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Icon of An Era: the Dr Yat-sen Mausoleum 1929.6.1
From 4 September 2009 to 17 March 2010
Jointly presented by
Dr Sun Yat-sen dedicated his life to the founding of an independent and prosperous China. The demands of the revolutionary movement took a heavy toll on his health, and he eventually passed away on 12 March 1925 in Beijing, having lost his fight against liver cancer. His body was moved temporarily to Biyun Temple (Temple of the Azure Clouds) in Xiangshan, Beijing. Dr Sun Yat-sen had expressed his wish to be buried in Nanjing after his death. His wish was fulfilled. Dr Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum was built in Nanjing and Dr Sun's coffin was finally laid to rest in the Mausoleum during the grand funeral held on 1 June 1929. Featuring over 180 historical photographs and invaluable cultural relics, the exhibition introduces the organization of Dr Sun's funeral, which includes the construction of Dr Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum and the removal of Dr Sun's coffin from Beijing to Nanjing. It probes into the profound meanings of the grand funeral and throws light on how these implicit messages constitute the Mausoleum and the grand funeral of Dr Sun Yat-sen the icon of the era.
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Simply put, there is nothing more right than eating right. Sometimes, however, eating right is actually the hardest thing to do. Between being busy or the food being too expensive, there are so many obstacles to eating right. This article will offer some tips to help you make good decisions when it comes to nutrition.
It is important to start good nutrition early on in life. Children will develop their tastes around what you feed them when they are young. For this reason, make sure to offer your child a wide range of tastes and textures, as well as introducing them to whole grains, fruits and vegetables.
Vitamin A is an important part of a healthy diet. You can get it from such foods as dairy products, eggs, beef liver, dark greens, and orange fruit and vegetables. Vitamin A is necessary for for vision, particularly night vision. It also aids in the repair of bone and tissue.
For cancer prevention, try adding more plants to your daily diet. These are versatile enough to go anywhere from a salad to a soup to a stew to even a smoothie. Try eating green things like lettuce, spinach, broccoli, asparagus and more to get a vast array of nutrients. Also, add things like fruits and nuts for a huge boost to prevent cancer.
You definitely don't want to feel deprived. Instead, find ways to eat nutritiously, which can even mean creating healthy substitute recipes for favorite dishes. It is important to know the ingredients and nutritional content of the foods you eat. This will enable you to make healthy choices. If you happen to go out with friends for dinner, never fear as you can simply ask for a menu that shows the nutritional data for the items that interest you making your choices healthy ones.
The nutritional value of fish makes it a "must" in our diet. Omega 3 fatty acids are its most touted value. Salmon is especially high in Omega 3's. But fish also provide other good things: protein, vitamins A and D, and valuable trace minerals. These nutrients are best found in "wild caught" fish.
Taking time to sit down and enjoy your meals, whether alone at home or with your friends and family, has definite psychological and nutritional benefits! Forcing yourself to slowly chew every bite aids in digestion and also allows the body to extract and process the nutrients found in the food.
For optimal health, include foods in your daily diet that contain probiotics. Probiotics are the good bacteria that live inside your body. They aid in digestion and the proper break-down of foods so your body can absorb the nutrients efficiently. They work against the bad bacteria that sometimes invade your digestive system and cause diarrhea.
Nightshades (eggplant, tomatoes, bell peppers) have pros and cons nutritionally. Consider them carefully. They may not agree with your digestion. On the https://medlineplus.gov/dietarysupplements.html other hand, they may add real food value to your diet. The tomato has recently been cited as a great source of lycopene, which may help prevent cancer. Bell peppers contain vitamin C.
Vegetables, either frozen or canned, are great low-calorie food choices. Vegetables will give your body the vital nutrition that it needs. Try to include many servings of vegetables into your daily diet. Find new and creative ways of combining this food with other things that you enjoy, like salads or soups.
Eat less saturated fats. Saturated fats are usually found in fried foods, meats, and sugary foods. Saturated fats raise your LDL cholesterol and not only increase the amount of stored fat you have, making it harder to lose weight, but also lead to cardiovascular problems such as heart disease.
Put out a colorful bowl of fresh fruit on your counter or dining room table. Not only is it pretty to look at and good for your home decor, but it encourages people to grab a healthy snack on the go, or when sitting at home. An apple a day really is a good decision.
A great nutrition tip is to add foods to healthy foods that you don't like to mask the taste. A lot of people don't like the taste of tuna so they stay away from it. There are simple food that you can add to tuna to mask the taste and make it more bearable.
To help your body digest its food properly, make lunch or breakfast the largest meal of your day. It's common to eat a larger dinner, but dinner is typically consumed close to bedtime and it's more difficult for your body to break down foods while you're asleep. A small dinner, accompanied by a big lunch or breakfast, will assure that your body can use all the nutrients that you consume.
Be sure to keep a bottle of apple cider vinegar in your refrigerator. It is one of the most nutritious and affordable food additives you can have on hand. Enjoy a tablespoon with honey in a cup of hot water, in a glass of ice water, or mixed in salad dressing for a healthful, tasty and nutritious treat.
Don't follow a no-fat diet! We need fat in our diets to keep skin and hair healthy and moisturized and to coat the central nervous system so that electrical impulses will be properly conveyed. People who do not have fat in their diets are at http://www.amazon.co.uk/Probiotic-1030-Probiotics-Supplement-Digestive/dp/B01BZC1QWM/keywords=childrens+probiotics+flora great risk for central nervous system disorders. Be sure to include good fats, such as olive oil, peanut oil, grape-seed oil and sunflower oil in your diet.
Now you have some great advice and knowledge on the subject of nutrition. Know how you can incorporate these tips into your own life and how to have healthier eating habits. In doing this, you will be much more likely to stave off sickness, disease, and other physical ailments that generally come with poor nutrition.
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The High Court in Malawi has ruled that the Mahatma Gandhi statue should not be erected in Malawi due to Gandhi’s racist views.
Judge Michael Tembo has made the ruing today in Blantyre following an appeal by activists Pemphero Mphande and Mkotama Katenga Kaunda.
Tembo found the decision by the Blantyre City Council to erect the statue as unreasonable and unjustifiable.
In 2018, the Government of India approached the Malawi Government with a proposal to “add on to the honour” of Mahatma Gandhi by erecting a statue at the junction where Mahatma Gandhi road starts, that is, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital round-about.
But the two activists dragged the council to court saying Gandhi’s called Africans ‘kaffirs’ and further derided them to be savages and living lives below that of human beings.
The claimants asserted that being Black people themselves, such remarks have invited a sense of loathe and detestation for the said Mahatma Gandhi and that the construction of the Statue on an open public land will only serve to reignite and fuel this sense of loathe as they use the road.
They further noted that the council did not meet to make a decision on allocating land for the statue as required by law and that the land was identified by Malawi Government.
Blantyre City Council, on its part argued that Gandhi made the racist remarks when he was young and that when he became Mahatma, Gandhi was anti-racist, championed unity, was against gender discrimination and was against abortion. The council further argued that Malawi already has Mahatma Gandhi road and Gandhi is relevant today.
However, the court agreed with claimants’ arguments that by not following the law to let the Planning Committee decide on the planning permission for the erection of the Statue, the public interest in the matter never featured in the decision making process hence feelings of some Malawians who have serious reservations to the erection of the Statue were never considered.
The court also agreed with the claimants that they would not have challenged the naming of Mahatma Gandhi road, since the decision was taken when Malawi was under autocratic rule.
On Gandhi’s racist views, the court said it finds such views to be clearly racist and it was not shown to the court that indeed Gandhi held those views only as a naïve young lawyer, as the council wanted the court to believe.
“What is clear is however that the 1st defendant has not brought any literature showing that Gandhi acknowledged and recanted his offensive views expressly at any given point in his life time.
“In the premises, the 1st defendant’s decision to allow the erection of the Statue herein would be a constant reminder to the claimants, and others like them, of the racist views held by the person honoured by the Statue. That would not sit well with the dignity of the claimants and those like them who know what racist statements the one honoured by the Statue said about Black people and what views he held about Black people,” reads part of the ruling.
The council has since been ordered to pay costs for the case.
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“If you sleep six hours or less, you are shortchanging yourself.”
Scientists have long puzzled over the many hours we spend in light, dreamless slumber. But a new study from the University of California, Berkeley, suggests we’re busy recharging our brain’s learning capacity during this traditionally undervalued phase of sleep, which can take up half the night.
UC Berkeley researchers have found compelling evidence that bursts of brain waves known as “sleep spindles” may be networking between key regions of the brain to clear a path to learning. These electrical impulses help to shift fact-based memories from the brain’s hippocampus — which has limited storage space — to the prefrontal cortex’s “hard drive,” thus freeing up the hippocampus to take in fresh data. Spindles are fast pulses of electricity generated during non-REM sleep, and they can occur up to 1,000 times a night.
“All these pieces of the puzzle tell a consistent and compelling story — that sleep spindles predict learning refreshment,” said Matthew Walker, associate professor of psychology and neuroscience at UC Berkeley and senior author of the study to be published March 8 in the journal Current Biology.
The study found that this spindle-driven networking was most likely to happen during Stage 2 of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, which occurs before we reach the deepest NREM sleep and the dream state known as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. This shallow stage of dreamless slumber can account for half our sleeping hours, and happens most frequently during the second half of the night, or in the latter part of a period in which we sleep.
“A lot of that spindle-rich sleep is occurring the second half of the night, so if you sleep six hours or less, you are shortchanging yourself. You will have fewer spindles, and you might not be able to learn as much,” said Bryce Mander, a postdoctoral fellow in psychology at UC Berkeley and lead author of the study.
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Chapter 9: Emerging technologies
Figure 9.2.1 The context of serious games. Image: Hydra Interactive, 2021
9.2.1 Serious games
Gartner’s hype cycle is best considered as a way of thinking about emerging technologies, rather than as a factual representation of their development. For instance, serious games are more of a slow burner. There have never been vastly inflated expectations about their likely impact on education; indeed for a long time they have been written off as too expensive or not appropriate for serious education. However, that view has been changing in recent years.
9.2.2 What are serious games?
There are several different definitions of serious games. I have included two definitions that cover both educational and corporate settings.
The Ministry of Education and Training, Victoria, Australia states (2017):
a serious game in an educational setting is considered to be a purposeful learning environment that targets key curriculum areas for explicit learning. Serious games are games or game-like interactive systems developed with game technology and design principles for a primary purpose other than pure entertainment.
Zhonggen (2019) provides this definition in his comprehensive review of the research on serious games:
Serious games are referred to as entertaining tools with a purpose of education, where players cultivate their knowledge and practice their skills through overcoming numerous hindrances during gaming.
It is important to distinguish between serious games, game-based learning and gamification because of the differences in their purpose, approach and impact on learning.
- Game-based learning refers to “the pedagogical approach of utilizing games in education” (Anastasiadis, Lampropoulos and Siakas, 2018)
- Gamification is defined as the “use of game design elements in non-game contexts” (Deterding et al., 2011)
Note that serious games are not necessarily digital. However, whether digital or not, they are governed by similar principles of of design, such as mechanics, dynamics and aesthetics (Hunicke et al., 2004).
9.2.3 Why use serious games?
The main reasons offered for using games in education are to:
- improve students’ motivation to learn,
- engage learners more deeply in the learning process,
- improve learning outcomes,
- improve attendance and participation.
However, an extensive review of the literature conducted by Dichev and Dicheva in 2017 found that research remains inconclusive on these assumptions. They also found that:
- the practice of gamifying learning has outpaced researchers’ understanding of its mechanisms and methods;
- insufficient high quality evidence exists to support the long-term benefits of serious games in an educational context;
- a limited understanding that how to gamify an activity depends on the specifics of the educational context.
Dichev and Dicheva do conclude though that their study does not mean that gamification cannot be used successfully in a learning context; rather better designs and more research are needed.
Other research tends to be more positive. Hamari et al. (2016) and Clark et al. (2016) found sufficient evidence that, when well designed, and under the right conditions, serious games significantly enhanced student learning relative to nongame conditions.
Zhonggen (2019) found among the ‘ huge number of findings in serious game assisted learning, most …are supportive, coupled with a few negative results.’ However, the main benefits tended to be in the affective domain (student ‘happiness’ and improved social learning and communication) rather than in immediately improved cognitive learning outcomes, except in science (improved retention and holistic understanding), architecture and medicine/health. In the latter, games helped children with autism to learn. Zhonggen reports:
‘Generally, … medical science has recently witnessed clearly more studies on serious game assisted learning compared with other fields and most of studies in medical science supported use of serious games.’
9.2.4 Examples of serious games
The Digital Education Strategies team (DES) at Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University) has participated in the development of several virtual games simulations including:
Games-based learning: Toronto Metropolitan University’s Academic Integrity office, in collaboration with DES, developed a digital learning game called Academic Integrity in Space to motivate students to complete self-study training and to learn about the academic integrity, values and behaviours expected of students. The game development team’s objectives were to create a well-designed digital game to meet the learning objectives of making choices, learning by doing, and experiencing situations first-hand, through role-playing.
Video Game Simulation: A Home Visit game promotes the application of knowledge and skills related to establishing a therapeutic nurse-client relationship and completing a mental health assessment. Students assume the role of a community health nurse assigned to complete a home visit. Video is used to create an authentic experience, and students have to respond to particularly challenging situations, based on procedures taught elsewhere in the course. Depending on the student response, further video segments are used to provide feedback and to continue to scenarios to test the next appropriate procedure.
Instructors from Centennial College, Toronto Metropolitan University and George Brown College have developed a series of open access video game simulations through a virtual healthcare experience portal.
Gamification: Kyle Geske, an instructor at Red River College, Winnipeg, has developed a games-based approach to teaching web design. In his elective course on Full Stack Development of web sites, students have to design a project according to principles provided by the instructor. At each stage of the design process within the project students gain marks, and compete throughout the course with other students, who can see the marks at each stage for all the other students. A student can ‘level up’ their mark by going back and improving on each of the steps of the design. This approach has resulted in an increase in the average end of course grade compared to the more traditional classroom methods. Note this course involves elements of gaming, such as competition, and ‘levelling up’, without using games themselves.
9.2.5 Designing serious games
Zhonggen’s review of the literature (2019) highlighted the importance of the following in effective games design:
backstory and production,
artificial intelligence and adaptivity,
feedback and debriefing,
ease of use,
Building on prior research, and under the leadership of Naza Djafarova, the Digital Education Strategies team (DES) at the G. Raymond Chang School for Continuing Education at Toronto Metropolitan University developed a practical design guide for serious game-based learning, based on a games research process. This guide is an open educational resource and is designed to serve three purposes:
- provide a conceptual framework to guide game design within multidisciplinary teams in higher education;
- offer a methodological guide to running a participatory workshop focused on the pre-production phase of the game development process;
- share resources by making the guide and the design of the workshop available as open educational resources.
The games design methodology is an adaptation of the Design, Play, and Experience (DPE) Framework, developed by Winn (2009). The game development process consists of three phases:
- the pre-production phase, during which brainstorming among team members takes place, leading to the design of a paper prototype of the game;
- the production phase, when the game is developed; and
- the post-production phase, during which the game is tested and refined before being offered to learners.
The Digital Education Strategies team utilized the Design, Play and Experience model to identify four essential educational game elements:
- Learning refers to the content to be learned by players through the game with specific and measurable learning outcomes;
- Storytelling refers to the background story of the game and includes a description of the character(s), the setting, and the ultimate goal of the game;
- Gameplay refers to the way in which the player interacts with the game, or with other players (if a multiplayer game). It encapsulates the type of activity (e.g., puzzle, trivia, etc.) found in the game;
- User Experience refers to the player’s emotions and attitudes while playing the game, as well as how the player interacts with the game.
Figure 9.2.5 provides a more detailed representation of the various components of the Ryerson serious game design methodology.
The Digital Education Strategies’ report suggests a workshop approach to serious games design, in which all the key stakeholders (content experts, instructional designers, media producers, and so forth) are involved. Brainstorming in the early stages of design is considered essential. Also built into the design is testing and user feedback before releasing the game.
There are probably other effective design approaches, but the above approach highlights the essential multi-disciplinary approach of serious games design.
9.2.6 Unique educational characteristics of serious games
These still need to be clearly identified and validated, but two rather different claims are made for serious games:
- the first is that they can increase student motivation and engagement;
- the second is that games can be particularly useful for developing the following skills:
- problem solving
- communication skills
within specific contexts that approximate to the real world.
9.2.7 Strengths and weaknesses
In terms of the hype cycle, serious games are somewhere along the slope of enlightenment. There is not the research yet to move them into the plateau of productivity, but there is enough evidence from practice that they are gaining traction in education.
However, there are a number of reasons why serious games have not become more prevalent in education. The first is philosophical. There is resistance to the idea of games because some see serious games as an oxymoron. How can a game be serious? Many instructors fear that learning could easily be trivialised through games or that games can cover only a very limited part of what learning should be about – it can’t all be fun; that is not the purpose of education. Similarly, many professional game designers are not interested in developing serious games because they fear that if the primary goal is learning and not enjoyment, a focus on education risks killing the main element of a game: being fun to play.
A more pragmatic reason is cost and quality. The assumed high cost of video games has so far acted as a deterrent in education. There is no obvious business plan to justify the investment. The best selling video games for entertainment for instance cost millions of dollars to produce, on a scale similar to mainstream movies. If games are produced cheaply, won’t the quality – in terms of production standards, narrative/plot, visuals, and learner engagement – suffer, thus making them unattractive for learners?
However, probably the main reason serious games are not more prevalent in education is that most educators simply do not know enough about serious games: what exists, how they can be used, nor how to design them. Experience suggests that there are many possible and realistic applications for serious games in education. There is some evidence (see for instance, Arnab, 2014) that effective serious games can be developed at very little cost.
Nevertheless, there is always a high degree of risk in serious games design. There is no sure way of predicting in advance that a new game will be successful. Some low-cost simple games can work well; some expensively produced games can easily flop. This means careful testing and feedback during development. So serious games should be more seriously considered for teaching in a digital age – but their application needs to be done carefully and professionally.
Thus serious games are a relatively high risk, high return activity for teaching in a digital age. Success in serious games means building on best practices in games design, both within and outside education, sharing costs and experience, and collaboration between institutions and games development teams. However, as teaching in a digital age moves more and more towards high-level skills development, experiential learning, and problem-solving in real world contexts, serious games are bound to play an increasingly important role.
Anastasiadis, T. et al. (2018) Digital Game-based Learning and Serious Games in Education International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research and Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 12
Arnab, S. et al. (2014) Mapping learning and game mechanics for serious games analysis. British Journal of Educational Technology, Vol. 46, No. 2, pp 391–411
Clark, D. et al. (2016) Digital Games, Design, and Learning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Review of Educational Research, Vol. 86, No. 1
Deterding, S. et al. (2011) Gamification: Using Game Design Elements in Non-Gaming Contexts in PART 2-Proceedings of the 2011 annual conference extended abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems Vancouver BC: CHI
Dichev, C. and Dicheva Computers in Human D. (2017) Gamifying education: what is known, what is believed and what remains uncertain: a critical review International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, Vol. 14, No. 9
Djafarova, N. et el. (2018) The Art of Serious Game Design Toronto ON: Chang School of Continuing Studies, Ryerson University
Hamari, J., et al. (2016) Challenging games help students learn: An empirical study on engagement, flow and immersion in game-based learning Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 54
Hunicke, R., LeBlanc, M., & Zubek, R. (2004). MDA: A formal approach to game design and game research, in Proceedings of the Challenges in Game AI Workshop, San Jose CA: Nineteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence
Winn, B. (2009) ‘The design, play and experience framework’, in R. Ferdig (Ed.), Handbook of research on effective electronic gaming in education. Hershey, PA: IGI Global (pp. 388–401).
Zhonggen, Y. (2019) A Meta-Analysis of Use of Serious Games in Education over a Decade, International Journal of Computer Games Technology, vol. 2019, Article ID 4797032
- What are your views on serious games and gamification? Do you think they are useful approaches to teaching in a digital age, or are they just a gimmick that avoids the real challenges of learning, especially at a higher education level?
- Take a look at the Toronto Metropolitan University’s ‘Art of Serious Games Design’. Is this a model that could be used at your institution? Who would lead this effort? With what learning goals or outcomes could this process help in your program? What would be the main barrier to doing this?
- What other approaches could be taken to getting serious games used in your teaching?
Click on the podcast below for feedback on this activity:
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|Product #: EMC5014015_TQ|
Shaping Earth: Unit Review/Hands-on Activity (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 4
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
This daily science unit for grade 4 presents three review activities assessing comprehension, vocabulary, and visual literacy skills relating to forces that shape Earth's surface. Week 5 of 5 on 'Big Idea 3: Both slow and rapid processes shape the Earth's surface.' Additionally, a hands-on activity entitled 'Glacial Grind' is provided, along with an answer key.
Submit a review
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No matter how much attention is given to motion controller selection and programming, hydraulic system performance may be limited by incorrect sizing or physical location of components. A common design oversight is the use of undersized cylinders. Designers sometimes intend to increase piston rod speed by specifying a cylinder with a smaller bore — based on the assumption that for a given amount of oil flow, a smaller cylinder will produce quicker accelerations and higher velocities.
However, this only works for very light loads. For actuators moving moderate to heavy masses, acceleration, velocity, and deceleration are limited by the available force — not by oil flow. Because cylinder bore determines the force it can produce, if the bore is too small, the cylinder may be incapable of attaining the desired speeds or cycle times required by the application.
A real-world example
We were recently asked to diagnose problems with a system operating incorrectly. After obtaining specific application data, we performed a hydraulic system simulation. Our mathematical model suggested-that more force was necessary. The simulation was changed to evaluate cylinders with larger bores. The dramatic results, graphed in Figures 1 and 2, suggested replacing the existing 2-in. bore cylinders with 3¼-in. bore cylinders and replacing the hydraulic valves with appropriately larger ones.
Figure 1 shows how an undersized cylinder may not provide enough force to quickly decelerate a large load when extending. The cylinder cavitates (pressure goes to zero) on the cap end, and pressure on the rod end exceeds system pressure. The system is out of control because oil on the rod side is going back into the oil supply, thereby actually decreasing deceleration!
When the cylinder diameter is increased to 3¼-in., Figure 2, the piston rod accelerates the load at the same rate, but the pressure doesn't change as much because of the greater piston surface area. The cylinder pressures throughout the cycle are in the middle of the pressure range, with plenty of pressure drop across the piston to maintain positive control.
Increasing the cylinder bore increases the natural frequency (stiffness)of the system, allowing the motion controller to manage faster accelerations and decelerations, and yielding higher system performance when properly tuned. However, larger cylinders require larger valves and higher flow. Very large cylinders increase cost. And because large valves tend to be slower, at some point increasing valve size will no longer increase system response.
Force makes the system go
Force is directly related to cylinder size. Often, novice designers apply the familiar, but oversimplified, formula:
v = Q ÷ A,
where v is the piston velocity,
Q is the flow, and
A is the piston area.
But this equation is accurate only if the mass is zero. It should only be used to calculate flow: Q = v x A. The following "rule of thumb" formula takes into account the force needed to produce acceleration and the pressure drop required by servovalves for control. (Typically, servovalves are rated at 70 bar, approximately equal to 1000 psi.)
A = LP ÷ (PS — 1000 psi),
where LP is load pressure, and
PS is the system pressure.
This formula assumes that peak load occurs at peak speed. The peak load includes the force necessary to accelerate or decelerate the load, friction, and the load's weight if the system is vertical. Minimum system pressure should be used. This formula, which should be applied for both extend and retract directions, neglects the opposing force required to push oil out the opposite end of the cylinder. Therefore, the estimated size should be considered a minimum.
For high-performance motion, a second check should be made to ensure that the natural frequency of the system is higher than the frequency of motion generated by the motion profile. For example, if the frequency of acceleration is 5 Hz; the actuator's natural frequency should be three to four times higher:
Aavg = (f × 4)2× π × LS × WL ÷ (g × ß)
where Aavg is the average area of the piston,
f is the cycle frequency,
LS is the stroke length,
WL is the weight of the load,
g is the acceleration due to gravity (32 ft/sec2), and
is the bulk modulus (incompressibility constant) of oil (~200,000 psi).
This formula also tends to underestimate the correct cylinder bore because it makes some optimistic assumptions. The most significant is that the valve is mounted right on the cylinder. If this isn't the case, the cylinder stroke should be increased by about the length of the hose connecting the valve to the cylinder.
The area of the hose is smaller than that of the cylinder, but hose is more compliant than cylinder tubing. Hose or extra pipe between the valve and the cylinder complicate these calculations and reduce performance.
For the most critical applications, the VCCM equation, developed by Jack Johnson, takes into account additional variables and produces an excellent estimation of performance.
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| 0.927162 | 1,035 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Learn TOEFL Vocabulary Fast
To learn the most common English vocabulary words tested on the TOEFL, check out these online flashcards created by Acadia Center. Read and listen to the words and their definitions, and test your knowledge by studying the flashcards, taking the word quiz, and playing word games online. Each set of flashcards presents a new group of ten common TOEFL vocabulary words along with simple, easy-to-learn definitions.
After you’ve mastered the first two flashcard sets, try the most common TOEFL vocabulary set number 3 and most common TOEFL vocabulary set number 4. These first four sets feature some of the most useful verbs to learn in English, whether you’re looking to improve your score on the TOEFL or just trying to expand your knowledge of English vocabulary.
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| 0.903865 | 172 | 3.390625 | 3 |
programs has elements that address some portion of the critical technologies, and each has a funding line. The collective funds, if properly applied, may be sufficient in the near term for a significant critical technologies program; however, as configured, it is not clear that the collected programs cover all critical hypersonics technologies. What is more, NAI has not projected funding after existing program budgets run out. The committee observes that sharply higher budgets will be required to support technology scale-up (i.e., beyond presently planned small-scale demonstrations), especially flight demonstration programs aimed at maturing air-breathing hypersonics technologies to the point where decisions can be made about the development of large-scale Global Strike/ISR aircraft and air-breathing space access vehicles. A realistic budget must be projected consistent with answering the critical technology challenges, and existing programs should be more closely aligned, taking advantage of the synergistic potential championed by NAI, so they can provide critical hypersonics technologies to the nation.
This chapter begins by presenting the committee’s findings and recommendations, with brief discussions as appropriate. Technical and financial issues associated with the technologies that are critical to hypersonic flight are then discussed, together with recommended directions for future research and development.
Finding 2-1. The U.S. Air Force, the U.S. Army, and the U.S. Navy all see the possible benefits of applying air-breathing hypersonic propulsion technology to a broad range of warfighting missions, but none has yet developed formal requirements for such technology. Similarly, NASA sees potential in applying air-breathing hypersonics propulsion technology to space launch systems. Together, the DoD services and NASA are investing in the development of near- and mid-term hypersonics technologies under the NAI and are looking to 20181 as a point at which to assess whether hypersonic propulsion has sufficient system and/or operational benefits to warrant applying the technology to space launch missions (Sega, 2003a). The DoD services see air-breathing hypersonics technology as applied to hypersonic missiles and/or aircraft as tangible products along the path to 2018 (see Chapter 1 for more discussion of warfighter requirements).
Discussion 2-1. Although they recognize the potential benefits of applying hypersonic air-breathing technology to weapon systems, the DoD services are expressing a wait-and-see attitude, keeping an eye on hypersonics technology development, and continuing to explore concept of operations (CONOPS) for hypersonics systems employing air-breathing propulsion (Morrish, 2003; Graff, 2003; Hickman et al., 2003; Walker, 2003). For example, the Air Force recognizes that its space access requirements (as well as its time-critical strike and global reach requirements) may someday be met by hypersonic air-breathing propulsion, but only after the technology has been sufficiently matured. In the meantime, the greater maturity of rocket technology allows it to develop near- and mid-term (~2010 and 2015, respectively) rocket-based solutions to satisfy Operationally Responsive Spacelift (ORS) requirements. By 2018, hypersonic air-breathing technology may be sufficiently mature and understood, under a properly developed and executed NAI plan, to make a full-scale development (FSD) decision on whether to promote air-breathing hypersonics technology to the next block or spiral of space access system development, one with an initial operational capability (IOC) no sooner than about 2025.
This date and others that appear in the report were established by NAI participants prior to the President’s announcement of a new mandate for NASA. How these dates will be affected by the new NASA mandate is not yet clear; however, some NAI schedule objectives might be significantly delayed. See “NASA’s New Space Exploration Mandate” in the preface.
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Short stature or delayed growth
The first step in the investigation of a child with short stature is to confirm that the child really is short; since there are frequently serious errors of measurement due to poor technique, poor equipment as well as incorrect entries on the growth charts. Another key area is determining whether the child is shorter than expected for the family as a number of conditions can be ruled out when the genetic target height is low.
When a child is noted to be inappropriately short, assessment of body proportion can rule out the small percentage of children with abnormalities of their skeletal architecture following which one can continue with a staged investigation plan. It should be born in mind that endocrine causes of poor growth are relatively rare. In the first instance, systemic or multisystem disease and non-organic conditions such as psycho-social deprivation should be considered. Subsequently, prior to considering full endocrine investigations, it is appropriate to document an abnormally slow growth rate as pituitary function tests are rarely indicated in the presence of normal growth and indeed their interpretation in children with normal growth is very difficult. Normal growth may be defined as more than 5 cm per year in mid-childhood and a significantly abnormal height velocity would be less than 4 cm per year.
The planning and the interpretation of tests of pituitary function and growth hormone secretion requires some fore thought. As there is a physiological diminution of growth hormone secretion in the latter part of pre-puberty, the stimulated peak of growth hormone may fall below the recommended cut off (which should be determined locally based on the specific growth hormone assay). In children with a bone age over 10 years, it is appropriate to pre-treat (prime) with sex steroid therapy. In a boy this can be done with intramuscular Sustanon (testosterone) 100 mg five days before the investigation or in a girl, ethinyloestradiol 10 micrograms each day five days prior to the investigation. This upregulates the pituitary gland into increasing the growth hormone output into pubertal activity.
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| 0.949065 | 417 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The federal government has erected an elaborate food inspection system, replete with double and triple checks, to ensure that animals on the way to slaughter are treated humanely and their meat is safe to eat when it leaves the plant.
The law requires slaughterhouses to create their own plan that identifies and addresses safety concerns. It mandates that U.S. Department of Agriculture food inspectors are onsite whenever animals are being killed. In most cases, USDA veterinarians are also supposed to be at the plant to supervise the inspectors.
The USDA is now alleging that Rancho Feeding Corporation, the Petaluma slaughterhouse in the throes of a massive recall of beef and veal, "intermittently circumvented" that system.
