use in laying hens by the FDA, which means there is no egg withdrawal period. Eggs laid by hens may be eaten during and after treatment with amprolium.
AFTER the second round of treatment for cocci is completed, particularly when using amprolium, a vitamin supplement should be given to replace the Vitamin B1 lost during treatment. A product such as Nutri-Drench will do the trick.
VIEWERADVISORY: The following video is an excellent presentation on the subject of cocci, however, it is extremely graphic and difficult to watch. There are overcrowding conditions and dead or dying birds shown in both clinical and brooder settings.
The Chicken Health Handbook, Damerow, Gail. Storey Publishing, 1994.
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April 19, 1998
by Jose Agustin Ortiz Pinchetti
During the last 100 years, the racism in Mexico has shown 3 characteristics: 1) it has slowed the process of modernization; 2) it has contributed to the dissolution of public consciousness 3) it has damaged the moral assets of the nation.
1. During the Porfiato nobody hindered the subsistence of the racial social structure, or the heritage of colonization, and Mexico was pledging to overcome these things by "whitening" itself. From here the government was trying to directly structure itself around the descendants of the European colonists.
Today racism still subsists in Mexico as it did during the beginning of the 20th century and before during the period of colonization, all the while hindering the modern growth of its populace. There are indications of growth such as the increase in literacy, the expansion of elemental education, electrification, the introduction of telephone services and the Internet, laser computers, radios, televisions, etc… Mexicans, however, not only live with discrepancies of incomes directly correlating with race, but also live with the rest of the inequalities that are linked to the caste system present here. The original criollo (direct Spanish descendants) structure still has a hegemonic position within Mexico.
Some have defended the status quo, talking of how the racial mobility of Mexico has dramatically increased during this century. But as soon as they have the opportunity to proclaim the implicit supremacy of the "white race" in the process of promoting the sales of products and services, they never hesitate to do so.
2. Our racism is not up for debate. There is no political official to denounce it, confront it, or overcome it, and of course, this in no way worries the elite. The classical studies of Vasconcelos, Ramos, and Molina Enriquez aren’t circulating. Santiago Ramirez makes a freudian interpretation and speaks of our inferiority complex in the face of Europe, without realizing that this inferiority complex exists independently amongst Mexicans as a result of the racism present here. The study about the correlation between income and race done by Jose Iturriaga was an important study that was never followed or expanded upon. Bonfil Batalla has a book, "Mexico Profundo" that takes a look at some of the race issues in Mexico, but it has only stimulated a little interest. The official position is not so much one based on support of the Mestizo, but one based on the continuation of criollo dominance. The presence of an increasingly angry indigenous consciousness has unfortunately not led to a greater level of consciousness for the dominant class.
3. The worst damage as a result of the racism present in Mexico is the psychological and cultural damage. Agustin Basave in Mexico Mestizo, describes the results of the imposition of culture on the identity and improvement of Mexico . He points to the contempt of the achievements of the national culture, and the embrace of western culture, particularly that of North America. He continues by indicating that this attitude is impeding Mexico from making the necessary synthesis away from our racism, and creating internal security for ourselves. This embrace of western culture, according to Basave, is also breaking our internal images, and generating unequal dualities, making it nearly impossible to create a true national project. In total the racism present in Mexico, along with the embrace of western culture is dividing and debilitating our nation.
It is very difficult to attack the racism inherent in Mexican culture when those that suffer from it, mainly mestizos, seen to be accomplices in the process of discrimination. But it is possible to go at the dissolution of racism from a different angle. Of great importance is to accept that we suffer from racism in this country as a result of the caste system. It is absolutely necessary that the government and intellectual side of Mexico promote the expansion of this consciousness. They should prohibit the use of commercials in Mexico that promote racial dominance, or at the very least modify what already exists. Also of importance is to change the informal education system, particularly that which offers access to different types of media, such as books, newspapers, radio and television. They should all be attempting to create a type of race consciousness that directly goes at the problem of racism in Mexico.
The decadence of the public education system is currently greatly contributing to the augmentation of racism throughout Mexico. In private universities, the criollo population is being educated and taught to control the media for the particular reason of maintaining their dominance. Vicente Fox recently declared that the slowly increasing access to education for all, is at the root of the continuation and spread of racist ideology. This t
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by Carlo Levi
Buy from one of these Booksellers:
Amazon Editorial Review
It was to Lucania, a desolate land in southern Italy, that Carlo Levi―a doctor, painter, philosopher, and man of letters―was confined as a political prisoner because of his opposition to Italy's Fascist government at the start of the Ethiopian war in 1935. While there, Levi reflected on the harsh landscape and its inhabitants, peasants who lived the same lives their ancestors had, constantly fearing black magic and the near presence of death. In so doing, Levi offered a starkly beautiful and moving account of a place and a people living outside the boundaries of progress and time.
Other books you might like:
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Violence is the damaging and destructive use of force. Violence is often used to assert power over individuals.
is not just physical—it takes many forms
affects the safety, rights and freedom of others
may be a one-off incident between individuals or groups
can involve an ongoing relationship between parties
may involve provoked or unprovoked acts
may be used by those victimised by bullying, to get back some of the power.
