sentence-transformers/simple-wiki · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 11 2.31k	simplified stringlengths 12 2.51k
A Story of a Song '' , in which she explained to American children the origin of the song .	The Story of a Song '' , where she explained where the song was from .
After six years of medical school , the students graduate with a final federal medical exam ( ' ) .	A medical school is a place where medical students practice medicine . When they graduate from a medical school , they become a physician or a doctor .
In addition to a medical degree program , some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master 's Degree , Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) , Bachelor\/Doctor of Medicine ( MBBS , BMed , MDCM , MD , MBChB , etc. ) , Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO-USA ) , or other post-secondary education .	Medical Schools grant Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) , Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine and sometimes Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) Degrees .
A person accepted into a medical school and enrolled in an educational program in medicine , with the goal of becoming a medical doctor , is referred to as a medical student or student doctor . Medical students are generally considered to be at the earliest stage of the medical career pathway .	A medical school is a place where medical students practice medicine .
Most , and possibly all galaxies , including the Milky Way , are believed to contain supermassive black holes at their centers .	Scientists are confident that almost all galaxies , even the Milky Way , possess supermassive black holes at their centers .
He designed what was the first laptop computer , the GRiD Compass .	He helped design what was arguably the first laptop computer , the GRiD Compass .
William ( Bill ) Moggridge , a industrial and interaction designer , is co-founder of the Silicon Valley-based design firm IDEO and the current director of the Smithsonian Institution 's Cooper-Hewitt , National Design Museum in New York .	William ( Bill ) Moggridge , a British industrial designer , is co-founder of the Silicon Valley-based design firm IDEO .
Moggridge is the author of Designing Interactions ( ISBN 0-262-13474-8 ) , which was published in October 2006 and named one of the 10 Best Innovation and Design Books of 2006 by BusinessWeek magazine .	Moggridge is also the author of Designing Interactions , published in October 2006 .
He advocates applying a user-centered design process in product development cycles and also works towards popularizing interaction design as a mainstream discipline .	He was in favor of user-centered design process in product development cycles and also worked towards popularizing interaction design as a mainstream discipline .
The philosophy of language then became so pervasive that for a time , in analytic philosophy circles , philosophy as a whole was understood to be a matter of philosophy of language .	Since then , philosophy of language has played an important part in philosophy as a whole .
Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr ( March 17 , 1733 -- April 26 , 1815 ) , a German mathematician , cartographer , and explorer in the service of Denmark , is renowmed for his travels on the Arabian peninsula .	Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr ( March 17 , 1733 -- April 26 , 1815 ) was a German mathematician , surveyor , cartographer , and explorer .
Jessie Alice `` Jessica '' Tandy ( June 7 1909 -- September 11 1994 ) was an English - American stage and film actress .	Jessica Tandy ( June 7 , 1909-September 11 , 1994 ) was an English-American film actress who also acted on stage .
There are currently 66 officially designated cities in the UK , of which eight have been created since 2000 in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee in 2002 .	Eight others have been created in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee .
The other local government districts with city status that were abolished around this time ( Bath and Hereford ) had decided to appoint charter trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty .	Rochester upon Medway City Council did not appoint appoint Charter Trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty so the city simply ceased to exist , because the council forgot .
On 1 April 1998 , the existing local government districts of Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham were abolished and became the new unitary authority of Medway .	On April 1 , 1998 , Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham joined together to became the new unitary authority of Medway .
There are currently 66 recognized cities ( including 30 Lord Mayoralties or Lord Provostships ) in the UK : 50 cities ( 23 Lord Mayoralties ) in England , five cities ( two Lord Mayoralties ) in Wales , six cities ( four Lord Provostships ) in Scotland and five cities ( one Lord Mayoralty ) in Northern Ireland .	A city does not automatically have a Lord Mayor or Lord Provost in Scotland . There are 66 cities in the UK but only 30 Lord Mayors .
In some cases , like the cities of Stirling and Inverness , there was no existing corporate body . Stirling Council 's application for city status was specifically for the urban area of the ( now former ) Royal Burgh of Stirling and included proposed city boundaries .	The Provost of Stirling is the civic head of the entire Stirling council area , although city status only extends to the town of Stirling .
On 1 April 1974 , the city council was abolished , becoming part of the Borough of Medway , a local government district in the county of Kent .	On April 1 1974 the city council was abolished , and new letters patent were issued to the new Medway Borough Council to carry on the city name in the old city area .
The Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 completely reorganised Scotland 's local administration in 1975 . All burghs were abolished , and a system of districts created .	The previous local government districts and district councils created by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 enjoyed the same privileges .
In 1979 , the Borough of Medway was renamed as Rochester-upon-Medway , and in 1982 further letters patent transferred the city status to the entire borough .	In 1979 Medway was renamed Rochester-upon-Medway and new letters patent made the whole of the new area a city .
Some cities in England , Wales and Northern Ireland have the further distinction of having a Lord Mayor rather than a simple Mayorâ '' in Scotland , the equivalent is the Lord Provost . Lord Mayors have the right to be styled `` The Right Worshipful The Lord Mayor '' .	A city does not automatically have a Lord Mayor or Lord Provost in Scotland .