That would have been both difficult and very foolhardy, experts say.
"It's hard to believe that in this day and age they could be that dumb," said Temple Grandin, a Colorado State University animal sciences professor who consults with companies including McDonald's, Wendy's and Whole Foods Market on slaughter practices.
A Rancho co-owner has denied the USDA's assertion that the slaughterhouse, which has a deal in place to sell to Marin Sun Farms, bypassed the inspection rules.
As the system is designed, slaughterhouse managers must come up with their own safety plan, known as a Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point program, or HACCP. But federal inspectors must make sure plant managers and employees are carrying out the safety measures identified in the plan. Also, inspectors have separate duties regardless of the HACCP.
"The role of the USDA inspector is to make sure they follow their own HACCP plan, and the inspectors are still doing visual inspection to make sure livers and things like that are healthy," said Grandin, who wrote the American Meat Institute's slaughter guidelines.
Under USDA guidelines, the first point of inspection is when cattle arrive at the plant in a truck. USDA inspectors are there to monitor the animals as they are unloaded, making sure they have ramps, aren't slipping or falling, and show no signs of illness.
After some time in the holding pens, often overnight, the cattle are given what is known as an ante-mortem inspection. The USDA inspector checks the cattle, while they are standing, for signs of disease and makes sure they have shade and water.
A pre-operation inspection is then performed. Inspectors check the kill floor for contaminants such as blood, fat or hair.
The cattle are then brought one at a time into a high-walled, concrete enclosure called the "knock box," where a bolt gun that doesn't penetrate the brain is fired between the animal's eyes to render it unconscious.
That is one point at which inspectors are not required to be present, although they must still be on the plant premises, Grandin said.
The animal's throat is then slit and it is hung from one or both hind legs to bleed to death, usually in three to four minutes.
What is known as the disassembly process then begins: the animal's head and organs are removed, and the skinned carcass is split in two.
Throughout, the USDA is required to have eyes on the work, checking the animal's organs, including eyes, heart, cheeks and head, for signs of diseases such as cancer, and making sure the digestive system is not punctured.
"The inspector is there the whole time," making sure nobody is deviating from the HACCP," said Caleb Sehnert, manager of the UC Davis Meat Lab slaughterhouse, a federally inspected facility.
The split carcass then inspected again, before it is placed on a rail where workers trim away any contamination such as hair, dirt or feces, if it remains.
At the UC Davis slaughterhouse under its HACCP, a "zero tolerance check" is then done — a final examination by the USDA inspector of the carcass for contaminants.
"That's usually a critical control point in most kill floor operations," Sehnert said.
After that, carcasses are washed down with warm water and then with a lactic or acidic wash to stem the growth of any microbes.
That is essentially the process used at Rancho to process pasture-raised cattle owned by BN Ranch, said Bill Niman, a Bolinas rancher who hired the Petaluma slaughterhouse to process his cattle.
"We're confident in the inspection process because there are more than enough eyes on it," Niman said.
Niman took additional steps to protect the integrity of his beef. One of his top managers, and often Niman himself, accompanied plant employees and the inspector through the process to ensure BN Ranch standards for quality and humane treatment were met.
"But the important thing is, based on my observation, it's a robust inspection process," he said.
The Rancho recall has left about $300,000 worth of Niman beef in a state of limbo. BN Ranch is unable to sell the frozen beef while the recall is in place.
Industry watchers as well as insiders say that the trick is in putting HACCP programs into proper practice. These safety plans vary from plant to plant.
"It comes down to how well-designed the plant's HACCP system is and how well is the plant implementing it, and that can vary from plant to plant," said Chris Waldrop, director of the Food Policy Institute at the Consumer Federation of America. "And then, how busy is the inspector."
Distributed by MCT Information Services. Read more at www.pressdemocrat.com
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| 0.97057 | 1,151 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Functions of Emotion
It is impossible to imagine life without emotion. We treasure our feelings—the joy at a ball game, the pleasure of the touch of a loved one, or the fun with friends on a night out. Even negative emotions are important, such as the sadness when a loved one dies, the anger when violated, the fear that overcomes us in a scary or unknown situation, or the guilt or shame toward others when our sins are made public. Emotions color life experiences and give those experiences meaning and flavor.
In fact, emotions play many important roles in people’s lives and have been the topic of scientific inquiry in psychology for well over a century (Cannon, 1927; Darwin, 1872; James, 1890). This module explores why we have emotions and why they are important. Doing so requires us to understand the function of emotions, and this module does so below by dividing the discussion into three sections. The first concerns the intrapersonal functions of emotion, which refer to the role that emotions play within each of us individually. The second concerns the interpersonal functions of emotion, which refer to the role emotions play between individuals within a group. The third concerns the social and cultural functions of emotion, which refer to the role that emotions play in the maintenance of social order within a society. All in all, we will see that emotions inform us of who we are, what our relationships with others are like, and how to behave in social interactions. Emotions give meaning to events; without emotions, those events would be mere facts. Emotions help coordinate interpersonal relationships. And emotions play an important role in the cultural functioning of keeping human societies together. (64)
Intrapersonal Functions of Emotion
Emotions Help Us Act Quickly with Minimal Conscious Awareness
Emotions are rapid information-processing systems that help us act with minimal thinking (Tooby & Cosmides, 2008). Problems associated with birth, battle, death, and seduction have occurred throughout evolutionary history and emotions evolved to aid humans in adapting to those problems rapidly and with minimal conscious cognitive intervention. If we did not have emotions, we could not make rapid decisions concerning whether to attack, defend, flee, care for others, reject food, or approach something useful, all of which were functionally adaptive in our evolutionary history and helped us to survive. For instance, drinking spoiled milk or eating rotten eggs has negative consequences for our welfare. The emotion of disgust, however, helps us immediately take action by not ingesting them in the first place or by vomiting them out. This response is adaptive because it aids, ultimately, in our survival and allows us to act immediately without much thinking. In some instances, taking the time to sit and rationally think about what to do, calculating cost–benefit ratios in one’s mind, is a luxury that might cost one one’s life. Emotions evolved so that we can act without that depth of thinking.
Emotions Prepare the Body for Immediate Action
Emotions prepare us for behavior. When triggered, emotions orchestrate systems such as perception, attention, inference, learning, memory, goal choice, motivational priorities, physiological reactions, motor behaviors, and behavioral decision-making (Cosmides & Tooby, 2000; Tooby & Cosmides, 2008). Emotions simultaneously activate certain systems and deactivate others in order to prevent the chaos of competing systems operating at the same time, allowing for coordinated responses to environmental stimuli (Levenson, 1999). For instance, when we are afraid, our bodies shut down temporarily unneeded digestive processes, resulting in saliva reduction (a dry mouth); blood flows disproportionately to the lower half of the body; the visual field expands; and air is breathed in, all preparing the body to flee. Emotions initiate a system of components that includes subjective experience, expressive behaviors, physiological reactions, action tendencies, and cognition, all for the purposes of specific actions; the term “emotion” is, in reality, a metaphor for these reactions.
One common misunderstanding many people have when thinking about emotions, however, is the belief that emotions must always directly produce action. This is not true. Emotion certainly prepares the body for action; but whether people actually engage in action is dependent on many factors, such as the context within which the emotion has occurred, the target of the emotion, the perceived consequences of one’s actions, previous experiences, and so forth (Baumeister, Vohs, DeWall, & Zhang, 2007; Matsumoto & Wilson, 2008). Thus, emotions are just one of many determinants of behavior, albeit an important one.
Emotions Influence Thoughts
Emotions are also connected to thoughts and memories. Memories are not just facts that are encoded in our brains; they are colored with the emotions felt at those times the facts occurred (Wang & Ross, 2007). Thus, emotions serve as the neural glue that connects those disparate facts in our minds. That is why it is easier to remember happy thoughts when happy, and angry times when angry. Emotions serve as the affective basis of many attitudes, values, and beliefs that we have about the world and the people around us; without emotions those attitudes, values, and beliefs would be just statements without meaning, and emotions give those statements meaning. Emotions influence our thinking processes, sometimes in constructive ways, sometimes not. It is difficult to think critically and clearly when we feel intense emotions, but easier when we are not overwhelmed with emotions (Matsumoto, Hirayama, & LeRoux, 2006).
Emotions Motivate Future Behaviors
Because emotions prepare our bodies for immediate action, influence thoughts, and can be felt, they are important motivators of future behavior. Many of us strive to experience the feelings of satisfaction, joy, pride, or triumph in our accomplishments and achievements. At the same time, we also work very hard to avoid strong negative feelings; for example, once we have felt the emotion of disgust when drinking the spoiled milk, we generally work very hard to avoid having those feelings again (e.g., checking the expiration date on the label before buying the milk, smelling the milk before drinking it, watching if the milk curdles in one’s coffee before drinking it). Emotions, therefore, not only influence immediate actions but also serve as an important motivational basis for future behaviors. (64)
Interpersonal Functions of Emotion
Emotions are expressed both verbally through words and nonverbally through facial expressions, voices, gestures, body postures, and movements. We are constantly expressing emotions when interacting with others, and others can reliably judge those emotional expressions (Elfenbein & Ambady, 2002; Matsumoto, 2001); thus, emotions have signal value to others and influence others and our social interactions. Emotions and their expressions communicate information to others about our feelings, intentions, relationship with the target of the emotions, and the environment. Because emotions have this communicative signal value, they help solve social problems by evoking responses from others, by signaling the nature of interpersonal relationships, and by providing incentives for desired social behavior (Keltner, 2003).
Emotional Expressions Facilitate Specific Behaviors in Perceivers
Because facial expressions of emotion are social signals, they contain meaning not only about the expressor’s psychological state but also about that person’s intent and subsequent behavior. This information affects what the perceiver is likely to do. People observing fearful faces, for instance, are more likely to produce approach-related behaviors, whereas people who observe angry faces are more likely to produce avoidance-related behaviors (Marsh, Ambady, & Kleck, 2005). Even subliminal presentation of smiles produces increases in how much beverage people pour and consume and how much they are willing to pay for it; presentation of angry faces decreases these behaviors (Winkielman, Berridge, & Wilbarger, 2005). Also, emotional displays evoke specific, complementary emotional responses from observers; for example, anger evokes fear in others (Dimberg & Ohman, 1996; Esteves, Dimberg, & Ohman, 1994), whereas distress evokes sympathy and aid (Eisenberg et al., 1989).
Emotional Expressions Signal the Nature of Interpersonal Relationships
Emotional expressions provide information about the nature of the relationships among the individuals. Some of the most important and provocative findings in this area come from studies involving married couples (Gottman & Levenson, 1992; Gottman, Levenson, & Woodin, 2001). In this research, married couples visited a laboratory after having not seen each other for 24 hours, and then engaged in intimate conversations about daily events or issues of conflict. Discrete expressions of contempt, especially by the men, and disgust, especially by the women, predicted later marital dissatisfaction and even divorce.
Emotional Expressions Provide Incentives for Desired Social Behavior
Facial expressions of emotion are important regulators of social interaction. In the developmental literature, this concept has been investigated under the concept of social referencing (Klinnert, Campos, & Sorce, 1983); that is, the process whereby infants seek out information from others to clarify a situation and then use that information to act. To date, the strongest demonstration of social referencing comes from work on the visual cliff. In the first study to investigate this concept, Campos and colleagues (Sorce, Emde, Campos, & Klinnert, 1985) placed mothers on the far end of the “cliff” from the infant. Mothers first smiled to the infants and placed a toy on top the safety glass to attract them; infants invariably began crawling to their mothers. When the infants were in the center of the table, however, the mother then posed an expression of fear, sadness, anger, interest, or joy. The results were clearly different for the different faces; no infant crossed the table when the mother showed fear; only 6% did when the mother posed anger, 33% crossed when the mother posed sadness, and approximately 75% of the infants crossed when the mother posed joy or interest.
Other studies provide similar support for facial expressions as regulators of social interaction. In one study (Bradshaw, 1986), experimenters posed facial expressions of neutral, anger, or disgust toward babies as they moved toward an object and measured the amount of inhibition the babies showed in touching the object. The results for 10– and 15–month olds were the same: anger produced the greatest inhibition, followed by disgust, with neutral the least. This study was later replicated (Hertenstein & Campos, 2004) using joy and disgust expressions, altering the method so that the infants were not allowed to touch the toy (compared with a distractor object) until one hour after exposure to the expression. At 14 months of age, significantly more infants touched the toy when they saw joyful expressions, but fewer touched the toy when the infants saw disgust. (64)
Social and Cultural Functions of Emotion
Although there are cultural differences in the display of emotion, almost all infants start showing emotion such as smiling or reacting to their caretaker as early as 6 weeks after their birth.
If you stop to think about many things we take for granted in our daily lives, we cannot help but come to the conclusion that modern human life is a colorful tapestry of many groups and individual lives woven together in a complex yet functional way. For example, when you’re hungry, you might go to the local grocery store and buy some food. Ever stop to think about how you’re able to do that? You might buy a banana that was grown in a field in Southeast Asia being raised by farmers there, where they planted the tree, cared for it, and picked the fruit. They probably handed that fruit off to a distribution chain that allowed multiple people somewhere to use tools such as cranes, trucks, cargo bins, ships or airplanes (that were also created by multiple people somewhere) to bring that banana to your store. The store had people to care for that banana until you came and got it and to barter with you for it (with your money). You may have gotten to the store riding a vehicle that was produced somewhere else in the world by others, and you were probably wearing clothes produced by some other people somewhere else.
Thus, human social life is complex. Individuals are members of multiple groups, with multiple social roles, norms, and expectations, and people move rapidly in and out of the multiple groups of which they are members. Moreover, much of human social life is unique because it revolves around cities, where many people of disparate backgrounds come together. This creates the enormous potential for social chaos, which can easily occur if individuals are not coordinated well and relationships not organized systematically.
One of the important functions of culture is to provide this necessary coordination and organization. Doing so allows individuals and groups to negotiate the social complexity of human social life, thereby maintaining social order and preventing social chaos. Culture does this by providing a meaning and information system to its members, which is shared by a group and transmitted across generations, that allows the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness and well-being, and derive meaning from life (Matsumoto & Juang, 2013). Culture is what allowed the banana from Southeast Asia to appear on your table. (64)
Social and Cultural Functions of Emotion (Continued)
Cultural transmission of the meaning and information system to its members is, therefore, a crucial aspect of culture. One of the ways this transmission occurs is through the development of worldviews (including attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms) related to emotions (Matsumoto & Hwang, 2013; Matsumoto et al., 2008). Worldviews related to emotions provide guidelines for desirable emotions that facilitate norms for regulating individual behaviors and interpersonal relationships. Our cultural backgrounds tell us which emotions are ideal to have, and which are not (Tsai, Knutson, & Fung, 2006). The cultural transmission of information related to emotions occurs in many ways, from childrearers to children, as well as from the cultural products available in our world, such as books, movies, ads, and the like (Schönpflug, 2009; Tsai, Louie, Chen, & Uchida, 2007).
Cultures also inform us about what to do with our emotions—that is, how to manage or modify them—when we experience them. One of the ways in which this is done is through the management of our emotional expressions through cultural display rules (Friesen, 1972). These are rules that are learned early in life that specify the management and modification of our emotional expressions according to social circumstances. Thus, we learn that “big boys don’t cry” or to laugh at the boss’s jokes even though they’re not funny. By affecting how individuals express their emotions, culture also influences how people experience them as well.
Because one of the major functions of culture is to maintain social order in order to ensure group efficiency and thus survival, cultures create worldviews, rules, guidelines, and norms concerning emotions because emotions have important intra– and interpersonal functions and are important motivators of behavior. Norms concerning emotion and its regulation in all cultures serve the purpose of maintaining social order. Cultural worldviews and norms help us manage and modify our emotional reactions (and thus behaviors) by helping us to have certain kinds of emotional experiences in the first place and by managing our reactions and subsequent behaviors once we have them. By doing so, our culturally moderated emotions can help us engage in socially appropriate behaviors, as defined by our cultures, and thus reduce social complexity and increase social order, avoiding social chaos. All of this allows us to live relatively harmonious and constructive lives in groups. If cultural worldviews and norms about emotions did not exist, people would just run amok having all kinds of emotional experiences, expressing their emotions and then behaving in all sorts of unpredictable and potentially harmful ways. If that were the case, it would be very difficult for groups and societies to function effectively, and even for humans to survive as a species, if emotions were not regulated in culturally defined ways for the common, social good. Thus, emotions play a critical role in the successful functioning of any society and culture. (64)
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If you’re searching for income in the area of architecture, you can examine out careers in architectural design. Employment being an architectural designer is particularly great for individuals are creative and interested in the artistic side of architecture instead of the engineering aspect.
Architecture designers concentrate on designing structures which include bridges and both commercial and residential structures. They’re worried about designing an area that’s both functional and aesthetic. The kind of work that architecture designers do also differs. Many designers focus on a particular area for example designing educational facilities or residential structures.
To get employment in architecture design, you have to earn a bachelor’s or perhaps a master’s degree in architecture from your accredited institution. When likely to school full-time, a bachelor’s degree could be earned in 4 years while a master’s degree may take between 1 to 5 years based on the number of classes you are taking at any given time. Most states also require some type of licensing to be able to practice architecture. It frequently requires a while to obtain established being an architectural designer, therefore the earlier you begin getting feel the better. Many architectural designers start interning with firms while they’re still in class.
Kinds of Work & Wages
Many architectural design workers operate in architecture firms alongside other kinds of architects. Although most designers work with firms, some architectural designers also find act as consultants or perhaps in positions employed by the federal government. Furthermore, some architectural designers start their very own firms we have spent somewhere to achieve experience. Wages for architecture design jobs increase with experience as well as differ by location they’ll generally be greater in large metropolitan areas. Job prospects for architectural designers look great because the field is anticipated to develop a minimum of as quickly as the typical in future years. To sum it up, beginning a job in architectural design is a great career choice for those who wish to combine creativeness and engineering to produce lasting pieces of art.
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A new mother carries her infant over the threshold of a church for their christening. But whose painting influenced Harriet Backer’s masterpiece?
With Edvard Munch launched in his career, Normann returned to painting the fjords of his native Norway.
Born in north Norway, trained in Germany, he mostly painted breathtaking views of fjords. But in 1892, he seized the opportunity to change the history of art, and became godfather to one of the world’s most famous paintings.
By the end of the war, he suffered worsening bouts of heavy drinking. He continued to paint, including telling his life story, both past and future.
His paintings were praised by Edvard Munch himself. Tackling themes such as prostitution and alcoholism, they are important works.
After a period writing for his living, Krohg painted two series: one about sailing and the sea, the other about the artist’s model.
His last ‘naturalist’ or social realist painting was in 1889. He also painted his family, and evocative motifs to support Norway’s coming independence.
In the 1880s, he developed new themes, involving tiredness, cares of motherhood, and fallen women who had gone from slaving at sewing machines to prostitution. Paintings became part of social campaigning.
A social realist whose themes spanned controversial topics such as poverty and prostitution, he was a major influence of Edvard Munch, and central to Nordic and northern European art.
His romantic views of the North Cape of Norway and the Northern Lights were for many their first glimpse of the uttermost north.
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Want to beat your Scrabble friends no matter where you are?WordSolver Android App!
2 Definitions of Impede
The definition of impede, the meaning of the word Impede:
Is impede a scrabble word? Yes!
- v. - Be a hindrance or obstacle to
- v. - Block passage through
Impede is worth 11 points in Scrabble, and 13 points in Words with Friends
There are 6 letters in impede: D E E I M P
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to impede:
29 words found using the letters in "Impede"
5 Letter Words
4 Letter Words
3 Letter Words
2 Letter Words
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A recent study indicates that wild salmon may account for just 10 percent of California's fall-run chinook salmon population, while the vast majority of the fish come from hatcheries. The findings are especially troubling in light of the disastrous decline in the population this year, which will probably force the closure of the 2008 season for commercial and recreational salmon fishing.
The role of hatcheries in the management of salmon populations has been a contentious issue for many years. The new findings appear to support the idea that including artificially propagated fish in population estimates can mask declines in natural populations caused by a lack of suitable habitat.
"Our finding that 90 percent of the fish are from hatcheries surprised a lot of people," said Rachel Barnett-Johnson, a fisheries biologist with the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Barnett-Johnson and her coworkers published their results in the December 2007 issue of the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. The main focus of the paper is the development of a new technique for distinguishing between wild and hatchery-raised salmon. The researchers validated the technique and used it to estimate the percentage of wild fish among the fall-run chinook salmon caught by commercial fishing boats along the central California coast in 2002.
"It's a one-time estimate for that year, and these things do change over time. But it's the most recent and perhaps best estimate we have," said Churchill Grimes, director of the National Marine Fisheries Service Santa Cruz Laboratory and a coauthor of the paper.
In 2002, the fall run of chinook salmon in the Sacramento River was estimated at 775,000 adults returning to spawn, according to the Pacific Fisheries Management Council. Fewer than 60,000 are expected this year, even with no ocean fishing allowed. If the percentage of wild fish is the same this year as in 2002, it would mean fewer than 6,000 wild salmon in what has been the largest salmon run on the West Coast.
The researchers were able to distinguish between wild and hatchery-raised fish by analyzing the banding patterns in fish ear bones, called otoliths. Like tree rings, characteristic light and dark bands in the otoliths reflect daily growth increments, and the width of the bands indicates growth rates. The differences observed between otoliths from wild and hatchery-raised fish are the result of differences in the availability of food at a critical transition in the salmon life cycle, when the young fish (called fry) have used up the food supply in their yolk sacs and must start feeding themselves, Barnett-Johnson said.
"In the wild, they hide in the gravel until they use up the yolk sac, and then there is a period of slower growth while they learn to feed on aquatic insects. This abrupt transition and slow growth are captured in the growth bands of the otolith," Barnett-Johnson said. "In the hatchery, there is an abundant supply of food, so the transition is smoother and growth bands are wider."
Every fish, therefore, carries an identifier of its origin as a natural tag in the earbone, which has significant advantages over techniques for tagging fish, she said. Coded wire tags (CWTs), for example, have been used to mark fish for some studies. But only a small fraction of hatchery fish and even fewer wild fish are tagged or marked in California, according to Barnett-Johnson. Some small hatchery operations clip the fins of all hatchery fish so they can be distinguished from wild fish, but fall-run chinook salmon are not marked that way. As a result, there have not been good estimates of the proportion of wild fish in the population until this study, she said.
"The only other estimates out there pointed in the other direction--significantly more wild fish than hatchery fish," Barnett-Johnson said. "One study used CWT recoveries from hatchery fish and estimated that 33 percent of adults returning to rivers in the Central Valley were from hatcheries. The other number floating around comes from counting the number of fish returning to spawn in rivers versus returning to hatcheries, and this estimated the number of 'wild' fish to be 3.5 times higher than hatchery returns."
One reason these figures are so important is that they could affect the listing of the fall run under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The question of whether hatcheries can help restore threatened and endangered salmon populations or if they actually harm wild populations has long been a controversial issue. It became a legal issue in 2001, when a federal judge revoked the ESA listing of Oregon coast coho salmon, ruling that the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) should have included hatchery fish in the population counts.
A more recent federal court ruling, however, concluded that the health and viability of natural populations should be used as the benchmark for ESA status determinations. That ruling has been appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
"The agency's policy on counting hatchery fish has flip-flopped as a result of these different legal decisions," Grimes said. "Now the focus is again on wild fish, and it doesn't appear there are many of them. That could be bad news for fishing because, if the fall run is listed under the Endangered Species Act, there would be no legal harvest."
Fisheries experts blame unfavorable ocean conditions for the dismally low returns of chinook and coho salmon to rivers and streams all along the West Coast this year. In 2005, when this year's returning salmon were juveniles just entering the ocean, food production in the California Current was much lower than usual due to a delay in the wind-driven upwelling of nutrient-rich water that sustains the food web along the coast. A similar disruption of the normal upwelling occurred the following year (see earlier press release at http://press.ucsc.edu/text.asp?pid=971).
"We expect the returns to be as bad or worse next year as they were this year," Grimes said. "The years when those fish outmigrated into the ocean were the worst conditions that we've seen in over 25 years of observing spring conditions."
Compounding the situation is the degradation of the freshwater habitat for salmon in the Sacramento River and the rest of the Central Valley drainage system, he said. "There is no question that the river basin's capacity to produce salmon--the quality of the habitat--has been degraded something awful, and it just doesn't produce like it used to," Grimes said. "We have these remnant populations--that's all it is really. We're trying to manage what's left."
Barnett-Johnson said the otolith technique offers a new tool for monitoring the effectiveness of restoration efforts and tracking the numbers of wild fish over time. By estimating the numbers of hatchery and wild fish independently, the technique can help to differentiate between effects on the population due to ocean conditions and those due to freshwater conditions. That's because hatchery-raised fish don't face the same hazards in the initial freshwater phase of their life cycle that wild fish do, so they would be affected less by freshwater conditions. Not only are hatchery fish protected and artificially fed in the hatcheries, they also get a free ride downstream in tanker trucks. The hazards associated with migrating downstream to the ocean range from predators to the pumps that siphon water out of the rivers for human use.
"Most of the hatcheries in the Central Valley put the fish in tanker trucks and release them into the lower San Francisco Bay Delta, so they bypass a lot of the mortality that occurs in the rivers," Barnett-Johnson said. "If freshwater mortality was a key factor in population declines, we would expect to see hatchery and wild populations responding differently."
Barnett-Johnson plans to use the otolith technique to track changes in the composition of the salmon population over time. Unfortunately, because her research depends on a collaboration with commercial fishermen, the possible closure of the fishery this year may mean that she will not be able to get any salmon otoliths to analyze.
"At a time when we really need more information on the status of wild populations, a complete closure would mean I can't conduct my research to provide this estimate," she said.
Tim Stephens | EurekAlert!
Win-win strategies for climate and food security
02.10.2017 | International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA)
The personality factor: How to foster the sharing of research data
06.09.2017 | ZBW – Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft
University of Maryland researchers contribute to historic detection of gravitational waves and light created by event
On August 17, 2017, at 12:41:04 UTC, scientists made the first direct observation of a merger between two neutron stars--the dense, collapsed cores that remain...
Seven new papers describe the first-ever detection of light from a gravitational wave source. The event, caused by two neutron stars colliding and merging together, was dubbed GW170817 because it sent ripples through space-time that reached Earth on 2017 August 17. Around the world, hundreds of excited astronomers mobilized quickly and were able to observe the event using numerous telescopes, providing a wealth of new data.
Previous detections of gravitational waves have all involved the merger of two black holes, a feat that won the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics earlier this month....
Material defects in end products can quickly result in failures in many areas of industry, and have a massive impact on the safe use of their products. This is why, in the field of quality assurance, intelligent, nondestructive sensor systems play a key role. They allow testing components and parts in a rapid and cost-efficient manner without destroying the actual product or changing its surface. Experts from the Fraunhofer IZFP in Saarbrücken will be presenting two exhibits at the Blechexpo in Stuttgart from 7–10 November 2017 that allow fast, reliable, and automated characterization of materials and detection of defects (Hall 5, Booth 5306).
When quality testing uses time-consuming destructive test methods, it can result in enormous costs due to damaging or destroying the products. And given that...
Using a new cooling technique MPQ scientists succeed at observing collisions in a dense beam of cold and slow dipolar molecules.
How do chemical reactions proceed at extremely low temperatures? The answer requires the investigation of molecular samples that are cold, dense, and slow at...
Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, using high precision laser spectroscopy of atomic hydrogen, confirm the surprisingly small value of the proton radius determined from muonic hydrogen.
It was one of the breakthroughs of the year 2010: Laser spectroscopy of muonic hydrogen resulted in a value for the proton charge radius that was significantly...
17.10.2017 | Event News
10.10.2017 | Event News
10.10.2017 | Event News
20.10.2017 | Information Technology
20.10.2017 | Materials Sciences
20.10.2017 | Interdisciplinary Research
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Located on a high promontory which pushes into the River North Esk about a half-mile (1 km) southeast of the village of Roslin in Midlothian. Rosslyn Castle was built in the 14th-century by Henry St. Clair (or Sinclair), Earl of Orkney, who is thought to have discovered America before Columbus. The castle was extended in the 15th-century, to include a drawbridge which effectively isolated it from approach. The keep was originally five storeys high. Fire damaged much of the castle in 1447, as did the sieges of Protector Somerset (the Earl of Hertford) in 1544 and General Monk on behalf of Oliver Cromwell in 1650. The latter siege brought the destruction of the entire northwest side, which remains ruinous today. The castle was partially restored later to become a country house.
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| 0.986236 | 176 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Functions in the brain such as memory occur by large groups of neurons or nerve cells sending messages to each other. They do this by sending a chemical signal called a neurotransmitter across the gap between each pair of neurons. The neurotransmitter in the brain’s pathways that are affected first in Alzheimer’s Disease is acetylcholine and the levels of it begin to drop early or even prior to the disease process resulting in the onset of symptoms.
One of only two drugs approved to treat the disease, Aricept, attempts to delay the progression of the disease by propping up acetylcholine levels. It does so by inhibiting the enzyme cholinesterase which eventually breaks unused acetylcholine down.
An important question should be, why is too little acetylcholine present in the first place? It seems that a growing deficiency of one of the primary ingredients, choline, is often the problem. The predominant source of choline in the western diet had always been eggs. The same eggs that became “evil” in the 1960’s as the cause of heart disease was an idea now known to have been based on some highly biased research. Two eggs, the breakfast of many up until that time, provided about 300 mgs of choline. This is in contrast to other high choline sources such as chicken and meat which supply about 150 mgs.
The recommended daily intake of choline is 450-550 mgs/day so dropping out the important source of 300 mgs of it is problematic. More problematic was that the rationale for avoiding those “dangerous eggs” has proven to be in error.
Dr. Steven Nissen, chairman of cardiovascular medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, told CNN announcing the major cardiology professional associations new stance on dietary cholesterol: “The idea we need to limit saturated fat and cholesterol shifted Americans from a well-balanced diet to high-sugar diets, which made people eat more and get fatter.” What he did not comment on, perhaps because it was out of his research area, was that this same cholesterol phobia may have contributed a piece to the growing epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease over that 60-year period.
So how could we have gotten so far off the accurate course with cholesterol? It all goes back to a biased study published by a scientist, Ansil Keys. Dr. Keys published a study in which he claimed to look at all of the previous epidemiological studies that looked at diet content and the relationship to heart disease risk. Specifically, he compared the low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet to the higher-fat/low-carbohydrate diet. His conclusion was that the 6 studies found all supported the risk reduction with the low-fat/high-carbohydrate diet as more cardio-protective.
