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The swab samples were prepared prior to extraction as previously described . In detail, after mixing by vortexing, the tubes were put on a shaking incubator at 42 °C for 10 min to resuspend the sample. The incubation step was then followed by centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 1 min to remove all drops from the lid. Further preparation was carried out in a laminar flow cabinet under sterile conditions. The forceps were cleaned with RNase AWAY™ (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Basel, Switzerland) and 70% ethanol between every step and sample. The swab was inverted with a pair of sterilized forceps and the tube was centrifuged (8000 rpm for 1 min) again to retain all the liquid from the tip.
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300,253 |
A Western blot analysis of B7-H3 in CRC stable cell lines with B7-H3 overexpression (B7-H3) or their control cell lines (EV). β-Actin served as a loading control. B Western blot analysis of p21 and p53 in EV cells or B7-H3 CRC cells treated with DOX. β-Actin served as a loading control. C SA-β-Gal activity of EV cells or B7-H3 CRC cells treated with DOX was examined. Scale bar, 100 μm. One representative image from three reproducible experiments is shown. The percentages of SA-β-gal-positive cells are shown in the bar graph. D, E SAHF activity of EV cells or B7-H3 HCT116 cells and RKO cells with DOX treatment was examined. Scale bar, 50 μm. One representative image from three reproducible experiments is shown. The percentages of SAHF-positive cells are shown in the bar graph. F Cell viability in EV cells or B7-H3 CRC cells treated with DOX after 24, 36, 48, and 96 h was examined by CCK-8 assays. G The colony formation of EV cells or B7-H3 CRC cells treated with DOX was examined. One representative image from three reproducible experiments is shown. The number of colonies is shown in the bar graph. H Cell cycle analysis by PI staining in EV cells or B7-H3 CRC cells with DOX treatment was examined through flow cytometry. The data represent the means ± SEM. *P < 0.05; ***P < 0.001.
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201,620 |
786-O cells were inoculated into 6-well plates with 2 × 106 cells/well. When degree of cell fusion >80%, a fine vertical mark was gently drawn with a pipette gun. After incubation for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, cell scratches width was observed with a microscope (Olympus, Japan). Five fields were randomly observed in each group to calculate cell mobility. Cell mobility = curcumin averagewidth/control averagewidth × 100%.
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6,466 |
Evidences on the significant rise in the Earth’s temperature (global warming) are accumulating, and the rise is predicted to continue further. This has been shown to be concomitant with the expansion of the foci of infectious diseases most especially those transmitted by vectors such as arthropods. In order to prevent the worldwide spread of the vectors and the diseases they transmit, we herein advice on the need to promote policies that encourage living conditions that are unfavorable to the breeding of infectious disease vectors in developing countries, and to increase the funding for research leading prevention and management interventions for such diseases globally.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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317,420 |
Antimicrobials are undoubtedly one of the most important tools for preventing and treating diseases. Decreasing the rate of selection for drug resistance is of importance to both human and veterinary medicine. Non-saleable milk, also known as waste milk, is milk withheld due to pharmaceutical residues from lactating cows receiving drugs for therapeutic reasons. To reduce production losses due to waste milk, 30.6% of dairy farms in the U.S. feed waste milk to preweaned calves (1). Feeding calves waste milk has also been associated with antibiotic residues violations (2, 3). Slaughter withdrawal intervals recommendations for veal calves fed colostrum from cows receiving antibiotics during the dry period have been estimated (4). The disposal of waste milk with pharmaceutical residues can be laborious and costly to dairy farmers and could still represent a potential source for selection of resistance in the environment (5). There is therefore a need for approaches that would allow the sustainable use of waste milk without the selection of antimicrobial resistance or other unwanted outcomes.
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308,548 |
All in all, the expression of damage in the FBG spectra is much more gentle under fatigue damage at this loading range than that in tensile failure. In tensile test, at loading above a certain percentage of the tensile strength, the large average stress coupled with the stress concentration effects of the joint and the defects will cause widespread damage, giving rise to very marked change in the FBG spectra considerably before the final failure. On the other hand, fatigue damage is highly localized and stochastic in nature. Under small cyclic loading, initial damages develop locally and gradually. Extensive spread to all over the joint may probably occur extremely close to the end of life. Periodic recording at an increment of a few thousand cycles may easily miss the final stages of failure. Ff such initial damages happen to not occur in the close vicinity of an FBG, the change in the spectra will not be marked throughout most of the life duration. These explain the relatively gentle changes in the spectral responses observed in Figure 9. Again, quantification the change in the spectra with the V values helps to visualize the change and the degree of damage more clearly.
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363,886 |
Lastly, owners are most often the ones to request euthanasia when they consider the QoL of their pet to be insufficient, so making assessment of the QoL is important. With their assessment and decision for euthanasia, the owners directly influence the survival time, as most dogs in our study were euthanized before dying from the disease. Besides, as the disease has a fluctuating course with intermittent clinical signs, it is even more difficult and variable to determine clinical performance, QoL, and to decide when to euthanize a dog. By scoring clinical performance and QoL not at one moment in time, but what was perceived by the owner during the entire period that the dog received the assigned medical treatment, an attempt was made to mediate this fluctuation.
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66,506 |
Plant materials were collected from their natural habitats for six morpho-types that are similar to A. breviscapa (e.g., A. kerrii, A. suddeeana, A. variabilis, Argyreia 1 and Argyreia 2). For each morpho-type, 1–5 populations were sampled. At least five mature leaves in each population were fixed in a mixture of 70% ethyl alcohol and 0.05% glycerol. Voucher specimens were prepared for each morpho-type and deposited at BKF (Table 1). Investigation of the micro-morphological characters was divided into three parts: epidermal surfaces examined by the peeling method; epidermal surfaces viewed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM); and leaf transverse sections prepared by modified paraffin method (Johansen 1940).Table 1List of the plant materials used in this studyNo. of accessionTaxaVoucher specimensLocality1 Argyreia breviscapa (Kerr) Ooststr.J. Chow and P. Traiperm s.n.Khon Kaen, Thailand2Staples et al. 1550Kanchanaburi, Thailand3 A. kerrii CraibJ. Chow and P. Traiperm 002Chiang Mai, Thailand4 A. suddeeana Staples & TraipermJ. Chow and P. Traiperm 017Ratchaburi, Thailand5J. Chow and P. Traiperm 019Ratchaburi, Thailand6 A. variabilis Traiperm & StaplesS. Suddee s.n.Phetchaburi, Thailand7J. Chow and P. Traiperm s.n.Phetchaburi, Thailand8 Argyreia 1J. Chow and P. Traiperm 030Kanchanaburi, Thailand9 Argyreia 2J. Chow and P. Traiperm 031Kanchanaburi, Thailand10J. Chow and P. Traiperm 032Kanchanaburi, Thailand11J. Chow and P. Traiperm 033Kanchanaburi, Thailand12J. Chow and P. Traiperm 034Kanchanaburi, Thailand13J. Chow and P. Traiperm 035Kanchanaburi, Thailand
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203,950 |
On the basis of quantitative analysis, we performed an analysis basing on the directional analysis. The results suggesting that patients are more vulnerable to losing balance in the BW direction. This observation is probably due to the ankle and hip not exerting as much torque in the BW direction as in the FW (small dorsiflexor compared to plantar flexor) [24, 25]. The basal ganglia system normally compensates for this difference and produces relatively higher dorsiflexor muscle activation [26, 27]. This capacity was damaged in PD patients and worsened with disease progression. Individuals should also rely more on their visual function to maintain FW posture stability. As previous studies have shown, low illumination or lack of visual inputs is a potential exacerbator of PI in both older people and PD patients [4, 28]. The study by Frenklach and colleagues indicated that people with PD are unable to use the impaired proprioceptive feedback on a dynamic moving surface for orientation and that they have to rely on visual and vestibular feedback . In contexts in which vision is absent, the BW direction for LOS would decline earlier in PD patients.
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164,191 |
To select participants with extreme changes, z scores on the change in IN items were calculated for each participant (Creswell & Plano Clark, 2017). A total of 24 participants, whose responses were more than one deviation above (n = 14) or below (n = 10) the average, were included in the qualitative phase (see Appendix 3 for participants’ demographics and survey response records). Their reflection notes were retained and analyzed for qualitative data analysis.
| 2 | 0biomedical
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308,818 |
Figure 1 -Spontaneous breaks and gaps in two unrelated Italian patients with a clinical presentation reminiscent of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome. Selected representative images document the spontaneous breaks and gaps observed in the QFQ-banded chromosome spreads from blood samples of the two patients herein reported.
| 3 | 0biomedical
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72,601 |
Cholesterol uptake from lipoproteins is mediated by different proteins, including the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) . Hepatic uptake of LDL-cholesterol occurs via the scavenger receptor pathway in unrestrained manner, leading to deposition of cholesterol crystals in hepatocytes and generation of foamy Kupffer cells, two critical features of NASH . Intracellular accumulation of free cholesterol represents a key event for inflammasome activation and inflammatory response and sensitizes cells to transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), TNF-α and Fas, leading to liver damage and disease progression . Moreover, LDL cholesterol can be oxidized to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) cholesterol, which has been found in high concentrations in the plasma of NASH patients and induces proinflammatory cytokine secretion accumulating in lysosomes of Kupffer cells . Recently, a reduced efflux of FC has been observed in injured (foam) hepatocytes of NAFLD patients, associated with reduced expression of ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8 (ABCG8), which regulates cholesterol excretion trough the bile . In addition, decreased expression of CYP7A1 and CYP27A responsible for cholesterol transformation into bile acids (BA) has been found in human NAFLD/NASH , as well as in a rat model of NASH induced by dietary cholesterol overload .
