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Americans are constantly trying to redefine the "American Psyche". This is an ever-changing idea of what Americans should believe in and support. Although it is ever-changing, there are generally two extremes to the spectrum of American ideology. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, these two extremities are perfectly captured by the characters Huck and Tom.
George Saunders explains the stark contrast between the two and calls them "The United States of Huck" and "The United States of Tom". He details some of the differences between the two when he says, "Whereas Tom knows, Huck wonders. Whereas Huck hopes, Tom presumes. Whereas Huck cares, Tom denies". Huck is obviously the favorable version of America, but, unfortunately, America is more Tom than Huck.
The United States of Huck looks at an obstacle and sees the positives. He finds the solutions and is always optimistic in doing so. On the contrary, the United States of Tom sees a predicament, and instead of looking for solutions, can only comment on the problem itself. Tom is more confident than Huck, but often times, this confidence leads to indifference for those around him and an overall air of self-centeredness.
The real America is predominantly Tom with faint undertones of Huck. America likes to present these undertones to the rest of the world, so that it is viewed as a model nation that wants the best for everyone. Lots of people who come to America from other countries think of it this way, and are forced to deal with the reality that this is not in fact the driving force behind America. This deception and trickery is exactly what Tom would do; if the best way to gain power is by telling people you're not trying to gain power, Tom will sell that ideology without hesitation.
While most Americans would like to believe that they live in the United States of Huck, the reality of it is that the battle between Huck and Tom is unlikely to cease, and Tom has been winning the fight since America's beginnings.
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Report: Counselors Are Untapped Resource in College Readiness
Too often, high school counselors are stuck with menial tasks or bogged down helping a few troubled students. A better use of their time would be to guide students for life beyond high school and would lead to a college- and career-ready agenda, according to a new report from the Education Trust.
Counselors have access to achievement data and are able to watch patterns across the school that give them a unique vantage point in helping students map out their future, says Richard Lemons, vice president for K-12 policy and a co-author of the report, Poised to Lead: How School Counselors Can Drive College and Career Readiness, released yesterday. Yet they often don't have the training, incentive, or time to provide such guidance.
This confirms the findings of a study earlier this month that Catherine Gewertz covered explaining how counselors felt conflicted in their roles in preparing students for college and good jobs.
Among school counselors, more than 90 percent consider advocating for all students an ideal mission for their profession, but only 45 percent see that as actually happening in their school, the Education Trust report found.
Low-income and minority students whose families often have not gone to college and need extra guidance are particularly hurt by this lack of college- and career-readiness counseling. The authors note that surveys find more than half of school counselors believe students should receive equal support rather than reaching out to help those with the greatest challenges for additional guidance. This can lead to some students not getting in the right classes to best prepare them for post-high-school life. Only about half of African-American and Latino students are likely to complete a rigorous curriculum compared with their white peers. The report suggests counselor attitudes can contribute to this gap.
To transform the role of counselors, the Education Trust report recommends policymakers and educators:
1. Change job descriptions for school counselors to include a focus on providing equitable education and college and career prep for all students.
2. Shift university counselor-training programs to include a focus on their role in education equity and college- and career-readiness.
3. Require all school counselors to get school-specific training on career and college counseling and on using student achievement data to spur change.
4. Provide professional development for school counselors to improve their ability to develop college- and career-readiness programs.
5. Include measures for college- and career-readiness activities in counselor evaluations.
Although teachers and principals are starting to be held accountable for student success, most counselors are not evaluated on what percentage of students make it to college or careers, says Lemons. In college, their training is more oriented toward general counseling rather than school-oriented. Another review of training programs for school counselors I wrote about last year found only 45 of 466 colleges offered a course showing future counselors how to help students and families select, apply, and pay for college.
While the emphasis on individual therapeutic wellness is important, the new push to prepare all students for college and careers should prompt a change in the role of school counselors, says Lemons.
"If the task facing America now is college- and career-readiness, we need to think about how educators can be positioned for that and how they can be most beneficial," says Lemons.
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What Was the First Movie Ever Made?
The first movie ever made was Roundhay Garden Scene. It lasts 2.11 seconds and depicts four people walking in a garden.
When you think of the word “movie,” you probably think about motion pictures as we know them today. So, the first motion picture was the Roundhay Garden Scene.
But when it was made and how did we get to move from taking still pictures to moving pictures? Let’s find out.
When Was the First Movie Ever Made?
The first movie ever, Roundhay Garden Scene, was made in 1888. Louis Le Prince, a French inventor, recorded it in Leeds in England.
Would you give it the first Oscar (Academy Award) ever?
It is probably the oldest surviving film in the world and it lasts only 2.11 seconds.
Brief History of Film
Movie enthusiasts and experts alike have doubts about the first film ever made since many people tried to make a movie at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. But what is the cause of the confusion?
As far as Le Prince’s movie goes, he had photographs obtained by a chronophotography process. Even if he knew how to make a film, people could never see this movie attempt during Le Prince’s lifetime.
The photographs came to life only in 1930, on a 35 mm film with the title bench process. So, it was technically the first movie in 1930, although the footage existed sooner.
Moreover, some consider that the first movie ever made was the one by Eadweard Muybridge in 1878 at Stanford’s Palo Alto Stock Farm.
Muybridge was a master of serial photography. He used it to analyze animal and human movements. Most famous is his 1867 experiment, The Horse in Motion, filmed with 24 cameras.
He placed them side by side, transversely in the direction of the horse’s movement.
As the horse was passing and tearing the ropes, he ran the trigger on the camera and took the shots. The result was photos of the horse at specific intervals.
Movies With International Recognition
We have another candidate for the answer to the question, “What was the first movie ever made?” It’s Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory, dating back to the year 1895.
Its director was Louis Lumière, one of the famous Lumière brothers. It lasted only 45 seconds and brought the organizers an income of 35 francs as the screening was attended by only 35 spectators who paid the ticket price of one franc.
Moreover, at the beginning of 1896, Lumière will show his famous work, Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat, which will have close to 1,500 screenings around the world.
So, we could consider the Lumière brothers as the first people to commercialize film.
The First Movie Ever Made in Hollywood
The first film ever shot in Hollywood was In Old Calfornia, directed by D. W. Griffith.
He filmed the movie in 1910, after discovering the beautiful scenery of the Hollywood area.
Movie experts thought for years that the first ever movie from Hollywood was Cecil B. DeMille’s The Squaw Man from 1914.
But since they discovered Griffith’s piece that lasts 17 minutes, it took its title.
As far as the first Disney movie ever goes, it was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs from 1937. The full-length animated film is about a tale of the Grimm brothers.
Walt Disney won an Academy Honorary Award for significant screen innovation at the 11th Academy Awards with this film.
Do You Like to Watch Old Movies?
How about you? Do you like to watch old movies? If not, you can check out what was the first ever SNL episode.
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<iframe src="https://exploratory.io/viz/kanaugust/3126356626076554?embed=true" frameborder="0" width="100%" height="100%" > </iframe>
This chart shows the proportion of Maori ethnical background population for each Region in New Zealand. We can see that the north east side of the country has higher concentration of Maori folks.
The population data is downloaded from Statistics New Zealand (http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx#). The boundary data is originally downloaded from Statistics New Zealand (http://www.stats.govt.nz/browseforstats/Mapsandgeography/Geographic-areas/digital-boundary-files.aspx) and converted to GeoJSON.
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July 11th, 2014 - The Bosnian community in Erie spent today remembering the more than eight thousand lives lost during the genocide in their home country.
Dozens of people gathered in Perry Square today to remember the more than 8300 people who were killed during a mass genocide that started in 1992.
There are more than 2500 Bosnian's who now call Erie home.
They remember the lives lost, including the 175 people who will be put to rest today 19 years after the devastating events in Bosnia.
Many who now live in Erie are thankful for the opportunities they have in the US.
Members of the Bosnian community hope to hold the remembrance day annually.
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It is a cry of every person, organization and even countries that a long lasting solution for cybersecurity is found. Every day, reports of growing number of cases concerning breach in cybersecurity are reported and the risk increases daily due to growing number of interconnected devices being added to the internet. Your information and data is not one hundred percent secure in your computer because you are exposed to the outside world. You never know who is trying to access your information.
What is cybersecurity?
Cybersecurity is processes and practices that work together to ensure integrity, authentication, confidentiality and availability of information. It is defending against people who want to illegally access devices, information and data. It is protecting your information, data and devices from illegal access. It also encompasses recovering from failures of the system and illegal access from attacks by hackers. Cybersecurity has layers of protection from computers, programs, data and network. For cybersecurity to be a success in an organization, there should be collaboration between people, processes and technology involved to assist in defending any cyber-attack.
You need to get to know everything about cybersecurity for you to be able to counter any threat that comes on your way. Knowledge about cybersecurity is needed for you to win this war. There will always be a cyber-attack even when strong controls are implemented, because attackers are always looking for a weak places and links; it is possible to prevent these attacks by doing basic security precautions activities.
Users of the system need to be trained on current cybersecurity precaution measures like use of strong passwords. In addition users should also be advised not to open any attachment that comes from unknown people and they should treat it as a spam. Backing up of data after a period of time is necessity. In a big organization there should be people tasked to brief the employees of trending risks, news about cybersecurity and also necessary controls to counter those current threats.
Compliance and regulatory policies
Europe union’s General Data Protection Regulatory(GDPR) body is tasked to make sure that all organizations meet the privacy and security mandates that GDPR and all other bodies have set so that to counter cyber-crimes.
These bodies have lowered risk that Internet of things has exposed everyone to. They make sure that they have lowered risk of exposing organization and other institutions by coming up with rules and regulations that must be met to counter cybersecurity challenges.
In case of any successful breach of cyber-attack, an organization should have a well-respected framework to assist and guide on how to go about it. It should be understandable on how to identify, detect and respond to attacks. It should also guide on how to protect systems and respond to any threat that comes. A great framework is able to guide on how to recover from successful attacks.
Hiring cyber security professionals
You organization will be more secured from cyber threats if you get a professional cyber security expert. He will assist you in making sure your systems and devices are protected from challenges concerning cybersecurity. It gives you advantage over the others because, you will be well updated with any risks or concerns and necessary measures and control will be guided by a professional. You may think it is not worth it, but it is worth everything you have because when a malware strikes you may lose everything.
You need to get security tools that will be able to detect and counter any cyber threat that may come. Protection should start from Endpoint devices like computer, printers, routers and other devices. There is great anti-virus software that shield computers from internet attacks. You also need to have firewalls, emails solutions, malware protection and practice DNS filtering.
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Faint gamma-ray bursts do actually exist
Gamma-ray bursts, powerful glares of high-energy that wash through the Universe once every day or so are, for a brief time, the brightest objects in the gamma-ray sky. ESA’s Integral gamma-ray observatory has observed several low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts, confirming the existence of an entire population of weaker bursts hardly noticed so far.
When it comes to detecting gamma-ray bursts (or GRBs), Integral is equipped with the most sensitive detector ever launched into space – the IBIS imager. Its field of view is very well shielded from any background radiation, making the detection of faint gamma-ray signals possible.
Astronomers estimate that about 1400 GRBs per year occur but, because no one knows when and where they are going to appear, only a part of them happen to be detected. Integral detects an average of 10 GRBs per year, and has collected data about 47 of them during four and a half years of operations.
When studying IBIS gamma-ray burst data, Prof. Lorraine Hanlon from the School of Physics, University College Dublin, Ireland, and her colleagues, realised that some of the faintest bursts have distinctive gamma-ray emission, and also present faint afterglows in the lower-energy X-ray and visible wavelengths.
Since, in general, GRBs are colossal explosions of energy triggered by the collision of very massive and compact objects such as neutron stars or black holes, or by the explosion of incredibly powerful supernovae, or hypernovae, one may think that these bursts are perceived as faint just because they take place very far away from us, in the remote corners of the Universe.
However, Prof. Hanlon and colleagues noticed that these faint bursts, just at the sensitivity threshold of IBIS, seem to originate in our cosmic neighbourhood, within the nearby clusters of galaxies.
“If the bursts we have studied are so ‘close’ in cosmological terms, it means that they are faint from the beginning,” says Hanlon. “From this we can deduce that the processes triggering them could be less energetic than those generating the more powerful bursts we are more used to observing.”
The study team suggests that the faint bursts may be generated by the collapse of a massive star that does not present the characteristics of a supernova, or by the merger of two white dwarfs (small and dense stars about the size of Earth), or by the merger of a white dwarf with a neutron star or a black hole.
“Past observations had already hinted the existence of faint GRBs, and thanks to Integral’s sensitivity we can now say that an entire population of them exist,” added Hanlon. “Actually, their rate may even be higher than that of the most luminous GRBs but, just because they are weaker, we may be only able to see those which are relatively close by.”
“More Integral observations in the coming years will definitively help us understand the phenomenon of faint GRBs, and to explore the nature of this newly observed population,” she concluded.
Notes for editors:
The results appeared in the Astronomy & Astrophysics journal (June 2008), in a paper titled: “Global characteristics of GRBs observed with Integral and the inferred large population of low-luminosity GRBs”, by S. Foley, S. McGlynn, L. Hanlon, B. McBreen (University College Dublin, Ireland), and S. McBreen (Max-Planck-Institut für Extraterrestrische Physik, Garching, Germany) (A&A Vol. vol. 484, 143, 2008). The results were also presented at the 7th Integral workshop that took place in Copenhagen, Denmark, in September 2008.
For more information:
Lorraine Hanlon, UCD School of Physics, University College Dublin, Ireland
Email: Lorraine.Hanlon @ ucd.ie
Christoph Winkler, ESA Integral Project Scientist
Email: Christoph.Winkler @ esa.int
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What are examples of estimated other financing sources and uses?
These are basically other estimated revenues (sources) or appropriations (uses) that fall outside of estimated revenues and appropriations. This should be considered in the budget at the beginning of the year.
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What is the difference between a surplus and a deficit in budgetary accounting?
In budgetary accounting, a surplus will exist if estimated revenues exceed the amount of formally approved expenditures. A deficit will exist if estimated revenues are less than the amount of formally approved expenditures. The visual below shows how you can easily calculate a surplus or deficit!
What is an appropriation in budgetary accounting under GASB?
Appropriations is money that is set aside for specific governmental departments, agencies and programs. This is the amount that is authorized to be expended by the governmental unit in a given time period. Appropriations are basically the same as an expense under U.S. GAAP, except under GASB, all spending has to be approved at the […]
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Catatonia is a distinct neuropsychiatric syndrome that is becoming more recognized clinically and in ongoing research. Its main clinical features are abnormalities on motor behaviors, including being immobile, not speaking, or having unusual movements out of context to the environment. Abnormality [e.g, fever, diaphoresis, tachycardia, hypertension] in autonomic functions is characteristic of the more severe forms, referred to as malignant catatonias.
In its classic full form, where mutism, posturing, and stupor are present, catatonia is readily recognized. In many cases, however, its less dramatic features are more subtle, intermittently present, or misidentified.
Catatonia can be seen along with psychiatric, metabolic, or neurologic conditions. It may occur in many forms, including neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Treatment with benzodiazepines or electroconvulsive therapy leads to a dramatic and rapid response, although systematic, randomized trials are lacking.
This website for the Catatonia Program is designed to provide information to patients, families, and medical professionals on a range of topics about catatonia.
In addition, we are providing a moderated discussion “blog” for families and medical professionals to discuss ideas and even to (anonymously) report cases and experiences.
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I had wondered for a while if it would be possible to regulate a wooden clock with a Balance wheel and spring instead of using a Pendulum. I'm not at all sure that it actually offers any advantage other than being far more compact, and that, of course, is where the original designs for this type of regulation originated.
The Lever escapement invented by Thomas Mudge in 1750, has been used in the vast majority of watches since the 19th century, despite its popularity it does have some drawbacks, the main one being that there are several points where friction occurs, so the incorporation of a gravity escapement could help overcome that when used in a wall mounted wooden clock.
Now I can start to look at a complete clock design using this concept to ensure that it would actually work in practice.
The action of the escapement is a little difficult to understand just from the video, but the following notes should hep.
Position 1: The balance wheel has reached its furthest Clockwise position, The Gravity arm has been pushed back by the Impulse Finger and so allowed the Lifting Lever to be released and dropped down to its stop position ready to engage the next Lifting finger when the movement is reversed.
Position 6 - The Balance wheel is now free to move back Clockwise again and has nothing else to do until the Impulse Finger reaches the impulse pin to start the cycle over again.
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As I’ve demonstrated countless times here it is useful to say, form emerges from the process of the poem’s unfolding. The form depends on the poem.
That’s one way to put it. It’s also useful to see the ‘narrative’ of the lyric in terms of its unfolding from scenes linked by a logic of outer to inner, and from lowly particulars to universal. This is a logic of ‘selving,’ using the masks of lyric. What emerges as the form or ultimate significance is the self open to meaning beyond its finitude.
A poem by May Sarton shows the lyric narrative.
From American Poetry, vol II, Library of America, p. 895.
This narrative which accounts for the universality of the lyric in a modernity born in protest against ‘universals’ appears to be not confined to lyric, which makes sense because lyric is a specialization of language’s capacity for making sense between individuals belonging to a cultural group. What we call the lyric narrative shows up in fourth/century CE China, Ancient Greece, etc. It comes as no surprise that that consummate ‘hunter of forms’ St. Augustine gave it memorable expression in his Exposition on Psalm 145: ab exterioribus ad interiora, ab inferioribus ad superiora.
Notice the complication suggested by the parallel between interiora and inferioribus. But that ‘value judgement’ need not detain us. We have the Sarton poem to flesh out the Latin abstractions. As for ad superiora I’d say Sarton’s meditation on her own death lifts the poem far above conventional sentiment into the universe of finitude.
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Section 2: Form 1617A BlocksAnchor: #i1002698
Form 1617A has four blocks for entering data on two-to-four directions of traffic. A block, which contains cells, rows, and columns, is enclosed within a heavy, black line.
For each hour, a traffic counter must enter the following types of data into a block:
- Vehicle counts (classified as cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, etc.)
- Weather conditions
- Traffic conditions
- Totals of vehicles by classifications
NOTE: If some of the cells within each block are not needed, leave them blank.Anchor: #i1002738
There are three different counting scenarios that may be assigned for a traffic count, based on the number of legs or directions of traffic flow (north, east, etc.) You will use one of the four blocks on Form 1617A for each assigned traffic direction. If there are less than four directions of traffic for an assigned count, leave unused blocks blank.
Stations for Directional (Two-way) Counts. Stations located at a checkpoint (counting station) with no intersecting road will require two blocks on Form 1617A: one block for the traffic flowing toward the station and one for traffic flowing in the opposite direction. You must count each vehicle only once for the direction that it travels past the station.
Example. Assume a highway with four undivided lanes runs north and south from the counting station. A bus approaching the station from the south is counted once. A dump truck approaching from the north is counted once. There are no intersecting roads for the vehicles to turn onto and generate another count.
Stations for Three-way and Four-way Counts. Stations at intersections will use three or four blocks on Form 1617A. You must count each vehicle for each direction that it travels: one for the direction from which the vehicle approaches, and again for the direction to which it exits.
Example. Assume that there are three roads at the counting site: one to the north, one to the east, and one to the west. Figure 6-1 shows a vehicle approaching the station from the west and leaving the station to the north. The vehicle is counted twice: once in the block labeled west, and once in the block labeled north.
Figure 6-1. Example of a counting scenario.
NOTE: Be sure you assign the correct direction and code number in the correct block order on Form 1617A. See Chapter 5.
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Part of the Core Knowledge Series, this read-aloud book will introduce them to the basic knowledge and skills that are necessary for making the most out of their kindergarten experience. Developed by a team of experts to carefully sequence knowledge, this book can become the first installment in a comprehensive educational scope & sequence in your child's life. Approximately 209 pages, softcover.
|Format: DRM Protected ePub|
Publication Date: 2008
What Your Preschooler Needs to Know
Designed for parents to enjoy with children, filled with opportunities for reading aloud and fostering curiosity, this beautifully illustrated anthology offers preschoolers the fundamentals they need to prepare for a happy, productive time in schooland for the rest of their lives. Hundreds of thousands of children have benefited from the acclaimed Core Knowledge Series, developed in consultation with parents, educators, and the most distinguished developmental psychologists. In addition to valuable advice for parents, such as what it means for a child to be ready for kindergarten, special sidebars throughout the book help parents make reading aloud fun and interactive, suggesting questions to ask, connections to make, and games to play to enrich their preschoolers learning experience. Inside you will discover
• Favorite poems and rhymesall beautifully illustrated, to be read and recited together, from Robert Louis Stevensons "At the Seaside" to limericks by Edward Lear and tongue twisters by Jack Prelutsky, plus fun "clap along!" and "fingerplay" verses that parents and children can act out together
• Beloved stories and fablesstories such as "The Three Little Pigs" and the African folktale "Why Flies Buzz" will open whole new worlds of learning and discovery
• Visual artsbeautiful full-color reproductions of classic works that foster early appreciation of art history while igniting discussions about shapes, colors, and different styles and media
• Musicdozens of songs to sing and dance to, including such "move around" songs as "Head and Shoulders, Knees and Toes" and "The Wheels on the Bus"
• Historya delightful introduction to American history, from the first Thanksgiving to Martin Luther King, Jr., with activities and stories parents and children can enjoy together
• Sciencefrom exploring the wonder of animals to the physical properties of light, air, and waterfun activities that will let children observe, experience, and enjoy the natural world
From the Trade Paperback edition.
Linda Bevilacqua is the president of the Core Knowledge Foundation and was responsible for the development of the Core Knowledge preschool program that is now being used in over 1,200 preschool classrooms across the country. She and her husband, Jean-Jacques, live in Charlottesville, Virginia.
From the Trade Paperback edition.
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In 1937, one of the final transnational gatherings held on the European continent before the onset of World War II occurred in the city of Paris. The International Exposition of Art and Technology in Modern Life — colloquially known as the Paris Exposition — took place between May and November of that year.
Its lofty name reflected a similarly lofty goal, and yet certain telltale signs gave hints of the conflagration that was soon to come. Built on both banks of the Seine River and adjacent to the Eiffel Tower, an important component of the Paris Exposition was the zone reserved for various national pavilions representing the countries of Europe.
Perhaps unwittingly, the Expo planners positioned the sites of German and Soviet pavilions directly facing each other, which precipitated the construction of “dueling towers” reflecting the intense struggle the two ideologies were engaged in — albeit still only as a war of words in 1937.
The USSR pavilion featured a huge sculpture of a peasant and a factory worker atop its imposing structure, while the competing German pavilion, designed by architect Albert Speer, was even taller. The German pavilion was flanked by massive sculptures of nude figures created by Josef Thorak, the Austro-German artist who was famous for similarly grandiose monuments erected throughout the Third Reich.
Other countries such as Romania attempted similarly grandiose statements — although the resulting edifices were not quite as impressive — whereas nations such as the United Kingdom and Switzerland participated in the Exposition with far less flamboyant pavilions designed to showcase their countries’ heritage of native crafts and industries rather than the projection of raw power.
Meanwhile, the Spanish pavilion engaged in a propaganda endeavor of its own. With the country still engaged in a bloody civil war, the Republican government, while it may have been on the run at home and in control of increasingly diminishing sections of the country, held full sway in Paris. It turned the Spanish pavilion into a celebration of the Republican struggle, including exhibiting Pablo Picasso’s iconic painting Guernica for all fairgoers to see.
Against this backdrop of “prelude to war,” the Paris Exposition’s aims in the cultural arena were manifested prominently in its Festivals of Light, in which the Exposition’s planners sought to attract and thrill audiences with a series of shows where newly created musical compositions would be accompanied by tightly choreographed spectacles of light and water.
Designed by the architect Eugène Beaudouin, the Fêtes de la lumière were set on the banks of the Seine River stretching from the Point de Invalides to the Ile des Cygnes.
In Beaudouin’s conception, the scheme constituted a sort of “immersive symphony” of light and water, sustained and exalted by the music. The visual spectacle was the main attraction — and the music the accompaniment — in this grand design to highlight the beauty of the effects of water and vapors, fumes and colors.
The Festivals of Light events were scheduled to be presented over a nearly five-month period, meaning that a substantial number of new compositions would be required to ensure sufficient variety over the season. Accordingly, the Exposition committee commissioned 18 composers to create musical scores in the year preceding the start of the exposition.
As the acknowledged “dean” of French composers — Paul Dukas having passed away in 1935 and Maurice Ravel, Albert Roussel and Gabriel Pierné no longer able to compose (all three would die in the year of the Exposition) — Florent Schmitt was given the honor of creating the score for the very first show, to be held on June 14, 1937. His piece, appropriately titled Fête de la lumière (Opus 88), was a substantial composition of more than a half-hour in length. Schmitt scored it for large orchestra, soprano and contralto soloists, plus an eight-part mixed chorus.
The entire season of offerings included the following compositions, listed below in order of their premieres at the Festivals of Light:
- Florent Schmitt: Fête de la lumière
- Jean Rivier: Fête de rêve
- Jacques Ibert: Fête nationale
- Elsa Barraine: Fête des coonies
- Darius Milhaud: Fête de la musique
- Raymond Loucheur: Fête de la Seine
- Manuel Rosenthal: Fête du vin
- Marcel Delannoy: Fête de la danse
- Claude Delvincourt: Fête de l’automne
- Louis Aubert: Fête de l’éte
- Paul Le Flem: Fête du printemps
- Arthur Honegger: Mille et un nuits
- Désiré-Emile Inghelbrecht: Fête enfantine
- Henry Barraud: Fête du feu
- Pierre Vellones: Fête fantastique
- Maurice Yvain: Fête du chanson
- Olivier Messiaen: Fête des belles eaux
- Charles Koechlin: Fête des eaux vives
The musical creations by these 18 composers ranged in duration from just 15 minutes (Barraud’s Fête du feu) to the grand frescoes of Ibert’s Fête nationale and Schmitt’s Fête de la lumière.
Because it was considered impossible to present the Festivals of Light shows featuring live music, it was decided to pre-record each of the scores, and then broadcast them via amplifiers and specially-engineered potentiometers mounted on barges on the Seine River to enhance audio fidelity and limit any distortion.
In the months leading up to the opening of the Exposition, all of the major Parisian orchestras were mobilized to record soundtracks to the 18 shows. Among those ensembles was the newly formed French National Radio Orchestra; its recording of Koechlin’s Fête des eaux vives, conducted by Roger Desormière, is very likely among the very first recordings ever made by this ensemble.
In the case of Florent Schmitt’s Fête de la lumière, the Lamoureux Orchestra under the direction of Eugène Bigot did the honors.
Pre-recorded soundtracks played by France’s best orchestras meant that the musical component of the shows was universally strong. Unfortunately, as recounted by Koechlin and others, although the recordings themselves were impressive, it was disappointing to hear the music frequently drowned out by fireworks and water sounds when performed live in front of crowds that sometimes numbered as many as 250,000 people.
Unfortunately, because these 18 scores had been created for a very special purpose, most of the compositions written for the Festival of Lights have never been published. Florent Schmitt’s score is no exception; for years it was one of just a small handful of his opus-numbered compositions to remain unpublished. However, recent correspondence with Durand-Salabert-Eschig (Universal Publishing) reveals that, while the score and parts aren’t offered for sale, they are available on a rental basis.
Moreover, because the music was pre-recorded, we have audio documentation that has been well-preserved over the ensuing eight decades. Thanks to Philippe Louis’ very fine YouTube music channel, music-lovers finally have the opportunity to hear Florent Schmitt’s phantasmagorical score in all of its colorful splendor.
You can listen to the music here. The 1937 sonics are surprisingly clear and fine, with conductor Eugène Bigot coaxing committed performances from soprano Marie-Louise Deniau-Blanc, contralto Irina Kedroff, the chorus and the Lamoureux Orchestra musicians.
Listening to this endlessly fascinating music, it’s quite easy to imagine the play of water, lights and fireworks that accompanied its presentation at the Festivals of Light. But the music works equally well on its own, conjuring up those very images in the imagination — often with ecstatic, even delirious abandon.
Schmitt’s large orchestra includes important quasi-solo parts for the alto saxophone and — most intriguingly — ondes martenot. Not leaving it at that, the composer employs soprano and contralto soloists along with an eight-part mixed chorus in the final third of the piece, making the music positively visionary in its breadth and spirit.
No wonder Schmitt’s biographer Yves Hucher characterized Fêtes de la lumière as “a dazzling composition” — and he is absolutely correct.
In an interesting historical sidebar, the Festival of Lights provided the young music journalist Olivier Messiaen with one of his earliest composing opportunities. His contribution — Fête des belles eaux — is among a very few of the 18 works ever to be commercially recorded in subsequent years. Still working as a journalist in 1937, Messiaen wrote in rhapsodic terms about the festival:
“Fêtes de la lumière take place beside the Seine, with synchronized fountains and fireworks surpassing in splendor all previous spectacles of this kind, accompanied by musical scores composed on clearly established scenarios in close synchronization with the arabesques of fire and water.”
Three decades later, Messiaen would write the following words to Eugène Beaudouin, the architect who had brought the Festivals of Light from vision to reality:
“You must remember that I have not forgotten the Fêtes de la lumière, nor the enormous timed and colored plan of the moments of water and light that I accompanied with music. It was so large that I had to spread it out on the carpet in my drawing-room, and that I lay on the ground to read it — or even at night by boat on the Seine with the streams of water. The colorful projections that fell from the sky, the orchestras, and the martenot waves. 1937: It was a happy time; thank you for enabling me to live it.”
What have been the fortunes of Florent Schmitt’s Fêtes de la lumière since those distant-past days of 1937? We know that the piece was presented again by Eugène Bigot and the Lamoureaux Orchestra on March 19, 1938 — this time in a concert performance without the accompanying choreography of lights and water.
But I have been unable to find any evidence that the score has been performed publicly ever since — which is a shame because it is a substantial and highly worthy composition among Schmitt’s body of work. Unmistakably a product of the master, it delivers the widest possible range of emotions and atmospherics, along with endlessly interesting musical ideas.
The richness of Schmitt’s colorful orchestration, augmented by the fullness of the mixed chorus and the ecstatic solo voice passages, are remindful of other large-scale Schmitt creations, particularly Psaume XLVII, La Tragédie de Salomé, Salammbô and Oriane et la Prince d’Amour.
Indeed, one could argue that Fête de la lumière deserves a rightful pride of place alongside those lauded compositions.
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Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Roxb.) is an important allium crop in Korea. During winter of 2014-2015, typical symptoms of Sclerotinia stem rot were observed in commercial crops of Chinese chives ‘Green Belt’ in polyethylene tunnels in Iksan, Korea. Disease incidence ranged between 10 and 20%, causing considerable economic losses. Pure isolates made from symptomatic tissues were transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and consistently yielded abundant white mycelia developing sclerotia after two weeks. The pathogen was morphologically identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. A voucher specimen was deposited with the Korea University Herbarium (KUS-F28606). A representative isolate was deposited with the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC47723). Genomic DNA was extracted from mycelia and the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 558 bp was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. KJ614564). A BLASTn search revealed that the Korean isolate showed 100% identity with those of S. sclerotiorum (DQ329537, KF859932, KF859933, JN013184, etc.). Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating the lower stems of healthy Chinese chives ‘Green Belt’. Plants were kept in the greenhouse at 15 to 20°C and relative humidity > 90%. Symptom expression was evident after three days with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum consistently re-isolated from the symptomatic tissue, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. This is the first report of Sclerotinia stem rot on Chinese chives globally as well as in Korea. Our field observations suggest that low temperature, high humidity, poor ventilation and continuous cropping cyles in non-heated plastic tunnels accelerate the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot on Chinese chives. This crop is mostly grown with limited chemical control options; a Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) model for producing eco-friendly Chinese chives is currently under development.
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Dec. 29, 12:38 a.m. | Updated below |Electricity, including that generated by coal combustion, has been a boon for humanity. In fact, there’s much truth in the headline on Indur M. Goklany‘s new analysis for the anti-regulatory Cato Institute: “Humanity Unbound: How Fossil Fuels Saved Humanity from Nature and Nature from Humanity.” (I’ll post more on that paper soon, including an interview with Goklany.)
But that does not come close to justifying what you see on the home page of Peabody Energy, the largest coal company in the free world:
Just to the right of a ticker-style, real-time tally of tons of coal sold (about eight tons per second or so) is the message that the company is the* “global leader in clean energy solutions…” [Jan 2., 3:29 p.m. | Updated | A followup post is here.]
Pollution from coal burning, in the United States and particularly in developing countries, has big impacts on public health, and the climate impact from coal-generated carbon dioxide could be enormous if the world’s still-vast reserves are heavily exploited. We’ve been stuck on the coal rung of what Loren Eiseley called “the heat ladder” of energy history for too long.
I sent a site link and the video clip above to Nicholas Muller of Middlebury College and William D. Nordhaus and Robert O. Mendelsohn of Yale, authors of this influential 2011 paper in American Economics Review: “Environmental Accounting for Pollution in the United States Economy.” One of its many conclusions was that “coal-fired power plants have air pollution damages larger than their value added.”
As I put it in my note to them, “I find it hard to reconcile your calculation of coal’s big externalized costs with such a juxtaposition (coal sales and “clean energy” leadership):
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Promote Your Media Center!
Students use a webquest to use Research Process Model (RPM), and the information they gather to prove to everyone what a wonderful and helpful resource the Library/Media Center really is.
3 Views 21 Downloads
Simple Machines Make Things Go
Trying to plan a physical science unit on forces and motion? Make your work a little easier with this comprehensive collection of simple machines resources. Offering a wide variety worksheets, activities, and projects, these materials...
2nd - 5th Science CCSS: Adaptable
Goldilocks and the Library Media Center
Third graders explore the library media center using the characters and story of "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" by James Marshall. They discuss what rules Goldilocks would need to follow in the library, complete a sequence chain for...
3rd Technology & Engineering
Producing Multimedia Products in Grades 3-5
Pupils examine media elements such as text, digital cameras, scanners, sound, and video prior to producing projects and presentation. They design and produce a multimedia presentation based on a topic they research. They present their...
3rd - 5th English Language Arts
Mixed Media Messages: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Learners examine the process of recycling by creating a mock television commercial about recycling. In this recycling lesson, students watch an animated demonstration about recycling and answer content questions. Learners play an online...
3rd - 4th Science
Logo Design Basics: Your Name Here
Students become familiar with the fundamentals of graphic design to develop a logo. In this logo design lesson, students generate their own two logos using their own name and a personal hobby as inspiration. Students select their...
1st - 6th Visual & Performing Arts
EdTech Tuesdays: Student-Driven Apps & Social Media with Brad Wilson
You've heard of apps for students, but have you heard of an app made by students? Listen as 4th grade teacher and EdTech consultant Brad Wilson discusses a student-driven app of writing prompts called Things to Think About, as well as...
2 mins Pre-K - 12th English Language Arts CCSS: Adaptable
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Q4 Pupils Perform Exciting Science Experiments
Q4DH have been very busy learning about solids, liquids and gases. To begin with, the children had to find out how the particles are formed depending on which state of matter they belonged to. They investigated whether a solid can be a liquid at the same time by conducting a Non-Newtonian experiment.
Miss Howard says, “We had to mix lots of cornflour with water until it became a slime. When we touched the slime we expected it to splash everywhere, however the liquid gloop turned into a solid! We found out that this is because the particles act differently depending on how much force you apply to them. When we rested our fingers on the mixture they sank down, when we tilted the mixture it ran, but when we hit the mixture it was hard!”
The children also tested to see if their bodies are a good measure of temperature. They particularly enjoyed the experiment to see how long it would take for a chocolate button to melt on their tongue! And the results are in, if you don’t chew the yummy chocolate, it takes roughly 1.5 minutes for the particles to vibrate enough so that they melt.
Q4DH have lots more experiments to come and Miss Howard cannot wait to test another hypothesis!
Published on: 20th January 2017
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February 24, 2015 – Mission controllers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, today sent commands to unfurl the massive 20-foot-wide (6-meter) reflector antenna on NASA’s new Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) observatory which was launched atop a United Launch Alliance (ULA) Delta II rocket on January 31. The deployment of the mesh reflector antenna, which supports the collection of SMAP’s radar and radiometer instrument measurements in space, marks a key milestone in commissioning the satellite. SMAP will soon begin its three-year science mission to map global soil moisture and detect whether soils are frozen or thawed.
SMAP will help scientists understand the links in Earth’s water, energy and carbon cycles, help reduce uncertainties in predicting weather and climate, and enhance our ability to monitor and predict natural hazards such as floods and droughts.
Today, an onboard pyro was fired to open restraints on the furled antenna, which then sprang partially open through the force of stored energy. A motor then wound a cable to pull the reflector open to its full circular configuration. The total procedure took approximately 33 minutes.
Initial data indicate the antenna deployment went as planned. Mission managers are downloading onboard inertial measurement unit data and other telemetry to confirm the antenna successfully deployed. The assessment of this more detailed data and telemetry is expected to be completed later this week.
The reflector antenna and its boom, which holds the reflector in position and reduces deflections caused by the antenna as it spins, were designed and built by Astro Aerospace, a Northrop Grumman Corporation company located in Carpinteria, California, under subcontract to JPL.
In about a month, after additional tests and maneuvers to adjust the observatory to its final science orbit, the antenna will be spun up to nearly 15 revolutions per minute in a two-stage process. By rotating, the antenna will be able to measure a 620-mile (1,000-kilometer) swath of Earth below, allowing SMAP to map the globe every two to three days.
SMAP is managed for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington by the agency’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California, with instrument hardware and science contributions made by NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. JPL is responsible for project management, system engineering, radar instrumentation, mission operations and the ground data system. Goddard is responsible for the radiometer instrument. Both centers collaborate on science data processing and delivery to the Alaska Satellite Facility, in Fairbanks, and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, at the University of Colorado in Boulder, for public distribution and archiving. NASA’s Launch Services Program at the agency’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida is responsible for launch management. JPL is managed for NASA by the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
To view an animation of the reflector antenna unfurling, click here.
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Introduction to Information Technology
Contact Hours / Week:
Aims of Course:
This course presents an introductory survey of computer science. It explores the breadth of the subject while including enough depth to convey an honest appreciation for topics in machine architecture, software, data organization and abstraction, and artificial intelligence.
This course provides a breadth first coverage where students would acquire a holistic understanding of computing and an appreciation for technology’s impact on society. Topics include binary values and number systems; data representation; gates and circuits; computing components; problem solving and algorithm design; low-level and high-level programming languages; abstract data types and algorithms; operating systems; file systems and directories; information systems; artificial intelligence; simulation and other applications; computer networks; the world wide web; and limitations of computing.
The course is offered in 40 hours of lectures with individual exercises, project work and problem solving.
Course Learning Outcomes:
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able:
- To acquire a holistic understanding of computing and an appreciation for technology’s impact on society
- To understand binary values and number systems
- To recognize gates/circuits; computing components
- To gain knowledge of low-level and high-level programming languages in addition to abstract data types, algorithm, operating systems, artificial intelligence
- To get basic knowledge on computer networks and internet.