Over 50 years later after several new studies fairly uniformly demonstrated that the lower carbohydrate diet actually reduced cardiovascular risk factors more so than the commonly used low-fat diet, another researcher decided to go back and revisit Dr. Keys’ data.
While Keys reported that all 6 available studies led to his conclusion, there were actually 21 studies available in his review. He selectively used only the 6 that supported his preconceived conclusion. When the total 21 studies were included in the re-analysis, the opposite conclusion was obvious.
This kind of study bias rarely occurs today as many safeguards have been built into the pre-publication review process, safeguards that did not exist 60 some years ago.
If the above is not enough to make you regret that Dr. Keys ever got involved in food science, he contributed another piece of our current food problems, inventing processed food. The first was the K-ration, a highly processed meal that could be stored and transported over a longtime interval without spoiling.
Once WW II ended this new technology was without a user so the natural thing to do was to roll it into everyday food production. In fairness to Dr. Keys on this one, he was just doing his job for the DOD probably not knowing it would become the basis of the production of some of our least nutritious food today.
Back to our original discussion, eggs have appeared to always play a role in our brain health given their potent choline content. A key component of the Bredesen Protocol for Alzheimer’s disease is that it removes the added sugars and highly processed carbohydrates from the diet that so many “enjoy”. If there is a trade-off it may be that one could get 2 things in exchange, their eggs back and a healthier, better functioning brain.
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Give your memory a boost with Newrons.
Higher resolution video in Media section below.
Newrons are smart glasses that offer a gentle memory assist by flashing a light in the wearer's peripheral vision when they are in the vicinity of an object associated with an event on their calendar. For example, if the user has "Take Medicine" on their calendar at 2:00PM, and they are near a pill bottle around that time, a light on the glasses will flash to jog the wearer's memory.
This offers the advantage of reminding the wearer of something they need to do exactly when it is convenient to do so. Smartphone notifications can often be dismissed and forgotten because they give an alert at a time when they are inconvenient or impossible to immediately act on. It is also completely passive and doesn't require one to have their phone at hand.How It Works
A pair of glasses is fitted with a JeVois A33 Smart Machine Vision Camera, an Arduino Nano 33 IoT, an Adafruit PCF8523 Real Time Clock, and a 5050 RGB LED. Power is supplied by a 5V battery pack.
The JeVois is configured to run a TensorFlow deep convolutional neural network trained on the ImageNet dataset for object detection. Real-time information about detected objects is transmitted via the 4-pin serial interface to the Arduino.
The Arduino connects via WiFi to the Google Calendar API and retrieves events for the current day using information from the real time clock. When an object is detected that is associated with a calendar event, within a specified window of time around that event, an LED is pulsed. Arduino Code
Full details and code: https://github.com/nickbild/newronsMedia
See it in action: YouTube
Front left view:
Front left angle view:
Side angle view:
- JeVois A33 Smart Machine Vision Camera
- Arduino Nano 33 IoT
- Adafruit PCF8523 Real Time Clock
- 5050 RGB LED
- 5V battery pack
- Glasses or sunglasses
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Loud noise is harmful to the cochlea (the inner ear), and exposure to loud noise over a period of time can hurt your cochlea.
Here’s the short answer: the ringing you hear in your ear after you attend a concert or sit in a loud restaurant is called tinnitus. Tinnitus is caused by loud noises damaging or roughly vibrating the tiny hairs in your ear canal.
But there’s a bit more to it. Did you know that according to healthline.com, damage to your hearing can occur when you listen to anything over 85 decibels? To compare, concerts can be around 115 decibels or more, depending on how close you are to the speakers. After living it up at a rock concert, the tinnitus you may experience will most likely resolve itself within a couple of days. However, if you’re experiencing tinnitus for longer periods, especially without exposure to loud noises, go see a doctor. That could be a sign of hearing loss.
There are a few things you can do to try and relieve the symptoms of tinnitus as found in this article. It’s worth noting, however, that there is no known cure for tinnitus.
- Turn on white noise. If you don’t have a white noise machine, you can easily access white noise through apps on your smartphone. The white noise will help conceal the ringing in your ears; plus, it’s soothing and may help you sleep. Bonus!
- Distract with other soft noises. Turn on your favorite podcast on low. Listen to some calming music. Getting your mind off the ringing and onto something entertaining may help the frustration that comes with tinnitus.
- Meditate or practice mindfulness. Focusing your energy on something healing might help you feel more relaxed and calmer. De-stressing is important to remember when trying to relieve irritation of any kind.
- Wear earplugs. This may not help quiet the ringing, but it will help other loud sounds from piercing your ears, resulting in louder tinnitus.
- Avoid alcohol. When you drink, blood flows into your inner ear and enhances the ringing.
So, there you have it. That annoying ringing in your ear is called tinnitus, and it can be very aggravating. Despite there not being a proven effective treatment that cures tinnitus, hopefully, these suggestions are helpful.
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by Jasmine Moheb
While many of us have the freedom and fortune to say “there’s no place like home” and click our heels three times— or tap “Request Lyft” to order our horse— drawn carriage at the stroke of midnight the concept of “home,” to many others, remain a fairytale. Just last year, an upward trend of homelessness rates in the U.S. saw as many as 552,830 individuals experiencing homelessness in one night. Regardless of the fact that L.A. city alone experienced an increase in homelessness of 16 percent over the past year, the fundamental human need for shelter has become more of a passing thought rather than a focal point of American policy.
Considering this state of conditions even in an elaborately-developed economy like that of the United States, it comes as no surprise that the international community is also struggling in providing people homes. The most recent global count estimates that 100 million people are homeless, while 1.6 billion people lack adequate housing. Within the European Union, one of the world’s most successful economic blocs, homelessness is increasing in each member state with the exception of one outlier: Finland. In just seven years, the number of Finnish people without a home has decreased by 35 percent.
This successful reduction has been attributed to a program adopted by the government in 2007 called “Housing First.” It was built upon the principle of ensuring that people without a home acquire a permanent one as soon as possible and as a first priority of the program. The idea behind this was that finding permanent shelter enables an individual to build a system of friends, family, and work around a stable home, ultimately resulting in the development of a long-lasting community. Prior to adopting Housing First, Finland utilized the staircase model, a popular approach among many countries, which provides a series of temporary housing accommodations with the possible gain of an apartment after a series of lengthy life-changes. The government’s recognition of this model’s lack of solvency led to the implementation of Housing First—however, this new model could not attain success on its own. A series of strategic reforms was adopted alongside it that included help and support for those that were dealing with addiction or wanted to get an education to find work, as well as substantial investment in homelessness prevention. Prevention programs, which helped tenants in danger of losing their homes navigate possible solutions, cut the number of evictions from public housing in half from 2008 to 2016.
Through public and private support, houses, shelters, and even hostels (both public and private property) were bought and converted into permanent homes. As a result, 3,500 homes were secured since the start of the Housing First program. Those receiving this permanent housing are treated like typical tenants, given a contract and an obligation to pay rent with certain housing benefits given their circumstances. What makes this program unique is that permanent housing and support is given unconditionally, regardless of one’s enrollment in programs for drug abuse or mental health, and is only contingent upon the tenant’s interaction with support workers. With such transformative changes being implemented, the feasibility of maintaining funding for the program is undoubtedly a cause for concern. Finland has invested 250 million euros (approximately $283 million) in housing and towards hiring 300 support workers. However, Juha Kaakinen, an architect of the Housing First approach, cites a study in response, which claims 15,000 euros (approximately $17,000 dollars) are saved for every homeless person that finds permanent housing, through reduced costs in healthcare, social services, and the justice system.
Finland’s great success in nearly eradicating homelessness has attracted the attention of other countries in the European Union that hope to follow in the Finns’ footsteps. One of these countries is the United Kingdom, which currently uses a version of the staircase model that utilizes temporary accommodation and is consequently experiencing increasing numbers of individuals without a home. In fact, the United Kingdom last year decided to invest in pilot programs in Greater Manchester, Merseyside, and the West Midlands to test the effectiveness of the Finnish program in reducing homelessness. For these three programs, the U.K. invested 28 million euros in efforts to build 1,000 homes. Several additional trials that are currently being run in Wales have already shown positive results, foreshadowing the possible success that can be achieved through a mere small-scale implementation of the Housing First program.
With homelessness becoming a global trend, it is more important now than ever to look towards countries like Finland and their outstanding successes in permanently housing so many members of their community and enabling them to obtain this basic human need. Discussing cases like the Finns’ and implementing similar programs in other countries is a great first step in making attaining a home less of a fantasy and more so the reality that it must be to serve the needs of humans in leading a fulfilling life.
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This is the view we had from inside our van one early morning. I happened to have my camera on hand to snap this shot. The kids were so excited over the frost on the windows and loved to look closely at the patterns. I decided to look for frost activities at home because of this.
When dealing with different levels at one time, I just mix it up. I mix experiments for older children and activities for younger children and I mix up levels of books as well. I think that we can learn from all books and activities no matter what level we are at. Younger children will pick up what they can and older kids will be refreshed on things from easier books/activities.
I found these activities online through Lesson Planet. Lesson Planet is great because I can search any topic and usually a bunch of activities come up in many different grade levels. HERE is the lesson plan and HERE is the worksheet with the experiment on it. It was an easy experiment. I forgot to take pictures but I thought I would still share it here so that others can try it out and maybe sign up with Lesson Planet because it's a great resource!
Here are two fun books on Frost that we borrowed from the library...
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http://ourpace.blogspot.com/2013/01/frost.html
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| 0.979951 | 249 | 2.640625 | 3 |
In grip sports, like basketball and handball, the longer the finger, the better the accuracy of the shot or throw. All shots and throws www.selleckchem.com/products/lapatinib.html are finished with the wrist and fingers. It can be proposed that athletes with longer fingers and greater hand surface also have greater grip strength (Visnapuu and J��rim?e, 2007). In other grip sports such as wrestling, judo and rock climbing, hand strength can also be very important (Leyk et al., 2007; Grant et al., 2001; Watts et al., 2003). Handgrip strength is also important in determining the efficacy of different treatment strategies of hand and in hand rehabilitation (Gandhi and Singh, 2010). The handgrip measurement may be used in research, as follow-up of patients with neuromuscular disease (Wiles et al., 1990), as a predictor of all-cause mortality (Ling et al.
, 2010), as the functional index of nutritional status, for predicting the extent of complications following surgical intervention (Wang et al., 2010), and also in sport talent identification (Clerke et al., 2005). Handgrip strength is affected by a number of factors that have been investigated. According to research, handgrip strength has a positive relationship with body height, body weight, body mass index, hand length, body surface area, arm and calf circumferences, skin folds, fat free mass, physical activity, hip waist ratio, etc (Gandhi and Singh, 2008; 2010). But, to our knowledge, hand anthropometric characteristics have not yet been investigated adequately. Handgrip strength has been investigated frequently.
Some researchers have investigated handgrip strength in children and adolescents (Gandhi et al., 2010), while other studies have considered differences between the dominant and non-dominant hand. In recent studies, some groups of hand anthropometric variables were measured including: 5 finger spans, 5 finger lengths, 5 perimeters (Visnapuu and J��rim?e, 2007) and shape (Clerke et al., 2005) of the hand. Hand shape has been defined in various ways, but often as simply as the hand width to hand length ratio (W/L ratio). It seems that the differences of these parameters in athletes have not been indicated yet, and the information about these parameters is scarce. In fact, we hypothesized that grip athletes with specific hand anthropometric characteristics have different handgrip strengths when compared to non-athletes.
Therefore, in the current study, we investigated the effect of hand dimensions, hand shape and some anthropometric characteristics on handgrip strength in male grip athletes and Entinostat non-athletes. Material and Methods Participants Totally, 80 subjects aged between 19 and 29 participated in this study in two groups including: handgrip-related athletes (n=40), and non-athletes (n=40). Handgrip-related athletes included 14 national basketball players, 10 collegian handball players, 7 collegian volleyball players, and 9 collegian wrestlers.
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| 0.932521 | 639 | 3.203125 | 3 |
In 2010, there were some 1.6 billion Muslims in the world, or about 23 of the global population, according to the report. In comparison, there were 2.2 billion Christians at the time, or about 31 percent of world population.
The report by Pew Research Center analyzed world religion demographics and revealed that the two religions will reach near parity in their membership by 2050. After that date, Islam will become the world's number-one religion.
According to the report, the main reason for the shift is that Muslim families tend to have a greater number of children than Christian families. The report, published on the think tank's website, does not elaborate whether more children are a result of poverty, cultural tradition or a feature of the faith.
The report also points out that Muslims are generally younger than Christians. As developed countries' populations age, fears that native people in these countries will die out and be replaced by migrants from developing countries are evoked by some. According to the Pew report, by 2050, Muslims will make up about 10 percent of Europe.
While Islam historically grew out of regions in the Middle East, it has spread to countries in Asia and the Pacific, areas where the largest concentrations of Muslims now live, with Indonesia currently the number-one Muslim country on the planet. By 2050, the number-one spot for Muslim majority will become India, with 310 million, or some 18 percent of that country's population, Pew report says.
Accompanying research by Pew revealed that when asked to rate their perception of Muslims, from 0 (negative) to 100 (positive), respondents gave a less-than average rating of 48. Some 49 percent of Americans polled think at least "some" US Muslims are anti-American, the report said. There is a clear partisan political split on the perception of Muslims in the US as well, with Democrats tending to give a more positive rating of Muslims and Islam, as opposed to Republicans, who take a more predominantly negative view of the faith.
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Blueberries are among the most popular fruits for home and market gardening. Both highbush and lowbush blueberries are native to North America and are used fresh or processed into jams, syrups, compotes, fruit leathers, and pastries. Blueberries are firm and hold their quality well both on the bush and in refrigeration. The fruits are easy to freeze and retain their quality when frozen. Blueberry crops can be harvested two to three years after planting, and reach maximum production in six to eight years. Several types of blueberries are available to gardeners. In Idaho, select varieties adapted to USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 4-6. As a general rule, for long-lived plants like blueberries, select varieties one, or preferably two, zones hardier than your location.
Besides producing fruit, blueberries are attractive in landscapes. The compact bushes are easy to prune and produce brilliant orange to red foliage in autumn. The fruit attracts birds and other animals, making blueberries valuable in wildlife-attracting landscapes. Depending on the variety, mature bushes range from eighteen inches to ten feet in height.
Download our free how-to guide!
Growing Blueberries in the Inland Northwest and Intermountain West
- Half-highs 1 to 3 pounds per bush
- Highbush 8 to 20 pounds per bush
Age to maturity: 6 to 8 years after planting
Productive life: more than 50 years
Hardiness: -15 to -30°F, depending on variety
Optimal pH: 4.2 to 5.2
Exposure: full sun
- Lowbush: 1 foot between plants
- Half-highs: 2 to 3 feet apart in rows 6 to 8 feet apart
- Highbush: 4 to 5 feet apart in rows 8 to 10 feet apart
Selecting a Site
Blueberries require acid soils, which greatly limits where they can be grown in Idaho. A soil pH between 4.2 and 5.2 is ideal (pH 7.0 is neutral). Blueberries can be grown, with some challenges, on sites where the pH is as high as 6.0. Blueberries suffer from iron chlorosis on soils with pH values above 6.0 that are common in southern Idaho and scattered throughout the state.
Soils having pH values between 5.5 and 6.0 can be acidified by incorporating sulfur into the soil one or two years before planting blueberries. Soil acidification is not cost effective for large sites or when soil pH values are above 7.0. For small scale production on sites with heavy soils, poor drainage, or alkaline soils, blueberries can be grown in raised beds or containers filled with potting mixes or amended soil.
Sites with cool, moist, well drained loamy sand, sandy loam, and loam soils containing around 3% or more organic matter are best for blueberries. Coarser soils dry out too easily and clay soils inhibit root growth and encourage root rot. Production on silt loam soils is possible, but can be challenging due to poor water drainage. Muck soils and boggy areas are unsuitable for blueberries unless you can create raised beds at least 14 inches above the soil surface. On some sites, increasing soil drainage with buried drainage tiles can improve blueberry production.
While blueberries survive in partial shade, you need full sun exposure to develop good fruit flavor and maintain high yields. Blueberries grown in the shade become tall, spindly, and unproductive, creating bushes that are unattractive and do not tolerate snow loads well.
Blueberries are among the most cold hardy fruits, but there are differences in varieties. The most cold hardy blueberries tolerate temperatures of -35°F or below, and many varieties survive temperatures between -20 and -25°F. Rabbiteye and southern highbush blueberries are not reliably cold hardy in Idaho.
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| 0.923675 | 802 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Role of Architecture in the Society and Reconcile Conflict of Interests amongst Various Groups regarding the Spatial Environment
Understanding the role of architecture in society and reconcile the conflict of interests among various interest groups regarding the spatial environment is cultivated through several courses, including Informal Urbanism, Sustainable Environment, Introduction to Urban Design, and Low Cost Housing. The knowledge then tested in the Architectural Design Studio Courses which emphasise certain themes in the spatial environment issues such as Cultural Sensitivity (STUPA 5), Technological Advancement (STUPA 6), Urban Context (STUPA 7) and real projects in the Professional Studio 1 and 2.
Conflict reconciliation will also be cultivated once the professional program student actively involved in IAI as members. Forums in IAI are engaged with various architectural and spatial environment issues, which also include in conflict amongst parties in architectural practices. Hence, it is expected that knowledge and ability regarding the role of architecture in the society and reconcile conflict in the architectural education will be tested and challenged upon their completion and as member of professional institution (IAI).
Ethics and Professional Obligations to Respond Social and Environmental Issues in the level of Built Environment and Urban Design
Apart from the Professional Practice and Professional Ethics, the obligation to respond social and environmental issues in the level of built environment and urban planning is cultivated for the students through several compulsory and elective courses including Sustainable Architecture (2 credit/compulsory), Informal Urbanism (2 credits/compulsory), Introduction to Urban Design (4 credits/compulsory), and Low Cost Housing (4 credits/elective).
Sustainable Architecture aims to provide the students with understanding of ecological values and social acceptance in accordance with economic/technical feasibility during designing process. Through this course the student is well-equipped with the science and architecture based on sustainable development. Informal urbanism aims to give basic understanding, identifying issues and problems in Informal urbanism. Through this course the student is well-equipped with issues on social and urban problems and how to find solution and recommendation of concept for informal urbanism problem especially in the case of Indonesian cities.
Introduction to Urban Design is a 4 credit compulsory course aims to introduce the students to urban design and development both in eastern and western world by giving knowledge on urban morphology, elements of urban design, urban problems, and concept of urban design. It is expected that the students are able to understand and analyse various urban problems in order to comply STUPA 7 course which aims to design in urban context. Other related course to respond social and environmental issue is Low Cost Housing. Low Cost Housing is a 4 credit elective course aims to give the students critical and creative thinking in looking for solution towards housing problems for low income groups. It is expected that through this course the students will have social sensitivity towards the low-income and marginalised groups.
The knowledge from these theoretical courses then will be re-addressed in various level of Architectural Design Studios. The students are challenged to show their ability to design architectural works based on their knowledge especially how to respond social and environmental issues in the level of built environment and urban design.
Professional Practice based on Public Interest and Good Citizenship
Professional practice based on public interest and good citizenship is formally cultivated through Community Service Program (KKN), a 3 credit of a compulsory university course. KKN is an intra-curricular subject within the form of community service activities conducted in group of students from various multidisciplinary department or faculty. The aims of KKN are to bring the student: 1) to cultivate community knowledge, understanding, and social insight, 2) to be able to identify community problems, solving problems, decision making, and conducting and evaluating programs, 3) to be able to work in team, in honesty, in equality, and independence based on Islamic values.
In this course, the students will live in the society for more than a month (35 days, with some variations) guided by a lecturer (supervisor) and field assistants. During this period, together with the community the students conduct field observations, formulating work plan, disseminating plan to the community, implementing program, and reporting the program to the supervisor. Through this course, it is expected that the student will have the ability to work as a team with the community/public, understanding problems in the community, and try to solve it through programs. It is also expected that through KKN the student will be able to live as good Indonesian citizen so that upon their graduation the will also willing and able to share their expertise and knowledge to the broader public and society.
In addition, the cultivation of good citizenship is also done through the Association of Architecture Student (HMA MIMAR) which regularly organised various social activities including community service in Code River Valley (2016), environmental service in villages around UII Campus, and Guard Post Charity also around the campus area (2015).
Communication and Interaction with the Professional
Communication and interaction with the professional community is an important aspect recognized from the formulation stage of curriculum in the department of architecture UII. By design, the curriculum mandates and provides a wide range of opportunities for the students to be able to communicate and interact with the professional community, such as in direct (face to face) or indirect (e.g., studion simulation, videos, or as mentioned in the lectures).
In the last three years, the communication and interaction have been interwoven through various efforts, including: first, the professional architects invited as Guest Lecturers in variety of subjects (design studios and theoretical classes). Second, invite the professional architects as Exhibition Jury at the Final Project (end of Year 4) as part of the assessment criteria, especially by Arsitek Madya/Utama IAI. The assessment from external Jury is expected to be a media of interaction between the students, their architectural works, and the professionals in order to get input and showing the student’s excellence works during their studentship. The implication of this occasion is the familiarization of student’s work to the IAI members and vice versa, for them to get input and assessment from the world of profession.
Third, invite IAI lecturers for the Training Strata 1 – 6 to the department as part of the Professional Ethics subject. There are plenty opportunities for the students of PPAR to communicate and interact with the IAI professional lecturers about the world of architecture profession. Fourth, invite the IAI Initial Verification and Validation Team (TVVA) in the workshop of 13 Competence of IAI. In this occasion, the students presenting their works to be verified and validated by the IAI team. Fifth, IAI and LPJK tested the student of PPAR through Professional Architect Competence Test (Uji Kompetensi Arsitek Professional) as part of the assessment process towards Arsitek Muda IAI. Sixth, in the PPAR Graduation Ceremony three parties (Dept. of Architecture UII-IAI-LPJK) present and give speeches towards the world of Architecture Profession.
Raising Awareness of the Importance and Necessity of Continuing Professional Education
As early as first semester the awareness on the necessity of architectural education has started to be given to the new students. At the first meeting with the new students head of department and academic supervisors specifically highlight the importance of professional education (5 years) to be completed by the students. Other efforts to raise awareness in this matter are providing opportunities for students in year 1 – 4 to sit in professional program (PPAR) courses and before students take Final Project subject (end of Year 4) there is a special presentation on the importance of professional practice and professional program. These efforts are expected to further increase their interest to continue their education in the PPAR.
The Importance of Roles and Responsibilities of Related Disciplines in the Practice
The roles and responsibilities of related disciplines in architectural practices is important to be addressed and cultivated amongst the student from the early stages of their study. The curriculum implemented in the department of Architecture UII drives the multi disciplinary platform for the students to work with others in related disciplines of architecture. Architectural Studio 6 (STUPA 6) is specifically designed to give the opportunity for the students to engage with various disciplines including Economist, Mechanical and Electrical Engineer (MEE), Structural Engineer (Civil Engineering), and Environmental Engineer. The mechanism is by inviting these experts as Guest Lecturers at the early stage of STUPA 6, and continued after mid-term times through supervision sessions so that the students can directly having a one to one discussions and consultation regarding their designs. The mechanism above is not only provide knowledge on the roles and responsibility of related disciplines for the students but also giving chances for the students to communicate and work with people from various related disciplines in architectural practices.
In terms of content, theoretical courses such as Introduction to Urban Design, Informal Urbanism, Sustainable Architecture, and Housing Studies also provide important knowledge regarding the roles and responsibilities of related disciplines in the practices. These includes Urban Designers, Environmental Engineer, Lawyer, Economist and etc. to be part of the architect’s team work whenever conducting projects in various context (rural, urban) and various content (feasibility study, schematic design, DED, and etc.). Hence, through STUPA 6 and related theoretical courses it is expected that the students is fully aware, understand, and able to work with people from various disciplines, knowing their roles and responsibilities so that the architectural works will be accomplished in best way.
Capabilities to Coordinate Clients, Public and Private Enterprises and to Reconcile Conflict
The capabilities to coordinate clients, public and private enterprises and to reconcile conflict is well-cultivated through several courses including Professional Practice, Professional Studio 1 (PPAR). In the Professional Practice, the students understand the pattern of working relationship between client (both private and public), architect, and constructor and how to reconcile whenever conflict is occurred based on IAI standard of operation.
Professional Studio 1 conducted by placed the student in an Architectural Firm for 16 weeks and fully supervised by lecturer and principal architect of related firm. In this studio the students will be challenged by real projects in which engaged with various parties, including land-owner, project-owner, government, and even community in the surroundings site. The capability to reconcile conflict will be sharpened in this process, so that the students are expected to have strong capabilities on real conflicts occurs in their future architectural projects.
Acquisition and Cultivation of Professional Ethics and Obligations for Faithful and Devoted Practice
Architecture Professional Practice and Professional Ethics (see sub-section 3.3.6) is also aim to cultivate faithful and devoted practices. In specific UII open a university course in Islamic Leadership Study intended to cultivate basic leadership principles both in Islamic and Western Perspective, to critically understand the ideal character of a leader based on Islamic value, to be able to apply skill and strategy of a leader, and apply the ideal national leadership in Indonesia both in formal or informal leadership. It is hoped that through these courses the students will have a strong understanding of ethics, having a good responsibility and professional obligations for faithful and devoted practices to client, society, and the environment.
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On November 20, 2011 Mexico celebrated the Centennial
Anniversary of its Revolution. On this date, in the year
1910 the revolutionary war to overthrow the dictator
Porfirio Díaz, began.
General Porfirio Díaz
had been an important military figure during the wars
against the foreign invaders, and had tried to overthrow
President Benito Juarez in 1872. Then again, he
rebelled against President Lerdo de Tejada in
1876 and won.
as he was called, had been in power for more than 30
Under his rule, Mexico had political stability and grew
in many areas, creating new industries, railroads,
kilometers of railroad tracks as well as the increase of
foreign capital. Non-the less, this progress was not
translated into the peoples’ well being.
Soon there was political unrest.
The unhappiest sectors of the Mexican society were
the peasants and labor workers. To defend these two
popular sectors, Ricardo Flores Magón founded the
Mexican Liberal Party.
Flores Magón was obviously persecuted by the
Porfirist regime, and died in an American prison.
In 1906 the army brutally repressed a strike of
miners in the Cananea mine in
As you can see, Díaz did every thing in his power to crush any
The Cananea massacre is historically considered
the spark that finally ignited Mexico’s Revolution.
wasn’t oblivious to all this pressure, so in 1908 in an
interview given to an American journalist,
James Creelman, he stated:
"I have waited patiently for
the day to come when the
Mexican Republic will be
prepared to elect and
every election without the danger of
and without injury to the
national credit or interference
with national progress.
I believe that day has come. ...
"I welcome an opposition party in
the Mexican Republic," he said. "If
it becomes a reality, I will regard it as a
blessing, not as an evil.”
early 1909 Francisco I.
Madero founded the Anti Reelectionist Party.
came from a wealthy family from
He had studied business in France as well as in the U.S. He vigorously fought against reelection and for democracy and
liberty in Mexico through his political newspaper
Reelectionist party designated him to run for President
in the elections of 1910.
was now under constant pressure, and on June 6th
he ordered the imprisonment of Madero, augmenting
that he was “inciting rebellion and offending the
was taken to a prison in
Potosí, where he awaited
the results of the elections.
There he learned that through an electoral fraud
Díaz declared himself President of Mexico one more
Then and there Madero, who
had always been a pacifist, decided to flee from prison
and call for a National Insurrection on November 20
declared the electoral process invalid and appointed
Immediately, uprising broke out in several Mexican
Ciudad Juárez ,
Chihuahua, was taken by
the insurrectors: Pascual Orozco and Francisco
“Pancho” Villa. When the city surrendered
Madero set up his provisional government there.
Díaz was then forced to resign and had to
abandon the country.
the most important Revolutionaries were Pascual
Villa in the northern states, and Emiliano
Zapata in the south.
New elections took place in 1911,
and Madero was elected President of Mexico.
Unfortunately, peace was not to come to this
country for a while. Several Revolutionary leaders
couldn’t settle their differences.
wanted to work steadily and patiently towards bettering
the economic and social situation. But many
revolutionary commanders wanted immediate change, which
was impossible to accomplish.
Pascual Orozco, for example, led
and lost a revolt against Madero.
Porfirist generals also attacked President Madero,
who in turn, appointed Victoriano Huerta to
repress the offensive.
A fatal decision…. In time history would prove that
Victoriano Huerta was the utmost traitor of the
Francisco I. Madero was captured and
assassinated by Huerta’s accomplices.
The vice-president and a brother of Madero
were also killed.
victory would be short-lived. A new Revolutionary
movement emerged with unprecedented force; it was called
the Constitutionalist Movement.
Huerta had to flee the country in 1914.
In 1917 the Constitution was reformed.
Fighting among revolutionary groups did not end
The Revolution had at last triumphed!
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About 300,000 American youth ages 13-17 currently identify as transgender. This represents a doubling of their numbers in the past five years (1). These persons are now serving as
guinea pigs in a nationwide medical experiment.
These 300,000 youth are undergoing the process of “gender transitioning,” a life-altering transformation that involves three steps (2):
1. Social Transitioning: Assuming a new name, accepting new gender pronouns, and using bathrooms of the opposite sex.
2. Medical Transitioning: Taking hormones to create the physical characteristics of the opposite sex, affecting muscle growth, facial hair, and more.
3. Surgical Transitioning: Undergoing procedures such as breast removal or augmentation, penile inversion vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, hysterectomy, and more.
The safety and effectiveness of these procedures are hotly debated. One recent article, Current Concerns About Gender-Affirming Therapy in Adolescents, concluded that among youth transitioners, “every quality systematic review…has failed to find credible benefits.” (3)
Other studies have reached the opposite conclusion, that gender transitioning can improve a person’s quality of life and mental health, at least in the short run (4).
The obvious way to reconcile these confusing findings would for a child who is considering a gender transition to consult with their personal physician, along with his or her parents, to weigh the pros and cons of the various courses of action.
Unfortunately, school districts in 38 states -- AL, AZ, CA, CO, CT, DE, DC, HI, ID, IL, IN, IA, KS, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MO, NE, NV, NH, NJ, NM, NY, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, RI, TX, UT, VT, VA, WA, WI, and WY – currently have policies that say school personnel can or should keep a student’s transgender status a secret from the parents. By recent count, 10.7 million students across the country are now attending schools with such policies in place (5).
Obviously, if parents are not informed that their child is contemplating a change of genders, they will not be able to provide counsel, advice, or support. And the child is left to his or her own devices to sort through a welter of contradictory studies to reach a life-altering decision that is truly “informed.”