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187,407 |
Composition of intestinal fungal microbiota. A Proportion of the different classes in each sample. B-F Relative abundance of top 5 classes of gut fungus among three groups. B-E One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test were used, and data were shown as mean ± SD; F Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s multiple comparisons test were used, and data were shown as median and IQR. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01
| 4 | 0biomedical
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53,254 |
Cells in 12‐well plates were washed with PBS and lysed with a 21‐gauge needle in 350 μL RLT buffer (Qiagen, Valencia, CA). The total RNA was extracted with the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The eluted total RNA samples were quantified and assessed for purity by spectrophotometry at 260/280/230 nm using a Nanophotometer™ Pearl (IMPLEN, Westlake Village, CA), and their integrity evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The first‐strand cDNA was synthesized from 200 ng total RNA using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Primers were designed in Primer Express 3.0 (Applied Biosystems; sequences reported in Zhang et al. (2015)). All primers were evaluated for amplification efficiency before use. Efficiency of target genes was within 5% of the reference gene (Actin). A total volume of 10 μL in each reaction contained 5 μL fast SYBR Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems), 0.25 μL each of 5 μmol/L forward and reverse primers, and 3 μL of 10‐fold diluted cDNA. Real‐time PCR reactions were performed in duplicate for all samples on an Applied Biosystems 7500 FAST system, under the following conditions: enzyme activation for 20 sec at 95°C and 40 cycles of (1) melting step for 3 sec at 95°C and (2) annealing/extension step for 30 sec at 60°C. A melting curve analysis was performed after all reactions to ensure amplification specificity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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217,052 |
The dysregulation of 9 ferroptosis-related lncRNAs was related to the OS of glioma patients, especially those with wild-type IDH, 1p19q codeletion, disease recurrence, and tumor malignancy. Some of these lncRNAs have been previously reported to play a role in glioma and other malignant tumors. For example, FAM225B plays an important role in cell migration and focal adhesion and is related to the OS of glioma patients (Li, et al., 2020; Ma and Liu 2021). HOXA-AS2 is involved in the pathogenesis of glioma and regulates glioma cell viability, cell migration, and invasion, participating in the occurrence of vasculogenic mimicry and apoptosis (Gao et al., 2018; Wu et al., 2019). Wu et al. revealed that LINC00662 in the ceRNA network (the LINC00662/miR-107/HMGB1 axis) regulated cell proliferation and the invasion of glioma and could serve as a therapeutic target for patients with glioma (Wu et al., 2020). More interestingly, LINC00665 can encode a special micropeptide (CIP2A-BP) to inhibit the progression of three negative breast cancers or act as a ceRNA that is involved in regulating the LINC00665/AGTR1/miR-34a-5p axis and other biological behaviours in glioma (Guo et al., 2020; Ruan et al., 2020; Dai et al., 2021). Additionally, MIR497HG was reported to be associated with proliferation, migration, invasion, and lymph node metastasis in bladder cancer and breast cancer (Zhang et al., 2019; Zhuang et al., 2020). However, until now, there have been no reports on the function of these lncRNAs in ferroptosis; therefore, future in-depth work is required.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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355,097 |
The median MBL serum concentration before chemotherapy was significantly higher in AML patients than in controls (1,381 ng/ml vs. 789 ng/ml, p = 0.0016, Mann–Whitney U-test). That reflected the marked difference between A/A homozygotes but not between carriers of one or two O alleles. Furthermore, commonly observed, apparent differences in MBL levels between carriers of the same genotypes (especially A/A) were found (Fig. 2G).
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88,331 |
This balance of these learning variables is especially important for individuals in rehabilitative therapy that must relearn essential skills, with limited time and usually, limited muscle strength. Because the individuals are relearning previously acquired motor skills, researchers have turned to natural motor control and motor learning concepts to determine ways of optimizing physical therapy strategies (Krakauer, 2006. Muratori et al., 2013). For example, task-orientated training with spaced practice versus conventional massed practice (learning with short or no intervals) may promote long-term memory of the learned motor skills (Dromerick et al., 2009). The ability for implicit and explicit learning in individuals with stroke has also been studied. Depending on the location of cerebral damage, implicit learning may be compromised (Ackermann et al., 1996; de Guise et al., 1999), and explicit information may be detrimental (Boyd and Winstein, 2003). This suggests that skills normally learned via implicit and explicit mechanisms need to be presented in a different format.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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6,141 |
The use of imageless computer navigation for TKA was developed in the 1990s to improve leg alignment and produce more reliable results [10, 11]. Over the last decade, this technology spread throughout the world and has become more and more popular. Besides the pros [10, 12] and cons [13, 14] of navigated TKA stated in orthopaedic literature, imageless navigation harbors the potential of an educational tool for young surgeons. The real-time calculation of the system allows the surgeon both to evaluate bony resections prior to execution and to control their accuracy immediately afterwards . This might represent a potential benefit for a trainee within his learning curve for TKA.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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79,770 |
To examine the cellular distributions of GUS and SEB expression, Tissue-Tek Optimal Cutting Temperature- (OCT-) embedded tissue sections of agroinfiltrated radish leaves were stained with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-D-glucuronic acid cyclohexylammonium salt (X-Gluc). No GUS expression was detected when leaves were infiltrated with nontransformant A. tumefaciens (control). GUS expression (indicated by a blue precipitate after X-Gluc treatment) was condensed in the wounded area of radish leaves infiltrated with A. tumefaciens carrying a 35S::GUS construct (Figure 3(a)). The GUS or SEB-GUS was detectable in epidermal cells, but predominantly expressed in guard cells in the wounded area agroinfiltrated with 35S::GUS or 35S::SEB-GUS constructs, respectively (Figure 3(b)). GUS expression was used as an indicator for SEB expression since constructs were designed to have the SEB coding sequence upstream of the GUS coding sequence in SEB-GUS fusions. Additionally, SEB-GUS expression was detected by a Western blot analysis. Proteins in agroinfiltrated radish leaves were separated using 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and reacted with a mouse monoclonal anti-SEB antibody. A band at 96 kDa corresponding to the expression of a SEB- (28 kDa) GUS (68 kDa) fusion protein appeared for leaves infiltrated with A. tumefaciens carrying a 35S:SEB:GUS construct (Figure 4). Although several protein bands were recognized by a mouse monoclonal anti-SEB antibody, the 96 kDa band is not detected in leaves infiltrated with nontransformant Agrobacterium (control). Future work will extract SEB-GUS from infiltrated leaves and conduct Western blot analysis to validate the expression of SEB in leaves. Data from Figures 3 and 4 indicate that SEB-GUS was expressed and encapsulated in radish leaves after agroinfiltration. Through advances in molecular and genetic techniques, protein expression in plants has been optimized for high-level production . Recently, synthesis of codon-optimized bacteria gene in plants is powerful and common . It is conceivable that pathogens and radish sprouts have very different tRNA pools. Thus, synthesis of a codon-optimized gene ought to enhance the production of in plant cells . Moreover, transient expression levels can be elevated by using the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter to drive transgene expression in plants . Previous studies demonstrated the cell type-specific expression of a CaMV 35S-GUS gene in transgenic plants . Here, we showed that epidermal cells and guard cells in CaMV 35S-GUS-transformed radish leaves expressed GUS most readily (Figure 3), which is consistent with GUS expression patterns seen in transgenic tobacco leaves .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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210,460 |
Drug discovery is a time-consuming, high-investment, high-risk, and high-failure process in traditional drug development. 90% of new drugs cannot enter clinical trials because of preclinical data flaws, and more than a quarter of drugs fail due to lack of efficacy (Arrowsmith and Miller, 2013; Cook et al., 2014). The reason may be that there are some differences between the preclinical models used in the development of new drugs and humans. So, conventional drugs in new use are becoming an attractive option for cancer therapy. Currently, the success rate of drug repositioning has accounted for approximately 30% of FDA newly approved drugs and vaccines. The number of new drugs approved by the FDA is approximately 40 each year, and the success rate is less than 6% of new drug development (Pillaiyar et al., 2020). Daniel Eduardo Gomez et al. (Armando et al., 2020) summarized drug repositioning of many drugs in oncology, such as artesunate, auranofin, benzimidazole derivatives. Currently, there are usually three methods of drug repositioning: computational methods, biological experimental methods, and hybrid methods. Organoids and the corresponding human organs have highly similar histological features, can reflect the characteristics of the primary tumor, and can accurately predict the response of drugs. Hengli Tang et al. used organoids to screen the effect drug from 6,000 compounds with drug repurposing, which inhibited Zika virus infection and induced neural cell death (Xu et al., 2016). Suppose tumor organoids or organoid biobanks will be introduced into drug repositioning for high-throughput drug screening. In that case, the preclinical data will be more scientific and practical, significantly increasing the speed of new drug development and the success rate.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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258,926 |
The cladogram in Figure 6A graphically displays the phylogenetic distribution of oral microbiomes associated with AIH and HCs ( Supplementary Data S15 ). For the selected taxa, the histogram of the LDA scores in Figure 6 was calculated, which showed the bacteria with significant difference between the AIH and HCs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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274,548 |
The value of GI was significantly different at baseline between study group and control group, and randomized studies are necessary to confirm the present findings. Further works may also extend the observation period to one year, in order to complete the orthodontic treatment, or longer, to observe the retention period as well. In the present study, patients used DM dedicated cheek retractors when taking the scans. However, every person is unique in the amount of maximal mouth opening and cheek muscle tonicity, which may have affected the tooth visibility in the oral cavity. Moreover, the scans of two 10-year-old patients were often rejected by the software, maybe due to the poor manual skills of such young subjects. Thus, how well teeth are captured may vary depending on the manual skills of each individual, and such variation may have influenced the present results.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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180,600 |
COVID-19, an extremely destructive disease confirmed for several months, has caused over 100 thousand deaths, and more than 1.5 million confirmed cases . This emergency leads to a common scenario that many patients in lack of medical resources are suffering from the disease. With the constant enlargement of the epidemic coverage, related data and information in various types have been growing exponentially. Researchers who did their survey on COVID-related knowledge have strong requirements for information retrieval in different languages, as a result, we created this bilingual terminology system-COVID Term. We referred to authoritative terminology system e.g. ICD, SNOMED CT for their structure design. However, there is obvious differences between COVID Term and them. ICD is focused on diseases which brings benefit for statistical analysis in classification. SNOMED CT is focused on clinical field, which is aiming at electronic exchange of clinical health information and interoperability. Both ICD and SNOMED CT are designed for general medical field with different specific purposes. For a specific disease, more exquisite concept granularity is needed. Consequently, ontology aiming at drug repurposing towards COVID-19 were constructed. COVID Term is a bilingual terminology focused on only COVID-related terms, meeting multilingual retrieval requirements in this specific disease and providing parallel bilingual data for machine algorithms and applications such as information extraction.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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232,510 |
The second and third species with the highest DA concentration were the clam V. corrugata, 316 mg kg−1, and the mussel M. galloprovincialis, 248 mg kg−1. These maximum levels were higher than in Portugal (cited as V. pullastra and M. edulis). The value of M. galloprovincialis, as far as we know, is the highest recorded for that species, with concentrations substantially lower in Greece , Turkey , Croatia , and the Mediterranean coast of Spain . A similar species was responsible for very high toxin levels in Prince Edward Island (Canada), 790 mg kg−1, and the UK, 450 mg kg−1 . The European oyster O. edulis had the lowest maximum DA concentration among the species studied, 21.8 mg kg−1, a characteristic which seems to be constant in most countries in which it was studied . Little information is available for V. corrugata. The maximum level reported from Portugal was 17 mg kg−1 .