Violence can be physical, sexual or emotional. Violence can occur in any setting including the community, school, workplace, and within family relationships.
Where to go for help
If anyone you know is experiencing violence of any type, you should talk to someone you trust about the situation. If you are a student you could talk to your teacher, school guidance officer or school based youth health nurse or call Kids Helpline on 1800 551 800.
Understanding violence in schools—Research report (PDF, 335KB)
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Being able to read well is the foundation for all learning, and we believe it is important to start children reading early and well. To support this we are introducing the phonic programme Read Write Inc which is a comprehensive programme starting in Nursery and continuing up to Year 2. Watch the video below to find out more about Read Write Inc.
This is a poster of the speed sounds that all the children need to initially learn:
This video will help you pronounce the sounds correctly so that you can support your child with reading at home:
As always there will be phonic workshops held to support parents of children in Reception and Year 1.
Please also remember that if you are unsure how to support your child with their reading you can always ask for help from their class teacher. Below is some additional information on how Read Write Inc. is delivered:
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This site was voted:
(scroll to 74 on the list)
site is intended to provide individuals with general information
pertaining to fire extinguisher types and fire prevention.
With so many fire
extinguishers to choose from, selecting the proper one for your home
can be a daunting task. Everyone should have at least one fire extinguisher
at home, but it's just as important to ensure you have the proper type
of fire extinguisher. Fire protection experts recommend one for the kitchen,
the garage and workshop.
are divided into four categories, based on different types of fires. Each
fire extinguisher also has a numerical rating that serves as a guide for
the amount of fire the extinguisher can handle. The higher the number,
the more fire-fighting power. The following is a quick guide to help choose
the right type of extinguisher. Also see how to buy a fire extinguisher.
Class A extinguishers
are for ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, cardboard,
and most plastics. The numerical rating on these types of extinguishers
indicates the amount of water it holds and the amount of fire
it can extinguish. Geometric symbol (green triangle)
- Class B fires
involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene,
grease and oil. The numerical rating for class B extinguishers
indicates the approximate number of square feet of fire it can
extinguish. Geometric symbol (red square)
- Class C fires
involve electrical equipment, such as appliances, wiring, circuit
breakers and outlets. Never use water to extinguish class C fires
- the risk of electrical shock is far too great! Class C extinguishers
do not have a numerical rating. The C classification means the
extinguishing agent is non-conductive. Geometric symbol (blue
- Class D fire
extinguishers are commonly found in a chemical laboratory. They
are for fires that involve combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, potassium and sodium. These types of extinguishers also
have no numerical rating, nor are they given a multi-purpose rating
- they are designed for class D fires only. Geometric symbol (Yellow
- Class K fire
extinguishers are for fires that involve cooking oils, trans-fats,
or fats in cooking appliances and are typically found in restaurant
and cafeteria kitchens. Geometric symbol (black hexagon)
Some fires may involve
a combination of these classifications. Your fire extinguishers should
have ABC ratings on them.
Here are the most
common types of fire extinguishers:
extinguishers or APW extinguishers
(air-pressurized water) are suitable
for class A fires only. Never
use a water extinguisher on grease fires,
electrical fires or class D fires -
the flames will spread and make the
fire bigger! Water extinguishers are
filled with water and are typically
pressurized with air. Again - water
extinguishers can be very dangerous
in the wrong type of situation. Only
fight the fire if you're certain it
contains ordinary combustible materials
chemical extinguishers come in a
variety of types and are suitable for
a combination of class A, B and C
fires. These are filled with foam
or powder and pressurized with nitrogen.
- This is the regular type of dry
chemical extinguisher. It is filled
with sodium bicarbonate or potassium
bicarbonate. The BC variety leaves
a mildly corrosive residue which
must be cleaned immediately to prevent
any damage to materials.
- This is the multipurpose dry chemical
extinguisher. The ABC type is filled
with monoammonium phosphate, a yellow
powder that leaves a sticky residue
that may be damaging to electrical
appliances such as a computer
Dry chemical extinguishers
have an advantage over CO2 extinguishers since they leave a non-flammable
substance on the extinguished material, reducing the likelihood of re-ignition.
- Carbon Dioxide
(CO2) extinguishers are used for class B and C fires. CO2
extinguishers contain carbon dioxide, a non-flammable gas, and are highly
pressurized. The pressure is so great that it is not uncommon for bits
of dry ice to shoot out the nozzle. They don't work very well on class
A fires because they may not be able to displace enough oxygen to put
the fire out, causing it to re-ignite.
extinguishers have an advantage over dry chemical
extinguishers since they don't leave a harmful
residue - a good choice for an electrical fire
on a computer or other favorite electronic device
such as a stereo or TV.
is vital to know what type of extinguisher you are using. Using
the wrong type of extinguisher for the wrong type of fire can be
These are only the
common types of fire extinguishers. There are many others to choose from.
Base your selection on the classification and the extinguisher's compatibility
with the items you wish to protect.
Read about the Benefits
and Applications of an Automatic Fire Extinguishers.
Comeback of Fire Extinguishing Balls and their Benefits new
Basics of Firefighter Training
the Basics of Fire Sprinkler Systems
Fire Safety 101
Protection for You and Your Home
Torch Candles Defined
Arson Statistics: Who is setting the
fires and how often does arson occur?