Later, youth who transition may run away from the family home, placing them at risk of becoming a victim of sex trafficking (6).
Thanks to the Department of Education’s unlawful decision to expand the definition of sex to include “gender identity” – masterminded by DOE officials Suzanne Goldberg and Catherine Lhamon (7) -- a Mengelesque medical experiment has been unleashed across the land (8).
And innocent children and youth are serving as its unwitting guinea pigs.
In response to this travesty the Title IX Network, of which CHQ is a member, and SAVE have issued a letter demanding the resignations of Department of Education officials Suzanne Goldberg and Catherine Lhamon, the text of the letter follows:
Dear Deputy Assistant Secretary Goldberg and Assistant Secretary Lhamon:
The Administrative Procedure Act was enacted by Congress in 1946 due to concerns with Executive Branch over-reach. The APA requires that federal agencies follow these steps before implementing a new regulation:
1. Notice: “General notice of proposed rule making shall be published in the Federal Register”
2. Opportunity for public review and comment: “the agency shall give interested persons an opportunity to participate in the rule making through submission of written data, views, or arguments.”
3. Agency’s response to public comments: “the agency shall incorporate in the rules…consideration of the relevant matter presented.”
On June 22, 2021, the Department of Education Office for Civil Rights unexpectedly published a new Title IX Rule. The Federal Register announcement asserted, “Title IX prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity…OCR will fully enforce Title IX to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in education programs and activities” The new policy took effect on the same day.
These actions represent a violation of all three APA requirements:
1. No prior notice.
2. No opportunity for public review and comment.
3. No agency response to public comments, since no comments had been solicited.
The following day, the Department of Education released a Dear Educator Letter that reiterated the same warning that the Office for Civil Rights would “fully enforce Title IX to prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity.”
The new Rule was signed by Suzanne Goldberg, Acting Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, and aggressively implemented by Catherine Lhamon upon taking over as the Office for Civil Rights director on November 17, 2021.
In response, on August 30, 2021 the Attorneys General from 20 states -- AL, AK, AZ, AR, GA, ID, IN, KS, KY, LA, MS, MO, MT, NE, OH, OK, SC, SD, TN, and WV -- brought a 14-count lawsuit against the Department of Education, alleging the new Title IX Rule was procedurally and substantively unlawful.
under the Administrative Procedure Act. On July 15, 2022, the District Court of Tennessee issued a Temporary Injunction against the OCR Rule.
But the effects have been far-reaching. At last count, 18,355 schools around the country now have policies stating school personnel can or should keep a student’s transgender status hidden from parents. About 300,000 American youth ages 13-17 now identify as transgender, representing a doubling of their numbers in the past five years.
The psychological and physical harm to these youth is difficult to fathom. Third-party reports reveal the following:
• Mental health: “Transgender children are at least three times as likely as their cisgender peers to experience depression, anxiety, and neurodevelopmental disorders including ADHD.”
• Suicide: “18% of LGBTQ youth attempted suicide in the past year.”
• Gender transitioning: Many of these youth eventually undergo a complete gender transitioning, rendering them infertile for life.
Encouraging hundreds of thousands of children and youth to transition to a different sex represents a radical medical experiment. In the words of ethicist Ryan Anderson, “Doctors are conducting a giant experiment that does not come close to the ethical standards demanded in other areas of medicine.”
These violations of the Administrative Procedure Act are unlawful, willful, and utterly contrary to the public interest. We call on you to immediately resign your positions at the U.S. Department of Education.
Department of Education Office for Civil Rights
Title IX regulation
Assistant Education Secretary Catherine Lhamon
definition of sex
definition of sexual harrassment
14th Amendment due process
Independent and impartial investigations
Unrestricted access to evidence
Right to a live hearing and cross-examination
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This is taking the classic 'minimizing the surface area of a cylinder' problem one step further. In the first part of the problem, it was given that the volume is 1000mL. I found the height and radius that would minimize the surface area.
The second part of the problem is this:
The material for the cans is cut from sheets of metal. The cylindrical sides are
formed by bending rectangles; these rectangles are cut from the sheet with little or no waste. But if
the top and bottom discs are cut from squares of side 2r, this leaves considerable waste metal, which
may be recycled but has little or no value to the can makers. If this is the case, show that the total
amount of metal used (including the waste metal) is minimized when h/r is 8/(pi)
The task is to show that the ratio of height to radius is 8pi).
How is this problem done?
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| 0.945268 | 197 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Señor Mex says: Mexican Independence Day is September 16, and while the weekday celebration may not be your ideal travel time this year, you might want to check out the festivals in small Mexican towns the weekend before. This article “Mexican insurance policy and Tips for Travel During the Grito” discusses the Grito de Dolores, also referred to as the Grito of Independence. The shout takes place at midnight on the 16th in remembrance of the start of Mexico’s War of Independence. The related festivals are a lot of fun to see personally, but attending the Grito at a local park should be handled with caution as things can get active. Mexican television often broadcasts the official grito at the presidential palace in Mexico City.
If you are traveling by car during this celebration, take extra precautions as there may be oblivious pedestrians or inebriated drivers to contend with. Make sure that your Mexican insurance policy with Mexican Insurance Store is updated so there are no problems with your Mexican insurance policy coverage during this time. Keep your driving to daytime hours to limit the potential for unexpected collisions. Also, watch for local parades, especially if your travels will take you through small towns on main highways. Delays aren’t unusual.
Mexican insurance policy with Mexican Insurance Store comes with FREE Roadside Assistance
“The Grito de Dolores (“Cry of Dolores”) also known as El Grito de la Independencia (“Cry of Independence”), was uttered from the small town of Dolores, near Guanajuato on September 16, 1810. It is the event that marks the beginning of the Mexican War of Independence.”
Read the entire article here.
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French school board enrollment decreases as children move from the Elementary to Secondary Level
There are four publicly-funded school boards serving Ottawa – English public, English Catholic, French public and French Catholic.
It is important to note that the service area of the two French boards extends well beyond Ottawa. But considering only schools within the City of Ottawa, the English school boards account for 78% of public school student enrollment at the elementary level and 84% at the secondary level.
As students move from elementary to secondary schools, about 6% shift from French to English schools.
For the data in this graphic, it was possible to separate out enrollment numbers for just the Ottawa-based schools in the two French boards.
- Open Data Ontario. Ontario public schools enrollment. Accessed July 12, 2016.
THE PROPORTION OF OTTAWA STUDENTS MEETING GRADE 6 PROVINCIAL TEST STANDARDS IS ABOVE THE ONTARIO AVERAGE
In 2013-2014, 84% of grade 6 Ottawa public school students met the provincial standard for reading, and 65% for math. This is 4% higher for reading and 10% higher for math than the Ontario averages.
In terms of two factors that can have an influence on learning -- students whose mother tongue is different from the language of instruction, and students with special education needs -- at the grade 6 level, proportions in Ottawa’s public schools are similar to those province-wide.
Taken as a whole, Ottawa schools therefore showed comparative strength in the face of comparable levels of challenge in these two areas. It is important to recognize, though, that many other factors can influence the overall performance of a student population. In addition, the grade 6 tests are a limited snapshot of performance, and results can vary quite significantly over time.
- Education Quality and Accountability Office. Latest Results - Junior Division. Accessed August 20, 2016.
THE PROPORTION OF OTTAWA HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS MEETING PROVINCIAL TEST STANDARDS REMAINS ABOVE THE ONTARIO AVERAGE
In terms of grade 9 math and grade 10 literacy testing, based on 2013-14 Ottawa’s public school population has remained ahead of the province as a whole in proportions of students meeting provincial standards. But the differences are smaller than those for Grade 6 students.
The most significant difference was in relation to the grade 9 applied math test -- 54% of Ottawa students met the standard versus 47% at the provincial level. Perhaps more significant, however, is the low levels of achievement of expected proficiency at both levels. On the other hand, academic math performance is significantly improved from the grade 6 level both in Ottawa and provincially. Academic math focuses more on the study of theory and abstract problems. Applied courses focus on the essential concepts, practical applications and concrete examples.
The proportion of grade 10 public school students in Ottawa whose mother tongue is not the language of instruction, and the proportion who have special education needs, were both modestly higher than the provincial averages. This suggests the possibility that on average Ottawa schools have slightly more work to do to counterbalance any associated learning challenges. In that sense, the higher proportion of students achieving provincial standards is particularly notable.
- Education Quality and Accountability Office. Latest Results. Accessed August 20, 2016.
BASED ON A LIMITED SAMPLE, SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN INCOME PROFILES OF SCHOOLS AFFECT LITERACY MORE THAN MATH
It is interesting to compare performance on standardized provincial testing between schools with high numbers of students living in low income households, and schools with low numbers -- in this case, one school with the highest proportion and one with the lowest proportion from each Ottawa’s four school boards.
Averaging over the four year period from 2010 to 2014, 4.5% more students in the schools with very low proportions of low income students met the provincial standard for Grade 9 academic math. This compares with a difference of 11% on the Grade 10 literacy standard. Within this limited sample at least, income differences correlate more strongly with literacy than math.
Also notable are the significant differences in performance among the four schools with high low-income populations, with a spread of over 20 points on math and close to 30 points on literacy. In fact, the highest number of students meeting Grade 9 math standard -- 92% -- was achieved by one of these four schools. However, the proportion of low-income students in that school was 20%, compared to 32% and 37% for the other low-income schools in the sample; and 20% is in fact very close to the provincial average.
In considering these results it is important to bear in mind that the sample size is small, and test performance results can vary significantly between years in the same school. In addition, the measure is simply pass/fail, making it a relatively crude instrument for assessing differences in performance.
- Ontario Ministry of Education. School Information Finder. Accessed August 20, 2016.
SOME GAINS AND SOME LOSSES ON OTHER IMPORTANT ASPECTS OF LEARNING
Across Ontario, the percentage of elementary schools with full-time or part-time music teachers has been declining for the past decade and is currently at 43%. On the other hand, more schools report having health and physical education teachers, social workers, and child and youth workers. At the same time, however, the case load of special education teachers has been growing.
Ontario EcoSchools is an education and certification program that helps school communities responsibly reduce the environmental footprint of schools. Across all four of Ottawa’s school boards, 47% of schools have some level of certification.
Many other factors affect school performance, school enjoyment, and success in preparing children for fulfilling lives. One that may be surprising is that children who use active modes of transportation to school report more positive emotions in school. Not surprisingly, living closer to school increases the likelihood of walking or wheeling to school.
- Ontario EcoSchools. Certified EcoSchools. 2016. Accessed August 30, 2016
- People for Education. The Geography of Opportunity: What's Needed for Broader Student Success. 2016
- Are Canadian Kids too Tired to Move? The 2016 ParticipACTION Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth.
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Shannon Quimby, as far as I can tell, is the first to successfully reuse 100% of an old dilapidated home in a new home construction project. The REX House, or Reuse Everything eXperiment, is located at 2030 SE Rex Street in Portland, Oregon and Shannon has been documenting the entire process since December 2007. What she’s doing is quite difficult, especially if/when you’re deconstructing a house that has toxic materials, lead, asbestos, and other damaged parts. But that’s the goal of the project: to share with everyone how to recycle and keep landfills from overflowing with useable construction materials.
The REX House will marry the new with the old. And there was plenty of old: windows, doors, water heater, dry wall, wall paneling, parquet flooring, lath and plaster, foundation, etc. Over nine days, the old home was deconstructed and the parts separated and stored in two portable containers.
While clicking around on the REX House website, you may notice a reoccurring theme — reusing materials in a smart way can actually save you money. We’re talking about sheer thrift, but a lot of people need to be reminded that things don’t have to go to the landfill.
The REX Home will be featured with other homes during the Build It Green! Tour of Homes on September 20, 2008. Check it out.
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Spray adhesive is a widely used adhesive product that is known for its effectiveness and versatility. It is commonly used in a range of applications, including woodworking, automotive, and construction projects. While spray adhesive can be a useful tool, it is important to handle and store it properly to avoid potential safety hazards. In this context, taking adequate safety precautions is critical to prevent accidents, injuries, or damage to property.
This article will provide an overview of the essential safety precautions that should be taken when handling and storing spray adhesive. Whether you are a professional or a DIY user, following these guidelines will help ensure the safe and effective use of spray adhesive in your projects.
Read the Label
Before using any spray adhesive, it is important to read the label carefully. The label provides important information about the product, including safety precautions, application instructions, and storage requirements. Make sure to follow the instructions on the label and never use the product for purposes other than what is intended.
Use in Well-Ventilated Area
Spray adhesives contain volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can be harmful when inhaled in large amounts. Always use spray adhesives in a well-ventilated area or wear a respirator mask. Avoid using spray sealants in enclosed spaces, such as small rooms or closets.
Wear Protective Gear
When using spray adhesives, it is important to wear protective gear, such as safety goggles, gloves, and a long-sleeved shirt. This will help prevent skin and eye irritation, as well as minimize the risk of inhaling harmful vapors.
Keep Away from Flames and Heat Sources
Spray adhesives are highly flammable and can ignite easily when exposed to flames or heat sources. Keep them away from open flames, sparks, and other heat sources, such as heaters or stoves.
Proper storage of spray glues is crucial for maintaining their effectiveness and ensuring safety. Improper storage can lead to a variety of problems, including decreased product performance, leakage, and even fires. Here are some storage guidelines to keep in mind when handling spray adhesives:
- Store in a cool, dry place: Spray adhesives should be stored in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. High temperatures can cause the adhesive to expand and leak, while low temperatures can cause the product to thicken and become less effective. Ideally, spray sealants should be stored at room temperature, between 50 and 80 degrees Fahrenheit.
- Store upright: Disseminate adhesives should be stored upright to prevent leaking and to ensure that the product is distributed evenly when sprayed. If the product is stored on its side or upside down, it can become unevenly distributed, making it difficult to use effectively.
- Keep away from flames and heat sources: Spray adhesives are highly flammable and can ignite easily when exposed to flames or heat sources. They should be stored away from open flames, sparks, and other heat sources. This includes stoves, heaters, and direct sunlight.
- Keep away from children and pets: Drizzle adhesives should be kept out of reach of children and pets, as they can be harmful if ingested. Store them in a secure location that is not easily accessible to children and pets.
- Use within expiration date: Spray adhesives have a shelf life, and they should not be used beyond their expiration date. Over time, the product can lose its effectiveness and become less reliable. It is important to check the expiration date before using the product and to dispose of any expired products properly.
- Do not store in areas with high humidity: High humidity can cause the adhesive to thicken and become less effective. Store the product in a dry environment to ensure maximum performance.
In summary, proper storage of spray adhesives is essential to maintain their effectiveness and ensure safety. They should be stored in a cool, dry place, upright, away from flames and heat sources, and out of reach of children and pets. It is also important to use them within their expiration date and to avoid storing them in areas with high humidity. By following these storage guidelines, you can ensure the safe and effective use of spray adhesives in your work.
Additional Safety Precautions
In addition to handling and storage guidelines, there are several other safety precautions to consider when using spray cement. These precautions include first aid measures, emergency response, risk assessment, and training and education. In case of accidental exposure or ingestion, it is important to know the proper first aid measures, such as flushing with water or seeking medical attention. Emergency response procedures should also be in place in case of fire or other hazardous situations. Conducting a risk assessment of the work area and the adhesive product can help identify potential hazards and mitigate risks. Finally, proper training and education of all personnel involved in handling and using spray tacky can help ensure the safe and effective use of the product. By following these additional safety precautions, you can minimize the risk of accidents and promote a safe working environment.
Risk assessment and hazard communication
Risk assessment and hazard communication are critical safety precautions to consider when handling spray adhesive. Conducting a thorough risk assessment can help identify potential hazards associated with the adhesive, including flammability, toxicity, and environmental risks. This information can then be used to develop appropriate safety measures to minimize the risk of accidents and injuries. Hazard communication is also important, as it ensures that all personnel handling the sealant are aware of the potential hazards and how to mitigate them. This includes proper labeling of the adherent containers, providing safety data sheets, and communicating any relevant safety information to all involved parties.
In conclusion, spray adhesive is a valuable tool for many applications, but it can also pose potential safety risks if not handled and stored properly. By following the essential safety precautions outlined in this article, you can minimize the risk of accidents, injuries, and property damage. Remember to always wear appropriate personal protective equipment, work in a well-ventilated area, and avoid exposing the adhesive to sources of ignition or extreme temperatures. Additionally, store the sealant in a cool and dry place, away from direct sunlight, and out of reach of children and pets. By taking these simple yet critical steps, you can ensure the safe and effective use of spray adhesive in your projects.
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LITERARY/CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF SILENCE
SILENCE AS LITERARY / CULTURAL DEVICE
“And the rest is silence…”
Many times, art in its appeal holds its forte by deliverance of something like silence. The artist/author thus makes a serious use of silence in her /his work. Many times, silence speaks louder than words. There are effects of the unspeakableness. There are moments in our life when trying to conceptualizing the ‘nature of things’, we pause before we could express (for the apparent indescribability of the matter). Again, at times, ironically, we have to rely upon language/signs to express our unspeakableness!
Silence has its all-pervading existence in and around us. It may also be ingrained into the idiosyncrasies of a character in a novel, short story or drama. The use of it may help making a work of art intense and cerebral. The use of it may also make a work subtly subversive.
There is also worth of making cultural valuation of silence. Silence also functions as a means of sign, index, symbol.
Its significance increases in our mind when we consider that noise is the opposite of silence. Someone said: silence can exist without speech, but speech cannot exist without silence. Silence may sometimes lead to ambiguities, but sometimes ambiguities can be solved by silence! Silence is also linked with our health for it lends upon our soul the much needed harmony within. It is associated with and is born out of our ideas, moods, and situations. Though Silence is an abstraction, it has its singular strength of action too. Steiner, Heidegger, Octavio Paz and many other thinkers have highlighted upon the importance of silence in our life. Thus, by contextualization of silence we may justify its worth in our life.
Scholars are requested to submit their papers by following the norms (please read the mode of submission portion of the Call for Papers on our website) FOR PAPER SUBMISION, THE SUBMISSION WINDOW WILL REMAIN OPEN FOR THE PERIOD BETWEEN May, 1, 2022 and May, 15, 2022.
(Papers on subjects other than related with this focus area will not be entertained).
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Folk Beliefs and Ancient Health Care about Pregnancy in Thai Tradition
The purpose of this article is to study folk beliefs and ancient health care relating to pregnancy in Thai culture. The methods of study include document study and observation. The study results point out that folk beliefs and ancient health care relating to pregnancy in Thai tradition can be divided into two periods, namely pregnancy period and post pregnancy period. However, the folk beliefs relating to pregnancy connect with healthcare methods and the prevention of the potential risk to mothers and their babies. Without the western medical technology, the ancient health care has focused on the care covering and connecting between bodies and souls, which could be seen in the forms of various prohibition and practical guidelines.
Attagara, Kingkeo. (1976). Khatichonvitthaya (Folklore). Ekkasarnnithetkarnsuksa, No.184. Bangkok: Teacher Training Department.
Jamjan, L., Khantarakwong, S., Hongthong, S., & Jampates, N. (2014). Thai Tradition Medicine for Postnatal Mother in the Community of Central Region. Journal of the Royal Thai Army Nurses, 15(2), 195-202
Kaumara-Bhrtya, J. (1991). Thai Traditional Medicine Textbook. Bangkok: Samjareonphanit Printing.
Kheawying, Monthira, et al. (1991). Beliefs and practices during maternal postpartum. Research Grant Sponsored by World Health Organization under theHealth Behavior Research Project for Developing New Researchers, Health Promoting Behavior Research Program.
Mulholland, J. (1971). Thai traditional Medicine: Ancient thought and Practice in a Thai Context. Retrieved from: https://bit.ly/2Yw3Bez
Phya Anuman Rajadhon. (1989). Prapheneekiawkapcheevitkert-tai (Thai Tradition from birth to death). Bangkok: Kurusapa Printing.
Wiwatpanich, K. (1997). Food habits of Moo Ban Sang Saeng, Tambon Nong Kung, Tan Sum District, Ubon Ratchathani. Wiwatpanich, Kantavee and Sasiwongsaroj, Kwanchit. (2007). Medical Sociology and Anthropology. Bangkok: Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University.
World Health Organization. (2010). A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health (Discussion Paper Series on Social Determinants of Health, 2). Geneva: WHO Press.
Copyright (c) 2020 Journal of Health and Caring Sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
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analyse is when you make a point, evidence the links between each point and how they link together to lead to the outcome
For example, Analyse the notion of Parliamentary Government. ---- This is the basis of the UK political system where in the members of the government; the executive, have seats in the House of Commons, this extends to the Cabinet and the Prime minister, who must contest for a parliamentary seat in any constituency in the UK. This gives them elected or legal consent to take political decisionsssss blaahhhh and you know the rest.
HOWEVER< is the keyword for evaluation
BECAUSE evaluation is a discussion of how effective or significant it is. eval is about looking at the advantages and disadvantages of an argument and seeing how significant a reason it is.
that is why it is only in the 25+ marker questions. you make a point, analyse it, and then look at the context and whether it is a strong reason in relation to the question
FOR EXAMPLE-- to what extent is the PM Limited by government, answer would be one way in which he is, is by his cabinet, analyse by explaining primus inter pares and how collective responsibility will stop PM from becoming dominant and going against his ministers who are in turn responsible for their respective departments and the pm will actually try to bring consensus.. etc BUT THE EVALUATION is, in the uk has thins changed?, well yes it has because it is not effective anymore because media and polls etc have very much shifted the focus much towards two main figues in politics, the PM and Chancellor ( and to some extent, their shadow counter parts... but thats not the question. you can eval further by saying that in the uk the party politics nature of the democtratic process mean that the people focus more towards the top of the ladder, ie, the Cameron and the Osborne, meaning that PM can actually sideline his peers in cabinet as he has more charismatic ability to his people, the electorate. then add examples like thatcher, and poll tax, but more contemporary examples like EU and cameron or NHS reform, which have become adversarial within cabinet
hope this helps mate, it helped me while i was writing it hahaa
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Short Answer Questions
Directions: Answer each question with the appropriate short response.
Short Answer Questions - Chapter 1, A Theory
1. What is Heyerdahl's profession?
2. What is Heyerdahl's native country?
3. Heyerdahl's theory revolves around what region?
4. What is another name for the people of this region?
5. Heyerdahl went on an expedition to which island?
6. Who accompanied Heyerdahl on the expedition?
7. What is the common tradition of the people of this region?
8. What is the name of the old man that tells the history of the region?
9. What is the name of the chief god of the island?
10. In what increments do the Polynesians recount their history?
11. What is the estimated date on which people first arrived on the islands?
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What Is Byzantine Architecture?
Before we delve into Byzantine architecture, it’s important to clarify who the people behind the architecture were. The Byzantine Empire existed from the 5th century AD until 1453, and it is the remnant of the Roman Empire. Even though Byzantines and Romans were very similar, and Byzantine rulers even referred to themselves as Roman emperors, Byzantium was markedly different from the Roman Empire.
Unlike Ancient Romans, most Byzantines were Christian and spoke Greek. The capital of the empire was the city of Constantinople, in modern-day Istanbul, Turkey. Byzantine emperors commissioned extravagant churches - the bigger the better - and the architectural advancements of the time had already allowed it. When Emperor Justinian the Great united the Byzantine Empire and the territories of the Western Roman Empire in 540, he started building massive churches in both Constantinople and Ravenna, the former capital of the Western Roman Empire.
Justinian’s rule is considered to be the heyday of Byzantine architecture, but this style continued to dominate architecture in many parts of Europe until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and even today. The most curious and outstanding feature of Byzantine architecture is its ability to combine Western and Middle Eastern architectural techniques.
The square-shaped church with a tall dome in the middle and rounded arches is the signature look of a Byzantine church, as exemplified by the Hagia Sophia, the most iconic Byzantine building. The interior of a Byzantine church is usually decorated with intricate and colorful mosaics and plenty of gold paint - another feature you’ll see in most Byzantine buildings. Let’s admire all of these features in 7 iconic and beautifully preserved Byzantine masterpieces.
1. Hagia Sophia - Istanbul, Turkey
The Hagia Sophia is the most iconic and spectacular example of Byzantine architecture. The grand basilica was built by Emperor Justinian I between 532 and 537, becoming the largest church in the entire world and the building with the highest dome. The interior of Hagia Sophia is even more impressive - the domes and the walls are covered with gold detailing and mosaics.
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, it was converted into a mosque. Since then, the Ottoman rulers modified the building quite a bit - adding in four large stone minarets and multiple prayer halls. Still, the grand dome and interior decorations are still visible today. In the 20th century, the 1,500-year-old Hagia Sophia was turned into a public museum that functions to this day. So you can visit this astonishing structure even today.
2. Basilica of San Vitale - Ravenna, Italy
If you want to see Byzantine architecture in Europe, the city of Ravenna should be first on your list. As previously mentioned, Justinian I reconquered Ravenna and parts of Italy from the Ostrogoths, Germanic tribes who had conquered the Western Roman Empire in the 4th century AD. To claim ownership of Italy, Justinian spent a lot of the wealth generated by his conquests to build churches.
The Basilica of San Vitale was one of those churches, but it is by far not the only example of Byzantine architecture in Ravenna. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, the basilica was completed in 547 AD and it has a collection of some of the most exquisite Byzantine mosaics. The Lamb of God mosaic pictured below, as well as the beautiful mosaic depicting Emperor Justinian's wife Theodora we featured at the beginning of this article, are just a few examples of such mosaics.
3. Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo - Ravenna, Italy
The Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo is another must-visit Byzantine church in Ravenna, even if it doesn’t look like one from the outside. This is because the structure itself was built by the Ostrogoth king Theodoric the Great between 475 and 526 AD, so the basilica is actually a mixture of many different architectural styles.
Only a few decades after the completion of the church, Justinian I converted the basilica into an Orthodox church in 561 AD and sent Byzantine craftsmen to decorate the walls with mosaics depicting various landmarks of Ravenna and scenes from the Bible. These mosaics are so impeccably preserved that this basilica too was proclaimed a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
4. Basilica Cistern - Istanbul, Turkey
Not all Byzantine architecture is gleaming with gold and seen from miles and miles. In fact, you could easily pass by the Basilica Cistern - or rather, above it - without ever noticing. This is because the Basilica Cistern is located underground. The building is a huge underground water storage tank and a rare example of Byzantine urban planning. This cistern was named ‘the Basilica Cistern’ because it’s located near an old basilica, and it too was commissioned by Justinian I.
The cistern was built to supply the entire city, including Justinian’s residence, with water. The space is able to hold 2,800,000 cubic feet of water, which is about 32 Olympic-size swimming pools. Today, the cistern is a popular tourist destination, as the 336 massive marble columns, many of which feature decorative carvings and medusa heads are quite an impressive sight!
5. Hosios Loukas - Distomo, Greece
Hosios Loukas is a grand 10th-century monastery atop Mount Helicon in Greece. It’s one of the most prominent examples of Middle Byzantine architecture, also known as the Second Golden Age and the Macedonian Renaissance. Between the 9th and 11th centuries, the Macedonian dynasty - which invested a lot in arts - ruled over the Byzantine Empire.
The Hosios Loukas monastery and the adjacent Katholikon church are among the most impressive examples of architecture from this era. Inside the monastery, visitors will find plenty of fine marblework, mosaics, and frescoes. The monastery is a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1990.
6. The Church of Saint Catherine - Thessaloniki, Greece
Located in the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, the city of Thessaloniki is a thriving port city in Greece, as well as a popular tourist destination. What most tourists miss as they relax on the beach is all the complicated history of the city, which was under Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman rule. The city is home to one of the most well-preserved Byzantine churches - The Church of Saint Catherine - located in the old town of Thessaloniki.
The church was built between 1261 and 1453, right before the downfall of the Byzantine Empire, which is why it actually served as a mosque for much of its existence. This landmark is one of two Byzantine UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Thessaloniki. The second one is the only surviving Byzantine bath in Greece, which is also definitely worth a visit.
7. St. Mark’s Basilica - Venice, Italy Title
Are you surprised to see the iconic St. Mark’s Basilica of Venice on this list? While the exterior of the basilica may not be the most traditional example of Byzantine architecture, you see the Byzantine inspiration the second you enter the famous church. Located on Piazza San Marco, the Patriarchal Cathedral Basilica of St. Mark was completed in the year 1092, and it’s a one-of-a-kind example of Byzantine architecture.
The beautiful basilica is one of the rare examples of Italo-Byzantine architecture, which is essentially an Italian twist of the Byzantine aesthetic. The lavish interior design of St. Mark’s Basilica earned the church its nickname - Chiesa d’Oro, or the “church of gold.” If you notice a resemblance of the interior decorations to that of the Hagia Sophia, you’re not wrong. The interior was indeed modeled from the Hagia Sophia, and some of the artifacts in St. Mark’s Basilica are actually from the Hagia Sophia.
Share these stunning landmarks with family and friends!
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Urao et al. Stem Cells. 2012 Jan 30.
In addition to the established role of bone marrow derived stem cells in producing blood cells, an interesting aspect of these stem cells is to assist/accelerate tissue healing after injury. Perhaps the most studied example of this is in the situation of myocardial infarction (heart attack), in which damaged heart muscle sends out signals to the bone marrow, which cause selective homing of bone marrow stem cells into the damaged heart tissue. This is believed to occur via activation of the transcription factor HIF-1 alpha due to lack of oxygen in the tissue. HIF-1 alpha binds to DNA and induces activation of a variety of genes that are involved in angiogenesis such as VEGF, FGF-2, and IL-20. Additionally, HIF-1 alpha stimulates production of the chemokine stromal derived factor (SDF)-1, which attracts bone marrow stem cells by binding to the CXCR4 receptor. The importance of SDF-1 in terms of bone marrow stem cell migration is exemplified in the situation of bone marrow transplantation. When a transplant is performed the bone marrow recipient is administered the donor stem cells intravenously and not intraosteolly (inside the bone). The reason for this is because the bone marrow itself constantly produces SDF-1 which attracts injected stem cells that express CXCR4.
During infarction, the concentration of SDF-1 produced by the damaged heart muscle is higher than the concentration of SDF-1 in the bone marrow, and as a result, stem cells from the bone marrow leave the bones, enter circulation, and home to the heart. Similar examples are found in the situation of stroke. In stroke patients, not only do bone marrow stem cells enter circulation after the stroke, but it has been reported that patients with higher number of stem cells in circulation actually have better outcomes.