High Quality Education with Reasonable & Affordable Prices
Apply NOW and Benefit from Financial AID program
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Jim is a researcher at the University of California Santa Cruz. He can be contacted at kent@soe .ucsc.edu.
XML is an increasingly popular format for exchanging data. It handles optional fields and hierarchical data structures well, is readable by humans as well as computers, is portable across a wide variety of platforms, and it can even handle recursive data structures. In my own field of bioinformatics, XML has become almost as common as the venerable tab-separated file for exchanging information between databases. Still, integrating data from XML sources into our relational databases and our largely C code base sometimes seemed to involve more work than it should. Consequently, I was motivated to write the four toolsautoXml, AutoDtd, sqlToXml, and xmlToSqlpresented in this article. The complete source code for the programs and libraries is available electronically from DDJ (see www.ddj.com/code/) and from me (www.soe.ucsc.edu/~kent).
XML files contain structured data, and the C language, of course, can represent structured data as well. However, to get from the XML to C representations is not a simple task. At a minimum, you must write several lines of code for each field of each data structure. Converting the parent/child relationships from XML to C is especially problematic. Using stream-oriented parsers requires that your callback procedures maintain some sort of context stack so that the child can be linked into the parent. With tree-oriented parsers (such as DOM), the relationships are reflected in the parsed tree. Unfortunately, the whole tree must fit in memory, which is not possible with larger databases.
The autoXml program automates mapping between C and XML data structures. Its input is an XML document type definition (DTD), and it outputs the equivalent data structures in C. The code converts these structures to and from XML. The full tree can be loaded, or just subtrees corresponding to a particular tag and its children. The C structure can contain numeric as well as string fields.
AutoDtd creates a DTD from an example XML file. This comes in handy because not all XML files have a DTD (autoXml requires one). AutoDtd figures out whether elements are required or optional; are lists or nonempty lists; and whether the fields are integer, floating point, or string, just by examining the example file.
Another common task is saving data stored in a relational database in XML format. The sqlToXml tool produces descriptive and readable XML guided by a simple tree definition that describes the parent/child relationships within the database. Currently, sqlToXml only works with MySQL, but it shouldn't be too much trouble to adapt it to other relational databases.
Finally, xmlToSql converts an XML document into a reasonably normalized relational database. The output is a directory full of tab-separated files and SQL table creation statements, so it should work with any relational database. The normalized relational representation is typically an order of magnitude smaller than the XML representation of the data.
All four programs are built using the GCC compiler linking in with the jkweb.a library. The programs, which you can incorporate into commercial or open-source tools without licenses, are regularly built on Linux and Mac OS X, and should port with a minimum of effort to other UNIX-like platforms. You'll need to have MySQL installed to build the sqlToXml program.
The programs run from the command line and print a usage summary if run with no parameters. You can use stdin/stdout as filename parameters if you wish to use them as part of a pipeline.
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The HiRISE camera onboard MRO just took this phenomenal picture of one of the moons of Mars, Deimos:
That is so cool! Deimos is the smaller of the two moons, a lumpy ball 15 x 12 x 10 km in size (Phobos is 27 x 22 x 18). Deimos has incredibly weak gravity; its escape velocity is only about 20 km/hr, so you could throw a baseball right off into space, and biking without taking an unintentional EVA would be difficult.
There is also another picture showing Deimos from two slightly different angles (though the angle to the Sun had changed enough to provide a different lighting angle). The resolution is such that you can see features as small as 60 meters across, smaller than a football field.
You can see some small impact craters on its surface, and it also has lots of smooth areas. Those latter are probably covered in regolith, rocks ground into fine ground powder from eons of micrometeorite impacts (much like the surface of the our own Moon). As the HiRISE page points out, you can see subtle color differences, with areas around craters being lighter, and smoother areas redder in color. As material like that is exposed to ultraviolet light from the Sun, it undergoes photolysis -- having its chemical structure changed -- and it becomes redder. So you can get an idea of relative ages of the surface just by looking at the color! As you might expect, regions around craters are younger, and tend to be lighter in color.
The one exception is the crater to the right of the picture; it's possible that the regolith has flowed "downhill" even in the low gravity, covering the crater.
Pictures like these remind me that the solar system is not just a collection of lights in the sky; it's composed of worlds to explore. And the more we reach out and look, the more fascinating, beautiful, and exciting it becomes.
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Miss Ruth A. Galleher writes a good account
of the Mormon handcart expeditions in 1855, some of which
outfitted at Iowa City, in the Palimpsest, published by the State
Historical Society of Iowa. One of these expeditions left
Florence, Nebraska, August 18 of that year and passed beyond Fort
Laramie in September. It was overtaken by snow storms and many of
its number perished from cold and hunger before the main body
reached Salt Lake City in November. Most of the members were
immigrants from Europe. Men, women, and children pushed handcarts
and walked from the Missouri river to Salt Lake. Miss Galleher
says that the deaths in 1856 handcart columns led to acrimonious
correspondence between Mormon leaders and discontinuance of
Handcart Mormon expeditions were, however, still walking to Zion on the Nebraska City-Fort Kearny trail in the late sixties before the completion of the Union Pacific to the Salt Lake. There are persons living in Nebraska who remember these handcart and wheelbarrow companies.
MEMOIRS OF PETER JANSEN
Hon. Peter Jansen was born March 21, 1852, at
the town of the sea of Azof in southeastern of Berdjansk, on the
shore Russia. He came to Nebraska in 1874. He is still among us
and publishes a volume of 140 pages entitled "Memoirs of Peter
Jansen." The reader wishes the book were longer. It is one of a
number of books now being published by the pioneer of Nebraska,
each one telling the story of the early days in a personal, vivid,
interesting and truthful way.
Senator Jansen's sketch of his life has far more than the usual interest because it tells the story of the great "Mennonite migration" which filled vast areas of Nebraska prairies in Jefferson, Gage, Clay, Hamilton and York counties in the decade of 1870-80. It is time, even now, to do honor and give credit to those people in the settlement of our State. They brought to Nebraska a perfectly disciplined, religious, frugal hard working people. Almost without a single exception they made a success of their settlements and of each individual home in them.
How queer and clannish they appeared to the eyes of the original American stock. Boyhood recollections of the writer emphasize this. The Mennonite houses, built of sod with a huge brick stove nearly filling one of the rooms, burning straw for fuel and used as a general bedstead for the family on cold winter nights. The housing of live stock in a section of family home. The cut of the clothes. And all that.
The old American stock was inclined to scoff at the queer people from Russia, speaking German, sticking close together and finding in the old fashioned religion of their deEditor, nomination most of their culture as well as consolation. They certainly taught Nebraska some good lessons. First of all they brought Turkey red winter wheat from southeastern Russia. They brought that splendid hedge tree, fruit tree and bird shelter--the Russian mulberry. They brought steadiness and devotion and showed how homes could be made upon the high prairies of central Nebraska. They brought also deep, even if at times, irrational, belief and practice in peace doctrines for they were Quakers. They had left Prussia hundred years before to avoid military service. They had settled in southern Russia with solemn guaranty of exemption from that service. When the Czar broke the contract and began to marshal all his subjects for the great war preparation in Europe which followed, the Franco-Prussian war of 1870, these people left the fruitful farms they had made and came to Nebraska.
Looking back upon their almost fifty years of settlement in this state it can be said that they have proven themselves one of the most valuable of many valuable elements in
population. It is time for those of us having the old American
stock in our blood to say this now while some of the pioneer
Mennonites are still among us. It will be said by all, and
especially by the future Nebraska historians in a century from
Senator Peter Jansen has not only given the people of his time a book of current interest, but has made a document which will be valued by the historian of the future as one of the most important contributions to the history of pioneer Nebraska.
Many thanks for the copy of Dr. Koenig's
Study of Tuberculosis among the Nebraska Winnebago. The conditions
which she pictures are shocking, but not new. In many tribes they
have been noticed for years, though not described in detail as by
Dr. Koenig. Her paper is most interesting and it is useful to have
the matter again brought up now and in such form as to reach a new
The Indians are wholly ignorant of sanitation, of the communicability of tuberculosis, and of the dangers which follow the recent changes in mode of life. But perhaps the most fatal thing that the Indians have had to face is the absolute lack of an interest. In the old times the constant search for food, the excitements of the war path, the moving about from place to place, kept them interested and busy. These occupations have all disappeared; and where people are in receipt of some small income that will just support them, and so have no motive whatever for exertion, they are without any active interest in their lives.
What the outcome shall be of the difficulties the race is meeting, we cannot now tell; but to view the largely preventable suffering among many tribes of Indians, is discouraging and painful.
Dr. Koenig has done a useful piece of work in bringing together her observations about this particular tribe. I am especially glad that she has made inquiry into the use of peyote, and has published what she has learned. This testimony ought to be of some help in securing legislation by Congress against the transportation of this drug, the use of which I have always believed is enormously harmful.
I congratulate Dr. Koenig on her paper, and the Nebraska Historical Society on its energy in publishing this.
THE MORMON WINTER CAMP ON THE NIOBRARA.
In the October-December (1921) number of the
Nebraska History Magazine, I note the wish of Hon. George F.
Smith, of Waterbury, Dixon County, that a marker might be placed
somewhere on the Old Mormon Trail that passes from Florence to
Niobrara. As little seems to be known of the Mormons in this state
and why they should have selected the mouth of the Niobrara for
winter quarters on their way to their promised land, perhaps I am
in as good a position to reveal the facts as anybody.
The first white people, in any considerable number, to stop in the old L'Eau qui Court (Rapid river or Niobrara) county were the Mormons. The party comprised sixty-five families with one hundred and fifty wagons. It was the pioneer train to the land of promise, and it was at this point (or rather on the west bank of the Niobrara river opposite the town of Niobrara) that they spent the winter of 1846-7.
Until 1901 it was believed by the founders of Niobrara, because of the numerous graves found in that vicinity, that these Mormons had perished at the hands of the red men, and their coming and their going was shrouded in mystery. In June, 1901, Isaac and John Riddle, the former from Provo, Utah, the latter from Crete, Nebraska, visited Niobrara for the purpose of locating these landmarks and two mill burrs that had been left here by them in their departture (sic).
It was my good fortune to have an extended
interview with these Mormons. Isaac, at the time of the Mormon
camp here in 1847, was sixteen, and his return gave me an
opportunity to straighten out history, and it is hoped that
Captain North will, if he has not already done so, locate "Pawnee
Station," the first stop.
Mr. Riddle said that in their start from Kanesville, Iowa, in July 1846, they made the first wagon wheel mark up the Platte Valley. While in camp at Pawnee Station (presumably near Columbus or Genoa), where soldiers were stationed, they contracted with the government to harvest a crop of small grain and corn which had been put in by laborers, but who, becoming frightened by the Pawnees, had fled. While thus engaged in the close of the harvest a courier from Kanesville arrived with orders not to proceed farther, as it was feared they could not reach their destination before winter set in, and they should seek winter quarters.
It was found that prairie fires had devastated the country west of Laramie and thereabouts. A band of Ponca Indians chanced to be visiting the Pawnees at the time, who, upon inquiry, reported that excellent winter quarters could be found at the mouth of the Niobrara river, and they volunteered to pilot them. Mr. Riddle said that his party had with them a small cannon which much attracted their attention and he thought that this was one reason for their solicitation, since the Sioux always annoyed the Poncas.
The Ponca had truly led them into a country of verdure -- plenty of feed and timber and game. The young men of the party frequently accompanied the Indians in their winter hunts up the Niobrara Valley, The timber stretches were abundant with wild turkeys and the prairies alive with buffalo. "Where your town now stands," (Niobrara), said the aged patriarch,"there were Indian camps from the mouth of the Niobrara to Five Mile (Bazile) Creek."
During the winter of 1846-7 Newell Knight, a millwright, chiseled from granite boulders found in the neighboring hillsides, two mill-burrs, with which they had intended to grind their grain by horse-power.
Mr. Knight and sixteen others, principally women and children, succumbed to pneumonia. The mission of the Riddles was to locate these graves for Jesse Knight, the Utah capitalist, whose father's remains lie here, that an appropriate monument might be erected in memory of that winter's sojourn. The graves had become extinct, but ashes from fireplaces in the barracks were found.
In the spring of 1907 Jesse Knight, two daughters, and elder brother, the president of the Mormon University, and J. W. Townsend, of Crete, Nebraska, who also accompanied the Riddles in 1901, made final arrangements for the ground on which the present impressive granite shaft, surrounded by an iron fence, faces the public highway, telling its own, short story thus:
Who died during the hardships of our exodus from Nauvoo to Salt Lake City. "Blessed are they which are persecuted for righteousness sake; for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven."
Matt. V ch., 10 vs..
Others Who Died at Ponca in the Years 1846-7:Mr. Caval
In the spring of 1847 these Mormons were called back to Florence by Kanesville church heads, returning by the Bazile Valley and over to the Logan Valley. A new start was made the spring following. This route was selected, Mr. Riddle explained, because of the heavy rains and consequent impassable condition of the Platte Valley. By taking the old trail via Waterbury and the head of the Bazile, they were enabled to head the Elkhorn that they might reach Laramie. The main business, street of Creighton, Nebraska, is on the Old Mormon Trail.
EDWIN A. FRY.
These burrs were in existence when the first
permanent white settlers came to Niobrara and were used in a small
mill on the Red Bird, but no trace of them could be found when the
Riddles and the Knights were here, nor since. It was supposed that
the west channel that forms Niobrara Island Park had been used for
power, and to this day that channel is designated as "the Mormon
canal," but this was not the case, as these authorities advised me
when inquiry was made.
I think the following letter fully fits the
Mr. Roberts' statement that all of the bricks for the first university building were made in Nebraska City seems to be incorrect. "A Complete History" of Its (Lincoln's) Foundation and Growth____," by John H. Ames, printed in June 1870, hundred and forty thousand bricks are now on hand, and the brick-yard is furnished with one thousand cords of wood and two improved brick machines capable of moulding 28 000 bricks per day, with which brick may be made as fast as needed in the construction of the building. A sufficient amount of sand and lime is also on hand for the completion of the work, which is to be commenced on the walls during the present Week____." This statement by Mr. Ames deserves credence. Furthermore, under date of June 22, 1870, David Butler, governor; John Gillespie, auditor; and Thomas P. Kennard, secretary of state, as "Commissioners of Public Buildings of the State of Nebraska," certify the correctness of the history.
Thomas Malloy, a stonecutter from Chicago who was employed in the construction of the first capitol in Lincoln, in a short history of that enterprise referred incidentally to the construction of the university building, as follows: "In 1868 Mr. Robert Silvers got the contract of building the State University. The first thing he did was to start a brick yard. He
bought all the wood he could find in the country and had to
haul it with teams as there was no railroad in the country at that
The contract for the erection of the university building was dated August 19, 1869. D. J. Silver and Son were the contracting builders. The son, Robert D., was the actual builder. This scandalous agreement with David Butler, on the part of the state, was the gist of articles of the impeachment proceedings against the governor.
Mr. James Stuart Dales, who has been secretary of the board of regents of the university since December 1, 1875, says that some bricks, made in Nebraska City, were used for facing the walls of the building.
Dade City, Florida, March 23, 1922.
Mr. Albert Watkins,
Yours of the 20th instant received. It seems odd to be called upon to recite, as if it were ancient history, some facts that seem to me very recent. It may be true that I am getting old but where are the scores of younger men who knew as well as I or better all about the building of the first or Administration building of the State University. I arrived in Lincoln, February 20th, 1870, and on the 22nd there was an adjournment of the state legislature and all went out to view the site of the penitentiary which had just been located. It was a fine warm day and I and two friends were lying on the grass southwest of the capitol when we saw a cloud of dust and teams coming from the south. It was the legislators and citizens coming back from the Penitentiary site. They were in open lumber wagons mostly. (There was only one two-seated carriage in town at the time, that of Governor Butler), and all were engaged in a wild race whipping the horses and yelling like Comanches. That was my introduction to official Nebraska. But I am not answering your questions.
The brick for the University building came from Nebraska City. Part of them were on the ground when I came and the walls of the basement were more than half completed. The bricks were laid in that year 1870 and at that time no bricks bad been made at Lincoln except one or two small kilns burned by Luke Lavender. L. K. Holmes began burning brick in 1879 and that fall or the next spring Moore & Krone began burning brick. They had the contract for the High School building and burned their own brick. That was in 1872. I do not know who hauled the brick for the University or whether Nebraska City helped pay for hauling, but presume not. John Burks, if still alive, should know something about, the mat-
© 2000, 2001 for NEGenWeb Project by Ted & Carole Miller
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You might be shocked to learn that one of the leading causes of preventable death is something many people have never heard of — and often don’t know they have. One in four people worldwide is dying from conditions caused by thrombosis, i.e., the formation of blood clots in a blood vessel, making it a leading global cause of death and disability. When a blood clot forms in an artery or vein, it can lead to heart attack, stroke, or a life-threatening clot in the lungs (i.e., venous thromboembolism or VTE). Quoted as a major health problem and one of the most common preventable causes of hospital deaths in the western world, VTE has rarely evoked such consideration in India.
It is a popular misconception that VTE incidence in Asian populations, including India, is lower than in western populations, but recent studies have proven otherwise. The incidence of VTE in India is highly underestimated. Anyone can be susceptible to deep-vein thrombosis (DVT), which is the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most often in the leg. Even otherwise healthy people can suffer from DVT after being immobile over a period of time, merely spanning a few weeks. Certain categories of patients are at higher risk, namely those recovering from a surgery or being hospitalized for a major medical illness for a long period.
According to Dr Abhay Bhave, Haematologist, Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, “Thrombosis is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and Indians have the same risk of incurring thrombosis as any other patient group. In fact, while our risk is high, our interventions to prevent this highly preventable condition are inadequate. As a ballpark estimate, clinical experience shows that at least 9 per cent of hospitalised patients die from conditions caused by lung thrombosis in India, especially in the younger population. Though many times asymptomatic and hence a challenge to diagnose, the seriousness of thrombosis is underappreciated. Hence, it is necessary to educate people about the risk factors, signs, and symptoms of thrombosis to encourage patient ownership. In my experience, 10-15 per cent of VTE cases occur during or within 90 days of hospitalisation, especially in the ICU as well as in tertiary care centres. But this figure could be higher in hospitals where there are no standard DVT prevention protocols in place. Unfortunately, we do not have a registry to report the same.”
He also added, “There is a small risk of recurrent pregnancy losses in some women, who may have a tendency to clot such that pregnancy does not progress, resulting in miscarriage. Such women need to be identified through blood tests and given blood thinner medication to better the outcome and take the pregnancy to term. Some women have their first thrombosis after they take estrogen-containing medications such as birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, due to an underlying clotting tendency known as thrombophilia.”
Plus, a family history of thrombosis or certain genetic factors can also increase a person’s risk of developing blood clots. Sedentary lifestyle, stress, long-duration travel, obesity, immobility and older age also add to the formation of blood clots.
The International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) is celebrating the sixth anniversary of a global movement called World Thrombosis Day on October 13that increases awareness of this often-overlooked condition and now is reaching billions of people around the world each year. Here are some key facts that you need to know about thrombosis:
- Thrombosis is the formation of potentially deadly blood clots in an artery (arterial thrombosis) or vein (venous thrombosis).
- Many times, the condition can be ‘silent’ and is hence a challenge to diagnose
- When a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the leg, it is known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
- If a blood clot travels in the circulation and lodges in the lungs, it is known as a pulmonary embolism (PE).
- Together, DVT and PE are known as venous thromboembolism (VTE), a sudden, dangerous and potentially life-threatening medical condition. DVT + PE = VTE.
- A blood clot that forms as a result of atrial fibrillation (AFib) is an example of arterial thromboembolism. If that clot breaks free, it can travel in the circulation and lodge in an artery in the brain and cause a stroke.
- Any patient admitted to the hospital with a family history of clotting tendency must inform the doctor, so that prevention measures can be taken.DVT/PE (VTE) is the best example of the adage that prevention is better than cure!
- Despite prevention, thrombosis may still occur in 10-15 per cent of cases, in patients who have a strong tendency to a clot that defies standard prevention methods.
- Sometimes DVT is the front runner to a cancerous change, especially in older patients and your doctor may perform tests to check for this.
- Patients undergoing certain surgeries such as a caesarian section, complicated surgeries of the abdomen and hip surgeries can develop clots post-procedure. Such patients should be particularly watchful for symptoms.
During a hospital stay, which can elevate risk simply by reducing physical activity and blood flow, all patients and/or their caregivers should remember to advocate for thrombosis prevention measures. People who are undergoing surgery or cancer treatment should know they are at even higher risk. Commenting on this, Dr Bhave said, “Hospital related thrombosis can be reduced by careful risk stratification at the time of admission and thereafter every day till the patient is in the hospital. It is important that every hospital has a specialized team and policies in place on how to prevent, detect and treat VTE if it occurs. Appropriate DVT prophylaxis (a prevention protocol) and close observation of patients while admitted in the hospital also helps prevent DVT/VTE.”
If you are at elevated thrombosis risk, it is especially important to know the signs and symptoms of the condition so you can seek medical attention as soon as possible. Symptoms of a DVT include one-sided limb pain or tenderness, swelling, redness, discolouration or warmth either in your calf, thigh or arm. People with PE often experience shortness of breath, rapid breathing, chest pain (which may be worse with deep breaths), rapid heart rate and light-headedness and/or passing out. A severe headache and persistent vomiting despite therapy could indicate DVT in the blood vessels of the brain. If you experience any of these symptoms, seek medical attention immediately.
Through such awareness campaigns, come let’s save our near and dear ones and make a difference to the community!
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Lining up students! How do you manage? How do your students manage?
When you are taking your students to specialists or to different areas of the playground do they start in a line and end up all over the place?
Do you find yourself ‘growling’ and becoming frustrated with the line up process?
When do you need students to line up and what’s the purpose?
Here are some ideas.
Students are in a line but as you move off the line usually disintegrates and they end up like ‘browns cows’, all going in the right direction but making their own path.
Tell your students you are going from Point A to Point B like ‘Browns Cows’.
Discuss with students the way cows walk to the dairy to be milked. Google a few photos to show.
Explain there is no set leader, you all wander and walk together as a group to where ever you are going.
This eliminates the ‘jostling’ to be the leader or second in line or partner problems. ‘I haven’t got a partner or no one will be my partner!’
This issue often bobs up with younger students
You walk along at the back. There is generally no need for you to lead, they know where they are going if you are moving about in the school environment.
Lining up to leave the classroom? Rather than line up tell your students to ‘dangle about at the door’.
When I first told students to ‘dangle about’ at the door they looked at me with a quizzical look on their faces but quickly understood what I meant.
They ‘get it’ and again this stops the ‘I am the leader’, ‘I was here first’, the pushing and shoving that can occur.
I watched a group of young students line up. The teacher had a ‘Leaders for the Week’ list written up and students still argued, pushed and shoved. It was not creating leaders. The leader thought that being the leader gave them the right to shout at and push others. If you were not ‘the leader’ you became a lesser person – you’re not the leader, I am!
Yes, there are times students need to line up – getting on the bus, on an excursion, checking numbers and there are also times when they can ‘dangle about’!
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Investigating the landscape of Arroyo Seco—Decoding the past—A teaching guide to climate-controlled landscape evolution in a tectonically active region
- Document: Report (27.0 MB pdf)
- Version History: Version History (4.0 kB txt)
- Download citation as: RIS | Dublin Core
Arroyo Seco is a river that flows eastward out of the Santa Lucia Range in Monterey County, California. The Santa Lucia Range is considered part of the central California Coast Range. Arroyo Seco flows out of the Santa Lucia Range into the Salinas River valley, near the town of Greenfield, where it joins the Salinas River. The Salinas River flows north into Monterey Bay about 40 miles from where it merges with Arroyo Seco. In the mountain range, Arroyo Seco has cut or eroded a broad and deep valley. This valley preserves a geologic story in the landscape that is influenced by both fault-controlled mountain building (tectonics) and sea level fluctuations (regional climate).
Broad flat surfaces called river terraces, once eroded by Arroyo Seco, can be observed along the modern drainage. In the valley, terraces are also preserved like climbing stairs up to 1,800 feet above Arroyo Seco today. These terraces mark where Arroyo Seco once flowed.The terraces were formed by the river because no matter how high they are, the terraces are covered by gravel deposits exactly like those that can be observed in the river today. The Santa Lucia Range, Arroyo Seco, and the Salinas River valley must have looked very different when the highest and oldest terraces were forming. The Santa Lucia Range may have been lower, the Arroyo Seco may have been steeper and wider, and the Salinas River valley may have been much smaller.
Arroyo Seco, like all rivers, is always changing. Some-times rivers flow very straight, and sometimes they are curvy. Sometimes rivers are cutting down or eroding the landscape, and sometimes they are not eroding but depositing material. Sometimes rivers are neither eroding nor transporting material. The influences that change the behavior of Arroyo Seco are mountain uplift caused by fault moment and sea level changes driven by regional climate change. When a stream is affected by one or both of these influences, the stream accommodates the change by eroding, depositing, and (or) changing its shape.
In the vicinity of Arroyo Seco, the geologically young faulting history is relatively well understood. Geologists have some sense of the most recent faulting event and of the faulting in the recent geologic past. The timing of regional climate changes is also well accepted. In this area, warm climate cycles tend to cause the sea level to rise, and cool climate cycles tend to cause the sea level to fall. If we understand the way the terraces form and their ages in Arroyo Seco, we can draw conclusions about whether faulting and (or) climate contributed to their formation.
This publication serves as a descriptive companion to the formal geologic map of Arroyo Seco (Taylor and Sweetkind, 2014) and is intended for use by nonscientists and students. Included is a discussion of the processes that controlled the evolution of the drainage and the formation of the terraces in Arroyo Seco. The reader is guided to well-exposed landscape features in an easily accessible environment that will help nonscientists gain an understanding of how features on a geologic map are interpreted in terms of earth processes.
Taylor, E.M., Sweetkind, D.S., and Havens, J.C., 2017, Investigating the landscape of Arroyo Seco—Decoding the past—A teaching guide to climate-controlled landscape evolution in a tectonically active region: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1425, 44 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/c1425.
ISSN: 2330-5703 (online)
ISSN: 1067-084X (print)
Table of Contents
- Physical and Geologic Setting of Arroyo Seco
- Strath Terraces in Arroyo Seco
- Alluvial Fans and the Salinas River Valley
- Landscape Evolution Resulting from Changes in Global Climate and the Effects of Active Tectonics
- Road Log Map
- Selected References
- Glossary of Geologic Terms
|Publication Subtype||USGS Numbered Series|
|Title||Investigating the landscape of Arroyo Seco—Decoding the past—A teaching guide to climate-controlled landscape evolution in a tectonically active region|
|Edition||Version 1.0: Originally posted May 19, 2017; Version 1.1: September 15, 2017|
|Publisher||U.S. Geological Survey|
|Publisher location||Reston, VA|
|Contributing office(s)||Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center|
|Description||v, 45 p|
|Other Geospatial||Arroyo Seco|
|Online Only (Y/N)||N|
|Google Analytic Metrics||Metrics page|
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“* Norah Head Lighthouse *
by Carolyn Connolly.
Established in 1903, and still in operation today, is the Norah Head Lighthouse on the Central Coast of NSW, Australia...
"...It was the last of the lighthouses built in the style of James Barnet... It is not known whether Barnet or his successor C W Darley who built the tower designed it. The tower is a precast concrete block structure where the blocks were cast on the ground and raised into place... The cost of the tower and cottages was nearly £19,000 and the cost of the optical apparatus was £5,000. The light was upgraded in 1923 to a Ford-Schmidt kerosene burner that increased its brilliance from 438,000 to 700,000 candlepower. In 1961 it was converted to mains electricity and the power increased to 1,000,000 candlepower. It is not known when the tower was automated and de-manned."
Captured at dusk, in late winter, on the 11th of August 2007...
Category: ~ Travel & Place ~
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The executive branch controls foreign policy in Argentina. It is composed of six secretaries, 10 ministers, a ministerial chief, and one military liaison; all appointed by the President. While citizens have the right to propose legislation through their provincial representatives, the legislature does not have the right to decide issues related to foreign policy or international treaties. The president has the power to name and remove ministers, ambassadors and consular officers, sign international treaties, and regulate foreign trade through commercial agreements. The president is also commander-in-chief of the armed forces but must consult with the Senate and military high command before deploying military forces.
The current President of Argentina is Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (b.1953), the wife of former president Néstor Kirchner. She is a lawyer and longtime member of the Peronist (PJ) party, before becoming President she was a national senator between 1995 and 1997. Fernández was then elected to the national Chamber of Deputies between 1997 and 2001 and in 2001 was reelected to the national senate where she served until her appointment as president for the period 2007 – 2011.
The foreign policy decision making process involves a complex mixture of internal and external variables. Given the 2001 economic collapse that bankrupt the country, forced over 58 percent of the population into poverty, and led to the overthrow of successive interim presidents, Argentinean politicians are very sensitive to public opinion. This historical context is relevant to the decision making process because it places an unusually high value on public opinion in the arena of foreign policy.
Public opinion is generated through a number of social organizations, provincial governors, government officials, and the media all play an important role in shaping the discourse and conditions that affect general opinion. Labor syndicates like the Confederación General de Trabajo (CGT) and the Movimiento de Trabajadores Argentinos (MTA) play an important role in grass roots mobilizations. Another important factor in the creation of public opinion is the piqueteros. The piqueteros are community groups that take part in social protests, usually in the form of road blocks, to demand better social conditions from the government. The key difference between the syndicates and the piqueteros is that the piqueteros are usually groups or communities of unemployed persons who are more prone to use violence as a means of social protest. However, it is not uncommon for the groups to mix or even take part in the same protests.
By Nathan Gill – Southern Affairs
Painting by Shee, “Le passage et le passion”
Argentina Foreign Ministry Website. World Bank. Argentina – Crisis and Poverty 2003: A Poverty Assessment. vol. 1: Main Report, no. 26127-AR. 24 July 2003: 3. 4 Nov. 2006. Clarín. Piqueteros: La Cara Oculta del fenómeno. 2002 Accessed 26 Oct. 2006. Clarín. Piqueteros: La Cara Oculta del fenómeno. 2002 Accessed 26 Oct. 2006.
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Guest post by Joan Hawkins, Associate Professor of Cinema and Media Studies at Indiana University.
Now it’s for me to live out what there’s left to me,
And I will not look back now, for neither memory
Nor magic will protect me from these omens in the sky.
— Miklós Radnóti, 1944
In 1944, just a year before the end of World War II, Adolf Hitler summoned the puppet fascist government of Hungary to Schloss Klesshelm in Salzburg. The Führer had demanded to see the Hungarian officials so that he could personally express his displeasure over their handling of “the Jewish question.” Jews had been “sheltered” in Hungary, Hitler said. They had been mistreated, removed to ghettos, murdered and beaten, forced to wear the yellow star, and — of course — removed from any position of influence or authority. They barely had enough to eat. But they had not been transported out of the country. And Hitler was furious that “de-Jewification” had not taken place.
On April 16, 1944, the first day of Passover, while Hitler berated Hungarian officials in Austria, Magyar police and the Occupying German Army raided Hungarian synagogues and put as many Jews as they could find in sealed train cars. Some 437,000 Hungarian Jews were transported in these cars, most of them to Auschwitz. An additional 36,000 Jews were deported from the Nagyvárad ghetto.
One of the deportees was the poet Miklós Radnóti.
His wife Fanni Gyarmati Miklósne Radnóti was not taken. Hiding under an assumed name, she remained in Hungary and spent the next two years frantically searching for news of her husband. When the war ended, she heard that some Jewish men, possibly her husband, had been sent to the notorious Bor forced labor camp in Serbia, and had been subsequently sent on a march that left thousands dead. She’d also heard that her husband’s stepmother and sister had died in Auschwitz. She was frantic.
Like so many, Fifi — as Fanni’s beloved husband called her — had hoped against hope that her husband would return to Budapest after the liberation of the camps. In 1945 and 1946, she and her friends looked for him everywhere, even Russian Prisoner of War camps. Friends feared for her health and for her sanity. But she was determined to find him, to save him if she could and, if she couldn’t, to find the notebook she knew he would have on his person. Then on August 1, 1946, an announcement of a newly discovered mass grave, containing the bodies of 22 Jewish labor servicemen apparently shot to death on the Bor March, appeared in Budapest’s weekly Jewish newspaper. It listed the names of most of the victims, calling on surviving family members to claim the bodies. Twelfth on the list: Miklós Radnóti. Fifi and Radnóti’s friends traveled to the funeral in Györ, Hungary. Two weeks later, the remains of the poet were reburied in Budapest, but not before his widow searched his body and found his notebook. That notebook, now called The Bor Notebook, provided some of the most powerful poetry of the Holocaust, what the Jewish people call the Shoah, the Destruction. It also cemented Radnóti’s legacy and reputation as one of Hungary’s greatest poets, and in fact one of the greatest poets of the Western World.
Hugo Perez’s 2007 film Neither Memory Nor Magic is a cinematic treatment of that notebook. Found in the front pocket of Radnóti’s overcoat, the notebook was soaked in bodily fluids when Fifi pried it loose. Laid out to dry in the sunlight, it later revealed poems, carefully handwritten on lined pages during the last six months of Radnóti’s life. Poems about slave labor in the Bor camp, and of the grueling three-month forced march from Serbia to the Moroccan province of Abda, where Radnóti was killed. But most amazingly, it also contained love poems addressed to his wife, and lyric stanzas celebrating the natural beauty of the places he moved through, revealingly a soaring spirit that even the Holocaust could not completely obliterate.
Radnóti’s poems serve as the backbone of Perez’s film and in that sense Neither Memory Nor Magic is not a conventional documentary of the events, so much as a reading and lyrical transcription of the poems Radnóti wrote as an act of defiance and humanity. The film is at once a love story, an examination of Radnóti’s patriotism, and a sobering view of the Hungarian Holocaust. The startlingly original poems are read in English translation and, movingly, in Hungarian. There are documentary moments. Perez traveled to Hungary and Serbia to visit the sites where Radnóti spent his final months, and some of the narration is harrowing. But the film soars in its attempt to find a cinematic language equivalent to the poetry. In one memorable section, still images are used to create a spectral three-dimensional environment, while “The Seventh Eclogue,” a poem addressed to Fifi, is read. “I sit up awake with the lingering taste of a cigarette butt in my mouth instead of your kiss, and I get no merciful sleep, for neither can I live nor can I die without you, my love, any longer.”
When I spoke to Perez recently about the IU Cinema’s scheduled screening of Neither Memory Nor Magic, he said, “It’s very important to show the film now.” Citing the over 166 anti-Semitic attacks that took place in New York last year, the filmmaker just sighed and said, “We have to remember.”
On October 27, IU Cinema will host a virtual film screening of Neither Memory Nor Magic with an introduction and interactive Q&A with writer/director Hugo Perez. Then, on October 30, join us again for Perez’s Jorgensen Program, which will take the form of a virtual conversation and interactive Q&A. Both events will be moderated by Joan Hawkins and comprise the series Hugo Perez: All That Still Matters at All.
This series is part of a Creative Collaboration between IU Cinema, The Writers Guild at Bloomington, the Center for Documentary Research and Practice, Borns Jewish Studies Program, The Media School, Hungarian Cultural Association, The Ryder, and at least seven academic units on campus.
An earlier version of this piece appeared in the March 2020 edition of The Ryder Magazine.
Joan Hawkins is an Associate Professor of Cinema and Media Studies at IU and the Chair of the Writers Guild at Bloomington. She learned of her own Hungarian heritage and the wartime arrest of her great-uncle on her 30th birthday, when her mother thought she was finally old enough to know. Her most recent publication is William S. Burroughs Cutting Up the Century, co-edited with Alex Wermer-Colan (IU Press 2019). She is currently co-editing two anthologies on 1968, and regularly teaches courses on fascism and cinema.
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On May 13, Holocaust survivor Marion Lazan presented sixth-graders at Ray Middle School with a first-hand account of the Holocaust.
Lazan arrived in the United States in 1948 at the age of 13 after surviving Nazi concentration camps including Bergen-Belsen in Germany. During her presentation she recounted the ordeal of life in the camps. She told the sixth-graders her story is "the story Anne Frank would have told had she survived."
Lazan stressed to the students the importance of having hope regardless of the adversity they may face. She believes this hope is what enabled her and her family to endure and survive their ordeal. She also urged students to exercise tolerance and respect for others and to share the facts of the Holocaust with future generations so that this period of history will never be repeated.
Lazan gave a second presentation in the evening for the public at Baker High School. Both of her presentations were sponsored by Ray Middle School's PTA.
Lazan is the author of "Four Perfect Pebbles," her written account of the Holocaust. About one million people in 31 states and in Germany and Israel have heard her inspiring story. This is the fifth year Lazan has given her presentation to the students of Ray Middle School.
Marion Lazan shares her story of life in Nazi concentration camps with students at Ray Middle School.
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Fresh Insights: How Does Acupuncture Work?
A growing body of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) continues to prove that the millennia-old practice of acupuncture can be an effective treatment for numerous conditions and illnesses. Because of a burgeoning interest in acupuncture research among some of the world’s top medical research centers such as Stanford, Harvard, UCSF, etc, it has become known that acupuncture does work. The question, however, remains how?
Acupuncture has been shown to create various physiological and biological changes in the body on numerous levels simultaneously, therefore, mapping out its systemic effect on the mind-body is quite a complex process. It is a common belief that the concept of energetic channels within the body (meridians), which convey and transport subtle bodily mechanisms thoughout was developed thousands of years ago by sages and ascetics who could feel these subtle processes within their own bodies.
Acupuncture points, in general, were considered way stations along these energetic highways (meridians) where Qi or energy congregated or pooled in larger quantity in relation to other places along the meridians (places along the meridians where no points were designated). Generally-speaking, these places where Qi tends to pool along a meridian (acu-points) are considered more therapeutic than non-Qi-pooling places.
In my humble opinion, modern science is not yet quite sophisticated enough to detect the subtle systemic changes toward health and homeostasis that acupuncture can produce. To really map out all of the changes produced by one acupuncture session, for instance, modern science would need to invent a machine that can somehow monitor physiological and biological changes within the body for an extended period of time. A diagnostic device like this- if ever produced- might look like a wear-able functional MRI (fMRI) machine that also can monitor subtle biological and physiological changes such as changes in inflammation levels, hormone and endorphin levels, immune response, etc.
Mapping these physiological changes has started to happen to an extent with Dr. Sean Mackey’s work at Stanford University, using functional MRI (fMRI) machines in conjunction with acupuncture. However, despite illuminating the fact that physiological and brain activity in the body does occur with the insertion of acupuncture needles, even this type of research does not clearly display how acupuncture works in a simplified way. This is, in my opinion, the conundrum. It is, seemingly, still too complex to map out as acupuncture creates changes on multiple levels simultaneously.
Despite this complexity, when patients, friends or colleagues ask, I do still often try to explain some of the ways in which acupuncture can effect change within the mind-body continuum. There are a number of modern theories that explain ways in which acupuncture is thought to effect positive change towards health in humans and animals (vertebrates).