Key Tips to Filing a Fire Insurance Claim
Holiday Fire Safety
Fire Safe Cigarettes
Tips: Protect your Home and Property
Wood Fire Safety
Sparky the Fire Dog?
- The official mascot of the “National Fire Protection Association”.
Car Fire Extinguisher?
- Yes, they have those too. Explains what to look for in a car fire extinguisher.
A Tribute to Firefighters
- Learn about the men and women, who risk their lives daily to keep our
homes and communities safe from the damaging and potentially fatal effects
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New research on how sharks see may help to prevent attacks on humans and assist in the design of fishing gear that may reduce shark bycatch in long-line fisheries.
The joint study between researchers at The University of Western Australia and The University of Queensland looked at the potential for colour vision in a number of Australian shark species.
Associate Professor Nathan Hart and his team measured the light-sensitive cells in the sharks' eyes using a specialised instrument called a microspectrophotometer and concluded that they have only one type of cone photoreceptor in the retina.
"Humans have three cone types that are sensitive to blue, green and red light, respectively, and by comparing signals from the different cone types we get the sensation of colour vision," Professor Hart said.
"However, we found that sharks have only a single cone type and by conventional reckoning this means that they don't have colour vision."
"It has long been assumed that sharks have some sort of colour vision and indeed have a preference for certain colours.
"The term ‘yum, yum yellow' was coined when it was discovered, in tests by the US Navy, that some species of shark were attracted more to yellow than to other colours; this was of concern as the Navy wanted to supply its sailors with yellow life vests that would be more visible in rescue situations.
"Our study shows that contrast against the background, rather than colour per se, may be more important for object detection by sharks, and this may help us to design long-line fishing lures that are less attractive to sharks-whilst still effective for the target fish species-and thus help to reduce the massive by-catch of sharks in this industry."
One of the shark species studied by Professor Hart and his colleagues, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas, is responsible for numerous attacks on humans. The bull shark is an aggressive species and often inhabits shallow, murky water close to human habitations.
"Now we know a bit more about how such sharks see the world, it may be possible to design swimming attire and surf craft that have a lower visual contrast to sharks and, therefore, are less ‘attractive' to them. After all, most shark attacks are thought to be the result of curiosity on the part of a shark that has been attracted to an unusual stimulus, rather than some premeditated ambush."
The findings of the research are described in the paper "Microspectrophotometric evidence for cone monochromacy in sharks", co-authored by WA Premier's Research Fellow Winthrop Professor Shaun Collin and Drs Susan Theiss and Blake Harahush of the University of Queensland, to be published in the international journal Naturwissenschaften - The Science of Nature.
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Most people have snuck a little human food to the family pet although it is generally when no one is watching. Doing so can be fun and satisfying and “Fido” or “Fluffy” will forever be indebted to the kindness shown them. However, it is of vital safety importance that certain foods never pass canine/feline lips no matter how much the dog or cat will enjoy it. It is easy to think that, because Fido can dig through the neighbor’s garbage and seem fine afterward, or Fluffy can hunt and kill any number of creatures and devour them without a problem, that the shortest member of the family can consume anything that is edible to humans. This is a flawed, potentially dangerous assumption as many foods do present a real and present danger to the health of the family pet. Here are some examples of foods that should never be fed to a cat or dog.
When it comes to the family canine, most people know not to feed a dog chocolate. The reason being that the chemical that makes the chocolate taste so delectable to humans is deadly to the dogs. Sadly, this is the most common cause of dog poisoning. Signs that a dog has ingested chocolate vary anywhere from diarrhea and vomiting to failure of the respiratory system or even cardiac arrest.
Grapes and raisins are also foods that should never be fed to dogs. Though doctors are still unsure of what causes it, according to The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) grapes and raisins have been linked to kidney failure in dogs.
Another dangerous food group may surprise some people. The ASPCA says that onions and garlic can do damage to the red blood cells of both dogs and cats. This has something to do with the allium components which are toxic. This includes any plant in the onion family. Garlic tends to be more of a danger than do onions.
Although one would not think to feed a pet any kind of nut, of particular concern are Macadamia nuts. According to DogShow, though the nuts are not necessarily deadly, they are dangerous for a dog to eat. Signs that Fido got into the macadamia nuts are weakness in the legs and tremors that can last for 48 hours.
A household favorite, the avocado can be tempting to share but the ASPCA says that there is a chemical called persin in the flesh and peel of avocados. This can be toxic and Fido will likely get an upset tummy.
For all the college guys who like to watch Fido lap beer off of the floor in the garage, they should know that alcohol has a more acute effect on dogs than on humans. The ASPCA warns that alcohol consumption by a dog will usually result in disorientation and vomiting. However, dogs can experience seizures, go into comas and even die from too much alcohol.
Although this list of toxic foods is by no means complete, it does include bread dough. DogShow says that any amount of yeast can be harmful to a dog because as it multiplies in the canine stomach, it expands. This can cause severe pain and destroy vital tissues.
Veterinarian Dr. Sally Perea has compiled a list of foods that are considered dangerous to cats.
