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Albumin is a natural protein, which can be acquired from ovalbumin, human serum albumin (HSA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), as well as some other sources (Elzoghby et al., 2012; Lei et al., 2021). Among them, HSA and BSA are extensively used in drug delivery vehicle preparation currently and have received widespread attention in the application of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Therefore, this review will center on these two kinds of albumin. The hydrophobic, hydrophilic domains and the large number of functional groups available in the primary structure of serum albumin provide a rational basis for the exploitation of serum albumin for a variety of desired drug delivery (Du et al., 2013; Chen et al., 2014; Chen et al., 2015). HSA is a single-chain polypeptide composed of 585 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 66,500 Da, containing 17 pairs of disulfide bonds and one sulfhydryl group (Rabbani and Ahn, 2019). HSA is structurally formed by three homologous domains I, II, and III, and each domain contains a pair of helical subdomains A and B (Fasano et al., 2005; Kudarha and Sawant, 2017). There are two significant drug-binding sites named Sudlow’s site I and Sudlow’s site II located in subdomain IIA and subdomain IIIA, respectively, which are responsible for multifarious drug binding (such as chemotherapy drugs, hypoglycemic drugs, and anti-inflammatory drugs, etc.) (Hoogenboezem and Duvall, 2018; Siddiqui et al., 2021). BSA is composed of 583 amino acid residues and shares 75.6% homologous sequence with HSA; therefore, it has a similar structure to that of HSA, which is also capable of binding most drugs (Elzoghby et al., 2012; Lei et al., 2021). After loading the hydrophobic drugs, such as paclitaxel, albumin and the drug molecules will self-assemble into the nanoparticles with the size of 50–150 nm through hydrophobic interaction, leading to the prolonged circulation time, improved targeting property, and reduced side effects of the drugs (Trynda-Lemiesz, 2004; Chen et al., 2015). Several water-soluble drugs such as oligonucleotides and chemotherapy drug doxorubicin are able to be loaded on albumin, forming the nanoparticles by using chemical cross-linking agents (Arnedo et al., 2004; Qi et al., 2015). Moreover, some small-molecule drugs can also be carried on the albumin through the covalent binding or electrostatic adsorption (Stefano et al., 2004; Yu et al., 2016). For instance, methotrexate-conjugated human serum albumin (MTX-HSA) is obtained by directly conjugating the methotrexate (MTX) to the lysine residues of HSA through an amide binding (Burger et al., 2001; Vis et al., 2002; Fiehn et al., 2004). Additionally, the protein-based drugs can be genetically connected to either the C-, N-terminal, or both termini of the albumin to obtain the albumin–protein conjugates, which induce the improved pharmacokinetics (Subramanian et al., 2007; Chen et al., 2010). Besides the ability of loading drugs, albumin is capable of being covalently chemical functionalized and radiolabeled owing to its large number of functional groups (Nosrati et al., 2018; Yi et al., 2020).
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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24,286 |
A total of 35 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from the Slaccas Experimental Animal Company (Shanghai, China). All animal experiments were carried out with approval from the Ethics Committee of Changhai Hosiptial. The mice were divided into the following 2 groups: i) The control group, ii) The group treated with BLM. Way of treatment with BLM (HisunPfizerPharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Zhejiang, China) is as follows: 8-week-old mice were anesthetized with isoflurane. BLM (10 mg/kg body weight in 50 μl saline) was delivered into the oropharyngeal cavity after the tongues of the anesthetized mice were gently pulled forward. Tongues were kept pulled forward until intratracheal injection was completed. The mice in the control group without BLM treatment were injected with saline as the above steps. The mice were killed after 28 days, lung tissues of which were used for subsequent analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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188,981 |
In this study, based on the thermodynamics of the continuum and the actual water vapour corrosion mechanisms of the EBC system, a theoretical model of high-temperature water vapour corrosion coupled with deformation, mass diffusion and the chemical reaction was established. First, the basic equilibrium equations of force, mass and energy were established. Then, based on the Helmholtz free energy dissipation inequality and chemical dynamics, the coupled constitutive equations of multi-field interaction were established, and the evolution equations of key physical quantities were derived. To consider the essential difference between mass diffusion and chemical reaction in the free energy and dissipation of a highly coupled system, the concentration of the diffusion substance and the degree of the chemical reaction were regarded as independent state variables. As the corrosion of the EBC system mainly occurs under long-term high-temperature conditions, the temperature change was ignored, and a special isothermal model was established to reflect the actual situation accurately. To better describe the actual corrosion situation, the concentration term in the final evolution equation was replaced with the chemical potential of water vapour.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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287,929 |
Rf TLC mobile phase: Methanol: Chloroform (20:80) = 0.60; Yield = 40%; M.P.; 168–170 °C; M.Wt. = 465.14;; IR (KBr pellets) cm−1: 1166 (–C–O–C), 1077 (–C–C–), 1457 (–C = C–), 1699 (–C=N–), 2936 (–C–H–), 3390 (–OH–); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCL3) δ 9.93 (s, 1H), 8.32 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.86 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.13 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (s, 1H), 5.04 (s, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H), 4.07 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.73 (dd, J = 13.8, 7.5 Hz, 1H), 3.50 (q, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.41 (s, 2H), 3.38 (q, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.25–3.23 (m, 1H); 13C NMR (400 MHz, CDCL3) δ 163.20, 149.30, 146.42, 146.35, 145.76, 145.58, 133.27, 129.24, 128.14, 128.06, 126.64, 126.56, 123.70, 122.78, 122.06, 112.87, 111.70, 110.94, 103.36, 101.62, 77.41, 75.43, 73.23, 70.74, 62.21; MS ES + (ToF): m/z 467.16 [M++2]; CHNS: Calc (C25H23NO8): C, 64.51; H, 4.98; N, 3.01; O, 27.50; Found C, 64.53; H, 4.97; N, 3.02; O, 27.47.
| 5 | 0biomedical
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206,153 |
While ref6 has a maternal effect, the fact that many REF6 targets have detectable levels of H3K27me3 in the endosperm and since we could partially complement the ref6 mutant by expressing REF6 in the micropylar domain of the endosperm (Figure 5a), strongly suggests that REF6 also acts after fertilization. In support of this, homozygous ref6 mutants have a stronger delay in germination than mutants inheriting a maternal ref6 and a wild-type paternal allele (Figure 3b). Nevertheless, independent of when REF6 acts; the consequence of REF6 activity occurs during germination. We had discussed the idea that there are two types of genes that are either activated in the central cell or later on in the endosperm in the manuscript lines 472 to 495. In summary, we do not think that our title is misleading, the combination of epigenetic modifications present in the endosperm (independent on when they are established) determines the activity status of the alleles during germination.
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50,685 |
C) Representative images of hsp-16.2p::gfp in the head regions of 1d and 4d old animals of the indicated genotypes. Numbers in top right corner indicate the percentage of animals exhibiting the shown pattern. n>20 animals each. Anterior is at left. Scale bar: 10 μm.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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238,699 |
Currently, several extracellular chaperones have been identified using the above criteria (Table 1). These include the canonical extracellular chaperone clusterin, haptoglobin, α2 macroglobulin, αB crystallin, casein, and more recently, neuroserpin (Dabbs et al., 2013; Wyatt et al., 2013; Chaplot et al., 2020; Satapathy and Wilson, 2021a; West et al., 2021). While some of these secreted chaperones appear to have relatively narrow substrate specificities in vivo (e.g., haptoglobin for hemoglobin, α2 macroglobulin for β2 microglobulin), others such as clusterin promiscuously bind and inhibit aggregation of multiple different proteins (Itakura et al., 2020; Satapathy and Wilson, 2021b). An additional set of proteins has also been described as displaying extracellular chaperoning activity in neurodegenerative diseases. These include progranulins, S100A proteins, BRICHOS domain–containing proteins, ProSAAS, 7B2, and HSPB1 (Table 1); however, it remains somewhat unclear if these molecules function systemically or only in the local environment upon release from neurons or glia. Further, the in vivo specificity of these chaperones for substrates beyond those associated with neurodegenerative disease (e.g., Aβ) remains to be further defined, although many have been shown to broadly inhibit aggregation of proteins in vitro (Satapathy and Wilson, 2021a). Regardless, it is becoming increasingly clear that a number of secreted chaperones contribute to protecting the extracellular proteome from pathologic misfolding and/or aggregation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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24,437 |
With regard to lexical decision speed, overall no main effect of vocabulary was found but there was a significant interaction with word frequency. However, the open antonym and synonym multiple-choice tests behaved slightly differently from the other measures of vocabulary. Participants' scores on the open antonym test did not interact with the frequency effect and the synonym multiple-choice test scores showed a significant main effect on lexical decision speed with longer RTs being associated with higher vocabulary scores (which was not significant after adjusting the significance level). The conclusions about the relationship between vocabulary and language processing might, therefore, be slightly different depending on which measure of vocabulary size is used. Thus, for testing broader samples using several vocabulary tests and combining their scores is advisable. Some of the aforementioned differences between the various vocabulary tests might of course be random fluctuations and more research especially in such more varied groups of participants is needed. Finally in our view, an important goal for further research is the development of adaptive vocabulary tests that would be suitable for all adults, regardless of their educational background.
| 2 | 2other
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74,381 |
LVNCCM is diagnosed in various stages of life. A meta-analysis by Bhatia et al. examined 241 adult patients diagnosed with LVNCCM and found it was more prevalent in men than women (65% male), with a mean age of 41 years at the time of diagnosis.6 Patients most often presented with symptoms of acute heart failure: shortness of breath (60%), palpitations (18%), and chest pain (15%).6 In the pediatric population, patients are more frequently identified during regular screening exams. In a single center study performed by Brescia et al., 240 pediatric patients (median age=9.4 years, interquartile range of 3 months–13.8 years) were diagnosed with LVNCCM.7 The most common presentation in symptomatic children was also acute heart failure (25%). However, nearly half of cases were identified through an abnormal screening exam: on physical exam (19%), ECG/chest radiography (16%), or echocardiography (14%).7 In both age ranges, significant proportions of patients presented with arrhythmia, syncope, chest pain, and sudden cardiac death.6,7 In adults, 14% of patients were deceased by 39-month follow-up, half of which were due to sudden cardiac death.6 In children, 12.8% of patients had died four years later.7
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64,161 |
Demographic and clinical features for PD patients (n = 35), as well as HC subjects (n = 31) are presented in Table 1. Both groups had a similar average age and sex distribution. The side of symptom severity (both onset and based on motor testing) was more prominent in the left hemi-body of PD patients, who expressed moderate PD progression with an average disease duration of 5.9 ± 3.9 years. Of this cohort, 17 had symptoms of Impulsive Compulsive Behaviors.Table 1Demographic and clinical evaluation from the two participant groups.Table 1VariablesPDHCp-ValueN3531Sex (M/F)24/1121/100.94Age (years)61.8 ± 8.558.1 ± 11.30.17Disease duration (years)5.9 ± 3.9n/a–CES-D15.7 ± 8.7n/a–Laterality score (− = left worse, + = right worse)−2.45 ± 10.7n/a–Left worse/right worse (individual)22/13MDS-UPDRSPart II21.8 ± 7.7n/a–Part III (OFF)30.0 ± 11.1n/a–Dopamine replacement therapyTotal LEDD (mg/day)632.7 ± 418.7n/a–Agonist single dose equivalent (mg/day)103.9 ± 71.6n/a–Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation.MDS-UPDRS Part III conducted off medication (36 h for DAgonist and 16 for LDOPA).PD: Parkinson's Disease.AMNART: American version of the National Adult Reading Test.CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.MDS-UPDRS: Movement Disorders Society-United Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale.BIS: Barratt Impulsivity Scale.LEDD: Levodopa Daily Dose.