An astronomical unit ( abbreviated as AU , au or a.u. ) is a unit of length equal to about 149,597,870.7 kilometres ( 92,955,807.27 miles ) or approximately the mean Earthâ `` Sun distance .	The astronomical unit ( AU or au or a.u. or sometimes ua ) is a unit of length about the same as the mean distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun .
Monieux is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France .	Monieux is a commune of 250 people ( 1999 ) . It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France .
The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress , de facto national library of the United States , and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States .	The Library of Congress is the de facto national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress .
The Librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress , appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate . He serves as the chief librarian of all the sections of the Library of Congress .	The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress .
The name comes from French Grosse Ã le , meaning Big Island .	The name comes from French , meaning `` Big Island '' .
Grosse Ile Township is a general law township of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan .	Grosse Ile Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan .
Grosse Ile is the largest island on the Detroit River .	The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile .
Grosse Ile Township Schools serves the township .	Grosse Ile Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile .
Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France .	Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune of the Aube dÃ partement in the north-central part of France .
Moore Haven is a city in Glades County , Florida , United States .	Moore Haven is a city of Florida in the United States .
Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg is a municipality in the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .	Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .
La Caine is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in north-western France .	La Caine is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .
Constant Lievens ( 11 April 1856 - 7 November 1893 ) was a Flemish Jesuit priest , missionary among the tribal peoples of India .	Constant Lievens ( April 11 , 1856 , in Moorslede , Belgium -- November 7 , 1893 , in Leuven , Belgium ) is a Belgian ( Flemish ) Jesuit priest , Missionary among the tribal peoples of India .
Ravenna is a city in Estill County , Kentucky , United States .	Ravenna is a city of Kentucky in the United States .
; Location of books Books can either be saved in the user 's namespace User : Name\/Books\/Bookname or as a community book at Book : Bookname .	Books can either be saved in the user 's namespace User : Name\/Books\/Bookname or as a community book at Books\/Bookname .
However , you can easily create books containing articles from multiple wikis using the bookmarklet offered on this page .	However this page shows how to create a book containing articles from multiple wikis .
Among other things , it explains how the layout of books can be improved and how books are stored on Wikipedia .	Among other things it explains how the layout of books can be improved and how books are stored on Wikipedia .
This mainly applies to templates , which will be displayed differently in the electronic or print version compared to how they look in the online version of an article .	This mainly applies to templates , which will be displayed differently in the PDF version compared to how they look in the online version of an article .
To be recognized as a book , it must belong to the category : Category : Wikipedia books ( automatically added by ) .	All books are grouped into the : Category : Wikipedia : Books .
During the American Civil War he served as a Union general , rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac .	He led the Union Army of the Potomac from the Battle of Gettysburg to the end of the Civil War .
The United States Army 's Fort George G. Meade in Fort Meade , Maryland , is named for him , as are Meade County , Kansas , and Meade County , South Dakota . The Old Baldy Civil War Round Table in Philadelphia is named in honor of Meade 's horse during the war .	George Meade was a general in the Union Army of the American Civil War .
He fought with distinction in the Second Seminole War and Mexican-American War .	He also fought in the Second Seminole War and the Mexican-American War .
Beinwil ( Freiamt ) is a municipality in the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .	Beinwil ( Freiamt ) is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .
Port numbers 0 through 1023 are used for common , well-known services . On Unix-like operating systems , using one of these ports requires superuser operating permission .	Ports 1 through 1023 ( hexadecimal 0x3FF ) are named `` well-known '' ports and on Unix-like operating systems , binding to one of these ports requires superuser ( root ) access .
For this reason , UDP is sometimes referred to as Unreliable Datagram Protocol .	UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol .
Port 0 is reserved , but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response .	Port 0 is reserved , but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response .
With UDP , computer applications can send messages , in this case referred to as datagrams , to other hosts on an Internet Protocol ( IP ) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths .	With UDP , computer applications can send messages , sometimes known as datagrams , to other hosts on an Internet Protocol ( IP ) network without requiring other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths .
A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number , a 16 bit integer value , allowing for port numbers between 0 and .	A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number , a 16 bit integer value , allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535 .
Most Ainu relocated to HokkaidÅ when Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949 .	Most Ainu relocated to HokkaidÅ when Japanese were gone from the island in 1949 .
Sakhalin ( , ; also known as Kuye ; Japanese : Karafuto or Saharin ) , also Saghalien , is a large island in the North Pacific , lying between 45 Â 50 ' and 54 Â 24 ' N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island , administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast .	Sakhalin ( , ; Japanese : Karafuto or Saharin ; or è -- å `` æ -- \/ è å `` æ -- SÃ hÄ lÃ n ) , also known as Saghalien , is a large , long Russian island in the North Pacific , placed between 45 Â 50 ' and 54 Â 24 ' N. It is part of Russia territory and is its largest island , administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast .
The indigenous peoples of the island are the Sakhalin Ainu , Oroks and Nivkhs .	The indigenous peoples of the island are the Sakhalin Ainu , Oroks , and Nivkhs .
A one instruction set computer ( OISC ) , sometimes called an ultimate reduced instruction set computer ( URISC ) , is an abstract machine that uses only one instruction â `` obviating the need for a machine language opcode .	A One Instruction Set Computer ( OISC ) is an abstract computer that uses only one instruction ( with no need for a machine language opcode ) .
Similarly , throughout the character 's long history , there have been several different origin tales ; they most commonly depict him as falling into a tank of chemical waste , which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red , giving him the appearance of a clown .	Throughout the character 's long history , there have been several different origin tales ; they most commonly depict him as falling into a vat of chemical waste , which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red , giving him the appearance of a clown .
Clay Cross is a former mining town and civil parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire , England , about six miles south of Chesterfield .	Clay Cross is a former mining town in north east Derbyshire , England . It is six miles south of Chesterfield .
It is directly on the A61 , the former Roman road Ryknield Street .	It is the former Roman road Ryknield Street .
Surrounding settlements include North Wingfield , Tupton , Pilsley and Ashover .	Near by settlements are North Wingfield , Tupton , Pilsley and Ashover .
Sept-Fr Ã res ( English : Seven Brothers ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .	Sept-Fr Ã res is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .
In England , the ell was usually 45 inches ( 1.143 m exactly for the international inch ) .	The English unit of length ell is usually 45 inches . That means 1.143 m ( for the international inch ) .
It was derived from the length of the arm from the shoulder to the wrist , although the exact length was never defined in English law .	It came from the length of the arm from the shoulder ( or the elbow ) to the wrist , although the exact length was never defined in English law .
Sometimes ell is used as an alias for the cubit .	Sometimes ell is used as an other word for the cubit .
Several national forms existed , with different lengths , including the Scottish ell ( approx . 37 i ) , the Flemish ell ( 27 i ) , the French ell ( 54 i ) .	Several different national forms existed , with different lengths : the Scottish ell ( about 37 inches ) , the Flemish ell ( about 27 inches ) and the Polish ell ( 0.78 metres , about 31 inches ) .
Edward I of England required that every town have one .	Edward I of England ordered that every town should have one .
Select customs were observed by English importers of Dutch textiles : although all cloths were bought by the Flemish ell , linen was sold by the English ell , but tapestry was sold by the Flemish ell .	Several different national forms existed , with different lengths : the Scottish ell ( about 37 inches ) , the Flemish ell ( about 27 inches ) and the Polish ell ( 0.78 metres , about 31 inches ) . Sometimes ell is used as an other word for the cubit .
Capriasca is a municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .	Capriasca is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .
Alvarezsaurus was featured in the Discovery Channel television series Dinosaur Planet , which speculated that it was a predator of young Saltasaurus , though these species did not exist at the same time , Alvarezsaurus being about 5 million years older than Saltasaurus .	Alvarezsaurus was featured in the Discovery Channel television series Dinosaur Planet , which speculated that it was a predator of young Saltasaurus , although these species did not exist at the same time , Alvarezsaurus being about 5 million years older than Saltasaurus .
Mitsuo Kato ( born January 22 , 1953 ) is a former Japanese footballer .	Mitsuo Kato ( born 22 January 1953 ) is a former Japanese football player .
LielvÄ rde , population 6328 , is a town in Vidzeme , Latvia , the administrative center of LielvÄ rde municipality on the right bank of the Daugava river , 52 km southeast of Riga .	LielvÄ rde is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992 .
The Department of the Navy of the United States of America ( DON ) was established by an Act of Congress on 30 April 1798 , to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy and , from 1834 onwards , for the United States Marine Corps , and when directed by the President , of the United States Coast Guard as a service within the Navy .	The United States Department of the Navy was created by the United States Congress on April 30 , 1798 . It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps .
The Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps .	It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps . The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy , and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense .
The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a member of the President 's cabinet position , until 1949 when amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 changed the name of the National Military Establishment to the Department of Defense and made it an Executive Department . The Department of the Navy then became , along with the Department of the Army & Department of the Air Force , a Military Department within the Department of Defense : subject to the authority , direction and control of the Secretary of Defense .	The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy , and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense .
The highest ranking military officers in the Department of the Navy are the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps , who are the principal military advisors to the Secretary of the Navy . They supervise their respective military services of the Department of the Navy , and in a separate capacity serves as members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .	While the Navy and the Marine Corps both is under the Department of the Navy , they are two separate branches of the military .
Antonio Juliano ( born 1 January 1943 ) is a former Italian footballer who played as a midfielder .	Antonio Juliano ( born 1 January , 1943 ) is a former Italian football player .