The possibility of chemically “mobilizing” bone marrow stem cells into circulation is very attractive. On the one hand, it would be conceptually possible to augment the extent of regeneration by increasing the number of circulating stem cells, and on the other hand, it may be possible to perform “bone marrow transplantation” without the painful procedure of drilling holes through the bones of the donor. In fact, the second possibility is actually part of clinical practice. Doctors use the drug G-CSF, otherwise known as Neupogen, to cause donor migration of bone marrow stem cells into circulation, which are then harvested by leukopheresis, so that bone marrow puncture is not needed. The first possibility, the therapeutic use of bone marrow mobilization has resulted in mixed data. Some groups have demonstrated significant improvement in heart attack patients treated with G-CSF, whereas others have reported no benefit. Recently a new way of mobilizing stem cells has been approved by the FDA: a small molecule drug called Mozobil which blocks the interaction between SDF-1 and CXCR4. This drug was developed by the company Anormed and sold to Genzyme, a major Biopharmaceutical company.
In a recent paper, the role of oxidative stress was investigated in the animal model of critical limb ischemia. Critical limb ischemia is a condition in which patients experience poor circulation in the lower extremities, usually as a result of advanced peripheral artery disease. To replicate this condition in animals, the femoral artery which feeds the leg is ligated, and perfusion of the leg is measured, usually with Doppler ultrasound. In the mouse model there is a gradual recovery of blood flow as a result of spontaneous angiogenesis (new blood vessel formation). It is believed that bone marrow stem cells are involved in the formation of these new blood vessels.
While it is known that ischemia in the leg muscle is associated with recruitment of stem cells by production of SDF-1, little is known involving the changes that occur in the bone marrow as a result of ischemia in the leg.
Scientists demonstrated that after mice are subjected to hindlimb ischemia, there is a major increase in the production of free radicals in the bone marrow, specifically in the endosteal and central region of the bone marrow. Interestingly, these free radicals appear to be made by the enzyme Nox2 because mice lacking this enzyme do not have free radicals produced in the bone marrow as a result of leg ischemia. The enzyme appears to be expressed mainly in the Gr-1(+) myeloid suppressor cells that are found in the bone marrow. Free radicals were found to be associated with expression of HIF-1 alpha, implying occurrence of localized hypoxia. As can be expected, HIF-1 alpha expression was also found to associate with production of the angiogenic cytokine VEGF. It appeared that bone marrow VEGF expression was associated with expansion of bone marrow Lin(-) progenitor cell survival and expansion, leading to their mobilization into systemic circulation. It was furthermore demonstrated that ischemia of the leg increased expression of the proteolytic enzymes MT1-MMP and MMP-9 activity in the bone marrow, which did not occur in mice lacking Nox2.
The identification of NOX2 as being critical in the mobilization of bone marrow stem cells in response to ischemia suggests that antioxidants may actually modulate the extent of bone marrow stem cell mobilization. Conversely, if one believes the concept proposed, then oxidative stress (at least in a short term setting) would be beneficial towards mobilization. This is supported by studies showing that hyperbaric oxygen induces transient mobilization of bone marrow stem cells. For example Dhar et al. published (Equine peripheral blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Isolation, identification, trilineage differentiation and effect of hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Equine Vet J. 2012 Feb 15) that hyperbaric oxygen treatment in horses increased yield of mesenchymal stem cells collected from peripheral blood. Thom et al (Vasculogenic stem cell mobilization and wound recruitment in diabetic patients: increased cell number and intracellular regulatory protein content associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Wound Repair Regen. 2011 Mar-Apr;19(2):149-61) reported 2-fold increases in hematopoietic stem cells (identified by CD34 expression) in diabetic patients who received hyperbaric oxygen. This study also demonstrated that the CD34 cells that were found in circulation contained high expression of HIF-1 alpha, implying that they may possess angiogenic activity. An interesting experiment would have been if they removed the cells and assessed in vitro angiogenic activity. Indeed it is known that in patients with diabetes the CD34 cells possess a reduced angiogenic activity. If hyperbaric oxygen stimulates this angiogenic activity, it may be a relatively non-invasive method of augmenting the “rejuvenation” potential of the patient’s own stem cells. Another interesting finding of the study was that hyperbaric oxygen was associated with an increase in nitric oxide production by platelets. Since nitric oxide can act as an anticoagulant, this may be another benefit of using hyperbaric oxygen.
One important question is the potency of the stem cell mobilization induced by hyperbaric oxygen. Specifically, while it is nice that an increase in CD34 cells is observed, what activity do these cells actually have ? An earlier study by Thom et al (Stem Cell Mobilization by Hyperbaric Oxygen. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Apr;290(4):H1378-86) demonstrated that the colony-forming ability of the mobilized cells was actually 16-20 fold higher compared to controls. Colony-forming ability is an assessment of the stem cells to generate new cells in vitro.
Thus the paper we discussed sheds some interesting light on the connection between “oxidative medicine” and stem cell biology. Obviously more studies are needed before specific medical recommendations can be made, however, given the large number of patients being treated with alternative medicine techniques such as hyperbaric oxygen, one must ask whether other treatments of this nature also affect stem cells. For example, what about ozone therapy? Or intravenous ascorbic acid?
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Allergy Kiwi Fruit Skin test is used to test the individual for any allergy towards Kiwi or foods containing Kiwi Fruit. A small amount of raw fruit or the fruit extract is introduced to a small patch of skin and observed for a small amount of time. Your doctor may suggest this test if he/she suspects that the cause of your allergic reaction may be due to Kiwi or foods containing Kiwi Fruit.
Food allergy is a reaction of the body’s immune system. A food allergy occurs when the body of an individual recognizes certain foods as harmful and produces antibodies against it. The symptoms of food allergy may occur from mild itching, nausea to very severe reactions like skin rashes, swelling of lips and face, swollen airways, the inability(unable) to breathe etc. The mild symptoms can often be treated with medicines and the individual might be needed to be hospitalized in cases of severe allergic reactions.
Kiwi fruit is also called the Chinese gooseberry. It is a fruit native of China and now grown in various parts of the world. The fruit is named after the national bird of New Zealand, the Kiwi. The Kiwi fruit can be consumed as such or added to juices or salads.
Few People may have an allergy towards the kiwi fruit and may develop allergic reactions upon consuming the fruit. The allergic reactions may often be harmless like indigestion, nausea, itching of mouth, skin rash, swelling of lips, to more serious symptoms like narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. The occurrence of serious allergic reactions is called Anaphylaxis. It is a medical emergency condition which leads to facial flushing, itching, shock, sudden fall in blood pressure, constriction of airways, swollen throat, difficulty to breathe, etc.
This test may be recommended to you if you experience symptoms like severe itching, rashes, inflammation of the skin, runny or stuffy nose, difficulty in breathing, wheezing, mild fever, gastrointestinal upset like nausea, vomiting, stomach cramps, etc immediately or later after consuming Kiwi or foods containing the kiwi fruit. This may also be recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment if you are diagnosed already.
Inform your doctor if you are on any medications, have any allergies or underlying medical conditions before your Allergy Kiwi Fruit Fluorescence Assay Skin. Your doctor will give specific instructions depending on your condition on how to prepare for Allergy Kiwi Fruit Fluorescence Assay Skin.
No specific preparation is required for this test.
Positive results of this test indicate that an individual is allergic to Kiwi or foods containing Kiwi Fruit
Negative results indicate that an individual is not allergic to Kiwi or foods containing Kiwi Fruit
If your test results come out as positive, It is recommended to avoid kiwi fruit or products which may contain kiwi to avoid the allergic reactions and please contact your doctor/health care provider with your results for further advice.
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Humanistic Approaches to Positive Growth and Self-Acceptance
Home » Stanford Prison Experiment
I understand people do wrong in life and should get what they deserved but prisoner already getting their punish why do more punish. People shouldn’t be treated like that.
According to the video, I thing that the way that the prisoners were treated was horrible and cruel, no body deserves to be treated like that and it shouldn’t be an experiment. However, was interesting to see that power changes people behavior and we see that every day in political, religious, sometimes even at work when somebody takes a new position starts to treat people differently.
having authority clearly tends to make people feel strong so therefore having this power, they think its okay to start taking advantage of it. things like this aren’t okay .
“Absolute Power, corrupts absolutely” – Lord Acton.
“IF you give a mouse a Cookie…” – Laura Numeroff
The Stanford Experiment is a clear example that there is no limit to what atrocities can happen when the “powers that be” go unchecked. ESPECIALLY when a situation becomes an Us VS Then, the “Good VS Bad”, the ” Haves and the have nots”.
This experiment also shows that often times its not “Real” power but the illusion of power that people are “defending”. Something as insignificant as shiny glasses and a uniform does not give someone the right to torture, degrade or humiliate someone.
But we are not far from this in 2019 everyday life. The U.S has witnessed not an increase in police brutality and excessive force but an increase in its documentation for the first time (In part due to technology).
These graphic videos usually circulated by social media show the the true nature of what injustices can happen when Authoritative figures:
1) “Feel threatened” often times based on preconceived notions or bias
2) Defend actions behind the guise of “Law and Order” or Power. Even going as far as to using tools such as a badge or firearm to defend inappropriate actions and UTILIZING powers that are not theirs to impose their will. In some cases become Judge, Jury and Executioner, this is because of a lack of consequences to their actions.
When an unchecked authority feels threatened it can lead to that person, organization, or system to abuse its power to keep whatever the treat or the “THEM” in line. We have seen this time and time again in prisons both state and private, law enforcement, racist groups such as the KKK, banks, universities and even in violent domestic relationships.
LikeLiked by 1 person
It’s sad to see how people will be abusive when they are given some sort of power. We’re able to see someone’s true self when they are given the power to do what they want.
The Stanford prison experiment really shows the power that comes with handing someone a position of authority and leading them to believe that the authority figure knows best and anything he/she says must be done. It also shows the impact it had on the prisoners and how they were fighting their own mind because in this environment they were no longer viewed as regular individuals, the social environment lead them to believe that they were prisoners in a matter of days and should be treated as that. What impacted me the most was Dr. Zimbardo, he was viewing the experiment and he no longer knew what was right and wrong nor when to stop it, he was so interested in investigating how far a human being could go when left in this powerful and powerless environment he forgot that there were actual individuals being mistreated and it need to be stopped.
This experiment showed how cold hearted people are when they go deep into their experiments. Having power will make you act how ever you’d like.
I found it interesting that when people get put in a position of power how there whole thinking and mentality changes. And how the gentlemen who started the project mind set even changed.
The Stanford prison experiment is another study that test/measure the relationship between obedience and authority; conformity and authority; behavior and consequences; etc. This study allows one to understand behavior as adaptive and situational. It also proves that when power is associated with authoritative roles, people immerse themselves deeply in their roles and oftentimes forget who they are. Their assigned roles become part of their identity and it consumes their true selves. In this experiment, we watch the behavior of normal college students change after putting on prison guard uniforms and inmate uniforms. The guards being the authority figure in the prison, immersed themselves in their role and felt powerful. Though instructed not to not physically harm any of the inmates, the guards became verbally abusive causing some inmates to become submissive and experience meltdown. The guards conformed to the power of authority soon as they put on the uniform. It’s interesting to see the switch in their personality. I didn’t notice any sympathy or empathy from the guards for the inmates.
The Stanford Prison experiment shows how just because someone has power/authority over everyone else, they think that they are ‘invincible’ since they know they won’t be put under the same conditions as the prisoners. Therefore, they will use that power to their advantage and abuse the power that they have.
this is very upsetting, seeing others being taken advantage of because of someone else using power over an innocent person. People who abuse their power take it to the next level, giving commands and doing actions that others see as going too far, but for the power man himself, doesn’t feel that way. This is sad how people use their power to destroy others to feel better about themselves.
This experiment was just stupid to me because they should have know that Psychologically some people would have gone crazy and take it way too far and that is exactly what happened there. Now all this going around and trying to figure out the why behind it should have and could have been avoided when they first witness some of the participant going too far with it. But yet they let it go until it got out of control. This could have been avoided to me
This video clip was very interesting to watch and proved a very big point.
“give power for people and you will know them” That is my opinion for this experiment. When people have power, they show how they want to act with others. So sad experiment, see people been treated like that, is unmerciful.
The Stanford experiment is a prime example of how cruel a person can be just by simply having authority. These were average people with no actual real life authority, they were only told they were prison guards in an experiment but upon realizing they can do almost whatever they kept pushing it to satisfy their power fantasy.
People become a product of their environment. Being in a position of power, a lot of us tend to abuse it. John Wayne as they called him, took it as far as they would let him. This mind state is common with people who have some type of power, who also abuse it. The sunglasses, were away of masking who they really were, some might if felt uncomfortable giving orders, some liked it. The prisoners on the other hand, went along with everything and let things happen. Zero sense of survival, they all broke. I believe if it were real hardened prisoners, it would not go down like this.
This experiment explain how environment affects your mind.. ‘john Wayne’ took very serious his roll of guardian but the others in the group did not became so aggressive as him, It looked more like the other guardians were following the leadership of John Wayne. I do believe that inside you, you already are what you are, it’s a matter of environment or social event that will trigger your inner you.
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Dorothy Height was a civil rights and women’s rights activist focused primarily on improving the circumstances of and opportunities for African-American women.
Born in Virginia in 1912, Dorothy Height was a leader in addressing the rights of both women and African Americans as the president of the National Council of Negro Women. In the 1990s, she drew young people into her cause in the war against drugs, illiteracy and unemployment. The numerous honors bestowed upon her include the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1994) and the Congressional Gold Medal (2004). She died on April 20, 2010, in Washington, D.C.
Born on March 24, 1912, in Richmond, Virginia, African-American activist Dorothy Height spent her life fighting for civil rights and women's rights. The daughter of a building contractor and a nurse, Height moved with her family to Rankin, Pennsylvania, in her youth. There, she attended racially integrated schools.
In high school, Height showed great talent as an orator. She also became socially and politically active, participating in anti-lynching campaigns. Height's skills as a speaker took her all the way to a national oratory competition. Winning the event, she was awarded a college scholarship.
Height had applied to and been accepted to Barnard College in New York, but as the start of school neared, the college changed its mind about her admittance, telling Height that they had already met their quota for black students. Undeterred, she applied to New York University, where she would earn two degrees: a bachelor's degree in education in 1930 and a master's degree in psychology in 1932.
After working for a time as a social worker, Height joined the staff of the Harlem YWCA in 1937. She had a life-changing encounter not long after starting work there. Height met educator and founder of the National Council of Negro Women Mary McLeod Bethune when Bethune and U.S. first lady Eleanor Roosevelt came to visit her facility. Height soon volunteered with the NCNW and became close to McLeod.
One of Height's major accomplishments at the YWCA was directing the integration of all of its centers in 1946. She also established its Center for Racial Justice in 1965, which she ran until 1977. In 1957, Height became the president of the National Council of Negro Women. Through the center and the council, she became one of the leading figures of the Civil Rights Movement. Height worked with Martin Luther King Jr., A. Philip Randolph, Roy Wilkins, Whitney Young, John Lewis and James Farmer—sometimes called the "Big Six" of the Civil Rights Movement—on different campaigns and initiatives.
In 1963, Height was one of the organizers of the famed March on Washington. She stood close to Martin Luther King Jr. when he delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. Despite her skills as a speaker and a leader, Height was not invited to talk that day.
Height later wrote that the March on Washington event had been an eye-opening experience for her. Her male counterparts "were happy to include women in the human family, but there was no question as to who headed the household," she said, according to the Los Angeles Times. Height joined in the fight for women's rights. In 1971, she helped found the National Women's Political Caucus with Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan and Shirley Chisholm.
While she retired from the YWCA in 1977, Height continued to run the NCNW for two more decades. One of her later projects was focused on strengthening the African-American family. In 1986, Height organized the first Black Family Reunion, a celebration of traditions and values which is still held annually.
Height received many honors for her contributions to society. In 1994, President Bill Clinton awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She stepped down from the presidency of the NCNW in the late 1990s, but remained the organization's chair of the board until her death in 2010. In 2002, Height turned her 90th birthday celebration into a fundraiser for the NCNW; Oprah Winfrey and Don King were among the celebrities who contributed to the event.
In 2004, President George W. Bush gave Height the Congressional Gold Medal. She later befriended the first African-American president of the United States, Barack Obama, who called her "the godmother of the Civil Rights Movement," according to The New York Times. Height died in Washington, D.C., on April 20, 2010.
Former First Lady and Secretary of State Hillary Clinton was among the many who mourned the passing of the famed champion for equality and justice. Clinton told the Washington Post that Height "understood that women's rights and civil rights are indivisible. She stood up for the rights of women every chance she had."
On February 1, 2017, the United States Postal Service kicked off Black History month with the issuance of the Dorothy Height Forever stamp honoring her civil rights legacy.
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The following history was written by Lesley A. Robertson who has kindly given permission for it to be included among the GENUKI pages. This history is copyright and may not be reproduced without Lesley's permission. The main sources of information used in compiling the history were old gazetteers, the Old and New Statistical Accounts, and Black's Surnames of Scotland book.
To the north of the village is a field called Battle Knowes where traces of a Roman camp have been found. Querns, stone coffins and a bronze coffin have been dug up. Other antiquities, including a stone coffin, have been found during ploughing at Leetside farm. The parson of Whitsome, Radulphus de Hauden, was among the Borders clergy to swear allegiance to Edward I of England in Berwick in 1296.
The Knights Templar owned lands in the area, as can be seen from local names including Temple-lands, Temple Hall (a row of cottages on Leetside, now vanished) and Temple Well (also on Leetside). Part of Myreside (now Dykegatehead) belonged to them. Until the middle of the 18th Century, the mote hill, or Birlie Knowe, of the village could be seen to the east of the schoolhouse.
It has been suggested that the name of the village derives from the white habits of Cistercian monks who once had a settlement in the area, but the explanation given by the Rev. Rennison and Mr Scott in the New Statistical Account of the parish in 1837 seems more likely, if less romantic. They give the derivation as White or Huite and Ham or Home - Uniaette Hwite (or Huit) was one of the witnesses to King Eadgar's charter of Coldingham, granting Swinton to the monks of St. Cuthbert some time between 1097 and 1107. When the charter was confirmed in the time of Robert III (1392), Qhuite was one of the witnesses. David I (1124-1153) granted Whitsome to the monks of Coldingham. Half the lands were later granted to Roger Pringle. A branch of the Pringles descend from him. Robert Hop Whitsome is mentioned in a gift to the monastery of Soltray, confirmed by Alexander III (1249-1286). Because of their support of the Bruce family, the lands of the Pringles of Whitsome were confiscated by King John Bailiol. The estates were briefly owned by John de Lyle. This was confirmed in a charter signed by Edward I of England, in 1295, a fact which cannot have done much to support the claim of the d'Lyle family later. After the battle of Bannockburn, the lands were restored to Reginald Pringle of Whitsome, by Robert Bruce in 1315.
The priest of Whitsome at the time of the Reformation, James Seton, conformed, and retained his place as the Minister of the parish. He was in Whitsome from at 1560 until at least 1589.
Like most of the Borders, Whitsome has had a somewhat eventful past. In July 1482, it was burned to the ground by the Duke of Gloucester, later Richard III of England. According to the Statistical Account, Deadriggs derives its name from Border skirmishes, and the East and West Vaults were named for underground vaults built for shelter and storage in times of any attack from the south.
The Eighteenth Century
On 19th June, 1735, the parishes of Whitsome and Hilton were combined after the movement of the Minister of Hilton, George Home, to Whittinghame in East Lothian. The church of Hilton was allowed to decay, and is now a ruin. All that can be seen is the outline of the walls, and the east gable, surrounded by the old Kirkyard. For much of the 18th century, the Minister of Whitsome was John Waugh. He was ordained as a dissenting Minister in Alnwick in 1743, and took up his duties in Whitsome in 1755. At the time of the Statistical Account of Scotland (1799), he was still active (although it should be noted that the Whitsome account was written by George Cupples, Minister of Swinton). Mr Waugh succeeded a Mr Calder, whose brother was Cadwalleder Calder, author of "The Five Nations of Canada".
The 18th century Church, as described by Mr Cupples, was "a miserable thatched building, which, though now slated, is still very ill seated, narrow and incommodious". It stood at the highest point of the Kirkyard, and was "most inconveniently detached both from the village and the manse". Little of this building is now to be seen, except the outline of its footings, but the bell in the current church is dated 1645. Some of the Communion Plate dates from 1704.
A famous Secessionist Minister, Henry Erskine, lived at Ravelaw after his ejection from his parish of Cornhill. He frequently preached in the Meeting House in Old Newton (now known as East Newton). The young Thomas Boston (1678 - 1732) was so influenced by one of his sermons that he became a Secessionist preacher himself, and became famous for his sermons as well as his book, "The Fourfold State". On one occasion when he preached in Whitsome Church, the crowds who could not get in climbed onto the roof and tore away the thatch so that they could hear him.
Dr Webster reported that the population of the parish in 1755 was 399. By 1799, this had risen to 590, of which 206 were men, 246 were women, and 139 were children below 10. Although not affluent, the parish seems to have been a healthy place to live - Rev Cupples reported that the oldest man and woman in the parish were 93 and 94, respectively. The parishioners were "staunch Presbyterians, either of the Establishment or of the Secession"' the Seceders not being more than 1 in 12 of the population.
The master of the school in the 18th century was not rich. He had a salary of 8-9 pounds sterling, a house and school, a very small garden, kirk dues and some perks arising from his collecting the road money. Dr Cupples points out that the parish has been able to attract some able teachers, resulting in "great numbers of scholars in penmanship, languages, mathematics and the practical arts" who went on to apprenticeships or the Universities. The local farmers were described as improving rapidly in their education, manners, opulence and mode of living (with a taste for books), despite the fact that they lived without the benefit of the influence of any of the heritors of the parish. The common people were, in the words of Mr Cupples, "moderate, sensible and sober, nor have any of them for these 40 years been charged with a capital crime. Nor do I recollect either riot, violence or disorder among them. Such as have had an opportunity of a better opportunity of a better education, have imbibed it with docility and success".
The main crops grown in the area were oats, barley, wheat, peas, beans, vetches and a small amount of rye, as well as potatoes and turnips. Horses were kept for work on the farms. Black cattle, and sheep were also kept, together with "an ass for medicinal purposes".
The Nineteenth Century
The nineteenth century was a time of agricultural improvements, and falling numbers of agricultural labourers for the whole of Scotland. When he wrote "The Book of the Farm" (1844), Henry Stephens described how he had gained his agricultural experience 20 years earlier while boarding with George Brown of Whitsome Hill - "one of the best farmed of that well-farmed county". The report of the 18th century Rev. Cupples gives the impression of a somewhat isolated cluster of farms, with only the brief mention that the schoolmaster collected the road money. By the time that the New Statistical Report was written by the Rev. Rennison (assistant Minister) and Mr Scott of the Parochial School in 1837, the village was on the regular weekly route of a carrier to Duns (Wednesday), Edinburgh (Friday) and Berwick (Saturday). There was also a postal service via Swinton. By 1868, when the Imperial Gazetteer was published, not only was the village touched by the good roads between Berwick and Kelso, and Berwick and Dunse, but it was within convenient reach of both the North British Railway and the English North Eastern Railway. By 1896, there were railway stations at Edrom, Duns and Chirnside, all within 6 miles. Farming methods had changed so substantially that the Ordnance Gazetteer of 1896 says "The parish everywhere has the finely enclosed and richly cultivated aspect which so generally distinguishes the Merse".
The current church was built in 1803, with places for 250 people. It has since been substantially modified (1913). It was originally a rectangular building with a pulpit in the middle of the south wall and a gallery running around the other three walls. The body snatching that so plagued the area in the early 19th century is reflected by the fact that the church has a mort house (built in 1820) on the edge of the old Kirkyard. Doctors from Coldingham and Swinton were prosecuted for body-snatching, and others were probably also involved, so it was felt necessary to post guards in graveyards after funerals, until decay had rendered the body unsuitable.
In 1816, a branch of the Berwickshire Bible Society was formed, and the Temperance Society opened in the village in 1831. Despite this, two inns opened in Whitsome in the early 1830s, much to the displeasure of the Rev. Rennison and Mr Scott. As well as the parochial school, an unendowed school had opened. Both taught english, writing, arithmetic and practical mathematics, but the parochial school could also offer latin, greek and french. Poor children were taught free. The parish schoolmaster was being paid 55 a year, with 26 in fees and 6 from other sources. By 1896, the village school had places for 150 children, with an average attendance of 90.
There were two patches of common ground in the village in 1837 - at the east and north ends. Both were used for bleaching, with water available from on-site springs known as the Blind Well and Reed's Well.
Test boring for coal in 1824-1825 was not successful, but the grey and white limestone which formed a layer about 40 feet thick below the parish was extensively quarried.
The population of Whitsome fell from 664 in 1831 to 636 in 1833 because of emigration to Canada. By 1861, it was still only 640, and thereafter the fall continued - 608 in 1871, 560 in 1881 and 573 in 1891.
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Africans must take responsibility for the problems they are facing. It has been 50 years since Ghana’s independence in 1957. It has been 27 years since the independence of Zimbabwe. It has been 13 years since the independence of South Africa. So whatever is happening in Africa, we as Africans must take responsibility for our circumstances. There has been a major failure around vision in Africa – political vision and economic vision. There has been major failure around leadership – political leadership and economic leadership. So Africans . . . We Africans are guilty as charged in terms of failure. Having said that, prior to our independence, and even after our independence, there have been external factors that have made our existence and our development very problematic. Before independence, ________ slavery and the slave triangle. That distorted the history and trajectory of Africa’s development. After slavery, the project of colonialism. That, again, disturbed and changed the history and trajectory of African development. Okay? And then we fought wars and struggles of independence and anti-colonialism. We managed to get our independence. After that independence, there still were elements of neo-colonialism and external factors, external corporations, external governments that were involved in a negative way in our economic operations. In terms of manipulation of the economy, ownership of the industries without actually cultivating and building infrastructure and so on and so forth, promoting civil wars. Western powers were involved in pitting one ethnic group against another. Western powers and companies in Africa were involved – are involved in using ethnic conflicts to get access to diamonds, access to oil, and so on and so forth. So these are some of the forces that have led to our challenges in Africa – slavery, colonialism, neo-colonialism, and sheer greed.
Recorded On: 7/5/07
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Jolly Phonics Worksheets For Kindergarten. Worksheet will open in a new window. Below is the PDF file for Dolch sight words flash cards for the primer level (kindergarten).
Dolch sight words worksheets for kindergarten. We have carefully grouped them into various types of sheets. Click here for a teacher and parent guide.
You are not required to register in order to use this site.
Includes differentiated support and independent sheets.
This printable will give him practice "th" words. There are three different worksheets per set. Students look at the pictures and circle the correct word.
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There are over 800 known amphibian species inhabiting the region, however, an international team of researchers, led by Jodi Rowley of the Australian Museum say that this figure is likely to represent only a fraction of the actual number of species. Very little is known about Southeast Asian amphibian populations and what is known gives cause for alarm. Of the known species almost one-fifth are listed as threatened, with more than a third being listed as “data-deficient” (meaning that too little is known about them to make an accurate judgement on their status).
The most immediate threat to the amphibians comes from the destruction of their habitat. Southeast Asia is currently undergoing intensive deforestation; if this continues at current rates, almost three quarters of the current forest is expected to disappear by 2100. Most amphibians in the region cannot survive outside their native forest habitats and several species are already thought to have been wiped out by the destruction of their territory. Harvesting of amphibians for food, traditional medicine and the pet trade is also likely to be provoking declining numbers, although research in this area is virtually non-existent, and urgently needs to be prioritised if conservation efforts are to be successful.
The authors advocate establishing strict protection areas for regions where the greatest number of amphibians are most under threat. However, current knowledge is so limited that a great deal of further research is urgently required to identify and prioritise protection areas. Dr Rowley states that “Southeast Asian amphibians are facing a perfect storm of conservation crisis and impending extinction. The understudied nature of the amphibian fauna suggests that many more species are under threat than we can presently detect”.
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The ocean has deep secrets. It is a world as vibrant as the one outside. There is a unique ecology that defies common knowledge and often perplexes scientists. This barely-explored territory is also believed to hold vast quantities of precious metals and minerals that can sustain the modern world for centuries. So it is not surprising that countries are now vying with each other to lay claim on what lies deep under. Exploration offers the prospect of finding huge amounts of previously untapped resources. The possibility of harvesting the deep seabed for limitless supplies of minerals has been known since the 1860s. The first attempt to mine the seabed was, however, made a century later. Till date, only 5% of the deep-sea floor, which covers about 60% of the earth’s surface, has been properly explored. Light penetrates only the top layers and the vast, deep oceans are pitch-black, with temperatures just a few degrees above freezing point.
Each time it is explored—by mini-submarines tethered to surface ships—strong lights pick out fragile structures and animals that have never been seen before. But countries are turning their eyes towards its minerals, potentially worth billions of pounds. There are significant deposits scattered over the plains of the ocean’s deepest abysses and encrusted on the rocky outcrops of underwater mountains. The vast repository of minerals, including the precious cobalt, zinc, manganese and rare earth materials are needed for smartphones, laptops and hybrid cars.
The exploration contracts are awarded by the International Seabed Authority (ISA), an inter-governmental organisation established by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (Unclos) to regulate deep-sea mining. At least 20 countries have been carrying out exploration activities since 2001. Deep-sea mining is witnessing a fast revival after a lull of almost 40 years. With the new licence, India will start looking for poly-metallic sulphides that are rich in copper, zinc, gold and silver in the Indian Ocean. Already, there have been significant advances in the technology required to discover, map and mine them, with robotic equipment built to operate at great depths.
They are also on active and extinct hydrothermal vents—the fissures in the planet’s surface from which hot water spouts. It has been made a possibility by population growth, economic growth and concerns over the supply and security of minerals on land. Copper, nickel and cobalt can all be found at high concentrations, in mineral deposits, as can the so-called ‘critical’ metals. These include the rare earth elements used in a range of new technologies such as memory chips, LEDs and batteries for electric vehicles. It is thought the mountains of the Pacific alone could contain about 22 times more tellurium—which is used in solar panels—than the known land-based reserves combined.
At present, there is no exploitation of deep-sea mineral resources, only exploration. The prospect of a race to the bottom of the ocean has alarmed scientists. The reason is deep seas are not marine deserts as thought. Just like the terrestrial environment, oceans are facing the conflict between development and environment—overfishing, industrial waste and plastic debris are just a few of the factors ailing them. What adds to the conflict is utter lack of knowledge of the deep sea environment. Strong opposition remains over concerns about the potential environmental impact.
As per Unclos, the state parties are responsible for ensuring environmental safeguards. A sponsoring state is not liable for environmental damages resulting from a contractor’s activities if the state has all domestic laws and regulations in place. But without a mechanism, environmentalists point out, it is difficult to monitor deep inside sea whether the safeguards are implemented. This needs a fresh set of laws particularly in developing countries, which are struggling with weak environmental regulations. At the same time, the ISA has to fix regulations, so that countries can adopt them.