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74,458 |
The availability of technologies allowing analysis of freshly isolated single cells, such as multicolor flow or mass cytometry, substantially improved the phenotypic characterization of lung immune cells [20, 25, 26, 29–31]. The work of several investigators in the field has allowed, based on the levels of expression of several surface markers, a discrimination between each of the lung myeloid mononuclear cell populations in the steady-state lung, including IM (Figure 1). These markers are compiled in Table 1. Both IM and AM express the macrophage-specific markers CD64 and Mertk, as opposed to cDCs and monocytes. While AM are autofluorescent SiglecF+CD11c+CD11b−CCR2−CX3CR1− cells, IM are non-autofluorescent SiglecF−CD11c+/−CD11b+CCR2+/−CX3CR1+ cells [26, 31] (Figure 1). Notably, a recent report has shown that a fraction of mouse IM, defined as Mertk+CD64+CD11b+SiglecF− cells, expressed CD11c and MHC-II , like cDCs, so that both cell types may potentially contaminate each other. Nevertheless, cDCs differ from IM by their low or absent expression of macrophage markers (e.g., CD64, Mertk, and F4/80). The situation may be more confusing when inflammation is present and monocyte-derived cells are infiltrating the lung, in which case IM may be included in inflammatory subtypes of monocytes or DCs. Nevertheless, IM may be discriminated from such cells by their low expression of the inflammatory/classical monocyte marker Ly6C.
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61,561 |
The general physicians were formally opposed to this proposal and considered that general practice should remain a non-hospital and community-based practice. They recalled that the rationale for creating these centres was to organize the primary care out-of-hours services, but not to relieve the emergency departments.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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238,409 |
The mechanical properties of the MW TMDSO films were also measured using nanoindentation and AFM PF-QNM and are shown in Table 4. The Young’s modulus and hardness values ranged from 1.3 GPa to 10.9 GPa and 0.25 GPa to 1.05 GPa, similar to those deposited previously for MW TMDSO films . Significantly higher Young’s modulus and hardness values were, however, achieved by the RF TMDSO films, with values as high as 56.4 GPa and 7.5 GPa, respectively, without the addition of O2. For MW TMDSO films, stiffer films resulted from a higher O2 concentration, which has previously been observed for TMDSO films deposited in this reactor . As for the RF TMDSO films, deposition power, however, also influences the Young’s modulus for MW films, with higher values at 2 kW than 1 kW for an O2 concentration of 90%. The higher concentration of O2 within the system results in greater fragmentation of the TMDSO molecule, which likely results in the efficient cleavage of the methyl groups, as shown in the TMDSO structure in Figure 3, leaving a relatively bare O-Si-O backbone. Such fragmentation results in a stiffer, more ‘silica-like’ film with a crosslinked network of O-Si-O . The high-resolution Si 2p and O 1s spectra demonstrate the shift from Si-O2 to Si-O4, indicating the formation of highly crosslinked Si-O-Si networks at higher O2 concentrations in the monomer feed. The increases in Young’s modulus values for both RF and MW TMDSO films are attributed to greater monomer fragmentation, leading to greater crosslinking, which results from higher deposition powers and/or O2 concentrations in the monomer feed. The RF PECVD reactor, however, despite having no O2 in the monomer feed, produced TMDSO films with higher Young’s modulus values than the MW TMDSO PECVD reactor. Such behaviour indicates that the RF power alone, without O2 enhanced monomer fragmentation, is sufficient to induce crosslinking in TMDSO films. Such crosslinking at higher powers is frequently observed for plasma polymer films .
| 5 | 0biomedical
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166,013 |
As part of your revision, please complete and submit a copy of the ARRIVE Guidelines checklist, a document that aims to improve experimental reporting and reproducibility of animal studies for purposes of post-publication data analysis and reproducibility: https://arriveguidelines.org/sites/arrive/files/Author%20Checklist%20-%20Full.pdf. Please include your completed checklist as a Supporting Information file. Note that if your paper is accepted for publication, this checklist will be published as part of your article.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
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102,376 |
Principal component analysis (Figure 3A) based on archaeal OTU distributions indicated a clear separation between BJ36 and the other sediments, with the first principal component encompassing 65.7% of the total variation. Cluster analysis based on the 100 most abundant archaeal OTUs also indicated a similar result, with the Arctic shallow fjord sediment BJ36 comprising a separate branch from a group consisting of the sub-Arctic sediments and the Arctic deep fjord sediment BJ4 (Supplementary Figure S2). Taken together, the results suggest that the archaeal community structure in sediment BJ36 was distinct from the other three sediments.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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212,638 |
In the 4 years of the program, 227 undergraduates applied to attend AMIA First Look (59 in 2017, 16 in 2018, 54 in 2019, 98 in 2020) and 87 attended (22 in 2017, 11 in 2018, 28 in 2019, 26 in 2020); 41% (n = 36; 12 in 2017, 4 in 2018, 10 in 2019, 10 in 2020) were members of marginalized identity groups, Black, Indigenous, and People of Color participants, as defined by the National Institutes of Health.17 Participants that chose other or preferred not to answer, were not included in this grouping. Applicants were most often seniors (34%, n = 77), juniors (30%, n = 67), or sophomores (29%, n = 65); majors included computer science or information technology (33%, n = 83), health sciences (18%, n = 44), basic sciences (21%, n = 52), biomedical or health informatics (9%, n = 23), and engineering (8%, n = 20) (Figures 1 and 2). Between years 2017 and 2020, AMIA First Look was able to draw a diverse applicant pool of women who self-identified as being from the Asian (38%, n = 95), Black or African American (26%, n = 66), Hispanic/Latinx (14%, n = 35), American Indian (2%, n = 6), and Native Hawaiian (1%, n = 3) communities (Figure 3). Gender was included in the 2020 application with the ability to self-identify as a woman, nonbinary/third gender, transgender, and prefer not to answer. Ninety-nine percent of participants identified as female and 2% as transgender or preferred not to answer. Twenty-four participants completed an anonymous survey about their experience (9 in 2017, 1 in 2018, 7 in 2019, and 7 in 2020). Participants from the 2019 and 2020 cohorts (the first years these specific questions were asked) reported interest in pursuing a career in informatics increased from 57% to 86% after attending AMIA First Look, and 86% of both years’ attendees mentioned that they would recommend AMIA First Look to others. Participants in both 2019 and 2020 indicated that perceived barriers to careers in informatics included lack of awareness, money, and confidence.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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138,026 |
Our previous findings revealed higher oxygen consumption in NRDC whole-body knockout (Nrdc–/–) mice at 23 and 30 °C, albeit the difference in energy expenditure between wild-type (Nrdc+/+) and Nrdc–/– mice was markedly smaller at 30 °C21. Since the slope of increasing metabolism with decreasing ambient temperature reflects the level of insulation, these results suggest that Nrdc–/– mice are less insulated than Nrdc+/+ mice. The present results showed no significant differences in insulation between Nrdcflox/flox and Adipo-KO mice, indicating that NRDC in non-adipose tissue is responsible for the regulation of thermal insulation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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273,872 |
The daily excretion of protein in the urine of calves (from 5.7 to 8.91 g/m2 BSA) allowed us to classify neonatal proteinuria in these animals as significant, and the predominance of the LMW protein fraction in the urine proved that it was selective proteinuria. The study carried out on young male goats also showed the presence of selective proteinuria and a reduction in total protein excretion in the urine, but the 24 h amount of protein excreted was lower than in calves (from 2.38 to 5.50 g/24 h/m2). The daily excretion of individual protein fractions ranged from 1.92 to 4.92 g/24 h/m2 (LMW proteins), from 0.16 to 0.43 g/24 h/m2 (albumin) and from 0.22 to 1.07 g/24 h/m2 (HMW proteins). Joseph and Gattineni reported that the normal 24 h protein excretion in full-term human neonates was 68–309 m g/24 h/m2. Higher values indicate the presence of proteinuria.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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250,814 |
Parasite-derived circulating miRNAs have shown great potential as diagnostic targets for some diseases. For instance, sja-miR-2b-5p and sja-miR-2c-5p were found to be significantly differentially expressed in patients infected by Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) and can be used as biomarkers for the detection of human S. japonicum infection . The differential expression of egr-miR-71 and egr-let-7 in the serum of cystic echinococcosis patients can also be promising biomarkers for early detection of hydatid cyst infection and post-surgical follow-up .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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212,428 |
We used different depths to superimpose CT slices for preprocessing to obtain more information between CT slices. The superimposed volume was used as the input of the 3D classification network. The experimental results demonstrate that the depth of volume has a significant influence on the model effect.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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179,879 |
Figure 7A summarizes a direct head-to-head comparison of proliferation of CD4+ T cells between CD40L-activated B cells and mature DCs with regards to presenting antigens to the naïve T cells for activation (Supplementary Figure S2 for more details on the first study). It is worth noting that CD40 ligand (CD40L) is the critical membrane-expressed molecule responsible for T cell dependent B-cell activation denoted as CD40L-activated B cells serving as effective antigen APC. These data indicate that primary CD40L expanded B cells are efficient presenters of antigens to T cells and characterized CD40L-activated B cells as more influential APC compared to mature DCs. Figures 7B,C (Supplementary Figure S3), show differences in percentage change of CD4+ T cells and IL-2 signaling expression respectively between joint IL-4C signaling and antigen presence, and only antigen production. We observe a higher CD4+ T cell production in the absence of IL-4C stimulation (Figure 7B). The higher production of antibody by B-cells recognized by the increased presence of mouse antigen (GαMδ) resulted in the largest increase in the level of CD4+ T cells compared to the untreated case (case with no GαMδ). However, the treatment with IL-4C inhibited GαMδ-induced IL-2 response (Figure 7C) systematically shows a reduction of CD4+ T cells and proliferation levels since IL-2 is the cytokine growth factor of CD4+ T cells (Figure 7B). The above results provide evidence of the antagonistic effect of IL-4 on IL-2 by decreasing not only CD4+ T cell activation but also the T cell production of IL-2.