The Canary ( Serinus canaria ) , also called the Island Canary , Atlantic Canary or Common Canary , is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus Serinus in the finch family , Fringillidae .	The Canary ( Serinus canaria ) , also called the Island Canary , Atlantic Canary or Common Canary , is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus Serinus in the finch family .
This bird is the natural symbol of the Canary Islands , together with the Canary Island Date Palm .	The Canary ( Serinus canaria ) , also called the Island Canary , Atlantic Canary or Common Canary , is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus Serinus in the finch family . It is native to the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Madeira .
Lakes in the canton include : parts of Lake Lucerne ( VierwaldstÃ ttersee ) , Lake Sarnen ( Sarnersee ) , Lungerersee , Wichelsee , Tannensee and Melchsee .	Lakes in the canton include : parts of Lake Lucerne , Lake Sarnen , Lungerersee , Wichelsee , Tannensee and Melchsee .
Obwalden ( German : ) is a canton of Switzerland .	Obwalden is a canton of Switzerland .
Dara Daivari ( born April 30 , 1984 ) is an Iranian American professional wrestler , currently performing for Ring of Honor as Shawn Daivari .	Shawn Daivari ( born April 30 , 1984 ) is an Iranian-American professional wrestler who currently works for Ring of Honor under his name , Shawn Daivari .
He is best known for his work with World Wrestling Entertainment as simply Daivari and with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as Sheik Abdul Bashir .	He has also wrestled for World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) as Daivari and for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) as Sheik Abdul Bashir .
Frasco is a municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .	Frasco is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .
Ouilly-du-Houley is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .	Ouilly-du-Houley is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .
The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games , were a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated in February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States .	The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games , were celebrated in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States from February 8 , 2002 , through February 24 , 2002 .
Montigny-le-Franc is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .	Montigny-le-Franc is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .
The baseball cap is a part of the traditional baseball uniform worn by players , with the brim pointing forward to shield the eyes from the sun . The cap is often seen in everyday casual wear .	A baseball cap is a kind of hat , worn by baseball players , when they play as part of their uniform , but other people wear them , too .
Kazuyoshi Miura ( ä æ ç è Miura Kazuyoshi , born on February 26 , 1967 ) , often known simply as Kazu , is a Japanese football ( soccer ) striker .	Kazuyoshi Miura ( born 26 February 1967 ) is a Japanese football player .
The names Carmen and Fifi were later retired .	In 1975 the names Carmen and Fifi were retired .
The 1974 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 1974 , and lasted until November 30 , 1974 .	The 1974 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1 , 1974 and ended on November 30 , 1974 .
Luzoir is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .	Luzoir is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .
Ford began to phase out the Aerostar in 1995 .	( ( Image : Ford Aerostar LWB 1992-97 . jpg thumb ( 800x407 ) px right 1992-1997 Ford Aerostar ) ) Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford .
The Ford Aerostar is a minivan produced by Ford Motor Company for the North American market ; the first such design by Ford , it was sold from the 1986 to the 1997 model years .	jpg thumb ( 800x407 ) px right 1992-1997 Ford Aerostar ) ) Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford . The vehicle was introduced in 1985 as a 1986 model .
The role of the Aerostar cargo van was left unfilled until the 2010 introduction of the Transit Connect .	The Aerostar was discontinued after 1997 and replaced by Windstar , although Aerostar 's role went unfilled until the 2010 introduction of the Ford Transit Connect van .
As the 1990s progressed , this posed a problem for Ford as every Aerostar made was now becoming a missed opportunity for Ford to sell an Explorer . Ford announced in 1996 that the 1997 model year would be the final year for Aerostar production .	jpg thumb ( 800x407 ) px right 1992-1997 Ford Aerostar ) ) Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford .
It was , under the Mexica culture , the farthest region of trade , providing jaguar pelts , cacao , and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan .	It was , under the Mexican culture , the farthest region of trade . The area provided jaguar pelts , cacao , and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan .
The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas , with many plantations further inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur .	The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas . It has many plantations farther inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur .
Soconusco is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas , located in the extreme south of the state and separated from Guatemala by the Suchiate River .	Soconusco is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas .
The economic center is Tapachula .	The economic center of Soconusco is Tapachula .
An athletic director ( commonly `` athletics director '' or `` AD '' ) is an administrator at many American colleges and universities , as well as in larger high schools and middle schools , who oversees the work of coaches and related staff involved in intercollegiate or interscholastic athletic programs . At some colleges , the athletic director may hold academic rank but this practice is on the wane .	Most colleges and high schools have an athletic director .
The United Nations has designated 2011 the International Year of Forests and the International Year of Chemistry .	The United Nations designated 2011 the International Year of Forests and International Year of Chemistry .
2011 ( MMXI ) is the current year , which is a common year that started on a Saturday .	2011 ( MMXI ) is a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar .
In the Gregorian calendar , it is the 2011th year of the Common Era and the Anno Domini designation ; the 11th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century ; and the 2nd of the 2010s decade .	It is the 2011th year in the Common Era ( or Anno Domini ) , and the 11th year in the 3rd millennium and 21st century .