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Oakland Zoo actively supports several conservation projects in Latin America. Below are a list of programs we currently support.
Project Tamarin is a multidisciplinary conservation program that combines field research with educational and community programs, to make the conservation of natural resources economically feasible for local communities in Colombia.
These beautiful, yellow and black amphibians are found in mountainous regions of Panama and are are classified as Critically Endangered by The World Conservation Union (IUCN) due to habitat loss and the spread of the deadly chytrid fungus.
The Oakland Zoo supports ARCAS financially and by volunteering the time of its conservationists and teens to help in onsite activities. The ARCAS Wild Animal Rescue and Rehabilitation Center is situated on 45 hectares of forested land on Lago Peten Itza of Guatemala. The 3.75 million acre Maya Biosphere Reserve in Northern Guatemala's Peten region is the largest intact tropical rainforest in Central America.
In the Field N. America
In the Field Africa
In the Field Asia
In the Field L. America
Project Golden Frog
In the Field Global
The Green Zoo
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What is “stop and frisk?” A stop-and-frisk policy allows police officers to detain and search an individual provided there’s “reasonable suspicion” he or she “committed, is committing, or is about to commit a felony or a Penal Law misdemeanor,” as the Washington Post reports.
That language comes from New York, where the NYPD has found itself at the center of a “stop and frisk” firestorm. The stop-and-frisk program has faced increased scrutiny in recent years, as opponents insist the NYPD unfairly targets minorities—blacks and Hispanics in particular—with their searches.
What is “stop and frisk?” In 2012, the NYPD used “stop and frisk” to stop 532,911 people, according to the Public Advocate’s office, and while that represented a significant drop since 2011, when police conducted 685,724 stops, the law remains controversial. Data suggests 53 percent of those subjected to “stop and frisk” searches are black, while 31 percent are Hispanic. Only 10 percent are white, even though Caucasians account for 31 percent of New York City’s overall population. In 2013, U.S. District Court judge Shira Scheindlin deemed the NYPD’s “stop and frisk” policy a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment of the constitution, which guarantees equal protection. Of course, “stop and frisk” is known as the “Terry stop,” a tag that derives from Terry v. Ohio, a 1968 case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled “stop and frisk” searches are not violations of the Fourteenth Amendment.
MUST SEE: The Hidden Side Of Stop And Frisk
Does “stop and frisk” work? That is, is “stop and frisk” effective at stopping crime? As with “stand your ground,” the controversial Florida measure that enables citizens to use deadly force to defend themselves in places other than the home, advocates on both sides of the debate use data to back their assertions. Outgoing New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, a “stop and frisk” supporter, says violent crime has gone down 30 percent since 2001, when he took office, Reuters reports.
Responding to Judge Scheindlin’s finding, the city claimed it made far fewer stops in 2013 than in 2012—57 percent fewer between April and June—and argued that reforming “stop and frisk” would lead to an increase in crime. What’s the future for “stop and frisk?” Judge Scheindlin has tasked former NYC lawyer Peter Zimorth to oversee the NYPD, and she’s called for a number of reforms, such as requiring some officers to wear cameras. The NYPD will likely appeal, arguing that “stop and frisk” cuts crime, even numbers suggest it unfairly targets blacks and Hispanics.
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Download this article.
even the famous
John F. Kennedy, Florence Nightingale and Winston Churchill are revered in history for their deeds. Their achievements may have been greater but for illness with plagued. them. Medical writer Jim Leavesley discusses their ailments, and even suggests that Kennedy's was a factor in his death
John Fitzgerald Kennedy.
John Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963. At that time he was already a very sick man. In November 1955 there appeared in The American Medical Association's Archives of Surgery an article emanating from the Laboratory of Surgical Research and Anaesthesiology of Cornell University Medical College. It was entitled "Management of Adrenocortical Insufficiency During Surgery". The article concerned itself with operating, for one reason or another, on people who were deficient in the life-sustaining corticosteroid hormones released by a small gland situated just above the kidneys, a site from which it derived its unimaginative name, the suprarenal or adrenal gland. It listed three cases where the operation had been successful.
So what? You may well ask. Well, just this: The report on Case 3 almost altered the course of American history in the 20th century. Briefly, it told of a 37-year-old man who had had Addison's disease, or adrenocortical insufficiency, for seven years. He had managed well on desoxycorticosterone acetate pellets implanted every three months and cortisone in doses of 25mg daily.
The unnamed subject was in a great deal of pain from a back injury and it had been decided to do two bone fusions together with the insertion of a metal plate in the lower back. The operation was accomplished on October 21, 1954. On October 11, 1954, The New York Times reported that Senator John Kennedy had entered hospital for spinal surgery. The same newspaper, on October 21, reported that the senator had undergone the operation, adding that he had previously undergone surgery in l945 but his condition had worsened and he had had to use crutches on and off since. Then, on February 26, l955, The New York Times revealed that Senator Kennedy had had removed from his back a metal plate which had been put there four months previously.
It does not need Sherlock Holmes to conclude that two people of the same age, with the same spinal condition, who underwent similar surgery in the same hospital on the same day, and who returned at the same time four months later for removal of the plate, were one and the same person. All this would have been confined to the gossip columns except that John Kennedy put up for President of the United States in 1960. Just before polling day, a political opponent, Congressman Walter Judd, demanded that Kennedy confirm or deny he had Addison's disease. The reply was circumspect, but Kennedy conceded he had "partial adrenal insufficiency".
The cause of Kennedy's Addison's disease, for this indeed was what he had was probably an atrophy of the adrenal due to a type of autoimmune response ' the body against its own tissues. It is a rare and irreversible condition. The cardinal symptom is a progressive weakness and tiredness - hardly desirable circumstances in one of the most powerful men in the world. However, once diagnosed, treatment is very successful, although. life-sentence, and comprises replacement the corticosteroid hormone. The President's dose was increased when he went to the White House. An excessive amount can increase weight, especially the face, to produce a round, so-called ("moon face"). Pictures show this effect on Kennedy. Kennedy ruptured a disc in his back at Harvard in 1939 playing football. He subsequently joined the navy and saw service in the Solomon Islands, where his PT boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer. This exacerbated his back injury. He was sent home and in 1945 a prolapsed intravertebral disc was removed. However persistent pain was to dog him for the rest of his life.
It must be remembered that, for the sake of a few votes, Kennedy continued to perform bone-crunching tasks such as sliding down a fireman's pole, digging holes for commemorative trees or pitching the first ball of the baseball season. When out of the public gaze, he use crutches for the last 10 years of his life, had his left heel built up, wore a corset-type brace and slept with a board under the mattress. But neither his back nor his hormones had anything to do with the way in which John F. Kennedy met his death. 0n November 22, 1963, three shots were fire at him allegedly by Lee Harvey Oswald who was located above, behind and to the right of his target in a sixth-storey window The first shot traversed Kennedy's neck then emerged; the second shot missed; and the third shot five seconds later hit the President's head and exploded to remove almost all the right side of the brain. Kennedy was wearing his corset support at the time. As was found when it was removed from the body, it was a rather wide affair with metal stays and a stiff plastic pad over the sacral area of the back which was tightly laced to the body.
There is no doubt, of course, the President died of a massive head wound, but if he had not had a back condition, he would not have been wearing a brace. This being so, it is quite likely that after the first shot he would have fallen to one side and out of sight, there being nothing to shore him up. That would have taken less than five seconds and so he would only have been wounded. The only snag is that an effect of the atrophy of the adrenal glands and long-term cortisone therapy is to reduce resistance to infection and to induce poor healing. Hence, in these circumstances, it is just possible that wound contamination from the first shot may have proved enough.
Regrettably, the autopsy report is strangely silent on details of the adrenals and vertebral column. They were regarded as privileged information by the family and not subject to public curiosity. Photographs of John F. Kennedy seem to radiate youthful drive and boundless energy. If anyone had a public image and a private agony it was he. He had the courage to withstand the ravages of two debilitating and depressing long-term conditions.
First appeared in the Australian Women's Day - May 1984
|Back to Other Articles Index...|
Disclaimer: The material on this website has the intention of offering information as unbiased "information only" and is not intended to be complete.
Some content copyright © 1998-2006
by the Australian Addison's Disease Association Inc. All
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Embedded Processors and DSP (3) Introduction to micro-controllers and embedded controllers with applications, including concepts of digital signal processing.
CMPET 211 Embedded Processors and DSP (3)
CMPET 211 provides students with a basic understanding of microprocessors and microcontrollers with an emphasis on integrated embedded control of real world applications. The course provides a background in micro-processor/controller architecture, presents the operation and application of microcontroller peripherals, and introduces assembly language and higher level structured programming language. This can be a structured language such as C++ or PIC Basic. The intent is to introduce the students to a more powerful programming language capable of developing algorithms for embedded control of real world processes. Students will learn the analog to digital (ADC) and digital to analog (DAC) process and understand the resolution and aliasing consequences of these conversions.
With the ADC and DAC material mastered, the course will then introduce students to basic applications of Digital Signal Processing (DSP), such as digital filtering and noise reduction. Simple discrete Fourier transforms can be covered along with sampling theory and digital aliasing.
Although some of the mathematical theory underlying DSP techniques, such as Fourier and Hilbert Transforms, digital filter design and signal compression, can be fairly complex, the numerical operations required to actually implement these techniques are relatively simple and will be shown. DSP chips and applications will be covered to illustrate how to carry out such operations incredibly fast and efficiently.
Topics covered include:
- Microprocessor, microcontroller, and embedded system architecture
- Microcontroller peripherals
- Assembly Language Syntax and Programming
- Structured Programming and Algorithms
- Input and Output interfacing
- ADC and DAC conversions
- Sampling and DSP
The course will emphasize the concepts, principles, procedures, and programming models used by engineers and technologists to design, develop and implement digital control for real world instrumentation. Particular emphasis will be given to embedded controllers for process control.
Lectures will be supported by laboratory exercises in which the student will develop, assemble, download, and run programs on the target processor. Programming activities will focus on the development of algorithms for control of real world processes. Students will be required to prepare written laboratory reports outlining the program documentation. Reports will be graded based both on their technical quality and their grammatical and professionalism.
Students in CMPET 211 will be required to use computers in both class and laboratory exercises to develop and test their programs.
Note : Class size, frequency of offering, and evaluation methods will vary by location and instructor. For these details check the specific course syllabus.
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Many people suffer from pain located at their lower back. Some, especially those who are elderly are using mobility equipment like power wheelchair to assist them on their lower back pain. The usual causes of back pain include bad posture, awkward sleeping position or triggered by a minor injury. However, based on NHS, with just a week or month, back pain can improve by itself.
Yet, there are helpful ways on how this pain may be prevented. Usually, prevention of back pain may be done through diet monitoring or changing the sleeping position. Aside from that, the risk of symptoms of pain at the lower back may be reduced by eating dark chocolate. Patients attested that the pain at their lower back were relieved the moment they started to eat more dark chocolates.
Dark Chocolate and the Lower Back Pain
Usually, patients suffering from lower back pain are always surprise on knowing that diet and exercise are helpful for their back health. These measures also prevent many underlying health problems and may improve healing as well. Moreover, it is also surprising to know that dark chocolate is a helpful treat for them. So, aside from the three amazing benefits of eating dark chocolate, reducing back pain is coming up on the list. But, what’s with dark chocolate that makes it reduce the pain at the lower back?
Component of dark chocolate
Primarily, dark chocolate contains abundant amount of magnesium which is very important for muscle relaxation and contraction. In addition, it helps to provide the muscle enough strength in order to support the spine. Magnesium is one of the primary minerals present in the bone structure. Further, around 300 biochemical reactions require the presence of magnesium in the body.
Proper nutrition is required for bones, muscles, and spine for the purpose of having enough and stronger body support in order to perform their functions.
Dark chocolate is composed of high levels of magnesium. It contains 64mg of magnesium in every serving of 28g of dark chocolate. This magnesium content is equivalent to greater than 20% of the recommended intake per day. Dark chocolate with as high as 70% cocoa solids is considered to be the best variety. The higher the percentage of cocoa in dark chocolate the better.
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A history of potential events as chronicled by Steven Coburn-Griffis
Friday, March 16, 2018
The students in Ms. Raczkowski’s 7th Grade Earth Sciences class at Gateway Middle School weren’t themselves.
They were quiet. They were attentive. They were focused.
That is not to say that these were bad kids, troublemaking kids, just that they were kids: twitchy, jittery, chatty, ready to jump and dance and play kids with bodies that all too often outran their brains.
But not on this particular day. Each sat up straight in his or her Smartt chair, their faces awash in the glow from their Smartt desks, eyes firmly fixed on the big Smartt screen at the front of the room. If asked for an example of “anticipation,” every Smartt desk in the school would have burned with a picture of Ms. Raczkowski’s 7th Grade Earth Sciences classroom as it was at that very moment.
Clearly, this was unusual, but it was an unusual day. You just had to look at the way the big Smartt screen at the front of the room was bubbling a silvery blue to know that.
A soft chime sounded and an image of a turning Earth filled the big Smartt screen that covered most of the front wall. The round ball of Earth was blue and green and brown and white and it spun against a black backdrop of space. As it continued to turn, a familiar voice began talking to anyone and everyone listening.
“Earth,” the voice said, and then paused for dramatic effect. During that pause, every single boy and every single girl sitting at every single Smartt desk in Ms. Raczkowski’s classroom felt the tickling itch of that familiar voice and asked themselves, Who? Who is that? I know that voice; know it almost as well as my own.
“Earth,” the voice continued, “is a wonder, a unique and radiant jewel travelling in its elliptical path around the sun. In the whole of our solar system, from Mercury to Neptune, there is no other planet like Earth.”
On the Smartt screen, the Earth stopped spinning and began to blur, distorting in form from the round sphere of planet Earth to something quite a bit more oval in shape.
“And what is it that makes Earth so special? So rare? So blue?”
The blurred blob on the screen continued to change shape, gaining definition and becoming clearer and clearer until it had morphed into the face of a man. And not just any man, but a man who was very familiar to the kids in Ms. Raczkowski’s 7th Grade Earth Sciences class: Bart Butterman, host and quizmaster of the game show Bart’s Big Brain, filmed right nearby their very classroom in Ohio.
Bart Butterman was grinning his famous grin, his face filled the big Smartt screen from top to bottom and side to side.
“So, do you know?” Bart Butterman asked. “Do you know what makes Earth extraordinary?”
He paused for just a beat and — although if you had asked anybody watching Bart Butterman in that classroom, they would have said it was impossible — his grin grew even bigger.
“Water!” he crowed.
Chapter One questions
1. Why do you think the word smart is spelled with two letter t’s in the story? Can you think of other brand names that are deliberately misspelled?
2. Current classroom technology includes smartphones and smartboards. In Ms. Raczkowski’s classroom three years from now, students sit in Smartt chairs at Smartt desks. Use your imagination to decide what this chair and desk can do and how they might help you learn.
3. Look at a globe and a map of the United States. Using the scale of distance, how far are you from a large body of water (something bigger than the nearest reservoir).
Chapter One vocabulary words
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The Brebos Organs of El Escorial by James Wyly and Susan Tattershall$39.95
Newly published by OHS Press Spain’s El Escorial, home to royalty and also the site of a monastery, college, library and an enormous church, was designed and built by royal architects at the 1557 commission of King Philip II. It is the tomb of many Spanish kings and remains as a monument to the richness of 16th-century Spain. The enormous church built in the complex contained, at one time, as many as nine organs. Two of these long gone instruments, built by the Fleming Gilles Brebos, are documented in a surviving manuscript, which contains details about their specifications, appearance and use. This book is a facsimile and translation of the manuscript, as well as an analysis of its importance and contents.
243 pages, hardbound
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Although we all feel sad sometimes, clinical (major) depression is diagnosed when a person experiences depressed mood (sadness), loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities, plus some of the following symptoms for at least 2 weeks:
- changes in appetite or weight
- lack of motivation or energy
- insomnia (trouble sleeping) or oversleeping
- noticeable changes in activity level (agitated or slowed down)
- feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- recurring thoughts of death or suicide
Clinical depression may vary in its severity, and in its extreme forms (i.e., thoughts of suicide) can be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
Symptoms of other forms of depression, although generally milder, may still negatively affect a person's daily activities and quality of life.
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Robert FitzRoy’s 19th-century illustration of how storms develop between areas of warm and cold air isn’t dissimilar from a satellite image (Image: The British Library)
Beautiful Science: Picturing Data, Inspiring Insight
Folio Society Gallery, British Library, London,
from 20 February to 26 May
In a small exhibition space built entirely of nooks and crannies, Johanna Kieniewicz, the British Library’s science curator, has created a surprising display.
Take for example, the opening image of a zoomable “tree of life” by James Rosindell, a biodiversity theorist from Imperial College London. It looks innocuous enough: it might belong in a children’s picture book. But the wealth of visual and textual information sewn into every scale of the map proves staggering. Life is vast.
Along with the intellectual surprises, there are some historical ones. What looks like a satellite image of global atmospheric circulation turns out, on closer inspection, to date from 1863: a print from The Weather Book by Robert FitzRoy (sometime captain of the Beagle and a visionary climatologist).
But perhaps the best-judged exhibit is also the least showy: a well-constructed video of interviews dealing with all the tricky questions about data visualisation in one place. Just how scientific is it? Is it really beautiful? Or distracting? And what about the underlying assumptions?
Having addressed these very necessary questions so economically, Beautiful Science can, and does, deliver on its title.
Scientific visualisation began, we learn, in the 17th century with the weather records of sea captains. Neatly rendered on an in-house computer, these records foreshadow NASA’s deliriously blue Perpetual Ocean video of 2011. This unforced pairing of historical and recent exhibits turns out to be a real strength.
Some early visualisations are predicated on ideas that turned out to be wrong. For example, the moon has little effect on the weather, and cholera is not spread by “bad air”. The data used to explore these ideas, being perfectly valid, can still reveal different insights to later observers.
This is the real strength of visualisation: it suggests interesting correlations without getting snarled up in language, which by its very nature tends to slip causation into every argument, whether you mean it to or not.
Because good visualisations give the viewer the chance to interpret things quite freely, Beautiful Science turns out to be, in the best sense, a playful exhibition. And toying around with the global epidemic and mobility model, I couldn’t for the life of me build a scenario that didn’t annihilate France.
Over all, covering climate change, public health and evolution, the exhibition gets the visitor asking the right sort of critical questions about how we communicate science.
See more in our gallery: “Worlds of data in seven beautiful visualisations“
Celebrate the mind-bending beauty of visual science and win a bundle of prizes including tickets to see author David McCandless at the British Library
Enter here: “Win Beautiful Science swag from the British Library“
More on these topics:
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- About the Center
- Evidence-Based Practices
- Early Identification of ASD Module
- Manual of Procedures (MOP)
- Additional Resources
- News and Events
- Working With States
- EI Module - Case Study
Module Menu >>
Module: Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorders
A CASE STUDY
This case study demonstrates how the processes of surveillance and screening begin during a visit to a primary care physician and result in referral for additional evaluation, diagnosis, and intervention. You may test your skills with this vignette.
Alex is a 16-month-old boy who is at the pediatrician’s office for an ear infection. In passing, his parents mention that they are also concerned that he isn’t yet speaking.
What should the pediatrician do next?
The pediatrician asks Alex’s parents a few questions, such as whether he responds to his name and enjoys social games. They respond that he likes to play peek-a-boo with them, but that it can be hard to get his attention by calling his name.
What other questions might the pediatrician ask?
The doctor also asks about Alex’s babbling and whether he uses gestures like pointing to get his needs met.
What screening tool would you use to assess Alex’s risk of autism?
The pediatrician asks Alex’s parents to fill out an autism-specific screener, the M-CHAT. His score is right at the cutoff for “high risk.”
What should the pediatrician do?
The pediatrician refers Alex to the Part C early intervention program so that he may start services as early as possible, regardless of a diagnosis. Concurrently, she made a referral to a community program/clinic for toddlers with potential developmental difficulties, including autism, The purpose of the later referral was to request a comprehensive developmental evaluation to begin the diagnostic process for a potential autism spectrum disorder. She also refers Alex to an audiologist to have his hearing tested.
What should the pediatrician be cautious about?
Postscript: What happened to Alex?
The early intervention program found Alex eligible for early intervention services, resources, and supports due to delays in his language development and differences in his social relatedness with others. As Alex’s second birthday approached, the early signs identified on the M-CHAT became more pronounced, plus other characteristics of ASD were emerging. The comprehensive evaluation resulted in an initial diagnosis of autism. Recommendation for re-evaluation was suggested when Alex turned three. The family was given information about intensive services that Alex may benefit from in addition to those he received through the Part C early intervention program. The audiologist did not find a permanent hearing loss, but found that he had some fluid in his ears that may have been causing some interference with his hearing.
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Biographical / Historical
In 1964, the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project was established by the Council of Federated Organizations (COFO), an alliance of four civil rights groups: the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP); the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE); and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The purpose of the Freedom Summer was to develop a unified voter registration program in Mississippi to support the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) at the National Democratic Convention in Atlantic City. Furthermore, COFO hoped to attract the government and nation's attention through the help of hundreds of predominately northern, white students.
Lasting from late June to mid-August 1964, the Freedom Summer Project was closely followed by the northern media, and grabbed the attention of the New Left. Ultimately, the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project established a black political presence in the state of Mississippi, as well as organized various programs including the Freedom Schools and Community Centers.
Ruth Koenig was a 23-year-old schoolteacher from Schenectady, New York, when she volunteered for the Mississippi Freedom Summer in Holly Springs, Mississippi. She stated that it was the 1963 Birmingham bombing which compelled her to participate in the Freedom Summer. During her three months in Mississippi, Koenig taught at the Freedom Schools, signed new members for the MFDP, and helped to organize voter registration drives. In 1966, Koenig returned to Mississippi to observe the changes she helped to generate through her participation in the Mississippi Freedom Summer. Since that time, she has worked predominately in the education field, and has continued to rally for human rights, as well as environmental and peace issues.
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An ionic compound contains 29.08% sodium, 40.56% sulfur and 30.36% oxygen by mass. What is the formula of the sulfur-containing anion in the compound?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Na = 23
Sulphur = 32
Oxygen = 16
If we assume we have 100g of the compound then we should have 29.08g of Na, 40.56g of S and 30.36g of O in it.
Moles of Na in the compound `= 29.08/23 = 1.264`
Moles of S in the compound `= 40.56/32 = 1.268`
Moles of O in the compound `= 30.36/16 = 1.898`
`Na:S:O = 1.264:1.268:1.898 = 1.264/1.264:1.268/1.264:1.898/1.264`
`Na:S:O = 1:1:1.5 = 2:2:3`
So in the anion the S:O ratio is 2:3. So the possible anion is `S_2O_3^(2-)`
Join to answer this question
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Q: I assume this is an insect. It’s approximately 6″ top to bottom, with “feelers” taking half of total length. Is that pincher at the bottom used to protect itself?
A: Your critter is a walkingstick insect. In fact, you can determine that it is a male due to the pinchers on the end. The male uses these to clasp a much larger female when they breed.
So, if it’s an insect, it must have six legs, right? But your photo shows only four legs on the walkingstick.
Look closely at the “head” end and see that the bug has extended its two front legs out parallel to its antennae. This move makes it look even more like a twig, thus avoiding birds and other predators.
Interestingly, walkingsticks are herbivores. They feed on plant leaves at night, remaining motionless during the day.
They are not considered pests….just interesting fellow inhabitants of the natural world.
You can read more here.
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Karishma Yadav 27 April 2020
Thank you for your question.
The Judiciary has been assigned active role under the constitution and judicial activism is one of them.
Judicial activism refers to a theory of judgment that takes into account the spirit of the law and the changing times. It is the polar opposite of judicial restraint which relies on a strict interpretation of the law and the importance of legal precedent.
Judicial activism, as defined in Black law dictionary, is a judicial philosophy which motivate judges to depart from the traditional precedents in favor of progressive and new social policies.
The question of judicial activism is closely related to constitutional interpretation, statutory construction and separation of powers. It is the interpretation of the constitution to advocate contemporary values and conditions.
It provides that Judges should act more boldly when making decisions on cases, that law should be interpreted and applied based on ongoing changes in conditions and values and that as society changes and their beliefs and values change, courts should then make decisions in cases the reflect those changes.
According to the idea of judicial activism, judges should use their powers to correct injustices, especially when the other branches of government do not act to do so. In short, the courts should play an active role in shaping social policy on such issues as civil rights, protection of individual rights, political unfairness, and public morality.
Example for Judicial Activism-
The goals of judicial activism is to give power to overrule certain acts or judgments. It is the interpretation of the constitution to advocate contemporary values and conditions. It is more of a behavioral concept of the judge concerned. It is majorly based on public interest, speedy disposal of cases among other things.
Hope this answers your question.
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Michigan aquatic invasive species featured during February 22-28 National Invasive Species Awareness
This week is designed to raise awareness and identify solutions to invasive species.
Michigan has a great variety of native plants, or those that have naturally evolved in Michigan and which have existed in the state prior to European settlement. You may have heard about invasive species that are wreaking havoc on Michigan’s ecosystems and have had a negative impact of some kind, whether ecological, economic, social and/or a public health threat.
Invasive species are the second biggest threat, with habitat destruction being the biggest, to Michigan’s native diversity. They have already had major impacts on nearly all of the state’s natural communities. Invasive species are literally found everywhere in Michigan. They are present throughout our waterways, along roadside ditches, in forests and natural areas, in rural, urban and suburban environments.
The Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) defines invasive species as non-native, rapidly-reproducing species which threaten the integrity of natural areas. Once established in an area, invasives can have devastating effects. They often out-compete native species for limited resources including food and habitat, alter and damage existing habitat, displace native species and in some cases prey directly upon native species. All told, invasive species have been identified as serious threats to global and local biodiversity.
According to the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA), it has been estimated that the damage caused by invasive plants alone costs the U.S. an estimated $34.7 billion a year. Despite the profound impacts of invasive species, WSSA believes that the key to being able to manage invasives and prevent their spread is awareness.
To help celebrate this week, Michigan State University Extension will feature aquatic invasive species that have invaded Michigan’s environment. Each article will include the following information: species name, description, list of species that are similar to the particular species, origin, how it was introduced to the Great Lakes region, how long it has been here, extent of its range, why it is a problem, how it is spread, management strategies, and tips on what individuals can do to prevent the spread of the invasive species.
For more information about aquatic invasive species in Michigan, visit the MSU Extension website.
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When asthma symptoms appear and are diagnosed in adults older than age 20, it is typically known as adult-onset ast hma. About half of adults who have asthma also have allergies.Adult-onset asthma.
Some people develop asthma as adults. This type of asthma tends to be more severe than childhood-onset asthma. 1 People with adult-onset asthma are more likely to have frequent asthma attacks. 2 Their lung function declines more quickly than people with other types of asthma. 1 People with adult-onset asthma usually have high levels of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell that increases.
Aug 24, 2019 · Here's how to create an adult asthma action plan — a tool for managing your asthma. Tracking symptoms daily and adjusting treatment accordingly improves asthma control and reduces the risk of having an asthma attack. But if symptoms do start to get worse quickly, follow the action plan's instructions for using quick-acting medications or.
Guidelines from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program The goal of this asthma care quick reference guide is to help clinicians provide quality care to people who have asthma. Quality asthma care involves not only initial diagnosis and treatment to .
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An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique address. Every device connected to a network is assigned an IP Address. Since the IP address is unique, it helps the network to differentiate between the different devices connected with the network. When the IP address of your computer is not unique, you get the error ‘Windows has detected an IP Address Conflict‘.
In other words, when the IP address assigned to your system is already in use in the network, it causes the IP Address Conflict. Usually, the problem lies with the Private IP Address and has nothing to do with your Internet Service Provider since it is due to some misconfiguration with your PC settings or some glitch in the router. For example, if you connect three different devices to a network, say your PC, Laptop, and mobile phone to a network, there should be three different IP addresses.
If all the devices are given the same IP Address, it is impossible to differentiate between the three devices. A simple analogy will help you to understand this scenario better. For instance, two people are given the same mobile phone number. When you want to make a call to one of them, there is no way to identify that person from the other person as both of them are having the same phone number.
A similar problem is faced when IP addresses are in conflict. Another analogy will be two houses having the same addresses. In this case, the courier boy will have a hard time delivering a courier correctly to the house. This is what happens when two devices have the same IP Address. Either your PC settings or any problems in the router causes the Windows has detected an IP Address Conflict error. When your system faces an IP Address Conflict, an error message similar to the one shown below might be displayed on your screen.
- 1 How to Fix Windows Has Detected an IP Address Conflict Error in Windows 10, 8 and 7
- 2 Conclusion
How to Fix Windows Has Detected an IP Address Conflict Error in Windows 10, 8 and 7
If Another computer on this network has the same IP address as this computer. Contact your network administrator for help resolving Windows has detected an IP Address Conflict issue. More details are available in the Windows System event log.
Method 1 – Disable and Enable the Network Adapter
Step 1 – First of all, press Windows Key + R, and a new window will appear on the screen.
Step 2 – Secondly, type “ncpa.cpl” in the blank space and hit Enter. Here, make sure that your PC is not facing the Network Adapter Missing Error
Step 3 – Thirdly, right-click on the Wireless Adapter. A list will appear. From this list, select the ‘Disable‘ option. This will stop the network adapter on your computer.
Step 4 – Lastly, you have to enable the network adapter. For this right-click on the wireless adapter and select ‘Enable.’ This will restart your adapter.
Method 2 – Disable IPv6
IPv6 stands for internet protocol version 6. It is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP). Sometimes, disabling IPv6 will do the trick.
Step 1 – Press Windows Key + R. A new window will appear on the screen.
Step 2 – In the blank space named ‘Open:’ type “ncpa.cpl” and hit Enter. Network Connections window will open.
Step 3 – Right-click on the Network Adapter and select properties from the list.
Step 4 – Uncheck the box for Internet Protocol Version (TCP/IP) and click OK.
Method 3 – Release & Renew IP Address
In this method, we will be using the command-line tool of windows, the command prompt (cmd), to release and renew the IP Address. Follow the steps mentioned in the article religiously.
Step 1 – Go to the start menu and search cmd. Launch the command prompt in the administrator mode. Alternatively, press Windows key + X and the select command prompt
Step 2 – This will launch the black screen of the command prompt. Type in the command ‘ipconfig/release’ and press enter. This will release the current IP configuration. It will display some information on the screen regarding the connection.