| 4 | 0biomedical
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368,594 |
Though mesothelioma is rare and the production of materials with asbestos has been illegal for more than 20 years in many counties—although it is not banned in some others—the incidence of MPM is still rising. This is mainly due to the 20 to 40-year latency of the asbestos effects in an aging, genetically susceptible population. Since 1994 the World Health Organization (WHO) has been tracking epidemiologic data for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (MPM) . From 1994 to 2008 the WHO mortality database found nearly 100,000 deaths from MPM in 83 countries with roughly 5 deaths per million. In addition, men are more frequently affected than women and the average age at death was 70 years old. Asbestos is perfectly safe in its primary state, where it is basically a type of solid rock, but is a significant health hazard when mined or worked in such a way as to produce the carcinogenic nanometer-scale fibrous particles that become an airborne material that is readily absorbed in the lungs. Asbestos fibers can be divided into two main groups: serpentines and amphiboles. Serpentine fibers have only one subtype, which are the chrysotile fibers, that are also called white asbestos due to their light color. These fibers are short and curly and make up around 95% of all commercially used asbestos. Amphibole fibers have many different kinds, including the crocidolite (blue asbestos) and amosite (brown asbestos), tremolite and others. Amphibole fibers are long and straight making them potentially more carcinogenic. Regardless, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified both fibers equally as Class I carcinogens . There is a known dose-response pattern of asbestos exposure with MM as well as lung cancer, but as stated by the IARC and the WHO, no safe lower threshold has been identified. Asbestos may also cause lung cancer and up to 20,000 asbestos-related lung cancers and 10,000 MM are estimated to occur annually across the population of Western Europe, Scandinavia, North America, Japan and Australia, while registrations are not available in areas that still use asbestos such as Eastern Europe, South America, Africa and the rest of Asia, including China . Moreover, MPM has been associated with exposure to erionite, a zeolite mineral with some physical properties similar to asbestos which is widespread in some villages in Cappadocia (Turkey) and some areas of North America . Comparably, a cluster of deaths from pleural mesothelioma has been reported for Biancavilla (Sicily), in Italy. Subsequent studies demonstrated that those MPM cases were related to the patient exposure to fluoro-edenite, a material extracted from quarries which features morphology and composition like that of minerals of the tremolite-actinolite series . Thus, the awareness of the potential danger of new man-made and biopersistent fibers with similar carcinogenic properties, exemplified by carbon nanotubes should be strictly monitored to avoid novel epidemic . Though asbestos is certainly the largest and most well-known cause of mesothelioma, roughly 20% of patients do not have any known exposure to asbestos. While it’s possible that these patients were unknowingly exposed, genetic analysis and other studies have led to the suspicion that chemicals such as nitrosamines, nitrosureas, potassium bromate, ferric saccharate, as well as genetic predisposition following chronic exposure to biopersistent minerals and radiation therapy are all culprits . Simian Virus 40 (SV40) infection was previously explored as aetiologic agent but it was not proven .
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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287,592 |
Addressing a focused clinical question in a structured and reproducible manner, using systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research, and collecting and analyzing data from the studies that are included in the review, attempt to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria to answer a specific research question. It uses explicit, systematic methods that are selected to minimize bias, thus providing reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made. Otherwise, meta-analysis refers to the use of statistical techniques in a systematic review to integrate the results of included studies (3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
20,727 |
Males accounted for 82% of all homicide victims in 2012 and have estimated rates of homicide that are more than four times those of females (10.8 and 2.5, respectively, per 100 000), according to WHO data. Males were also almost twice as likely to die by suicide as women. In high–income countries, men were three times more likely to die by suicide.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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304,655 |
The analysis of the surface energy has allowed us to observe a certain relationship between the contact angle (CA) and surface energy (SFE) values. Low water contact angle values imply high surface energy levels. As they are related, both contact angle and surface energy values depend on the same parameters: surface chemistry of the substrate (determines to a greater extent polar and dispersive interactions), surface topography (crystallography, porosity and roughness), and fluid characteristics. These parameters determine the interaction between the implant and the biomolecules present in the physiological environment .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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385,392 |
Data were then normalized and log-transformed per cell using the “NormalizeData” function. In order to identify cell clusters within the data set, the highly variable genes were first calculated by the “FindVariableFeatures” function and “mean.var.plot” method. Data were then scaled and centered and principal component (PC) analysis was computed on the variable genes using the “RunPCA” function. Cell clusters were then calculated using the first 13 PCs as input and a resolution of 0.2 and visualized by UMAP68 representation that was also calculated on the first 13 PCs.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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67,900 |
A cold-phase ENSO, La Niña, event and a category-5 hurricane converged on this region during 2007, and coincidently a dramatic increase in shoot number was recorded. The seeming influence of rainfall on short-shoot density reported by the mixed effect model (significant statistical interactions indicated with asterisks in Table 3) may in fact be reflecting the T. testudinum demography sensitivity to changes in both salinity gradient and mangrove discharges (e.g. CDOM and inorganic nutrients) triggered by the rainfalls arrival. Consequently, it is reasonable to expect that such a population structure response might be amplified under events associated with extreme precipitation in the region.
| 2 | 2other
| 0Study
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60,822 |
In conclusion, ACS patients with the 5-HTTLPR s allele were more likely to report SI within 2 weeks but not at 1 year after ACS. SI within 2 weeks of ACS is known to predict poor depressive outcomes ; in turn, depression is associated with poor cardiac outcomes. Considering these interactions, identifying ACS patients with greater susceptibility to poor outcomes is important for appropriate management. Additionally, further comprehensive genetic studies are required to detect subgroups of those with ACS who are at high risk for SI, and our findings may provide a basis for the investigation of the genetic risk of suicide in ACS patients.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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307,718 |
Values of the most important microcirculation parameters related to microvascular flow and capillary density at different time points during extracorporeal blood purification treatment: microvascular flow index (MFI), mean flow index small vessels (MFI small), heterogeneity index (HI), De Backer score, total small vessel density (TVD), proportion of perfused vessels (PPV), and perfused microvascular density (PVD).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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147,075 |
The dtOutCome table was generated by manual entry during follow-up. The Death_Date was recorded as hours from admission. The Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire was applied to evaluate the functional outcome of those who survived the critical illness. The Short Form Health Survey is a 36-item, patient-reported survey of patient health, which taps eight health concepts: bodily pain, physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, role limitations due to personal or emotional problems, social functioning, energy/fatigue, emotional well-being, and general health perceptions. It also includes a single item that provides an indication of perceived change in health (22). The long-term mortality followed at 1 to 2 years after discharge was added if the patients' family members were willing to provide such information. In case a patient died after hospital discharge, the date was recorded.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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161,646 |
IEDB prediction scores of peptides in pool 1. CTL epitope peptides were screened by integrating MHC-I binding prediction, MHC-I immunogenicity (A), and MHC-NP (B) prediction from three H-2d MHC-I alleles. The numbers on the graph are the peptide identification numbers. The different colours are corresponding to each peptide ID.
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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59,795 |
(A) Mitochondrial membrane potential determined by flow cytometry using rhodamine 123 staining after 24h of incubation. (B) Caspase-3 activity determined by colorimetric assay after 48h of incubation. The negative control (CTL) was treated with the vehicle (0.1% of a solution containing 70% sorbitol, 25% tween 80 and 5% water) used for diluting the compounds tested. Doxorubicin (DOX, 1 μM), oxaliplatin (OXA, 3 μM) and piplartine (PL, 10 μM) were used as the positive controls. Data are presented as the mean ± S.E.M. of three independent experiments performed in duplicate. For flow cytometry analysis, 10,000 events were evaluated per experiment and cellular debris was omitted from the analysis. * p < 0.05 compared with the negative control by ANOVA followed by Student Newman-Keuls test.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
206,508 |
Two protofibrils are bound to each other at the αC regions , and hence we define the aggregation force applied to two nodal points of different protofibrils, within a threshold ath (=2r0S), corresponding to the length of the fibrinogen molecule . Considering two adjacent nodal points of different protofibrils (see figure 1d), the aggregation energy WA and aggregation force fiA of the ith node can be written as 2.7aWA=∑ijkA2(|rij|−r0A)2, 2.7bfiA=−∂WA∂ri=−kA(|rij|−r0A)rij|rij| 2.7candfjA=−fiA,where kA is the aggregation energy constant and r0A (=2a) is the reference length between two adjacent nodes that are not present on the same protofibril. For simplicity, WA is modelled as a simple harmonic potential form as shown in equation (2.7a). The formation could be written in light of the fact that lateral aggregation of protofibrils is responsible for local (several nanometre-scale) conformational changes , but this is beyond the scope of the present work. Instead of aggregation force constant between two fibrinogen, molecular interaction between platelet glycoprotein receptor GPIIb/IIIa (integrin αIIbβ3) and fibrinogen have been well investigated. For instance, Litvinov et al. (2011) experimentally investigated thermodynamics and kinetics of bonds between GPIIb/IIIa and fibrinogen, where the molecular spring (or aggregation) constant was used as 12 pN nm−1 (=0.12 N m−1) to estimate the energy needed to dissociate αIIbβ3 from fibrinogen in the long-duration state . While in simulation work by , platelet adhesion and aggregation were modelled focusing on the interaction between the GPIIb/IIIa and its ligand, where the aggregation force constant for binding between GPIIb/IIIa and fibrinogen was set to as kA = 1.0 × 10−4 N m−1. According to those studies, the aggregation energy constant was set as kA = 0.2–20 × 10−3 N m−1.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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392,595 |
In a second step, the effect of fetal position at time of volume acquisition was evaluated. There were 676 fetuses in a cephalic position, 71 fetuses in a transverse position, and 273 fetuses in a breech position, respectively. The Kruskal one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) on rank showed no significant differences among all three groups (p = 0.260).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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223,963 |