| 4 | 0biomedical
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173,485 |
Apart from microscopy, three additional analytical techniques were used to evaluate the particle size distribution, particle shape and the particle number. Laser diffraction (LD) was performed using a Helos KR system from Sympatec (Clausthal-Zellerfeld, DE). To obtain sufficient signal intensity, 18 vials NaCl carrier with PET were dissolved in 50 mL 0.1% Triton X-100 contained in a 50-mL measurement cuvette. Vigorous stirring at 1200 rpm and brief ultrasonication was necessary to dissolve all salt. Equivalent sphere diameters (ESD) of PET particles from 0.5 to 875 μm were measured by using lenses R3 and R5 as the particles swirl around in the measurement cell describing equivalent spheres. Both the volume distribution and the number distribution were evaluated using the Sympatec Windox software. The Fraunhofer equation was applied, so no correction for refractive index was necessary.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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133,577 |
Stöcker et al. performed fatigue tests with nickel alloys over a wide range of lifetimes, from low cycle fatigue to very high cycle fatigue, and obtained a single curve (Figure 14). Other investigations using ultrasonic fatigue testing similarly showed no frequency effect . Due to their practical importance for gas turbine engines, the high-temperature fatigue properties of nickel alloys are important. This led to interesting further developments of the ultrasonic fatigue testing technique to be used up to 1000 °C .
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
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154,191 |
The mixtures were then placed on a plastic funnel lined with Whatman No 1 filter paper, and fixed on a 500-mL capacity conical flask. The moisture contents of the mixture were kept constant by weighing the sample every alternative day and adding required volume of double distilled water. Then, the mixture was incubated for different periods (7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days) at 25 ± 0.5 °C. Samples were collected at different intervals (7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days) for the analysis of available K and micronutrients. Samples were leached frequently (once in 15 days) with distilled water to analyze total soluble K and micronutrients fallowing collection of the filtrate through a suction pump. After filtration (Whatman No. 42 filter paper), K content in the leachate was estimated on a flame photometer (FP 6420, MesuLab, China) following suitable dilution. A quality control set consisting of a calibration blank and a mid-level calibration standard were run every ten samples. The rate of K release from RMP was computed by fitting the data obtained from leaching experiments into the first-order kinetic equation (Jardine and Sparks 1984) (Eq. 2):2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\ln \left( {a{-}p} \right) = \ln a{-}kt$$\end{document}lna-p=lna-ktwhere a = amount of K release initially; p = amount of K release at a particular time ‘t’; (a − p) = amount of K present finally, and k = rate constant. The kinetic data fitting was evaluated based on the values of correlation coefficient (r) and standard error of estimate (SE).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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307,928 |
One of the most extensively studied magnetic-sensing organisms are magnetotactic bacteria (MTB)—a group of diverse prokaryotes that synthesize intracellular chain-arranged, nano-sized, membrane-bounded magnetic crystals of magnetite (Fe3O4) and/or greigite (Fe3S4) called magnetosomes . Magnetosome chains are the magnetic sensors in MTB, which act as an internal compass needle and cause cells to align passively along the local geomagnetic field (Fig. 1). MTB are the most primitive magnetic-sensing organisms known thus far, with no current evidence of this ability in viruses or the Archaea. In addition to the MTB, magnetosome-like structures have been discovered in eukaryotic algae, protozoans and vertebrates , which led Vali and Kirschvink to propose that the first eukaryotes may have inherited the ability to biomineralize magnetosomes from a magnetotactic alphaproteobacterium during the endosymbiotic development of mitochondria, with subsequent gene transfer to the nucleus.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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257,104 |
ZL, YX, XYi, and XYa were responsible for the conception and design of the study. ZL, YX, CG, XL, PF, and XYi contributed substantially to the data acquisition. ZL, YX, XL, PF, XYi, and XYa were part of the data analysis committee. ZL, YX, CG, XL, PF, XYi, and XYa contributed to the data interpretation. CG and XL were responsible for acquisition of the survival data and comorbidities. ZL and YX drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed substantially to the critical revising of the manuscript for important intellectual content, to the final approval of the version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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46,782 |
We found a significantly increased risk of death in the first three years after a diagnosis of HL made in winter as compared to summer at higher latitudes. Seasonal differences in mortality risk after a diagnosis of HL have previously been described by Porojnicu et al.7 although the authors only found a lower risk of mortality after being diagnosed in autumn versus winter. In our study, the increased risk of mortality after a winter diagnosis was confined to counties at higher latitudes (>38.05°N). All seasonal patterns of mortality or incidence have so far been described in fairly northern countries of high latitude in Europe5–10. We were able to show that the increased risk of dying after a winter diagnosis of HL is dependent on the latitude the diagnosis was made at in a way that a more northern latitude increases the risk of dying after being diagnosed with HL in winter. Robustness of our results is shown in an additional model employing a sinusoid seasonal risk term. This model shows November to be the least favorable month and May as the most favorable month of diagnosis with regard to subsequent mortality risk.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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376,432 |
The X-ray diffraction patterns and functional groups of calcined powder samples were examined by using X-ray diffraction (PAN alytical XPERT-PRO with Cu-Kα radiation, Malvem panalytical, Leyweg, EA Almelo, The Netherlands) and FTIR spectrometer recording IR spectra in the range of 4000–500 cm−1 using (Thermo Nicolet 380 Instrument Cooperation and KBr pellets, Woodland, CA, USA). The morphology of the powders was inspected by scanning electron microscope (EV018 (CARL ZEISS) Jena, Germany) and transmission electron microscope (TEM, JEOL, Musashino, Akishima-Shi, Tokyo, Japan) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Raman spectroscopy (Renishaw inVia, excited by a 514 nm Ar-ion laser with a laser spot size of ~1 μm2, Japan) was used to characterize the electron shift. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) data were obtained employing a Phi 5300 X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (THERMO SCIENTIFIC, Waltham, MA, USA) with Mg K-alpha X-rays at an accelerating voltage of 15.0 kV (hν = 1253.6 eV) in a chamber maintained at 10−9 Torr.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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324,018 |
An X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D8 advance) with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.15406 nm) was adopted to demonstrate the crystallographic structures of NPAC and PC. The data were recorded over the 2θ range of 10–90° with a scan rate of 6°/min. Chemical states of main elements (especially the N and P) on the NPAC surface were characterized by an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS, Thermo Escalab 250Xi) with Mg Kα radiation (1486.6 eV). All the binding energies were determined by referencing to the C1s peak at 284.8 eV. Porous characteristics were determined by nitrogen physisorption (ASAP2460) at 77 K. The SSA was calculated by the Barrett-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, while the pore volume and average pore diameter were determined by the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method. An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Agilent ICPOES730) was adopted to measure the P content.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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50,143 |
Potential mechanisms through which dietary patterns influenced NCD risk factors can be proposed, although further studies are required to validate these. For example, consumers of the ‘Wheat & pulses’ pattern may have had lower odds of hypertension due to greater consumption of pulses( 32 ), but greater odds of diabetes due to greater consumption of sugar( 33 ). Consumers of the ‘Wheat & pulses’ pattern had raised odds of a high WHR but lower odds of obesity. This may be an important finding considering the particular risk factors associated with diabetes among Asian Indians( 34 ), and consumers of this pattern had greater odds of diabetes, although this was not significant at the 95 % level. Similarly, consumers of the ‘Rice & meat’ pattern had greater odds of a high WHR, which was significant at the 95 % level if energy intake was not controlled for (see online supplementary material, Supplemental Table 3), and greater odds of diabetes, although this was not significant at the 95 % level. Greater dietary diversity including fruit and vegetable consumption may have reduced risks of hypertension among consumers of the ‘Rice & fruit’, ‘Wheat & pulses’ and ‘Wheat, rice & oils’ patterns( 35 ).
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17,868 |
The hemolymph was extracted from the head-foot according to previously described procedures (50). After recovering the hemolymph, a first centrifugation for 5 min at 5,000 g at 4°C was performed to eliminate hemocytes then, an ultracentrifugation for 2.5 h at 40,000 g at 4°C leads to hemoglobin elimination. The ultracentrifuged plasma was only used for the study of the BgTEP profile in naive snail and to test the specificity of the different antibodies.
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117,675 |
Scanning electron micrographs are shown in (a) and (b) of the as-received (thermally etched) microstructures of 3Y-TZP Samples A and B, respectively; The respective histograms of grain size are shown in (c) and (d) (average grain-size values given in inset); In (e) and (f), surfaces (without thermal etching) after 100 h exposure to hydrothermal environment are given for Samples A and B, respectively.
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23,163 |
Unfortunately, Mercier’s tenure in Philadelphia ended in April 1774 when he stole a horse:The thief, who is the noted Doctor Louis a Frenchman is a tall well made man, has a smooth and full face, wears his own hair, curled on both sides of his head, and tied behind. He wears a suit of light blue cloth.300
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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319,110 |
To restrict our analysis to the important features, we applied the random forest‐based Boruta algorithm, which iteratively selects all features that predict better than their permuted version (Kursa & Rudnicki, 2010). This resulted in 93 and 106 predictive features for expression variation and level, respectively (Fig 1D). Using these feature sets, our models predicted expression variation and level with an R 2 of 0.45 and 0.43 (fivefold cross‐validation), respectively, while permuting the labels resulted an R 2 of zero (Fig 1D). Including gene expression as a feature leads to a slight improvement in the random forest performance (ΔR 2 = 0.07, Appendix Fig S2C), even though expression level and variation are globally uncorrelated by construction (Fig 1B). To avoid any confounding effects, we decided to exclude expression level from the features to predict expression variation, and instead report results for predicting expression level and expression variation side by side.