To explain this, I’ve found a helpful article by Netherlands-based acupuncturist, Johanna Biemans, which can be found online here: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-5-theories-explained-how-acupuncture-works-johanna-biemans/
The following is from acupuncturist Johanna Biemans’ article, ‘Top 5 Theories That Explained How Acupuncture Works‘:
1. Endogenous endorphin release
The all time number one when it comes to explaining how acupuncture could influence our bodies is the triggering of the endogenous endorphin release. Endorphins are our bodies own painkillers and are produced in the midbrain. Bruce Pomeranz was the first to describe the relation between acupuncture and the painstilling effect due to endorphin release. He specifically draw attention to the delay time of 20 min. between stimulation and the onset of the analgesic effect. The time necessary for processing the endorphin from the precursor pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). The endorphins involved are most likely beta-endorphin.
2. Triggerpoint deactivation
A definite second place belongs to the popular triggerpoint theory (our bodies expression of pain by hypersensitive knots in striated muscles). Unlike the endorphin theory, this theory has caused a lot of debate amongst acupuncturists and the so called dry needling therapists about ownership. Basically acupuncturists are familiar with treating painspots or “Ashi”points as it is defined in the original theory. Deactivation of myofascial triggerpoints resolves stifness and pain. This can be achieved by specific needling techniques.
3. Modulation of nerve activity
In third place I chose neuromodulation: acting upon nerves to alter nerve activity. Neuromodulation is a fast growing field and when we consider the therapeutic impact that came along with it. this theory deserves a place in the Top 5. Some of the modalities are originated or closely related to acupuncture. The explanation holds that needling in the close surroundings of mostly peripheral nerves, effects can be evoked at a spinal or supraspinal level. This antidromic stimulation presumably has a modulating effect through a segmental way on organs or body functions. The most known are stimulation of n.medianus in cases of PONV ( Postoperative Nausea and vomiting) and n. tibialis posterior stimulation (PTNS) in the treatment of pelvic disorders. Discussion continues about the frequencies, intensities and duration of stimulation. Because manual needling requires a very precise craft these kind of stimulations are mostly performed with electrical devices: electroacupuncture. Very, very speculative but worth mentioning is the riddle of “Bagdad’s Batteries”. On a site near Bagdad Archeologists found battery like objects. And in close surroundings some needle like objects. One theory states that they might have been used for electrostimulation according to acupuncture principles.
4. Counterstimulation at spinal level
From the fourth place on choosing becomes harder. If I take into account: “times cited in literature” I guess counteracting deserves a place in the Top 5. Many times in a negative connotation though. Acupuncture is no more than counterstimulation. Counterstimulation is based on the wellknown gate control theory of Melzack and Wall. Different stimuli from the periphery can inhibit each other at spinal level and thus painful stimuli can be suppressed.
5. Increase of blood flow.
At fifth place I firstly selected ‘balancing the autonomous nerve system” which is frequently quoted. But then I realised that this mode of action comes very close to the ones (3 en 4) mentioned above. And merely is a different angle of referring to similar mechanisms. I considered influencing ‘hormonal balance’ or ‘immune functions’. Then of course I came up with the mostly local effect of increasing the blood flow. The puncturing of soft tissues and muscles brings forward a production of adenosine which binds to the ephitelium of bloodvessels and induces the release of nitrooxygen which causes a vasodilatation of the bloodvessel. It’s usage preferred in local ischaemic conditions.
The most close explanation of acupuncture is likely a combination of mechanisms plus the missing link that is expressed in it’s original concepts.
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The settlement of Crow Wing, which began in 1839, had a history of about forty years. From 1839 to 1844, it was primarily a fur trading post where William Aitkin traded merchandise to the Indians for furs. He also employed quite a number of French Canadian and mixed bloods (French Canadian and Indian) who acted as voyageurs by traveling up surrounding lakes rivers, and streams to trade on his behalf with the natives.
In 1845, the East Woods Trail was opened from Pembina in the Red River Valley to St. Paul. Crow Wing then became a favorite stopping place for the long caravans of ox cart teams that travel led south each summer hauling buffalo hides, furs and pemmican and afterwards returned north laden with food staples, manufactured goods, liquor, guns, and ammunition.
With the signing of the Fond du Lac and Leech Lake treaties in 1847, Ojibwa), lands north of the Crow Wing, Long Prairie, and Lea+ Rivers were opened for lumbering. Franklin Steele of St. Anthony, negotiated an agreement with Chief Hole-in-the-Day II, whereby his representative, David Stanchfield, was allowed to cut logs at .50 per tree. Logging at Crow Wing began in November 1847. The first log drive down the Mississippi to St. Anthony took place on March 1, 1848. The advent of lumbering brought in more French Canadians from Quebec, New Brunswick, Maine, Vermont, Wisconsin, and Michigan.
Lumbering and the fur trade were the two main industries at Crow Wing for the next twelve years. By 1860, Crow Wing had a population of over two hundred and was ranked as the largest inhabited place north of St. Paul. This expansion ended in 1861 when the Civil War began. The Sioux outbreak of 1862, and the Ojibway troubles of the same year, frightened people so that even after the Civil War ended in 1865, few were interested in coming here.
The removal of the Ojibway Indians from Crow Wing, Gull River, and Gull Lake and North Long Lake to White Earth Reservation in 1868, was disheartening. The fur trade was now over but the citizens of Crow Wing hoped that the newly chartered Northern Pacific Railroad would be built to their town and provide more employment and growth. Unfortunately for them, the Northern Pacific decided to run its line where a new town called Brainerd was built in 1870-71. Brainerd became the county seat in 1872 and many of the businesses at Crow Wing moved there. Residents too began moving elsewhere during 1873-74. Some went to Brainerd, many of the French Canadians to Little Falls, while most of the mixed bloods joined their relatives at White Earth. By 1879-80, old Crow Wing was almost a deserted ghost town.
In the census of 1850, for Crow Wing, we find the following names denoting French Canadian heritage or French Canadian-Ojibway heritage: P. A. Moran Lumberman New Brunswick Joseph Teasroux Clerk Missouri Joseph Couverette Laborer Minnesota Eustace Jourdain Laborer Minnesota Clement Beaulieu Trader Wisconsin Antoine Bisson Laborer Quebec Antoine Benoit Laborer Quebec Jacques Currier Laborer Quebec Joseph Beaulieu Interpreter Wisconsin Augustin Bellanger Voyageur Minnesota Joseph Bellanger Voyageur Minnesota Charles Charette Laborer Minnesota Joseph Contois Voyageur Minnesota Joseph Montreuil Laborer Minnesota The 1850 census for St. Columbia, East Gull Lake, has one name: Baptiste La Salle Lumbering Wisconsin The 1860 census for Crow Wing contains the following names denoting French, French Canadian or French Canadian-Ojibway heritage: Clement Beaulieu Merchant Wisconsin Henry Beaulieu Voyageur Wisconsin Jacques Currier Servant Quebec Cyrillo Dunard Servant Quebec Mary Colombe Servant Minnesota Joseph Dagol Blacksmith Quebec Narcisse Gravelle Carpenter Quebec Cyrillo Beaudette Wagon Maker Ontario John Fumadi Sailor France? A. L. Crapotte Merchant New York Joseph Teasroux Merchant Missouri Francois Thibaud Teamster Quebec Joseph Laporte Laborer Quebec Charles La Rue Saloon New York Michael Contois Voyageur Minnesota Jonah Contois Voyageur Minnesota Louis Mayrand Saloon Quebec Eli Berthniaud Laborer Quebec Moses Dupuis Laborer Quebec Jules Le Duc Shingle Maker Quebec Andrew Dufort Carpenter Quebec Laurent Darupt Blacksmith France? Joseph Tescely Carpenter Ontario Peter Roy Merchant Minnesota Lxdia Choumard Servant Quebec Gideon Le Sage Store Clerk Quebec Peter Lecotte Teamster Quebec Antoine Bourgeious Teamster Quebec The 1860 census for South Long Lake had these names: Joseph Brunette Lumbering Minnesota Louis Brunette Lumbering Minnesota Francois Brunette Lumbering Minnesota Antoine Ragoff Lumbering Michigan The 1860 census for St. Columbia, East Gull Lake had these names: Alexis Roy Laborer Minnesota Joseph Charette Laborer Minnesota The 1870 census for Crow Wing has the following names denoting French Canadian or French Canadian Ojibway heritage: Clement Beaulieu Farmer Wisconsin Henry Beaulieu Laborer Wisconsin Jacques Currier Servant Quebec Susette Jourdain Servant Minnesota Josette Charboullier Widow Michigan Francoise Bellecourt Widow Minnesota Elizabeth Charette Widow Minnesota Louis Charette Laborer Minnesota Cyrillo Beaudette Wagon Maker Ontario Francois Thibaud Laborer Quebec Antoine Bourgeious Teamster Quebec John Bishop Hotel Owner New Brunswick Charles Pardee Grocer Quebec Charles Gravelle Carpenter Quebec Nazair Moran Ferryman Quebec Alan St. Antoine Laborer Quebec John Dufort Laborer Wisconsin
|<http://www.rootsweb.com/~mncrowwi/ofc.html>||Nov 24, 2002|
MnGenWeb - Crow Wing County - Our French Canadians (1850-1870)|
Home Page | About This Site | Site Feedback
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The Cassini spacecraft catches Saturn's moon Daphnis making waves and casting shadows from the narrow Keeler Gap of the planet's A ring in this view taken around the time of Saturn's August 2009 equinox.
Daphnis (8 kilometers, or 5 miles across) is almost invisible in this view, but the shadows cast on the wide A ring can be seen below the center of the image. The Enke Gap of the A ring, which is wider than the Keeler Gap, is on the right. Saturn's thin F ring is on the left of the view. See PIA11629 for a similar, closer view.
More than a dozen background stars are visible in this image.
Daphnis has an inclined orbit and its gravitational pull perturbs the orbits of the particles of the A ring forming the Keeler Gap's edge and sculpts the edge into waves having both horizontal (radial) and out-of-plane components. Material on the inner edge of the gap orbits faster than the moon so that the waves there lead the moon in its orbit. Material on the outer edge moves slower than the moon, so waves there trail the moon. See PIA11656 to learn more about this process.
The novel illumination geometry that accompanies equinox lowers the sun's angle to the ringplane, significantly darkens the rings, and causes out-of-plane structures to look anomalously bright and cast shadows across the rings. These scenes are possible only during the few months before and after Saturn's equinox which occurs only once in about 15 Earth years. Before and after equinox, Cassini's cameras have spotted not only the predictable shadows of some of Saturn's moons (see PIA11657), but also the shadows of newly revealed vertical structures in the rings themselves (see PIA11665).
This view looks toward the northern, sunlit side of the rings from about 13 degrees above the ringplane.
The image was taken in visible light with the Cassini spacecraft narrow-angle camera on Aug. 16, 2009. The view was acquired at a distance of approximately 2.1 million kilometers (1.3 million miles) from Saturn and at a Sun-Saturn-spacecraft, or phase, angle of 108 degrees. Image scale is 12 kilometers (8 miles) per pixel.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter and its two onboard cameras were designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The imaging operations center is based at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colo.
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By AJ Eversole
Recently, I took an intro level screenwriting class meant to teach basic concepts. It culminated in a workshop of a five-page screenplay, but I struggle with limiting a story to a small length. So I chose to adapt a shorter Cherokee trickster story, How the Deer Got His Horns.
Jistu (Rabbit) is known for being a mighty jumper and Awi (Deer) is known for being a mighty runner. In the story, they decide to run a race through a thicket and the winner gets a pair of fancy antlers. Rabbit is a trickster character in many Southeastern Native traditions. In this story, he says he is unfamiliar with the land and wants to do a quick warm-up, but really he is gnawing down some brush in order to run faster. He denies it, but when he is confronted with the evidence he is told that since he enjoys gnawing at branches he may do so forever after.
My professor noted that Jistu never grew in the story. We should see Jistu ashamed, they critiqued, and Jistu should learn something.
I wanted to laugh. What Native trickster in history ever learns their lesson? When I said this to the professor, they replied that for the purposes of this workshop we wouldn’t be focusing on non-western narratives.
This country is full of Native life. It’s so deep in the land that I believe its roots hold despite colonization, so why are we the unteachable narrative structure?
As Lizzo says, the truth hurts. We were assimilated by force. It wasn’t a willing thing to abandon the familiarity of our story structure. Our ancestors were thrust into western ideology and away from our own. It can be difficult for Native writers to embrace a traditional Native story structure because we are so accustomed to adapting our stories for different audiences.
Choosing to not adapt that structure and instead to claim it with planted feet is an active way to participate in decolonization and reclaim what is ours—and that’s something I encourage all Native creators to do.
There is still a story in How the Deer Got His Horns. It’s just not the type of story that western eyes are trained to pick up on. There isn’t a three-act structure. We could break it down into one, but I argue that it is unnecessary. The characters don’t change and aren’t supposed to change.
The emphasis on growth in this story isn’t an emphasis on character growth in Jistu, but on the growth of the reader who listens to the story. The stories provide social commentary, but they also teach us a way to understand why the deer has horns and why the rabbit gnaws at thickets.
The themes of Native stories are as varied as any culture’s, but they fall outside western expectations when they focus on broader concepts rather than narrow ones. Typically, our stories provide universal interpretations of the world around us and give commentary on our possible place within it. Sometimes this means the plot isn’t as fast-paced as expected. The children and YA market is conditioned to toss out things that are extraneous. If it doesn’t matter then it doesn’t need to be there. Chekov’s gun or bust.
I was taught to enjoy the peace of the moment. In my family, we freeze our walks in the woods just to admire a bright red cardinal perched atop a branch. In Cherokee culture, this bird is a messenger. Seeing it perched signals to us that we should stop and listen. Sometimes we need to be humbled by acknowledging the giant world around us. This means that we slow down the storytelling. We take pregnant pauses. The point of the story is to discover the world around us and listen to what it says to us, to let it tell us our story and where we fit into the world around us.
It would be easy to compare Native stories like this to Aesop’s Fables. To call them moral tales and leave them at that, but doesn’t that seem reductive? Native storytelling focuses on every bead in the design, which sometimes means we aren’t the main characters of our own stories and we acknowledge that. Sometimes a bead does double work. It is both a piece of the structure and a color to fill in the design. A story can teach us why the rabbit gnaws on branches and also show us that all tricks are discoverable.
Something unique to non-western storytelling structure is that we are so much closer to the oral traditions than many western styles are. The art within isn’t just the prose, but also how it is conveyed. While oral tradition is reliant upon gesture and body language, an obvious component is the audio. With audiobook popularity on the rise for readers, this provides an opportunity to deliver some of that oral tradition to young readers.
In an odd way, storytelling is one of the greatest pieces of our culture we have left. It is something we keep close to our hearts. It’s why there can be internal conflict about sharing what we have with the rest of the world. Why would we, when it has been taken out of context, corrupted, stereotyped, and claimed by others as their own? When we share it, we share our hearts.
The world is making great strides and running in a direction of understanding and empathy. We are finally seeing the support for Black, Indigenous, and people of color’s stories in the world. These things give Natives hesitant hope and open our willingness to share what is ours with the world.
The challenge I leave you with is this: Read, share, and support the unorthodox pacing and characterization of Native storytelling structure with a passion. I truly believe the future of storytelling lies outside the western perspective and structure, and it is rich. Supporting any alternate format brings us closer to making it more mainstream and establishing its rightful place in the world.
AJ Eversole grew up in rural Oklahoma, a place removed from city life and full of opportunities to grow the imagination, which she did through intense games of make believe. She graduated from Oklahoma State University with a B.S. in Strategic Communications. She is a citizen of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma and hopes to be traditionally published in the near future. She currently resides in Fort Worth, Texas with her husband. Visit her on Twitter: @amjoyeversole and Instagram: @ajeversole
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Noon or Midnight?
A question frequently asked is whether 12 AM and 12 PM should be used to denote noon and midnight, respectively, or vice versa. The answer is that these abbreviations should not be used. They will cause confusion.
The abbreviation 12m is sometimes used to denote noon (m denotes meridian). However, 12m is likely to be interpreted as an abbreviation for midnight. Hence, 12m should not be used either.
The following are three solutions to the problem of designating noon and midnight unambiguously:
- Use the complete words “noon” and “midnight”. If midnight is used give the two dates between which it falls. Thus, for example, “midnight of 21 September” is ambiguous but “midnight of 21/22 September” is specific.
- Prepare schedules with times other than noon and midnight. Use times such as 12:01 AM, 11:59 PM, etc. This is done by railroads.
- Use the 2400 system, which is used by international airlines and the military services. The first two digits give the hours past midnight and the second two give the minutes. Noon is designated by 1200. Midnight is designated as 0000 of the new date, i.e., midnight of 21/22 September is 0h, 22 September.
It has often been proposed to decide by law or regulation the proper designation of noon and midnight. This has in fact been attempted. This has not, however, removed the ambiguity and resulting confusion. The Government Printing Office Style Manual states that noon is 12AM.
All the digital watches, however, disregard this and switch to PM at the moment they come to 12:00:00. It is clear that a regulation is powerless to override an inherent ambiguity.
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The unseen responses of remote offshore lighthouse in the face of severe storms are revealed in a new study by Plymouth University.
A team from the School of Marine Science and Engineering considered historical and contemporary observations of the wave impact loading on rock lighthouses during storm conditions.
They combined these with data obtained in a pilot study on the Eddystone Lighthouse during the winter of 2013/14, and found the motion of the tower was smaller than might have been suggested by anecdotal observations.
However, the waves still pose a threat with measurements showing they climbed up to 40 metres up the side of a structure not regarded among the most vulnerable lighthouses in the British Isles, let alone globally.
The study, published in the journal Maritime Engineering, was led by Dr Alison Raby, Associate Professor (Reader) in Coastal Engineering at Plymouth University.
She said: "There are about 20 masonry lighthouses around the UK that are exposed to wave action. Although mariners are making ever greater use of satellite-based navigation technologies, the General Lighthouse Authorities recognise the need to retain rock lighthouses as physical aids to navigation. However, there is concern about how well they would withstand the additional wave loading associated with predicted sea level rises and increased storminess."
To assess current impacts, Plymouth University technicians installed a range of measuring equipment on the Douglass tower, the fourth lighthouse sited on the Eddystone Reef (around 14 miles off the coast of Plymouth) and in situ since 1882.
These included remote-controlled video cameras to record the wave conditions around the structure, together with geophone systems to measure any structural response.
Lighthouse engineers working on two other structures off the South West coast - Wolf Rock and Bishop Rock - also provided reports of the visual and physical effects of the storm, much as engineers have done for centuries.
The equipment recorded 2,978 individual events between 20 December 2013 and 14 March 2014, with a maximum wind speed in excess of 100mph and waves spreading up the face at a maximum of 50 metres per second.
Vibration measurements from the geophones gave maximum velocities of 5.5mm/s and highest displacements of around 0.07mm.
A structural model of the tower, validated by these field data, has been used to assess its stability and confirms the tower is within the safe limits for the worst wave measured during these storms.
However, more work is needed to ensure the stability of other rock towers to even more dramatic wave impacts, and funds to extend this research have been sought.
Dr Raby adds: "People look at lighthouses and wonder how they can absorb such colossal wave impacts. It is possible the current Eddystone Lighthouse responds less than other lighthouses, but while the cylindrical base of the lighthouse may reduce the wave run-up, video data shows it does not prevent water from jetting up above 40 metres. In this case, designers have potentially learned from previous mistakes, but this is far from the most exposed rock lighthouse and the curious effect of the particular rocky outcrops will mean other lighthouse responses to wave impacts will be quite different."
The results of further tests using the COAST laboratory at Plymouth University and a computational study are currently being analysed, while more advanced equipment is being fitted to Eddystone and additional instruments are being deployed at the Longships Lighthouse off Land's End.
Dr Raby will also be presenting the research at the annual International Association of Lighthouse Authorities' Engineering meeting in Paris in April 2016.
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1972 · Netherlands
Tjebbe Beekman is seen as an established mid-career contemporary artist, who originates from the Netherlands, like other famous artists such as Pam Emmerik, Wieki Somers, Tanja Ritterbex, Casper Prager, and Hedwig Houben. Tjebbe Beekman was born in 1972.
Galleries and Exhibitions
Tjebbe Beekman is represented by Stigter Van Doesburg in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Tjebbe Beekman most recent exhibition recorded on Artland was at Stigter Van Doesburg in Amsterdam (24 November 2017 until 23 December 2017) with the exhibition WAIT, HOLD THAT THOUGHT!.
Historical Context of Netherlands
The Netherlands has been recognised as an artistic and cultural capital for centuries, for instance through the global influence of renowned artists such as Jan van Eyck in the fifteenth century. In the 1600s, the Dutch Golden Age saw the emergence of such illustrious artists as Rembrandt, Rubens, Vermeer, Van Dyck and Van Ruisdael. Dutch artist Vincent Van Gogh is considered as one of the most significant forerunners of the post-Impressionist period and is seen today as an extraordinary, unprecedented painter that has influenced the art sphere regardless of any era or movement. At first established as a magazine, De Stijl was a movement that pioneered abstract art in the Netherlands, driven by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesberg. De Stijl artists would espouse a visual language solely composed of geometrical shapes, and the movement also had a significant influence on modern architecture as well as design. Gerrit Rietveld was a prominent architect and designer who embraced the ideals and the essence of De Stijl in his work. Willem de Kooning was also a Dutch national, though he migrated to the United States in the earlier years of his life, and his work was predominantly influenced by the Abstract Expressionism movement prosperous in New York City in the late 1940s and 1950s.
Further Biographical Context for Tjebbe Beekman
Born in 1972, Tjebbe Beekman's creative work was primarily influenced by the 1980s. The 1980s were an era of developing global capitalism, political upheaval, worldwide mass media, wealth discrepancies and distinctive music and fashion, characterised by hip hop and electronic pop music. This had a strong impact on the generation of artists growing up during this decade. The fall of the Berlin Wall at the end of the decade marked the end of the Cold War, yet the era was also marked by the African Famine. During this time influential art movements included Neo Geo, The Pictures Generation and Neo-Expressionism, which took a particular hold in Germany, France and Italy. Artists such as Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorf, Enzo Cucchi, Francesco Clemente and Julian Schnabel were leading artists working during this period, alongside Jean-Michel Basquiat, Keith Haring and Kenny Scharf, who developed the street art and graffiti movements, which quickly gained recognition.
- Galleries Representing this Artist
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A group of young men met in Shanghai to form the Chinese Communist Party. The leader was Mao Zedong.
Join the Red Guard and defend Emperor Mao's beliefs
Mao Zedong led 600,000 people on the Long March to avoid being captured by the nationalist government
Mao and the Chinese Communist Party declared that China is now the People's Republic of China
Mao created the Cultural Revolution to stop all opposition to the Chinese Communist Party
Mao Zedong died and the Cultural Revolution had finally ended after a decade of chaos in China
Communist China had come under criticism. Ten thousand students protested against Communist China peacefully until June 4, 1989. On June ,1989 the Chinese government sent tanks to Tiananmen Square and killed hundreds of innocent people.
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Dinoflagellate algae inhabit coral, give it color and provide it with food. During an El Niño summer or other warming condition, the algae vanishes from the coral, rendering it colorless and without anything to eat. "Some coral can recover," says Jennifer Gill, an ecologist at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England. "If it doesn't die, it has reduced growth rates and reproduction." When, however, a lot of aerosols hang in the air, the water remains cool, the algae stay put and the coral is not bleached.
Gill and her colleagues compiled coral bleaching reports, El Niño indices, and aerosol levels in the atmosphere over the Caribbean reefs to see how these factors interrelated during summers between 1983 and 2000. They also looked at years that the volcanoes El Chichón or Mount Pinatubo erupted and added even more particles to the atmosphere.
Sweeping winds blow millions of tons of dust from the dry Sahara Desert over the Caribbean. These airborne particles, the researchers report in this week's Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA protect the coral from bleaching by creating a haze that scatters sunlight, preventing it from warming the sea. El Niño years, however, hurt the coral. This warm weather raises the sea surface temperature, resulting in an increase in coral bleaching. But, the volcanic eruptions in Mexico and in the Philippines protected corals from bleaching even during strong El Niño years. "The coral reefs got lucky," Gill says.
To predict coral bleaching in the Caribbean, the researchers created a model based on aerosol levels and El Niño effects; it forecast that in 2005, 38 percent of the reefs would be bleached. The actual bleaching that year was about 33 percent.
Rather than rely on the protective effects of aerosols, however, there may better ways to help coral reefs. "Obviously, cleaning up air pollution is a good thing," Gill says. Instead, to protect the corals, she suggests creating more marine protected zones and properly developing coastal areas. It will not stop coral bleaching, she says, but the coral, without other problems, will be more resilient
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A family of cheeses that exists all over Latin America in various renditions. These cheeses were probably introduced by the Spaniards and particularly the cheesemaking monks that settled in the New World. Some are made like cottage cheese from skim milk, like queso fresco. Panela is a fresh white cheese made from either whole or partly skimmed milk; if drained in a basket it's called queso de canasta in Mexico. Fresh, pressed uncooked cheese made from whole or partly skimmed milk is called queso de prensa ("pressed cheese") in several Latin American countries. Most queso blanco cheeses are not aged but rather are eaten within a few days of being produced and fall into the ("fresh") category. Others, like queso de bagaces and queso de crema, are pressed and ripened anywhere from two weeks to two months. Some queso blanco cheeses are smoked for a few days, which produces a darker color and a smoky flavor; others have added flavorings such as green chiles. An interesting trait of all these cheeses is that they don't really melt when heated; they get soft but hold their basic shape. They're used in dishes like enchiladas, burritos and quesadillas and also make good frying cheeses, which are called queso para freír.
From The Food Lover's Companion, Fourth edition by Sharon Tyler Herbst and Ron Herbst. Copyright © 2007, 2001, 1995, 1990 by Barron's Educational Series, Inc.
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1.4 Observing Different Preparatory Gestures
Now you have practised your preparatory beat, you need to get started with a variety of gestures to a small ensemble.
Work through the activities 1 “Observing Different Upbeats” and 2 “Starting the Music: Practising With Others” to try out your skills.
Activity 1 – Observing Different Upbeats
(Allow around 10 minutes for this activity)
Watch the video of a conductor giving a variety of upbeats to a small ensemble. The musicians were given a pitch to play but no information about dynamics and articulation. Some of them are good, some are deliberately poor. See if you can work out why!
You might like to experiment with this kind of thing yourself. You only need one person to play or sing (although two or more is better because there is then the possibility of them not being together!). If the musicians don’t have any music, they have no information about what to do and when, so it all has to come from you.
Activity 2 – Starting the Music: Practising With Others
(allow at least 10-15 minutes plus discussion time)
Find at least one other musician to work with. Practise starting the music using what you have learned about preparatory beats and how to start the music. Reflect on what gestures you made where you felt that the musicians’ responses were what you wanted, and where things went wrong. Make some notes and discuss your experiences with other learners.
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So Tall Within: Soujourner Truth’s Long Walk Toward Freedom
Born a slave in 1797 in Ulster County, New York, Isabella never knew her many brothers and sisters who were sold away. Her mother pointed out the stars and the moon teaching Isabella that they shone on all of them no matter where they were. At about age nine, Isabella herself was sold for a hundred dollars and a flock of sheep. In a life filled with hard work and betrayals, Isabella developed an inner strength and became “tall within.”
In middle age, she changed her name to Sojourner Truth and began a journey across many states preaching against slavery and all forms of injustice.
Daniel Minter’s haunting and expressive illustrations of Gary D. Schmidt’s tightly woven text, are at once inspired and inspiring. The mixed media, full color, double page spreads show Sojourner Truth from an angle that elongates her and creates the illusion of enormous stature. Other pages brilliantly illustrate quotes from Sojourner Truth “in Slavery Time” (when promises were thin as old smoke) or “in Freedom Time” (when chains broke and words got up to sing and tiredness, oh tiredness, danced a Hallelujah ? ). So Tall Within is a masterpiece waiting to be discovered.
Kemie Nix ©2018 Parents’ Choice
Kemie Nix is Chairman of Children’s Literature for Children (CLC), a non-profit, tax-exempt, educational organization dedicated to bringing children and books together. Mrs. Nix, a senior book editor for Parents’ Choice, has a remarkable sense of selecting books children love to read.
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- About Us
- Administrators & Supervisors
- A-Z Index
Affirmative Action can be summarized as those result-oriented actions and good faith efforts in which OSU (as an agency that contracts with the federal government) engages to ensure equality of opportunity in our employment processes. It refers to concrete steps in recruitment and hiring designed to minimize the present effects of past discrimination and unintentional present-day biases.
The written Affirmative Action Plan produced each year by the Office of Equal Opportunity and Access (EOA) incorporates a set of specific and results-oriented practices, including good-faith efforts to address significant underrepresentation of women or people of color in particular job groups, and to minimize the present effects of past discrimination and present cognitive bias. OSU hiring managers, search chairs, and search committee members are responsible for implementing OSU’s good faith efforts by making conscious efforts throughout the search process to be inclusive and to offset the effects of bias.
The Office of Equal Opportunity and Access completes an Incumbency vs. Availability analysis as part of the Affirmative Action Plan. The analysis compares the percentage of persons of color and women in OSU’s workforce (and the jobs they occupy) to the availability of women and people of color in the appropriate labor area. If the analysis shows underrepresentation of women or people of color in certain job groups, then extra recruitment efforts must be taken to ensure that these protected-class members are well-represented in applicant pools for positions in those job groups. These include outreach efforts and advertising in publications that promote placement of women and people of color, etc.
The goal of an Affirmative Action Plan is genuine equality of opportunity in employment. Selection is based upon the ability of an applicant to do the work. The Plan neither advocates nor condones the selection of an unqualified applicant. Applicants are not selected on the basis of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, or other identity characteristics (a common misconception).
OSU extends the benefit of our affirmative action practices to individuals who self-identify as qualifying veterans (in this case, qualifying veterans means all veterans or disabled veterans who served on active duty with the Armed Forces of the United States and were honorably discharged).
The EOA website at http://eoa.oregonstate.edu/recruitment-and-hiring contains resources related to the implementation of affirmative action and equal opportunity practices in the search process. Hiring managers and search committee members/chairs are advised to obtain general guidance and strategies for equal opportunity, affirmative action, and diversity in the search process from the Office of Equal Opportunity and Access.
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AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory
Providing a new atom’s eye view in solving major farming challenges
Biologists often aim to retain the benefits of a natural process while eliminating any harm. Naturally occurring in most New Zealand pastoral grasses, the fungus Neotyphodium lolii confers to the grass valuable drought and insect resistance, but can also cause neurological problems, called ryegrass staggers, in livestock. Current strategies to address this use traditional selective grass breeding. But the AgResearch Structural Biology Laboratory, owned by New Zealand's largest Crown Research Institute and based at the Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology (IIB), is now seeking a more certain remedy based on the insights of structural biology.
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John Melangton, Stuart
Letter: Adults need to set a good example by using proper grammar
Any clue as to why young people seem grammatically clueless whenever they talk about themselves and their friends? Example: “Me and her went to the beach, and two friends who live near her and I went with us.” Obviously, they weren’t paying attention in their high school English classes.
But even more importantly, they hear too many adults talk the same way, and some of those at fault are even being heard on public radio and television. It’s become very common to hear people say “Me and her did this or that” when they should be saying “She and I did (whatever).”
Common usage is a culprit in causing even intelligent people to use bad grammar, so there may be no solution to this problem. We hear almost everyone say things like “Where’s it at?” when they should simply be saying “Where is it?”
But some of us do take initiative in correcting our kids and our friends who are unconsciously guilty of using faulty grammar, and maybe this is the only way to help: by assaulting common usage. If our kids don’t hear what is the correct way to talk, they won’t know (or care) about being right, grammatically.
As adults, we need to think about what we say, and how we say it, so that our kids and grandkids can avoid talking as if they flunked their high school English courses.
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6180.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am
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Kid’s Sports Injuries: Treatment and Recovery Tips for Parents
There are a lot of advantages to allowing your children to participate in school and community sports. Sports get kids up and moving which helps to combat epidemics like obesity and childhood diabetes. Children also learn a lot about togetherness, teamwork, diversity, and goal setting all while engaging in fun physical activities. With these great advantages, however, comes a few risks. As youth sports are often competitive, the risk of injury is often greater. As a sports parent it is important that you know how to prevent injuries and treat them should something occur.
The best way to keep your young athletes safe is to try and prevent injuries from occurring in the first place. Below is a look at some basic tips to protect your child:
Get a Preseason Checkup
Your child’s health needs to remain a top priority. Each season, before allowing them to participate in sports, you should have them checked out by a pediatrician. A sports physical will help you to assess the current status of your child’s health and their ability to participate in a particular sport. If there are issues that can increase your child’s risk of injury or health complication, the pediatrician will discuss this with you.
Wear Protective Gear
Most sports have protective gear that is required for all team members to wear to play. To prevent injuries, it is imperative that your kids have the necessary gear. The gear should be of high quality and provide the best protection possible. Certain gear might include helmets, shoulder, elbow, knee, or body pads, sports cups, cleats, and more. Talk with your child’s coach to find out what is needed prior to the start of the season.
Your child should never start playing the game without having warmed up first. Warm-ups reduce the risk of injury by stretching the muscles, relieving tension, and getting the blood flowing. If warm-up isn’t part of practice, make sure that you warm up with your child at home prior to dropping them off for the game.
Practice Makes Perfect
Though sports can be a lot of fun it is knowledge of the game and skill that will help keep your child safe. While not all accidents can be prevented, many injuries are the direct result of children not being familiar with the game. Make sure that your child makes it to practices so that they can learn not only the rules of the game but build on skills that can help them perform better and reduce the risk of getting hurt.
Treatment and Recovery
Unfortunately, you can’t prevent accidents from happening all the time. If your child is injured while playing sports, it is a quick action that will be required. Here are some treatment and recovery tips:
Assess the Injury and Your Child
From the moment you realize your child is hurt you should assess the situation. Take a look at the point of pain for signs of swelling, blood, or broken bones. Then, tend to your child and find out if they’re in serious pain, whether or not they can walk, and how they are feeling emotionally. Smaller injuries can easily be treated at home with basic first aid, but more significant injuries require a second look by a medical professional.
Get to the Emergency Room (Or Doctor)
Depending on the extent of the injury, you’ll need to call an ambulance to get you to the nearest emergency room or grab your child and take them to their pediatrician for a visit. Have your child fully examined for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Get Prescriptions and Medical Devices
Once your child has been seen by a medical professional, you’ll need to get those prescriptions filled and pick up any medical devices needed to help them heal. If they suffered a foot and ankle injury, for example, you might need to purchase a foot brace and afo brace socks for additional comfort.
Provide Comfortable Accommodations
After hearing the diagnosis and treatment plan from the doctor, you need to provide a comfortable space for your child to recuperate. Adding extra pillows and linens to the bed, placing the remote controls nearby, and getting them snacks and beverages are all ways to make them feel better faster.
You support your young athlete in participating in activities that benefit their lives and make them happy, but you also realize the risks involved. As sports can often be aggressive and competitive, there is a chance that your child could get hurt. You can do more to protect your child by first learning how to prevent such accidents and injuries from happening, and then by knowing how to take quick action to get them the treatment they deserve.
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Though social media allows young users to connect with people across the world and get instantaneous news about the world around them, it also has come with many complications. The role of the family is to give a good model so that others within the society can imitate resulting in the edification of the society. Once you are able to comprehend a societies meaning of family, you will learn the different dynamics within in the families. However, unimaginable they remarried 8 years later and surprisingly, everything seemed to be perfect. Children interact and are influenced by peers, the media, school, religion, and the government. .
It must involve the socialization, or upbringing, of children. The reader, however, does not expect a mystery, but an analytical discussion of your topic in an academic style, with the main argument thesis stated up front. What are the rights and responsibilities of family members? For one the accountability of personnel is major, it plays a big role in the deployment and the readiness of soldiers. What stories did your Grannies tell you? Topic 18: Are pre-employment an invasion of privacy? The main part, the topaz, resembles my great-grandma, Christina Jones. For example, my grandfather helped me become the person I am today by teaching me through his true-life experiences.
But the term today actually has several other meanings as well especially in the American English vernacular and carries various sociolinguistic implications: the term, for one, applies to people who are as close on a personal level as family, if not more so. Family is very important and valuable to me and is something that should never be taken for granted. Children also have the responsibility to be respectful and obedient to their parents. Sorry, but copying text is forbidden on this website! But that didn't stop Kyle Maynard from becoming a champion, on the wrestling mat and in his life. It can bring me closer to myself discovery. In the end, encouraging the two to have an open dialogue brought them closer, and while they may never be best friends, at least they can respect each other.
The Chaldean tradition derives from the ancient civilization and though it has little change my family is very fortunate to practice this unique culture. For example, the family dinners of a quiet family do not involve much talking and often end quickly even when there are guests; however, family dinners of a loud family, much like the one that I observed, last longer periods of time and tend to have people either talking over one another, or there are main people in the group talking while everyone is either having a side conversation or is listening attentively. Oct 23, 2002 Write a 5-page essay telling other students about one or more of the following elements of your family s culture: stories and storytelling, celebrations Conclusion--in the final 1 or 2 paragraphs, pull your ideas together and. The sense of family roots has driven many to do things they otherwise would not have done. Social pressure with the big impact of it, sometimes lead family members into taking drugs trying to relieve their stress.
And the impression you create in your conclusion will shape the impression that stays with your readers after they've finished the essay. The conclusion might make the new but related point that the novel on the whole suggests that such an integration is or isn't possible. With systems we find out how a family brings order, how they deal with things in there lives and how a family reacts to each other and comes together. For instance, there is a traditional family therapy and systemic family therapy. Instead, show your reader how the points you made and the support and examples you used fit together. They also had two children, Kelan and Ashton.
Family therapy: critique from a feminist perspective. Stronger financial planning curricula would teach high schoolers how to establish credit, how to save for retirement, and how to budget. However, when we are to write about something personal, we find ourselves lost. My abuse did not and does not define me, but I would not be the same person had I not gone through it. His relationships with female relatives reveal the importance of family in the slave community. Why Do You Need a Strong Conclusion? A child who does not feel loved or cared, will always turn to ways where he would find them and it may at times lead him in the wrong path.
And while some people may be able to learn just by reading the theories on how to do something, you learn differently—you need actual examples. Throughout our lives we will find ourselves in a variety of different family types, for example when we are born we are likely to be in a nuclear family. The Essay Example As you see, there is quite a lot to write about your family. I then questioned Pastor Stubs on his view of the question. A family definition essay must highlight these aspects in an interesting manner and describe each element or constituent of a family. Did you Know we can Write your Essay for You? Family history is very important to remember.
What I can discover about the roots of my family is not likely to make headlines, but may build a family tree that can be both interesting and surprising. Have you ever been influenced by some important person that helped you be the person that you are today? All of these are important for life in the real world but can be filled with confusing jargon and advertising schemes. When self-importance is diminished people can become more comfortable with themselves. You may also refer to the introductory paragraph by using key words or parallel concepts and images that you also used in the introduction. The people that have had influence on me are the most important humans beings, my family. We all belong to a family and it is our family that keeps us together through thick and thin.