Step 3 – When the cursor appears again, enter the command ‘ipconfig\renew.’ Wait for a while. The DHCP server will assign a new IP address for your computer. Look out for any DNS Address could Not be Found an error in your PC as well.
Step 4 – Now, check for the Windows Has Detected an IP Address Conflict error. Most probably, it is solved.
Method 4 – Explicitly Restarting the router
A router, as you know, is a networking device that forwards data packets between networks. To route, the data packets correctly, identify each node as a unique address. It may be the case that your router has failed to give a unique IP Address to your device. In that case, explicitly restarting the router will resolve the issue. This is a simple method; just follow the steps.
Step 1 – Find the power button of the router and switch it OFF.
Step 2 – Now wait for 10-20 seconds.
Step 3 – Press the power button to power on the router again. Windows Has Detected an IP Address Conflict problem should be solved by now.
Method 5 – Eliminating the static IP
Step 1 – Press Windows key + R and a window will pop open.
Step 2 – In the blank box named ‘open:’ type “ncpa.cpl” and press Enter. A Network Connections window will open up.
Step 3 – In the Network Connections window right-click on Local Area Connection and choose ‘properties‘ from the list.
Step 4 – In the new window that opens up, Double-click on the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4).
Step 5 – In the new window, select the radio buttons for ‘Obtain an IP address automatically’ and ‘Obtain DNS server address automatically’ options. Then click on, OK.
Step 5 – Now restart your computer, and the Windows has Detected an IP Address Conflict error message will be gone.
- Gmail Server Error 007
- WMI Provider Host High CPU Usage
- Application Error 0xc0000142
Lastly, any one of the above-mentioned methods must have worked for you. Windows has detected an IP address conflict is a common error, and it is easily solvable by using any of the methods described above. So next time your computer faces this error, be sure you try the fix yourself. Also, make sure that you don’t have any Windows Update Not Working error in your system.
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Depending on the type of employer, a staff accountant may work on a team, under supervision of a senior accountant or perform all of the accounting functions. Whatever the setting, staff accountants assume the responsibility of tracking the financial conditions of their companies and protecting them against waste, fraud, and inefficiency. Below, you can find a full staff accountant job description including skills, job duties and job outlook.
Job Overview: What Does a Staff Accountant Professional Do?
Staff accountants must apply math, computer and financial skills to help senior accountants and their organizations’ leadership know the financial status of their organizations. The staff accountant job description also includes ensuring that the company or organization satisfies obligations to employees, other creditors and regulators. In a large company or accounting firm, the staff accountant likely will answer to a senior-level accountant, directors or a chief financial officer.
Staff Accountant Job Duties
- Track and calculate the organization’s revenues, expenses, assets, liabilities and cash flows for each year and for other periods of time.
- Organize and maintain financial records.
- Tabulate and pay the company’s income and other taxes.
- Administer or assist in the administration of payroll for the company or organization.
- Prepare, examine and interpret financial statements.
- Post transactions to and maintain general ledger.
- Reconcile monthly statements for bank accounts.
- Present findings and recommendations for financial performance based on examination or preparation of financial statements.
- Assist company or organization in auditing and internal controls.
Staff Accountant Essential Job Skills
Financial and Business. The staff accountant job description entails the application of business and financial principles. For example, the staff accountant must know when and how to depreciate equipment, records sales and determine whether items constitute accounts receivables or accounts payable. Financial and business skills also include the calculation of debt-to-equity and other financial ratios to help illustrate the organization’s financial health.
Analytical. A staff account must be able to carefully examine and interpret financial statements, spot inconsistencies between the statements and supporting financial records, and find deficiencies in an organization’s internal controls. Analytical skills also include determining the company’s financial status and finding where an organization is losing money.
Computer. Spreadsheet software helps staff accountants calculate account balances, financial ratios, and items on financial statements. Staff accounts also need computer skills to find weaknesses in the security of systems and data collection and processing. According to O*NET, approximately 78 percent of accountants reported that they used the email every day in performing their work.
Communication. Within the staff accountant job description lies the necessity of communicating findings and recommendations to senior accountants, board members, executive directors and other management. Staff accounts also need to be able to inform other employees concerning matters such as reducing costs, improving the reliability of financial data or ensuring the proper payment of wages, salaries, invoices and other liabilities of the company.
Becoming a Staff Accountant
The staff accountant job description calls upon these professionals to have a background and experience in business, accounting, finance and working with computers. Staff accountants rely on a combination of education and prior work history to obtain employment.
Qualifications and Training
To become a staff accountant in general, the applicant must normally have a bachelor’s degree in accounting or a related discipline, such as business administration or finance. Smaller employers, including non-profits, will accept accountants with an associates’ degree combined with work experience.
Staff accountants who advise public clients or file reports with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission must be certified public accountants. Even where having a CPA is not required, certain employers may require or prefer staff accountants who are CPAs. In general, earning a CPA title requires 150 credit hours. Although most states do not require a Master’s Degree to become a CPA, the candidate can earn both a bachelor’s degree and a Master’s of Accounting in five years.
Certain employers may require, or prefer, that applicants have or be actively pursuing a license as a certified public accountant. For such aspiring staff accountants, at least two years of experience in public accounting is required in most jurisdictions. Internships or bookkeeping work also affords a relevant work history to become a staff accountant.
Even where a staff accountant does not need or seek a CPA, work experience in accounting is typically necessary. The required or preferred duration varies by employer. The type of employer can also shape the necessary experience. For example, staff accountants for public school systems or government agencies should have some prior background in or exposure to governmental accounting. To read more about the field of accounting, we suggest reading the accountant job description.
Additionally, with two years of experience, a management accountant can earn recognition as a “Certified Management Accountant” by the Institute of Management Accountants.
In general, a staff accountant is a full-time employee. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that approximately twenty percent of accountants logged more than 40 hours a week. For certain nonprofits, a work week may be less than 40 hours.
Depending on work setting, staff accountants may commonly work beyond traditional office hours. Evenings and weekend work may arise especially as tax filing deadlines or the end of accounting or budget years approach. In particular, governmental bodies have budget years that start and end during a calendar year.
Job Outlook & Advancement Opportunities
According to the US. Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment of accountants should grow by 142,400 positions, or 11 percent, by 2014. Factors such as increasingly complex tax and financial regulations, the globalization of the economy and economic growth will drive the demand for staff accountants. These professionals will be needed to help banks and other lenders comply with rules and standards for granting loans and other credit.
Certified public accountants and others with professional credentials should find the best opportunities for employment. While staff accountants have strong prospects for entry-level jobs, strong academic performance and experience are typically needed to land positions with larger companies or accounting firms.
Generally, staff accountants can advance with experience and performance to positions such as senior accountant, accounting manager, financial controller, accounting director, finance director and even chief financial officer.
In public accounting firms, starting staff accountants log one to two years before advancing to positions with more duties and responsibilities. From there, staff accountants occupy management or senior roles and can even reach partner or principal status. Staff managerial accountants begin as trainees, cost accountants or other junior roles. Experience can lead these staff members to directorships or even executive-level management.
As organizations seek to reduce costs, improve financial performance and comply with a myriad of laws and regulations, staff accountants will have fairly strong prospects for employment. As mentioned in the staff accountant job description, education, experience, and skills in business, accounting, math, computers and analysis should help aspiring staff accounts find positions.
To conclude, employers in the business, nonprofit, and governmental sector rely on staff accountants with these skills and backgrounds for the preparation of accurate statements and audits, discovery of financial or other problems and payment of obligations.
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chaparral yuccaHesperoyucca whipplei
Chaparral yucca, Hesperoyucca whipplei, a monocot, is a shrub that is native to California and is found only slightly beyond California borders. It’s bloom period is April-June. This plant has known uses according to Wikipedia.
Description Taxonomy Ecology Etymology Cultivation and uses
additional informational links: Wikipedia , Calflora
click image for maximum resolution
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Today I'm going to talk about the Shimmering Shores of Vaadhoo, Maldives. Pinpricks of light on the shore seem to mirror stars. Glowing Blue Waves, the biological light, or bioluminescence (the biochemical emission of light by living organisms such as fireflies and deep-sea fishes), in the waves is the product of marine microbes called phytoplankton. Some might think it would be the perfect spot for a nice date in the beach but others might get distracted of the amazing features the these plankton produce. Although a rare sight on a shoreline, the phenomenon is more commonly seen at sea in the wake of ships the stir up the oxygen in the sea, which causes the bioluminescent bacteria to glow.
Friday, January 22, 2016
This week I am going to talk about squirrels.They are small or medium-size rodents. The family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, flying squirrels, and prairie dogs.The life span of squirrels is usually 6-10 years.There are more than 200 species of squirrels in the entire world.Like other rodents they have four front teeth that never stop growing so they don't wear down from constant gnawing. They eat nuts, leaves, seeds, roots, and other plants int the wild.Tree squirrels are commonly seen everywhere from woodlands to city parks. Though they are terrific climbers, these squirrels do come to the ground in search of fare such as nuts, acorns, berries, and flowers. They also eat bark, eggs, or baby birds. Tree sap is a delicacy to some species.
Friday, January 8, 2016
There are so many things in nature to talk about but I wanna talk about one thing today and that are trees. There are about 750 different types of trees. Some of them grow in the desert and others grow in the coldest of climates. The pine tree on average grows to about 80-110 feet and generally grow in colder climates. They have needles that are 1-11 inches long. The trunk of the tree grow to 1-3 feet in diameter and the full diameter of the tree gets to about 20-40 foot. There are 120 species of pine trees. Once the trees are planted in their last spot the don't need to be watered and they also used their needles to deter prey. The pine cones are the reproductive system of the tree and like many other plants pine trees reproduce sexually. They need a male and female pine cones to reproduce. The males create pollen and the females produce ovules.
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The Saab 35 Draken (known as the “dragon” or “the kite” in Swedish) was a Swedish supersonic jet fighter and interceptor aircraft that served as the backbone of the Swedish Air Force during the height of the Cold War period from the late 1950s up until the 1980s.
Developed by the Swedish aerospace company Saab AB, the Draken was the first European-built aircraft to be designed around the delta wing configuration and be considered a supersonic aircraft. Its design enabled the J-35 to prove itself as one of the most advanced fighter aircraft of its era.
At the end of the Second World War, jet fighter technology began to rapidly advance and was intensified with the onset of the Cold War between Western NATO forces and the Soviet Union.
By the early 1950s, the Swedish Air Force was also looking to replace its ageing fleet of mostly propeller-driven fighter aircraft with a new supersonic fighter that could match the capabilities of jet fighters produced elsewhere.
Read More: Grumman X-29 – The Backward Wing Plane
Although Sweden had remained officially neutral during the Second World War, its proximity to the Soviet Union with Northern Scandinavia essentially sitting on the dividing line between East and West and advances in aircraft technology abroad prompted Swedish defence experts to begin research into jet fighter designs that could intercept a high-altitude bomber before it reached a target.
In 1948, Saab had already developed the successful Saab J-29 Tunnan jet fighter which had in part been created in response to concerns that Sweden was falling behind other nations in terms of defence technology.
The J-29 saw action during UN peacekeeping operations in the Republic of Congo in the early 1960s and was considered an effective aircraft in terms of its safety and performance, with none being lost to enemy fire.
However, a year into the Tunnan’s service, the Swedish government was already looking to produce an updated replacement or design an entirely new airframe to keep up with other countries.
A specification was issued in 1949 with Swedish defence ministers calling for a single-seat fighter aircraft that could not only match but exceed the speed of any other aircraft then in production in any country around the world.
The specification also demanded that the new fighter have an incredible rate of climb, be able to intercept high-altitude aircraft, feature an extensive weapons payload and be able to use roads as well as runways for takeoff and landing.
The Saab aerospace company was contracted to develop the Tunnan’s successor and Erik Bratt led the design team. Bratt’s team decided to follow the double delta (or compound delta) concept which featured two pairs of delta-shaped wings, one smaller set near the front of the plane at sharp sweep angles followed by a larger wing behind.
The idea was to maximize the delta wing’s capabilities of efficient fuel use, stability at slower speeds and more room for mounting weapons.
Saab also signed an agreement to reproduce the British-made Rolls-Royce Avon jet engine under license and this was fitted to the new design.
Read More: MiG 17 Fresco – High-Subsonic Performance
The double delta wing design formed the basis for the Saab 210 prototype, nicknamed Lilldraken (or Little Dragon) which completed its maiden flight in 1952. Three 210 units were produced and were essentially smaller versions of what would become the J-35 Draken. The prototype’s delta wing was deemed a success, a point which was especially proven when the second 210 unintentionally broke the sound barrier during a climb.
Production was given the green light and the first Draken model completed its maiden flight in 1955.
The Saab 35 Draken was introduced into service with the Swedish Air Force in the late 1950s, with deliveries of the first J-35 A variant taking place between 1959 and 1962. It quickly became the backbone of the Swedish Air Defense.
Despite strict export policies in Sweden, the aircraft was also sold overseas and was operated by a number of other air forces including Austria, Denmark and Finland. The Draken was used by the Swedish Air Force for several different intended roles, including air defence, ground attack, and reconnaissance.
Pilots found the aircraft to be a versatile and highly manoeuvrable fighter aircraft as intended by Saab. Its delta wing configuration gave it a strong performance at high altitudes and high speeds, and its compact size and drag chute feature allowed it to be operated from smaller military airfields.
The air force J-35 was equipped with a modern avionics suite that included a radar system, a navigation system, and a weapons control system.
As a product of the Cold War, the aircraft was also armed with a variety of air-to-air missiles, including the RB04 air-to-air missile, which was one of the first air-to-air missiles in the world to use radar homing. Other armament options included conventional bombs and two M55 ADEN 30mm cannons.
Although the 210 prototypes had used the licensed Avon engine, the production model 35 Draken was powered by a single Volvo Flygmotor RM6B turbojet engine which was capable of producing up to 15,000 pounds of thrust.
The engine was designed specifically for the aircraft and provided supersonic performance abilities, fitted with an afterburner which increased its thrust and allowed the aircraft to reach speeds of up to Mach 2.
The Draken was also equipped with a unique air intake system that reduced its radar cross-section, making it more difficult to be detected by enemy radar.
While the primary use of the 35 Draken was as an interception aircraft, it also demonstrated potential as a dogfighter thanks to its agility and speed which enabled it to keep up with or even outrun most other jet fighters in service at the time.
In 1962, Saab released the revised 35 B model which featured updated gun sights and a collision course radar system. Existing 35 A models were also converted by Saab into two-seat training aircraft.
Saab continued to revise the design further with the 35 D which returned to using the Avon engine and this was followed by the 35 E used for reconnaissance roles. The 35 E had much of its weaponry removed to make way for cameras mounted in the nosecone and more radar and tracking equipment. Although some E variants were built from scratch, others were essentially modified first-generation 35 Draken units.
In the mid-1960s, Saab also conceived the 35 F model.
The 35 F was probably the most advanced variant of the Draken and 60 units were produced between 1965 and 1972. The F variant stripped away some of the weaponry to make way for more advanced electronics, which included an automatic control system, a Pulse-Doppler radar and air-to-air missiles supplied by Hughes Falcon.
Further updates were made to the 35 F in 1985 in order to make it compliant with new government regulations on all aircraft made in Sweden and Saab used the opportunity to modify the fuel tank to allow for longer-range flight capabilities.
Despite the 35 Draken’s groundbreaking design and excellent performance, the aircraft was known for its high operating costs. The Draken was a highly advanced fighter aircraft, and its maintenance and operating costs were significantly higher than those of other fighters of its time.
This was in part due to the complexity of its avionics suite and the delta wing configuration, which required a higher level of skilled maintenance.
Another issue with the Draken was its limited range before the 35 F’s updates. The aircraft was designed for short-range air defence missions and to pursue enemy bombers in Swedish airspace, but its somewhat limited range made it unsuitable for long-range interception missions. This was a significant drawback, as other countries were beginning to develop longer-range air defence aircraft.
In Sweden, earlier model Draken units were replaced by the more modern Saab Viggen and later the Gripen, which could perform as both an interceptor and a multi-use fighter aircraft.
Although the 35 Draken was eventually overtaken by more advanced models both in Sweden and abroad and Swedish policies of neutrality meant the Draken never saw an active combat situation to test its abilities, the 35’s innovative features kept it in service for a respectable amount of time compared to other fighter aircraft.
Austria had been the largest international operator of the Draken and kept theirs in service up until 2005. Denmark modified some of their 35 Draken units into strike and ground attack aircraft, and kept them in this role until 1993. Sweden retired all of its remaining 35 Draken units in 1999.
However, the Draken was given a new lease of life in the United States when the National Test Pilot School in the Mojave Spaceport purchased some of Denmark’s Draken units for testing and research purposes on supersonic aircraft.
Read More: Hawker Tempest – Whipping Up a Storm
With its delta wing configuration, highly manoeuvrable design, and advanced avionics suite, the Saab 35 Draken was considered one of the most advanced fighter and interceptor aircraft of its time.
Its legacy has continued to influence the design of military aircraft around the world thanks to its effective delta wing design. Despite its high operating costs and limited range, the 35 Draken remains a highly important aircraft in the history of military aviation and can be considered one of the most innovative and advanced fighter aircraft of the Cold War era.
- Crew: 1
- Length: 15.35 m (50 ft 4 in)
- Wingspan: 9.42 m (30 ft 11 in)
- Height: 3.89 m (12 ft 9 in)
- Empty weight: 7,865 kg (17,339 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 11,914 kg (26,266 lb)
- Powerplant: 1 × Svenska Flygmotor RM6C afterburning turbojet engine, 56.5 kN (12,700 lbf) thrust dry, 78.4 kN (17,600 lbf) with afterburner
- Maximum speed: 2,450 km/h (1,520 mph, 1,320 kn) at 11,000 m (36,089 ft)
- Service ceiling: 20,000 m (66,000 ft)
- Rate of climb: 199 m/s (39,200 ft/min)
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In an article published in 2005, titled "Why Most Research Findings Are False", Dr. Ioannidis explains the increasing concern that most current published research findings are false. There are many factors that play into this problem such as research design, definitions, outcomes, financial interests, prejudice, and the "chase for statistical significance". In fact, Dr. Ioannidis states that for many current scientific fields, published research findings may be little more than "accurate measures of the prevailing bias".
Dr. Ioannidis and other methodologists, have pointed out that the high rate of non-replication of research discoveries is based on a convenient, yet ill-founded strategy of claiming conclusive research results after a single study where statistical significance is claimed based on the p-value of <0 .05.="" p="">
Dr Ioannidis is known for defining the proteus phenomenon, which is the greater tendency for the early repeat studies done to contradict the original study. The proteus phenomenon was named for the Greek God Proteus, who had the ability to change form.
Research findings are less likely to be true in research studies with:
1. Smaller sample size
2. Smaller the effect size
3. Greater the number and lesser the selection of tested relationships
4. Greater the flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes and analytical modes
5. Greater the financial and other interests and prejudices
6. Hotter the scientific field (more teams interested in studying a field)
While it is impossible to know with 100% certainty what the truth is in any research question, Dr. Ioannidis makes some recommendations on how we can improve the scientific research.
1. Seek better powered evidence (large studies or low-bias meta analysis) with acknowledgment and avoidance of bias.
2. Find ways to evaluate the all the evidence generated by multiple teams studying the same topic. Find ways to develop and follow protocols as done in randomized clinical trials.
3. Rather than focusing on p-value for statistical significance, improve the understanding of the range of R values - pre-study odds. This helps us understand the chances that we are testing a true, rather than an un-true relationship.
Dr. Ioannidis is not the only one concerned about the effect of bias in the research.
Pannuchi and Wilkens have said "Bias can occur in the planning, data collection, analysis, and publication phases of research. Understanding research bias allows readers to critically and independently review the scientific literature and avoid treatments which are suboptimal or potentially harmful. A thorough understanding of bias and how it affects study results is essential for the practice of evidence-based medicine." They go on to discuss how bias can affect a study before, during and after the research is complete.
An article in Radiology by Gregory Sica MD, MPH reviews types of study design, types of selection bias, types observational bias, and suggests some ways to reduce bias in research.
Mullane and Williams ask if bias in biomedical research has become the rule rather than the expectation. They indicate that bias in research is amplified by competition and difficulty getting funding, pressures for maintaining laboratories and staff, desire for career advancement, and monetization of science for personal gain. They also mention the increasing body of research publications that cannot be repeated or require corrections or retractions.
Bias in Research (Sandra Burge PhD) - an online learning module from UTHSC San Antonio
Continuum Between Fraud and "Sloppy Science" - Scientific American
Dr. Ioannidis will be the keynote speaker at the Nowzari Symposium on Friday, Nov. 7th 2014 in Beverly Hills, CA. See you there!
1. Ioannidis JPA (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLoS Med 2(8): e124. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
2. Pannuchi, C Wilkens, E Identifying and Avoiding Bias In Research. Plast Reconstr Surg. Aug 2010; 126(2):619-625.
3. Sica, G Bias In Research Studies. Radiology. Mar 2006; 238:3.
4. Mullane, Williams. Bias in Research: The Rule Rather Than The Exception. Editors Update. Sep 2013. Issue 40.
5. Moonesinghe R, Khoury MJ, Janssens ACJW (2007) Most Published Research Findings Are False—But a Little Replication Goes a Long Way. PLoS Med 4(2): e28. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.00400280>
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Could anyone help me to understand this question? I keep thinking that |u + v| = |u|+|v| in this scenario
Thank you for your responses.
Here you add the vectors together keeping the angle, so draw them from head(u) to toe(v) and look at them. If you did it correctly it should look like a roof or a ^ with a bigger angle. Then, draw a line from the start point of u to the end point of v. The new line is your It should now look like a triangle
In you're just adding the total magnitude of the two vectors, so just draw the magnitude of vector v, and then continuing in a straight line draw the magnitude of vector u. Just add the vectors together in a straight line and call it . Done correctly this would just look like a straight line.
Look at what you drew, analyze it, and understand it's an exercise to get you to see why the triangle identity works. They just want you to draw it so that you can also conceptualize it in your mind. The idea is you'll learn the math language more intuitively and it's an opportunity to see why math works the way it does. Good luck!
The most fundamental concept here is "a straight line is the shortest distance between two points". The direct line from the base of u to the tip of v is a single straight line which is thus shorter than going from the base of u to the tip of u and then to the tip of v.
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Inquiry includes examining what is already known in order to effectively plan, conduct, and interpret the results of investigations in specific content areas.
It will not be possible to achieve the goal of this kind of scientific literacy for all—or even most—students without the use of assessments of scientific inquiry. Inquiry assessments are needed within classrooms to help teachers diagnose the nature of their students' understanding and to give students feedback about their performance. Science inquiry assessments are needed within the research and evaluation community to make it possible to compare the efficacy of alternative approaches to supporting science learning. Within accountability systems, science inquiry assessments are needed if teachers and systems are to be held accountable for the NRC standards, but more than that, if we are to avoid sending the wrong message to teachers, students, and parents about what it means to “learn science.”
Despite the central importance of inquiry, both as a means for students to acquire a deep understanding of science and as a complex set of interrelated knowledge and processes which in and of themselves are targets of instruction, inquiry is the aspect of science that is least likely to be adequately assessed in large-scale accountability systems. Conventional assessment approaches are quite capable of measuring content knowledge and some of the process skills related to science inquiry (e.g., recognizing confounded variables) in a decontextualized manner. They are ill-suited, however, to capturing multifaceted inquiry processes in meaningful contexts. The conduct of complex, hands-on inquiry is missing from most state, national, and international assessments as well as standardized science achievement tests developed by commercial publishers. Instead, standardized assessments typically emphasize decontextualized factual knowledge (Quellmalz & Haertel, in press). Even when performance or hands-on tasks are administered on a broad scale, their structure and length, and the demand for coverage of a broad range of science content, significantly limit the aspects of inquiry that can be elicited (cf. Baxter & Glaser, 1998).
While classroom assessment practices do not have to conform to the time limits that constrain externally imposed standardized tests, many teachers mimic the format and focus of standardized tests when they are creating assessment tools for classroom use (NRC, 2001a). As a result, even teachers who incorporate extensive inquiry-oriented investigations in their science teaching often score the inquiry work mainly on the basis of “participation” or “completion” and base class grades on conventional tests of factual knowledge from the textbook (Young, Haertel, Ringstaff, & Means, 1998). When classroom assessments do not reflect adequately the engagement required to pursue a line of inquiry or solve a complex problem, the assessment activities are often perceived as dull and disconnected from the hands-on activities (Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, 1992).
The NRC report How People Learn (1999) makes the point that technology can be used to help teachers understand student thinking and provide meaningful, timely feedback. Nowhere is there greater need and potential for this kind of contribution than in the area of science inquiry
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FAIR TRIALS AND THE FREEDOM TO WRITE
The freedom to write must be balanced with the freedom to have a fair trial. Normally these rights complement each other. Society recognises that an open justice system is fairer, more democratic and more accountable. However, there are specific situations where the law can restrict the freedom to write about trials.
Judges have the power to order that cases be heard in private if, for example, they concern official secrets, confidential information, children, or vulnerable witnesses who have to relive humiliating and distressing events in the course of their evidence. The fact that a hearing takes place in private does not automatically mean that it cannot be reported. Writers are advised to approach the court staff to clarify the position in each case.
Some private hearings cannot be reported (see section 12 of the Administration of Justice Act 1960). These include proceedings relating to wardship, adoption, guardianship, custody, the upbringing of or access to a child, proceedings under Part VII of the Mental Health Act 1983, and proceedings concerning national security.
A court can order that writers do not disclose the identity of witnesses or defendants if it is in the interests of justice for them to remain anonymous.
There are a number of provisions protecting the anonymity of children involved in the justice system. Under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 and the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 there is an automatic ban on disclosing the identity of juvenile offenders appearing in the criminal courts or being investigated for a criminal offence. A court can also order that the identity of a juvenile witness remain anonymous. As will be obvious from the reporting of the young rioters in the summer of 2011, judges can lift the ban on identifying young offenders.
Details that would identify victims of rape and sexual offences must not be published in the victim’s lifetime. These restrictions apply from the moment that an allegation is made. The only way that the anonymity can be lifted is by the victim’s consent or order of the court.
In 2009 the family courts were opened up to the media and can now be reported. The restrictions applicable to private hearings, juveniles and victims of sexual offences apply in the family courts like everywhere else. Family judges have additional powers to exclude the media in order to protect the safety of any person or if it is in the best interests of any child in the proceedings.
Unless otherwise ordered by the court, it is not an offence for a writer to publish the following information about hearings involving children:
- Details of the date, time and place of the proceedings;
- A summary of the nature of the dispute;
- The identity of an individual who has given evidence;
- The order made.
Postponing trial reporting
The reporting of pre-trial hearings in criminal proceedings is restricted under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996. It is an offence to publish anything more than the bare details of a pre-trial hearing: the name of the court and judge, brief identifying details of the defendants, the offences charged and the date. However, once a trial gets started a writer is free to publish an accurate and contemporaneous report of proceedings. It will come as no surprise that there is a fair bit of mud slinging in criminal trials. If derogatory and false allegations are made in the course of the evidence, writers may be prevented from reporting them.
Where a criminal judge is of the view that contemporaneous publication of trial reporting will pose a substantial risk to the administration of justice she can make an order under section 4 of the Contempt of Court Act 1981 postponing publication. If a court is contemplating making such an order writers are entitled to make representations about the effects that it would have. The publication of reports of civil proceedings can be postponed under the Supreme Court Act 1981 if it would be ‘just and convenient’ do so. When judges are considering making orders that postpone publication they are obliged to strike a balance between the right to free speech and the right to a fair trial.
PRIVACY AND THE FREEDOM TO WRITE
The right to respect for private and family life is enshrined by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It covers private information that most individuals would not want to be widely known. The invasion of privacy occurs when someone’s personal information is disclosed against their will. Private information includes, but is not limited to, anything relating to a person’s health, sexuality, religion or personal finances. Super injunctions represent the most extreme interference with the right to freedom of speech in the name of protecting privacy.
Writing about politicians is unlikely to conflict with the right to privacy because there is a public interest in writing about those who have chosen to lead a public life. The European Court of Human Rights has therefore found no violation of the right to privacy when writers published revelations of the alleged Nazi sympathies of the Austrian Prime Minister and governmental involvement with war crimes. Writing about politicians may legitimately trespass into the personal. An exposé of a politician’s homosexual affair may be in the public interest if he is on the record promoting conservative family values. However, while it might be in the public interest to publish the fact of the affair, it would not be in the public interest to publish lurid details of the couple’s intimate conversations.
Writing that invades privacy concerns the personal and not the political. It is usually directed at celebrities, driven by commercial desires and, while perhaps something that the public are interested in, not in the public interest. However, England Football captain Rio Ferdinand’s adulterous love life was recently deemed sufficiently in the public interest to justify a kiss and tell spread in the Daily Mirror, a decision suggesting that freedom of speech may yet win out against privacy.
Breach of Confidence
The action for breach of confidence (see also chapter 10) is regularly used as the basis for court orders against the unauthorised publication of personal information. If a breach of confidence action is successful the court can award compensation and prevent further publication of the material.
Under this action, Cherie Blair was granted a series of injunctions to prevent the publication of her domestic arrangements leaked by a former nanny and Lady Archer successfully prevented a former employee revealing that she had had a face-lift. More seriously, breach of confidence injunctions are in place to prevent the publication of any material that might reveal the identity and whereabouts of Thompson and Venables, the Bulger killers.
Where a public figure presents a false image of themselves writers are entitled to put the record straight without risking of a breach of confidence action. When supermodel Naomi Campbell told the Mirror that she did not take drugs, the newspaper was entitled to publish the story of her treatment at Narcotics Anonymous in response.
Writers can defend themselves against breach of confidence actions by arguing that the publication was in the public interest. The journalist who revealed Top of the Pops presenter Jamie Theakston’s misdemeanours in a brothel successfully argued that, because Jamie Theakston was a role model to young people, it was in the public interest that his moral failings were known. The same argument justified the Rio Ferdinand story mentioned above.
Protection from Harassment
The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 is designed to protect people from stalkers but could potentially be used by those who feel ‘hounded’ by the press. If a journalist persistently ‘door-steps’, follows or questions someone it might amount to harassment. The only defence available for a writer would be that his behaviour had been ‘reasonable in all the circumstances’. This defence could be successful where a journalist has been doggedly pursuing a public interest story.
Defamation and Libel
Defamation law is about the protection of reputation. It is the sole remaining area of civil law that is tried by a jury. Defamation in written form is known as libel. It is the publication of words in permanent form that refer to an identifiable person and expose that person to hatred, contempt or ridicule, or lower them in the estimation of ordinary people. ‘Permanent form’ includes blogs, internet chat rooms, newspapers, magazines and tweets. ‘Publication’ means that the words must be communicated to at least one other person. Every re-publication of defamatory material will count as a new publication and give rise to a fresh libel action.