SERB was responsible for conceptualization, investigation, supervision of the project, data analysis, and writing the manuscript; JKY was responsible for sample collection, performing serology experimentation, and editing the manuscript; and order of first authorship was agreed upon by SERB and JKY in light of the conceptualization and writing of the manuscript by SERB. AS was responsible for sample collection and performing serology experimentation; YQ for statistical analysis and editing the manuscript; SR for data collection, data collection design, and general administrative support; PDB for recruitment efforts; YH for sample collection; HSY for conceptualization and editing the manuscript; FSA and QHM for conceptualization and editing the manuscript; YS for conceptualization; AC for editing the manuscript; EG and SCF for design and implementation of the NYP-WELCOME study and editing of the manuscript; MMC for supervision of project and editing the manuscript; and ZZ for conceptualization, investigation, supervision of the project, data analysis, and editing the manuscript.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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123,962 |
Specific amino-acid residues are known to be critical to rhodopsins (Fig. 3a) with respect to their spectral absorbance and ion transport functional capabilities. To capture all of the variation in single amino-acid variations, we analyzed not just the 1510 unique representative sequences, but all variant rhodopsin genes sequences within the 1510 clusters. Of these 6682 rhodopsin sequences, 4483 included amino-acid 105, which has been implicated as being critical in spectral tuning . We identified 14 amino-acid variants at this site, although 9 of the variants were rare and were only identified in 1–13 sequences (Supplemental Table 3). The following five most abundant variants of amino-acid 105 were identified: glutamine (Q, 2440 sequences), threonine (T, 1440 sequences), leucine (L, 252 sequences), methionine (M, 200 sequences), and isoleucine (I, 109 sequences, Supplemental Table 3). It has been suggested that L, M, and I residues at position 105 absorb maximally in the green light spectrum, whereas Q is associated with blue light absorption . Although T at position 105 has previously been reported in environmental samples, its function with respect to spectral absorption is currently unknown.Fig. 3Diversity and abundance of proteorhodopsin sequence motifs. a Topology of a representative proteorhodopsin highlighting key residues in retinal binding, spectral tuning, and ion pumping. b Sequence alignment of transmembrane peptide segment three, comparing six proteorhodopsin variants highlighting variation in residues involved in spectral tuning and ion pumping. c Average copy number of rhodopsins per genome in the metagenome. d Relative abundance of spectral tuning variations in proteorhodopsins. e Average copy number per genome. f Relative abundance of variants in ion pumping motif and spectral tuning site in proteorhodopsins. c–f Blue, green, and gray color codes represent blue light absorbing, green light absorbing or unknown spectral absorption based on the spectral tuning residue of known proteorhodopsin variants. DTE is known to be a proton-pumping variant
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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129,633 |
Spinal cord sections of mice in OMSC, UMSC, and PBS treatment groups were stained with HE and LFB (Figure 2D), respectively. It was found that compared with PBS and UMSC groups, the inflammatory and demyelinating areas of the OMSC group showed a downward trend. However, there was no statistical significance in the histological inflammation score and demyelination score among OMSC, UMSC treatment groups, and control group (data not shown).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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234,324 |
Illnesses due to mtDNA abnormality are maternally inherited as all mitochondria in the zygote are derived from the ovum. In developing ova, the number of mitochondria is initially reduced but then proliferates as development proceeds, resulting in a mature ovum that contains many thousands. As a result of this developmental "bottleneck," different ova from one mother may vary greatly in the number of normal and abnormal mitochondria that they may contain. This initial variation is compounded by normal and abnormal mitochondria passing randomly to daughter cells in the developing zygote. This initial varying level of heteroplasmy in different fetuses and subsequently in different tissues in the one fetus results in very variable symptoms and severity of illness in the progeny; progeny who have all inherited the same mitochondrial abnormality. Such variability is demonstrated in this family history.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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128,020 |
In 2015, Kowal et al. used the diffusion doping technique to achieve cladding-doped PMMA mPOFs. The fabrication process is shown in in Figure 9c. They doped AZO into the outer layer of the mPOF cladding by immersing the fiber in a solution of methanol and AZO to increase UV absorption for the quick inscription of LPFGs. The thickness of the AZO-doped layer in the PMMA mPOF was controlled by the diffusion time.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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91,126 |
The overall probabilities of spread are identical for shed-to-shed and farm-to-farm spread for each farm type and pathotype (presented in Table 2), and this is due to the only difference being the specific pathways of spread which are represented in the last node of the scenario tree (Figures 1 and 2). The probabilities of LPAI spread between sheds and farms are highest in free range farms. As previously mentioned, the spread model incorporates the probability of LPAI infection after the first bird has been exposed, where this probability is higher after direct exposure compared to indirect exposure. As such, the higher probability of LPAI spread in free range farms is due to exposure of the exposed bird on these farms to more likely be via direct pathways. Among non-free-range farms, the probability of LPAI spread, although similar, is slightly higher in barn meat chicken farms compared to the indoor layer farm types, due to the higher threshold of detection and reporting of sick and dead chickens in meat chicken farms compared to layer farms. The higher threshold provides more opportunity for the virus to spread before it is detected. In contrast, the probability of HPAI spread in meat chicken farms is lower than that of layer farms due to the short-lived nature of meat chicken birds leading to a lower probability of mutation in meat chicken birds compared to layer birds. This is reflected in expert opinion answers which informed the mutation parameter and gave a higher probability of mutation for layer farms compared to meat chicken farms (22).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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135,567 |
On the contrary, autophagy/mitophagy is also found to play an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis via degradation of defective or aggregated proteins and organelles . The protective effects of autophagy/mitophagy in ischemic stroke are indicated by many investigations. For instance, Rami reported that inhibition of autophagy/mitophagy by 3-MA (3-methyladenine) or Atg7 knockdown in the reperfusion phase enhanced cytochrome c release and apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo . In addition, many neuroprotective agents are reported to enhance the autophagy/mitophagy cascade in experimental ischemic stroke. To illustrate, the neuroprotective effects of triptolide, astragaloside IV, and ginsenoside Rb1 were found to be mediated by enhanced autophagy [113–115]. Besides, elevated mitophagy contributed to the neuroprotection of rapamycin, methylene blue, melatonin, and ginsenoside Rg1 in MCAO models [116, 117].
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
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336,466 |
Using data from the Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets (MSK-IMPACT) from 21,146 patients with different types of cancer, Bolton et al. recently found that CHIP was present in 30% of patients at a median VAF of 5% (range 2–78%), with 31% of cases harboring more than one lesion. In line with previous data , the most frequently mutated genes were DNMT3A, ASXL1 and TET2 with an enrichment of variants in myeloid genes, which represented only 20% of the MSK-IMPACT panel. This finding highlights the fitness advantage in terms of improved self-renewal capabilities provided by these bona fide oncogenic mutations over other cancer-driver genes. The patients enrolled in this study previously exposed to any type of cancer therapy (cytotoxic, radiation, immunological or targeted therapies) had higher odds of harboring CHIP (odds ratio (OR) = 1.3, p = 1 × 10−6), similar to current and/or former smokers (OR = 1.1, p = 5 × 10−3) . These two parameters, type of treatment and smoking, correlated with specific molecular subtypes of CHIP. In particular, mutations in DNA damage response (DDR) genes such as TP53, PPM1D and CHEK2 were strongly associated with exposure to cancer treatment, while ASXL1 lesions were typical of smokers. Furthermore, PPM1D mutations were associated with previous platinum derivatives, radionuclide, taxanes, topoisomerase II inhibitors and radiation exposure, whereas those of TP53 were linked to platinum, radiation and taxanes, with DDR mutant clones outgrowing other clones at the time of t-MN onset. Conversely, in patients with non-DDR CHIP (i.e., DNMT3A), the clones outcompeted the DDR CHIP lesions if the patients was not subsequently exposed to any cancer treatment. Finally, Bolton et al. concluded that among patients progressing to t-MN (40% harboring TP53 mutations), 59% recapitulated at least one of the mutations present at the stage of CHIP, and in the majority of cases (91%), the transformation was preceded by acquisition of subsequent genetic lesions (FLT3, RAS genes pathway).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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264,159 |
Other risk factors or topics included alcohol use (n = 41, 14%), improving diet (n = 38, 13%) and overweight and obesity (n = 37, 13%). A smaller number of studies addressed SSBs (n = 22, 8%). Only 17 studies (6%) looked at attitudes about preventive interventions regarding physical inactivity. Thirteen studies (4%) focused on interventions targeting multiple risk factors or the topic of prevention more generally.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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6,828 |
Sinha and team are also in the process of conducting a GBS vaccine cost-effectiveness analysis for GAVI-eligible low-income sub-Saharan African countries. Thirty seven countries in the region were clustered into four groups based on 24 measures of economic development, general health resources, and past success in public health programs. A decision-analytic model was built to compare a natural history arm (‘do nothing’) with maternal immunization as part of antenatal care. Risk factor-based IAP was not included in this assessment due to expert opinion that this was not feasible for these low income birth settings. Results are expected in late 2016.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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376,457 |
Observing from the examples in Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7, how to determine the right detection pair resolve the true location of each target is vague without the illustrative target-location marks. Thus, Doppler shift compensation (DSC) is applied to distinguish moving targets pair.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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189,158 |
Flow cytometry analysis of DiI/DiO dual labelling of CD73+ cells following co‐culture of DiI‐ and DiO‐labelled photoreceptors (1:1) with pharmacological interventions applied at 5 DIC for 48 h, including vehicle control (DMSO), cytochalasin D (2 μM) and Latrunculin B (5 μM), after wash‐off of Cyto D and LatrB, and a final wash control for DiI/DiO carry over; N = 4 independent co‐cultures per condition; one‐way ANOVA non‐parametric, F‐test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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196,828 |