A Story of a Song '' , in which she explained to American children the origin of the song .

The Story of a Song '' , where she explained where the song was from .

After six years of medical school , the students graduate with a final federal medical exam ( ' ) .

A medical school is a place where medical students practice medicine . When they graduate from a medical school , they become a physician or a doctor .

In addition to a medical degree program , some medical schools offer programs leading to a Master 's Degree , Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) , Bachelor\/Doctor of Medicine ( MBBS , BMed , MDCM , MD , MBChB , etc. ) , Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine ( DO-USA ) , or other post-secondary education .

Medical Schools grant Doctor of Medicine ( MD ) , Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine and sometimes Doctor of Philosophy ( PhD ) Degrees .

A person accepted into a medical school and enrolled in an educational program in medicine , with the goal of becoming a medical doctor , is referred to as a medical student or student doctor . Medical students are generally considered to be at the earliest stage of the medical career pathway .

A medical school is a place where medical students practice medicine .

Most , and possibly all galaxies , including the Milky Way , are believed to contain supermassive black holes at their centers .

Scientists are confident that almost all galaxies , even the Milky Way , possess supermassive black holes at their centers .

He designed what was the first laptop computer , the GRiD Compass .

He helped design what was arguably the first laptop computer , the GRiD Compass .

William ( Bill ) Moggridge , a industrial and interaction designer , is co-founder of the Silicon Valley-based design firm IDEO and the current director of the Smithsonian Institution 's Cooper-Hewitt , National Design Museum in New York .

William ( Bill ) Moggridge , a British industrial designer , is co-founder of the Silicon Valley-based design firm IDEO .

Moggridge is the author of Designing Interactions ( ISBN 0-262-13474-8 ) , which was published in October 2006 and named one of the 10 Best Innovation and Design Books of 2006 by BusinessWeek magazine .

Moggridge is also the author of Designing Interactions , published in October 2006 .

He advocates applying a user-centered design process in product development cycles and also works towards popularizing interaction design as a mainstream discipline .

He was in favor of user-centered design process in product development cycles and also worked towards popularizing interaction design as a mainstream discipline .

The philosophy of language then became so pervasive that for a time , in analytic philosophy circles , philosophy as a whole was understood to be a matter of philosophy of language .

Since then , philosophy of language has played an important part in philosophy as a whole .

Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr ( March 17 , 1733 -- April 26 , 1815 ) , a German mathematician , cartographer , and explorer in the service of Denmark , is renowmed for his travels on the Arabian peninsula .

Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr ( March 17 , 1733 -- April 26 , 1815 ) was a German mathematician , surveyor , cartographer , and explorer .

Jessie Alice `` Jessica '' Tandy ( June 7 1909 -- September 11 1994 ) was an English - American stage and film actress .

Jessica Tandy ( June 7 , 1909-September 11 , 1994 ) was an English-American film actress who also acted on stage .

There are currently 66 officially designated cities in the UK , of which eight have been created since 2000 in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee in 2002 .

Eight others have been created in competitions to celebrate the new millennium and Queen Elizabeth II 's Golden Jubilee .

The other local government districts with city status that were abolished around this time ( Bath and Hereford ) had decided to appoint charter trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty .

Rochester upon Medway City Council did not appoint appoint Charter Trustees to maintain the existence of the city and the mayoralty so the city simply ceased to exist , because the council forgot .

On 1 April 1998 , the existing local government districts of Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham were abolished and became the new unitary authority of Medway .

On April 1 , 1998 , Rochester-upon-Medway and Gillingham joined together to became the new unitary authority of Medway .

There are currently 66 recognized cities ( including 30 Lord Mayoralties or Lord Provostships ) in the UK : 50 cities ( 23 Lord Mayoralties ) in England , five cities ( two Lord Mayoralties ) in Wales , six cities ( four Lord Provostships ) in Scotland and five cities ( one Lord Mayoralty ) in Northern Ireland .

A city does not automatically have a Lord Mayor or Lord Provost in Scotland . There are 66 cities in the UK but only 30 Lord Mayors .

In some cases , like the cities of Stirling and Inverness , there was no existing corporate body . Stirling Council 's application for city status was specifically for the urban area of the ( now former ) Royal Burgh of Stirling and included proposed city boundaries .

The Provost of Stirling is the civic head of the entire Stirling council area , although city status only extends to the town of Stirling .

On 1 April 1974 , the city council was abolished , becoming part of the Borough of Medway , a local government district in the county of Kent .

On April 1 1974 the city council was abolished , and new letters patent were issued to the new Medway Borough Council to carry on the city name in the old city area .

The Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 completely reorganised Scotland 's local administration in 1975 . All burghs were abolished , and a system of districts created .

The previous local government districts and district councils created by the Local Government ( Scotland ) Act 1973 enjoyed the same privileges .

In 1979 , the Borough of Medway was renamed as Rochester-upon-Medway , and in 1982 further letters patent transferred the city status to the entire borough .

In 1979 Medway was renamed Rochester-upon-Medway and new letters patent made the whole of the new area a city .

Some cities in England , Wales and Northern Ireland have the further distinction of having a Lord Mayor rather than a simple Mayorâ '' in Scotland , the equivalent is the Lord Provost . Lord Mayors have the right to be styled `` The Right Worshipful The Lord Mayor '' .

A city does not automatically have a Lord Mayor or Lord Provost in Scotland .

An astronomical unit ( abbreviated as AU , au or a.u. ) is a unit of length equal to about 149,597,870.7 kilometres ( 92,955,807.27 miles ) or approximately the mean Earthâ `` Sun distance .

The astronomical unit ( AU or au or a.u. or sometimes ua ) is a unit of length about the same as the mean distance from the center of the Earth to the center of the Sun .

Monieux is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur region in southeastern France .

Monieux is a commune of 250 people ( 1999 ) . It is located in the region Provence-Alpes-C Ã te d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France .