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143,610 |
In its recent assessment of health risks related to dietary intake of OTA, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) identified a need for further studies relating concentrations of potential biomarkers of OTA exposure in body fluids to external dose in order to obtain reliable estimates of daily intakes . Moreover, considering the limited availability of toxicokinetic data on OTA in laboratory animals and humans, EFSA recommended further studies on potential species differences in the toxicokinetics and biotransformation of OTA . To address some of these data gaps, we focused on OTA-derived glucuronides and mercapturic acids as potential biomarkers of OTA exposure to establish a correlation between urinary metabolite levels and external exposure in rats in vivo and to assess potential species differences in phase II metabolite formation in vitro. Overall, our results provide further evidence to support OTA glucuronides as potential biomarkers of exposure, yet do not confirm OTA-derived mercapturic acids as metabolites suitable for biomonitoring approaches.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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289,975 |
An additional critical component in this environment is clear evidence of the induction of features of both acute and chronic inflammation with the transition in the microbiome and health to disease. A wide array of studies have documented in oral tissues and fluids numerous host innate and inflammatory mediators and cells that differentiate health from disease in humans [9, 53, 54]. However, these data are generally derived from cross-sectional point-in-time studies that demonstrate significant differences. Recognizing the episodic nature of periodontal lesions with exacerbations and remissions suggests a dynamic process of transition from health to disease initiation, followed by disease progression, and eventually lesion resolution. We have previously identified an array of genes that form a profile of responses coincident with these various phases using a non-human primate of ligature-induced periodontitis . Although the patterns of genes identified were derived from a range of biologic pathways, there was a clear representation of innate immune and inflammatory genes. However, somewhat lacking from oral sciences knowledge is the role that the members of the acquired microbiome play in the portfolio of these responses in the oral cavity.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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235,236 |
Representative confocal images of stage 17 embryonic heads highlighting the expression of Dfd (purple), Myosin in muscles (blue) and FasII in axonal projections (green) in control (elav > RFP) animals and in animals with reduced Dfd expression in neurons (elav > DfdRNAi ) or in muscles (Mef2 > DfdRNAi ) or both in both tissues (elav;Mef2 > DfdRNAi ). The single channels for the projections (FasII staining) of MN2a and/or MN3 to the MHE, MHD or LR muscles of an early‐stage 17 Drosophila embryo are shown. Asterisks highlight the location of MN2a and MN3, respectively. MN2a is identified by the FasII‐expressing axonal projection emerging from a Dfd‐expressing MN, which normally innervates the Dfd‐expressing MHE muscle (as shown in the elav > RFP control), while MN3 is identified as the MN underneath MN2a, which normally innervates the MHD muscle (as shown in the elav > RFP control). The panel on the right side represents a schematic drawing of the confocal image shown on the left side, summarizing the innervation of the anterior muscles (LR, MHE, MHD) by projections emerging from MN2a (magenta) or MN3 (cyan) in control and perturbation conditions.Quantitative analysis of phenotypes. Each experiment was performed in triplicates, innervation rates were calculated from n = 21 for elav > DfdRNAi , n = 23 for Mef2 > DfdRNAi n = 20 for elav;Mef2 > DfdRNAi animals. Note, each genetic experiment was performed in parallel to an adequate control experiment using the same driver line crossed to a line that controls expression of either UAS‐RFP or UAS‐GFPRNAi , P‐values between two genetic conditions were calculated by a two‐sided Fisher test. ***P < 0.005.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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136,377 |
DuBois et al. (2011) is a follow up to DuBois et al. (2002) with some modifications. Before‐after studies were no longer eligible, participants was required to be <18 years, studies of peer tutoring or mentoring programmes were now eligible and mentoring was not required to be one‐on‐one. The review included studies published between 1999 and 2010. Eligible outcomes were attitudinal/motivational, social/relational, psychological/emotional, conduct problems, academic/school, physical health and career/employment.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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388,856 |
The potential for lionfish traps or other novel harvest technologies to reduce deepwater lionfish biomass will be contingent on their capacity to harvest them from natural reefs. Natural reefs constitute over 99% of the region’s reef habitat, with 90% being mesophotic reefs deeper than 40 m . Even on shallower natural reefs accessible to divers, spearfishing catch rates are limited by lower lionfish density and lower removal efficiency . Similar gear testing to that conducted in this study will be needed for traps deployed near natural reefs to evaluate their potential for habitat damage or bycatch, considering that these reefs have differences in benthic structure and community composition . Remote recovery of traps may also influence bycatch rates and species composition as some native fish could have reacted to divers and left the trap footprint before it closed. Ultimately, it will be critical to determine how lionfish attraction to traps deployed near natural reefs compares to the recruitment and catch rates observed in this study. Lionfish densities on nGOM artificial reefs are >10X higher than on nGOM natural reefs , which suggests a trap structure may readily attract lionfish from natural reefs. However, if lionfish movement and home range are largely driven by density-dependence or food availability , then the substantially lower densities on natural reefs may critically reduce catch rates. Therefore, the potential economic viability of a lionfish trap fishery should be carefully considered. Future trap field testing should examine design strategies to increase lionfish attraction (e.g., using lights, sound, or different structures) and technoeconomic assessments may identify capital and operational expenses to determine what catch rates could make lionfish trapping commercially feasible.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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355,384 |
Concerning the relation of using mask and degree distribution, we found a Pearson’s correlation coefficient of -0.38, indicating that individuals wearing masks tend to have a lower degree than those who do not, as seen in Fig 10, which shows that the higher degree values are from the agents who do not wear a mask. This result corroborates the practice of wearing masks to avoid the infection spreading .
| 2 | 0biomedical
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69,895 |
Using only the linear part of the approximation simplifies the formula as follows: Ail(Θl)-Aik(Θk)=∑α(Θαl-Θαk)∂Aik(Θ)∂Θαk+∑j≠i(Ajl-Ajk)∂Aik(Θ)∂Ajk=∑α(Θαl-Θαk)piαk+∑j≠i(Ajl-Ajk)pijk(11) The first part addresses the influence from the change of environmental parameters whereas the second part addresses the influence from the change of other species abundances. We fix the sample k, and let the sample l run across all remaining samples, in order to then estimate piαk from linear regression. Actually, the term pijk, which addresses the rate of change of Ai with respect to Aj in sample k, can also be estimated as the by-product.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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396,211 |
Recent metabolomics-related advances, including studying the basic biology of Plasmodium in their vertebrate host, investigating the mode of action and resistance mechanisms of antimalarials, and exploring the link between host and parasite metabolic plasticity, has fueled its application in Plasmodium.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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91,826 |
Understanding the many complexities that define gender inequality has been described by researchers as a grand challenge (Joshi et al., 2015). Novel insights, innovation, a broader community to conduct research and to ascertain effective interventions are essential in the challenge to create organizations that are gender equal. As such, this research topic in Frontiers in Psychology addresses the underrepresentation of women in engineering and computing as a complex, but solvable problem. The special issue seeks to inform the global community about advances in understanding the underrepresentation of women in engineering and computing with a focus on what enables change. Further this issue promotes fresh perspectives, innovative methodologies, and mixed method approaches important to accelerating the pace of change.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
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243,483 |
Here, εmax and γmax are dimensionless input parameters of the model; dεpair and dγpair are changes in the central strain and the shear strain in the couple of elements during the time dt. For the pair of elements i–k, these changes are defined as follows:(11)dεpairik=dhik/Ri+Rk, if dhik>00, if dhik≤0dγpairik=dlik/Ri+Rk, if dlik>00, if dlik≤0.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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518 |
A decrease in 1,25(OH)2D levels was, however, found in 45% of those with VDD in the final trimester. These women also displayed lower 1,25(OH)2D levels in both trimesters compared to those with circulating 25(OH)D >75 nmol/L. Recently, Hollis et al. suggested that maximal 1,25(OH)2D concentrations during pregnancy require 25(OH)D levels of 100 nmol/L . In the current study, only 10% of the total population reached this threshold. Most studies of 1,25(OH)2D levels in pregnancy have a small sample size, and show a large variation in third trimester (mean range 86.4–283.0 pmol/L) . In comparison, we observed 1,25(OH)2D concentration within the upper range (229.1 pmol/L), ranging from 105 to 408 pmol/L. The intestinal calcium absorption doubles during pregnancy, mainly attributed to the increase in 1,25(OH)2D [4, 26, 27, 51, 53]. The rise in 1,25(OH)2D is not driven by PTH, as a decline to the lower end of the reference level occurs [4, 26, 27]. Thus, other regulators of 1-alpha-hydroxylase as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), placental lactogen and estradiol must account for most of the circulating 1,25(OH)2D during pregnancy [8, 26, 27]. Prolactin and placental lactogen have been proposed to compensate for the lack of vitD . PTHrP, which peaks late in pregnancy, could be involved in keeping serum calcium at an adequate level by mobilizing calcium from bone . In the current study, 4% exhibited elevated PTH levels, preferentially in months with little UVB radiation. Of these, 56% had vitD insufficiency consistent with SHPT. A similar prevalence (2%) of SHPT among Caucasian women was found in a UK study . In the current study, PTH elevation was not seen in women with 25(OH)D levels above 74 nmol/L. This complies with Kramer et al. who reported PTH suppression at 25(OH)D levels >82 nmol/L during pregnancy . The corresponding level in the non-pregnant state was 81 nmol/L . This indicates similar thresholds for vitD supplementation in pregnancy as in the non-pregnant state. This is in line with the classification of the Endocrine Society (vitD insufficiency <75 nmol/L) [3, 17].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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346,947 |
We defined four different habitats, each of which were qualitatively characterised to include their structural habitats and resource type. The two resource types considered in this study were Human-origin, which included all foods such as commercially grown vegetables for cooking, cooked food items, and packaged food items, and Natural, which included native (e.g Cullenia exarillata) and non-native (e,g Spathodea campanulata) tree species and invertebrates. The four predominant habitat types were identified and characterised during this study, as follows:
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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32,406 |