And it depends on the changing aspects of a family that how they perform and practice certain traditions and practices. She gave it to me because she and I have a strong relationship, and I am the oldest grand-daughter in the family. Although some people fear that granting prisoners the right to vote may lead to more relaxed laws surrounding specific crimes, prisoners are part of the American population. This conclusion just restates the thesis and is usually painfully short. Do your parents still live together? These are the people that I interact with on a daily basis. For me a strong foundation for any individual comes from being with a supportive family.
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|Bertrand Russell, Problems of Philosophy|
IN almost all our previous discussions we have been concerned in the attempt to get clear as to our data in the way of knowledge of existence. What things are there in the universe whose existence is known to us owing to our being acquainted with them? So far, our answer has been that we are acquainted with our sense-data, and, probably, with ourselves. These we know to exist. And past sense-data which are remembered are known to have existed in the past. This knowledge supplies our data.
But if we are to be able to draw inferences from these data -- if we are to know of the existence of matter, of other people, of the past before our individual memory begins, or of the future, we must know general principles of some kind by means of which such inferences can be drawn. It must be known to us that the existence of some one sort of thing, A, is a sign of the existence of some other sort of thing, B, either at the same time as A or at some earlier or later time, as, for example, thunder is a sign of the earlier existence of lightning. If this were not known to us, we could never extend our knowledge beyond the sphere of our private experience; and this sphere, as we have seen, is exceedingly limited. The question we have now to consider is whether such an extension is possible, and if so, how it is effected. Let us take as an illustration a matter about which of us, in fact, feel the slightest doubt. We are all convinced that the sun will rise to-morrow. Why? Is this belief a mere blind outcome of past experience, or can it be justified as a reasonable belief? It is not find a test by which to judge whether a belief of this kind is reasonable or not, but we can at least ascertain what sort of general beliefs would suffice, if true, to justify the judgement that the sun will rise to-morrow, and the many other similar judgements upon which our actions are based. It is obvious that if we are asked why we believe it the sun will rise to-morrow, we shall naturally answer, 'Because it always has risen every day'. We have a firm belief that it will rise in the future, because it has risen in the past. If we are challenged as to why we believe that it will continue to rise as heretofore, we may appeal to the laws of motion: the earth, we shall say, is a freely rotating body, and such bodies do not cease to rotate unless something interferes from outside, and there is nothing outside to interfere with thee earth between now and to-morrow. Of course it might be doubted whether we are quite certain that there is nothing outside to interfere, but this is not the interesting doubt. The interesting doubt is as to whether the laws of motion will remain in operation until to-morrow. If this doubt is raised, we find ourselves in the same position as when the doubt about the sunrise was first raised. The only reason for believing that the laws of motion remain in operation is that they have operated hitherto, so far as our knowledge of the past enables us to judge. It is true that we have a greater body of evidence from the past in favour of the laws of motion than we have in favour of the sunrise, because the sunrise is merely a particular case of fulfilment of the laws of motion, and there are countless other particular cases. But the real question is: Do any number of cases of a law being fulfilled in the past afford evidence that it will be fulfilled in the future? If not, it becomes plain that we have no ground whatever for expecting the sun to rise to-morrow, or for expecting the bread we shall eat at our next meal not to poison us, or for any of the other scarcely conscious expectations that control our daily lives. It is to be observed that all such expectations are only probable; thus we have not to seek for a proof that they must be fulfilled, but only for some reason in favour of the view that they are likely to be fulfilled. Now in dealing with this question we must, to begin with, make an important distinction, without which we should soon become involved in hopeless confusions. Experience has shown us that, hitherto, the frequent repetition of some uniform succession or coexistence has been a cause of our expecting the same succession or coexistence on the next occasion. Food that has a certain appearance generally has a certain taste, and it is a severe shock to our expectations when the familiar appearance is found to be associated with an unusual taste. Things which we see become associated, by habit, with certain tactile sensations which we expect if we touch them; one of the horrors of a ghost (in many ghost-stories) is that it fails to give us any sensations of touch. Uneducated people who go abroad for the first time are so surprised as to be incredulous when they find their native language not understood. And this kind of association is not confined to men; in animals also it is very strong. A horse which has been often driven along a certain road resists the attempt to drive him in a different direction. Domestic animals expect food when they see the person who feeds them. We know that all these rather crude expectations of uniformity are liable to be misleading. The man who has fed the chicken every day throughout its life at last wrings its neck instead, showing that more refined views as to the uniformity of nature would have been useful to the chicken. But in spite of the misleadingness of such expectations, . they nevertheless exist. The mere fact that something has happened a certain number of times causes animals and men to expect that it will happen again. Thus our instincts certainly cause us to believe the sun will rise to-morrow, but we may be in no better a position than the chicken which unexpectedly has its neck wrung. We have therefore to distinguish the fact that past uniformities cause expectations as to the future, from the question whether there is any reasonable ground for giving weight to such expectations after the question of their validity has been raised. The problem we have to discuss is whether there is any reason for believing in what is called 'the uniformity of nature'. The belief in the uniformity of nature is the belief that everything that has happened or will happen is an instance of some general law to which there are no exceptions. The crude expectations which we have been considering are all subject to exceptions, and therefore liable to disappoint those who entertain them. But science habitually assumes, at least as a working hypothesis, that general rules which have exceptions can be replaced by general rules which have no exceptions. 'Unsupported bodies in air fall' is a general rule to which balloons and aeroplanes are exceptions. But the laws of motion and the law of gravitation, which account for the fact that most bodies fall, also account for the fact that balloons and aeroplanes can rise; thus the laws of motion and the law of gravitation are not subject to these exceptions. The belief that the sun will rise to-morrow might be falsified if the earth came suddenly into contact with a large body which destroyed its rotation; but the laws of motion and the law of gravitation would not be infringed by such an event. The business of science is to find uniformities, such as the laws of motion and the law of gravitation, to which, so far as our experience extends, there are no exceptions. In this search science has been remarkably successful, and it may be conceded that such uniformities have held hitherto. This brings us back to the question: Have we any reason, assuming that they have always held in the past, to suppose that they will hold in the future? It has been argued that we have reason to know that the future will resemble the past, because what was the future has constantly become the past, and has always been found to resemble the past, so that we really have experience of the future, namely of times which were formerly future, which we may call past futures. But such an argument really begs the very question at issue. We have experience of past futures, but not of future futures, and the question is: Will future futures resemble past futures? This question is not to be answered by an argument which starts from past futures alone. We have therefore still to seek for some principle which shall enable us to know that the future will follow the same laws as the past. The reference to the future in this question is not essential. The same question arises when we apply the laws that work in our experience to past things of which we have no experience -- as, for example, in geology, or in theories as to the origin of the Solar system. The question we really have to ask is: 'When two things have been found to be often associated, and no instance is known of the one occurring without the other, does the occurrence of one of the two, in a fresh instance, give any good ground for expecting the other?' On our answer to this question must depend the validity of the whole of our expectations as to the future, the whole of the results obtained by induction, and in fact practically all the beliefs upon which our daily life is based. It must be conceded, to begin with, that the fact that two things have been found often together and never apart does not, by itself, suffice to prove demonstratively that they will be found together in the next case we examine. The most we can hope is that the oftener things are found together, the more probable becomes that they will be found together another time, and that, if they have been found together often enough, the probability will amount almost to certainty. It can never quite reach certainty, because we know that in spite of frequent repetitions there sometimes is a failure at the last, as in the case of the chicken whose neck is wrung. Thus probability is all we ought to seek. It might be urged, as against the view we are advocating, that we know all natural phenomena to be subject to the reign of law, and that sometimes, on the basis of observation, we can see that only one law can possibly fit the facts of the case. Now to this view there are two answers. The first is that, even if some law which has no exceptions applies to our case, we can never, in practice, be sure that we have discovered that law and not one to which there are exceptions. The second is that the reign of law would seem to be itself only probable, and that our belief that it will hold in the future, or in unexamined cases in the past, is itself based upon the very principle we are examining. The principle we are examining may be called the principle of induction, and its two parts may be stated as follows:(a) When a thing of a certain sort A has been found to be associated with a thing of a certain other sort B, and has never been found dissociated from a thing of the sort B, the greater the number of cases in which A and B have been associated, the greater is the probability that they will be associated in a fresh case in which one of them is known to be present;
(b) Under the same circumstances, a sufficient number of cases of association will make the probability of a fresh association nearly a certainty, and will make it approach certainty without limit.
As just stated, the principle applies only to the verification of our expectation in a single fresh instance. But we want also to know that there is a probability in favour of the general law that things of the sort A are always associated with things of the sort B, provided a sufficient number of cases of association are known, and no cases of failure of association are known. The probability of the general law is obviously less than the probability of the particular case, since if the general law is true, the particular case must also be true, whereas the particular case may be true without the general law being true. Nevertheless the probability of the general law is increased by repetitions, just as the probability of the particular case is. We may therefore repeat the two parts of our principle as regards the general law, thus:(a) The greater the number of cases in which a thing the sort A has been found associated with a thing the sort B, the more probable it is (if no cases of failure of association are known) that A is always associated with B;
(b) Under the same circumstances, a sufficient number of cases of the association of A with B will make it nearly certain that A is always associated with B, and will make this general law approach certainty without limit.
It should be noted that probability is always relative to certain data. In our case, the data are merely the known cases of coexistence of A and B. There may be other data, which might be taken into account, which would gravely alter the probability. For example, a man who had seen a great many white swans might argue by our principle, that on the data it was probable that all swans were white, and this might be a perfectly sound argument. The argument is not disproved by the fact that some swans are black, because a thing may very well happen in spite of the fact that some data render it improbable. In the case of the swans, a man might know that colour is a very variable characteristic in many species of animals, and that, therefore, an induction as to colour is peculiarly liable to error. But this knowledge would be a fresh datum, by no means proving that the probability relatively to our previous data had been wrongly estimated. The fact, therefore, that things often fail to fulfil our expectations is no evidence that our expectations will not probably be fulfilled in a given case or a given class of cases. Thus our inductive principle is at any rate not capable of being disproved by an appeal to experience. The inductive principle, however, is equally incapable of being proved by an appeal to experience. Experience might conceivably confirm the inductive principle as regards the cases that have been already examined; but as regards unexamined cases, it is the inductive principle alone that can justify any inference from what has been examined to what has not been examined. All arguments which, on the basis of experience, argue as to the future or the unexperienced parts of the past or present, assume the inductive principle; hence we can never use experience to prove the inductive principle without begging the question. Thus we must either accept the inductive principle on the ground of its intrinsic evidence, or forgo all justification of our expectations about the future. If the principle is unsound, we have no reason to expect the sun to rise to-morrow, to expect bread to be more nourishing than a stone, or to expect that if we throw ourselves off the roof we shall fall. When we see what looks like our best friend approaching us, we shall have no reason to suppose that his body is not inhabited by the mind of our worst enemy or of some total stranger. All our conduct is based upon associations which have worked in the past, and which we therefore regard as likely to work in the future; and this likelihood is dependent for its validity upon the inductive principle. The general principles of science, such as the belief in the reign of law, and the belief that every event must have a cause, are as completely dependent upon the inductive principle as are the beliefs of daily life All such general principles are believed because mankind have found innumerable instances of their truth and no instances of their falsehood. But this affords no evidence for their truth in the future, unless the inductive principle is assumed. Thus all knowledge which, on a basis of experience tells us something about what is not experienced, is based upon a belief which experience can neither confirm nor confute, yet which, at least in its more concrete applications, appears to be as firmly rooted in us as many of the facts of experience. The existence and justification of such beliefs -- for the inductive principle, as we shall see, is not the only example -- raises some of the most difficult and most debated problems of philosophy. We will, in the next chapter, consider briefly what may be said to account for such knowledge, and what is its scope and its degree of certainty.
[Table of Contents] [Next Chapter]
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Ougazzaden and Collaborators Awarded ANR Grant for Optically Stimulated Cochlear Implants
Sep 30, 2022 — Metz, France
For individuals suffering from hearing loss, good news may be on the horizon thanks to cutting-edge optical technology. The French National Research Agency (ANR) has awarded Abdallah Ougazzaden, professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Georgia Tech and president of Georgia Tech-Lorraine, a €560,000 ($560,700) grant to develop technology for a new class of cochlear implants that may be able to restore hearing for patients.
The project aims to create optically stimulated, reduced-size, high-density cochlear implants with removable LEDs (CORTIORGAN). Project collaborators include Jean-Paul Salvestrini, director of the Georgia Tech-CNRS IRL 2958 lab and adjunct lecturer in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE); Paul Voss, associate professor in ECE; and Suresh Sundaram, adjunct lecturer in ECE.
“CORTIORGAN is taking the technology for cochlear implants in a completely new direction through the optical stimulation of the cochlea with compact, dense, and highly flexible LED implants,” Ougazzaden said. “In particular, we will use a new semiconductor material – a two-dimensional hexagonal boron nitride – that brings about a radical rethinking of existing methods for processing inorganic LED devices.”
The key technology is based on optogenetics, a groundbreaking biological technique that stimulates neurons and other cells with light. The technology has a range of medical and neuroscience applications, including sight recovery and blocking pain signals.
The researchers will use optogenetic methods to achieve optical stimulation of auditory nerves rather than traditional electrical stimulation. Because tissue inside the cochlea has high electrical conductivity, optical stimulation of nerves can result in better spatial resolution and thus better implants.
CORTIORGAN’s goal is to develop removable ultra-thin LEDs that can be packaged in cochlear implants. The novel process allows the researchers to achieve size and flexibility requirements for cochlear implants that will be inserted into mouse cochlea and tested at the end of the project.
“This innovation will have a strong positive impact on the hearing-impaired by offering them an optical implant with greater spatial resolution and higher sound reproduction fidelity in comparison to existing electrical stimulation technology,” Ougazzaden added. “This optical technology will open the door for future neuroscience applications with many opportunities for commercialization.”
Other partners include Institut Pasteur, a renowned Paris-based center for biomedical research, and the Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies (C2N), a collaboration between the University of Paris-Saclay and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS).
Writer: Catherine Barzler, Senior Research Writer/Editor
Image: Georgia-Tech Lorraine
Andrea Gappell, Communications Manager, Georgia Tech-Lorraine
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The Power to Tax: Analytical Foundations of a Fiscal Constitution
Taxation in Constitutional Perspective
The interest of the government is to tax heavily: that of the community is, to be as little taxed as the necessary expenses of good government permit.
This book is about government's power to tax, how this power may be used, and how it may be and should be constrained. The set of issues that we address has been almost totally neglected by public-finance economists. Their concern has been with telling governments how they should tax, how the taxing powers should be utilized. Both the positive analysis of tax incidence and the normative derivation of tax principles have had as their ultimate objective the proffering of advice to governmental decision makers.
We offer no such advice, either directly or indirectly. Our concern is neither with telling governments how they should behave if revenues are to be raised efficiently and/or equitably nor with telling them how public monies should be spent. At this level of discourse, our analysis is necessarily more positive. We introduce models of how governments do behave or how they may be predicted to behave (regardless of the advice that may be advanced by public-finance economics). The subjects of our ultimate normative concern are taxpayers or citizens—all those who suffer the burdens of taxation or who are the potential subjects of government's powers of fiscal exaction.
The stance taken in this book embodies presuppositions about political order that are not necessary in the traditional analysis. For the latter, in order to proffer advice to governments, the minimal requirement is that government exist. By contrast, our effort is premised on the notion that government derives its powers from the ultimate consent of those who are governed; that the structure of government is an artifact that is explicitly constructed or may be treated as if it is so constructed. Further, it is implicit in this model that the authorized agent of coercion, the government, may be limited in its range of action. That is, constitutions may constrain the activities of the political entity.
From such a perspective, questions of constitutional policy emerge that are not present in the traditional approach. What constraints or limits should be imposed on the political agency? That question is not at all akin to asking what an existing political agency should or should not do in this or that setting or circumstance.
Given that he is ignorant about his future position, what sort of tax institutions would we expect the rational citizen-taxpayer to select as elements in the constitution?
This is the central question addressed in this book. The specific aim of this first chapter is to indicate something of what the question involves and why it is an interesting one to ask. As noted, the question is itself a purely positive one. We do not ask the question "What is a 'good' tax system?" We do not specify a set of externally determined, or divinely revealed, criteria by which alternative tax systems may be judged. Nor do we seek to indicate the effects of alternative taxes on the distribution of income or on efficiency in the allocation of resources—although these traditional concerns may be relevant to some parts of our discussion.
The focus of our discussion is logically prior to all this. We are concerned to go back to "first causes"—to think "radically" in the strict sense—of the nature of taxation, about what is involved in the power to tax and about what is implied by the government's possession of that power.
As it turns out, asking these logically prior questions suggests that much of the traditional economic analysis of taxation is either irrelevant or profoundly misleading. Posing the basic question as we have actually serves to turn much of the familiar folklore of public finance on its head. However, our major object is not to demonstrate that much of the policy advice proffered by current tax advocates to governments may be wrong, even on its own grounds. Rather, we are seeking to offer a different understanding of the nature and process of taxation—a different "window" through which fiscal phenomena can be viewed. Once the difference in perspective is established, we can proceed to the analysis and discussion of constructive fiscal reform.
1.1. The Notion of a "Constitution"
One of the characteristic features of the particular perspective on taxation that we wish to develop is its "constitutional" orientation. Throughout our discussion, a "constitution" is conceived as the set of rules, or social institutions, within which individuals operate and interact with one another. The analogy with the rules of a game is perhaps useful here. A game is described by its rules—its constitution. These rules establish the framework within which the playing of the game proceeds; they set boundaries on what activities are legitimate, as well as describing the objects of the game and how to determine who wins. It is clear intuitively that the choice among alternative strategies that a player might make in the course of a game is categorically quite distinct from his prior choice among alternative sets of rules. A tennis player after hitting a particular shot may reasonably wish that the net was lower, yet prior to the game he may have agreed to a set of rules in which the height of the net was specified.
This distinction between choices over alternative strategies in a game, and choices over alternative sets of rules by which the game can be played—the distinction between "in-period" and "constitutional" choice—has several important elements. In constitutional choice, the individual must base his selection upon some prediction about the working properties of alternative sets of rules over a whole sequence of "plays," a sequence that may well be indeterminate. The horizon is necessarily more extensive than in any postconstitutional choice. This extension in the time horizon ensures that, in almost all real-world approximations, the individual chooser is more uncertain about his own private prospects or positions. The utility-maximizing calculus becomes quite different from that which would be required in the simpler selection of one strategy within some predetermined set of rules.
In the limiting or idealized model for constitutional choice, the individual must know the pattern or distribution of positions under differing rounds of play under all sets of rules, while remaining ignorant about his own position under any one of these patterns. This is, of course, the choice setting made familiar by John Rawls in his derivation of the principles that satisfy criteria of fairness.*6 The constitutional choice is made behind a "veil of ignorance" in the sense that particularized identification is absent. For our purposes, description of the idealized setting is useful primarily as an analytical benchmark rather than as a model that is expected to prevail. As the constitutional-postconstitutional distinction is recognized at all, some elements of the idealized choice setting enter into the calculus of behavior. Once we acknowledge that the choice of a strategy within rules differs from the choice of rules, some partial veil-of-ignorance construction must inform any evaluation of alternative sets of rules.
We are here, of course, interested in the idea of a constitution in its "political" or social sense, as a set of rules that establish the setting within which the whole range of individual interaction takes place. Why do we need such a constitution? Wherein is the logic of the constitution to be found?
1.2. The Logic of a Constitution
We do not intend to retrace here ground that has been extensively covered by one of us elsewhere.*7 Since a certain amount of that approach is being taken as given, however, it may be useful to indicate the central notions that establish the logic of a constitution.
The point of departure is the Hobbesian insight that in the absence of collective enforcement of basic property rights (including the right to one's own life) and of rules by which those property rights might be exchanged, the state of nature would ensure that man's life is "... nasty, brutish and short." To Thomas Hobbes, the only logical alternative to anarchistic chaos is the assignment of power to government—or some other institution of authority. In this sense, the essential feature of the establishment of order, of the leap out of anarchy, is the monopolization of the use of coercive power. Anarchy can be viewed as a situation in which there is complete freedom of entry in the exercise of coercive power; "order" as a situation in which coercive power is monopolized.
The perspective that has become characteristic of the so-called "Virginia school," however, involves a blend of this Hobbesian view with the notion of social contract. If the leap out of anarchy into order is indeed to be preferred by the citizenry, it must be possible to examine the establishment of government as if it emerges from the voluntary consent of those who are to be subject to it. Yet once the "voluntary exchange" view of government is taken, it is also reasonable to ask what is the nature of that government to which the citizenry would agree to be subject. In particular, would citizens voluntarily agree to allow government to exercise power quite unreservedly? Or would they rather seek to impose constraints on the behavior of government—constraints that restrict the ability of government to take actions that it would otherwise take?
Of course, to the extent that government could be predicted to act "perfectly"—whatever that may mean*8—in all periods, there would be no conceptual or logical basis for imposing constitutional limits; such limits could only prevent government from taking actions that are, by definition, "desirable." In this sense, the constitutional perspective is irreconcilably at odds with the benevolent despot model, which in its various guises underlies the orthodox analysis of public policy generally and of conventional tax theory in particular. The logic of constitutional restrictions is embodied in the implicit prediction that any power assigned to government may be, over some ranges and on some occasions, exercised in ways that are at variance with the desired usage of such power, as defined by citizens behind the veil of ignorance. As emphasized throughout modern public-choice theory, persons who act in agency roles, as "governors," are not basically different from their fellow citizens, and methodological consistency suggests that the same motivations for behavior be imputed to persons in public and private choices. We need not, of course, rule out the possibility of "moral" (or, more accurately, "altruistic") behavior on the part of those persons who make governmental decisions. Our approach does rule out the presumption of such behavior as the basis for normative analysis. Those who might argue that governments should be analyzed on such a presumption of agent benevolence are denying the legitimacy of any constraints on government, including electoral ones. In this setting, there is no logical basis for a constitution.
1.3. The Means of Constitutional Constraint
Once the need to constrain the power of government is accepted, the question automatically arises as to the sorts of constraints—or constitutional rules—that are available. By what means might the citizen hope to limit the exercise of public power so as to ensure that outcomes fall within tolerable bounds?
To a very substantial extent, modern economists have implicitly accepted the prevailing twentieth-century presumption (or faith?) that nominally democratic electoral processes are sufficient in themselves to guarantee that government activity remains within acceptable limits.*9 Constitutional analysis in economics has consequently focused on the choice between alternative electoral procedures as the major element in the citizen's constitutional calculus. For this reason, it is worth emphasizing at the outset that nonelectoral rules are conceivable, that they do in fact play a significant part in most recognizably democratic constitutions currently operative, and that it is not obvious on prima facie grounds that they are less significant in controlling government than are purely electoral constraints. For example, most constitutions involve constraints on the domain of public activity: rules are set that specify those things which governments may and may not do. One aspect of such rules is the application of restrictions on the possible misappropriation of public funds by legitimate public officials. Apparently, the possibility that politicians (even elected ones) might simply pocket tax revenues is sufficiently significant to merit the extensive accounting procedures and explicit rules of conduct that are provided for in most allegedly democratic constitutions. Further, restrictions are typically placed on the legitimate activities of government, in terms both of the nature of the services that government provides and of the type of laws that governments may enact. In some cases, constraints are also placed on the structure of government by assigning specific functions to specific units, as is the case with the decentralization of political power evidenced in a federal political structure. In general, we see such nonelectoral constitutional rules existing side by side with electoral ones, and there seems no particular reason for elevating the latter to a position of primacy.
In the ensuing chapters, we shall be concerned with one particular subset of nonelectoral rules—those which deal specifically with the taxing power. We should note, however, that there is one case in which electoral processes would, if enforced, be sufficient to restrain government within bounds totally acceptable to the citizenry. This is the case in which all public decisions were taken by unanimous consent. By contrasting this conceptual ideal with actual electoral processes, the crucial role for nonelectoral, and specifically fiscal, constraints can be exposed.
1.4. The Wicksellian Ideal and Majoritarian Reality
One condition necessary to ensure a citizen that the government would never impose injury or damage on him, while ensuring all citizens in the same fashion, is the requirement that all governmental decisions be made by a rule of unanimity. Knut Wicksell was the first to recognize the importance of the unanimity rule as an idealized benchmark—since it would be necessary to ensure that all governmental actions represented genuine "improvements" (or at least no damage) for all persons, as measured by the preferences of the individuals themselves.*10 Only through general agreement could the preferences of citizens be revealed; there is no other way of "adding up" the individual evaluations; there is no other means of ensuring that collective action will always be "efficient" in the welfare economists' usage of this term.
For our purposes, it is important to note that, in this idealization of political order, "government" possesses no genuinely coercive power. In this setting, each and every public activity is considered separately, together with a specific cost-sharing arrangement. And the activity proceeds only when unanimous consent is reached. No individual can be coerced in such a setting, either by some entity called the "government" or by some coalition of other individuals in the electorate. Each activity publicly approved necessarily represents the outcome of a complete multilateral trade from which net benefits are received by all parties. The Wicksellian approach is rightly termed the voluntary-exchange theory of the public economy.
But the Wicksellian world is far removed from the worlds we inhabit and observe, where transactions costs and free-rider problems are ubiquitous. As emphasized in earlier work,*11 the costs of achieving unanimous approval for public activity are so enormous that the rational citizen can be expected, when making his constitutional choice over the set of voting rules, to trade off some of the narrow in-period "efficiency" of the unanimity rule in return for workability in political processes. Whether a simple majoritarian process would be the natural outcome of this trade-off seems highly doubtful. But this is the decision rule widely observed in practice, and much modern public choice takes majority rule as given. What has not perhaps been sufficiently emphasized in the public-choice literature is that the move from unanimity to majority rule involves a drastic weakening of the power of purely electoral constraints. Indeed, it may be suggested that commonly observed majoritarian rule can best be modeled as if it embodies no effective constraint on the exercise of government powers at all. (We shall defend the use of such a model in Chapter 2, particularly as applied to constitutional tax issues.) In the familiar majoritarian world, the exercise of political power does indeed involve the capacity to coerce. Some citizens may coerce others, as when the decisive majority operates to overrule the desires of the minority. Quite apart from this, those individuals who make up the institution of "government" possess the power to coerce the citizenry at large.
The sum of this introductory discussion is the simple and probably unexceptionable proposition that, in all practically relevant cases, governments—or more accurately the individuals involved in governmental process—do possess the power to coerce. They do exercise genuinely discretionary power, and it is both empirically reasonable and analytically necessary to assume that over some range they will exploit that power for their own purposes, whatever these may be.
Given this constitutional setting, how are we to understand tax matters? What is involved in the power to tax? And by what means can that power be constrained? More generally, to pose our central question again, what sort of tax institutions would we expect the rational taxpayer-citizen to select in determining the constitution to which he is to be subject?
1.5. The Power to Tax
For the ordinary citizen, the power to tax is the most familiar manifestation of the government's power to coerce. This power to tax involves the power to impose, on individuals and private institutions more generally, charges that can be met only by a transfer to government of economic resources, or financial claims to such resources—charges that carry with them effective powers of enforcement under the very definition of the taxing power. To be sure, governments may use tax revenues for financing public goods or transfers that citizens-taxpayers desire. But we must distinguish sharply here between a rationalization for the government's possession of the power to tax and an understanding of that power in and of itself. The power to tax, per se, does not carry with it any obligation to use the tax revenue raised in any particular way. The power to tax does not logically imply the nature of spending.
Seen in this way, the power to "tax" is simply the power to "take." If the government wishes to obtain a particular piece of property, it is of no account whether it does so simply by direct appropriation or by purchase together with a tax imposed on the original owner amounting to the full purchase price. Both government and the owner are in an identical position after government action, irrespective of the precise details of the means of appropriation. If any distinction between taking and taxing is to be sustained, therefore, the tax alternative must involve certain additional requirements not present with direct appropriation. For example, if the power to tax is constrained by some generality-uniformity requirements that all individuals in similar circumstances (e.g., with the same aggregate net wealth) should pay an identical tax, then it may be that, whereas the direct appropriation alternative might survive electoral scrutiny, the tax alternative would not do so. In this case, the generality requirement ensures (or, more accurately, increases the likelihood) that electoral processes will operate within tolerable limits: fiscal constraints complement electoral constraints.
In other examples, the precise analytic details of which are spelled out within the body of this book, fiscal constraints may actually substitute for electoral constraints, in the sense that they are effective even when electoral constraints are not. In all cases, however, the role of fiscal rules is to limit and appropriately direct the coercive power of government, as embodied most conspicuously in its power to tax.
Historically, of course, governments have possessed genuine powers to tax, although representatives of the citizenry seem to have recognized the sweeping import of such powers. Controls over the sovereign have been exercised through constraints on the taxing authority. The ascendancy of the British Parliament through its ability to restrict the revenues of the monarchy is a part of our political heritage. Even in the collectively dominated era of the late twentieth century, in most countries there remain nominal legal constraints on government's taxing activities.
All constitutional rules may be interpreted as limiting the potential power. That focus rules out explicit consideration on nonfiscal constitutional constraints in this book. We must drastically restrict the domain of our discussion to get within manageable bounds. Similarly, the power to tax is not the only dimension to the government's coercive power, although it is a major one. As we have emphasized, our focus here is on the power to tax and on constraints on that power. That focus rules out explicit consideration on nonfiscal constitutional rules, such as those that might be imposed through definition of franchise, voting rules, legislative and judicial powers, and so on. We cannot, however, rule out the possibility of significant interdependencies between fiscal constraints and other constraints. The assumptions made about other constraints assumed to be operative will vary somewhat from chapter to chapter. We shall, at the relevant points, attempt to specify clearly what these assumptions are—but by and large, we will not seek to justify them, since in the main they serve only an analytic function. There is, however, one crucial assumption which clearly underlies the whole constitutional construction—that of enforceability.
1.6. The Enforceability of Constitutional Contract
Our whole discussion depends critically on the assumption that constitutional choice is relevant, that the behavior of governments as well as the behavior of individuals and nongovernmental entities can be constrained by rules laid down at a constitutional level of deliberation. Without some such assumption, normative argument must necessarily be directed at those who hold political power currently and who are, personally, wholly unconstrained as to the uses to which such power might be put. In such a nonconstitutional model of the political process, there are no formal or legal protections against fiscal exploitation or other arbitrary action on the part of the state. Reformers must "preach" to the powerful, and the hope for moderation rests only with the moral-ethical precepts that the powerful might have come to acknowledge, and to live by, as taught to them by the "preachers" of all ages. In such a model, "limited government" is a contradiction in terms; by its monopoly on coercion, government is by nature unlimited.
To Thomas Hobbes, unlimited government is the only alternative to anarchistic chaos. He argued that all persons would willingly submit to the unchecked will of the single sovereign in exchange for the personal security that the latter promises to ensure, and which, indeed, is consonant with the sovereign's own interest. The Hobbesian despot is preferred by everyone to the Hobbesian jungle, where life, for everyone, tends to be poor, nasty, brutish, and short.
We reject the Hobbesian presumption that the sovereign cannot be controlled by constitutional constraints. Historically, governments do seem to have been held in check by constitutional rules. The precise reasons why this has been so need not concern us here. But our whole construction is based on the belief, or faith, that constitutions can work, and that tax rules imposed within a constitution will prevail.
We do not deny that major problems of constitutional enforceability may emerge, particularly under situations where the whole idea of constitutional choice is not well understood in the prevailing public philosophy. To discuss problems of enforceability would, however, distract attention away from the main purposes of this book.
1.7. Normative Implications
So far in this preliminary discussion, we have indicated something of what is involved in an analysis of taxation from a constitutional perspective. We have not, however, indicated why we believe this perspective to be either empirically relevant or normatively desirable.
We could in part justify our particular approach in the negative sense by appeal to the intellectual poverty of the standard alternative—the failure of orthodox tax analysis to incorporate a plausible political-institutional framework; its naive application of the "equi-revenue comparison"; its appeal to external and apparently arbitrary ethical norms; its obstinate neglect of the expenditure side of the budget; and so on. All of these justifications would have some validity. The benevolent dictator-ethical observer-philosopher king model of political process that underlies the standard tax theory is pretty much bereft of empirical relevance in observable governments—Western or otherwise. The assumption that the aggregate level of revenues remains invariant with respect to alternative means of raising it, however convenient analytically, is an extremely dubious and potentially very misleading one. The neglect of the public-spending benefits and costs, and the distribution of them, does emerge as a significant gap in the standard analysis.
We think that we can offer positive justification for adopting the constitutional perspective on tax questions, however. We think that there is substantive analytical content in the taxpayer's constitutional choice problem, both conceptually and empirically. We think that our analysis sheds considerable light on the attitude of taxpayers that is reflected in the tax revolt of the late 1970s. Perhaps more important, however, we think that the taxpayer's constitutional choice calculus offers the only legitimate basis for the derivation of possible norms for tax reform. The use of this calculus allows us to indicate directions for what may be called authentic tax reform, changes in tax structure that may prove beneficial to all citizens-taxpayers when evaluated at the constitutional stage of decision.
The preoccupation of the standard analysis with the distribution of tax burdens "in-period" effectively denies the possibility of agreement among taxpayers. Each identifies his own economic position fully; and the tax reform "game" is strictly zero-sum. In this setting, the only possibility is to call down external norms that specify what a "fair" tax system would be—what tax burden each taxpayer "should" face. And such norms must be external, because the (internal) judgments about the desired distribution of tax burdens (even if tempered by moral or altruistic concerns) held by different individuals are necessarily mutually exclusive.
As we move to the constitutional setting, however, the scope for agreement seems naturally to expand. The presence of extensive ignorance about his future position separates each individual from the identifiable special interest he holds for himself in any in-period setting. In this constitutional setting it becomes possible to apply the generalized contractarian criterion for ultimate "tax reform." Particular fiscal institutions can be designated as "good" or desirable because individuals agree that they are desirable. The normative judgments to be applied emerge out of the constitutional consensus itself, rather than from the moral perceptions of one who deems himself close to God.
To be sure, the veil of ignorance may not be complete, and interpretations and predictions about the workings of alternative rules may differ. Agreement may emerge only after much discussion, compromise, and complex trading in alternative constitutional provisions. It could not be expected that everyone or indeed anyone would find any agreed-on constitution "perfect"—but for desirability in our sense, it is enough that the constitution be agreed.
The ultimate test of desirability can of course only be agreement itself. Purely presumptive reasoning alone cannot be expected to define a set of tax rules that would be mutually advantageous—only a set of tax rules that might be predicted to be so. In this sense, the normative conclusions that issue from our discussion are strictly provisional. All that we can be seen as doing is offering a set of tax rules that might form an agenda for the fiscal constitutional convention. This may seem to be a rather modest object! But it is, we believe, both ethically superior to and practically more relevant than the orthodox tax advocacy alternative.
Notes for this chapter
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971). This setting was also used in a context perhaps more closely related to our analysis in James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, The Calculus of Consent (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1962).
James M. Buchanan, The Limits of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975).
Social-choice theorists have attempted to define reasonable properties that might be expected for a "social" or "governmental choice function." However, all such efforts have foundered on the central contradiction involved in any shift from the preference or value rankings of a single person to an ordering designed to reflect the potential choice bases for a group or community of persons. The focal point for much of the analysis in social-choice theory has been Arrow's famous impossibility theorem. The theorem demonstrates that no social-choice function based on individual evaluation can exist that does not violate one or more of the reasonable conditions or properties imposed on such a function at the outset. See Kenneth Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1951). In our terminology, government cannot, even conceptually, work "perfectly" because there is more than one person or citizen affected by its operation. That pattern of governmental activity deemed to be "perfect" by Mr. A might be deemed just the opposite by Ms. B or Mr. C.
Both Lord Hailsham and Professor Hayek have recently argued strongly to the effect that the presumption is invalid. See Lord Hailsham, The Dilemma of Democracy (London: William Collins Sons & Company, 1978); and F. A. Hayek, Law, Legislation and Liberty, vol. 3, The Political Order of a Free People (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979).
Knut Wicksell, Finanztheoretische Untersuchungen (Jena: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1896).
See Buchanan and Tullock, The Calculus of Consent.
End of Notes
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What is PEP (Post Exposure Prophylaxis)?
PEP is short for post exposure prophylaxis. It is any prophylactic (preventive) treatment started immediately after exposure to blood or bodily fluid contaminated with a pathogen (such as a disease-causing virus), in order to prevent infection and the development of disease.
Although multiple diseases can be transmitted from exposure to blood, the most serious infections are hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV. Fortunately, the risk of acquiring any of these infections is low.
In order to be exposed to a bloodborne pathogen, you must have contact with blood, a visibly bloody fluid (i.e., phlegm or urine containing blood), or another bodily fluid (i.e., semen or vaginal secretions) that contain an infectious organism (virus or bacteria). The blood or fluid must come in direct contact with some part of your body. A virus can enter your body through the bloodstream, open skin, or mucous membranes, which include the eye, mouth, or genitals. Contact with skin that is intact (without new cuts, scrapes, or rashes) poses no risk of infection.
Thus, exposure to a bloodborne pathogen is possible after:
Infected Blood and/or Bodily Fluid
Anyone who is exposed to potentially infected blood or bodily fluids should be tested for HIV at the time of exposure (baseline) and at six weeks, three months, and six months after exposure.
The baseline HIV test is necessary (and required) to document that the HIV infection was not already present at the time of the incident. Experts from the United States Center for Disease Control recommend use of medications to reduce the risk of HIV infection if all of the following criteria are met:
However, the CDC also recommends that each situation be considered on an individual basis; preventive treatment may be recommended to people who do not meet these criteria in some situations.
The CDC recommends NOT using preventive treatment when:
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The ancestors of the simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that jumped from chimpanzees and monkeys, and ignited the HIV/AIDS pandemic in humans, have been dated to just a few centuries ago. These ages are substantially younger than previous estimates, according to a new study from The University of Arizona in Tucson, published May 1st in the open-access journal PLoS Computational Biology.
SIV has crossed over from chimpanzees and sooty mangabeys to humans at least eleven times, giving rise to several HIV lineages. Although HIV is a virulent pathogen in humans, SIV rarely causes disease in these species or the dozens of other African primate species it naturally infects. That these non-human primates typically remain unaffected after virus exposure has led to the hypothesis that there had been millions of years of coevolution between SIVs and their primate hosts.
The researchers, Joel Wertheim and Dr. Michael Worobey, estimated a rate of virus evolution using viral genetic sequences that had been isolated from infected humans, chimpanzees, and sooty mangabeys between 1975 and 2005. They inferred that the viruses currently circulating in sooty mangabeys and in chimpanzees evolved from ancestors dating to 1809 (1729-1875) and 1492 (1266-1685), respectively. Surprisingly, the independently estimated 'molecular clock' of the monkey viruses was virtually identical to the famously swift rate at which mutations accumulate in HIV genomes.
The authors note that unaccounted-for biases could be masking a deeper age of SIV. They suggest that if these biases do exist, their causes need to be investigated because they might also affect the ability to properly estimate the age of HIV and other viruses.
FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: This work was supported by the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
PLEASE ADD THIS LINK TO THE PUBLISHED ARTICLE IN ONLINE VERSIONS OF YOUR REPORT: http://dx.
CITATION: Wertheim JO, Worobey M (2009) Dating the Age of the SIV Lineages That Gave Rise to HIV-1 and HIV-2. PLoS Comput Biol 5(5): e1000377. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000377
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In this guest Blog, Dr Gethin Matthews from the Department of History at the University of Swansea talks about the battle of Mametz Wood, which commenced on 7th July 1916. Dr Matthews is principal investigator on ‘Welsh Memorials to the Great War’, a project funded by the AHRC Funded Living Legacies 1914-18 World War One Engagement Centre. There are 5 WW1 Engagement Centres, whose focus is to provide UK-wide support for community engagement activities, commemorating WW1.
Those from outside Wales who are interested in the history of the First World War and its aftermath may be surprised to discover how one relatively minor battle on the Western Front has such resonance in certain Welsh circles. The Battle of Mametz Wood, fought from 7 to 12 July 1916, was part of the early Somme campaign. The losses, of around four thousand killed and wounded on the British side, though heart-rending are much smaller that the numbers lost on just the first day of the Battle of the Somme.
Translation of text:
For the Honour and Glory of God and in sacred memory of
Lieut. H. K. Brock BA. Neuf Berquin
Pte. J. I. B. Brock Ypres
Pte. W. H. Hughes Poperinghe
Pte. D. Jones Ypres
Pte. O. Jones Gaza
Pte. T. Jones Ypres
Lc. Cpl. E. Lloyd Morris Givenchy
Pte. J. Owen Warnemunde
Pte. Elias Pritchard Bailleul
Pte. H. R. Williams Mametz Wood
Cpl. L. J. Williams Ypres
Boys of this church who fell in the War 1914-1918.
“For Freedom they lost their blood”
Its significance for Wales is that this was the first battle fought by the troops of the 38th (Welsh) Division, also known with some justification as ‘Lloyd George’s Army’. These were the men who volunteered in droves to be part of the ‘Welsh Army Corps’ that Lloyd George and his acolytes sought to raise from September 1914 onwards: men who were drawn by Lloyd George’s rhetoric about putting the first ‘Welsh army in the field’ since the days of Owain Glyndŵr. (See this blog – http://historyclassics.wordpress.com/2014/10/06/a-welsh-army-in-the-field-lloyd-george-and-the-queens-hall-speech-of-19-september-1914/ – for a consideration of Lloyd George’s famous speech in London’s Queen’s Hall on 19 September 1914). The ideal of the ‘Welsh Army Corps’ became the reality of the 38th (Welsh Division).
Translation of text:
“Their graves are far from Wales”
In affectionate memory of the brave boys of this church who sacrificed their lives on the field of blood.
David Griffith Williams in “Mametz Woods” July 10th 1916.
William Ballard in “Contalmaeson”, July 20th 1916.
James Morgan in “Ypres”, August 5th 1917.
“May they not be forgotten”
Having been trained for the most part in Wales, these recruits were posted to the Western Front in late 1915 and gained experience of trench warfare in quiet sectors for some months. Six days after the opening of the Somme offensive, this division was given the task of clearing Mametz Wood, a dense wood that had been heavily fortified by the Germans who had held it for two years, and was now defended by the elite Lehr regiment of Prussian Guards.
The details of the fighting, and how the Welsh overcame the odds at a tremendous cost can be found in this article by Robin Barlow – http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/welsh-history-month-mametz-wood-2047333 .
However, after the mission was successfully completed, as Colin Hughes wrote in his 1982 book about the battle, ‘neither glory nor distinction was noticeably bestowed’ upon the Welsh soldiers, but they were ‘bundled unceremoniously away to a quiet sector of the front’. The official response of the upper echelons is summarized in General Haig’s comments on the action on 7 July: ‘The 38th Welsh Division … had not advanced with determination to the attack’.
Translation of text:
In affectionate memory of the brothers who fell in the Great European War 1914-1918
Faithful members of this church
James Davies, Penstar
Wounded 22 June, he died 10 July 1916 in Rouen, France, aged 22
And Robert Jones, Myrddin Cottage, who died 10 July 1916 in Mametz Woods, France, aged 22.
Therefore be ye also ready
In contrast to the dismissive attitude of the Army’s High Command, the reaction in Wales was to laud the courage and tenacity of the Welsh troops. Newspapers printed letters carrying first-person accounts of the fighting within eight days of the action, describing in some detail the horrendous difficulties of fighting a well-armed and determined enemy in strongly defended positions. A ‘Soldier from Bargoed’ wrote to the Western Mail of how ‘The Welsh boys fought like very demons through a wood which was well-nigh impregnable’. In conclusion he declared ‘The whole of the Welsh boys, however, fought with great bravery and proved themselves to be splendid fighters’.
Even as other battles were being fought, the story of the Welsh at Mametz was being re-told and the narrative shaped into one of a remarkable success against the odds. Numerous examples of poetry (not necessarily, it has to be said, of a very high standard) can be found in both languages in various Welsh newspapers). See, for example, the verses in English by Driver W. H Davies from September 1916 – http://cymru1914.org/en/view/newspaper/3580283/6/ART63/ – or by Sgt J. Jarman from August 1917 – http://cymru1914.org/en/view/newspaper/4094738/2/ART20/ ; a Welsh-language example can be found here – http://cymru1914.org/en/view/newspaper/4016702/5/ART44/ – in September 1918.
Partially, this movement to commemorate the valour of the Welsh troops at Mametz Wood was driven by the soldiers themselves. The pride in their achievements is clear in the doggerel of Sgt. Jarman (‘For the hardest task we went through that morn / That’s been done by British sons’) and Driver Davies (‘My God! What a charge we made / The observers who were behind us / Said ’twas better than being on parade’). There is an interesting report – http://cymru1914.org/en/view/newspaper/4015748/6/ART75/ – of Welsh soldiers serving in France chanting that it was the Welsh who cleared the Germans from Mametz Wood.
Further impetus to commemorate this as a Welsh battle came from the top. When Lloyd George visited Welsh recruits in August 1916 training in the enormous camp in Kinmel Park, near Rhyl, he inspired them with a speech which focused on the achievements of their brothers-in-arms.
The local newspaper [ http://cymru1914.org/en/view/newspaper/4243526/2/ART24/ ] reports that he declared: ‘The attack on Mametz Wood was one of the most difficult enterprises which ever fell to any division. It was left to the Welsh Division, and they swept the enemy out of it (cheers)’.
Indeed, there was a debate in some Welsh newspapers in the spring of 1918 – before the outcome of the War was decided – as to which encounter should be commemorated as ‘the’ Welsh battle of the War: the choice being Mametz Wood or Pilckem Ridge (31 July 1917). In the euphoria that greeted the ‘victory’ in 1918, there were numerous poems written about Welsh valour in the battlefield, many of which took Mametz Wood as their theme.
A short story about a Welsh miner at Mametz won a prize at the National Eisteddfod in 1923; one of the best memoirs by a Welsh soldier about the war is Up to Mametz, published by Llewelyn Wyn Griffith in 1931. The most famous Welsh painting of the War is The Welsh Division at the Battle of Mametz Wood by Christopher Williams. https://museum.wales/cardiff/whatson/8949/Wars-Hell-The-Battle-of-Mametz-Wood-in-Art/
One of the most astonishing artistic works to come out of the First World War is David Jones’ In Parenthesis – this was largely inspired by his experiences with the Royal Welsh Fusiliers at Mametz (see https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jun/25/in-parenthesis-no-longer-who-was-the-author-of-the-greatest-poem-of-the-first-world-war ).
Thus it is not surprising that as interest in the First World War grew in the 1980s as the number of veterans of the conflict grew fewer, the focus on the experiences of the Welsh in this one battle became more intense. Following a campaign by the Western Front Association, a challenging and beautiful memorial was raised to the 38th Welsh Division at Mametz. Designed by sculptor/ blacksmith David Petersen, the memorial was unveiled in 1987: three documentaries were broadcast on Welsh television to accompany the event.
At a local level, the name of Mametz resonated long in various communities throughout Wales.
A ward at the Cardiff Royal Infirmary was designated the ‘Mametz Ward’. The 15th Welsh Regiment (Carmarthenshire Battalion) designated their reunion the ‘Mametz Wood dinner’. A wounded soldier in Llanrug renamed his home ‘Mametz Cottage’.
A project I am currently managing, Welsh Memorials to the Great War – http://war-memorials.swan.ac.uk/ – funded by Living Legacies 1914-18 – http://www.livinglegacies1914-18.ac.uk/ – has uncovered further examples of how the name of Mametz remained engrained within some Welsh communities. The project has collected information on well over two hundred WW1 memorials in Wales (with hundreds more to be gathered) and one interesting aspect that comes over in many of them is the geographical range that is incorporated in the local commemorations. The men who are remembered served all over the globe: a large number of Welsh soldiers who served with Canadian or Australian units are commemorated in their home villages.
Many of the memorials to those who died state where the men met their fate, although most of the time the details are non-specific, stating simply ‘France’, ‘Gallipoli’ or ‘Mesopotamia’. However, a few are more precise. There are twelve names in the memorial at Tregarth church, Caernarfonshire. The last line carved on this memorial – ‘Tros ryddid collasant eu gwaed’ [‘For Freedom they lost their blood’] comes from the Welsh National Anthem. Four died at Ypres and one at Gaza – both names that appear with tragic regularity on several more Welsh memorials. One, Pte. H R Williams, died at Mametz Wood.
Other memorials in Welsh chapels have an explicit reference to Mametz Wood. Three soldiers are commemorated in the memorial at Capel y Cwm, Pentrechwyth, Swansea: one of them was David Griffith Williams, who was killed in the battle.
The memorial in Hermon chapel, Pembrey, has two names, including Robert Jones, another who was killed at Mametz Wood.
One more chapel memorial deserves particular attention – although the only photograph I have obtained of it is rather poor. The chapel, Berea, Cricieth (Caernarfonshire) closed a few years ago after its membership fell to single figures. The significance of this place of worship is that it was Lloyd George’s family’s chapel: for many years his highly respected uncle, Richard Lloyd had been its leading light. Two brothers, Hugh and Hywel Williams, who were family friends of Lloyd George’s family, died within six weeks of one another in 1916. Both had been active in the recruiting campaign, trying to persuade young Welshmen to answer the call put out by their politician friend. Captain Hywel Williams was killed at Mametz Wood.
Dr Gethin Matthews, Dept. of History, Swansea University
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There were 12 for this walk to visit three sites of Quadra’s distinctive karst formations. It’s hard to believe that with all the rain this Winter there wasn’t quite enough water in the streams for ideal viewing, but the sinkholes, insurgents and resurgent creeks were impressive nonetheless.
Karst landscape is largely shaped by dissolving action of water on carbonate bedrock (usually limestone, dolomite, or marble). This geological process, occurring over many thousands of years, results in unusual surface and subsurface features ranging from sinkholes, vertical shafts, disappearing streams, and springs, to complex underground drainage systems and caves.
A narrow band of Quatsino Limestone on Quadra Island extends north from Open Bay and terminates near Luoma Creek. The most significant area north of Canyon Creek contains the largest number of caves and karst features. Although the cave sizes are very small, the impressive size of some of the karst features makes this an interesting area for recreational exploration and interpretation.
The Quadra Island Trails Committee has applied to Recreation Sites & Trails BC for two Forest Interpretative Sites to help protect some of the finest surface karst features on Quadra Island.
(click on photos to view larger)
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It was tempting to watch this week’s horror show in Texas from afar and dismiss it as something that couldn’t happen in Canada.
The state’s brutal blackouts owed largely to electricity infrastructure not built for winter weather that wouldn’t be particularly unusual here, leading to freeze-ups of everything from generating stations to pipelines to transmission lines. Its grid is also highly deregulated, and oddly isolated in a way that helped prevent emergency power coming from neighbouring jurisdictions.
But the reaction to millions of people stuck without power during extreme weather – in a state practically synonymous with energy richness – shouldn’t be complacency. Instead, it should help spark overdue discussions of whether our own electricity systems are being managed in a way to avoid vulnerability to extreme circumstances – of which there could be many more in the years to come, due to both the effects of climate change and efforts to mitigate it.
Texas seems to have been particularly bad at that sort of management, brushing off the need to make investments in resiliency despite another winter storm back in 2011 that caused more modest blackouts, which should have been a warning sign. But long-term capacity planning has a tendency to be pushed off the radar by more immediate considerations in Canadian provinces as well. Ontario is a prime example: Since an ill-fated investment in renewable energy a decade ago, its governments have played to consumer unrest by fixating on prices, while seemingly deciding that currently adequate generation and distribution systems require minimal new thinking.
One of the reasons that sort of myopia might come back to bite is that severe weather could increasingly test infrastructure’s resilience. Climate-change adaptation – being ready for everything from more flooding to extreme summer heat to more violent winter storms – still tends to suffer for public investment and attention. That’s going to need to change in many ways, ranging from urban planning to agriculture, and strengthening power-grid reliability is among them.
A less obvious component of climate-related policy, though, could pose a bigger threat of winter power outages if inadequately planned: the shift from fossil fuels to electricity for heating houses and other buildings.
That transition, likely to be encouraged through government policies ranging from carbon pricing to retrofit subsidies, is very necessary for climate-change mitigation. Buildings currently account for about 13 per cent of Canada’s carbon footprint. A lot of people are going to need to stop using gas or oil for space heating if the country is to hit its emission-reduction goals.
But electrifying heating poses a unique challenge to energy systems, because of one dynamic in Texas’s troubles that does translate north of the border: surging demand during the coldest days of the year.
Under 40 per cent of homes in Canada currently have electrical heating systems, and more like 10 per cent in provinces such as Ontario, Alberta and Saskatchewan. But those percentages could before too long match or surpass the one in a place like Texas, where more than half of home heating is electric.
Increased electricity usage is much easier for grid operators to manage if it’s predictable. That’s why electric vehicles, despite commonly being mentioned as a coming electricity-demand challenge, could pose less risk of overloading the system. Drivers’ charging habits will be fairly consistent through the year, and with time-of-use policies it should be possible to direct much of that activity to nighttime or other off-peak windows.
But when peaks are dictated by weather, it can mean either building lots of excess capacity that goes unused for perhaps 350 days per year – which gets really expensive – or risking blackouts. That could also become more of a dynamic with air conditioning (which is already electric) in summer, and may see usage go up as the planet warms. But in Canada, heating is still likely to be more of a wild card.
The good news is that there are lots of ways for governments and utilities to start preparing now for that future volatility.
That includes building high-capacity energy storage facilities, to allow accompanying investment in increasingly cheap wind and solar generation to stockpile electricity for peaks.
It includes not just upgrading distribution networks within provinces, but building new lines between them, to avoid lesser versions of the Texas isolation problem. That’s something the federal government has started supporting through the Canada Infrastructure Bank, to hopefully enable other parts of the country to benefit more from surplus hydroelectricity in provinces such as Quebec – but it will require more co-operation between provincial governments and utilities than they have embraced to date.
It includes making sure that while buildings are retrofitted to switch to electrical heating, at least as much is invested in better insulation, windows and other ways of reducing energy needs. And, relatedly, encouraging households currently on high-usage electrical baseboard heating to switch to much more efficient electrical heat pumps.
And, yes, it could mean a bit of compromise in completely eliminating fossil-fuel usage.
Hydro-Québec, among the more innovative of Canadian utilities in long-term planning despite that province’s relative comfort from hydroelectricity, has already begun experimenting with a “dual energy” program. Participating homes use electrical heating most of the time, but automatically switch to a secondary source (usually heating oil) at peak times. That’s a potential way for other parts of the country to dramatically lower heating emissions, while accepting a small fraction of the current total to reduce risk of system collapse.
None of these are quick policy paths. They need to be embarked upon years before they’re needed, which is not altogether comforting in places where electricity strategies have involved trying to balance short-term supply needs with keeping costs down.
So it’s perhaps a silver lining to the Texas debacle, that it at least forces a little consideration of how even prosperous places that don’t intuitively seem short on electricity supply can wind up with some very dark winter days if they’re not careful.
Failing to prioritize grid modernization, while pushing toward greater reliance on electricity, is a recipe for scenes that looked foreign this week becoming more familiar in decades to come.
Our Morning Update and Evening Update newsletters are written by Globe editors, giving you a concise summary of the day’s most important headlines. Sign up today.
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Influence of Educational Theorists on Thinking in Education
Oct 28, 2010 Learning Methodology 4754 Views
This article will assess the influences of Dewey, Lewin, Piaget, and Kolb to the current trends in education. Each theorist will be reviewed separately. The review will include information related to each theorist's seminal work followed by examples of how they influenced educational approaches today.
Dewey's influence on today's education system is significant. Dewey was one of the first theorists to propose the connection of education to the meaningful experience. Tenets of that connection can be found in the curriculum of K-12 schools, colleges, and universities, which embrace the idea of authentic experiential instruction. These schools provide course offerings that include internship, externships, work-study arrangements, and credit based on prior experience. The learner is directly in touch with the realities studied. Often, it involves direct encounters with the phenomenon being studied rather than merely thinking about the encounter or only considering the possibility of doing something with it (Keeton & Tate, 1978, p. 2). The internship type courses provide students with real-world experiences which can be applied to day-to-day situations. According to Dewey's theory, instruction through application has relevance to the student.
Dewey's theory also has influenced the current theory of constructivism. He encouraged the students to take an active role in the learning process. The constructivist teacher designs lessons which allow students to be participants in the construction of their own knowledge. Gertek (2004) explains that Dewey's concept of experience as the interaction of the person with his or her environment reflects constructivist beliefsp.11). In simple terms, learning occurs during the interaction through which the learner gains knowledge.
Lewin also strongly believed that the experience was a construct of the learning process. Lewin added the additional propositions to Dewey's theory that took into account the interactions of group dynamics, action research, laboratory training, and the training group. His work, which is related to groups, serves as a medium for learning how to encourage planned change within organizational social systems. He emphasized basic values of a humanistic scientific process and authenticity in relationships which offered new hope-filled ideals for the conduct of human relationships and the management of organizations (Schein & Bennis, 1965). Today, many organizations planning change use Lewin's three-stage change process model.
Lewin's work on the Laboratory Training Model inspired the formation of the National Training Laboratory in Group Development. Kolb (1984) explained that the laboratory training movement had a profound influence on the concept of innovation and on the practice of adult education, training, and organization development. The training center focused on teaching change motivation and management in group situations, utilizing Lewin's laboratory practices.
Piaget is most widely known of all the educational theorists and perhaps one of the most substantial contributors to the current constructivist theory of education. Marlowe and Page (2005) say that one cannot overestimate Piaget's contributions to the direction, meaning, and understanding of contemporary constructivism (p. 12). Examples of Piaget's contributions include his ideas that knowledge should be actively constructed by a child, and learning activities should match the level of the conceptual development stage of each child. Also, several major approaches to curriculum and instruction are based on the Piagetian theory (Berrueta-Clement, Schweinhart, Barnett, Epstein, & Weikart, 1984). For instance, Piaget influenced many teaching techniques such as the focus on the process of the child's thinking and the active role of the learner (Berk, 2001).
Piaget's focus on the process of the child thinking promoted the development of the stages of Cognitive Development Theory. Teachers use the stages in today's classroom as a way to gauge a child's cognitive functioning. This permits the development of activities and learning experiences that are at the correct cognitive development stage for the child's ability to learn.
Piaget recognized that students must be self-initiated and actively involved in learning activities. A current application of this concept today can be found with the teacher designing a variety of activities that allow a child to act within the physical world. Today, many of the academic curriculum material include interactive activities and even educational software for the student to engage in self-controlled learning.
David Kolb's work has been very influential within the education system at the present time. His most notable work is the LSI. The instrument offers educators and trainers the tools to assess and determine behavior related to environmental interactions, which is useful in determining a match between the learner and the learning experience. Sims explains that the effectiveness of Kolb's model is contingent on a dynamic match between the learner and the experience. In support, Tennant (1997) explains that Kolb's model can be used as a framework for planning, teaching, and learning activities, as well as a guide for understanding learning difficulties, vocational counseling, and academic advising. Therefore, the inventory provides the learner with the necessary information needed to support the learning process with direction.
Kolb's measure of learning styles called the LSI has been used increasingly by both education and business organizations. Kolb describes that the increased attention is due to the fact that very little in terms of research and studies have focused on the relation of learning styles to one's chosen field of specialization in college. Honigsfeld and Schiering (2004) explain that empirical results with the Learning Styles Inventory have shown differentiated learning style preferences in specified disciplines. This indicates that there is a relation with academic choices, achievement, and teaching styles. Therefore, the information obtained from the inventory can be applied to learning choices, career paths, and continued professional development.
Kolb's LSI is currently used in adult learning and development. Healey and Jenkins (2000) say that Kolb's inventory remains one of the most widely distributed instruments used in higher education. In fact, the tool can be downloaded for a small fee from a number of web sites. Many management consultant firms also use the model as a tool to develop personal development and planning.
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X–Ray: A type of electromagnetic radiation having low energy levels.
Xenon: A heavy gas used in specialized electric lamps.
Xyloid Coal: Brown coal or lignite mostly derived from wood.
Year of Commercial Operation: The year in which
the control of the loading of a generating unit is turned over to the system dispatcher.
No entries for the letter Z.
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Other Standard Thatching Features
This page covers the features not examined in the previous two pages.. Namely;
& the use of Tiles Slates and Gutters in the craft
Saddles… Straight on turning
A saddle is created, were a lower roof joins into a higher one; at right angles. The lower roof always consists of two valleys. The higher roof is nearly always in straightwork… The valleys may have been created by an extension to the main elevations or by a turning dormer window. Both are treated in the same manner. And share the drawback, of creating a potential weak point in the thatch; where the two roofs join… But as with a valley, this can be alleviated, with some judicious use of lead sheeting.
In the section on eaves chimneys, I mentioned that a saddle can be used behind a chimney; instead of a lead gutter. However the weak point, just mentioned, is then created. And being situated towards the bottom of the roof, there is an awful lot more water to shed with this type of saddle. Hence the modern popularity of lead gutters… But in the past, thatch was a lot cheaper than lead… The working methods used, are the same, as for the other applications of this feature.
Saddles…The working methods.
Saddles are not that difficult to complete. Consisting of several normal thatching techniques. But these have to be carried out in a set order; as follows…
The thatcher firstly has to complete the coatwork on the two valleys, that make up the lower extension. The second ridge roll should also be laid, and covered by the levelling course, or top sett; on this lower section. Then the final ridge roll and ridge, should also be completed; for at least 5 feet (1.5m) out; from the junction of the lower extension, with the upper main roof.
It is good working practice, to then cover the first 3 feet (90cm) of this ridge, out from the main roof, with some lead sheeting. This helps to counteract the weak point in the thatch; where water from the main roof, runs into the top of the ridge, of the lower one… Sheeting over this vulnerable spot, turns the rain water straight down into the valley, in effect bypassing the top of the ridge.
Typically, the thatcher will have stopped work, on the upper courses, in the main roof; when the lower ones started to turn, to create the first valley of the lower extension. These upper courses are now brought over the completed section of ridge, continuing as straightwork. It is good practice to thatch over the ridge, in the same fashion, as a very small eyebrow window… By bringing the first two courses right over the ridge, then fading out more as necessary. A full thickness of thatch, over the lead work, will thus be created. A line may show, in reed thatching; where this upper straightwork sits on top of the turning valley thatch… The price paid, for mixing the two groups of features together.
Thatching a saddle… Using a butts up ridge. The left image shows the top of the extension, with one half of it’s roof and ridge complete. The right hand photo shows the completed feature, with some lead sheeting discreetly placed.
Saddles… The left thatch, at Morchard Bishop, in Devon, has a leaded saddle, connecting the main roof to an eaves chimney. Saddles used here, are a smaller and shorter version of those used when an extension joins a main roof. The right image shows a very complicated hipped roof, at Briantspuddle in Dorset; this has a neat saddle, to turn the water aside; from the hipped window ridge.
Circular thatch… Round and round.
The round thatched buildings found today are mainly ornamental… Consisting of lodges, summerhouses and follies; often dating from the Picturesque period, of the early nineteenth century. Others are farm buildings; the former sites of a horse mill. Where animals provided the power for early machinery; by walking an endless circular journey… Yet none survive in any great numbers.
The above thatch once housed an old horse mill; now empty, at Winterborne Whitechurch, in Dorset.
The two round cottages below; showing their thatch, in the 1920’s; still guard the entrance to the village of Veryan, in Cornwall.
This rarity may give the impression that round buildings are difficult to thatch. Not so… After all dozens of generations of Britons lived under such roofs; in the Iron and earlier Ages. As all the turning is constant, there are no extra courses to add or subtract; as with hips and valleys and turning gables.
What a round thatch consists of is gently curving straight work. Tapered material is required more and more, as the narrow roof top is reached. But as long as care is taken over the curve; no other problems face the thatcher. Being only a slightly turning feature, it is possible for windows and chimneys to be included in the roof; but nothing too ambitious should be attempted. And anything is better placed at the bottom of the roof, were the curve is less pronounced…
It has been said, that round roofs are more difficult to estimate for than to thatch… But this is also fairly straightforward. Take the distance, from the top of the roof, down over the eaves, to the wall. And multiply this length, by half the circumference of the thatch, around the eaves… The answer should be in square feet or metres.
There are also half round roofs… Perhaps forming the end of a normal roof… All the above rules apply here, except for the estimating. Where a quarter of the eaves length will suffice… Thatch really suits a round building. A fact that should be remembered, when such a design is considered… Shapes that would make the best tilers and slaters blanche, are easily overcome by the thatcher.
Mansard Roofs… Two pitches, one thatch.
This is a rare feature, in thatch; except in Essex and some other parts of East Anglia… This type of roof is created, when the upper storey of a cottage lies entirely within the roof space; and extra ceiling width is then added. Resulting in a very steep lower section of thatch; which covers the sides, of this type of roof; in effect taking the place of the wall… And a flatter upper section of roof.
Like circular roofs, these twin angled thatches look very difficult; but are relatively straightforward to thatch… The main area where mansard roofs occur, has a strong long straw thatching tradition; this is more than a coincidence, as this feature is much easier to complete, in this shorter material; than in longer, less forgiving water reed..
A typical Essex mansard thatch, at Great Horkesley.
In completing these roofs, the thatcher has two problems to overcome. Firstly, the very steep angle, found in the lower section of roof; often finds the thatcher struggling to create enough springing in the thatch. This is where a shorter wheat based material comes into its own. The water reed thatcher would need some very fine, short bundles indeed…
A second problem can arise, where the top of the lower roof, merges into the flatter upper section. At this point, the angle of thatch in the coatwork needs to lie at the same pitch, as the upper section of roof. To achieve this, the thatch below the line of fixings, is allowed to increase, thus flattening it’s angle. Care and skill are needed, to get to the right pitch at the right time… With this achieved, the work can proceed as normal straightwork, up to the ridge… Typically, the lower section of roof is completed fully, before the upper is commenced…
Mansards… The thatch, at Great Dunmow; and the right gable end at Shalford; both in Essex, show in turn a thick multilayered mansard thatch, and the decorative sparwork, that often finishes these roofs.
Tiles, Slates, Gutters and Thatch… Working with alien materials.
The attentive reader will have noted, with valleys and saddles, that materials other than thatch can be of use to the thatcher. Non thatch roofing materials can also help out in other situations. Especially on roofs adjacent to the public road…
Here an overhanging eave can prove a liability. Thatch can be damaged, by large vehicles passing too closely. Whether on a busy street or down a narrow country lane. Agricultural machinery can be pretty hefty; as well as large commercial vehicles … An answer to this problem, is to remove the overhang; setting the thatch back; so that it lies over several courses of tiles or slates. And only comes level with the outside of the wall.
With around 18 inches (450mm), of tile or slate in place, the thatcher can fix a normal eaves course over these. And then continue to thatch normally… Very little tile or slate will show. This method has been used for a great many years, on thatch in both village and town.
Hazardous… But an eaves of stone tiles, has kept the thatch, of the left hand cottages, at Stalbridge in Dorset; safe from passing traffic for many years… I have never heard of any accidents, caused by falling icicles, but a gutter, over any entrances, to a thatch property, would solve this problem.
A gutter is often added to this type of roof. They can also catch the drips, from thatched roofs with a normal overhang; saving a soaking, for passers by, if in a public street. Or the owner, when leaving and entering their property… Large wall brackets are needed, to set a gutter, under a overhanging eaves. A normal guttering system will suffice, for thatch set back over tiles.
Gutters… Have been used for many years. A short basic wooden one, kept the Northumbrian couple, above, dry in around 1900. The more sophisticated metal version, on the right, is even older. Keeping customers dry, on this row of Shops, at Pewsey in Wiltshire; since 1823…
W here only one side of a roof is thatched, it is normal practice to complete the roof with a thatched ridge. So the non thatched side will need topping, with a few courses of coatwork, to enable the ridge to be formed. The thatcher should overlap any slates or tiles, by a normal eaves length…
One sided thatch… The roof, on the left, shows tiles topped with thatch, in Norfolk; near Kilverstone, in 1915… A modern example, on the right; at Marchamchurch, in Cornwall.
Whole roofs, of tiles, slate and thatch, are also found together, in a terrace situation… Here, the thatcher must join into these neighbouring roofs properly. Being thicker, thatch usually sits above any tiles or slates. These need to be covered by the correct amount of thatched gable end. Old tiles and thatch can look well together… Having the best effect, where thatch covers the majority of the roof.
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We’ve all heart that eating fish is good for your heart. There’s some new evidence out about exactly what kind of fish and how to prepare it to get those health benefits.
Donald Lloyd-James of Northwestern University and colleagues analyzed data collected between 1991 and 2008 from 84,493 women participating in the federally funded Women’s Health Initiative, which is examining a host of health issues.
Those who consumed the most baked or broiled fish — five or more servings per week — were about 30 percent less likely to develop heart failure over a 10-year period, the researchers reported in a paper in the journal Circulation: Heart Failure, published by the American Heart Association.
Previous research has found that so-called omega-3 fatty acids in fish, such as EPA, DHA and ALA, might reduce the risk for heart disease by lowering inflammation and blood pressure and improving heart and blood vessel function.
The new study indicates that the type of fish and how it is prepared is important. Dark fish, such as salmon, mackerel and bluefish, was associated with a much lower risk for heart failure than tuna or white fish, such as sole, snapper and cod. Fried fish was associated with an increased risk for heart failure, the researchers found. Just one serving of fried fish per week appeared to increase the risk by about 48 percent.
“Not all fish are equal, and how you prepare it really matters,” Lloyd-James said. “When you fry fish, you not only lose a lot of the benefits, you likely add some things related to the cooking process that are harmful.”
For more information about what the American Heart Association says about eating fish click here. For a healthy Salmon-with-cilantro-pesto recipe click here. For general cooking tips and nutritional information, click here.
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Culture, Environment and Adaptation in the North constitutes a space for the production and dissemination of new insights on societies in the northern regions of the globe, including Scandinavia, and Scotland, Iceland, Greenland, Canada and Alaska to the West, and Finland, the Baltic countries, northern Russia, Mongolia, and Siberia to the East. Loosely defined by latitude, the North is also distinctive in the tight connections of environmental, historical, geopolitical and cultural conditions that have characterised its regions, from prehistoric times to the present day. Northern regions have held enormous natural resources that have attracted peoples at various historical periods, with their large reserves of oil and gas forming the primary focus today - with all that this entails for environmental, social, and cultural challenges. This series produces cutting-edge, anthropological, sociological and geographical knowledge of northern adaptations in relation to the natural and societal environments of the northern regions.
By Hanne Lovise Aannestad, Unn Pedersen, Marianne Moen, Elise Naumann, Heidi Lund Berg
April 29, 2022
This volume explores the changes that occurred during the Viking Age, as Scandinavian societies fell in line with the larger forces that dominated the Insular world and Continental Europe, absorbing the powerful symbiosis of Christianity and monarchy, adapting to the idea of royal lineage and ...
By Zanette T. Glørstad, Kjetil Loftsgarden
October 18, 2018
The Viking Age was a period of profound change in Scandinavia. As kingdoms were established, Christianity became the encompassing ideological and cosmological framework and towns were formed. This book examines a central backdrop to these changes: the economic transformation of West Scandinavia. ...
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Prevalent along the vast American south and southwest, the Eureka lemon tree is a delicious delicacy. Learn how to care for your own Eureka lemon trees below.
When life gives you lemons, you can make lemonade, lemon squares, lemon chicken and so much more.
One of the simple pleasures in the south is having lemons right off the tree to work with. Citrus fruits are good for the body and the mind.
Eureka lemon trees are a great way to add some flavor to life right in your own home.
You may have a restaurant or local market where you want fresh fruit to work with or sell to customers. Everything tastes better with fresh ingredients.
It's important to take care of your Eureka lemon tree properly so it can flourish.
The Right Environment for Your Lemon Trees
Eureka lemon trees have been grown in the United States since the mid-1800s when seeds were brought over from Italy. They are considered true lemon trees, unlike the Meyer lemon tree which has a hybrid classification.
Eureka trees thrive in warmer climates and do well in the south and southwestern area. Any temperature drop below 20 Fahrenheit can damage these lemon trees beyond repair.
These trees are ideal for pot planting or in the ground growth as long as it has fresh soil, proper light, fertilization, and watering.
Transplanting Your Eureka Lemon Tree
When transplanting your tree the first time you'll need a 15 gallon pot with fresh soil and good drainage.
The roots may require pruning so that they can grow and take hold. They should be placed in a prepared hole and secured in place with loose soil.
If you are keeping it in a pot forever you'll want to prune the leaves back every few years. This is one citrus trees that never goes dormant, so it can be pruned at any time of year.
The Ideal Growing Environment to Thrive
The soil, amount of light and the correct amount of light are important to help your lemon tree grow to its fullest potential.
The Right Soil
The right soil is half the battle. You need soil that allows good drainage and has the optimal pH levels. You can acquire a test to determine this from your local gardening store. You're looking for a soil with a pH level of 5 to 8.
A combination of bark, sand, peat, and vermiculite or perlite is a good choice for growing citrus such as these. You can increase the draining ability of your soil by adding a few inches of gravel to the bottom of the pot.
The Right Light
Lemon trees, whether planted in the ground or growing a Eureka lemon tree in a container, require a great deal of sunlight. Five to eight hours of sunlight is good but ten to twelve hours is considered best. Many use supplemental lighting for potted trees.
The Right Moisture Levels
If the soil is dry deeper than two inches down you need to water it. In dry and hot environments you may need to water a few times a day though be sure you don't over water it.
If the air is too dry you may find a humidifier necessary to add moisture and encourage healthy growth.
Get Rave Reviews with Eureka Lemons
Eureka lemon trees get great reviews from tasters and growers. To learn more about growing eureka lemon or other citrus trees check out other great citrus blog posts with citrus fruit recipes, growing, care and cultivation of all things citrus.
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In Frances Densmore’s broad sweep through Native American communities, practicing what is now considered salvage anthropology, she worked with more Native American cultures than any anthropologist of her time.
After Densmore’s passing in 1957, others found it difficult to assess the results of her decades of work or to fit them into histories of various types. She had participated actively in communities of musicologists, anthropologists, and other professional women, as well as with Native communities as she pursued her social science. These communities were historically imbricated.
Densmore saw her work as the single focus of a lifetime. That work, over time, became but one part of a larger cultural context within which musicologists and anthropologists as a whole, as well as women anthropologists in particular and Native American writers, examined her work.
This according to “Gone but not quite forgotten” by Joan M. Jensen, an essay included in Travels with Frances Densmore: Her life, work, and legacy in Native American studies (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015, pp. 242–83).
Today is Densmore’s 150th birthday! Above, with Susan Windgrow (Maka Waste’ Win/Good Earth Woman), ca. 1930; below, Sitting Bull’s favorite song, recorded by Densmore from a man who had learned it by hearing it sung repeatedly by Sitting Bull himself.
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Are you new to gardening and wondering whether you should put topsoil over compost? Composting is a fantastic way to enrich your soil, and topsoil can also provide several benefits. However, there are both pros and cons to adding topsoil over compost, and it’s important to understand these before making a decision.
Composting is a natural process that turns organic waste into nutrient-rich soil for your plants. It’s an excellent way to reduce waste and improve soil health, and it’s easy to do at home.
However, if you want to take your gardening to the next level, you may be wondering whether you should add topsoil over your compost. Topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil, and it contains essential nutrients that can help your plants thrive.
In this article, we’ll explore the benefits and drawbacks of adding topsoil over compost, and we’ll provide you with the information you need to make an informed decision.
The Benefits of Composting
Composting has many benefits, including enriching soil fertility and promoting healthy plant growth. If you’re looking for a way to improve your garden, composting is a great place to start.
Compost is organic material that has undergone a natural process of decomposition. It’s made up of things like food scraps, yard waste, and other organic matter. Using compost for gardening can help to improve soil structure. It can also help to retain moisture in the soil, which is important for healthy plant growth.
Compost is also rich in nutrients that plants need, like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. When you add compost to your soil, you’re giving your plants the nutrients they need to thrive. The composting process is simple. All you need to do is collect your organic waste and add it to a compost bin or heap.
Over time, the organic material will break down into a rich, dark substance that can be used to fertilize your garden. The process can take anywhere from a few months to a year, depending on the conditions. But with a little patience, you can create a nutrient-rich compost that will help your plants to grow strong and healthy.
If you’re interested in gardening or landscaping, it’s important to understand what topsoil is. Topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil, typically ranging from 2-8 inches thick, that contains the most organic matter and nutrients.
There are different types of topsoil, including loam, clay, and sandy soil, each with their own unique characteristics. By using topsoil, you can improve the quality of your soil, promote healthy plant growth, and increase the overall aesthetic appeal of your outdoor space.
What is Topsoil?
You may be surprised to learn that topsoil is a crucial component for healthy plant growth. Topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil on the earth’s surface, and it contains the highest concentration of organic matter, nutrients, and microorganisms.
The composition of topsoil is made up of a mixture of sand, silt, and clay particles, along with decaying plant matter, and other organic materials that have accumulated over time.
Topsoil differs from subsoil, which is the layer of soil located directly beneath the topsoil. Subsoil is typically less fertile than topsoil and contains less organic matter.
This is why it’s essential to have a layer of topsoil when planting any vegetation. By adding topsoil to your garden or lawn, you can ensure that your plants will have access to the necessary nutrients, moisture retention, and root growth they need to grow and thrive.
Types of Topsoil
Let’s explore the different types of topsoil available to enhance the health and vibrancy of your plants! When it comes to soil composition, topsoil is the uppermost layer of soil that’s rich in nutrients and organic matter.
However, not all topsoil is created equal, and it’s important to know the types of topsoil available before buying. One type of topsoil is loam, which is a mixture of sand, silt, and clay.
Loam topsoil is ideal for planting because it has a balanced composition of all three soil types, providing good drainage, aeration, and nutrient retention. Sand topsoil, on the other hand, is mostly composed of sand particles and is best used in areas where drainage is a concern.