The Library of Congress is the research library of the United States Congress , de facto national library of the United States , and the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States .

The Library of Congress is the de facto national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress .

The Librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress , appointed by the President of the United States with the advice and consent of the Senate . He serves as the chief librarian of all the sections of the Library of Congress .

The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress .

The name comes from French Grosse Ã le , meaning Big Island .

The name comes from French , meaning `` Big Island '' .

Grosse Ile Township is a general law township of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan .

Grosse Ile Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan .

Grosse Ile is the largest island on the Detroit River .

The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile .

Grosse Ile Township Schools serves the township .

Grosse Ile Township is a town in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The township is coterminous with the island in the Detroit River called Grosse Ile .

Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France .

Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune of the Aube dÃ partement in the north-central part of France .

Moore Haven is a city in Glades County , Florida , United States .

Moore Haven is a city of Florida in the United States .

Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg is a municipality in the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

La Caine is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in north-western France .

La Caine is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

Constant Lievens ( 11 April 1856 - 7 November 1893 ) was a Flemish Jesuit priest , missionary among the tribal peoples of India .

Constant Lievens ( April 11 , 1856 , in Moorslede , Belgium -- November 7 , 1893 , in Leuven , Belgium ) is a Belgian ( Flemish ) Jesuit priest , Missionary among the tribal peoples of India .

Ravenna is a city in Estill County , Kentucky , United States .

Ravenna is a city of Kentucky in the United States .

; Location of books Books can either be saved in the user 's namespace User : Name\/Books\/Bookname or as a community book at Book : Bookname .

Books can either be saved in the user 's namespace User : Name\/Books\/Bookname or as a community book at Books\/Bookname .

However , you can easily create books containing articles from multiple wikis using the bookmarklet offered on this page .

However this page shows how to create a book containing articles from multiple wikis .

Among other things , it explains how the layout of books can be improved and how books are stored on Wikipedia .

Among other things it explains how the layout of books can be improved and how books are stored on Wikipedia .

This mainly applies to templates , which will be displayed differently in the electronic or print version compared to how they look in the online version of an article .

This mainly applies to templates , which will be displayed differently in the PDF version compared to how they look in the online version of an article .

To be recognized as a book , it must belong to the category : Category : Wikipedia books ( automatically added by ) .

All books are grouped into the : Category : Wikipedia : Books .

During the American Civil War he served as a Union general , rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac .

He led the Union Army of the Potomac from the Battle of Gettysburg to the end of the Civil War .

The United States Army 's Fort George G. Meade in Fort Meade , Maryland , is named for him , as are Meade County , Kansas , and Meade County , South Dakota . The Old Baldy Civil War Round Table in Philadelphia is named in honor of Meade 's horse during the war .

George Meade was a general in the Union Army of the American Civil War .

He fought with distinction in the Second Seminole War and Mexican-American War .

He also fought in the Second Seminole War and the Mexican-American War .

Beinwil ( Freiamt ) is a municipality in the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Beinwil ( Freiamt ) is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland .

Port numbers 0 through 1023 are used for common , well-known services . On Unix-like operating systems , using one of these ports requires superuser operating permission .

Ports 1 through 1023 ( hexadecimal 0x3FF ) are named `` well-known '' ports and on Unix-like operating systems , binding to one of these ports requires superuser ( root ) access .

For this reason , UDP is sometimes referred to as Unreliable Datagram Protocol .

UDP is sometimes called the Universal Datagram Protocol .

Port 0 is reserved , but is a permissible source port value if the sending process does not expect messages in response .

Port 0 is reserved , but is able to be used if the sending process does not expect messages in response .

With UDP , computer applications can send messages , in this case referred to as datagrams , to other hosts on an Internet Protocol ( IP ) network without requiring prior communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths .

With UDP , computer applications can send messages , sometimes known as datagrams , to other hosts on an Internet Protocol ( IP ) network without requiring other communications to set up special transmission channels or data paths .

A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number , a 16 bit integer value , allowing for port numbers between 0 and .

A port is a software structure that is identified by the port number , a 16 bit integer value , allowing for port numbers between 0 and 65,535 .

Most Ainu relocated to HokkaidÅ when Japanese were displaced from the island in 1949 .

Most Ainu relocated to HokkaidÅ when Japanese were gone from the island in 1949 .

Sakhalin ( , ; also known as Kuye ; Japanese : Karafuto or Saharin ) , also Saghalien , is a large island in the North Pacific , lying between 45 Â 50 ' and 54 Â 24 ' N. It is part of Russia and is its largest island , administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast .

Sakhalin ( , ; Japanese : Karafuto or Saharin ; or è -- å `` æ -- \/ è å `` æ -- SÃ hÄ lÃ n ) , also known as Saghalien , is a large , long Russian island in the North Pacific , placed between 45 Â 50 ' and 54 Â 24 ' N. It is part of Russia territory and is its largest island , administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast .

The indigenous peoples of the island are the Sakhalin Ainu , Oroks and Nivkhs .

The indigenous peoples of the island are the Sakhalin Ainu , Oroks , and Nivkhs .

A one instruction set computer ( OISC ) , sometimes called an ultimate reduced instruction set computer ( URISC ) , is an abstract machine that uses only one instruction â `` obviating the need for a machine language opcode .