The system depicted in Figure 3 is proposed for assessing the temperature sensitivity in a strain-free non-ideal condition. To provide a better understanding of the mathematical models, the parameters listed in Table 1 are exhibited in Figure 3 near the optical component with which they are related. In the proposed setup, the light emitted by a super-luminescent diode centered at 1550 nm with a bandwidth of 60 nm (SLED, DL-BP1-1501A, Ibsen Photonics, Farum, Denmark) is launched into an optical circulator (OC, 6015-3-APC, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA) through a 99/1 optical splitter. The overall launched power is about 10 mW, of which 1% is monitored through an optical power meter (OPM, OPM5-4D, AFL, San Leandro, CA, USA) in order to identify light source fluctuations. The remaining source power is launched into two multiplexed FBGs (FBG1 and FBG2) inscribed in single-mode optical fibers (SMFs) with central Bragg wavelengths of 1547.6 nm and 1550.0 nm. A segment of SMF is spliced between the FBGs to enable their spatial detachment. To prevent the strain from being transferred to the reference, the sensor element may be fixed to the monitored surface by its extremities and the reference may be left loose within its protective material. Moreover, if the application requires the FBGs to be multiplexed in different optical fiber segments, a 50/50 optical splitter may be added after port 2 of the OC and each FBG may be connected to an output arm . The FBGs’ backward-propagating signal is launched into an optical band-pass filter (TB1500B, JDS Fitel, USA) through port 3 of the OC. This optical filter consists of an FPI whose transmission spectrum is centered at 1549.4 nm with 4.825 nm of full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and more than 35 dB of visibility. The optical power that results from the convolution between the sensors’ and filter’s optical signal is acquired by a second OPM (OPM5-4D, AFL, San Leandro, CA, USA) in the acquisition stage. The output of this OPM is subtracted from the derivative of the signal captured in the splitter’s 1% arm to cancel source fluctuations. The data are acquired with a sampling frequency of 5 Hz and transmitted via USB to a computer (PC) for data processing.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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174,914 |
At the microvasculature size scale, the biophysics of individual blood cells plays a significant role in microvasculature function and pathology. In vitro mimics of the microvasculature should be designed to biophysically imitate physiological microvasculature, including appropriate size, shear stress, viscosity, and microenvironmental stiffness. For convenience, this section provides references and quantitative numbers as a starting point to aid in the design of new systems. In many cases, data are limited due to the difficulty of performing in vivo measurements.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
211,009 |
(Perturbation mechanism EXPQ). Given the data distribution p=[p1,p2,⋯,pn]T, where p1≥p2≥⋯≥pn. Call the randomized algorithm with Q as perturbation mechanism EXPQ if Q satisfies qij∝e−γu(j,i), where qij is the probability that the check-in state is perturbed from Sj to Si for i,j∈[1,n] and γ≥0 is the privacy setting parameter, where u(j,i) satisfies Formulas (18)–(20), and κn∈[0,n] is the parameter of privacy protection intensity change point.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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260,969 |
We have implemented an algorithm for generating all elements in the middle of {Mm,⪯}. For each value of m in {6..8}, the elements in the set are displayed in Table 1. We choose to display the Shift(ind(g)) instead of g, where for g=xi1⋯xil, Shift(ind(g))=(i1+1,⋯,il+1). The main reason for this convention is that the elements in the middle of {Mm,⪯} are the answers of a well-known problem in computer science, i.e., perfect subset sum problem. Indeed, if we carefully check the elements for each value of m, we discover that ∑j∈Shift(ind(g))j=⌊m+12/2⌋ for any g in the middle of the poset {Mm,⪯}.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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369,184 |
The technique for quantitative mapping and parameter assessment of brain tissue endogenous displacements of micrometer range was developed and tested on physical phantoms and on in vivo RF ultrasound data. Mainly, our goal was to present technical aspects and potentials of the imaging quantification using raw RF ultrasound signals.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
104,806 |
Here, we describe a novel pathogenetic process involving neuronal SMPD3 deficiency in CNS of the smpd3-/- mouse mutant. We unveiled a molecular link between SMPD3 deficiency in the SM cycle of the neuronal Golgi complex, impeded remodeling of the lipid bilayer of the Golgi membrane, essential for budding, vesicle formation and protein transport of APP, Aβ and pTau, dysproteostasis, causing neurodegeneration and AD—like cognitive decline.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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274,435 |
To verify the taxonomic location of P. tunguidus in copepoda, we carried out phylogenetic analysis based on an alignment of the nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs. We obtained the concatenated nucleotide sequences of 13 PCGs from another 11 Copepoda species downloaded from GenBank for further analysis (Supplementary Table S1). The 11 species included five Calanoida species (one Diaptomidae, one Temoridae, and three Calanidae species), two Cyclopoida (one Lernaeidae and one Cyclopettidae species) and four Harpacticoida species (one Miraciidae and three Harpacticidae). We used Diaphanosoma dubium (Sididae, Ctenopoda, Branchipoda) as outgroup (GeneBank accession numbers: MG428405.1). Sequences of 13 PCGs and two rRNAs were used for phylogenetic analysis. PCGs were aligned based on amino acid sequences and rRNAs were aligned based on nucleotide sequences with MEGA X (Kumar et al., 2018). A Monte Carlo Markov Chain (MCMC) based Bayesian consensus tree was constructed using BEAST 2.4.3 (Bouckaert et al., 2014). Maximum Likelihood (ML) tree and Neighbor (NJ) tree were constructed using MEGA X (Kumar et al., 2018). The best fit model of substitution and best partition schemes for the dataset were identified with the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc; Akaike, 1974) using PhyloSuite 1.1.15 (Zhang et al., 2020a). GTR+G+I, was chosen as the optimal model of the evolution of 13 PCGs. We performed Bayesian inference analysis using MCMC chains from 100 million generations and sampled one tree at every 1,000 generations using a burn-in of 5,000 generations. ML and NJ analyses were calculated with 1,000 bootstrap replications. The resulting phylogenetic trees were visualized in FigTree v1.4.0.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
231,601 |
Most medication information for patients is in leaflet form, with patient information resources becoming increasingly available online. Patients search for high-quality, reputable information, but find it hard to judge the quality of the information they find online . A few studies have examined novel modalities of delivering health information to patients, but there is room for further research to evaluate the efficacy of alternative media modalities .
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
371,241 |
In parallel to the well characterised phenomenon of immune cells promoting tumour growth, it is also understood that the immune system plays a critical role in preventing the establishment and the progression of cancers . Amongst the large array of tumour-associated immune cells, NK cells have emerged as a potent safeguard against tumour and metastatic growth and is a key player in tumour immunosurveillance . This has led to the recent interest in the promise of NK cells in directed tumour immunotherapy .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
33,094 |
To date, there are no validated biomarkers in clinical use to predict the outcome of NAC among BC patients. Some of the most interesting markers include e.g. immunohistochemical evaluation of Emmprin as demonstrated by Hemdan et al.17. In 2014, Choi et al. identified basal and luminal subtypes of muscle-invasive BC and demonstrated that immune-infiltrated basal BCs respond to NAC and should be managed aggressively with NAC to improve the survival of the patients18.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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24,267 |
The disease progress of pulmonary fibrosis is very complicated. A group of microarray data on the lung genes of mice induced by BLM were employed for the purpose of further studying the key genes affecting the occurrence and development of pulmonary fibrosis. The original data of GSE25640 was downloaded from GEO. Then the expression profile data was analyzed by Affy package in R language. Microarray data included a total of 5004 genes. Cassette figures after data standardization were shown in Figure 3A. All the black lines appearing in a straight line revealed a good standardization. By comparing the microarray data for the wild-type C57BL/6 mice treated with normal saline with that for the wild-type C57BL/6 mice treated with BLM, a total of 278 DEGs (accounting for 5.3% of the total genes) were discovered, including 172 up-regulated genes and 106 down-regulated ones (Figure 3B). Hierarchy cluster analysis indicated that the genes for three groups treated with Bleomycin distributed in a cluster and genes for another three groups treated with normal saline distributed in another cluster (Figure 3C). The results showed that the sequencing data was credible and may be directly applied to further analysis.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
137,075 |
Wheat lines were genotyped using genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS; Elshire et al., 2011) through the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Genomics Sciences Laboratory in Raleigh, North Carolina (https://research.ncsu.edu/gsl/) using a two-enzyme (PstI/MspI) digestion protocol (Poland and Rife, 2012). Genomic DNA was isolated from individual seedlings at the one- to three-leaf stage using Qiagen BioSprint 96 Plant kits and the Qiagen BioSprint 96 workstation (Qiagen, MD, United States). Genotyping by sequencing was conducted using Illumina HiSeq® 2,500 and NovaSeq 6,000. Sequences were aligned to the Chinese Spring International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC) RefSeq v1.0 (Appels et al., 2018) using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) 0.7.17 (Li and Durbin, 2009). GBS-derived single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were called using TASSEL-GBS v2 SNP calling pipeline in TASSEL v5.2.35 (Bradbury et al., 2007; Glaubitz et al., 2014). Markers with >20% missing data, minor allele frequency (MAF) <5%, and those that were monomorphic were removed. Imputation of missing genotypes was conducted using Beagle 5.0 (Browning et al., 2018) and markers with <5% MAF were further excluded. The remaining markers were binned together based on a linkage disequilibrium threshold value of 0.80 (Ward et al., 2019). The reduced genotype matrix was computed using JMP genomics version 9 (SAS Institute, Inc, 2011). Principal components analysis (PCA) using the SNP data was performed using “prcomp” and a biplot with k-mean clusters was created using the “autoplot” packages in R. Cluster number for k-means were calculated according to the elbow method using a scree plot with the optimal number of clusters identified when the total intra-cluster variation was minimized.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
217,023 |
Glioma is the most common primary malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults, accounting for approximately 80% of cases (Stupp et al., 2015; Ostrom et al., 2020). According to the 2016 classification standards of the World Health Organization (WHO), the pathological types of glioma can be divided into low-grade glioma (LGG, grade 1–2) and high-grade glioma (HGG, grade 3–4) (Louis et al., 2016). LGG has high differentiation and a good prognosis, and the median overall survival (OS) is 8–10 years. However, HGG has low differentiation, high malignancy, and poor prognosis. Among the types of HGG, the median OS of anaplastic glioma (WHO grade 3) is 3–4 years, and the prognosis of glioblastoma (GBM, WHO grade 4) is the worst, with a median OS of only 14.6–17 months (Smoll et al., 2013; Stupp et al., 2015; Gu et al., 2019; Litak et al., 2019). Glioma is prone to immune infiltration and recurrence after surgical resection, and there are limited therapeutic options to date. Patients with glioma suffer from a high mortality rate and poor quality of life. In recent years, it has been reported that immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs, i.e., PD-L1 inhibitors) have a certain effect in the treatment of glioma (Ampudia-Mesias et al., 2021).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
200,594 |
HKST was purchased from InvivoGen Asia (Hong Kong, China) and suspended in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). PBS and RMPI1640 medium were obtained from Hyclone (Logan, UT). ICG-001 was obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Shanghai, China). IntestiCult Organoid Growth Medium (Mouse) was purchased from STEMCELL Technologies Inc. (Canada). Growth factor-reduced Matrigel was purchased from Corning Incorporated (USA) and stored in −20°C.