Clay topsoil is composed of mostly clay particles and is ideal for areas where moisture retention is important, but it can be prone to compaction and poor drainage. Knowing the different types of topsoil available and their composition can help you choose the best topsoil for your plants and garden.
Benefits of Using Topsoil
Using topsoil can greatly improve the health and growth of your plants, providing them with essential nutrients and organic matter. When choosing topsoil, it’s important to consider the quality and composition. Here are some benefits of using topsoil:
Provides essential nutrients: Topsoil is rich in nutrients that your plants need, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These nutrients help your plants grow stronger and healthier.
Improves soil structure: Topsoil helps improve soil structure by providing organic matter that helps with soil drainage, aeration, and moisture retention. This allows your plants to grow deeper roots and absorb nutrients more efficiently.
It’s important to choose topsoil that is high in quality and has the right composition for your specific plants. Look for topsoil that’s free of contaminants and has a good balance of sand, silt, and clay.
By using topsoil, you can give your plants the best chance for healthy growth and strong roots.
Pros of Adding Topsoil Over Compost
Adding topsoil on top of compost can enhance the nutrient content of your soil, enriching it with organic matter that nourishes your plants and creates a healthy, thriving garden. Topsoil is a layer of soil that’s rich in nutrients and minerals, making it an ideal addition to your garden.
When you add topsoil on top of compost, you’re essentially adding a layer of nutrient-rich soil that’ll provide your plants with all the necessary elements for optimal growth. One of the pros of adding topsoil over compost is that it can help improve soil structure. It helps to loosen the soil, making it easier for water and air to penetrate the soil. This helps to improve water retention and drainage, which is essential for healthy plant growth.
Additionally, topsoil can help prevent soil erosion, which can be a major problem in areas with heavy rainfall or strong winds. Another advantage of adding topsoil over compost is that it can help to balance the pH level of your soil. Compost tends to be slightly acidic, which can be problematic for some plants. By adding topsoil, you can help to neutralize the acidity of the compost, creating a more balanced pH level that’s ideal for most plants. This can help to prevent nutrient deficiencies and ensure that your plants are getting all the essential elements they need to thrive.
Cons of Adding Topsoil Over Compost
Before you go mixing up soil and compost in your garden, it’s important to be aware of the potential downsides of adding topsoil over compost. While there are some benefits to adding topsoil over compost, it’s not always the best option for every garden. Here are some cons to consider before making the decision:
Topsoil can be expensive. Adding a layer of topsoil over your compost can significantly increase the cost of your garden bed, especially if you have a large area to cover.
Topsoil can disrupt the balance of nutrients in your soil. If you’re not careful about the type and quality of topsoil you add, it can throw off the balance of nutrients in your compost and soil. This can lead to poor plant growth and health.
Topsoil can create drainage issues. If you add too much topsoil, it can create drainage issues in your garden bed. This can lead to standing water, which can drown your plants and promote the growth of harmful fungi.
To avoid these issues, it’s important to follow topsoil depth recommendations for garden beds. Generally, a depth of 6 inches or less is recommended. This allows for proper drainage and prevents nutrient imbalances. If you do decide to add topsoil over your compost, make sure to research the best type and quality for your specific garden needs.
In the end, the decision to add topsoil over compost comes down to your specific garden needs and budget. While there are some cons to consider, it can also have benefits such as improving soil structure and increasing soil depth. Just make sure to do your research and consider all factors before making the decision.
Factors to Consider Before Adding Topsoil Over Compost
If you’ve read the previous subtopic, you’ll know that adding topsoil over compost isn’t always a good idea. However, there may be situations where you’d want to. Before doing so, there are some factors to consider.
Firstly, you need to think about your plant growth. If you’re growing plants that require nutrient-rich soil with a lot of organic matter, then adding topsoil over compost might not be the best choice. Compost already contains high levels of nutrients and organic matter, so adding more topsoil could actually dilute the compost and reduce the nutrient levels. On the other hand, if you’re growing plants that prefer a lighter soil mix, then adding topsoil may be beneficial.
Secondly, you need to think about soil structure. The structure of your soil will determine how well your plants grow and how much water is retained. Adding topsoil over compost can affect the soil structure, so it’s important to consider the type of topsoil you’re using. If the topsoil is heavy and clay-like, it can cause drainage problems and make it difficult for roots to penetrate the soil. However, if the topsoil is light and sandy, it can improve drainage and create a more stable soil structure.
In the end, whether or not you should add topsoil over compost depends on your specific gardening needs. Consider the type of plants you’re growing and the soil structure you want to achieve. By doing so, you’ll be able to make an informed decision that’ll lead to healthier, more productive plants.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do I know if my soil needs both compost and topsoil?
If you’re looking to improve your soil, it’s important to determine its nutrient needs before adding anything. You can do this by getting a soil test or observing the plants currently growing in the soil.
Once you know what your soil needs, you can decide whether to use compost, topsoil, or both. Compost is great for adding organic matter, improving soil structure, and providing a slow-release source of nutrients. Topsoil, on the other hand, is good for filling in low spots and providing a base for new plants.
If your soil is lacking in organic matter and nutrients, adding compost is a great place to start. However, if you need to level out your soil or provide a base for new plants, topsoil might be the better choice.
Ultimately, the best approach is to use a combination of both compost and topsoil to give your soil the best chance at thriving.
Can I add topsoil over compost if I have already planted in the area?
If you’ve already planted in an area and want to add topsoil, it’s best to do so sparingly. The optimal depth for topsoil is around 2-3 inches, so make sure not to add too much.
You can spread the topsoil out evenly and then lightly rake it into the soil. Be careful not to disturb the roots of your plants too much.
Adding topsoil after planting can help improve the overall quality of the soil and provide extra nutrients for your plants. However, it’s important to note that adding topsoil over compost may not be necessary, as compost already contains many of the same nutrients as topsoil.
Ultimately, it depends on the specific needs of your soil and plants.
What is the ideal ratio of topsoil to compost when adding both to my soil?
When it comes to optimal plant growth, it’s important to understand the differences between compost and topsoil. Compost is nutrient-rich and helps improve soil structure, while topsoil is typically used to level out uneven ground.
When mixing the two, it’s important to consider the ideal ratio for your specific plants and soil type. Generally, a 50/50 mix is a good place to start, but it’s important to test your soil and adjust accordingly. Mixing too much compost can cause an imbalance of nutrients and potentially harm your plants.
By properly mixing topsoil and compost, you can provide a balanced nutrient profile for your plants to thrive. So, when considering Compost vs topsoil, consider how to properly mix the two for optimal plant growth.
Will adding topsoil over compost affect the pH level of my soil?
If you’re wondering about the effects on plant growth, pH levels, and nutrient absorption from adding topsoil over compost, a comparison study shows that it can have a positive impact on all three.
The role of organic matter in soil health is crucial, and both compost and topsoil provide different benefits.
Compost is rich in nutrients and microorganisms that help improve soil structure and fertility, while topsoil provides a layer of organic matter that can help retain moisture and prevent erosion.
By combining the two, you can create a healthy soil environment that promotes optimal plant growth.
Adding topsoil over compost can also help balance the pH level of your soil, which is important for nutrient uptake.
So, if you want to give your plants the best chance to thrive, consider incorporating both compost and topsoil into your soil mix.
Can I use topsoil or compost alone instead of adding both to my soil?
If you’re wondering whether you can use topsoil or compost alone instead of adding both to your soil, it’s important to consider the benefits of compost vs. topsoil for gardening.
While topsoil is rich in minerals and nutrients, it doesn’t have the same level of organic matter that compost does.
Compost, on the other hand, is packed with nutrients and microorganisms that can help improve soil structure and fertility.
When it comes to comparing nutrient content of topsoil and compost, compost generally has a higher nutrient content.
So, while it’s possible to use topsoil alone, incorporating compost into your soil can provide additional benefits for your plants.
So, do you need to put topsoil over compost? The answer is, it depends on your specific situation and what you want to achieve.
Composting is a great way to enrich your soil and improve the health of your plants. It can provide a range of nutrients and minerals that are essential for plant growth. However, topsoil can also be beneficial in certain cases, such as if your soil is poor quality or if you want to level out an area before planting.
Ultimately, the decision to add topsoil over compost should be based on your individual needs and goals. Consider factors such as the type of plants you will be growing, the condition of your soil, and your budget.
By taking a thoughtful and intentional approach, you can create a healthy and thriving garden that meets your specific needs.
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The example then uses the XPath Navigator class to incorrectly modify the typed value of an element in the XML document generating a schema validation error.
I need to validate an XML file (pass the file path/location) against the XSD file (pass the file path/location). Create(xml File Path, settings) ' Read the document... Get Errors() If errors Text Is Not Nothing Then ' Handle the errors End If End Function Public Function Load Validated XDocument(xml File Path As String, xsd File Path As String) As XDocument Dim doc As XDocument = XDocument.
The following are important notes to consider when using the method.
The example creates an Xml Document that contains an associated XSD schema using the Xml Reader Settings and Xml Reader objects.
Specifically, after successful validation, schema defaults are applied, text values are converted to atomic values as necessary, and type information is associated with validated information items.
The result is a previously un-typed XML sub-tree in the Xml Document replaced with a typed sub-tree.
Append Line(" error(s) were found while validating the XML document against the XSD:") For Each i As Validation Event Args In _errors builder. Get Errors() If errors Text Is Not Nothing Then Throw New Exception(errors Text) End If Return doc End Function Public Sub Load Xml(xml File Path As String, xsd File Path As String) Dim settings As New Xml Reader Settings() settings. Validation Event Handler) Dim reader As Xml Reader = Xml Reader.
Validation Event Handler)) Dim errors Text As String = error Builder. Validation Event Handler, New Validation Event Handler(Address Of error Builder.
That being said, you can continue to use MSXML through COM Interop, although I think you'll find that porting code that works with the DOM will be relatively simple, while rewriting code that uses SAX, the Simple API for XML introduced in MSXML 3.0, will make for a more straightforward and efficient application. Data Public Sub Extract Students(By Val p File Name As String) Dim o Read As Xml Text Reader Try Dim str FName, str LName, str Org As String o Read = New Xml Text Reader(p File Name) o Read.
namespace provides standards-based support for working with XML, this discussion will include dealing with streamed access to XML documents, manipulating XML documents with the DOM, handling XML schemas, and using XML serialization.
Before working with any XML or set of XML files we have to validate the XML document first to avoid unhandled exception like corrupted file, incomplete file or even partial file. The XML file provider must provide you an XSD file according to their XML elements. Load(Oreader) Dim event Handler As Validation Event Handler = New Validation Event Handler(Address Of Validation Event Handler) Odoc.
If they don’t provide then you can also create a XSD file using Visual Studio IDE. Dim s B As String Builder = New String Builder() Protected Sub Page_Load(sender As Object, e As System. Load If Not Is Post Back Then Dim xml Path As String = Map Path("XMLFile.xml") Dim xsd Path As String = Map Path("XMLFile.xsd") Dim settings As Xml Reader Settings = New Xml Reader Settings() settings.
I need to check that it is wellformed no illegal characters and it has all the tags defined in the XSD i.e no tag missing. After that is done I need to parse the xml file to get the data and store it in database. 1) Using Xml Reader Setttings with Xml Document and Xml Reader with Validate method will that help me acheive what I need? 2) What is the best way to parse an xml file to get specific tags? Add(args) End If End Sub Public Function Get Errors() As String If _errors. Load(xml File Path) Dim schemas As New Xml Schema Set() schemas.
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During a speech in Alabama on September 22, President Trump made some comments that provoked a number of professional athletes to kneel or sit – or even stay in the locker room – during the national anthem on Sunday’s NFL games. In a nutshell, Trump said that NFL owners should fire their players who disrespect the U.S. flag. This statement generated repercussions among professional athletes, who enjoy the same constitutional rights to freedom of speech that others in the country enjoy. Kneeling during the national anthem (which gained the hashtag #TakeTheKnee on Twitter), although not verbal speech, is a form of nonverbal speech or expression that is protected under the First Amendment.
Whereas the U.S. Constitution provides the U.S. government with certain powers, the Bill of Rights restricts those governmental powers by providing people within the United States with the named rights, such as freedom of speech. Therefore, constitutional rights must be honored by governmental actors, including public school districts. Because the NFL is not a public employer, it does not have a constitutional obligation to allow these freedoms.
Public school districts, however, are governmental actors. Because the government must allow constitutional rights, our question then becomes, do student athletes have the same constitutional rights to freedom of speech? Or more simply, can student athletes #TakeTheKnee?
Participation in extracurricular activities is a privilege and not a right protected by law. Under Ohio law, boards of education are permitted to adopt a policy authorizing district employees who coach a pupil activity program to prohibit a student from participating in the program under conditions of the policy. Such conditions may include requirements such as maintaining a certain minimum grade point average or acting in a manner that does not bring discredit or dishonor upon the school. If a student violates the policy, he or she may be removed from the activity program without due process requirements.
A school may not impose a condition that violates a student’s constitutional rights. Although students do not necessarily have the same constitutional rights in the school as they do in public, they do not lose their constitutional rights when they enter the school building.
The Third Circuit Court of Appeals once heard two separate court cases centered on free speech rights of the First Amendment. In both cases, students were disciplined for off-campus social media posts. The court issued two opposing opinions on the same day in these two similar cases. This led to the full court panel rehearing the two cases. The full panel held that the speech was protected by the First Amendment in both cases. The takeaway from these cases is that courts are often willing to protect a student’s free speech rights – even if the speech is offensive and hurtful – if a school cannot prove that the speech sufficiently disrupted the educational process.
In the 1969 landmark case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, the U.S. Supreme Court heard a case regarding whether students’ political actions would be protected under the free speech clause of the First Amendment. Several students wore black armbands in protest of the Vietnam War, despite the school’s policy prohibiting students from wearing these armbands. The Court held that the students’ wearing these armbands was considered protected speech under the First Amendment and declared the school’s policy unconstitutional. The Court noted that this action led to no disruption of or interference with the educational environment.
Going back even further, the U.S. Supreme Court issued an opinion on Flag Day (June 14) in 1943 that a state may not compel unwilling school children to salute and pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States. Furthermore, any discipline brought on by “an act of disrespect, either by word or action” was also prohibited. Ohio even has a statute (R.C. 3313.602) that states that no student shall be required to participate in the pledge of allegiance. The bottom line is that schools may not require students to participate in acts of patriotism, such as recitation of the pledge of allegiance or participation in a certain manner during the national anthem.
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Jump to Main Content
Fun with good foods. --
- United States Food and Nutrition Service
- Nutrition -- Juvenile literature
- The activity booklet is designed to create an interest and eagerness in children for learning about foods and nutrition. Activities are presented in order of difficulty geared for elementary school children (6,7, and 8-year olds). Topics covered include foods and their sources, four basic food groups, and balanced diets. Suggestions for assisting in the learning process include guidelines for discussions, parties, games, gardening, and field trips.
- 48 p. : ill. ; 27 cm. --
- Dept. of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service
- Historical Dietary Guidance Digital Collection
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High-speed rail has been touted by many as being the future of mass transportation in Europe. It has the potential to move large amounts of people at immense speeds between towns and cities across the European continent. Not only is it an environmentally sound alternative to road and air travel, its backers argue, but it combines convenience with efficiency.
And yet despite these advantages, governments across Europe continue to struggle with their plans to roll out high-speed rail on a scale that will make a genuine difference to people's lives. They are coming up against a wall of bureaucracy and regulatory complexity as well as deep-seated opposition from the communities through which planned rail lines are due to run.
Across Europe, governments are full steam ahead with ambitious high-speed rail plans. France's state owned railway, Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français, this year signed a public-private partnership contract for a new line to connect Bordeaux with Paris, extending the existing high-speed route by nearly 300 kilometers. Spain too has several lines under construction with the eventual goal of ensuring 90% of its population will be within 50 kilometers of a high-speed rail station. Italy recently completed its core high-speed line between Milan, Rome and Naples, while Germany has more than 1,000 kilometers in operation.
High-speed rail—defined broadly as trains travelling at at least 225 kilometers per hour (140 miles per hour)—is attractive because passengers can use their time productively. Trains are also an eminently convenient way to get about, travelling as they do from city center to city center. These advantages have enabled rail to gain a dominant market share on several routes. The Madrid to Barcelona line, opened in 2008, has already captured more than 60% of the rail-air market, with more than 5 million passengers travelling annually. Similarly in Germany, high-speed trains now account for 97% of the air-rail market between Frankfurt and Cologne.
Not In My Back Yard
The U.K.'s attempts to play catch-up in the high-speed rail game have triggered a fierce debate over whether the country needs the technology or not, with opposition mounting, particularly from environmentalists
The U.K. has been far slower than its European neighbors in developing high-speed services. So far, there is just one line of 100 kilometers connecting the channel tunnel with St. Pancras Station in north London. Plans are afoot, however, to build a second line connecting nearby Euston station with Birmingham, and later, high-speed lines to connect the northern cities of Leeds and Manchester to the capital.
The supporters of high-speed rail, who included the leaders of all three major U.K. political parties at the 2010 General Election, say it is essential to modernize the country's rail network and will act as a spur to the regeneration of the Midlands and the North. When completed in 2026, at a cost of £17 billion (€19 billion), experts say the London to Birmingham line will reduce travel time between the two cities from 80 minutes to 49 minutes. However, opposition to the high-speed rail dream is mounting—in particular from environmentalists who fear for the Chiltern Hills, a designated U.K. area of outstanding natural beauty, through which the London to Birmingham line will pass. Opponents also point to the weakness of the business case for the line.
A recent report by the Institute of Economic Affairs said that high-speed rail was 'not commercially viable' and based on 'bogus assumptions.' Already the U.K. Labour party is reassessing its support while several Conservative members of parliament have expressed their disquiet given the cost and the lack of funds available for road building.
There are also clear environmental benefits to high-speed rail. Trains consume less CO2 per passenger kilometer than planes, by a ratio of at least two to one. Furthermore, Eurostar, which operates trains between London, Paris and Brussels, claims near-zero carbon emissions because much of the electricity used to drive its trains comes from nuclear power.
However, the momentum in favor of high-speed trains has been severely checked of late. The well publicized high-speed rail crash in China in July highlighted the potential risks to this form of transportation. As a result of the accident, the Chinese government has shelved plans for new railway schemes and halted some bullet-train manufacturing. But most believe the Chinese experience should not be used as a reason to slow down the roll-out of the technology in other parts of the world. It was the first involving a high-speed train travelling on its own dedicated tracks since the Japanese launched the inaugural high-speed service back in 1964.
Safety is not the only concern. The enormous capital investment required for the manufacture of the infrastructure, with most of the money inevitably coming from the state, has led some to question the necessity of high-speed rail at a time of severe economic disruption. Others fear the destruction of areas of outstanding natural beauty or indeed, just baulk at the idea of a railway line running close to where they live.
The Trains à Grande Vitesse Méditerranée project in France sparked widespread protests which resulted in extra cost, route changes and even in a change to the rules governing such megaprojects. The planned Lyon to Turin line connecting France and Italy through the Alps is also the subject of concerted local protests. Similarly in the U.K there is mounting opposition to the construction of a new high-speed line between London and Birmingham (see box below).
Bound Up With Red Tape
Regulatory and administrative hurdles are also delaying the roll-out of high-speed rail in Europe. High-speed rail is part of a wider European agenda to ease connections between different countries, which has resulted in cross-border lines receiving European Union funding. Yet the various squabbling state-owned rail companies, together with at times over prescriptive European competition rules, have meant that ticketing remains complex and expensive for many cross-border journeys.
Railteam, the organization created to coordinate travel between the high-speed networks of different European countries, has largely failed to make an impact. Its difficulties are rooted in the plethora of incompatible computer systems, combined with unwillingness on the part of the big state-owned railway companies, such as France's SNCF and Germany's Deutsche Bahn, to work together, and, oddly, the European Union's suspicions of any co-operation between them. Consequently, connections between trains are not coordinated and separate tickets are required to travel on different networks. Prices also remain high for cross-border travel as the companies refuse to negotiate lower joint fares.
While virtually all these services are run by state-owned railways, in Italy an interesting initiative is set to break this monopoly. A private company, Nuovo Trasporto Viaggiatori, has invested in a set of 25 Alstom high-speed trains and plans to run them on Italy's high-speed infrastructure. However, even this project has fallen foul of regulatory impediments. This autumn's planned launch was postponed due to complicated rules which have led to complaints from NTV that regulations have been specially created to favor the incumbent operator Ferrovie dello Stato.
Technical difficulties and cost overruns have dogged several high-speed rail projects. The Channel Tunnel Rail Link in Britain, for example, was supposed to have been built without government support. And yet the scheme collapsed in 1998 because of low revenues on Eurostar services and had to be bailed out by the U.K. government. Similarly in the Netherlands, the country's high-speed line opened late because of the failure of an Italian train manufacturer to deliver the stock on time. And yet despite the regulatory and environmental difficulties, the high-speed rail network is set to continue growing. For the most part, projects have the support of governments and with roads becoming ever more congested, rail is seen as vital to improving transport infrastructure.
Mr. Wolmar is the author of several books on the railways. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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随行课堂全新版大学进阶英语综合教程1李荫华课后习题答案 we learn答案
ll. Focusing on Language in Context
1.Key Words & Expressions
1.Good teachers should encourage students to use their creativity to express themselves andmake them feel proud of what they can achieve.
2.’ve made new friends and am doing well at college. l think Im enjoying being a collegestudent.
3.People with disabilities want to be treated like everyone else and given equal opportunities.They do not want sympathy.
4. Life is full of challenges. We should be strong enough to face up to them.5. A great pianist does not succeed overnight. His skills are developed over time.6. It is reported that millions of people in the US are not covered by health insurance.
7.The party really came to life once again when the huge birthday cake was served.8. The train must be running late; we should have got to Beijing by now.
9. How determined one is to achieve one’s dream is clearly a sign that can be used
to predict success.
10. Setting a goal and going all the way to achieve it can be a great test of one’s will and
11. The doctor tried to prevent the infection spreading to other parts of the body.12.l was told that my computer wasn’t powerful enough to run that software.13. Corporate executives usually have high salaries.
14.The art exhibition is great; it’s a pity you don’t have time to go there but you can see it on yourcomputer screen.
15.The researchers are concerned about the increasing frequency of the illness in the village.
1 ) big on2) all the way3) motivation4) predicting5) hooked6) pursuit of7) elementary8) folk
9) taken over
1.We waited for Phil for two hours, but he didn’t show up. We had to cancel the appointment.2.Nowadays the price of hiring a tutor is very high. So many parents choose to tutor their kids/children themselves.
3.Be positive about your life and see amazing things you have achieved. In other words, believe
4. When we’re young, we take risks and may fail. However, we should keep chasing ourdreams and never give up.
5.’ll find a job and become a skilled worker after graduating from college.l have no motivationfor going to graduate school.
2. Word Formation
1. When you email me, don’t forget to attach a copy of the document.
2.Sea level rise can increase the height of storm waves, making more areas vulnerable to storm
3.The letter must have sat in the drawer for such a long time that it has vellowed.
4.Bob lives not far from the school he attends. So he bicycles to school.5.Green means they’re doing well; red means they might fail.
3. Sentence Patterns
1.l know you’ve set your goal. Why not make a plan?
2.When one door closes, another opens for you. How about looking for other opportunities?3. lt is not enough to learn from textbooks. Why not take a part-time job to gain some practicalexperiences?
4.The school doesn’t have a student society that provides community services. How aboutstarting one with your classmates?
5. lf we agree that college life is a new experience for growing up, why not take a more activepart in various activities on campus?
4. Comprehensive Practice
1.A: Our government encourages college students to be creative and start career planning early.What does this mean for your dream of a future job?
B: As a college student, I am big on learning and applying skills our future job needs instead ofbook knowledge only. l would like to take on challenges during college. And l havestrong motivation to go abroad to learn more someday.
2.A: My problem is that I have dreams but they always seem so far away and hard to achieve.What’s your advice?
B: First, you need to look inside yourself and know what you really want to do. In other words,you need to build up your confidence and believe in yourself/your dream. Second,create aconcrete plan and take action in pursuit of your dream. By so doing, you will, ‘m sure, make yourdream come true over time.
3. A: Do you have a dream job in mind already? If so, what is it? Would you mind sharing it withus?
B:My dream job is a corporate position such as a manager leading a team to help the companyreach its goals.What I like most about the job is to overcome challenges and make decisions
with creativity. I’ve got hooked on reading books on team leadership now!
4.A: In chasing my dream, obstacles come my way from time to time. I sometimes think of givingup. As a successful CEO, can you share your experience with me about how to deal with them?B: Yes, I’d be more than happy to do so. To deal with things holding me back, I’ll look closely atthem first, and then make a list,instead of saying to myself“Why not just give up?”.For someobstacles,I will not let excuses take over. For example,it actually doesn’t help if my blamegoes all the way to life not treating me well. By finding the right kind of help, I can grow strongerno matter what and do well.
Reading & Comprehending
1.Comprehension Check for Reading 1
Comprehension Check for Reading 2
1.He is dreaming of building New Oriental into a model for China’s private education.2.1) He was born to poor peasant parents.
2) He failed university entrance exams twice.
3) He had to take a year’s sick leave while at university.
4) He wanted to study in the US, but he failed repeatedly to obtain a visa.5) He was almost killed by some dangerous thieves.
3.He has a positive attitude toward life when he says, “These ordeals make me treasure everyminute of life and be ready to help others.”
4.Perseverance and a good sense of direction.
lntegrated Skills Practicing
I. Viewing & Listening
1)”You know, I still consider it as a hobby.I really do love it. Like l don’t see it as a job, you know.And that’s the best part,if you love something,you know, you don’t consider it as a job, youknow, you’re happy to go to work”
2) “You know, I don’t want you to see me as a deaf DJ, or a deaf kid trying to DJ.I want you, 1want you to see me as a great DJ that happens to be deaf, you know, because, you know, I don’twant sympathy, l don’t want,‘Oh, let’s give him a gig, because, you know, his hearing isimpaired.”
3)”You know, there’s a lot of sounds out in the world you don’t want to hear. l like it muffled. lt’s,it’s..you know, l like who l am.I’m proud of who l am.”
Reporter: It’s New York Fashion Week and DJ Robbie Wilde is busy working the exclusive Project
Runway designer reunion Party. Wilde lives in a world of rhythm and bass, he just can’t hear it.Ear infections as a child left Wilde completely deaf in his right ear and with only 20-percenthearing in his left.
Woman: Did you ever feel sorry for yourself?
Wilde: Never, no. Sometimes ‘d even forget it sometimes myself.
Reporter: Although hearing is the most important sense in a Dl’s life, Wilde was determined tomake it. He got his first shot to perform at his father’s restaurant nearly a decade ago and hasn’tlooked back since.
Wilde: You know l still consider it as a hobby. I really do love it. Like l don’t see it as a job, youknow.And that‘s the best part, if you love something, you know, you don’t consider it as a job,you know, you’re happy to go to work.
Reporter: Wilde went to DJ school to learn the art of turntablism. And also relies on his computerto see the music and feels the vibration, literally. He’s dubbed That Deaf DJ” by club goers andpromoters and it’s a moniker even he uses.But Wilde says it’s more than just about his deafness.Wilde: You know, I don’t want you to see me as a deaf DJ or a deaf kid trying to DJ. I want you, Iwant you to see me as a great DJ that happens to be deaf, you know, because, you know, I don’twant sympathy, l don’t want,“Oh, let’s give him a gig, because,you know, his hearing isimpaired.”
Reporter: His skills got noticed by HP and earned him a spot in a commercial, thrusting him ontothe world stage.
Wilde: It doesn’t matter that I can’t hear the music.
Another Woman: That he’s doing it through touch without being able to hear the music is awonderful story.
Reporter: Besides, some things are better left unheard, he says.
Wilde: You know, there’s a lot of sounds out in the world you don’t want to hear.l like it muffled,you know. It’s, it’s…you know, I like who l am. I’m proud of who l am.
Reporter: When he’s not DJing, Wilde is in the studio producing music.
Woman: What’s your message for those who are trying to chase a dream, just like you?Wilde: Just, honestly, never, never give up.
Reporter: Sarah Hoye CNN,New York.
沉梦博客 » 随行课堂全新版大学进阶英语综合教程1李荫华课后习题答案 we learn答案
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What causes aplastic anemia?
Aplastic anemia is caused by destruction of the blood-forming stem cells in your bone marrow. These stem cells normally develop into three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Most research suggests that stem cell destruction occurs because the body's immune system attacks its own cells by mistake.
Normally, the immune system attacks only foreign substances. When your immune system attacks your own body, you are said to have an autoimmune disease. Aplastic anemia is generally thought to be an autoimmune disease. Other autoimmune diseases include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Aplastic anemia can be acquired or hereditary.
- Acquired aplastic anemia can begin any time in life. About 75 out of 100 cases of acquired aplastic anemia are idiopathic. This means they have no known cause.
- Hereditary aplastic anemia is passed down through the genes from parent to child. It is usually diagnosed in childhood and is much less common than acquired aplastic anemia. People who develop hereditary aplastic anemia may have other genetic or developmental abnormalities.
- For instance, certain inherited conditions can damage the stem cells and lead to aplastic anemia. Examples include Fanconi anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis (DIS-ker-ah-TO-sis) congenita, and Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
About 25 out of 100 cases of acquired aplastic anemia can be linked to one of several causes. These include:
- Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene
- Radiation and chemotherapy used to treat cancer
- Treatments for other autoimmune diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
- Pregnancy - sometimes, this aplastic anemia improves on its own after the woman gives birth
- Infectious dieases, such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (si-to-MEG-ah-lo-VI-rus), parvovirus B19, and HIV.
- Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone and cause aplastic anemia.
Sometimes, cancer from another part of the body can spread to the bone and cause aplastic anemia.
About Bone Marrow Failure
Online Learning Center
Find out how you can further research and treatment. Act now!
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Wndsn Quadrant Telemeter Tutorials
Making the most out of our graphical telemetry computers.
Like with many complex instruments, there are multiple ways to solve certain problems and to measure the required inputs. Combining the various functions leads to a multitude of advanced uses.
The Quadrant Telemeter: An Equatorial Sundial
The Quadrant Telemeter can transform itself into a equatorial sundial, using only on-board features for the required calculations, namely determining local latitude and computing and measuring the necessary length of the gnomon.
The distinguishing characteristic of the equatorial dial (also called the equinoctial dial) is the planar surface that receives the shadow, which is exactly perpendicular to the gnomon's style. This plane is called equatorial, because it is parallel to the equator of the Earth and of the celestial sphere. If the gnomon is fixed and aligned with the Earth's rotational axis, the Sun's apparent rotation about the Earth casts a uniformly rotating sheet of shadow from the gnomon; this produces a uniformly rotating line of shadow on the equatorial plane. Since the Sun rotates 360° in 24 hours, the hour-lines on an equatorial dial are all spaced 15° apart (360/24).
In order for our quadrant to tell the time, we need to set it up parallel to the equator, meaning that when oriented southwards, it needs to be elevated by the exact angle of our latitude.
Of course, the Quadrant Telemeter can determine local latitude by sighting Polaris at night or by some more involved calculation as explained in the manual.
Now, the length of the gnomon, that is the stick we position in the vertex of the quadrant, determines that angle.
And guess what?
The length of the gnomon is a tan calculation just like determining the height of an object from a known distance.
We can't use the Telemeter side for the tan calculation this time, because it's set up for angles up to 7° only and we cannot employ scale jumps here since there is no linear relationship between 5.2° and 52°; 52° being our sample latitude for this tutorial.
Hence, we use the quadrant itself, by pulling the string across 52°. At that angle, the inner percent scale shows the value 130, which is:
tan(52°) ≈ 1.3
The triangle we need to solve for consists of the Telemeter (tm), which we know (adjacent) and the length of the gnomon (g), which we are looking for (opposite).
Since tan = opposite / adjacent or g / tm, we solve for g:
g = tm × tan(lat)
We have to do two calculations and rotate the quadrant in between (see above), once for the hours before noon (short gnomon) and once for after noon (long gnomon) since a quadrant only features 90° and not the 180° for a full day.
The short side of the Telemeter measures 49 mm from edge to vertex, the long side measures 79 mm.
49 × 1.3 = 63 mm (AM gnomon) 79 × 1.3 = 102 mm (PM gnomon)
With the respective setup for AM or PM, the time is easily read, since 24h ≙ 360° hence 1h = 15°.
Two modes of observation
During most of the year, the shadow is cast on the bottom of the setup, because the Sun's altitude is lower than the local latitude.
During the weeks around summer solstice, when the maximum Sun altitude H > latitude, the time is read on the top side of the equatorial sundial, which means that we have to turn our Quadrant around so the angle scale is facing up. This in turn means that our gnomon needs to be long enough to throw a shadow on the top side. How long? Again, the tangent is of help here.
H = 90° - latitude + declination
At a latitude of 52° and a maximum declination of 23.44°, the maximum Sun altitude H = 61°.
To find out the extra length of the gnomon, we look at the triangle (compare the picture above) between the side of the Quadrant and the angle between our latitude and the maximum Sun altitude, which is:
61° - 52° = 9°
tan(9°) ≈ 0.15
to determine the required extra length for a resulting set of gnomons:
49 × 0.15 = 7.4 + 63 + 3.2 = 73.6 mm (AM gnomon) 79 × 0.15 = 11.9 + 102 + 3.2 = 117.1 mm (PM gnomon)
Note that the extra length and the thickness of the device (3.2 mm) is added to the respective values determined above.
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A bit of a twist from most other pieces out there on the Fischer case.
New America Media
Supreme Court argument in the Fisher v. Texas affirmative action case marks a peculiar turning point in the racial history of the United States and its inspiration in worldwide civil rights movements. Just as the United States Supreme Court reconsiders the constitutionality of race based affirmative action programs in higher education, Latin American countries such as Brazil are actively adopting nationwide affirmative action policies. The Brazilian context can provide the Supreme Court with useful guidance in comprehending the continued importance of affirmative action in pursuing racial equality.
Indeed, the affirmative action challenge to the University of Texas at Austin's use of race in its undergraduate admissions decisions, makes a sharp contrast to the Brazilian Supreme Court's unanimous endorsement of affirmative action just this past April when it declared that the Federal University of Brasilia's affirmative action program was not only constitutional but an important duty and social responsibility of the nation-state in its enforcement of equality. After this historic decision was issued, Brazilian legislators enacted the "Law of Social Quotas."
As of August 29, 2012, the new law requires public universities to reserve half of all new admission spots for Brazilian public school students (many of whom are African-descendants). In addition, the law requires that 50% of those spots be reserved for African-descendants and persons of indigenous ancestry in numbers proportional to their relative populations within each state. Of the 81 senators representing Brazil's 26 states, only one voted against the bill.
In contrast to Brazil's new broadly encompassing embrace of affirmative action, the United States Supreme Court is now considering a challenge to even the most meager of race-conscious considerations. Most students at the University of Texas at Austin are admitted under a state law (the "Top Ten Percent Plan"), which requires the university to admit all Texas residents who rank in the top ten percent of their high school class. For the remainder of the class, UT undertakes a holistic "whole-file" review of applications. This process allows the school to consider additional criteria, such as essays, leadership qualities, extracurricular activities, awards, work experience, community service, family responsibilities, socio-economic status, languages spoken in the home, and-as of 2005-race. It is this modest consideration of race alongside a host of other factors that is now at issue in the Supreme Court.
What accounts for this divergence in national perspectives across the Americas?
In some respects the racial justice movement in the United States is a victim of its own past success. While the formal mechanisms for addressing racial inequality have long been in place, there is a growing societal belief that it is no longer necessary for the government to be proactively engaged in ensuring racial equality. A racial hierarchy continues to exist alongside a deteriorated social commitment to race-based programs.
The early U.S. civil rights movement was astonishingly successful at making the goal of racial equality a stated national norm and catalyzing government programs designed to provide concrete access to jobs and education. However, the movement's very success contributes to the notion that blacks and other persons of color no longer require legal assistance in accessing equal opportunity.
Indeed, President Obama's election in 2008 is viewed as the culmination of U.S. racial transcendence, so that now the United States presents itself as "racially innocent " in much the same way Latin America has long claimed to be because of its absence of official Jim Crow laws of racial segregation. At the same time, systemic racism has not been eradicated in the United States, as evidenced by the long-standing institutional racial disparities in employment, educational attainment, access to health care and capital, residential segregation, and disparate incarceration and execution rates.
The approximately 150 million people of African descent in Latin America have long been plagued by similar experiences of systemic racism and social exclusion. While African-descendants represent about one-third of the total population in Latin America they make up 40 percent of the poor and have been consistently marginalized and denigrated as undesirable elements of the society since the abolition of slavery. Because Latin America is a region that has long claimed that all racial distinctions were abandoned with the abolition of slavery, a U.S. comparison to the Latin American racial democracy version of "postracialism " is an instructive platform from which to assess the viability of contemporary assertions of postracialism in the United States - a rhetoric that contends that racism has already been largely transcended.
As the longtime scholar of comparative race relations Anani Dzidzienyo notes, examining the Latin American racial context "can provide insights for Afro-Americans who are today having to confront the mainstream's assumptions concerning 'the end of racism' in a post-Civil Rights U.S. society." It should thus be quite instructive to observe that Brazil's recent Supreme Court endorsement of race based affirmative action was rooted in the perception of the state as having a duty to guarantee the "conditions of equality" for groups that have historically lived on the margins of society, enabling them to fully exercise their human rights and fundamental rights.
If the United States wishes to maintain its historical role as an inspiration and model for other civil rights movements across the globe, the Supreme Court in today's oral argument should also view the conditions of equality as paramount in the legitimacy of affirmative action.
Tanya K. Hernandez, Professor of Law Fordham Univ. School of Law and author of "Racial Subordination in Latin America: The Role of the State, Customary Law, and the New Civil Rights Response" (Cambridge Univ. Press) https://sites.google.com/site/racismlatam/.
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The President has two roles.
Since 1965, the President has held a ceremonial role. He is Head of State and represents all Singaporeans.
Since 1991, the President has held an additional custodial role:
(1) Safeguarding the Past Reserves, i.e. reserves grown from previous terms of Government; and
(2) Protecting the Integrity of the Public Service, by being able to veto key public service appointments.
Generally, the President exercises these functions in consultation with the Council of Presidential Advisers.
To ensure the President has the mandate to exercise these additional custodial powers, the Constitution was amended in 1991 so that the President would be elected directly by Singaporeans, rather than appointed by Parliament.
Visit the Istana website to find out more.
Role of the Council of Presidential Advisers
The Council of Presidential Advisers (CPA) advises the President in the exercise of his discretionary veto powers. The President must consult the CPA in the exercise of any of his discretionary powers in connection with appointments and the reserves. It is optional for the President to consult the CPA in other areas where he has discretionary powers.
CPA proceedings are private. The CPA may ask public officers to furnish information. Should any public officer appear before the CPA, the officer is prohibited by the Constitution from disclosing his discussions before the CPA with anyone else.