Raw fish is number one. Sushi that is safe for humans can potentially cause a kitty gastrointestinal upset. The thiaminase in raw fish can break down the thiamine in cats. A deficiency in the essential B vitamin can cause problems with their nervous system, including convulsions.
Second on the list was already touched on in the dog list. Felines are twice as susceptible as are canines to onions and chives. Whether cooked, powdered or raw, a cat cannot metabolize it. Dr. Perea also recommends to avoid giving cats baby food as there tends to be onion powder present. Anemia is also a common occurrence from the consumption of onions.
Number three is uncooked eggs. While the protein in eggs can be beneficial for Fluffy, raw eggs can expose them to parasites like salmonella. This could cause pancreatitis. Dr. Perea adds that, occasionally, a small amount of scrambled eggs is acceptable and safe.
Number four may seem like a no-brainer. However, just in case, never give a cat bones. Bones tend to splinter which can cause choking or, if swallowed, perforate the intestines and even obstruct the intestinal tract. Dr. Perea says that, in order to avoid dental fractures, cats should never be given anything to eat that is harder than their teeth.
Fifth is fat trimmings. Giving Fluffy fat trimmings can cause gastrointestinal upset and pancreatitis.
Why anyone would give a cat number six on Dr. Perea’s list is a puzzler. Caffeinated drinks will likely cause a kitty’s little heart rate to increase and could agitate him/her.
Number seven is the final item and one that has caused a lot of confusion, historically speaking. Though it used to be quite common to give a kitty a dish of milk, or even cream, dairy products are not good for the feline digestive system. In adulthood, cats are for the most part lactose intolerant. A sign that a cat has ingested milk is diarrhea.
Cats and dogs are considered as members of the family and, just like the diets of children need to be moderated, there are certain foods that family pets simply should not be fed. Given the potential harmful affects of the foods listed here and others not listed, the best feeding strategy is to stick to foods specifically designated for cats and dogs. No harm, no foul and with their capacity for unconditional love they will appreciate any show of attention, whether culinary or in the form of physical attention.
by Stacy Lamy
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Now Available on Amazon
Although we learn from others as social beings, we also learn about ourselves through solitary reflection and self-awareness. This book explains the importance of balancing our interpersonal relationships with time in solitude. Without this time, we might feel pressure from others to conform to the roles and expectations of others. Our time alone recharges our mental and emotional batteries so that we can engage with others more effectively and appropriately.
In solitude, we identify the various labels and identities of the “false self,” which relies on the recognition or approval of others. Spiritual traditions tell us that the actions driven by the false self are a chief source of our suffering. Our false self doesn’t know how to be alone because it sees itself only in comparison with others. The false self weakens us because it’s based on illusion.
Psychological research shows if we believe that being alone is negative, we will have a negative experience and seek to avoid it. The cycling of negative thoughts can be difficult to break if we don’t know how to regulate our emotions. Because society often teaches us that “being alone,” is to be avoided, we are led to believe that we “should” avoid it. This can feed into our negative cycle of thoughts.
Technology can help us avoid being alone. When we jump from one arousing media episode to another, we don’t give our minds the opportunity to rest. The research suggests that technology suppresses our inhibitions, causing us to be more impulsive. We make less deliberate decisions, focusing on immediate gratification, shortening the muscle of patience. Distraction also disrupts our ability to pay attention to small details that might be relevant later.
Solitude offers the chance to pay more attention to these details by reflecting upon aspects of our lives that have been motivated by external desires and attachment. When we peel back the layers of the false self and sharpen our senses, we become more sovereign in how we conduct our lives.
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Theo Verbeek provides the first book-length examination of the initial reception of Descartes’s written works. Drawing on his research of primary materials written in Dutch and Latin and found in libraries all over Europe, even including the Soviet Union, Theo Verbeek opens a period of Descartes’s life and of the development of Cartesian philosophy that has been virtually closed since Descartes’s death. Verbeek’s aim is to provide as complete a picture as possible of the discussions that accompanied the introduction of (...) Descartes’s philosophy into Dutch universities, especially those in Utrecht and Leiden, and to analyze some of the major problems that philosophy raised in the eyes of Aristotelian philosophers and orthodox theologians. The period covered extends from 1637, the year in which Descartes published his _Discours de la Méthode, _until his death in 1650. Verbeek demonstrates how Cartesian philosophy moved successfully into the schools and universities of Holland and how this resulted in a real evolution of Descartes’s thought beyond the somewhat dogmatic position of Descartes himself. Verbeek further argues that this progression was an essential step in the universal propagation of Cartesian philosophy throughout Europe during the second half of the seventeenth century. As he details the disputes between Cartesians and anti-Cartesians in Holland, Verbeek shows how the questions raised were related on the one hand to religious conflicts between the Remonstrants and the Orthodox Calvinists and on the other hand to political conflicts between more liberal factions fighting for the union of church and state to enhance religious control of society in general. Contending that Descartes and Cartesian philosophy were central to the development of the modern Dutch state, Verbeek illuminates the role they played in Dutch political, religious, and intellectual life. (shrink)
This is a dictionary of Descartes and Cartesian philosophy, primarily covering philosophy in the 17th century, with a chronology and biography of Descartes's life and times and a bibliography of primary and secondary works related to Descartes and to Cartesians.