| 1 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
396,160 |
Chifuno’s grandmother continually monitors and counsels her about her health. She also periodically attends the teen club, although she is now 18 and feels she is too old to do so; the teen-club clinic is open to young people who have disclosed their HIV status and are aged 8–24. Chifuno cannot relate to younger members. Separate group meetings are held depending on age and sub-group, defined by colour [grey, green, yellow, blue, orange], to which they belong. The older teens (20–24 years) meet once every quarter of a year, and Chifuno identifies with this older group.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
7,013 |
The nutritional risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and obesity have been well known and understood now for some years, and yet these health problems remain prevalent. In the field of communicable diseases vectors are often found to be an essential component of epidemics, being the carriers of agents responsible for the aetiology of diseases, transporting them from human to human, or from animal to human. In the case of food, the food industry itself could be regarded as such a vector for disease , as a successful vector might be described as one which, while being a carrier of disease, also gives its victims some kind of limited satisfaction, at least in the short term
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 1Other
|
47,346 |
The reduction time for the complete reduction of MO during cycles is manifested in Fig. 13. We have observed the increase in the reduction time when the same Cu/CS-TiO2 nanocomposite fiber was used, which indicated the decrease in catalytic performance. Such a decrease in the catalytic performance might be due to the oxidation of Cu-NPs during handling and their slight release to the solution matrix.Figure 13Recyclability of MO and MB showing their complete reduction versus time in the presence of 25 mg of Cu/CS-TiO2 (re-used).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
124,482 |
Patients randomized to GPA had on average 89 ± 26 HFS sites tested per patient, identifying a median of 18.5% (interquartile range 16%–21%) of GPs. In total, 4646 HFS sites were tested and 858 (18.5%) were ET-GPs. Thirty-eight patients (73%) maintained SR throughout the procedure and had ET-GPs mapped and ablated. An example of synchronized HFS triggering PV ectopy followed by AF at an ET-GP site is shown in Figure 2. This particular site also had significant atrioventricular dissociation and asystole with synchronized HFS, identifying this site as both ET-GP and AVD-GP. Further examples of other types of ET-GP responses to HFS, such as triggering single atrial ectopy to short runs of atrial ectopy, can be seen in our previous work.5Figure 2Example of HFS at a GP site. After the second HFS, PV ectopy is triggered (arrow) with the earliest signal in PV 3-4. This is repeated with further trains of synchronized HFS. Simultaneously, there is a progressive R-R prolongation until 2.8 seconds of AV block, followed by AF. This GP site demonstrates colocation of ectopy-triggering GP and AV dissociating GP. AF = atrial fibrillation; AV = atrioventricular; BP = blood pressure; CS = coronary sinus; GP = ganglionated plexuses; HFS = high frequency stimulation; Mapd = mapping catheter distal; Mapp = mapping catheter proximal; PV = pulmonary vein.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
327,630 |
The bar plot shows the relative abundance of the bacterial ZOTUs, collapsed at the phylum level. Samples starting by P and W denote samples from whiteflies reared on pepper or watermelon, respectively. Numbers denote the generation. The starting population samples (W0) are highlighted in purple.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
387,909 |
Although the function of mascRNA is not well understood, it is suggested that mascRNA is an immune regulator in monocytes that is involved in innate immunity in cardiomyocytes . Moreover, the 3′ end of mature MALAT1 contains two U-rich sequences and the associated A-rich sequences, and these sequences form a triple-helical structure that enhances the stability of MALAT1 . MALAT1 is localized in the nucleus, especially in nuclear bodies, which are termed nuclear speckles or SC35 domain and are enriched for splicing factors . Regarding tamoxifen resistance, high expression of MALAT1 is associated with a short recurrence-free survival in patients with ER-positive breast cancer treated with tamoxifen . In addition, high MALAT1 expression is associated with poor recurrence-free survival in patients with ER-negative breast cancer, indicating the importance of the ER-independent functions of MALAT1 . The roles of MALAT1 in breast cancer are complicated, because both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles of MALAT1 in breast cancer have been reported. For example, MALAT1 acts as a ceRNA for some miRNAs, such as miR-124, miR-1, miR-129-5p, miR-204, and miR-339-5p, thus promoting breast cancer progression . In contrast, MALAT1 functions as a ceRNA for miR-20a to inhibit the growth and metastasis of breast cancer . Moreover, MALAT1 regulates transcriptional and posttranscriptional events in ways other than sponging miRNAs. For instance, MALAT1 interacts with the promoter of the eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha 1 (EEF1A1) gene and upregulates EEF1A1 expression by enhancing the trimethylation of H3K4, which promotes the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer . In addition, MALAT1 forms a complex with the serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 1 (SRSF1), the inhibitor of the DNA binding 4, HLH protein (ID4), and mutant p53, and regulates the alternative splicing of the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) mRNA precursor (pre-mRNA), which increases the angiogenic potential of breast cancer cells . Conversely, MALAT1 binds to an RNA-binding protein, Hu antigen R (HuR), and interacts with the CD133 gene to downregulate CD133, thus suppressing the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration activity of breast cancer cells . Although the mechanisms via which MALAT1 exerts both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive functions are not well understood, its functions may depend on context, such as cell type and environment. Furthermore, the dual roles of MALAT1 in cancer progression have been suggested by studies using Malat1 knockout (KO) mice . Arun et al. reported that Malat1 KO suppresses the lung metastasis of mammary tumors generated in mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-polyomavirus middle T antigen (PyMT) mice . Inversely, Kim et al. later demonstrated that Malat1 KO enhances the dissemination and lung metastasis of mammary tumors in MMTV-PyMT mice, and that this phenotype can be rescued by the transgenic expression of Malat1 from the ROSA26 locus . Although it is not clear why there is a discrepancy between those results, it may be partly attributed to differences in the methodology for Malat1 KO. In the former study, Malat1 KO was accomplished by deletion of a ~3 kb genomic region containing the 5′ end of the Malat1 gene and its promoter using Cre-mediated recombination technology, while in the latter study, Malat1 was depleted by inserting the lacZ gene and polyadenylation sequences 69 bp downstream of the transcriptional start site of Malat1. These genomic rearrangements in Malat1 KO mice might affect the chromosomal conformation and some nuclear events of gene expression differently, resulting in differential phenotypes. Based on their findings, the manner in which the expression of lncRNAs is suppressed may be important for elucidating lncRNA functions.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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181,862 |
Grains, roots and tubers, dairy products, and vitamin A-rich foods were the most commonly consumed food items by children of all ages in the 24 hours preceding the survey. In the 24 hour preceding survey, children aged 18–23 months consumed more legumes and nuts, eggs, and vitamin A-rich fruit and vegetables than the other groups. In comparison to other food groups, eggs were the least consumed in the age group 6-11months; however, there was less consumption of flesh food across all age groups (Table 3).
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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229,769 |
In contrast, the other key adapted strategies represented greater programmatic innovations in service delivery for both PLHIV new on ART and established on ART in Nigeria. In practice, these strategies facilitated more or expanded PLHIV-centered options for ART dispensation. Innovations included providing community ART distribution for both PLHIV initiating ART and expanding ART for PLHIV established in care, and introducing at least 3-month MMD for both PLHIV initiating ART and PLHIV established in care who were not previously eligible. Of note, similar adapted strategies within the COVID-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan African HIV programs have been described . In other settings, PLHIV initating and continuing ART in the community had increased rates of HIV viral suppression compared with those receiving clinic-based care , and stable PLHIV established in care who received ART refills provided through community distribution points had equivalent retention in care to those receiving ART in a health facility . Community-based ART initiation is effective in Nigeria , and community-based, same-day ART initiation is associated with improved linkage to care and viral suppression, when compared with referral to facility-based initiation .
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
61,586 |
Another contribution concerns the central role played by the patient in enhancing or impeding efforts towards collaboration. Scientific literature has so far focused on interprofessional collaboration as a process that places the patient at the centre of care, supports shared decision-making and takes into account their own preferences and individual goals . Sharing power with the patient has also been developed and questioned by Fox and Reeves . Additionally, outcomes of collaboration have been measured at patient level, focusing on patient satisfaction, quality of care and safety . This study sheds light on the impact of patients’ attitudes, behaviors and individual goals on collaboration between healthcare professionals. Our findings suggest that patients can be the driving force in collaboration by explicitly requesting healthcare professionals to communicate. On the other hand, they can impede efforts towards collaboration by transmitting incorrect or misleading information among healthcare providers.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
320,004 |
When zoos evaluate environmental education programs, they usually focus on two core areas of environmental education described above: on the one hand, visitors learn and gain in knowledge and, on the other hand, visitors’ change in attitudes. Wagner et al. (2009), for example, surveyed more than 700 zoo members and visitors with a pre–post instrument. The measurement showed a great gain in conservation–knowledge and conservation–motivation by a zoo visit, leading to the conclusion that zoos are able to positively influence knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behavior. A similar positive effect on visitors’ knowledge, attitudes, and behavior was observed for dolphin shows at six different zoos (Miller et al., 2013). Additionally, to the short-term effects, Miller et al. (2013) verified the long-term outcomes after 3 months. Visitors showed a short-term increase in all mentioned categories. The follow-up test revealed that knowledge is preserved, and more environmentally friendly behavior is applied. An even longer-lasting effect was proven by Falk et al. (2007) showing that a year after the zoo visit the majority of the visitors still had a positive change of knowledge. Another interesting approach to observe the change in behavior after a zoo visit was used by MacDonald (2015). As a part of an animal presentation in the Wellington zoo, she told zoo visitors that keeping cats indoor at night helps to protect the native wildlife. Six weeks after the zoo trip, 57% of the participants reported to have implemented the proenvironmental behavior, and the number even increases to 100% when the visitors were asked to sign a pledge card that was displayed at the zoo.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
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149,625 |
Before explaining eigenspace-based fuzzy c-means, the fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm will be described first. FCM is a clustering algorithm where each data belongs to a cluster based on a degree of membership . The concept of FCM is to determine the centroid of each cluster and the degree of membership of each data iteratively. This iteration is carried out until the value of the objective function is below the specified threshold, or the maximum number of iterations has been reached. The outputs of FCM are a set of centroids that minimizes the objective function and the degree of membership for each data in each existing cluster.
| 2 | 2other
| 1Other
|
110,548 |
MOH patients had to provide information about the age at onset of migraine, the duration of migraine illness, the number of days with headache per month, the type of acute headache medication taken and the mean number of headache medication taken per month.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
380,867 |
Furthermore, DEGs identified in small anthers of Shaan2A vs. KC01 were annotated as involved in the ‘regulation of RNA biosynthetic process’, ‘regulation of RNA metabolic process’ and ‘regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent’. The RF-related PPR proteins interact with their partner proteins to bind or to edit RNA . Here, the regulation of RNA biosynthetic, RNA metabolic process and transcription was different between the sterile line and restorer line, which might be caused by the sterile genes in Shaan2A and restorer genes in KC01. However, the detailed mechanism needs further investigation.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
118,958 |
Steroid avoidance or withdrawal for PTX patients has been a matter of debate. A recent review by Montero et al. concluded that the available data, including randomized controlled trials, are still insufficient to firmly infer on the harms and benefits of steroid withdrawal in pancreas transplantation. A study by Amodu et al. showed that steroid maintenance is not associated with the risk of death or graft failure although increasing the risk of infectious complications.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 2Review
|
395,269 |
In addition to considering different social aspects, epidemiological research uses spatial analysis to identify the influence of spaces on different levels of exposure and inequalities, expanding the understanding of the occurrence of health-related events in populations and processes of morbidity and mortality [8, 9].