Who can run for President
Elections are generally open to prospective candidates from all races. However, to ensure multi-racial representation in the Presidency, an election for the office of the President will be reserved for a certain community if no person belonging to that community has held the office of the President for any of the 5 most recent terms of office.
Open elections are to be held if no candidate is successfully nominated at a reserved election. In such an eventuality, the Prime Minister will issue a fresh Writ declaring an open election or a reserved election for the next eligible community, where applicable.
On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that the next presidential election in 2017 would be reserved for Malay candidates, as Singapore has not had a Malay president since the introduction of the elected presidency scheme.
Changes to the Elected Presidency
On 9th November 2016, amendments to the constitution were passed by Parliament. Changes were made to the qualifying criteria for the elected presidency, which include:
1. The entire qualifying tenure of the applicant’s experience must fall within the 20-year period immediately preceding the relevant Nomination Day.
2. Private sector candidates must have served as the chief executive officer for a minimum of three years, of a company with at least S$500 million in shareholders’ equity.
3. Reserving the presidential election for a candidate from a racial group that has not occupied the president’s office for five or more consecutive terms.
Other changes include the general time limit of between 30 days to six weeks for the president to exercise discretionary powers on different matters; and increasing the composition of the CPA from six to eight members.
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I am particularly mindful of all of the atrocities committed collectively by the Black and Tans in 1920 and 1921 without impunity. It has always been my objective in compiling this new book to search for the truth of what happened in each incident and present the evidence, exclusive of mere argument.
It is my hope too that this book will assist researchers as a genealogical research tool in finding the real evidence of culpability. In this regard I have endeavoured to keep my focus on remembering all members of the “old” or “regular” Royal Irish Constabulary killed in the line of duty, to whom the Black and Tans did a great disservice.
The greatest challenge in compiling this book was in trying to identify the distinction between the “regular” or “old” RIC and those who enlisted from January 1920 as members of the RIC Special Reserve (RICSR), as Temporary Constables and as members of the Veterans and Drivers Division from September 3rd, 1920, who were collectively called Black and Tans.
Two other police groups incorrectly called Black and Tans were involved in policing Ireland during the War of Independence, the Auxiliary Division of the Royal Irish Constabulary (ADRIC) from July 27, 1920 and the Defence of Barracks Sergeants enlisted between May 18th, 1920 and July 11th, 1920.
The ADRIC were a strike force with a different command structure and billeted in separate accommodation throughout Ireland, whereas Defence of Barrack Sergeants, totalling 49 in number, were effectively “health and safety men” who advised on the additional security required in RIC barracks and requisitioned ADRIC Company headquarters. Thirty-three Defence of Barrack Sergeants were subsumed into the ADRIC.
In addition, the British Army were acting as an aid to the civil power in what was effectively a war situation, all of which, collectively, including the Black and Tans and Auxiliaries, were called Crown forces.
Another confusing term used at the time was auxiliary police, which sometimes meant a combination of ADRIC, RICSR and temporary constables.
More than 30 years ago I accessed the original RIC Registers of Service for the first time in the then Public Records Office (now the National Archives) in Kew, Surrey. The 42-volume Home Office 184 series of the General Register of Service contains the names of every member of the Irish Constabulary who was in the service from August 1st, 1816 and serving in 1836 when it became a national police force and then serving when the prefix Royal was granted from September 1867 up to disbandment on August 31st, 1922, the total being 85,028 and includes the names of cadet officers. Each member, with the exception of cadet officers, was allocated a unique sequential number on the registers on enlistment.
The RIC training sub depot in Hare Park Camp, the Curragh, Co Kildare, which had been used to train members of the RICSR from April 23rd, 1920 and the ADRIC from July 25th, 1920, closed in September 1920 and the ADRIC moved to and formed a headquarters in Beggars Bush Barracks, Dublin. The temporary constables were in addition RICSR constables who were allocated to individual RIC barracks and under the supervision of the RIC barrack sergeant or, at RIC district headquarters, the RIC head constable. A total enlistment of members of the RICSR was 7,684.
Also, from September 3rd, 1920 there was a third group known as the Veterans and Drivers Division of the RIC. They were also headquartered in the RIC sub depot in Gormanston Camp, Co Meath. Their main role was to provide drivers, mechanics, fitters and fatigue staff to the ADRIC. Several of the veterans were aged 35 years and upwards. I was able to identify all 1,069 members of the veterans and drivers’ division by means of the allocation register (HO.184/76) which gives the veteran’s surname, Christian name or initial(s), veteran’s RIC number, veteran’s individual number and the name of the ADRIC company to which they were deployed.
Policing the island of Ireland (with the exception of Dublin city and its environs, which was policed by the Dublin Metropolitan Police), between January 1920 and the Truce on July 11th, 1921 was maintained by the Royal Irish Constabulary and its ancillary police groups which I have defined in this book as follows -
1. ‘REGULAR’ or ‘OLD RIC’ ie Irish-born recruited in Ireland in the normal way, applying through the local station, examined and recommended by their local District Inspector and trained for six months at the RIC Depot, Phoenix Park, Dublin. 332 casualties
2. RIC SPECIAL RESERVE: 7,684 (381 Irish-born / 4.96 per cent) recruited in Britain, primarily in London and through 83 recruiting offices from January 6th, 1920 & July 7th, 1921, trained initially in Hare Camp, The Curragh and later Gormanston Camp and generally called Black and Tans. 143 casualties (1.84%).
3. TEMPORARY CONSTABLES: 2,189 (312 Irish-born / 14.25 per cent), recommended by the Inspector General from September 3rd, 1920 and September 7th, 1921 (Temporary Constable on their service records) were comprised of ex non-commissioned officers of the British army, headquartered in Gormanston Camp from September 11th, 1920 to March 25th, 1922 with their conditions of employment as advertised on recruiting posters and employed at 10 shillings a day. A total of 575 of these were seconded to the Veterans & Drivers Division. 8 casualties (.365%).
4. VETERANS & DRIVERS DIVISION: 1,069 (189 Irish-born / 17.77%) recruited from Britain from September 3rd-7th, 1920 as regular RIC, veterans and Temporary Constables but on arrival in Ireland employed exclusively as drivers attached to the Veterans & Drivers Division based at Gormanston Camp. They suffered only one casualty.
5. TEMPORARY CADETS of the Auxiliary Division of the RIC (ADRIC), 2,264, (182 Irish-born / 8.03%) comprised of ex-commissioned officers of the British Army, trained initially in Hare Camp, The Curragh and headquartered in Beggars Bush, Dublin and attached to various alphabetically formed Companies countrywide and billeted separately with a different command structure from the regular RIC and employed at £1 a day, rising to a Guinea (£1.1s.0d.) a day. 43 casualties (1.899%)
6. DEFENCE OF BARRACKS SERGEANTS, comprised of ex-Army officers with the same rate of pay as members of the ADRIC, recruited from Britain between May 18th, 1920 and July 11th, 1920. A total of 49 (13 Irish-born / 26%) were recruited and allocated to RIC barracks throughout the country, 33 of which later joined the ADRIC and five of which were killed (10%).
Other than ‘regular’ or ‘Old RIC’, the total additional policemen was 13,255 and of these 1,076 (8.13%) were Irish born.
The Black & Tans, 1920-1921: A complete alphabetical list, short history and genealogical guide by Jim Herlihy (Four Courts Press) is available now from all good bookshops and online via fourcourtspress.ie
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Wise ones struggle for survival - Black magic, habitat loss threaten owls
Article Date: 2010-11-08 Source: http://www.telegraphindia.com
By Avijit Sinha
Siliguri, West Bengal, India - Owls are facing extinction in north Bengal like other parts of India because
of loss of habitat and poaching for black magic, according to a study conducted
jointly by three prominent environment organisations.
The study has found that the owls - though associated with wisdom in some
cultures - are threatened by black magic, superstitions and quackery prevalent
in India and in neighbouring countries like Nepal and Bangladesh.
Calcutta and Siliguri are the two major centres from where live owls and the
body parts of the bird are smuggled to different parts of India and outside the
country, says the study.
The findings are mentioned in the report filed by the experts of Traffic India -
the wildlife trade monitoring network of the WWF - and International Union for
Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in association with the Bombay Natural History
The report titled ''imperilled custodians of the night'' was released by Union
minister of state for environment and forests a few days back.
The 80-page report mentions that investigations by officials of Traffic India
and the IUCN in places like Calcutta and Siliguri have proved the existence of
gangs which smuggle owls, captured in both rural and urban areas, to Nepal and
Bangladesh. In Bihar, places like Patna and Raxaul are the hubs of illegal owl
''Although the hunting and the trading of the owl are banned under Wildlife
(Protection) Act 1972, thousands of the species are trapped every year,'' said a
BNHS official quoting the report.
''Destruction of habitats, especially forests with old matured trees, is another
major reason for the birdís dwindling population. It has been found that of the
30-odd species of owl sighted in India, at least 15 are traded illegally.''
According to the report, superstition is another major reason for the extinction
of the bird. Owls are killed mainly in tribal pockets by shamans to exorcise
evil spirits. The witchdoctors claim that they have the power to ''take the
owlís soul and power'' and put it in a ''tabiz'' (amulet). There are tribal
groups, which offer owl dishes on the occasion of ''shraddh'' (religious
ceremonies in remembrance of dead family elders).
Owls are also killed for medicines used by quacks, the study has found. The
feathers, bones and claws are considered important ingredients of medicines,
while the meat is used to ''cure'' a variety of ailments. Also, tribal people
use owl claws and feathers as headgears.
Animesh Bose, the programme co-ordinator of the Siliguri-based Himalayan Nature
and Adventure Foundation (Hnaf), said his organisation had rescued at least 20
barn owls in the past on year, while some other NGOs had saved 35 birds.
''Many owls have died because of loss of habitat. But it cannot be denied that
poaching and capturing are two other factors which threaten the birdís
existence,'' he said.
The report has recommended a number of measures to protect the species.
''These include the rehabilitation of communities which are engaged in the
trapping of birds,public awareness programmes to bust myths on owls, action on
taxidermists and development of rescue centres for owls,'' said the BNHS
Disclaimer: This article has been reproduced from http://www.telegraphindia.com and placed here for comment.
OwlPages.com is not responsible for the accuracy of any information in this article, and does not necessarily agree with the author's opinions.
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Comment on the above News article.
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Money is some things of value. In this topic I want to write something about Afghanistan’s money changes in historical periods. Afghanistan also such as other countries has used barter, like; gold, silver, animals, animals’ skin, agriculture products and etc… instead of money, when money hasn’t exist.
Afghan people have used only coins before banknotes were introduced; those were made of iron, silver, gold, bronze and copper. When king Amanullah khan was on power, he printed the first banknotes named rupee in 1919. They have used rupees for six years, then he changed them to Afghanis which is the propagator currency in Afghanistan up to now but those Afghanis subdivided in to 100 pul, but there were no pul coins in circulation.
The Afghani first banknotes introduced in 1925 by king Amanullah khan also the Afghani coins, those coins and notes were in 1, 2, 5, 10, and 50afghanis value size.
For the first time the 500 and 1000 Afghanis banknotes were printed when king Mohammad Zahir Shah was on power.
In Afghanistan when the kings or regimes had changed, they also had changed the money and banner. The former kings and regimes had their separate banners and banknotes.
Dawood khan the former president of Afghanistan, who changed The Imperial System to Republic, also printed his specific new banknotes too.
The communist regime which became on power in 1978 after killing of Dawood khan, alongside that old money they printed new currency notes which had the People's Democratic Party arm on it.
The 5000 and 10000 Afghanis banknotes introduced when Borhanedin Rabbani was on power in Mujahidin’s regime in 1993, after the printing of those 5000 and 10000 Afghanis notes, the Afghanistan’s currency lost its value such as it was in Taliban’s regime.
The new Afghani; introduced in 2002 with the, ISO- 4217. Code, AFN but this new Afghani didn’t divide to any puls. It valued 43 Afghanis to the one U.S dollar but now about 52 Afghanis to one dollar is it. New Afghani is in coin size and notes, coins are 1, 2, and 5 Afghanis but banknotes are 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000 Afghanis notes. The new coin money introduced in 2005 but the notes were in 2002.
The popular bazaar where you can change and know about the value of Afghani is Saraye Shahzaadah, which located in Kabul the center of Afghanistan.
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Polycystic ovary syndrome’s far-ranging impacts on women’s health
Back in 2013, Danni Allen, a native of Mundelein, shed 121 pounds and was crowned winner of NBC’s popular reality show, America’s Biggest Loser. Determined to keep the weight off, Allen maintained a lifestyle that included a healthy diet and plenty of exercise.
Yet in 2016, Allen noticed that the number on the scale started creeping up despite her commitment to health. She’d been previously diagnosed with endometriosis — a disorder that involves uterine tissue growing outside of the uterus — but she wanted a definitive reason for her unexplained weight gain and malaise. Allen wasn’t about to let all of her hard work fade into memory.
A revised diagnosis brought clarity. It turns out that Allen didn’t have endometriosis at all. She was diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS. “I thought, ‘What the heck is PCOS?’” Allen says. “I’d never heard of it.”
Although it is called polycystic ovary syndrome, the disorder has nothing to do with cysts. Instead, what look like cysts in medical imaging are actually small, immature ovarian follicles. Follicles typically contain egg cells, and they release these cells during ovulation. For women with PCOS, abnormal hormone levels keep the follicles from maturing and releasing egg cells.
Allen had just joined the roughly 1 in 10 women of childbearing age diagnosed with this hormonal imbalance disorder. PCOS has wide-reaching effects. Besides irregular periods, it can cause excess body hair growth, weight gain and fertility challenges.
Roughly 5 million women of reproductive age in the U.S. live with PCOS, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In addition to pain from enlarged ovaries, women with PCOS can find the emotional challenges of excessive hair growth and weight gain demoralizing. Women can also develop insulin resistance, which often goes hand-in-hand with weight gain.
Long road to diagnosis
Receiving a diagnosis for PCOS is one thing. But finding that diagnosis can be a much longer road.
“The average woman goes through [multiple] doctors until they finally find one who can diagnose the problem and help the patient take care of themselves,” says Frank González, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist at UI Health and a globally recognized expert on PCOS.
PCOS is commonly misdiagnosed as other disorders of the reproductive system. That’s because each PCOS case differs slightly. Some of the diagnosis challenges stem from physicians who haven’t seen enough PCOS cases to have symptoms top-of-mind. That’s one of the reasons that specialists are working to create educational materials to empower physicians to diagnose PCOS accurately.
If a woman demonstrates at least two of these three symptoms, a doctor can offer a PCOS diagnosis:
- Irregular menstrual cycles.
- Excessive hair growth (signaling elevated levels of male hormones called androgens).
- Polycystic ovaries (possibly enlarged ovaries showing many follicles).
Yet many women display only one of the three, and doctors must dig deeper using blood tests and additional symptoms to diagnose PCOS.
After receiving her diagnosis, Allen was relieved that her weight gain and malaise wasn’t all in her head. She turned to the internet to learn what living with PCOS meant.
“The first thing I learned is that the internet can scare the heck out of you,” Allen says.
Myths persist online, including that PCOS is a death knell for a woman’s fertility. But while PCOS is a common cause of infertility — due to hormonal imbalances that interfere with ovulation — it is treatable.
Asima Ahmad, MD, a reproductive endocrinologist with Fertility Centers of Illinois, isn’t just a fertility specialist. She also has PCOS, a nuance that can help her patients feel more at ease with their own diagnosis. And she wants to make sure patients know that despite the internet’s best intentions, PCOS isn’t a “diagnosis of doom.” In fact, one of her favorite parts of working with women with PCOS is dispelling myths and giving them hope.
“Once a patient has a PCOS diagnosis and they know it’s contributing to her fertility challenges, we work together to find things that can help her manage symptoms and increase her chances of achieving pregnancy,” Ahmad says. “There are ways you can conceive. You can still live a long, healthy life after a PCOS diagnosis.”
Once diagnosed, women with PCOS are generally advised to make multiple lifestyle changes to manage symptoms. Healthy eating and weight loss can help control multiple symptoms, from regulating how the body uses blood sugar to making periods more regular.
Multiple medications might be explored to find the ones that work best, including birth control pills to regulate periods, anti-androgen medications to control unwanted hair growth and the drug metformin to decrease insulin resistance and induce ovulation.
Allen worked with fertility expert Angeline Beltsos, MD, at Vios Fertility Institute, to explore ways to preserve her fertility, which included freezing her eggs. “I knew I wanted children someday, even if that wasn’t right now, and I didn’t want a condition to get in the way of that,” Allen says.
In 2018, at age 31, Allen harvested and froze her eggs. She now has 27 viable eggs waiting for her when she’s ready to pursue a pregnancy. And she’s heartened by knowing that her best friend, who also has PCOS, recently gave birth to her first child.
“It gave me hope,” Allen says.
As Allen looks to her future, she has a new appreciation for the resources the internet has to offer: support groups.
“I’ve learned so much just from reading the successes of other women with PCOS,” she says. “Every person I’ve met with PCOS is different, and we’re all just trying to find what works and ways to move forward.”
It’s not the win Allen was expecting, but she’ll take it.
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Burial customs: Third Intermediate Period
There is a wide range of tomb types for elite burials. At Thebes many officials were buried in vast galleries together with many other people. In the North, the kings, members of the royal family and some high officials were buried in small tomb chambers built within a temple enclosure. In the Twenty-second Dynasty small chapels became popular.
Elite burials of the Twenty-first Dynasty
Elite burials after the mid Twenty-second Dynasty
The burial equipment is largely reduced; there are no shabtis, funerary papyri or canopic jars anymore.
for burials of lower classes see tombs at Matmar
Copyright © 2002 University College London. All rights reserved.
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|← Dreams of Trespass||'Heart of Darkness' by Joseph Conrad →|
In the book, “Why the Poor Stays Poor,” the first black president takes the oath of office in a colorful ceremony. The ceremony illuminated the reality of the situation of the black ghettos that were grappling with the isolation and insolvency. Barrack Obama’s victory suggests that the problems, which have hit America – poverty, despondency, violence, racism - will be less severe during his regime. Conservatives believe that racism in itself is not a problem, but the root causes of racism are lack of ethics, violence, and an insidious culture of instant fulfillment. On the other side, the liberals tend to believe that blacks undergo different forms of racism. These forms include the concealed racism, insensible racism, institutional racism, and environmental racism. According to liberals, the problem lies in both blacks and the white since no one is willing to hear the other. The liberals also point that the black are fond of blaming the white for the problems they are facing (Henslin 233).
William Julius, who is the Harvard sociologist in his book, ‘More Than Just Race,’ reviews his research on urban sociology of his peers, which says that, the black are poor because of impediments associated to institutions and systems within the society. He also points that retrogressive cultures are also the source of the problems the blacks are undergoing. The impediments associated with structures within the society include the bequest of racism and economic crisis, which has fallen on the blacks. The racial discrimination witnessed in America was encouraged by the previous governments. These governments used laws to separate the blacks and whites. Later, in order to drive the blacks away from their neighborhoods, the whites used private agreement and violent pressure. The most astonishing revelation in the racism era is that the Federal government played a key role in implementation structure, which perpetuated racism, in the private sectors and within the government structures. In the 1960s, the federal government responsible for housing participated in housing redlining and refused to provide mortgages in inner-city circle houses, which encouraged the private lenders to join the government (Henslin 234).
The blacks further confronted with the problems related to economic and demographic transformations. Because of the built highways and cheap real estates, the middle class population moved from the inner city and left to the spacious and cheap suburbs. The blacks lost their jobs as the companies replaced the well-paid American workers with the programmed machines and cheap labor from overseas. The new economy yielded two kinds of job specification: the well –paying jobs for the class intelligentsia such as doctors, lawyers, and bankers and the low-paying jobs for those with low-skills and knowledge, which comprises of telemarketing and janitorial services. Wilson in his book, “The Declining Significance of Race,” points out that the success of the civil right groups further compounded the problems of the underprivileged. After the federal government banned the discrimination on housing, some of the blacks left the inner city and moved to places, which they could, access better schools, pay less tax, and areas which experience low crime rates. This left economically challenged and the socially isolated in the ghettos (Henslin 234).
Wilson believes that the problems are not responsible for the issues they are undergoing, but point out that there is a need to come up sound policies, which will provide solutions to eliminate poverty. He further observes that the legacy of racial discrimination and changes in the economy will matter most than the much criticized ghetto culture. He believes that there should be legal actions by the courts so as to address the issue of racial discrimination among the black population.
PART 2: Review of Commencement Speech by Steve Jobs.
In the speech, ‘You’ve got to find what you love,’ Steve Jobs commences by telling his family life and academic background. He says that her mother who was a college graduate decided to put him to adoption. He says that the family, which was to adopt him, changed their stand and said that they needed a girl and not a boy. After his biological mother came to know his mother and father had no much education, they refused to sign the adoption letters. It was later signed after his parents agreed that Steve would go to college. When he was 17 years old, Steve joined a college equivalent to Stanford and which was expensive. He found that the savings from his parents were spent on paying his college education, and decided that college education had no value since her parents were spending all they had saved their entire life in his education, which made him, drop out of college. He says that he had a hard time in college as he had no place to sleep. In addition, getting food was a problem and he had to travel for long distances in search of food. After dropping out, Steve decided to join Reed College where he could take calligraphy classes. He learnt the details of how to produce art through calligraphy. At first, Steve never saw the real application of calligraphy art, but 10 years later, when he was designing the computer topography, he found the application of what he had learnt in calligraphy class.
Steve second story is about love and death. He says he was lucky to have known what he loved earlier in life. At the age of 20 years, Job and his friend, Woz, started a company by the name Apple. The company was growing well, and he was fired later after 10 years and he never surrendered, but started another company known as the NeXT and another known as Pixar. It is in Pixar where he made a woman who later becomes his wife by the name Laurene, and he says that they have an incredible family. In a twist of events, Apple bought NeXT and Job returned to Apple Company. Job believes that firing him from the Apple Company was necessary for his future success as he later succeeds. He points out that when people start loving what they like to do, and then they succeed in life.
In his speech, Steve gives the third story about death. He says that thinking about death has helped him to achieve significant things in life. He says that some time back his doctor diagnosed him and found he had cancer in his pancreas. The doctor then told him that the cancer was incurable, and the only thing he could to do was to wait for his death. He later decided to undergo surgery to remove the tumors and after the surgery things worked for him. Steve believes that the ultimate thing to success in life is to have the courage to follow ones heart, and the instinct also, he says that the rest are secondary to success in life. In his conclusion, Steve provides an illustration of the bible of his generation in the publication known as ‘The Whole Earth Catalog.’ He concludes his speech from the part of the publication, “Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.”
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Data analytics (DA) is the qualitative and quantitative techniques and processes to enhance productivity and business gain. Data is extracted to draw conclusions about the information they contain and analyze behavioral data and patterns. It is widely used in commercial industries to enable organizations to take informed based business decisions. It is used by the scientists and researchers to verify or disprove scientific models and theories.
What is about data analytics?
It is primarily a business-to-consumer (B2C) application. International organizations collect and analyze data associated with customers, business processes, market economics or practical experience. This is then categorized, stored and analyzed to study the buying trends and patterns. It is a high-velocity data and it presents unique computational and data-handling challenges. The data is collected from a multitude of sources using Big Data management solutions and customer experience management solutions that utilize data analysis to transform data into actionable insights.
It involves asking questions about data crunching, question-answering phase leading up to the decision-making phase in the overall Business Intelligence process.
Who are the data analytics?
There are skilled data analytics professionals, who generally have a strong expertise in statistics and they are called data scientists or data analyst.
Here are the seven steps that remain consistent across organizations and their data analysis processes:
Recognize business handles: The business should be willing to make changes to improve its key metrics and reach its goals as well.
Fix the objectives: It is extremely important to determine the objective like whether the business is progressing toward its goals; identify metrics or performance indicators early etc.
Data cleaning: Improve data quality to generate the right results and avoid making incorrect conclusions.
Grow a data science team: Include on your science team individuals with advanced degrees in statistics who will focus on data modeling and predictions, as well as infrastructure engineers and software developers.
Optimize and repeat: Perfect your data analysis model so you can repeat the process to generate accurate predictions, reach goals, and monitor and report consistently.
Data collection: In order to build better models and gain more actionable insights it is vital to gather as much data from diverse sources as possible.
Benefits of Data Analytics:
1- Data visualization: Graphical representations is more interesting and more insightful than columns and rows of numbers. It allows anyone to quickly grasp difficult concepts and identify new patterns within data without the need for complex analysis. They offer an immediate business advantage and effective storytelling and also can be a useful way of establishing best practice ways of looking at your data.
2- Data Diversity: More data often means more insight. But it isn’t always simple to obtain; data diversity requires tackling disparate sources, varied data sets and unstructured data. Unsurprisingly, many businesses have fallen at this hurdle. In fact, it shouldn’t matter where your data is stored – as long as you are employing the current wave of data blending tools, you can bridge the gap between all the sources. With a significantly improved delivery approach, you can create a repeatable process that takes minutes to refresh, not weeks.
3- Agile Analytics: Traditional business intelligence projects take years to come to fruition, and long-term breakdown often results in a solution that doesn’t fit the original requirements. With the advent of new tools, actionable business insights can be delivered in just months or even weeks.
4- Self Service Analytics: The rapid developments in technology the barriers have been lowered. Now, we all have the capacity to become data scientists. Every team within your business can get value out of data using widely available analytics tools.
5- Advanced Analytics: Advanced analytics is becoming increasingly prevalent, even for those without a PhD. Right now, we are working with FMCGs to automate assessments on forecasting processes, and with banks to create their own recommendation engines.
Many businesses use analytics to understand and learn from what has happened in the past. As data becomes more important to your organisation, you may move from ‘descriptive’ analytics to ‘prescriptive’, i.e. where should your business go next?
However, in today’s business climate, it’s no longer good enough to make good guesses and hope for the best. Creating a company culture based on using business analytics throughout every department helps companies stay agile. It also helps them make smarter choices on where to take the business – and how to get there. But before embarking on this journey you need to ensure that you have the right processes and tools in place. Therefore it is advisable to start by becoming confident with your historical data first, before looking towards the future.
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The amount of alcohol in your drink is determined by the concentration of alcohol in the product you choose and the size of your drink.
Drink strength. Drinks vary considerably in their alcohol concentration or strength. Different countries measure alcohol strength in different ways.
In most places, the concentration is measured as the percentage of pure alcohol in the product by its volume. This measure is called alcohol by volume, or ABV. In some countries, this percentage is also called “degrees” of alcohol.
In other countries, concentration is measured in a unit called “proof,” which is simply double the ABV. For example, a drink that is 40% alcohol by volume would be labeled “80 proof.”
Alcohol strength can also be measured by weight. The percentage of alcohol by weight is a bit less than the percentage of alcohol by volume because alcohol weighs less than water.
Serving size matters! Drink serving sizes differ widely by the local custom, occasion, glass size, and even depends on who does the pouring. Unless you are drinking from a pre-packaged bottle or can, or in a location where pouring size is regulated by law, you need to know your glass size and understand your pour.
So, how do I know how much alcohol is in my drink? To answer this question, you need to know both the ABV and the size of your drink.
Typically, beers are about 4 to 5% ABV, wines about 12 to 14% ABV, and distilled spirits about 40% ABV. But these figures may not be accurate for your drink. Different styles of drinks have very wide variation in alcohol content. To know how much alcohol is in your drink, start with learning the actual ABV. Often, the ABV is clearly marked on the package, is available on company websites, or you can ask your bartender or server.
Because of the differences in strength, lower ABV drinks are often served in larger sizes than higher ABV drinks. For example, servings of beer are sometimes bigger than servings of wine, and distilled spirits are served in even smaller sizes and often mixed with other liquids.
To calculate how much alcohol is in your drink, multiply the ABV by size of the drink, and the result is the volume of pure alcohol in your drink.
In some countries, there is an official “standard” size for drinks. This standard is often used to:
In many countries, 10g of ethanol is considered to be a drink or unit. However, in the United States, for instance, a standard drink contains 14g of ethanol, while a U.K. standard unit contains 8g of ethanol.
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Cos Asin A. Use this Trigonometry table For Angles 0 to 90 Degrees in order to determine the sine cosine tangent secant cosecant and cotangent values.
Tangent Tables Chart of the angle 0 to 90 for students.
Tan 90 degrees. Solve for x tan x90 tan x 90 tan x 90 Take the inverse tangent of both sides of the equation to extract x x from inside the tangent. The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side. What is value of sin 30What about cos 0and sin 0How do we remember themLets learn how.
X tanx degrees radians-90. Usually the degrees are considered as 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 and 360. By this useful chart it is easy for the students to solve any kind of trig problems easily.
The tangent of 90-x should be the same as the cotangent of x. Tan 90 θ O D D C FE OD and OF – DC since OCD OEF tan 90 θ – cot θ. Tan 90-A sin 90-Acos 90-A.
Free online tangent calculator. Use this simple tan calculator to calculate the tan value for 90 in radians degrees. We will discuss what are different values ofsin cos tan cosec sec cotat0 30 45 60 and 90 degreesand how to memorise themSo we have to fill this tableHow to find the valuesTo learn the table we sho.
Sorry we cannot convert 90 into tan degrees. Arctan calculator Tangent table. Graphic Representations related to tan 90-xcot x Algebraic Proof tan 90-xcot x.
How do you use the reference angles to find sin210cos330-tan 135. X arctan90 x arctan 90. Trigonometry Table For Angles 0 to 90 Degrees.
On the unit circle at 90 degrees the 90 degrees in radians is The tan function sincos. Since dividing by 0 is not defined the tangent of 90 degrees is also not defined. How do you know if sin 30 sin 150.
To find tan of another number please enter the number below and press Calculate Tan. How do you show that costhetasectheta 1 if thetapi4. So called because it can be represented as a line segment tangent to the circle that is the line that touches the circle from Latin linea tangens or touching line.
You will be able to use it to find the tangent of any angle from 0 degree to 360 degrees. Now try to derive these values in your mind. The answer of tan90 undefined.
This implies that graph of cotangent function is the same as shifting the graph of the tangent function 90 degrees to the right. Free math problem solver answers your algebra geometry trigonometry calculus and statistics homework questions with step-by-step explanations just like a math tutor. Hence all the tan sec cosec and cot values can be filled now.
Select degrees or radians in the drop down box and calculate the exact tan 90 value easily. The Trignometric Table of sin cos tan cosec sec cot is useful to learn the common angles of trigonometrical ratios from 0 to 360. Tan 90 sin 90 cos 90 10 which is NOT DEFINED Similarly we have sec 1cos cot cos sin and cosec 1 sin.
Similarly csc 90 θ 1 s i n 90 Θ csc 90 θ 1 c o s Θ. Since the cosine of 90 degrees is 0 the tangent of 90 would then be sin 90 0. Tangent55 degrees 14281 Here is a table that is more comprehensive.
Tan 90 is equal to infinity or undefined Value of Tan 90 Degrees. Definition of Tangent. In this article we will discuss how to find the value for tan 90 degrees along with other degrees or radians.
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Startups as a percentage of all U.S. businesses fell off the cliff to less than 8% in 2010, following the 2007-2007 recession, according to newly released data from the U.S. Census Bureau.
In the 1980s, startups accounted for 13% of all U.S. companies, declining to 11% in 2006, according to the Census Bureau’s Business Dynamics Statistics. The report is partly funded by the Kauffman Foundation, a Kansas City research entity that advocates entrepreneurship.
Companies that are less than 5 years old accounted for 50% of all companies in the 1980s, but now are less than 35% of the private business sector, according to the Census Bureau.
“These patterns …raise questions about whether the United States is becoming less entrepreneurial given the lower pace of startups and the smaller share of activity accounted for by young firms,” according to an analysis of the data by John Haltiwanger, Ron Jarmin and Javier Miranda.
The impact on the job market has been dramatic. These young companies accounted for 1 in 5 jobs in the 1980s; now they contribute fewer than 1 in 8 jobs.
California is one of five states the the sharpest decline in employment from young firms. Losses of 11.8% to 14.3% from 2006 to 2010 wer experienced by California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah and Idaho. The states least impacted were North and South Dakota, Oklahoma, Arkansas, New York, Vermont and West Virginia.
A separate Kauffman Foundation report found that California and Arizona could already be recovering from this decline. In 2011, the two states plus Texas led the nation in residents who were working on starting a business.
Ominous for the nation as a whole, however, was the fact that overall start-up activity declined from 2010.
Startups tend to create more jobs than their older counterparts. The 394,000 companies that started in 2010 created 2.3 million jobs whereas, all U.S. employers created 979,000 jobs that year, the Business Dynamics Statistics reported.
“Without the new jobs created by business startups, the Great Recession would have been even deeper with many more jobs lost,” said Robert E. Litan, vice president of research and policy at the Kauffman Foundation. “Unfortunately, new firm formation has waned since the 1980s, and the recession accelerated the decline. If we are to achieve and sustain a hearty recovery, policy makers, educators and organizations that help entrepreneurs commercialize their technologies must be willing to address every obstacle that stands in the way of new business formation.”
Other business stories…
- 10 best states for business
- 10 worst states for business
- CEOs: California is worst state for business
- Top 10 dying industries in America
- 35 coolest Angels products for 2012
- 10 of the most trusted brands in America
- 18 favorite franchises to own
- 11 must-see movies for entrepreneurs
- 12 best franchises to buy in 2012
- 12 surprising things made in Orange County
- 11 worst businesses to start in 2012
- 11 hottest businesses to start in 2012
- Crocs dangerous for kids, lawsuit claims
- 10 brands youngsters like most
- Sexy photos anger O.C. fitness club members
- 8 foods Americans like best
- 11 highest profit businesses to start
- Calif. lost most jobs, firms in recession
- Local landscapes win beautification awards
- 27% of California firms ‘a sinking ship’
- 10 consumer products that beat the recession
- Report: 99.7% of O.C. residents pay no use tax
- Poll: How much money does government waste?
- O.C. chip maker gets $4.5 million, new CEO
- 11 businesses that have no future
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It is the fusion between the first and second paradise. The first is the paradise in which humans were fully integrated into nature. The second is the artificial paradise, developed by human intelligence to globalizing proportions through science and technology. This paradise is made of artificial needs, artificial products, artificial comforts, artificial pleasures, and every other form of artifice. Humankind has created a truly artificial world which has triggered, in an exponential manner and in parallel with beneficial effects, irreversible processes of decline and consumption of the natural world. The Third Paradise is the third phase of humanity, realized as a balanced connection between artifice and nature.
The Third Paradise is the passage to a new level of planetary civilization, essential to ensure the survival of the human race. To this purpose we first of all need to re-form the principles and the ethical behaviours guiding our common life.
The Third Paradise is the great myth that leads everyone to take personal responsibility in the global vision.
The term “paradise” comes from the Ancient Persian and means “protected garden”. We are the gardeners who must protect this planet and heal the human society inhabiting it.
The symbol of the Third Paradise, a reconfiguration of the mathematical infinity sign, is made of three consecutive circles. The two external circles represent all the diversities and antinomies, among which nature and artifice. The central one is given by the compenetration of the opposite circles and represents the generative womb of a new humanity.
Michelangelo Pistoletto, 2003
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Arizona has many very interesting historical events which helped make what that state is today. One important part of Arizona's history is when it became a state: in the 1500's, many Spaniards came to Arizona to convert Native Americans to Christianity, such as Marcos De Niza, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, Garcia Lopez de Cardenas and more. Not many stayed in Arizona though. For those who did, in 1810 Mexico had a war for independence against Spain. Mexico won in 1812, and Arizona was part of a deal with Spain, so it became part of Mexico. Now most Spaniards went away, as Mexico now had control of Arizona. In 1848, Arizona changed their flags once again. The United States had a war against Mexico and the U.S. won. Mexico gave the United States land that included part of Arizona and six years later the U.S. bought the rest of Arizona from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase. Arizona was a territory of the United States before it became the 48th state on February 14, 1912.
President William Taft signs for Arizona's statehood on Feb. 14, 1912
As whites came to Arizona, many Native Americans such as the Navajo and Apache tribes did not want to give up their land. They started raids, or fights, against the settlers to try to get them to leave. The settlers were mad and wanted to get rid of the Native Americans. Therefore, in 1863 colonel Kit Carson marched the American troops into where the Navajo lived, and destroyed all their beautiful homes and farms. In 1864, the Navajo surrendered. Kit Carson next made the Navajo go on a "Long Walk", which was a 300 mile forced march to a reservation in New Mexico. During this time, out of 8,000 Navajo to start out with, thousands died. This was a tragic event of history for the Navajo tribe.
Soldiers guarding the Navajos during the Long Walk
In 1869, John Wesley Powell organized the first expedition, 1,000 miles through the Grand Canyon on the Colorado River. He took a big risk to do this, as these were uncharted lands and no one knew what could be down there. Powell, a geology professor and a former Civil War general, went with ten men on his journey down through the Grand Canyon. Making it even more difficult, his right arm had been amputated during the Civil War, due to getting hit by a bullet. They lost four people during this expedition, who thought they would never reach the end and they gave up. These people disappeared and never were seen again, and probably were killed by Native Americans. As a result of this expedition, the country learned about the Grand Canyon, and tourists began to come to see it, and today the Grand Canyon is the busiest landmark of Arizona.
Left: John Wesley Powell; Right: Powell's expedition going through the Colorado River
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The human remains of an Aboriginal woman from Tasmania who had lived in the early nineteenth century were returned to Hobart, Tasmania earlier today. The remains had been acquired by the Anatomy Institute in Berlin, Germany in the 1840s and, more recently, resided in the collection of Berlin’s Charité Medical Museum. The Charité Museum, in returning the remains, was championed by the Tasmanian State Secretary for being at the forefront of the repatriation of human remains once taken by Europeans during the colonial period.
Despite requests by representatives of Aboriginal groups, museums are often reluctant to part with such ‘objects’ in their collections. Even if there is a willingness on the part of museums to return human remains – whether for moral or political reasons – the process of repatriation is not without its challenges. Often, there is a legal impediment. In certain countries, the inalienability of objects in national collections prevents museums from returning the remains.
These challenges – and more – will be discussed by a variety of museum professionals and legal experts in a forthcoming book to be published by the Institute of Art and Law later this year on Human Remains and the Law. Watch this space.
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9.(Ebook) - Engineering - Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7Ed ...
(Ebook) - Engineering - Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7Ed(Solution ... Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis - 8th Edition 10 months ago+4, 1.52GB, 3, 2 ... Irwin Nelms Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis 10th txtbk.7z 9 months ago, 25MB ...
10.EE 3446 Circuit Analysis II
Solution of differential equations using Laplace transform techniques. .... J.D. Irwin and R.M. Nelms, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 8th Edition, John Wiley ... Mid-term examinations will be given on the 6th and 10th weeks, and will be one ...
11.Text: J.D. Irwin and R.M. Nelms, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis ...
Text: J.D. Irwin and R.M. Nelms, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 9th ed., J. Wiley and Sons. ISBN: 978-0-470-12869-5. Additional References (on reserve at ...