In male subjects with several years of experience with resistance training, chronic consumption of a diet high in protein had no harmful effects on any measures of health. Furthermore, there was no change in body weight, fat mass, or lean body mass despite eating more total calories and protein. Contrary to popular belief, the consumption of a high protein diet is not mutually exclusive with a diet high in fiber nor does the consumption of cholesterol above the standard recommendations result in any untoward effects on blood lipids. This is the first 1-year longitudinal investigation in resistance-trained males that demonstrates the lack of harm caused by a high protein diet.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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43,866 |
Using model-fitting based on individual participants (i.e. without a hierarchical model), we obtain one measure of model fit for each participant. This correlates strongly with the estimated inverse temperature, i.e. an index of behavioral stochasticity according to our model, see Author response image 2. The overall goodness of model fit does not, however, correlate with our parameter of interest, γ, the use of learnt information, showing that an overall non-specific signal strength that correlates with participants’ willingness or ability to do the task cannot be invoked to explain our results.10.7554/eLife.20365.021Author response image 2.The fit of the model for each participant (measured as negative log likelihood, y-axis) strongly correlates with the estimate of inverse temperature (β) from the model (ρ=-0.78, p=3.5x10-6).However it does not correlate with other model parameters (all p>0.12).DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.20365.021
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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204,157 |
In a study on rat 8 mm facial nerve gaps, the outcomes of autografts, decellularized artery conduit, and decellularized artery seeded with ADSCs were compared . The conduits seeded with ADSCs had significantly superior restoration outcomes compared to the conduits alone; however, the autographs had recovery of whisking, maturation of myelinated fibers, and number of facial neurons that was significantly greater than either of the two conduit groups , supporting the idea that autographs are the gold standard at non-critical length gaps. A study in which 10 mm rat sciatic nerve defects were bridged with a xenogeneic acellular nerve matrix seeded with differentiated ADSCs showed that regeneration occurred by electrophysiological and histological standards . In studying more closely the cellular mechanisms, the ADSCs were observed to align on the longitudinal axis of the matrix, which had preserved basal lamina and a porous microstructure, to resemble bands of Bünger, which guide regrowing axons and express NGF, GDNF, and BDNF . Another experiment using rats compared the outcomes of multiple conditions including an autograft, a silicone conduit seeded with ADSCs, and a silicone conduit seeded with differentiated ADSCs to repair 10 mm sciatic nerve gaps. After 6 months, both the groups that received ADSCs and differentiated ADSC-seeded conduits displayed significant improvements according to the sciatic function index, as well as higher mid and distal nerve myelin fiber density compared to the other groups in the study . A comparable experiment showed that, in 7 mm rat facial nerve defects autografts, silicone conduits with undifferentiated ADSCs, silicone conduits with differentiated ADSCs, and silicone conduits with Schwann cells all had similar efficacies . Interestingly, stromal vascular fraction (SVF) could have benefit versus ADSCs in facial nerve defects, though both SVF and ADSCs resulted in efficacious nerve regeneration in a rat study . An additional experiment showed that type I collagen conduits seeded with undifferentiated ADSCs used to treat 10 mm rat sciatic nerve gaps had higher motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity values than conduits alone after 6 months . The studies that provide functional evaluations in this set include Sun, Orbay, and Watanabe (see Table 3). While Sun’s experiment maintained that autografts are the gold standard for smaller nerve gaps, Orbay and Watanabe demonstrated a benefit in functional outcomes when TENGS filled with ADSCs were used to repair small nerve gaps. Overall, this set of experiments supports the idea that TENGs are beneficial even at non-critical lengths, though more studies evaluating functional outcomes with increased numbers of subjects are needed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
243,056 |
The independent factors affecting the time to CRPC in our study were: (1) Gleason score ≥ 8, (2) EOD ≥ 2, and (3) %PSA ≥ 1. Two factors (Gleason score ≥ 8 and EOD ≥ 2), except for visceral metastasis, are compatible with the results of the initial trial of abiraterone acetate for high-risk mHSPC in Japan. In the LATITUDE trial , visceral metastasis was listed as an item of high risk; however, in our study, it was not an independent predictor of poor prognosis. Distant metastasis, particularly visceral metastasis, is an important negative prognostic factor in prostate cancers [3, 24–27]. Cui et al. reported that OS of prostate cancer patients with visceral metastasis with lung metastasis had a better prognosis than brain or liver metastasis . In our study, 11 out of 17 patients (65%) with visceral metastasis had lung-only metastasis. This might be the reason that visceral metastasis was not shown to be a high-risk factor.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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264,390 |
The effect of TQ on the germination rate of B. cereus spores was determined as described by Shu et al. . Equal volumes of the spore suspension (5 × 106 CFU/mL) and PBS with different concentrations of TQ were mixed to achieve final concentrations of 0 (control), MIC, 2 MIC, and 4 MIC. The mixture was incubated at 37 °C with shaking (130 rpm) for 2 h. The suspensions were centrifuged (8000× g, 4 °C, 5 min) and washed twice with PBS. The cultures were then resuspended in PBS, and a 10-fold serial dilution was used to obtain the solutions for counting. Next, 100 μL of the diluent was coated onto an LB agar plate and cultured at 37 °C for 24 h. The spore germination rate ((treatment group/control group) ×100%) was obtained by counting the colonies on the plates, which indicated the sporicidal activity of TQ. Three independent replicates of each experiment were performed.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
11,196 |
As is mentioned above, a total of 42 diabetic mice were assigned into six subgroups according to different operation modes, named GSE(−)/SRAC group; GSE(−)/RAC group; GSE(−)/sham group; GSE(+)/SRAC group; GSE(+)/RAC group; and GSE(+)/sham group respectively. Primarily, the mice were anaesthetized with a mixture of Xylocaine via abdomen cavity which diluted in sterile saline to a final volume of 2.5 ml/100 g body weight. The animal was immediately transferred to a constant temperature mat until loss of righting reflex has occurred. It is of foremost necessity that body temperature is monitored during anesthesia stage for it may decrease among this process. To improve working efficacy of surgery and obtain a more efficient time use, preoperative hair removal of each mouse was of prime importance during the whole surgical procedure. Next, anaesthetic depth and respiration frequency of mice were monitored, respectively, before setting out the surgery. After disinfection, the abdomen was opened along the linea alba incision with a length approximately 1.0–1.5 cm. After disinfection, the abdomen was opened along the linea alba incision with a length approximately 1.0–1.5 cm, then pushing the intestines aside carefully and making the kidney exposed sufficiently and using suitable size tweezers to remove the surrounding adipose tissue and making the blood vessels exposed for renal pedicle clamping. The unilateral renal pedicle was ligatured with operation silk thread and made every effort to ensure minimized vascular damage as little as perihilar fat (Figure 1(e)). The segmental renal artery of SRAC group mice was clamped for 30 min by noninvasive vascular clip and released at a eligible time to initiate reperfusion (Figures 1(c) and 1(d)). In this process, segmental renal artery of each mouse was observed by optical microscope and clamped randomly, whereas RAC group mice experienced an identical management as the SRAC group has except for entire renal artery clamping only (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)). Of course, sham-operated mice were attached to the exact same surgical procedure, apart from clamp placement. After surgical procedure, the abdomen of each mouse was temporarily sutured and the animal was transferred to a warm incubator to be kept at a stable temperature for the duration of reperfusion. A thorough ischemia was observed when the colour of kidney changes from red to dark purple gradually. The ischemic and nonischemic regions in different groups of mice were depicted on a draft respectively. Then all mice of six subgroups were monitored for 24 h and sampled for further analysis. Based on the straightforward kidney graph we have described before, the kidney tissue was obtained from the upper pole and the inferior pole from SRAC group severally, while RAC group was picked from the upper or inferior pole at random. Blood sample of tail vein and urine sample were gathered from each mouse, respectively. Eventually, animals were euthanized and disposed properly by using intravenous pentobarbital.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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300,213 |
Furthermore, to investigate whether miR-342-5p targeting and regulating Wnt3a signaling pathway would affect lipid levels of AS mice, automatic biochemical analyzer was utilized to observe the change of lipid levels. The results revealed that (Fig. 2A–D) in contrast with the normal group, TC, TG and LDL-C contents were raised and HDL-C content was decreased in the AS group (all P < 0.05). Versus the NC group, TC, TG and LDL-C contents were heightened and HDL-C content was decreased in the miR-342-5p agomir group (all P < 0.05), while TC, TG and LDL-C contents were decreased and HDL-C content was augmented in the miR-342-5p antagomir group and the oe-Wnt3a group (all P < 0.05). In relation to the miR-342-5p agomir group, TC, TG and LDL-C contents were reduced and HDL-C content was raised in the miR-342-5p agomir + oe-Wnt3a group (all P < 0.05). These results suggested that miR-342-5p and Wnt3a regulated blood lipid level of AS mice, and further illustrated the targeted regulation relationship between miR-342-5p and Wnt3a. Overexpression of Wnt3a would reverse overexpressed miR-342-5p-induced effects on AS mice.Fig. 2Effects of up-regulated Wnt3a or down-regulated miR-342-5p on the lipid levels in ApoE−/− mice. A Comparison of HDL-C contents in serum of mice group. B Comparison of LDL-C contents in serum of mice group. C Comparison of TG contents in serum of mice group. D Comparison of TC contents in serum of mice group. n = 12. *P < 0.05 vs. the normal group, #P < 0.05 vs. the NC group. & P < 0.05 vs. the miR-342-5p agomir group. Measurement data were indicated as mean ± standard deviation. Comparisons among multiple groups were assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. AS, atherosclerosis; NC, negative control
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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211,736 |
However, in addition to these rapid judgements of personality, it is adaptive for people to learn about the traits of social partners through observation of their behaviour. This raises the question of whether one can use interactions with face and voice stimuli to train individuals to attribute certain personality traits to a social identity. This has real-world significance for technologies that use voices to represent artificial agents, for example, mobile phone virtual assistants. In such cases, it would clearly be beneficial to use voices that are perceived as having positive personality traits, such as trustworthiness. Indeed, there is evidence that manipulating the physical characteristics of voices (e.g., expression of emotion) can affect participants’ perception of personality traits in artificial agents (Torre et al., 2020). However, we can further ask if it is possible to train individuals to attribute positive or negative traits to different voice or face identities based on experience of their behaviour in interactions.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
266,808 |
a. Developmental vulnerability. Data on the proportions of children entering school (aged c. 5 years) who are developmentally vulnerable (on 2 or more domains) are from the Australian Early Child Development Census (https://www.aedc.gov.au/data/data-explorer).