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
249,636 |
Cell migration (6 replicates) and clustering (3 replicates) abilities were measured using μ-Slide Chemotaxis (ibidi, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 6 replicates represented for 6 neutrophil culture plates were used in each group to detect cell migration ability and 3 replicates represented for 3 neutrophil culture plates were used in each group to detect cell clustering ability. Approximately 3×106/mL of neutrophils were used for the migration experiment, and 3×107 /mL of neutrophils were used for clustering experiment. As shown in Figure 5A, 3 chambers were injected with RPIM1640, 1 μg/mL LPS that was diluted in RPIM1640), and neutrophils that were stimulated by AGEs or BSA/suspended in RPIM1640 or AGEs. Slides that were preheated in an incubator at 37° C were then mounted on the microscope stage that was sustained at a temperature of 37° C. The plugs were pulled, and the images were collected after 1 h, 1 d, or 2 d.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
290,022 |
The driver factors of spatial turnover component include habitat loss, geographical isolation, dispersal restrictions, environmental filter, and competition (Angeler, 2013; Gutiérrez‐Cánovas et al., 2013; Legendre, 2014), while nestedness component includes selective extinction, selective colonization, passive sampling, and habitat nestedness (Baselga, 2010; González‐Oreja et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012). This study showed that the spatial turnover component in the middle reach of Yangtze River floodplain lakes was the main contributor to the β diversity for each taxonomic group, which indicated that habitat loss, geographical isolation, dispersal restrictions, environmental filter, and competition may be the main driver factors. For analysis of functional groups, the spatial turnover component was the main contributor to the β diversity in rotifers filter feeders (RF), SCF, and MCF, while the nestedness component in middle copepods and cladocerans carnivore (MCC) was the main contributor. In addition, the nestedness component was the entire contributor to the β diversity in RC, small copepods and cladocerans carnivore (SCC), large copepods and cladocerans filter feeders (LCF), and large copepods and cladocerans carnivore (LCC), which indicates that selective extinction may be the main driver factors.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
335,697 |
The spatial distribution of a given mode competes with the symmetry properties introduced by the trapping potential. Consider an atom trapped in a harmonic potential centered at the position \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbf {X}}_0$$\end{document}X0 which does not necessarily coincide with the origin used to describe the EM field. Then, the form factor can be written as12\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} g({\mathbf {k}},{\mathbf {k}}^\prime ;\omega _\gamma ;0) = e^{i(\hat{{\mathbf {k}}}-\hat{{\mathbf {k}}}^\prime )\cdot (\omega _\gamma {\mathbf {X}}_0/c)} \prod _{i=x,y,z} e^{-\frac{{\varvec{\eta }}^{2}_{i}({\hat{k}}_i -{\hat{k}}_i^\prime )^2}{2}} \end{aligned}$$\end{document}g(k,k′;ωγ;0)=ei(k^-k^′)·(ωγX0/c)∏i=x,y,ze-ηi2(k^i-k^i′)22for an atom in the ground state of the trap; here the trap frequencies \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\{\varvec{\Lambda }_x,\varvec{\Lambda }_y, \varvec{\Lambda }_z\}$$\end{document}{Λx,Λy,Λz} are incorporated via the Lamb-Dicke parameters \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\varvec{\eta }}_{i} =\sqrt{\hbar \omega ^2_\gamma /2M\varvec{\Lambda }_i c^2}$$\end{document}ηi=ħωγ2/2MΛic2, with M the atomic mass. If the trap is symmetric under rotations around the z-axis, that is \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\varvec{\eta }}_{x} = {\varvec{\eta }}_{y}$$\end{document}ηx=ηy, then the form factor depends on \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}}$$\end{document}φk and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}^\prime }$$\end{document}φk′ only through their difference. Introducing \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$g({\mathbf {k}},{\mathbf {k}}^\prime ;\omega _\gamma ;0)$$\end{document}g(k,k′;ωγ;0) in Eq. (10), and taking \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$${\mathbf {X}}_0 = (0,0,Z)$$\end{document}X0=(0,0,Z), allows for the azimuthal integral to be solved13\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$\begin{aligned} \int _{-\pi }^\pi d\varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}^\prime }\int _{-\pi }^\pi d\varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}} e^{-i(n^\prime \varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}^\prime } -n\varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}})} e^{(\varvec{\eta }_x)^2(\sin \theta _{{\mathbf {k}}}\sin \theta _{{\mathbf {k}}^\prime } \cos (\varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}}-\varphi _{{\mathbf {k}}^\prime }))}= (2\pi )^2\delta _{n^\prime ,n}I_{\vert n\vert }\Big (\vert (\varvec{\eta }_{x})^2\sin \theta _{{\mathbf {k}}}\sin \theta _{{\mathbf {k}}^\prime }\vert \Big ) \end{aligned}$$\end{document}∫-ππdφk′∫-ππdφke-i(n′φk′-nφk)e(ηx)2(sinθksinθk′cos(φk-φk′))=(2π)2δn′,nI|n|(|(ηx)2sinθksinθk′|)with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$I_{\vert n\vert }$$\end{document}I|n| a modified Bessel function of index \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$n=m-\sigma$$\end{document}n=m-σ [see Eq. (3) above]. Since \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$I_{\vert n+1\vert }(x) <I_{\vert n\vert }(x)$$\end{document}I|n+1|(x)<I|n|(x) for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$x>0$$\end{document}x>0 with a wider separation as its argument increases, the leading contribution to the spontaneous decay is given by \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$n=0$$\end{document}n=0 terms and becomes more dominant as the axial confinement rises. In the limit of infinite trap frequency \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$I_{\vert n\vert } \rightarrow \delta _{n0}$$\end{document}I|n|→δn0.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
70,069 |
Broadly, results presented here suggest that career aspirations are stratified at the intersection of gender, race, and socioeconomic status. This study responds to calls for increasing attention to the complex effects of early life chances, revealing that the impact of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic disadvantage are contingent on gender . We also contribute evidence to the growing body of literature documenting the troubled relationship between the American educational system and boys from low-SES and racial and ethnic minority groups . In addition to consequences like poor academic performance and low educational attainment , resource-poor school environments may also lead boys to adopt career aspirations that ultimately reproduce disadvantage. Future research should explore psychosocial processes that cause boys to be more vulnerable to adverse environments while girls are comparatively more resilient.
| 1 | 2other
| 0Study
|
395,084 |
In the contrast between the insight solutions and rest, a set of significantly activated regions was found (Figure 2), with the largest clusters located in the left premotor and primary motor cortices, as well as bilaterally in the occipital and parietal lobes (Table 1). The comparison of these activations with the 11 areas from the meta-analysis (Table 2) showed considerable overlaps (Figure 3). The analysis of average contrast values in these areas showed significant effects in 8 out of the 11 ROIs (Table 3).
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
23,789 |
Approaches taken by Duke University and the University of Oxford to identify biomarkers relating to acute respiratory infection. (A) Zaas et al. (3) identified a signature for acute respiratory infection. (B) Woods et al. (58) identified signatures for influenza infection before peak symptoms. (C) McClain et al. (59) compared influenza gene signature score between two treatment groups. (D) Muller et al. (35) identified biomarkers predictive of symptom score.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
178,427 |
In this study, we have shown that root growth responses are drastically affected by shoot illumination. The light intensity affects primary and LR development in Arabidopsis in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that some mutants only display root growth-related phenotypes at certain light intensities and that light perception modulates growth responses more strongly through photoreceptor activation than on photosynthate availability. These results question the best practices for Arabidopsis growth in vitro and reinforce the benefits of a D-Root system to avoid the adverse effects of direct illumination impinge on root physiology (Xu et al., 2013; Yokawa et al., 2014; Novák et al., 2015; Silva-Navas et al., 2015; Qu et al., 2017). Elucidating the possible long-distance signaling from illuminated shoot to trigger early root photomorphogenesis will need further experiments, but our findings suggest that sucrose and auxin act in a positive way to coordinate root development in response to light. Further investigation of the specific role of candidate genes in this response may help us to better understand how plants adapt root development in response to external stimuli.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
275,508 |
KB is the inventor of both GARS and KB220 (Restoregen). The Restoregen precision patented formulation is exclusively licensed to Ivitalize Inc. ERB, EJM, LLG, RJ, and RG are unpaid members of The Kenneth Blum Behavioral and Neurogenetic Institute. There are no other conflicts to report.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
277,852 |
We conclude that acute tDCS can reduce blood pressure in RHT, possibly mediated by autonomic modulation positive changes. After short-term tDCS, resting blood pressure values were not affected. However, autonomic modulation was substantially improved by ten sessions of tDCS. Such changes may have contributed to beneficial alterations in pulse wave behavior and IL-10 concentration. As far as we searched, no previous investigations measured the effects of acute and short-term tDCS sessions on blood pressure and autonomic modulation in RHT subjects as the primary outcome. More extensive clinical trials, biotechnology advances, miniaturizing devices, software developments, and wireless systems may make the technique valuable and easy to use for cardiovascular disorders with autonomic unbalance such as RHT.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
11,756 |
Chiu et al.31 investigated the effects of FMS of thoracic and lumbosacral nerves on colonic and anorectal behavior in 16 constipated PD-patients treated with laxatives and/or enemas. Stimulation was applied 20 minutes BID over three weeks. Mean CTT decreased from 64.9 ± 9.4 h at baseline to 53.6 ± 16.9 h post-intervention (p < 0.001). Moreover, widening of the anorectal angle (ARA) during straining (97.9 ± 10.8° to 117.3 ± 14.5°; p < 0.001) and between rest and evacuation (6.0 ± 10.9 to 19.3 ± 15.6 degree-difference; p < 0.001) were observed, whereas ARA at rest remained unchanged. Furthermore, radiologists’ ratings (1–3) of residual barium amount in the rectum after evacuation indicated improvement (2.63 ± 0.5 to 1.88 ± 0.8; p < 0.001). The pelvic floor descent changed from 1.38 ± 2.0 to 2.75 ± 2.2 cm (p = 0.002). Alongside, clinical features were assessed using the Knowles–Eccersley–Scott-Symptom Questionnaire (KESS) resulting in reduced mean scores post-FMS (17.5 ± 5.8 to 11.4 ± 5.7; p < 0.001) which could be maintained for 12 weeks. Adverse events were not presented.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
174,015 |
Thank you for submitting your manuscript to PLOS ONE. After careful consideration, we feel that it has merit but does not fully meet PLOS ONE’s publication criteria as it currently stands. Therefore, we invite you to submit a revised version of the manuscript that addresses the points raised during the review process. Please, address all the comments made by the reviewers.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
390,300 |
Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the performance of EAGA-MLP model. Among literature survey works, fuzzy model gave the best accuracy of 93.8%. Its performance was compared with EAGA-MLP model using hypothesis testing and it was proved that EAGA-MLP model offered better results than fuzzy approach.
| 2 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
333,357 |
TRIzol (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) was used to extract total cell RNA in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol. Reverse transcription and RT-qPCR was performed as previously described22. The primers used are shown in Supplementary Table 1. The relative expression levels were evaluated using the ΔΔCt method.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
345,950 |
Data in Table 7 indicated that Medjool explants were the superior cultivars in response percentage followed by Barhee then Selmi explants. Incorporation of BA with TDZ was efficient for increasing the explant response percentage (number of responded explant/total number of cultured explants × 100). Data showed that medium containing 2.0 mg /l TDZ + 1.0 mg/l BA gave the highest response percentage, followed by medium containing 1.0 mg/l TDZ + 1.0 mg/l BA. Higher BA concentration (2.0 mg/l), when incorporated with TDZ, reduced the response percentage. With respect to the interaction, it was found that Medjool explants showed the highest response percentage with medium containing the combination of TDZ with BA (2.0 and 1.0 mg/l, respectively), followed by Medjool explants cultured on 1.0 mg/l TDZ + 1.0 mg/l BA and Barhee on 2.0 mg/l TDZ + 1.0 mg/l BA. The lowest response was shown on Selmi explants cultured on medium containing 1.0 mg/l TDZ. Table 7Effect of various combinations of TDZ and BA on response percentage of three date palm cultivars after six months from initiation cultureTreatment (mg/l)BarheeSelmiMedjoolMean1.0 TDZ9.63l4.69m15.33j9.88G1.0 TDZ + 0.5 BA22.12h16.37ij28.00g22.16E1.0 TDZ + 1.0 BA45.00c38.21e50.08b44.43B1.0 TDZ + 2.0 BA17.29i11.22k22.73h17.08F2.0 TDZ27.07g22.16h32.83f27.36D2.0 TDZ + 0.5 BA40.03d33.46f44.08c39.19C2.0 TDZ + 1.0 BA49.55b40.18d62.72a50.82A2.0 TDZ + 2.0 BA22.40h15.37j28.21g21.99EMean29.14B22.71C35.50AMeans with different letters were significantly different at 5% level
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
227,836 |
“It goes back to vaccine versus screening, that sort of thing, you know what I mean? I think that because of the way I think, on a more natural level I don’t trust drug companies, I don’t trust most drugs, or any really. Um, vaccines have side effects … this is a new vaccine, we don’t know what any long-term side effects are to it … I think I would go more for the screening and educating my child about how HPV is transmitted and not just HPV but other … sexually transmitted diseases. I think we need to teach our children, especially our daughters, how to listen to their bodies, you know, pay attention to their bodies, take responsibility for that.” .