12.LOUDSPEAKER IMPEDANCE WITH SIA SMAARTLIVE®
general concept of impedance is universally used in many circuit analysis .... general, for a laboratory-grade measurement solution, choose the differential method with a high- .... greater than 1/10th of the sound card input impedance should not be measured. .... J. Irwin, C. Wu: Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 6th Edition.
13.Introductory Circuit Analysis, Tenth Edition
ing the quality and yield levels (percentage of good integrated circuits in the production ... available, the more obvious the avenue toward a possible solution. In fact, history ... computer engineers as we know them today. In most cases, they .... In any technical field it is naturally important to understand the basic concepts and ...
14.ELEC222 - Faculty of Science and Technology - University of Macau
... Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10th ... A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, Microelectronics Circuits, 5th Edition, Oxford ... J. D. Irwin, Basic Engineering Circuit Analysis, 7th Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2002. .... to understand the impact of engineering solutions in global and societal context.
15.CURRICULUM OF TELECOMMUNICATION FOR B.E/B.S M.E/M.S
The basic agenda was to finalize the curriculum of B.S ..... of Differential Equations, Series Solutions of Differential Equations, Partial. Differential Equations ... University Physics by Freedman and Young (10th and higher editions),. College ... Engineering Circuit Analysis by William H, Hayat Kemerly, 5th Edition,. McGraw- ...
16.Shortcuts in Circuits and Systems Education with a Case Study of ...
Abstract— Basic Circuits and Systems CAS education is crucial in the first phase of any electrical engineering curriculum ... This leads to efficiency in the analysis of circuits and better .... e.g. that retain the solutions and eliminate some undesired .... International student edition, 10th edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, pp.
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Why are you getting the risk to lose your valuable eyesight when a set of prescription safety glasses are for eyes protection. They have the power to protect your vision for a long period till the end. Think over it because they are for your advantage of good vision.
According to a study, thousands of people are getting eye injuries while at their working sites every year. Besides, there are thousands of eye injuries happening at home every year. Apart from these injuries, the same facts and figures have been reported in kids and adults while sports field. And even unluckily, many hundreds of eye injuries don’t report.
Although experts claim that appropriate prescription safety glasses online can save more than 90% of all eye injuries. But still, you may require to educate yourself about protective goggles and glasses that suit your lifestyle.
How Do Safety Glasses Differ from Traditional Eyewear?
Many people are curious why safety glasses are differing from traditional glasses. Protective glasses fit in impact resistance of high standard than regular eyewear or dress eyewear. Another noticeable thing is a high standard applied for both lenses and frames of protective specs and goggles. Well, safety specs come in two forms that are prescription and non-prescription safety eyewear. Non-prescription safety eyewear is also known as Plano protective eyewear.
Regardless of the durability and the dimension of the lenses and frames of safety specs, dress eyewear doesn’t compete with them if they don’t meet their particular criteria. The federal government has established some protective guidelines in the USA. So that people can decrease the rate of injuries at a job site. The OHSA with the help of the U.S. Department of protection doesn't only practice in the workplace but the educational background.
Besides, OSHA has followed the standards of womens prescription safety glasses are established by the ANSI means the American National Standard Institute. ANSI is a private and non-profit institute that produces quality and protective standards for different sorts of products.
The ANSI standard is applied for eyes protection contains several kinds of safety devices for the eyes. In this protection, both prescription and non-prescription glasses includes in this criteria. The included devices are face shields, full face respirator, welding helmets, and goggles.
ANSI Criteria for Safety Eyewear:
The latest criteria of ANSI safety specs have the following characteristics. There are two kinds of tests to check the durability of lenses frames separately or collectively as well. In a basic test, for example, only lenses are tested under particular criteria without a frame. For the endorsement of the high-impact test, both lenses and frames are tested collectively as a single unit.
The season doesn’t relate to the safety glasses because if you are working in all seasons, cover your eyes with safety eyewear in four seasons. Make the best companion for your eyes because nothing is important in the world more than eyes.
In a high-impact test, non-prescription lenses are considered a little weaker because of their structure as compared to prescription lenses. Although they are constructed with the same material, prescription lenses are thicker than non-prescription lenses for vision corrective.
Keep remembering that even thicker best prescription safety glasses are applicable only if they exceed the necessary safety standard. It means they should meet the testing requirement of high impact. In the last safety glasses standard, the greatest thickness of the lenses was 3mm. Therefore, they were expressively thicker as compared to regular lenses.
Protective lenses classify into two categories like basic impact standard and high standard impact.
The drop ball test lies for the simple safety test of the lenses. In this test, a steel ball of one-inch diameter is dropped over the lenses from the 50 inches’ height. A lens will pass the test in this situation if it doesn’t break, chip, or crack. Therefore, all lenses of protective glasses should pass this test otherwise, they cannot include in certain safety criteria. So, all plastic safety lenses should get certification under safety criteria.
A high-impact test performs with the high-velocity exam. A steel bar of quarter-inch diameter is dropped over the lens surface with a high speed approximately of 150 feet in one second. To qualifying for that test scenario, the lens should not break, crack, or chip. Besides, it shouldn’t dislocate the lens from the holder.
Assess The Safety Standard of Protective Eyewear and Goggles:
The Plus mark is the first sign which indicates that the required lens is applicable after passing the standard test. So, the “+” sign shows that the required z87 prescription safety glasses have got approval for the high-impact test.
Such kind of mark can also view on prescription lenses with the equivalent or possibly more thickness. And you can view the plus sign on the thinnest area of the lens. They are created with the same stuff from the same maker, and the same coating applies to the lenses.
Some other lenses come with the marking of V which shows that the required lenses are photochromic. Besides, the lenses mark with the S shows that the required lens has a certain tint. In some situations, some numbers are also marked towards the shaded side of the protective lens. It indicates that how much amount light is transferring from the shaded part of the safety lens. And how much it is reducing after passing from the tint.
Although shaded safety eyewear use if you are working in certain situations. For example, you are working under molten metal, cutting, soldering, brazing, and welding practices, you should use different shades densities. They are also existing in the range of 1.5-3.0 mean low to medium tint for torch welding. Besides, tint intensities from 10-14 are used for dark hue for electric welding.
Keep remembering that cheap prescription safety glasses should have permanent marking. If lenses don't meet the standard of safety criteria, there should be a warning sign over the lenses. And it should not remove from the wearers. So, this warning label should join with prescription safety glasses.
Frame Testing for Protective Eyewear and Goggles:
Safety glasses frames can examine under similar criteria as lenses. It means frames are also needed to clearance the basic and high-impact tests. But frame test is a little different because different objects are used in the test.
The high standard impact test includes a steel projectile of one inch with a weight of 17.6 ounces which is releasing by a tube from 50 inches’ height. The steel projectile drops on the lenses that are attached to the frame. Then this kind of frame is worn over the artificial head. To clear the test, the frame should attach to the lens. And it should not scatter in pieces. Besides, the inner and external components of the frame shouldn’t detach which has made the grip grasp the lenses.
To checking durability, the protective frames should pass the following test like flammability resistance, corrosion resistance test, and some other test to determine the durability.
A high-velocity test includes shooting with a steel ball of a quarter-inch over both frame and safety lenses. The steel ball comes with a certain speed of 150 feet/second from the 10-inch distance. Although the test is revised many times. And every time new lenses and frames are used with different positions and angles. However, the passing scene is the same as the high-impact test.
How to Estimate the Standard of Protective Eyeglasses Frames?
Safety prescription medical safety eyewear with non-removable lenses, there should be a permanent mark from a trademark of the creator. And it has Z87 for basic tests or Z87+ for high-impact tests. Besides, the sign of safety standard on frame temple or from one side of the frame.
For prescription safety specs, there should be a trademark of the creator with Z87-2 on frame temples. And even on the front side of the safety frame. To getting complete awareness, you may require to buy a copy of the safety standard ANSI at the website of the American National Standard Institute.
What Kind of Lenses Do You Require for The Worksite?
To avail yourself right kind of safe eyewear, you must figure out which protection level you need. Whether you require basic impact eyewear or are the candidate for high-impact eyeglasses for your work site. Below here are few professions that may require high-impact safety in the shape of glasses.
⭕ Pipe filters and plumbers
Some professions need a good level of safety from the side of the glasses, or you can wear full-face protection or goggles. Therefore, safety officers and employers should consider OSHA to get help on which kind of prescription safety glasses with side shields they may need. Different safety eyewear is for specific job nature. For more learning, you can visit the website of OSHA in case of any confusion regarding safety.
International safety association has issued a selection guide for using face and eye safety with the standard of ANSI Z87.1. Besides, you can buy these guiding principles from the website of the organization. If you are working as an independent service provider, it would better idea to pick safety glasses with a standard of high impact. High impact glasses are almost suitable for all kinds of activities for additional safety.
Safety Goggles for Home Use:
As an independent service provider, you must pick lenses and safety frames that must exceed high impact with all safety features for good protection. If you don’t use specs regularly, or you are wearing contact lenses, grab Plano protective specs. And you can avail these safety goggles from a hardware store, sporting store, and building supplier.
Polycarbonate material is solid stuff that is generally used in the manufacturing of safety goggles. The reason behind using the polycarbonate material is durability and extra comfortable. Now they are available in wraparound frame style that is more popular among almost all workers of all fields. For the highest protection, you must pick the models with a high-rated standard. Never forget to view the mark of Z87+ on the temple of the frame.
Some models in prescription safety glasses frames come with the bifocal reading section at the lower section of the lens. These lenses are the need of the people who are plus 40, and they are suffering presbyopia. If you require prescription safety goggles, you should buy them from a certified optical store or eye doctor's office. So, for good safety, go with the protective glasses that are high impact rated. Besides, the lenses have safety marks “+” and the frame has marked like Z87-2 on the temple and inner side of the frame.
If you are plus 40 and using bifocal prescription eyewear, progressive lenses with protection standards will support you for a clear view. Through these safety-rated lenses, you can look in any direction without worrying about the presence of a line of bifocal and multifocal lenses.
Even if you are mowing the lawn of your garden, your peepers are not safe because many powerful tools like a trimmer can hurt your eyes. Choose an ANSI prescription safety glasses that have removable side shields for eyes safety from large objects and flying elements.
Best Safety Eyewear for Sports Field:
For sports glasses, you need to use the same suggestion of safety-rated that you need for home appliances. An elastic band is a safety consideration feature for kids when they actively participate in the ground. These bans are fixed at the place of temples which keep your glasses tightly hold while in the sports field. For more safety, wear padded safety specs because they absorb extra sweat when your body releases while playing.
Safety glasses come in a wide range for a lot of fields. For example, you need them when you are on hunting or shooting range. Wear high-impact safety-rated lenses while doing all such types of activities. Wraparound safety frames with matt and non-glossy lenses. For the elimination of reflection, you must prefer an anti-reflect coating. It will allow you to see a clear view in the existence of a harsh glare.
Protective frames are available with camouflage shapes for hunting activity. If you require prescription shooting eyewear, make sure you are attaining side shields like additional safety. So, golfing, hunting, or any other sports that need acute vision, but don’t forget to add a tint. For example, yellow or amber tint can support boosting your contrast while shooting.
The fish hook is the big lead to eye injuries in the sports field. For this objective, grab wraparound safety specs with the addition of polar lenses. Polarize have a feature to reduce harmful glare and keep eyes safe and secure on the water surface. Elimination of the glare doesn’t only support you to see clearly in the depth of water, but your eyes remain comfortable in this condition.
Photochromic lenses are another best consideration for optimal vision. Besides, these lenses change the shade of lenses as you step in and out in your location. An eye care provider and optician can recommend to you better which lens tint is best suitable for a certain activity.
In the game of paintball, don’t restrict your enjoyment without wearing the appropriate head and eye safety. It can lead to devastating injuries when paintball pellets will fire from a gun. Several times, headshields are affixed with the ear and eyes' safety. Besides, these combined safeties are high impact rated. Such high-rated safety is crucial because some guns have the driving force to drop pellets at a high speed of 180 mph. However, it is enough to injure your skull and eyes.
The most crucial rule and regulation to play paintball are, avoid to remove the safety shield time while in the playing area. Otherwise, little errors can lead you a huge loss. The common lens material is polycarbonate for protective glasses. One best advantage is too lightweight which is equivalent to half of the glass weight.
Therefore, polycarbonate prescription safety glasses are extremely comfortable. Another plus point of polycarbonate stuff is the high comfortability level and impact resistance as compared to glass eyewear. Keep remembering that polycarbonate stuff is not only lightweight but too much soft as well. Therefore, it is easily prone to scratches than glass eyewear.
Objective Anti-Reflect Coating On Protective Glasses:
An anti-reflect coating has another name is AR coating to reduce irritating reflection. They are required for different activities when you are facing a reflecting surface. But you must know that anti-reflect coating can influence the impact resistance of some lenses. Therefore, never forget to test impact resistance from the ophthalmic lab after applying a reflective coating. An eye care provider can guide you clearly, which optical lab is good for the impact resistance test after having a coating.
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Production and Sustainable Agriculture
Just two feet of soil largely determines whether the world has food or not. Our research is creating a better understanding of agro-ecosystems, the processes that drive these systems, and what impact our crop production practices are having on those two feet.
We analyze crop production at the cellular, whole plant, and landscape levels, and create meaningful technologies that improve production, reduce risks, and enhance the soil that we all depend upon. World-class research is underway in soil nutrient uptake modeling; cultural, mechanical, and biological management of cropland and invasive weed species such as Japanese knotweed; organic waste recycling, and conservation tillage and direct seeding effects on soil properties.
Organic farming researchers are conducting whole farm trials and analyzing the long-term biological effects on the soil. Our organic farming research results can be found in premier journals and even as cover stories of national news programs. We are evaluating the efficacy of various soil conservation practices such as direct seeding, modified tillage systems, cover cropping, and long-term perennial cover. Our researchers are evaluating a number of organic waste products as soil amendments, wood pulp substitute, and even building materials. Best management practices such as green manure for improving soil tilth and field specific irrigation scheduling are being developed to reduce pest levels and improve environmental conditions.
Bioenergy will be a major commodity in the very near future. Our faculty, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Energy, recently initiated several bioenergy studies. We are developing technical information on biofuel species adaptation, energy conversion efficiencies, and the effect of biofuel production on sustainability.
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Posts for tag: sugar
Tooth decay is an ever present danger for your baby’s developing teeth. It begins with disease-causing bacteria feasting on leftover sugar, producing high levels of oral acid that slowly dissolves the teeth’s protective enamel. The softened enamel then becomes an open door for decay to infect the tooth.
Meanwhile, those bacteria continue to eat and produce acid….
So how can you stop this devastating cycle? Besides daily oral hygiene and regular dental visits, the most important thing you can do is deprive bacteria in your baby’s mouth of sugar through limiting their consumption of it. This means you’ll first need to identify the different sources of sugar available to your baby—and some of them might surprise you.
Here, then, are 3 not-so-obvious sugar sources your baby might be consuming.
During feeding. If you’re breast-feeding, you may not think this is causing a sugar problem for your baby. True, breast milk by itself doesn’t promote decay: it’s the combination of it with other sugar-rich foods and liquids the baby might be consuming as they get older. Together this could significantly increase their risk of pediatric tooth decay (also known as early childhood caries or ECC). So, be careful to limit sugar in other things they’re eating or drinking in addition to nursing.
24/7 Baby bottles and pacifiers. To calm infants at nap or sleep time, parents or caregivers often use bottles filled with sweet liquids or pacifiers dipped in jam, syrup or sugar. This practice increases decay risk from both the added sugar and its constant availability to bacteria in the mouth around the clock. Instead, avoid this practice and limit any sugary foods or liquids to mealtimes.
Medications. Some medications an infant may be taking for a chronic illness may contain small amounts of sugar. Additionally, medications like antihistamines can reduce the production of saliva that’s needed to neutralize acid after meals. If your child is on medication, ask your healthcare provider about its dental effects and if there are any sugar-free alternatives. Be sure to keep up daily brushing and flossing and regular dental visits too.
Limiting your baby’s sugar intake is critical in preventing tooth decay. It’s one of the most important things you can do to protect their dental health.
If you would like more information on helping your child avoid tooth decay, please contact us or schedule an appointment for a consultation. You can also learn more about this topic by reading the Dear Doctor magazine article “Age One Dental Visit: Why It’s Important for Your Baby.”
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Curved plywood is often used in home building for window transoms and structural arches. Plywood curves can be cut with a handheld multipurpose tool. The procedure of cutting curves is simple enough; the hard part is drawing an accurate curve. This should be done with a stick and a pencil. When cutting radius curves out of plywood, the layout is the important part.
Drawing the Curve
Drill holes 1 inch apart along the length of the 1/4-inch-thick stick. Use a 1/16-inch drill bit and a drill. Place a nail in one of the holes near the end of the stick. Place the tip of a pencil through one of the holes at the other end of the stick.
Place the stick and the plywood in the center of a 48-by-96-inch sheet of plywood. Tap the nail into the plywood to a depth of 1/8 inch. Grasp the pencil between your thumb and finger. Using the nail as an axle, sweep the pencil over the plywood in an arc.
Check the radius of your curve. If it's not what you want, move the pencil to another hole. Sweep the pencil over the plywood again. Make several passes with the pencil, making arcs that graduate in size. When you get the size of the curve correct, draw its arc bolder to highlight it.
Making the Cut
Place the plywood across two sawhorses. Make sure that the plywood is supported under both sides of the curve.
Insert a cutting bit in the handheld multipurpose tool so it will extend 1/8 inch below the surface of the wood. Holding the tool with one hand, place the base of the tool on the plywood, but don't let the bit touch the wood.
Turn on the tool. Using the fastest speed, ease the bit into the wood, watching closely that the bit is aligned with the curved line. Gently push the tool forward, allowing the bit to cut down the center of the line.
Follow the line as you cut, but stop cutting when you approach the point where the curve is supported by the sawhorse. Move the plywood on the sawhorses so that you can continue cutting without hitting the sawhorse. Proceed cutting around the circle, guiding the tool with one hand as you watch the bit cut the line, making corrections and moving the sawhorses as needed to stay on the line until the curve is cut out.
Things You Will Need
- Stick, 1/4-by-3/4-by-22-inches
- 1/16-inch drill bit
- 1 piece plywood, 1/2-by-48-by-96-inches
- Handheld multipurpose tool with cutting accessory
- These size are just examples. You can use a smaller or larger stick and different sizes of plywood to make any size curve you want. For plywood thicker than 1/2 inch, use a jigsaw to cut the curve.
- Don't cut through the plywood unless you know that the curve cut-out is supported. Make sure that any plywood falling from the sawhorses won't hit your feet or anything on the ground. Always wear safety glasses when cutting or working with wood to prevent chips or splinters from hitting your face or eyes.
- Thinkstock/Comstock/Getty Images
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The cost of manufacturing electricity – and therefore the carbon emissions related to it – varies considerably throughout the day, counting on electricity demand at any purpose in time. as an example, once a wave happens and lots of customers begin cooling their homes once work, demand skyrockets and creates what’s called a ‘critical peak.’
To satisfy this hyperbolic demand, the foremost pricy power plants – that stay unused for many of the years and customarily tend to emit additional pollution – square measure turned on Reliant Energy Reviews . facultative customers to curb their electricity use throughout these heat waves may offset the requirement for these dirty, pricy plants, leading to lower costs and fewer harmful pollution. Customers may, as an example, set their cooling system at a temperature a couple of degrees hotter or run massive appliances like dishwashers, laundry machines, and dryers outside of the days the majority square measure exploitation electricity.
Unfortunately, most customers aren’t supplied with data once these crucial times occur and have very little to no incentive to curb their demand throughout these times as a result of they’re neither rewarded for doing thus nor punished after they don’t. Instead, they pay the identical worth for electricity used the least bit times of day, regardless of heatwaves or different periods of high electricity demand.
Time-variant electricity rating
Many utilities have begun to appreciate that this kind of rating is hardly economical. rating electricity in a very manner that reflects its true price will facilitate utilities to cut back overall prices and pass these lower costs onto customers. as an example, utilities will charge customers totally different|completely different} rates at different times of the day or throughout the month – this can be called ‘time-variant electricity pricing’.
This type of rating permits customers to possess larger management over their electricity bills. By reducing electricity use throughout times once it’s costlier to supply, they will cash in of cheaper electricity being offered at different times. what is more, environmentally-conscious customers will cut back their carbon emissions by temporal order their electricity use. basically, time-variant rating empowers electricity customers by transferring them into the market and permitting them to affect it with their behaviour: if we might all shift aloof from periods of high demand, electricity costs would fall for everybody.
Now allow us to return to the impact of solar energy on the price of power provide. Suppose the tariff for solar energy, to be paid by a State utility is Rs four per unit. once this power comes into the State utility’s system (during 8 am – 4 pm period), the off-take of the State utility from the thermal stations would get reduced by the identical extent, hour-by-hour. Consequently, the quantity to be paid by the State utility to the thermal plants would return down as per the latter’s energy charge rate. So, whereas the State utility would pay Rs four for each kWh of solar energy it received, its payment to the thermal plants would return down by solely Rs one.50 to 2. therefore the utility would have a web extra liability of over Rs two for every kWh of solar energy it receives, even once the full average costs of star and thermal power square measure comparable. this can be the $64000 (additional) price of solar energy, that is ultimately borne by the economic system.
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The Irish and the Spanish Civil War, 1936-39
by Robert Stradling
EUR18.99 ($21.27) in stock
The outbreak of the Spanish Civil War threw Irish politics, north and south of the border, into turmoil. Tragic events in Spain aroused emotive responses across the spectrum of Irish society. In contrast to most other communities of the British Isles, citizens of the Irish Free State were mainly pro-Franco. But many on the left felt a strong identification with the plight of the Republic. Ireland sent large organized bodies of men to fight on opposite sides in the Spanish Civil War. The International Brigade volunteers were led by the IRA warrior, Frank Ryan. Their rivals, who became a battalion of Franco's Foreign Legion were mostly members of the semi-facist Blueshirts, and were commanded by the ex-leader of that movement, General Eoin O'Duffy. In late 1936, two enemy crusades - Communist and Catholic - left Ireland to fight it out in Spain. This book, illuminated by personal histories, tells the story of what happened to those two sides. Starting with their eventful journey to Spain, it follows their footsteps across the battlefields of Spain.
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The power to transform into or have a physical body made up of inorganic elements. Technique of Elemental Manipulation.
- Elemental Body/Form/Physiology
User is made of or can transform their body completely into fundamental elements, including air, earth, electricity, fire, light, shadow, water, etc. Users' transformed form is either anatomically identical to their normal form, aside of being made of element, in which case, it contains all organs and is somewhat vulnerable to attacks. Alternately, the user can transform into homogenous matter, without any part of their form being more important than the other.
- Contaminant Immunity
- Dermal Armor
- Disease Immunity
- Elemental Generation/Energy Generation
- Enhanced Condition or Supernatural Condition - exact powers depend on the element transformed.
- Acid Mimicry
- Ash Mimicry
- Earth Mimicry
- Clay Mimicry
- Coal Mimicry
- Concrete Mimicry
- Crystal Mimicry
- Magma Mimicry
- Metal Mimicry
- Mud Mimicry
- Salt Mimicry
- Sand Mimicry
- Stone Mimicry
- Energy Physiology
- Ethereal Physiology - considered the fifth Classical Element.
- Fallout Mimicry
- Gas Mimicry
- Liquid Mimicry
- Shadow Mimicry
- Weather Mimicry
- Amorphous Physiology
- Defunct Physiology
- Elemental Aura
- Elemental Energy Manipulation
- Elemental Entity Creation
- Elemental Intangibility
- Elemental Manipulation
- Elemental-Mechanical Physiology
- Elemental Regeneration
- Elemental Soul
- Elemental Transmutation
- Golem Creation - most golems have a variation of this power.
- Golem Physiology - most golems have a variation of this power.
- Scattering - some users are able spread their transformed form over vast areas.
- Size Manipulation
- Spatial Mimicry
- Thermal Resistance
- Some users may not be able to return to their original body/form.
- May only be able to mimic substances they can touch.
- May require constant contact with element to stay in transformed state.
- Opposite elements may contradict each other.
- If the user is rendered unconscious, their body might automatically transform into their normal state.
- User is subject to all effects that affect the material they are made of.
- If composed of reactionary elements, the user can be rendered inert at sub-zero temperatures due to chemical reactions ceasing at that point.
See Also: Elemental Shapeshifter.
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The Philadelphia Fire Department has come a long way from the days when horse-drawn fire trucks raced to the scenes of blazes to spray water pumped out of the Delaware River. But the spirit of the men and women who serve is still the same.
“The Fire Department’s been in operation for 145 years,” said John Wright, the Fire Department’s official historian. “There’s a lot of traditions, and there’s still people keeping these traditions to this day … But the basic concept is still get a hoseline and put the fire out.”
The technology has changed a bit, but the core responsibilities have not. There are still stations full of Philly firefighters waiting to respond at a moment’s notice to a fire around the city, with one guy sitting watch waiting to respond to calls 24/7.
The Fireman’s Hall Museum, where Wright has volunteered for 29 years, has a steam fire engine from 1858 that firefighters used to pulled by hand.
Back in those days, water was piped underground through hollow cypress logs. Fire fighters would have to dig underground to spike a hole in the logs to get access to the water, which they later plugged up and marked for future firefighters – that’s why in Philly, some people still call hydrants “fire plugs.”
The Fireman’s Hall also contains the Fireman’s Memorial, with the names of every Philly fire fighter who fell in the line of duty. There are thirteen names of men who died after a building collapsed on them in Dec. 21, 1910. Eleven more died after being exposed to chemicals fighting a laboratory fire on Oct. 28, 1954.
It goes through the eightwho died in the 1975 Gulf oil refinery fire, up to the most recent tragedy, the loss of firefighter Joyce Craig, who diedDec.9, 2014.
“It’s a good job with great benefits, but this is the other side,” Wright said. “These firefighters are the bricks. They built what we have today.”
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- Choosing Safe Toys
Toys are a fun and important part of any child's development. And there's plenty you can do to make sure all toys are safe.
- Choosing Safe Toys for School-Age Kids
Is your 10-year-old crying for a pellet gun? How about that used scooter? For help figuring out what toys are safe and appropriate for older kids, read these tips.
- Choosing Safe Toys for Toddlers and Preschoolers
How can you tell if a small toy poses a choking risk? What types of unsafe toys should you avoid for your baby, toddler, or preschooler? Find out here.
- Learning, Play, and Your 8- to 12-Month-Old
Your baby is learning more about the world through play and is beginning to use words. Keep those toys and games coming!
- School-Age Readers
From kindergarten through third grade, kids' ability to read will grow by leaps and bounds. Although teachers provide lots of help, parents continue to play a role in a child's reading life.
- Toddler Reading Time
Reading to toddlers lays the foundation for their independent reading later on. Here are some tips.
Visit our blog!
Visit the Dr. Mom Squad blog to join in the conversation with our experts! You will hear from four local women who have two big things in common; they are all doctors and they are all moms!
Kohl's Cares® Merchandise
Every season, Kohl's offers special items for sale with all profits donated to children's hospitals – including Dayton Children’s. You can view the entire collection of stuffed animals, books and much more at Kohl's Cares® Merchandise.
Free parenting enewsletter
Finding trusted child health and safety information doesn't have to be hard. eGrowing Together offers the latest health, safety and parenting information from our experts delivered to your inbox every month.
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Theodor Seuss Geisel (1904-1991) is probably better known to most as Dr. Seuss, the beloved cartoonist, poet and author who gave us such delightful books as "The Cat in the Hat," "Horton Hears a Who" and "How the Grinch Stole Christmas," to name just a few.
Born to German immigrants in Springfield, Massachusetts, Geisel often credited his mother with being the primary influence on his work because of her habit of lulling him to sleep with clever rhymes. His childhood experiences in Springfield often made startling reappearances in his books and illustrations over the years. Some of his best known characters are:
- The Cat in the Hat
- Horton the Elephant
- The grouchy old Grinch
- The lovable dog Max
- The irresponsible Maysie
- Yertle the Turtle
However, the above simply reflects some of our own personal favorites; your list might look very different. That fact underscores one of the main reasons for Dr. Seuss's popularity, which was his ability to communicate a message that transcended gender, race, age or religion. Almost anyone can relate to and empathize with the plight of poor Horton. We abhor the Grinch while we pity his pain. His work is timeless as well; "The Cat in the Hat" is as relevant today as when it was first written.
Although "The Cat in the Hat" propelled him into the spotlight as an author of children's books and an illustrator, it was not his first published work. That honor is held by "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street." Note to any aspiring authors: it took 27 tries for Geisel to sell the book to a publisher. His last published book was "Oh, The Places You'll Go!" In addition to writing children's books, he also wrote several well-known books for adults such as "You're Only Old Once!"
An interesting piece of trivia is that Geisel first started using the Seuss pseudonym while working on a Dartmoor College publication entitled "Jack-o-Lantern." He also wrote under the pen name of Theo LeSieg.
Educators use Dr. Seuss books in lesson plans and to create art projects and activities because of their unique illustrations and rhyming words. Seuss was a master of use of the trisyllabic meter and the books are as much fun to listen to as they are to read although it is possible to get one's tongue rather tangled if one is not careful. In this guide, we've gathered up the best of the best of our lesson plans, activities and crafts projects based on Dr. Seuss books.
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The Lesson of Purim
Tzvi FishmanBefore making Aliyah to Israel, Tzvi Fishman was a Hollywood screenwriter....
What brought about the decree of Haman against the Jews? It was their craving to be accepted as full-fledged citizens of Persia rather than return to the Holy Land to rebuild Jewish life in Israel.
In the year 3391, the Persian king, Cyrus, ordered the reconstruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Led by the prophet, Ezra, a small number of Jews returned to Israel to begin the rebuilding. The vast majority, including the aristocracy, were unwilling to give up their businesses and positions of honor in the Persian community. This was highlighted by their participation in the great feast of Achashverus, who rose to the throne in the 3392, and immediately halted the reconstruction of the Temple. Against Mordechai’s warnings, the Jews of Shushan flocked to take part in the gentile celebration, to raise toasts (with kosher wine) to the gentile king, and to regale along with the gentiles at what was to be a bawdy, immoral, wife-swapping burlesque (“Me’am Lo’ez,” Esther, Ch. 1 and 2). Even when Achashverus bought out the sacred Temple vessels, they didn’t leave the party.
The Divine wrath and the decree of Haman were soon to follow.
Remind you of anything?
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Showing 1–5 of 5 books
Trapped by the flash freeze of a surprise early Arctic winter in 1897, 265 sailors with dwindling supplies and six months of plunging temperatures ahead faced almost certain death. Desperate to save them, the United States government hatched a daring plan that involved sending three men into brutal weather conditions, on foot, on a journey of more than 1500 miles...but they had to be the right three men.
After the Japanese military bombed Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, forcing the internment of over 100,000 Japanese-Americans. This detailed and compassionate chronicle of the internment years incorporates many first-hand accounts and photographs. Sandler skillfully provides context for the internment and also examines its lasting legacy by examining anti-Japanese sentiment in America before World War II and then the redress movement, which advocated for compensation and formal apologies for internees after the war.
Presents the history of photography from the daguerreotypes of the mid-1800s to its acceptance as an art form and more.
- Outstanding Books for the College Bound and Lifelong Learners 2009
- ISBN: 9780195126082
Who knew there was a nineteenth-century "subway" beneath the streets of New York City?
Cinematic portrayals of the high seas can't touch the rollicking realities of life aboard the Eighteenth century ship, The Whydah.
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Our daf opens with a discussion of the obligation of lina– staying over in Jerusalem even after having sacrificed the obligatory korbanot associated with the three pilgrimage holidays of Pesah, Shavu’ot and Sukkot. Regarding the holiday of Passover, the Torah ( 16:7) commands that the korban Pesah must be eaten in the place chosen by God and that “you shall turn in the morning and go to your tents.” This passage is understood by the Sifre as commanding people who come to the Temple to stay overnight, leaving only the next morning. This obligation is explained by the Sefat Emet as stemming from a desire to show that a visit to the Temple is not simply a brief stopover, but is rather a significant, overnight stay.
How long does one need to remain in Jerusalem in order to fulfill the obligation of lina? We find three main positions on this question:
- Rashi teaches that a person must stay until the morning after the first day of the holiday.
- Tosafot argue that for Pesah and Sukkot, which are each weeklong holidays, a person must stay for the entire Yom Tov.
- Another opinion suggests that we must differentiate between Sukkot, where a person is obligated to remain in Jerusalem for the entire holiday, and Pesah, where the obligation is to remain only the first day. The need to remain for all of Sukkot is supported by the need to bring a unique sacrifice on each day of the holiday (called parei ha-hag, see Bamidbar 29:12-38) and is further suggested by the simple reading of the story of the consecration of the Temple in Sefer (see I Melakhim 8:65-66).
The Ritva suggests another approach, which distinguishes between the obligation that stems from the sacrifice, which is only one day, and the obligation that stems from the holiday itself, which will obligate people to remain until the Yom Tov is over.
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Europe is experimenting with the application of automated decision-making to manage asylum and migration processes. Researchers in an international project are investigating whether and how the use of algorithms is able to contribute to fairness.
The war in Ukraine is turning millions of people into refugees. Berlin's main train station was and still is an important stop for many of them: from here, they continue their journey by train, take a plane or stay in the city. The fact that Ukrainian refugees can enter the EU without visas and decide for themselves where to settle is an exceptional case, emphasizes Cathryn Costello, Professor of Fundamental Rights at the Hertie School in Berlin and Co-Director of the Hertie School’s Centre for Fundamental Rights. Other refugees seeking protection in the EU as asylum seekers usually need a visa to enter the Schengen Area, which they are rarely able to obtain.
In many European countries, new technologies for managing asylum seekers and migrants are under discussion – and in some cases already in use. An international group of researchers wants to investigate how algorithms are being used to realize automated decision-making in the case of asylum and migration and what the consequences are. Their project bears the title "Algorithmic Fairness for Asylum-Seekers and Refugees" and focuses on the question of how this special form of automated decision-making can contribute to fairness. The study involves legal, social and data scholars from the Hertie School, the European University Institute, Florence, and the universities of Copenhagen, Zagreb and Oxford.
Fairness as an ethical standard
Fairness is their central term. "We don't start with a fixed understanding of the term; we want to work it out as we go along," explains Cathryn Costello. "Notwithstanding, the term provides us with an ethical standard with which to examine and normatively evaluate the practices involved." Unlike in criminal law, where there are common notions of fairness across different legal systems, what is meant by a fair visa system is nowhere precisely defined for the field of asylum and migration, she says.
So far, there has been very little research on the use of algorithms in the context of asylum and migration, the principal investigator notes. "Our goal is to explore the potential consequences before their use becomes accepted as commonplace." As an initial evaluation revealed, "There are some controversial applications." In the U.K., for example, an algorithm was used that resulted in discriminatory visa allocations tied to certain nationalities. The Joint Council for the Welfare of Immigrants and Foxglove, two civil society organizations, were alerted and succeeded in stopping its application.
Project partner Dr. Derya Ozkul of the Refugee Studies Centre an der Oxford University explains in more detail where and how algorithms are already being tested or applied: for example, to divide visa applications into simple and complicated categories or to screen asylum applicants for credibility. "They can be used to identify and assess the dialect an applicant speaks. For example, in the case of Syrian applicants, it can be used to check whether they actually speak the Arabic dialect that is common in Syria."
Technological applications such as dialect recognition and name transcription are already being implemented by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees in Germany (BAMF). And other countries, such as the Netherlands, are following suit and testing applications that check the language of applicants. In Turkey, a test was recently carried out to check the origin of Uyghur-speaking applicants.
Regardless of what the software suggests, it is still government officials who ultimately make the assessment, the BAMF stressed. "But we researchers have to investigate the extent to which the responsible officials actually do make the decisions or are simply agreeing to what the software suggests," says Ozkul, a sociologist and migration researcher.
Costello and Ozkul have both done work on various refugee recognition practices and on identification and border control technologies. Derya Ozkul, for example, studied the registration practices of the UN Refugee Agency and the collection of biometric data from refugees in Lebanon. "In Jordan, iris recognition is even used on shoppers in the Zaatari refugee camp," says Cathryn Costello.
To better understand fairness in ethical and legal terms, the international project team is looking at three dimensions. On the one hand, the researchers are concerned with individual fairness, which can be seen in the way an asylum seeker is interviewed and questioned about his or her ideas. The second dimension relates to the fair distribution of migrant men, women and children – and thus to the fair sharing of responsibility and burdens among host countries and municipalities.
What is the public perception?
The third perspective encompasses both the individual as well as the public perception of fairness. How do the asylum seekers and refugees themselves perceive the application process? Do they know whether an algorithm was used and what effect it had? Derya Ozkul will explore these questions in qualitative interviews with those affected. The project members also want to investigate the public perception with the help of a broad survey in eight EU countries.
Not only is it hard for laypeople to understand how algorithm-based decision-making works, the underlying data and criteria are also anything but transparent. "Newtech, or emerging technologies, are often opaque and difficult to explain," says Cathryn Costello. Whether this leads to a loss of trust, however, depends on the framing, she says. For example, a facial scan is seen as a means of mass surveillance and tends to be viewed critically. In contrast, technologies that identify risks posed by individuals meet with greater public approval.
Pilot projects are also using algorithms to try to align the interests of applicants with those of the host locations. "The algorithms sort refugees by skills and marital status with the goal of increasing their chance of finding work," says Cathryn Costello. However, the asylum seekers themselves are not asked where they would like to live, even though the technology would easily allow a matching of preferences.
Costello, a lawyer, sees the benefits of using algorithms this way: "For complex issues, they help to reach decisions faster and more efficiently." If the data used and criteria are transparent, it could even reveal biases that influence normal visa allocation processes. An algorithm should be designed and applied to give refugees a wide range of choices. This would be in line with the prevailing perceptions of fairness in our society and a free life that is as self-determined as possible, Costello and Ozkul emphasize.
The contribution of science
The two researchers are convinced that science itself can contribute to more fairness in refugee and migration processes. They have both taught at the University of Oxford, where the world's first Refugees Studies Centre was founded in 1982. "Here, there is a long tradition of ethical reflection about the obligations and duties of scholars," says Cathryn Costello. "For example, whether there's an obligation to do more than seek the truth and to counteract injustice as well."
Costello herself sees her primary responsibility as conducting nonjudgmental research and contributing new knowledge. But of course, she also believes researchers have an obligation to the "research subjects" because, "We're working with people's stories, life experiences and data, after all." And what to do when you encounter injustice? As a researcher, Derya Ozkul can't solve the immediate problems of refugees, she says, "But we can publicize the injustices and discriminatory practices we encounter through our research."
According to this understanding, asylum and migration research could also assume a mediating position between people seeking protection and civil society organizations. "In this project, it will not be enough just to publish scientific findings," Ozkul is convinced. "To prevent discriminatory practices in the future, we also need to make the results as widely accessible as possible."
The refugees from Ukraine will put Europe's approach to migration and asylum to the test, Cathryn Costello emphasizes, and this will also give rise to new perspectives: "We can now observe whether it really is possible for people to simply move to where they want to live."
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