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
98,861 |
The expression level of AN4 is upregulated two times at 5 and 7 days after P. syringae infection, but in general the expression level of AN4 is not changed after SA treatment, indicating that AN4 might play a role in the plant response to P. syringae independently of SA (Figures 4, 6, 10). Yet, only one of the three overexpression lines for AN4 shows a better tolerance than WT plants toward P. syringae infection (Figure 8). The better performance of transgenic line AN4_B1 can also be an off-target effect, e.g., related to the site where the T-DNA insertion in the genome took place. The significant downregulation of AN4 in the MeJA treated Arabidopsis seedlings is small and does not correlate with the expression of AN4 upon M. persicae infestation (Figures 4, 6).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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266,403 |
The primary study endpoint was to reveal the relationship between baseline CTC counts, V-CTC counts, V-CTC proportion, and the pathologic BTC diagnosis. The secondary endpoints were to find correlations between baseline V-CTC counts, progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
172,150 |
DCMD is the most studied type of membrane distillation due to its simplicity . The advantage of VMD is the high product yield. The advantage of AGMD and SGMD is the ratio between output and energy costs . AGMD is also considered to be the most flexible configuration and therefore has potential in desalination .
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
166,758 |
Zang and Zang conducted a study that compared the embodied emissions by different structural schemes considering the same building design of a residential building. Brick masonry, hollow block masonry, reinforced concrete frames, and reinforced concrete wall structures were analyzed. It was reported that the reinforced masonry and concrete frame structures were considerable options to control the embodied emissions. Additionally, hollow block masonry structures could be a good option for buildings in non-seismic regions considering their relatively low project costs and emissions. In terms of energy-saving building elements, double-skin facades (DSF) enable the separation of two surfaces with an air cavity. The DSF shows efficiency in maintaining high thermal comfort for occupants, but the efficiency is significantly altered depending on the type of window glazing, the design of the cavities, and the flows of air between them . In addition, the use of effective electronic controllers, their installation at different locations can also help to maximize the use of renewable energy, consequently making life healthier for the user. However, it remains a concerning area of development for the building software development industry to create a virtual 3D model fully able to show a complete operational building. Simultaneously, the software calculates the energy costs along with local environmental factors. Therefore, it is challenging for the architects to promote the use of PCM-incorporated concrete on a large scale in the absence of authenticated data related to performance comparisons between this type of concrete and other available options in terms of strength, thermal energy storage, and durability performance. Research related to the long-term performance of PCM-incorporated concrete and the corresponding functions and interactions with the surrounding environment will support architects in their efforts to promote the use of PCM based on the structure type and local environmental conditions.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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176,676 |
The TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was employed to extract the total RNA in TAM, M2-TAM, M2-TAM-Exo, LoVo cells, SW480 cells. The concentration was quantified using a NanoDropTM 2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). Next, the total mRNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA with PrimeScript™ RT Reagent kit (Invitrogen, Shanghai, China). The SYBR GreenPCR Reagent and ABI7500FAST Real-Time PCR instruments were applied for real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The reaction conditions include 95°C pre-denaturation for 30 seconds, 95°C denaturation for 5 seconds, 60°C annealing/extension for 30 seconds, a total of 40 cycles. The 2-ΔΔCt method was employed to evaluate the relative expression of miR-183-5p and THEM4. U6 was the endogenous control of miR-183-5p, while GAPDH was that of THEM4. The experiments were conducted three times. Primer sequences were as follows:
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
3,736 |
In this population-based cohort study, there was an overall increased risk of cesarean delivery in women with an LGA infant (≥90th percentile) who had undergone induction of labor at 38 weeks gestation, compared to women who were expectantly managed and delivered at a later gestation by either spontaneous or induced labor. In stratified analysis among women with LGA infants between 90th and 96.9th centile, and of 97th centile and greater, the risk of cesarean remained higher among women induced at 38 weeks gestation compared to expectant management in LGA infants of ≥97th centile. Our findings are in agreement with earlier studies, which report that induction of labor for suspected fetal macrosomia may not be without risks, as induction in this setting may be associated with a higher risk of cesarean delivery.[3, 4, 7, 9, 16] Yet, compared to some of the earlier observational studies, our study utilized a more appropriate study design, which mimics intrauterine physiology by accounting for continued intrauterine weight gain in pregnancies that occurs when pregnancies are expectantly managed with eventual delivery at a later gestational age. Despite differences in study design, our study conclusion was similar.[7, 16]
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
98,675 |
Models 3–5 show that attrition is much more likely when a group member has dropped out in the previous period. This seems indicative of ‘cascading inattention’: when a participant drops out of the session (e.g. due to inactivity, a closed connection, or waning attention), their group members will have to wait for some time before they can proceed.27 Reduced attention may lead to additional attrition.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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105,363 |
miR-4331 targets were predicted using TargetScan and miRanda, by which 618 targets were obtained (supplemental Information S2). The 618 targets of miR4331 were searched against Gene Ontology (GO) database to provide enrichment information on biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. Among total 618 predicted targets, 26 targets were related to mitochondria, 4.2% of total targets. GO enrichment of the 618 targets of miR-4331 showed that 89.6% of targets were enriched in metabolic process and 31.6% of targets were linked to mitochondria in cellular component (Fig. 2).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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181,025 |
The increase of POD value by 0.01 per minute was defined as 1 enzyme activity unit, and it can be calculated by following :POD (u/g) = (ΔA470 × V)/(W ×Vs × 0.01 × t) where ΔA470 as reaction time (the change of absorbance); V is the total volume of sample solution; W is the fresh leaf weight of the sample; Vs is the liquid volume of enzyme used for determination; and T is the reaction time.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
233,555 |
It can be seen that the evaporation resistance decreases with the washing treatment and also by increasing the washing temperature from 40 °C to 95 °C. This can be observed by a reference sample (without washing treatment) showing (3.33 ± 0.37) Pa·m2/W and changing to (2.60 ± 0.10) Pa·m2/W for the sample washed at 95 °C. Interestingly, samples washed at 40 °C and 95 °C show a slight increase in evaporate resistance compared to samples washed at 40 °C (short program) and 60 °C.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
387,209 |
Kinetics of antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 after infection. We tested 1 patient who had severe coronavirus disease 2019 (red) and 2 patients who had mild coronavirus disease 2019 (green and black) for antibody responses against A) S protein, B) S protein S1 subunit, C) S N-terminal (S1A) domain, D) RDB, and E) N protein by using ELISAs. F) Virus-neutralizing antibodies were tested by using a PRNT50. G, H) Reactivities of serum samples from the 3 patients at different time points against whole S (G) and S1 (H) of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV were tested by ELISAs. Dotted horizontal lines indicate ELISA cutoff values. MERS-CoV, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus; N, nucleocapsid; OD, optical density; PRNT50, 50% plaque reduction neutralization test; RBD, receptor-binding domain; S, spike; SARS-CoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
180,004 |
Phosphorylation can induce significant changes in the relative stabilities of alternative protein conformations, and hence change the organisation of the energy landscape. Such changes have been seen for a variety of intrinsically disordered proteins, suggesting that reorganisation may be associated with specific stabilisation of marginally metastable states and the associated funnels in the energy landscape. We have investigated one particular example, namely eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) binding protein 2 (4E-BP2), a 120-residue system that exhibits local secondary structure (Fletcher et al., 1998). In the unphosphorylated state, 4E-BP2 competes with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) for binding to eIF4E, and the resulting complex exhibits α-helical structure (Fukuyo et al., 2011). Phosphorylation can occur at up to five sites, and stabilises a four-stranded β-sheet structure, with low affinity for eIF4E (Bah et al., 2015). The balance of stability is shifted to the β-sheet upon phosphorylation at two sites, but in this state the protein retains some affinity for eIF4E. This balance is also strongly affected by mutations.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
218,189 |
The promoter region of MDR1 was identified based on data obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). Moreover, the JASPAR tool (http://motifmap.ics.uci.edu/) was used to predict the Gli2-binding site (GBS) in the MDR1 sequence. A human genomic DNA template was used to amplify the human MDR1 promoter, which was then cloned into the pGL4.20 empty vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA). To further evaluate the functional GBS, we used a mutagenesis kit (SMK-101, Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) to introduce a point mutation in the predicted GBS. The luciferase reporter gene plasmid was successfully constructed and co-transfected into HEK293T cells as follows: Gli2 expression plasmid (0.5 μg), pGL4.20-MDR1-luci luciferase reporter gene plasmid (0.5 μg), and pRL-TK plasmid used as internal reference (0.025 μg). Studies have shown that the activation of the Bcl2 promoter in response to Hh/Gli signal transduction is predominantly mediated by Gli2 (27). Therefore, we used Bcl2 as a positive control. After 48 h, the cells were collected and analyzed according to the manufacturer’s instructions using the dual-luciferase reporter gene detection system (Promega). The luciferase activity was standardized to the respective Renilla luciferase activity (internal control). Each transfection experiment was repeated at least three times, and each sample was examined three times in duplicate.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
25,324 |
As shown in Figure 6a, within 10 Hz–1 kHz, the change in the real part of brain impedance after hemorrhage decreased by up to approximately 45% from 10 Hz to 100 Hz and then increased rapidly. In contrast, the range of variation remained small (<5%) after ischemia. Between 1 kHz and 100 kHz, the magnitude of the change in the real part after hemorrhage (5%) was greater than that after ischemia (20%). From 100 kHz to 1 MHz, the change in the real part after ischemia decreased with frequency (approximately 5%), whereas the change after hemorrhage was almost zero within 100 kHz–500 kHz but increased significantly by approximately 20%within 500 kHz–1 MHz. Thus, across the whole frequency range, the rate of change in the real part was much different between hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
389,353 |
To further detect the expression levels of the TaFBN genes in different tissues, we selected nine representative genes from the TaFBN gene family (TaFBN-A1, TaFBN-B1, TaFBN-A2, TaFBN-B2, TaFBN-D2, TaFBN-B5, TaFBN-B6, TaFBN-A9, TaFBN-B9, and TaFBN-D9) based on their expression profile, and analyzed their expression levels using qRT-PCR (Fig. 7A). The results showed that the expression of nine TaFBNs in the leaves and shoots was significantly higher than that in the roots. We also analyzed the TaFBN gene expression in leaves under drought stress in T. aestivum seedlings (Fig. 7B). The results suggested that the expressions of some TaFBN genes, such as TaFBN-A1, TaFBN-B1, TaFBN-A2, TaFBN-B2, TaFBN-D2 and TaFBN-B6, were induced at different time points under drought stress. However, TaFBN-B5, TaFBN-A9, TaFBN-B9, TaFBN-D9 displayed downregulation after drought treatment. In addition, as the treatment time increased, the expression level was significantly upregulated or downregulated. These results are consistent with the data of the above expression profiles.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,832 |