A One Instruction Set Computer ( OISC ) is an abstract computer that uses only one instruction ( with no need for a machine language opcode ) .

Similarly , throughout the character 's long history , there have been several different origin tales ; they most commonly depict him as falling into a tank of chemical waste , which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red , giving him the appearance of a clown .

Throughout the character 's long history , there have been several different origin tales ; they most commonly depict him as falling into a vat of chemical waste , which bleaches his skin and turns his hair green and his lips bright red , giving him the appearance of a clown .

Clay Cross is a former mining town and civil parish in the North East Derbyshire district of Derbyshire , England , about six miles south of Chesterfield .

Clay Cross is a former mining town in north east Derbyshire , England . It is six miles south of Chesterfield .

It is directly on the A61 , the former Roman road Ryknield Street .

It is the former Roman road Ryknield Street .

Surrounding settlements include North Wingfield , Tupton , Pilsley and Ashover .

Near by settlements are North Wingfield , Tupton , Pilsley and Ashover .

Sept-Fr Ã res ( English : Seven Brothers ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .

Sept-Fr Ã res is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

In England , the ell was usually 45 inches ( 1.143 m exactly for the international inch ) .

The English unit of length ell is usually 45 inches . That means 1.143 m ( for the international inch ) .

It was derived from the length of the arm from the shoulder to the wrist , although the exact length was never defined in English law .

It came from the length of the arm from the shoulder ( or the elbow ) to the wrist , although the exact length was never defined in English law .

Sometimes ell is used as an alias for the cubit .

Sometimes ell is used as an other word for the cubit .

Several national forms existed , with different lengths , including the Scottish ell ( approx . 37 i ) , the Flemish ell ( 27 i ) , the French ell ( 54 i ) .

Several different national forms existed , with different lengths : the Scottish ell ( about 37 inches ) , the Flemish ell ( about 27 inches ) and the Polish ell ( 0.78 metres , about 31 inches ) .

Edward I of England required that every town have one .

Edward I of England ordered that every town should have one .

Select customs were observed by English importers of Dutch textiles : although all cloths were bought by the Flemish ell , linen was sold by the English ell , but tapestry was sold by the Flemish ell .

Several different national forms existed , with different lengths : the Scottish ell ( about 37 inches ) , the Flemish ell ( about 27 inches ) and the Polish ell ( 0.78 metres , about 31 inches ) . Sometimes ell is used as an other word for the cubit .

Capriasca is a municipality in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Capriasca is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Alvarezsaurus was featured in the Discovery Channel television series Dinosaur Planet , which speculated that it was a predator of young Saltasaurus , though these species did not exist at the same time , Alvarezsaurus being about 5 million years older than Saltasaurus .

Alvarezsaurus was featured in the Discovery Channel television series Dinosaur Planet , which speculated that it was a predator of young Saltasaurus , although these species did not exist at the same time , Alvarezsaurus being about 5 million years older than Saltasaurus .

Mitsuo Kato ( born January 22 , 1953 ) is a former Japanese footballer .

Mitsuo Kato ( born 22 January 1953 ) is a former Japanese football player .

LielvÄ rde , population 6328 , is a town in Vidzeme , Latvia , the administrative center of LielvÄ rde municipality on the right bank of the Daugava river , 52 km southeast of Riga .

LielvÄ rde is a town in Latvia with town rights since 1992 .

The Department of the Navy of the United States of America ( DON ) was established by an Act of Congress on 30 April 1798 , to provide a government organizational structure to the United States Navy and , from 1834 onwards , for the United States Marine Corps , and when directed by the President , of the United States Coast Guard as a service within the Navy .

The United States Department of the Navy was created by the United States Congress on April 30 , 1798 . It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps .

The Department of the Navy consists of all elements of the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps .

It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps . The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy , and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense .

The Department of the Navy was an Executive Department and the Secretary of the Navy was a member of the President 's cabinet position , until 1949 when amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 changed the name of the National Military Establishment to the Department of Defense and made it an Executive Department . The Department of the Navy then became , along with the Department of the Army & Department of the Air Force , a Military Department within the Department of Defense : subject to the authority , direction and control of the Secretary of Defense .

The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy , and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense .

The highest ranking military officers in the Department of the Navy are the Chief of Naval Operations and the Commandant of the Marine Corps , who are the principal military advisors to the Secretary of the Navy . They supervise their respective military services of the Department of the Navy , and in a separate capacity serves as members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff .

While the Navy and the Marine Corps both is under the Department of the Navy , they are two separate branches of the military .

Antonio Juliano ( born 1 January 1943 ) is a former Italian footballer who played as a midfielder .

Antonio Juliano ( born 1 January , 1943 ) is a former Italian football player .

The Canary ( Serinus canaria ) , also called the Island Canary , Atlantic Canary or Common Canary , is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus Serinus in the finch family , Fringillidae .

The Canary ( Serinus canaria ) , also called the Island Canary , Atlantic Canary or Common Canary , is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus Serinus in the finch family .

This bird is the natural symbol of the Canary Islands , together with the Canary Island Date Palm .