The A to Z of Descartes and Cartesian Philosophy includes a chronology, an introduction, a bibliography, and cross-reference dictionary entries Descartes's writings, concepts, and findings, as well as entries on those who supported him, those who criticized him, those who corrected him, and those who together formed one of the major movements in philosophy, Cartesianism.
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Image by Rainer Ehlert; names by Giovanni Riccioli (no email address).
Dark material chauvinism led to the preservation of Riccioli’s names for mare features but elimination of nearly all of his names for bright areas. Pali Somni and Putredinis were the only bright names that survived and they are actually rather grayer than most of the lunar highlands. I have often wanted to refer to various lunar bright areas by a name and am tired of not having any. I hereby resurrect some of Riccioli’s bright names from his 1651 map. For example, what do you call the brightish area poleward of Mare Frigoris? This area is well defined and has various homogenous characteristics and should have a name. It does. Riccioli called it Terra Siccitatis; flows off the lips doesn’t it? And it means Land of Dryness, which is certainly appropriate since it hasn’t rained there for a very long time. The bright region from Plato to Calippus is Terra Grandinis, the Land of Hail, and the similar region north of Sinus Iridum is Terra Pruinae, the Land of Frost - just what you’d expect near a frigid sea. The large highland region north of Mare Crisum is the Land of Life, Terra Vitae, and to the south of Crisium is Terra Vigoris, the Land of Vigor. One of the bright spots on the Moon most in need of a name is the block of land surrounded by Nectaris, Tranquillitatis and Fecunditatis. Riccioli thought so too, he called it the Land of Manna, heaven-sent food that saved the ancient Israelites. The Great Peninsula was called Terra Sanitatis, which merges with Terra Fertilitatis; lands of healthiness and fertility. The bright southwestern rim of the Moon is Terra Caloris, Land of Warmth, and the bright block between Humorum and southern Procellarum, a place that clearly needs a name, is Peninsula Fulminu, Peninsula of Thunder. Like the familiar designations of the maria, these names, which I will use in future LPODs, have an elegant and noble feel; image what abominations there might be if we named these features today!
13 April 2006. TOA 130 at 750mm focal length + Infinity 2-2 CCD camera. Mosaic of 2 images. This is the same image as yesterday, but turned upside down to match the telescopic view and keep you alert!
Rükl plates: all
Ewen Whittaker (1999) Mapping and Naming the Moon
SUPPORT LPOD - VISIT A SPONSOR (CLICK AN AD BELOW)!
Now you can support LPOD when you buy ANY book from Amazon thru LPOD!
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The Athanasian Creed, also called the Pseudo-Athanasian Creed and sometimes known as Quicunque Vult (or Quicumque Vult), which is both its Latin name and its opening words, meaning "Whosoever wishes", is a Christian statement of belief focused on Trinitarian doctrine and Christology. Used by Christian churches since the sixth century, it was the first creed to explicitly state the equality of the three hypostases of the Trinity. It differs from the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and the Apostles' Creed in that it includes anathemas condemning those who disagree with its statements (as does the original Nicene Creed).
Widely accepted in Western Christianity, including by the Roman Catholic Church, some Anglican and Lutheran churches (it is part of the Lutheran confessions set out in the Book of Concord), and ancient liturgical churches, the Athanasian Creed over time has been used in public worship less and less frequently. However, part of it can be found as an "Authorized Affirmation of Faith" in the main volume of the Common Worship liturgy of the Church of England published in 2000.
Designed to distinguish Nicene Christianity from the heresy of Arianism, the Athanasian Creed traditionally was recited at the Sunday Office of Prime in the Western Church. It has not been commonly used in the Eastern Church.
A medieval account credited Athanasius of Alexandria, the famous defender of Nicene theology, as the author of the Creed. According to that account, Athanasius composed it during his exile in Rome and presented it to Pope Julius I as a witness to his orthodoxy. The traditional attribution of the Creed to Athanasius was first called into question in 1642 by the Dutch Protestant theologian Gerhard Johann Vossius.
It has since been widely accepted by modern scholars that the creed was not authored by Athanasius, that it was not originally called a creed at all and that Athanasius's name was not originally attached to it. Athanasius's name seems to have become attached to the creed as a sign of its strong declaration of Trinitarian faith. The reasoning for rejecting Athanasius as the author usually relies on a combination of the following:
The use of the creed in a sermon by Caesarius of Arles, as well as a theological resemblance to works by Vincent of Lérins, point to Southern Gaul as its origin. The most likely time frame is in the late fifth or early sixth century AD, at least 100 years after Athanasius lived. The Christian theology of the creed is firmly rooted in the Augustinian tradition and uses the exact terminology of Augustine's On the Trinity (published 415 AD).[incomplete short citation] In the late 19th century, there was a great deal of speculation about who might have authored the creed, with suggestions including Ambrose of Milan, Venantius Fortunatus and Hilary of Poitiers.
The 1940 discovery of a lost work by Vincent of Lérins, which bears a striking similarity to much of the language of the Athanasian Creed, has led many to conclude that the creed originated with Vincent or his students. For example, in the authoritative modern monograph about the creed, J. N. D. Kelly asserts that Vincent of Lérins was not its author but that it may have come from the same milieu, the area of Lérins in southern Gaul.