Effect of adalimumab on TNFα-induced genes modulated by IL6/sIL6R. a Schematic representation of the experiment. SF were stimulated with TNFα (10 ng/ml) for 24 h. Inflammatory input was removed by washing cells and the second stimuli IL6/sIL6R (50 ng/ml each) was added in the presence of adalimumab (ADA) (10 μg/ml) to block any residual TNFα. b Graphics show the change on the mRNA expression of representative genes. Untreated SF was used as reference. Data are mean ± SEM of three independent experiments
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
164,752 |
A total number of 129 participants (40 patients and 89 healthy volunteers) were recruited between April 2020 and July 2020 (Figure 2). Fourteen participants were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. After PSM analysis, 31 matched pairs were obtained (31 in the experimental group and 31 in the healthy control group). Of the 31 patients in the experimental group, 14 cases of unilateral severe stenosis or occlusion were followed up on the 4th day postoperatively.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
41,414 |
Visual function was assessed using the ERG 7 days after light damage. The a-wave and b-wave amplitudes in response to bright flash were normalised to baseline (before light damage) bright flash responses and averaged for each treatment group. Control animals suffered no injection and no light damage. G8+ animals suffered no light damage but were injected with purified G8+ cells and assessed 7 days after injection. LD stands for Light damage. (A) Representative ERG traces from eyes with LD alone, LD eyes injected with PBS (LD/sham) and LD eyes injected with G8+ (LD/G8+). (B) Mean change in a-wave amplitudes for retinas from the 5 experimental groups, from before treatment. Error bars show SEMs. Control rats that did not receive light damage showed no significant change in the a-wave between the two ERG measurements (n = 4). Control rats that did not receive light damage, but were injected with G8+ cells also showed no significant change in the a-wave between the two ERG measurements (n = 3). Visual function, as measured by the a-wave, was significantly improved following light damage with injection of G8+ cells (n = 18) compared to LD alone (n = 18) and LD/sham (n = 18) (LD/G8+: vs. LD ** p < 0.01, vs. LD/Sham * p < 0.05).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
351,258 |
A total of 400 subjects will be recruited for the RCT. Based on an effect size of 0.3 (as reported in meta-analysis ), it has been determined that the sample size for each group should be 175 (i.e. 350 in total) to achieve 80% power in detecting a between-group difference via an independent t-test at a 0.05 significance level. Assuming an estimated 12.4% attrition rate (as reported in an RCT in a similar setting ), a total of 400 subjects (i.e. 200 subjects in each group) is necessary.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
111,571 |
Foods were on average healthier than beverages (mean HSR 2.0 versus HSR 1.2) (Figure 3). Company B ranked first in mean healthiness of beverages based upon sales of plain bottled water and plain soda water mixers which receive an HSR of 5.0 but most other beverages had HSR values of 2.0 or less. The mean and range HSRs for Euromonitor sub-categories were compared where two or more companies sold five or more products (Figure 4, Supplementary Table S5). These analyses showed substantial differences between companies for categories such as rice, pasta and noodles, with yoghurts and sour milks showing more similar results across companies. Within most Euromonitor subcategories there was large variation in the HSRs of similar products (e.g., drinking milks ranged from 0.5 to 4.5) suggesting opportunities for reformulation (Supplementary Table S5).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
195,557 |
Respondents reported that there currently is a general lack of formalised policies on access to and sharing of personal health information. In the research context, REC approval is usually sufficient to be granted access to personal information. However this is not always the case and the process is often unclear. Outside of the research context, access to personal information is necessary for individual patient care, surveillance and treatment programmes but a formalised process is often lacking. Where a process is in place, generally a letter from the custodian of the database is required, and if it is held by a provincial hospital, a letter from the relevant official in the provincial DoH is required. However, respondents noted that access is usually decided by the individual who collected the personal information or a gatekeeper who is difficult to identify. Concern was also expressed that certain individuals hold considerable power in deciding access and they can block access to the personal health information without any justification or accountable process in place.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
241,289 |
Nanojet formation in microspheres can be described using two main parameters: first, the relative refractive index n, defined as n=np/nm, with np, and nm being the sphere and medium refractive indices, and second, the size parameter q, relating the particle size to the light wavelength (λ) and defined as q=2πRnm/λ, where R is the sphere radius. Depending on the values of n and q, different scenarios can be identified. Figure 1d summarizes the effect of the size parameter on the light fields generated by a glass microsphere in air (n = 1.5). If the sphere has a radius much smaller than the wavelength of light (q=0.1), the optical field resembles that of a dipole, with two clear lobes. As the sphere’s radius increases, the intensity distribution of the electric field becomes more pronounced in the forward direction (q=π and q=4π). When the sphere’s radius is much larger than λ, a narrow nanojet appears on the shadow side of the sphere (q=10π). Therefore, for a given refractive index ratio n, a nanojet is formed only above a specific size parameter. This result is valid for dielectric particles of other shapes, with the main difference being the particular threshold value of q that triggers the nanojet formation. For instance, for a glass (np = 1.5) microcylinder in air (nm = 1.0), a narrow nanojet at visible wavelengths forms for q~100.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
96,207 |
The excavation consists of an open quarry (Fig. 2), in what is known as “Llano de Zamborino” which began as a palaeontological site excavated in 1972 by members of the Department of Prehistory at the University of Granada, led by Botella26–28. The quarry has yielded an abundance of skeletal remains and lithic tools, found in an ensemble of layers composed mainly of silts and grey claystone. The stratigraphic, faunal and lithic studies24,29,30 have allowed for interpretation of the human occupation of the site, ranging from occasional hunting place to a permanent settlement during periods of hunting and finally to progressive abandonment26,28,31.Figure 2Current state of the paleontological site of Solana del Zamborino. Photograph taken by Claudia Álvarez-Posada. The walls of the quarry are approximately 12 meters in height.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
322,102 |
Eleven studies were of fair quality in methodology [30, 31, 33, 34, 37–39, 41, 42, 45, 47], two studies were of good quality, [35, 36] two studies were of poor quality [40, 46], and the quality of three studies was not quite clear. [32, 43, 44] Table 2 provided the quality scores of the included studies according to NOQAS criteria.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
195,969 |
Robles-Espinoza et al. reported that all nine POT1 variant carriers from the familial cohort analyzed had developed at least one melanoma (for a maximum of 8) from 25 to 80 years of age . Histological studies of some melanomas in POT1-mutated families showed a predominance of the spitzoid morphology, suggesting that telomere dysfunction may contribute to this type of differentiation .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
367,324 |
The strategy for meeting a single \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$P_e$$\end{document}Pe-requirement is straightforward. We look for a pair of distinct numbers u, v such that \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varphi _e(u)\downarrow =x_e,\varphi _e(v)\downarrow =y_e $$\end{document}φe(u)↓=xe,φe(v)↓=ye and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$x_e, y_e$$\end{document}xe,ye have different parity. When found, we distinguish two cases: If , we do nothing and keep \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$[x_e]_U$$\end{document}[xe]U and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$[y_e]_U$$\end{document}[ye]U separate;If , we merge \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$[x_e]_U$$\end{document}[xe]U and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$[y_e]_U$$\end{document}[ye]U and keep them together.The strategy prevents \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varphi _e$$\end{document}φe from being a reduction of T to U. Indeed, if \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varphi _e$$\end{document}φe is total and fails to converge on elements with different parity, then \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{\,\mathrm{range}\,}}(\varphi _e)$$\end{document}range(φe) must be all contained in either the R-part or the S-part of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R\oplus S$$\end{document}R⊕S. Without loss of generality assume \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${{\,\mathrm{range}\,}}(\varphi _e)$$\end{document}range(φe) is a subset of the S-part of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R\oplus S$$\end{document}R⊕S. If so, one can easily construct from \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varphi _e$$\end{document}φe a computable f reducing T to S. But since \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R\leqslant _c T$$\end{document}R⩽cT, we would have \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$R\leqslant _c S$$\end{document}R⩽cS, contradicting the fact that R and S are incomparable.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
270,579 |
The PastML analysis demonstrated that the P.1 sequences (data sets A, C and D) belonged to the major clade with well-defined three genomic diversity events (Fig. 2). The sequences highlighted in purple (n = 162) and green (n = 4), from different states of Brazil, share a original ancestor from Amazonas. However, the sequences highlighted in yellow from the state of RS (n = 2) presented different ancestor nodes of unknown origin.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
380,733 |
The second most common etiologic diarrhea agent identified in this study was E. coli. ETEC is the leading cause of childhood diarrhea and the most frequent cause of diarrhea in travelers to developing countries . ETEC contribution to diarrheal disease is dependent upon the region of interest and seasonality [32–34]. In this study, EPEC was detected more commonly in cases than ETEC. A previous study noted that EPEC was dependent upon co-infection with other pathogenic bacteria to include Aeromonas and Salmonella in travelers who developed travelers’ diarrhea . However in our study, EPEC was detected in only one co-infected sample. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) was the third most common pathogen detected and previous epidemiological studies demonstrated that infection with drug-resistant NTS enterica serotypes was associated with excess morbidity . Based on the antibiotic profiles in this study highlighted that AZM should remain first-line treatment for travelers’ diarrhea to Thailand . Norovirus genogroups II and I were detected in several of the cases, but are usually associated with outbreaks of diarrhea. Nevertheless, previous studies have shown that norovirus is becoming commonly detected in both children and adults returning from tropical settings though most laboratories do not commonly test for norovirus in a hospital, clinical setting .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
126,838 |
Our study presents compelling evidence that online BA can be a helpful intervention to disseminate during a public health crisis when the need for effective mental health treatments increases. Crucially, non-specialists may be trained quickly to supplement oversubscribed mental health services. We also provide the first evidence that behavioural interventions can affect emotional cognition, providing a way to test their efficacy objectively and highlighting a potential mechanism by which their clinical effects occur.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
379,046 |