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
|
384,755 |
Optogenetics comprises the insertion of opsin proteins, which are light-sensitive ion channels that convert photons to electrochemical signals, into living cells. Thus, the motor neurons can be genetically modified to express opsins so that they can be activated and inhibited by light, which results in muscle control. In fact, optical stimulation promotes the ability to orderly recruit the muscle fibers, meaning that the slower motor units can be activated first . Optical stimulation of the sensory neurons is also attainable, and the induction of sensation is tunable, meaning that the intensity of light can be adjusted in order to achieve the optimal level of excitation or inhibition . The incorporation of the opsins can be achieved via transgenic approaches, viral vectors, or by targeting axonal projections via retrograde transport; owing to these techniques, specific neuronal subpopulations can be selectively activated . The studies concerning neuronal excitation and inhibition were trying to achieve co-expression of an excitatory opsin such as channelrhodopsin-2, and an inhibitory opsin such as halorhodopsin. A study done with mice proved that both excitation and inhibition can be obtained through using only channelrhodopsin-2 . A recent study observed the effects of engrafting embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2, into a denervated peripheral nerve. The results demonstrated that regenerative medicine and optic stimulation can be used together to reinnervate peripheral nerves . The outcomes of the application of optogenetic methods in the control of neuroprosthetic limbs, however, are yet to be discovered.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
139,292 |
Figure 4c shows the trajectory privacy disclosure probability comparison between these four algorithms in the condition that N increases when σs=0.2, σa=0.1, k=6. It can be observed from Figure 4c that with N increases, the trajectory privacy disclosure probability of the DTI algorithm and the Random algorithm slightly increases. For any N value, the proposed MTPPA algorithm still has the lowest trajectory privacy disclosure probability, which is 42% lower than that of the DTI-2 algorithm. All of the four algorithms have the lowest trajectory privacy disclosure probability when N=1. This is because in the selected experimental trajectories, the proportion of the trajectories with the number of stopovers is the largest. When selecting the initial trajectory candidates, the probability of selecting these trajectories is higher. Thus, the trajectories of the final k-anonymity set are more similar.
| 4 | 2other
| 0Study
|
127,256 |
Finally, to determine whether LINK-A binds directly with miR-1262, luciferase reporter assays were conducted. As shown in Figure 6F, LINK-A-WT and miR-1262 significantly reduced the luciferase activities, but the LINK-A-MUT and miR-1262 had little influence on the luciferase activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-1262 inhibition or mimics did not influence LINK-A expression (Figure 6G). This suggests that miR-1262 was the directly targeting miRNA of LINK-A.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
82,105 |
SHE analysis was performed to evaluate whether species proportion was similar in all of the 10 soil samples to assess the microbial diversity. The community structure was determined as a log-normal distribution, that is, a few species with high or low abundance and many with intermediate abundance (Figure 8).
| 3 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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321,468 |
For the quantitative data, we calculated descriptive statistics for each measure, and used t-tests to compare means between community mental health and juvenile justice organizations. Qualitative interview audio files were uploaded to Rev.com for transcription. Transcripts were then de-identified and uploaded to NVivo, a qualitative analytic software program, for coding and analysis . Qualitative codes were developed by the research team using a combination of a priori categories based on the research questions and interview guides, as well as themes that emerged through inductive review of the interview transcripts . Transcripts were coded in a multistage process. Initial coding by the graduate research assistant indexed transcripts according to the themes in the interview guide. Examples of initial codes included communication challenges, importance of substance use treatment, and excitement about interventions. Members of the research team met regularly to identify, discuss, and refine emerging themes in participants’ perspectives on implementation and working with other organizations (i.e., juvenile justice or community mental health). We identified a full set of codes by examining this data through the lens of diffusion of innovations ; see Table 1 for examples of codes and their corresponding quotations. Using this full set of codes, we conducted focused coding on all the transcripts and compared juvenile justice and community mental health responses to understand organizational differences . Finally, we categorized information from survey scales and subscales according to the organizational level (i.e., organizational properties, individual and shared perceptions, work performance) that they informed and integrated quantitative and qualitative data using concurrent triangulation mixed methods analysis to form a more comprehensive picture of each level . Table 1Demographics by data and organization typeInterview RespondentsCMHC(N = 14)JJ(N = 15)All(N = 29) Gender (N, % female)10 (71.4%)9 (60.0%)19 (65.5%) Race (N, % white)13 (92.8%)14 (93.3%)27 (93.1%) Ethnicity (N, % Non-Hispanic/Latino)14 (100%)14 (93.3%)28 (96.6%) Age (N, % between 26 and 35)NA6 (40.0%)10 (34.4%) Length of time in current position (N, % less than 1 year)NANA7 (24.1%) Length of time at current agency (N, % less than 1 year)NANANA Education (N, % with at least bachelor’s degree)14 (100%)15 (100%)29 (100%) Job satisfaction (N, % at least satisfied)14 (100%)15 (100%)29 (100%)Survey RespondentsCMHC(N = 85)JJ(N = 28)All(N = 113) Gender (N, % female)68 (80.0%)25 (89.3%)93 (82.3%) Race (N, % white)72 (84.7%)26 (92.8%)98 (86.7%) Ethnicity (N, % Non-Hispanic/Latino)82 (96.5%)27 (96.4%)109 (96.4%) Age (N, % between 26 and 35)35 (41.2%)8 (28.6%)43 (38.1%) Length of time in current position (N, % less than 1 year)26 (30.6%)7 (25%)33 (29.2%) Length of time at current agency (N, % less than 1 year)21 (24.7%)NA25 (22.1%) Education (N, % with at least bachelor’s degree)67 (78.8%)19 (67.9%)86 (76.1%) Job satisfaction (N, % at least satisfied)71 (83.5%)27 (96.4%)98 (86.7%)Note: NA indicates data not available due to cell size below 5 participants
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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24,914 |
The mice eyes were snap frozen in optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT, Fisher). Sections of 16 μm were dissected with a Zeiss Observer microscope equipped with Palm MicroBeam device for laser-capture microdissection. Total RNAs were extracted from these dissected tissues as described59.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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237,280 |
Stimulation was presented by E-Prime 4.5 software (Psychology Software Tools, USA). The participants sat 50 cm away from the 14-inch screen, facing the center of the screen. Responses were given with the left and right mouse button of the laptop computer (cues: “>” and “<”; target: “*”). The cues were located at the center of the screen, and the target stimuli were presented in two 15-mm squares placed 60 mm left and 60 mm right, respectively, from the center of the screen. The ERP task comprised 16 sessions, each of which had 40 trials. Each trial started with a fixed cross in the center. The background was presented for 800–1000 ms, and the targets were preceded by a cue delivered 1,400–1,800 ms before the target onset; the target appeared for 100 ms on either the left or right side of the screen (with equal probability). Participants were asked to press the left or right button as soon as possible to detect the appearance of the target on the same side. The maximum response time was 1,200 ms. After the button was pressed, the screen was cleared, and the next trial began in 1,000 ms. All participants completed 640 trials. Conditions in which the cue correctly indicated the location of the target were recorded as “valid,” and conditions in which the cue pointed to the contralateral side of the target were recorded as “invalid.” The valid-to-invalid ratio was 80:20. Before completing the test, participants were informed that both accuracy and response times were equally important. During the testing period, participants were allowed to rest for 1–2 min between sessions, if desired.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
|
64,791 |
To connect social coordination to energy consumption, I explore the connection between energy use and technological scale. I argue that increases in energy consumption are associated with the use of increasingly large technologies. The construction, operation, and maintenance of these larger technologies, in turn, requires greater social coordination.
| 1 | 2other
| 1Other
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396,184 |
At the 2019 Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society (ORS), the ORS Spine Section discussed a need for consensus in biomechanical testing approaches used by the community. One challenge in developing standardized protocols is being able to determine which protocol best represents physiological loading. However, moving towards consistent test protocols, similar to ASTM International standards for testing of materials, is important for comparing data across studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to perform axial compression experiments on bovine bone‐disc‐bone motion segments at three institutions using the same testing methods to determine whether experimental findings could be replicated across institutions, and to identify which parameters were critical for achieving comparable results to allow a move towards more standardized methods. Sample preparation and mechanical testing was performed at the University of California ‐ Berkeley (Berkeley, California), University of Exeter (Exeter, UK), and Imperial College London (London, UK), here on in referred to as Lab A, B, and C, respectively. As part of this investigation, experiments provide data regarding the effects of testing in air, wrapped in saline soaked gauze, or in a saline bath, at different strain rates.
| 4 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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37,017 |
The accumulation of EPS on the membrane surface is a complex process that is affected by matrix composition, operating pressure, organic loading rate, MLSS concentration, SMP composition, and membrane properties17, 18. The adhesion forces of membrane–humic acid (membrane–HA) and HA–HA at pH 3, 7, 11 were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The results of AFM force measurements illustrated that the adhesion force in acidic environment was much stronger than that in alkaline or neutral environment, and the adhesion force of PVDF/polyvinylalcohol membrane–HA (PA–HA) was weaker than that of PVDF/polyvinylpyrrolidone membrane–HA (PP–HA)19. Attenuated total reflection–fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR–FTIR) was used to show the functional groups of fouling species by Zhou et al.20. They prove that the amide I (C = O) and amide II (C–N + N–H) bands were existed in proteins. Ivnitsky et al. based on polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) method to analyze the bacterial community composition and structure of biofilms developing on membranes surface. Deposition of polysaccharides and initial bacterial colonization were observed within 8 h, whereas developed biofilms markedly affecting membrane permeability were evident from days 2–3 onwards. Pseudomonas/Burkholderia, Ralstonia, Bacteroidetes and Sphingomonas were the dominant bacterial populations groups found in most biofilms21. But, these studies lack a direct method to characterize the adsorption process of contaminants on the membrane surface. Therefore, the direct membrane autopsy and analysis of the accumulated EPS should help to relate EPS properties and membrane fouling. The Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM-D) is an acoustic surface-sensitive technique (ng/cm2 sensitivity) that provides simultaneous, real-time information on mass, structure of molecular layers, and label-free measurements of molecular adsorption and/or interactions taking place on various surfaces22, 23. The QCM-D technique has been employed to study the viscoelasticity and adherence of EPS24, collagen adsorption25, and deposition kinetics of bacteria26. In essence, QCM measures the amount of adhering mass by means of shifts in the resonance frequency (Δf) of an oscillating quartz crystal sensor. In addition, the amplitude of oscillation is influenced by dissipative energy losses caused by the viscoelastic properties of the adsorbed film. These energy losses can be quantified from the frequency bandwidth or the oscillation decay time (dissipation, ΔD)27.
| 5 | 0biomedical
| 0Study
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