The oldest surviving manuscripts of the Athanasian Creed date from the late 8th century.
The Athanasian Creed is usually divided into two sections: lines 1–28 address the doctrine of the Trinity, and lines 29–44 address the doctrine of Christology. Enumerating the three persons of the Trinity (Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit), the first section of the creed ascribes the divine attributes to each individually. Thus, each person of the Trinity is described as uncreated (increatus), limitless (Immensus), eternal (æternus), and omnipotent (omnipotens).
While ascribing the divine attributes and divinity to each person of the Trinity, thus avoiding subordinationism, the first half of the Athanasian Creed also stresses the unity of the three persons in the one Godhead, thus avoiding a theology of tritheism.
The text of the Athanasian Creed is as follows:
|in Latin||English translation|
Quicumque vult salvus esse, ante omnia opus est, ut teneat Catholicam fidem: Quam nisi quisque integram inviolatamque servaverit, absque dubio in aeternum peribit. Fides autem Catholica haec est: ut unum Deum in Trinitate, et Trinitatem in unitate veneremur. Neque confundentes personas, neque substantiam separantes. Alia est enim persona Patris alia Filii, alia Spiritus Sancti: Sed Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti una est divinitas, aequalis gloria, coeterna maiestas. Qualis Pater, talis Filius, talis [et] Spiritus Sanctus. Increatus Pater, increatus Filius, increatus [et] Spiritus Sanctus. Immensus Pater, immensus Filius, immensus [et] Spiritus Sanctus. Aeternus Pater, aeternus Filius, aeternus [et] Spiritus Sanctus. Et tamen non tres aeterni, sed unus aeternus. Sicut non tres increati, nec tres immensi, sed unus increatus, et unus immensus. Similiter omnipotens Pater, omnipotens Filius, omnipotens [et] Spiritus Sanctus. Et tamen non tres omnipotentes, sed unus omnipotens. Ita Deus Pater, Deus Filius, Deus [et] Spiritus Sanctus. Et tamen non tres dii, sed unus est Deus. Ita Dominus Pater, Dominus Filius, Dominus [et] Spiritus Sanctus. Et tamen non tres Domini, sed unus [est] Dominus. Quia, sicut singillatim unamquamque personam Deum ac Dominum confiteri christiana veritate compellimur: Ita tres Deos aut [tres] Dominos dicere Catholica religione prohibemur. Pater a nullo est factus: nec creatus, nec genitus. Filius a Patre solo est: non factus, nec creatus, sed genitus. Spiritus Sanctus a Patre et Filio: non factus, nec creatus, nec genitus, sed procedens. Unus ergo Pater, non tres Patres: unus Filius, non tres Filii: unus Spiritus Sanctus, non tres Spiritus Sancti. Et in hac Trinitate nihil prius aut posterius, nihil maius aut minus: Sed totae tres personae coaeternae sibi sunt et coaequales. Ita, ut per omnia, sicut iam supra dictum est, et unitas in Trinitate, et Trinitas in unitate veneranda sit. Qui vult ergo salvus esse, ita de Trinitate sentiat.
Sed necessarium est ad aeternam salutem, ut incarnationem quoque Domini nostri Iesu Christi fideliter credat. Est ergo fides recta ut credamus et confiteamur, quia Dominus noster Iesus Christus, Dei Filius, Deus [pariter] et homo est. Deus [est] ex substantia Patris ante saecula genitus: et homo est ex substantia matris in saeculo natus. Perfectus Deus, perfectus homo: ex anima rationali et humana carne subsistens. Aequalis Patri secundum divinitatem: minor Patre secundum humanitatem. Qui licet Deus sit et homo, non duo tamen, sed unus est Christus. Unus autem non conversione divinitatis in carnem, sed assumptione humanitatis in Deum. Unus omnino, non confusione substantiae, sed unitate personae. Nam sicut anima rationalis et caro unus est homo: ita Deus et homo unus est Christus. Qui passus est pro salute nostra: descendit ad inferos: tertia die resurrexit a mortuis. Ascendit ad [in] caelos, sedet ad dexteram [Dei] Patris [omnipotentis]. Inde venturus [est] judicare vivos et mortuos. Ad cujus adventum omnes homines resurgere habent cum corporibus suis; Et reddituri sunt de factis propriis rationem. Et qui bona egerunt, ibunt in vitam aeternam: qui vero mala, in ignem aeternum. Haec est fides Catholica, quam nisi quisque fideliter firmiterque crediderit, salvus esse non poterit.
Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the Catholic faith. Which faith unless every one do keep whole and undefiled, without doubt he shall perish everlastingly. And the Catholic faith is this: that we worship one God in Trinity, and Trinity in Unity; neither confounding the Persons, nor dividing the Essence. For there is one Person of the Father; another of the Son; and another of the Holy Ghost. But the Godhead of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, is all one; the Glory equal, the Majesty coeternal. Such as the Father is; such is the Son; and such is the Holy Ghost. The Father uncreated; the Son uncreated; and the Holy Ghost uncreated. The Father unlimited; the Son unlimited; and the Holy Ghost unlimited. The Father eternal; the Son eternal; and the Holy Ghost eternal. And yet they are not three eternals; but one eternal. As also there are not three uncreated; nor three infinites, but one uncreated; and one infinite. So likewise the Father is Almighty; the Son Almighty; and the Holy Ghost Almighty. And yet they are not three Almighties; but one Almighty. So the Father is God; the Son is God; and the Holy Ghost is God. And yet they are not three Gods; but one God. So likewise the Father is Lord; the Son Lord; and the Holy Ghost Lord. And yet not three Lords; but one Lord. For like as we are compelled by the Christian verity; to acknowledge every Person by himself to be God and Lord; So are we forbidden by the Catholic religion; to say, There are three Gods, or three Lords. The Father is made of none; neither created, nor begotten. The Son is of the Father alone; not made, nor created; but begotten. The Holy Ghost is of the Father and of the Son; neither made, nor created, nor begotten; but proceeding. So there is one Father, not three Fathers; one Son, not three Sons; one Holy Ghost, not three Holy Ghosts. And in this Trinity none is before, or after another; none is greater, or less than another. But the whole three Persons are coeternal, and coequal. So that in all things, as aforesaid; the Unity in Trinity, and the Trinity in Unity, is to be worshipped. He therefore that will be saved, let him thus think of the Trinity.
Furthermore, it is necessary to everlasting salvation; that he also believe faithfully the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ. For the right Faith is, that we believe and confess; that our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, is God and Man; God, of the Substance [Essence] of the Father; begotten before the worlds; and Man, of the Substance [Essence] of his Mother, born in the world. Perfect God; and perfect Man, of a reasonable soul and human flesh subsisting. Equal to the Father, as touching his Godhead; and inferior to the Father as touching his Manhood. Who although he is God and Man; yet he is not two, but one Christ. One; not by conversion of the Godhead into flesh; but by assumption of the Manhood into God. One altogether; not by confusion of Substance [Essence]; but by unity of Person. For as the reasonable soul and flesh is one man; so God and Man is one Christ; Who suffered for our salvation; descended into hell; rose again the third day from the dead. He ascended into heaven, he sitteth on the right hand of God the Father Almighty, from whence he will come to judge the living and the dead. At whose coming all men will rise again with their bodies; And shall give account for their own works. And they that have done good shall go into life everlasting; and they that have done evil, into everlasting fire. This is the Catholic faith; which except a man believe truly and firmly, he cannot be saved.
The Christology of the second section is more detailed than that of the Nicene Creed and reflects the teaching of the First Council of Ephesus (431) and the definition of the Council of Chalcedon (451). The Athanasian Creed uses the term substantia (a Latin translation of the Nicene homoousios: 'same being' or 'consubstantial') with respect to the relation of the Son to the Father according to his divine nature, but it also says that the Son is substantia of his mother Mary according to his human nature.
The Creed's wording thus excludes not only Sabellianism and Arianism but also the Christological heresies of Nestorianism and Eutychianism. A need for a clear confession against Arianism arose in Western Europe when the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, who had Arian beliefs, invaded at the beginning of the 5th century.
The final section of this Creed also moved beyond the Nicene (and Apostles') Creeds in making negative statements about the people's fate: "They that have done good shall go into life everlasting: and they that have done evil into everlasting fire." That caused considerable debate in England in the mid-19th century, centred on the teaching of Frederick Denison Maurice.
Composed of 44 rhythmic lines, the Athanasian Creed appears to have been intended as a liturgical document, the original purpose of the creed being for it to be spoken or sung as a part of worship. The creed itself uses the language of public worship by speaking of the worship of God rather than the language of belief ("Now this is the catholic faith: We worship one God"). In the mediaeval Catholic Church, the creed was recited following the Sunday sermon or at the Sunday Office of Prime. The creed was often set to music and used in the place of a Psalm.
Early Protestants inherited the late mediaeval devotion to the Athanasian Creed, and it was considered to be authoritative in many Protestant churches. The statements of Protestant belief (confessional documents) of various Reformers commend the Athanasian Creed to their followers, including the Augsburg Confession, the Formula of Concord, the Second Helvetic Confession, the Belgic Confession, the Bohemian Confession and the Thirty-nine Articles. A metric version, "Quicumque vult", with a musical setting, was published in The Whole Booke of Psalmes printed by John Day in 1562. Among modern Lutheran and Reformed churches adherence to the Athanasian Creed is prescribed by the earlier confessional documents, but the creed does not receive much attention outside occasional use, especially on Trinity Sunday.
In Reformed circles, it is included, for example, in the Christian Reformed Churches of Australia's Book of Forms (publ. 1991). However, it is rarely recited in public worship. It is sometimes recited by the Canadian Reformed Churches in the worship service.It is recited and used in the Protestant Reformed Churches. The Four additional ancient creeds that they adhere to would be Apostles, Athanasian, Creed of Chalcedon, Nicene Creed.