Other critical issues relate to the appropriate time interval that should be considered for the subsequent measurements of the NP level, and the magnitude of changes of NP values between baseline and subsequent assessments, which may be related to a poor clinical outcome. In addition, age, AF, renal function, and body weight are known modulators of NP levels, thus representing potential confounders . Finally, since a high BNP level may also be detected in patients with moderate MR, it cannot be used as a surrogate for MR quantification. On the other hand, it should be pointed out that, in the presence of good hemodynamic compensation with a normal NP level, regardless of LV dimension, the need for an interventional strategy may be missed.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
126,968 |
Stool suspensions were prepared from AFP or contact cases collected between 1999 and 2016 and virus isolated following a GPLN accredited variation of the standard GPLN method as previously described (inoculation volume 50 μL versus 200 μL, use of 24-well plates versus tubes) [4, 5]. Briefly, 24-well plates with 85–90% confluent monolayers of L20B (recombinant murine cells that express human poliovirus receptor [PVR], National Institute for Biologicals Standards and Control [NIBSC], UK) and RD (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC] CCL-136) cells were prepared 48 hours ahead in 500 μL growth media (minimal essential media [MEM] + 10% fetal bovine serum [FBS]). Before inoculation the growth media was removed and 750 μL maintenance media (MEM + 2% FBS) was added to each well. To inoculate, 50 μL of stool suspension were added onto each of the two wells per cell line leaving 1 well space between samples. The plates were incubated for 5 days, checked daily for CPE and any positive samples (3+ or 4+ CPE) were harvested and inoculated in the opposite cell line and incubated for 5 more days or until CPE was observed. For the blind passage, CPE-negative samples (or 1+ or 2+ CPE) were also harvested but inoculated again on the same cell line and incubated for 5 more days or until CPE was observed. After CPE was observed, the algorithm was followed described here [5, 7, 8, 12].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
149,002 |
To determine if the supernumerary enteric cells were capable of differentiating into neurons later in development, we utilized -8.3phox2bb:kaede transgenic embryos which label enteric progenitors during their early neuronal differentiation (Harrison et al., 2014). Surprisingly, despite the increase in enteric progenitors at 50 hpf, enteric neurons by the 3 dpf were dramatically decreased in vp16-hoxb5b expressing embryos compared to controls. Kaede+ cells successfully colonized the gut length by 3 dpf in control embryos (Figure 5G; white arrowhead), many cells of which (42%) also co-expressed the pan neuronal marker Elavl3/4 (Figures 5G,K,L), signaling the onset of neuron differentiation. In contrast, vp16-hoxb5b expressing embryos at both doses displayed a drastic loss of Kaede+ and Elavl3/4+ enteric cells (Figures 5J,K), with the remaining Kaede+ cells failing to localize past the level of the midgut (Figures 5H,I; white arrowheads). The fraction of Elavl3/4+/Kaede+ cells in both vp16-hoxb5b expressing conditions were reduced, at 0.31 and 0.28 respectively, when compared to control at 0.42 (Figure 5L). While not reaching significance, when these data are taken together with the significant reduction in total enteric cell numbers along the gut (Figures 5J,K), they likely indicate that general enteric progenitor pool depletion along the gut affects subsequent proper numbers of enteric neurons, following elevated Hoxb5b expression. Overall, these results suggest that while supernumerary enteric neural progenitors are present at and before 2 dpf after elevated Hoxb5b, they largely depleted by the 3 dpf.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
92,456 |
The stability was another vital consideration for an excellent photocatalyst. To evaluate the stability of the as-prepared 160-Ti4O7/g-C3N4 photocatalyst, the repetitive experiments of photocatalytic oxidation of hypophosphite were carried out. As shown in Figure 7, the oxidation efficiency of hypophosphite in the four-round continuous reaction tests using 160-Ti4O7/g-C3N4 photocatalyst was 75, 81, 80, and 84%, respectively. The repetitive experiments results showed that the fabricated Ti4O7/g-C3N4 photocatalysts had a stable structure possibly with the strong binding force. The N-H groups or conjugated structures in g-C3N4 could tightly bond with Ti4+ (3d0) and Ti3+ (3d1) in Ti4O7, which effectively reduced the dissolution of bulk g-C3N4 material during the photocatalytic process.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
76,070 |
Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of iodopyrazoles 3a,b under standard conditions are characterized by the occurrence of different (unwanted) products resulting mainly from dehalogenation and homocoupling processes. Nevertheless, the Negishi coupling here seems to be the method of choice for C–C bond formations at pyrazole C-4. In contrast, 3-pyridinyl congeners 3c,d gave markedly lower conversion rates in all reactions investigated.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
369,273 |
All patients were early breast cancer patients. None of the patients had metastases. Table 2 shows a summary of patient characteristics. Cohorts did not differ in grading, immunohistochemistry, and/or involved lymph nodes. Due to this fact, administered chemotherapy and or radiation therapy did also not differ between these cohorts (see Table 1). There was no difference in BIRADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) classification regarding the initial tumor (all BIRADS 6). Regarding the lymph nodes, all ultrasound findings were negative; thus a sentinel node biopsy was required.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
39,717 |
Although official reintegration programs do not allow for anonymity and can raise questions of survivor privacy, in the small communities in the Firestone District a person’s status as an Ebola patient is already widely known. Formal reintegration programs legitimize family and community member concerns regarding Ebola transmission risks, offer opportunities for continued education, and provide an important first step in the necessary psychosocial support for survivors. When these programs are made public, they can help dispel rumors, provide hope, and encourage community members to report suspected Ebola cases or seek care early, which can, in turn, decrease transmission and increase survival among those with infection.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
254,128 |
Figure 2—figure supplement 1.Comparison two de novo mutational signatures from clonal hematopoiesis (CH)-associated angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) mutations with COSMIC Signatures.(A) Profile of two de novo mutational signatures extracted from CH-associated AITL mutations. (B) Heatmap showing similarity of two identified de novo mutation signatures with COSMIC Signature by analysis of cosine distance among these mutation patterns. Numbers on the bottom of the heatmap represent the number of COSMIC Signatures (SBS30, v2). (C) Estimated exposures of each AITL sample to the identified mutational patterns (Sign.01 and Sign.02).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
110,793 |
IBC is rare but aggressive disease, in which improvements in therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Its presentation, aggressive clinical course, and frequent distant recurrence indicate that IBC is in fact a distinct clinical biological entity rather than a subtype on the spectrum of locally advanced breast cancer. Key molecular differences include significant alterations in the PI3K and JAK/STAT pathways, elevated aberrations in DNA-repair genes and cell-cycle regulations suggesting of significant genomic instability contributing to treatment resistance. Furthermore higher rates of HER2 overexpression/amplification are seen in IBC and neoadjuvant treatment with trastuzumab resulted in improved outcomes for patients with HER2+ IBC . There is no prospective trial appropriately powered to assess the efficacy of neoadjuvant treatment with chemotherapy combined with pertuzumab and trastuzumab in HER2+ IBC. Nonetheless based on improved pCR rates seen in non-IBC these agents are recommended by current guidelines for the neoadjuvant treatment of HER2+ IBC.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
82,280 |
The European multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial (RCT) of amoxicillin for LRTI in adults in primary care was performed by the GRACE (Genomics to combat Resistance against Antibiotics in Community-acquired LRTI in Europe; http://www.grace-lrti.org) Network of Excellence. The GRACE trial identified significantly more AEs (diarrhoea or nausea or rash) in the amoxicillin group compared to the placebo group (AEs in week one and week two after antibiotic administration) . However, it was not clear whether this applies to each specific AE, or whether particular subgroups of patients suffer more AEs than others. To better inform primary care clinicians and their patients, this secondary analysis of the GRACE trial aims to provide estimates of any and each specific AE (diarrhoea, nausea, and rash) of amoxicillin, and identify subgroups of patients that are more at risk for any or a specific AE.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
317,939 |
Breast milk is a complex liquid which contains many different lipids (such as the Milk Fat Globule rich in phospholipids and long chain fatty acids), an assortment of vitamins (Vitamin A, B, C, D K), sialic acid (both in free form and bound to oligosaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids) and other biologically active components, some of which affect neurodevelopment . Of particular interest to infant nutrition and development are the Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs). These non-digestible carbohydrates are the third most abundant class of breast milk components, and over 200 HMOs, comprised out of 5 monosaccharides (glucose, galactose, N-Acetyl-Glucosamine, fucose and sialic acid) have thus far been identified . HMOs have recently moved into the spotlight of cognitive research due to its widespread effects on infant development and cognition . There are three main families of HMOs; the non-fucosylated neutral HMOs, (e.g., Lacto-N-neoTetraose (LNnT)), the fucosylated HMOs (e.g., 2′Fucosyllactose (2′-FL)) and the sialylated (SL) HMOs (e.g., 3′Sialyllactose (3-SL) and 6′-Sialyllactose (6-SL)) . Oligosaccharides are present in all mammalian milk . However, what makes human milk unique compared to other mammalian milk is that it contains the largest diversity of complex oligosaccharides and high concentrations of 2′-FL. It should be noted that the presence of 2′-FL is subject to large inter individual variation depending on the Lewis antigen blood group system of the mother, which encompasses two genes; the Lewis gene (Le gene or FUT-3 gene) and the Secretor gene (Se gene or FUT-2 gene) . Depending on genetic expression, women are either defined as “secretors” (Se+), or “non secretors” (Se-), and Lewis positive (Le+) or Lewis negative (Le-) . Both Secretor and Lewis genes are responsible for yielding fucosyltransferase-2 (FUT-2) and fucosyltransferase-3 (FUT-2) respectively, which append fucose to the core oligosaccharides. Depending on which of these FUT enzymes are active, different oligosaccharides will be created; as FUT2 expression results in the synthesis of 2′-FL, while FUT3 expression has been associated with the formation of LNFP-II instead . These polymorphisms essentially give rise to four major milk groups within the human population, as both genes can be active, inactive or either one of the two is active, hereby resulting in a variable HMO content in breast milk . Around 60–72% of the maternal population are secretors, and the milk of these “secretor mothers” contains an overall higher concentration of HMOs in breastmilk as compared to non-secretors . All in all, a large variability exists within the human population concerning the exact proportions of different HMOs . Moreover, HMOs are also subject to dynamic changes within the same breastfeeding female, depending on factors such as circadian rhythm, lactation stage, maternal diet, and maternal genetic background .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
303,473 |
Thus, there are numerous examples demonstrating the potential for targeting NMJ stability to improve muscle function or slow muscle decline. On the other hand, there is considerable diversity in whether a given molecular target directly impacts NMJ stability or may indirectly (and possibly less efficiently) stabilize NMJs by improving muscle structure and function or reducing muscle degeneration.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
196,526 |
The outcome data were obtained by scheduled visits and Emergency Department admissions using the local electronic database. All missing outcome data were obtained directly by the patients by phone call and scheduled visits. To avoid interference in the outcomes, March 2020 was considered as the end of the follow-up period, which is when the Covid-19 pandemic began.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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