The Canary ( Serinus canaria ) , also called the Island Canary , Atlantic Canary or Common Canary , is a small passerine bird belonging to the genus Serinus in the finch family . It is native to the Canary Islands , the Azores , and Madeira .

Lakes in the canton include : parts of Lake Lucerne ( VierwaldstÃ ttersee ) , Lake Sarnen ( Sarnersee ) , Lungerersee , Wichelsee , Tannensee and Melchsee .

Lakes in the canton include : parts of Lake Lucerne , Lake Sarnen , Lungerersee , Wichelsee , Tannensee and Melchsee .

Obwalden ( German : ) is a canton of Switzerland .

Obwalden is a canton of Switzerland .

Dara Daivari ( born April 30 , 1984 ) is an Iranian American professional wrestler , currently performing for Ring of Honor as Shawn Daivari .

Shawn Daivari ( born April 30 , 1984 ) is an Iranian-American professional wrestler who currently works for Ring of Honor under his name , Shawn Daivari .

He is best known for his work with World Wrestling Entertainment as simply Daivari and with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as Sheik Abdul Bashir .

He has also wrestled for World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) as Daivari and for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) as Sheik Abdul Bashir .

Frasco is a municipality in the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Frasco is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland .

Ouilly-du-Houley is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region in northwestern France .

Ouilly-du-Houley is a commune . It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France .

The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games , were a winter multi-sport event that was celebrated in February 2002 in and around Salt Lake City , Utah , United States .

The 2002 Winter Olympics , officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games , were celebrated in Salt Lake City , Utah , United States from February 8 , 2002 , through February 24 , 2002 .

Montigny-le-Franc is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .

Montigny-le-Franc is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

The baseball cap is a part of the traditional baseball uniform worn by players , with the brim pointing forward to shield the eyes from the sun . The cap is often seen in everyday casual wear .

A baseball cap is a kind of hat , worn by baseball players , when they play as part of their uniform , but other people wear them , too .

Kazuyoshi Miura ( ä æ ç è Miura Kazuyoshi , born on February 26 , 1967 ) , often known simply as Kazu , is a Japanese football ( soccer ) striker .

Kazuyoshi Miura ( born 26 February 1967 ) is a Japanese football player .

The names Carmen and Fifi were later retired .

In 1975 the names Carmen and Fifi were retired .

The 1974 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1 , 1974 , and lasted until November 30 , 1974 .

The 1974 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1 , 1974 and ended on November 30 , 1974 .

Luzoir is a commune in the Aisne department in Picardy in northern France .

Luzoir is a commune . It is found in the region Picardie in the Aisne department in the north of France .

Ford began to phase out the Aerostar in 1995 .

( ( Image : Ford Aerostar LWB 1992-97 . jpg thumb ( 800x407 ) px right 1992-1997 Ford Aerostar ) ) Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford .

The Ford Aerostar is a minivan produced by Ford Motor Company for the North American market ; the first such design by Ford , it was sold from the 1986 to the 1997 model years .

jpg thumb ( 800x407 ) px right 1992-1997 Ford Aerostar ) ) Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford . The vehicle was introduced in 1985 as a 1986 model .

The role of the Aerostar cargo van was left unfilled until the 2010 introduction of the Transit Connect .

The Aerostar was discontinued after 1997 and replaced by Windstar , although Aerostar 's role went unfilled until the 2010 introduction of the Ford Transit Connect van .

As the 1990s progressed , this posed a problem for Ford as every Aerostar made was now becoming a missed opportunity for Ford to sell an Explorer . Ford announced in 1996 that the 1997 model year would be the final year for Aerostar production .

jpg thumb ( 800x407 ) px right 1992-1997 Ford Aerostar ) ) Ford Aerostar was the first minivan manufactured by Ford .

It was , under the Mexica culture , the farthest region of trade , providing jaguar pelts , cacao , and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan .

It was , under the Mexican culture , the farthest region of trade . The area provided jaguar pelts , cacao , and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan .

The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas , with many plantations further inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur .

The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas . It has many plantations farther inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur .

Soconusco is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas , located in the extreme south of the state and separated from Guatemala by the Suchiate River .

Soconusco is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas .

The economic center is Tapachula .

The economic center of Soconusco is Tapachula .

An athletic director ( commonly `` athletics director '' or `` AD '' ) is an administrator at many American colleges and universities , as well as in larger high schools and middle schools , who oversees the work of coaches and related staff involved in intercollegiate or interscholastic athletic programs . At some colleges , the athletic director may hold academic rank but this practice is on the wane .

Most colleges and high schools have an athletic director .

The United Nations has designated 2011 the International Year of Forests and the International Year of Chemistry .

The United Nations designated 2011 the International Year of Forests and International Year of Chemistry .

2011 ( MMXI ) is the current year , which is a common year that started on a Saturday .

2011 ( MMXI ) is a common year starting on Saturday in the Gregorian calendar .

In the Gregorian calendar , it is the 2011th year of the Common Era and the Anno Domini designation ; the 11th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century ; and the 2nd of the 2010s decade .

It is the 2011th year in the Common Era ( or Anno Domini ) , and the 11th year in the 3rd millennium and 21st century .