In the successive Books of Common Prayer of the reformed Church of England, from 1549 to 1662, its recitation was provided for on 19 occasions each year, a practice that continued until the 19th century, when vigorous controversy regarding its statement about 'eternal damnation' saw its use gradually decline. It remains one of the three Creeds approved in the Thirty-Nine Articles, and it is printed in several current Anglican prayer books, such as A Prayer Book for Australia (1995). As with Roman Catholic practice, its use is now generally only on Trinity Sunday or its octave. An Anglican devotional manual published by The Church Union, A Manual of Catholic Devotion: For Members of the Church of England, includes the Athanasian Creed with the prayers for Mattins, with the note: "Said on certain feasts at Mattins instead of the Apostles' Creed". The Episcopal Church, based in the United States, has never provided for its use in worship, but added it to its Book of Common Prayer for the first time in 1979, where it is included in small print in a reference section, "Historical Documents of the Church". The Anglo-Catholic devotional manual Saint Augustine's Prayer Book, first published in 1947 and revised in 1967, includes the Athanasian Creed under "Devotions to the Holy Trinity".
In Roman Catholic churches, it was traditionally said at Prime on Sundays when the Office was of the Sunday. The 1911 reforms reduced that to Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost and on Trinity Sunday, except when a commemoration of a double feast or a day within an Octave occurred. The 1960 reforms further reduced its use to once a year, on Trinity Sunday. It has been effectively dropped from the Catholic liturgy since the Second Vatican Council. It is, however, maintained in the rite of exorcism of the Roman Rite. Opus Dei members recite it on the third Sunday of every month.
In Lutheranism, the Athanasian Creed is, along with the Apostles' and the Nicene Creed, one of the three ecumenical creeds and is placed at the beginning of the 1580 Book of Concord, the historic collection of authoritative doctrinal statements (confessions) of the Lutheran Church. It is still used in the liturgy on Trinity Sunday.
A common visualisation of the first half of the Creed is the Shield of the Trinity.
Quicunque Vult commonly called The Creed of Saint Athanasius Whosoever will be saved, before all things it is necessary that he hold the Catholic Faith. [...]
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3 Groups of People Who Couldn't Vote in the 1800s
25 JUN 2018
The U.S. has restricted voting rights based on arbitrary categories like gender, race and social class since it was founded in 1776. In spite of the Constitution's lofty promises and inclusive rhetoric on behalf of "we the people," each century in U.S. history has seen new, localized battles over voting rights. The 19th century -- marked by North-South tensions and the Civil War -- was particularly fraught for anyone who was not a white male, preferably a white male property-owner.
1 Native Americans
Native Americans were not considered citizens during the 1800s, meaning they could not vote in U.S. elections. There were white-led efforts during the 1800s that paved the way for a few Native American men to earn citizenship as a reward for cultural assimilation. Some did, but members of tribes that resisted deportation and surrender were refused the vote throughout the century -- and, indeed, until 1957, when all states finally implemented the Native American Suffrage Act of 1924.
Except in some isolated cases at the state level, women were not permitted to vote in the United States during the 19th century. One notable exception was the territory of Wyoming, which had long enforced women's suffrage by the time it became a state in 1890. Women's suffrage was granted by the 19th Amendment in August 1920 after an intense struggle that included the jailing and beating of many suffragists, as well as the force-feeding of some who went on hunger strikes. Still, state-level regulations that restricted the rights of the illiterate, people of color and others continued to prevent some women from voting.
Most African-Americans could not vote throughout most of the 1800s. Black men were officially enfranchised in 1870 by the 14th Amendment. During the years immediately following the Civil War, black male voting skyrocketed. But in 1875, the Supreme Court limited the rights of the federal government to enforce black suffrage, and organized suppression of the black vote spread throughout the South. Following the Supreme Court decision, Southern states laid the groundwork for what became known as Jim Crow -- laws that turned away many African-Americans due to illiteracy or inability to pay a poll tax. The expansion of the Ku Klux Klan in the first half of the 20th century accompanied attacks on black voters at polling stations, often ignored or even supported by local police. Jim Crow was not reversed until the Civil Rights Act of 1965. The poll tax was required in federal elections until Congress passed the 24th Amendment in 1964; it was not outlawed at the state level until a Supreme Court decision in 1966 found poll taxes unconstitutional.
4 Legacies of Voter Disenfranchisement
In July 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a major provision of the Voting Rights Act that had forced precincts with histories of voter discrimination to get changes in voting procedure approved by the Justice Department before implementation. On the day it was overturned, state governments in North Carolina and Texas introduced expansive changes in voting; the NAACP and state Democrats charged that the changes explicitly targeted poor people and people of color. When the U.S. Congress failed to produce a new formula for determining pre-clearance requirements, it fell to the Justice Department to handle voting rights challenges on a piecemeal basis.
- 1 Archives.gov: Constitution of the United States
- 2 AmericasLibrary.gov: Congress Granted Citizenship to All Native Americans Born in the U.S.
- 3 University of Nevada-Las Vegas School of Law: Citizenship and Suffrage -- The Native American Struggle for Civil Rights in the American West, 1830-1965
- 4 Archives.gov: 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution - Women's Right to Vote
- 5 Scholastic.com: Women's Suffrage
- 6 Justice.gov: The Voting Rights Act of 1965
- 7 The Daily Beast: The Supreme Court’s Ruling and the End of the Civil-Rights Era
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