A person can be ‘identifiable’ even when a writer has no idea of their existence. A man who shared the name of a fictional character sued its author on the ground that people reading the story would have thought it was about him. It is for this reason that works of fiction often carry the disclaimer “This is a work of fiction, and any similarity to persons either living or dead is entirely coincidental”. The dead (or more accurately, their estates) cannot sue for libel. Nor can government bodies, political parties or nationalised industries. Individuals, corporations and charities can sue for libel, as can members of government bodies, political parties and nationalised industries.
It is a complete defence to libel if the writer can show that the statement is true. This is the case even where the writer publishes the material purely for financial gain or in spite. It is also a defence if the statement is an honest expression of a genuine opinion on a matter of public interest, even if that opinion is in fact wrong, exaggerated, prejudiced or expressed in offensive language. In order to run this defence a writer must be able to show that the opinion has some factual basis. If someone consents to the publication of defamatory material they cannot sue for libel. To be on the safe side writers should get their subjects to sign a consent form.
A writer may argue that the material is subject to ‘qualified privilege’ that protects it from libel actions. Qualified privilege arises where a story is in the public interest. When deciding whether a publication is privileged the court will consider the following factors:
- The seriousness of the allegation.
- The nature of the information.
- The source of the information.
- Any steps taken to verify the information.
- The urgency of the publication.
- Was any response sought from the subject of the allegation?
- The tone of the publication.
- Whether the publication contains the gist of the subject’s side of the story.
- The circumstances of the publication.
It is clear from this list that if a writer abides by the standards of responsible journalism when publishing a public interest story, no libel action should arise.
In November 2009, English PEN launched a major Libel Reform Campaign to change the laws of Defamation. The campaign is demanding better protections for public interest reporting, a change to the way costs are incurred during libel disputes, changes to the way online publishing is dealt with in libel claims, and a higher threshold of ‘harm’ before a libel claim can be brought. All this, it is hoped, will widen the space for free expression in the public interest, while ensuring people are not unfairly maligned by the media. A Defamation Bill was announced in the Queen’s speech… but for now, the current law remains in force.
COPYRIGHT AND THE FREEDOM TO WRITE
Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 grants copyright in ‘original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works’. This includes novels, articles, scripts, business letters, meeting minutes and blogs. In order to be protected the work must be ‘original’. This means that it must originate from the author and be the product of more than negligible effort or skill. Having the copyright means that the writer controls the use of the work, this includes copying, performing, translating and adapting. Copyrighted material can be reproduced for the purpose of criticising or reviewing it.
Copyright is granted to the author unless the work is created in the course of employment in which case the employer owns the copyright. At the end of the copyright term (70 years from the death of the author) the work falls into the public domain and is freely usable for all. Copyright can be transferred from person to person. Even when the copyright has been transferred the author retains the right to be identified as the author of the work, the right to object to derogatory treatment of the work, and the right to object to false attribution of the work.
Copyright laws were not designed for the digital age. Many are frustrated by the blanket copyright restrictions that prevent material on the web from being shared and reproduced. Organisations like Creative Commons are developing copyright licenses that enable the sharing of information and ideas on the internet while protecting authors’ rights over their work.
Next week: Preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence
Last reviewed: June 2012
Photo: Cherie Blair at the panel ‘Babies and Bosses’ OECD Conference Centre, Paris, France. Herve Cortinat/OECD, Creative Commons on Flickr.
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Jeanet Desheers is 50 years old, and she has had one stroke. It affected her speech.
"She can speak. It just comes out mumbo jumbo," said Terrence Desheers, Jeanet's son.
Jeanet Desheers is now at high risk for another, potentially life-threatening, stroke. Standard treatments like blood thinners probably will not prevent it, so doctors at Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York are trying a cutting-edge technique to keep the blood flowing in Jeanet's brain. It is a brain stent -- a small tube that keeps the clogged artery in the brain open. It is similar to a stent in the heart arteries.
"We are working on the brain, so the potential side effects can be severe. Patients could have a stroke due to the procedure," said Dr. Pierre Gobin of the Weill Cornell Medical Center.
As the stent is snaked up into the brain, Gobin has to place it in the precisely correct position. Once he does and the stent is open, the blood flows freely again.
The device was approved a few months ago. Gobin has done four procedures using that type of stent and so far, all of the patients have done well.
Because the procedure is so new and potentially dangerous, it's only done in the most severe cases, but Gobin does expect the stent to become more popular, especially if patients do as well as Jeanet Desheers.
"She recovered pretty well and she's learning to speak," Gobin said.
Several centers around the country are now studying the brain stent to see which patients will be the best candidates. They expect to have results in a few years.
Copyright 2023 by Capitol Broadcasting Company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Unveiling the Importance of Methyl Cellulose
May 25, 2023
Methyl cellulose has emerged as a significant compound with diverse applications in various industries throughout Malaysia. This article aims to provide Malaysians with valuable insights into methyl cellulose, highlighting its importance and advantages. Whether you are a manufacturer or simply curious about this compound, visit this link to know more about its applications and benefits .
Demystifying Methyl Cellulose
Methyl cellulose is a versatile cellulose ether derived from natural sources like wood pulp and cotton fibers. It is a white, odorless, and tasteless powder that easily dissolves in cold water, forming a clear and viscous gel. Due to its exceptional properties, methyl cellulose finds extensive use in the food, pharmaceutical, construction, and cosmetic industries.
The Importance of Methyl Cellulose
In the food industry, methyl cellulose serves as a crucial food additive. Its ability to act as a thickening and stabilizing agent makes it a popular choice for sauces, dressings, and baked goods. The inclusion of methyl cellulose enhances texture, water retention, and gel formation, improving the overall quality and stability of food products.
- Pharmaceutical Industry:
Methyl cellulose plays a vital role in the pharmaceutical sector as an excipient in medication formulations. As a binder, it provides cohesion and ensures the integrity of tablets and capsules. Moreover, methyl cellulose is utilized in ophthalmic solutions and artificial tears to increase their viscosity, prolonging their contact time with the eyes for better effectiveness.
The Advantages of Methyl Cellulose
- Water Solubility:
Methyl cellulose boasts excellent water solubility, effortlessly dissolving in cold water. This characteristic simplifies its incorporation into various formulations without the need for complex preparation processes, making it a convenient choice for manufacturers.
- Film-Forming Properties:
With outstanding film-forming properties, methyl cellulose finds applications in coatings, paints, and adhesives. The films created are resistant to oil, grease, and moisture, imparting protective and functional properties to the coated surfaces.
- Non-Toxic and Safe:
Methyl cellulose is considered non-toxic, safe for human consumption, and non-allergenic. It lacks significant side effects and is generally recognized as safe by regulatory authorities. This attribute makes it an ideal ingredient for personal care products and food items, ensuring consumer safety.
Methyl cellulose holds immense importance in various industries across Malaysia, offering numerous advantages. Its significance is evident in the food and pharmaceutical sectors, where it enhances product performance and ensures quality. With its remarkable water solubility, film-forming properties, and safety profile, methyl cellulose has become an indispensable compound for manufacturers and consumers alike.
To explore the potential of methyl cellulose for your specific business needs, it is recommended to consult reputable suppliers or manufacturers in Malaysia. They can provide valuable guidance and assistance in leveraging the benefits of this versatile compound. Embrace the advantages of methyl cellulose and unlock its potential to propel your business forward.
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Underpinning: Underpinning all of our decisions, subject-specific foci and overall balance are our aims for what we would like the children of Romero Academies to be and to have experienced. We have worked to ensure a complementary balance throughout each year and across years that ensures breadth, depth and the opportunity to spiral and progress learning.
For Key Stage 2 themes will run for a term in order to allow sufficient time for children to explore subjects in detail and to give the scope for our more able children to showcase their higher-order thinking skills. Explicit drivers have been established for each theme to ensure that the sense of purpose remains clear throughout. Each year group will follow the same central driver so that wider school opportunities can be taken to reinforce learning and for more effective subject leader monitoring. The main drivers are History and Geography -because of their importance in children understanding the world around them- and STEM -due to the ever-changing nature of the world we live. Other subjects will be mapped out to supplement these throughout. These core areas will also be revisited at outlined opportunities throughout the year as best practice of spiralling curricula.
The history elements in Key Stage 2 are sequenced in chronological order as this is a key historical objective and concept for children to understand. Their sense and understanding will constantly be referred back to and built upon as they progress through Key Stage 2. In addition to this, subjects have been selected and ordered with consideration for the maturity of the topics- for example being able to discuss the reasoning and impact of war in Britain with Year 6.
The STEM topics have been considered with the rationale of things that impact us and things we can impact upon. The sequence of topics allows for children to understand the over-arching impact. Year 3 will have studied Egyptians and Europe and will, therefore, understand an empire and the geographical area being discussed. Year 4 will have studied the Rainforest and will, therefore, use the amazon river as a transition point. Year 5 will look at the historic and current developments in Africa and then compare and contrast with these developments in the UK. The idea of Enterprise in Year 6 is designed as an evaluation of the effectiveness of the whole curriculum. It is here evidence of all the hallmarks of a Romero child should be evident. This theme has a bigger rationale: just as we have considered key transition points between Key Stages, we are considering the transition into secondary school and understand the need for our children to face real-life challenges and overcome them independently.
In addition to the formal structure of termly topics, we have outlined additional enrichment opportunities. These will have a whole-school focus and present opportunities to supplement core learning, ensure breadth of coverage and to respond to current affairs and issues.
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NASHVILLE (BP) — This weekly Bible study appears in Baptist Press in a partnership with LifeWay Christian Resources of the Southern Baptist Convention. Through its Leadership and Adult Publishing team, LifeWay publishes Sunday School curricula and additional resources for all age groups.
This week’s Bible study is adapted from the Explore the Bible curriculum.
Bible Passages: Proverbs 3:21-35
— How are expressing fairness and compassion related to our level of trust in God?
— What are some excuses a person may use to avoid helping another person?
Food for thought:
There he sat on the side of the road. The inner tube in his bicycle’s front tire decided it had all it could stand. The situation was obvious. One after another, they passed giving an empathetic glimpse but none stopping to help. They all had reasons: not qualified, late for an important meeting, wearing his best shoes. Each watched in the rearview mirror as the bicyclist changed the tube, realizing the bicyclist was capable and prepared for such an incident.
That somehow made the guilt of not stopping go away as they continued to watch in the mirrors. Besides, the cyclist wasn’t asking for help and appeared to know what he was doing anyway. As each car passed, the cyclist wondered what he would have done had he been one of the drivers. He began to wonder how many times he had justified not showing compassion or taking action to help another person.
In Proverbs 3, Solomon reminded his readers about showing compassion to others. He first pointed to a growing confidence in God (v. 26). As a person’s confidence in God grows so too would their desire to demonstrate kindness to neighbors, living in light of the blessings of God. In verses 27-30, Solomon gave four examples of ways the Lord expects His people to treat others with fairness and compassion.
First, when it is in our power, we don’t withhold good from others. Second, when we encounter a need, we act immediately and without excuse. Third, the person who follows godly wisdom not only proactively acts to help his neighbor, but resists harming his neighbor. Fourth, the wise believer will not participate in slander or community gossip.
Nothing is more rewarding than being faithful to God — even when others do not understand our humble service and even when it is not reciprocated. The point is to be faithful to God; the point is not what we get in return. We do it because of what God has already done for us, serving as a testimony of the difference God’s grace and forgiveness make in our lives.
Explore the Bible
Explore the Bible is an ongoing Bible study curriculum that helps groups dig into the key truths of each Bible book, while keeping the group on pace to study through the Bible books in a systematic way. More information can be found at LifeWay.com/ExploreTheBible.
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When the diet is deficient in iron, the patient suffers from anemia. This means thinning of the blood, a condition in which the red blood cells are greatly reduced in number, or else do not carry a sufficient quantity of hemoglobin. Such condition interferes with the normal transmission of oxygen to the cells, as well as the elimination of carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body.
Causes of Anemia
Anemia can arise from a number of different causes, one of the most common being lack of sufficient iron in diet. Sometimes, there may be plenty of iron in the diet, but for different reasons it may not be absorbed. Conditions may not be favorable for this in the stomach or bowel. For instance, a lack of vitamin C in the diet may retard the absorption of iron, especially if there is also deficiency of hydrochloric acid as well.
Effects in the Body
When there is insufficient iron in the diet, the most blood count gradually drops down from the normal five red cells to perhaps two million. In very severe cases, it may drop to below one million. Even with mild anemia’s, a person may feel tired and weak for no reason at all. His skin may appear pale, and he may suffer from headaches, nervousness, and shortness of breath. In the more severe cases, the symptoms are much more marked.
Cure and Treatment
The person with anemia should never attempt to treat himself. He should consult his doctor. His problem may be due to some deficiency. The treatment of anemia is not a hit-or-miss affair. It takes the skill of a competent physician to make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the right treatment in most cases.
Anemia arising from blood loss is more likely to affect women, due to periodic menstrual flow, as well as extra demands made upon the body during pregnancy and lactation. Men may also suffer from chronic loss of blood because of hemorrhoids or various types of ulcers. But in either sex a diet low in iron will bring on anemia. This is sometimes seen in people who are finicky and try to live on restricted diets.
What are the best sources of iron then? Whole grain cereals, eggs, raisins, apricots, oatmeal, potatoes, vegetable greens lean liver, and meat are just some of the foods that are rich in iron. Milk, on the other hand, does not have any large amount of iron. But the iron it does contain is absorbed properly by the body. It is surprising that there are so many anemias, inasmuch as iron is so plentiful in our foods. The difficulty comes from following a restricted diet or failing to eat sensible meals. A well-chosen diet will usually provide all the iron any person needs, provided he is able to consume and absorb it.
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In eastern Poland, straddling the border with Belarus, is an ancient forest where wild European bison roam.
That’s reason enough to visit Białowieża National Park, but its greenery is a marvel too, little touched by human activity and home to numerous species of animals and plants.
While borders and human populations around it have dramatically altered, this remarkable natural refuge has endured, as Tim Richards discovers.
Entering the ancient forest
‘It’s like the entrance to Jurassic Park,’ jokes park guide Łukasz Ławrysz, as we reach the edge of the Strictly Protected Area. He has a point. Its gate is an ancient-looking timber structure, topped with wooden beams crudely spelling out ‘Park Narodowy’ (National Park).
Although this Unesco-World-Heritage-listed national park was established in 1921, its gateway looks as though it could be a relic from a forgotten ancient world. It seems fitting, as that’s exactly what this protected reserve is: the last stand of a primeval forest which once stretched across northern Europe.
Thanks to Polish kings and Russian tsars who liked to hunt in the area, this snippet of a vanished Europe has been more or less preserved in its original state.
The term ‘primeval’ is actually misleading as the forest hasn’t remained entirely untouched by human activity. But it’s fair to say it’s had minimal human interference, as the area within the protected zone is bounded by rivers, making it relatively inaccessible.
Given this special status, it’s surprising to learn from Łukasz that only 20% of visitors to Białowieża National Park enter the Strictly Protected Area, but it's possible the requirement to hire a guide discourages some people from entering. The result, though, is that visiting remains a special and uncrowded experience.
Searching for creatures great and small
It was the national park’s isolation that made it the perfect place to reintroduce the European bison, which had died out in the wild after the last free bison was shot by a poacher in 1919. As bison still existed in captivity, it was possible to start a breeding program in a facility on the edge of the forest in 1929. By 1953 the population had increased to the point that the creatures could be reintroduced into their natural leafy home. Since then, the wild population has slowly increased to almost 600 of the massive beasts.
It’s unlikely we’ll see them as we walk through a small corner of the park, though, as the bison tend to keep away from humans. Still, there are many other creatures to spot, and a medley of bird songs fill the air. The local avian population is many and varied, says Łukasz, as he rattles off a list of winged inhabitants: chaffinch, robin, pygmy owl, tawny owl, warbler, woodpecker and cuckoo.
Bigger forest creatures include wild boars, lynx, deer, elk and wolves. I’m not quite so keen to encounter the last of these, given their fearsome reputation, though wolves are reportedly also shy towards humans.
It’d be easy to be disappointed by the low chance of encountering one of these larger mammals, but any despondency is offset by the park’s abundant flora. The leaves overhead create a dense, sun-dappled canopy and edible plants are plentiful – wild garlic, strawberries and blueberries all grow here, but remain unpicked. Along with the ferns and other ground-level foliage at our feet, they form a landscape so luminous and verdant you’d assume it was produced by a filter if you spotted it on Instagram.
But it’s real and remarkably relaxing as I breathe the cool fresh air – it’s up to 5°C cooler under the canopy. I can feel myself become calmer as we walk, as if responding to some preurban affinity with the ageless forest.
The circle of life
Here and there dead trunks lie on their sides, acting as homes for insects and fungus as they slowly decay.
'We call this the afterlife of the tree, says Łukasz. 'Forests don’t need human beings around in order for them to grow. All you need is sunshine, water, earth and time.'
Underlining this sentiment is a mighty oak, still standing after 500 years. It’s one of the park’s great survivors, given that the German army reportedly chopped down many such trees during its occupation of the area during the First World War.
Nearby we pause by a dead linden tree which has a new linden growing inside its trunk, using the same root system. Could it be regarded as basically the same tree? If so, it could be thousands of years old.
Legends of the forest
Leaving the reserve, we head for the European Bison Show Reserve outside the village of Białowieża. This scientific study centre and breeding facility also acts as a zoo, exhibiting animals of the forest.
This is where I finally see bison for the first time, as several of the huge creatures lounge under a tree within a grassy enclosure. Even in the moulting season between winter and summer, when their hides look patchy, they’re still impressive. They’re also big – an adult bull can weigh up to 900kg. Elsewhere in the reserve are deer, tarpan (an ancient horse breed) and that impressive predator, the wolf.
Visiting the reserve is admittedly nothing like being immersed within the forest, but it does offer the chance to see larger creatures that aren’t so easy to spot in the woods. The two experiences therefore work well together – a walk through the national park paints the emotional picture, while the reserve fills in the factual details.
And although I leave without having seen any of the forest's animals in the wild, I console myself with the thought that they’re living as nature intended, hidden somewhere within the mysterious leafy beauty of Białowieża National Park.
Making it happen
You can organise the required guide at the helpful PTTK office in Białowieża. It lies at the southern entrance to Palace Park.
As Białowieża is a popular getaway destination for Poles, there’s plenty of accommodation across each budget category. Good choices near Palace Park include the inexpensive but comfortable Unikat, and the upmarket Hotel Żubrówka.
It’s easiest to get to the park by car, but there are public transport options which generally involve a transit through the cities of Białystok and/or Hajnówka.
Tim Richards travelled to Białowieża National Park with support from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. Lonely Planet contributors do not accept freebies in exchange for positive coverage.
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Two members of an international organization of women pilots met with Pieter B. STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art and math) students to educate and inspire them to consider a career in aviation. Linda Coiffi and Carol Keinath from the NY Capital Region Chapter of The Ninety-Nines, Inc., spoke with the wide-eyed students, sharing stories of their flights and showing images of those journeys.
Hands shot in the air, one after another with inquiry, to ask Coiffi and Keinath about their travels and their experiences as pilots.
“Where is the coolest place you have ever traveled,” one student asked.
“Have you flown over the ocean,” another questioned.
Coiffi and Keinath happily answered questions and asked questions of their own.
“Does anyone one know what this is called,” Coiffi asked as she pointed to the back of an airplane.
The two women say it is important to reach out young kids to show them opportunities and possibilities in aviation.
“There’s a big deficit of people in aviation going forward,” Coiffi said. “We need pilots. We also need mechanics and everybody else that supports the pilots and the planes.”
Students ended their time with Coiffi and Keinath by making paper airplanes. Encouraged to shape their wings in different ways, students saw first-hand how aerodynamics works on different shapes.
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Stem cells—sorting the hype from the reality
Head, Education, Ethics, Law & Community Awareness Unit
Stem Cells Australia
- Most of the human body’s 37 trillion cells have a specialised function e.g. liver cell, brain cell, heart cell
- Stem cells are ‘immature’ types of cells that have not yet developed their specialisation
- Stem cells can divide to replicate themselves/make more of themselves
- There are two main types: tissue stem cells and pluripotent stem cells
- Stem cells are crucial for healthy development and for maintaining the healthy function of our body’s systems
- Stem cell treatments have the potential to help the body repair and replenish injured or damaged tissue or organs by producing new cells to replace the damaged ones
- Stem cells are a tool for studying disease and development
Our bodies contain around 37 trillion cells, of which there are hundreds of different types—liver cells, skin cells, hair cells, muscle cells, brain cells, to name just a few. These cells are specialised—they have a specific function within the body. A brain cell cannot do the job of a skin cell.
There is another type of cell—stem cells—which are an ‘immature’ type of cell, that have not yet developed a specialised function.
There are two very important things about stem cells:
- they have the ability to divide and replicate themselves, to make more stem cells (self-renewal)
- they can become adult specialised cells through a process called differentiation—they might go on to become a liver cell, a heart cell or a muscle cell
Most of our body’s organs contain stem cells.
Tissue-specific stem cells
Some stem cells have limited options. They can usually only develop, or differentiate, into cells to replenish the organs in which they are found, replacing cells that are lost or die because of injury or disease. They also aid homeostasis GLOSSARY homeostasisThe process of healthy growth and development, and maintenance of healthy functioning of an organism. in healthy tissue. These stem cells are known as tissue-specific, adult, or somatic stem cells.
Some organs, like our skin, have highly active stem cells—we’re constantly rubbing away at our skin and shedding skin cells, so it's important to replace the cells we lose. We are also constantly shedding cells from our gut, so we need stem cells there to produce new cells to maintain normal function.
Stem cells are also present in other organs, like our hearts or brains, but their regenerative capacity is more limited. Understanding why the stem cells in these organs do not respond in the same way in response to injury or disease is the focus of current research.
Pluripotent stem cells
For some stem cells, the world is their oyster. Pluripotent stem cells can turn into any one of the many specialised cells—they are not restricted to any one particular type of organ or tissue.
There are two types of pluripotent stem cells:
- embryonic stem cells (ES cells)
- induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells)
The capacity to become anything—embryonic stem cells
After an egg is fertilised, it starts to divide to make new cells. As development progresses, the cells initially differentiate into two different types of cells—the inner cell mass and an outer cell layer called the trophectoderm which surrounds the embryo. This stage of development occurs 5–7 days after fertilisation. The trophectoderm cells will contribute to the placenta, and those of the inner cell mass will develop into a foetus if a pregnancy is achieved.
In stem cell research, embryonic stem cells are sourced from the inner cell mass of embryos donated by couples who have undergone infertility treatment. These early stage (pre-implantation) embryos are no longer required by the couple to achieve pregnancy (usually because they have completed their family) and if not donated to research, would most likely have been discarded. In Australia, research using embryonic stem cells, sourced from donations of excess embryos used in IVF procedures, has been legal since 2002. It is strictly regulated and scientists must justify their requirement to use embryonic stem cells to an independent licensing committee.
The art of gentle persuasion—iPS stem cells
Another way to make pluripotent stem cells is by ‘forcing’ or ‘coaxing’ specialised adult cells (like skin cells or blood cells) to revert back to an immature stem cell state. Scientists have found that reintroducing some crucial genes or adding certain proteins to the culture media containing the adult cells can turn back the ‘differentiation clock’, producing pluripotent stem cells capable of self-replication as well as differentiation. These are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells).
Only discovered in 2006, scientists’ understanding of this process is constantly evolving, and iPS cell technology is still being refined. However, the technique has huge potential to advance stem cell research and scientists around the world are working on developing iPS cells.
iPS cells have been lauded by some as a solution to the ethical issues surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells. But in reality, it’s not quite that simple. iPS cells come with a range of ethical issues of their own. As they are derived from adult cells, iPS cells will contain all of the donor’s genetic material, making anonymity and privacy a potential problem. Furthermore, it would theoretically be possible to make egg and sperm cells from iPS cells, and then use these to create a new human life. This is pretty firmly in the realm of science fiction at the moment, although researchers have managed to clone mice and pigs from iPS cells. The research community stands united in staunch opposition to developing this sort of technology for human reproduction.
Understanding the process by which an embryonic stem cell or an induced pluripotent stem cell develops into a specialised cell is crucial before scientists can even begin to think about building new organs. Australian researchers led by Martin Pera are looking at how stem cells first start out on the path of differentiation, and also how neural (brain) cells develop. Find out more about the research at Stem Cells Australia.
What we can already do with stem cells
While stem cells certainly offer great hope for future treatments, the current range of proven stem cell treatment in Australia, and indeed, around the world is quite small.
Blood stem cell (haematopoietic stem cell, HSC) transplants are already routinely used to treat a number of blood and autoimmune diseases, and some cancers, like leukaemia, lymphoma and thalassaemia. The HSCs help the patient’s bone marrow (which makes red blood cells, white blood cells of the immune system and platelets) function properly again. HSCs can be sourced from bone marrow or from umbilical cord blood. In the former, HSC production is stimulated by introducing a growth factor called GCSF into the patient's blood circulation that encourages their growth. This can be time consuming and can have side effects such as bone pain and spleen enlargement for some patients. CSIRO has recently carried out pre-clinical trials on a new method of harvesting stem cells which eliminates the need for the growth factor.
Treatments involving stem cells from the cornea have successfully helped people suffering from eye disease or injuries to the surface of the eye. Stem cells from the edge of the cornea, known as the limbus, are taken from the patient and used to grow new corneal tissue in the laboratory. The new tissue is then grafted on to the patient’s eye.
Using skin stem cells to treat burns has been a common and effective treatment for decades. Using skin stem cells from the patient, new skin is grown in the laboratory and then grafted over the injured area. The process of growing the new skin takes around three weeks, during which the patient may suffer from dehydration or infections. Although the practice of using stem cells to create skin grafts has been around a long time now, it is still being refined. Each new development means limitations can be overcome, and more patients can be successfully treated.
Treatments in the future
Scientists in the lab are continually redefining the line between scientific reality and science fiction. Almost daily, new results are announced that reinforce the potential of stem cells to revolutionise doctors’ capacity to help patients with serious injuries or diseases.
Several researchers around the world have been able to grow types of tissues dubbed ‘organoids’ from stem cells. These tissues resemble the structure and function of actual human organs. Tiny human intestines have been grown in mice, after researchers from the Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Centre implanted intestinal cells made from iPS cells. A completely functional thymus was grown in a mouse by researchers at the University of Edinburgh, marking the first time a full organ has been grown using stem cells.
Hans Clevers and his collaborators are developing methods to study cancer and other diseases in organoids of gut and intestinal tissues, growing ‘mini-guts’ from stem cells.
A team led by cardiologist James Chong including researchers from the University of Sydney, Sydney’s Westmead Millennium Institute and the University of Washington has managed to regrow damaged heart tissue using human embryonic stem cells. The stem cells were injected into monkeys that had suffered heart attacks, and 40 per cent of the damaged tissue went on to repair itself. The new heart cells then began to beat in rhythm with the rest of the heart.
A group of researchers led by Melissa Little at the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute have produced a tiny kidney similar to that seen during foetal development. The kidney is a large and complex organ with many different types of cells, so it remains a challenge to grow an entire mature kidney the lab, but down the track, it may be possible to grow kidneys large enough to offer some sort of limited filtering function to patients. However, the ability to grow even these early stage kidney cells provides a valuable tool to study kidney development, carry out more directed research on specific mutations in kidney growth and to test new drugs.
All of this work feeds one of stem cell researchers’ biggest aspirations: being able to regrow or repair damaged human tissue, or even better, create entire brand new organs.
Not just growing new organs
Sometimes it’s not an entire organ that needs replacing. People suffering from some autoimmune diseases, where the patient’s immune system attacks its own body, may also benefit from developments in stem cell research, particularly where there is only a single type of cell affected by a disease.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes occurs when a person’s immune system attacks the pancreas, destroying the cells that produce insulin. Without enough insulin, our body’s cells can’t absorb sugar properly and it builds up in the bloodstream, eventually damaging the kidneys, blood vessels and the retina.
A team led by Doug Melton have used embryonic stem cells to create insulin-producing cells that when transplanted into mice, responded to glucose by producing insulin. More research is needed to ensure this treatment is safe and effective in the long term and a viable option for people.
A further consideration is that transplantation of these cells in humans would have to be accompanied by treatments that curb the destructive action of the person’s immune system, so that the new cells aren’t damaged as well. An American company called ViaCyte is developing a system where stem cell precursors of insulin-producing beta cells are implanted into a patient within a protective ‘scaffold’. They then grow into mature beta cells capable of secreting insulin. The scaffolding protects the cells from the immune system’s antibodies that would destroy them and also prevents the cells diffusing into the body.
Scientists at Monash University and the University of Sydney have also used skin cells from patients with type 1 diabetes to develop iPS cells which they can use to study how the disease works and to test new drugs.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease where the body's immune system attacks its own myelin, which is a protective covering for the central nervous system.
This impacts upon the body’s nervous system to effectively transmit messages to the brain. A potential treatment involving haematopoietic stem cells for aggressive forms of the disease is currently in clinical trial stage in both the USA and Australia. It involves taking haematopoietic stem cells from the patient, then destroying their immune system with high-dose chemotherapy. The stem cells are then transplanted into the patient, with the hope that they will 'rebuild' a healthy immune system, without the damaging effects of the disease. Results from trials of this treatment and the small number of patients that have received the treatment have been mixed. While some patients do appear to benefit in the short term from the treatment, there is still no conclusive evidence that it will prove to be an effective long-term treatment.
Other research groups are trying to understand more about the role of stem cells in the brain and whether they can be reactivated to help combat the damage to nerves that occurs in multiple sclerosis.
Parkinson’s disease is a condition in which the dopamine-producing cells in a person’s brain degenerate and die, leaving the person unable to properly control their body’s movements. As there is only a small subset of nerves involved in this disease, it seems that stem cell therapy that aims to replenish those nerves could be a possible treatment. Scientists have been able to train both embryonic and iPS stem cells to become the specific type of brain cell that is affected by Parkinson’s disease. They have also been able to transplant these cells into the brains of mice, rats and monkeys, which improved some symptoms.
However, one of the issues with trying to treat Parkinson’s disease with stem cells is that several experiments have shown that after the stem cells are transplanted into a test animal’s brain, while some of them differentiate into the desired dopamine-producing neurons, many stem cells simply keep self-replicating, and form tumours. Clare Parish and Lachlan Thompson from the Florey Neuroscience Institutes and the University of Melbourne have developed a method where they can isolate the extra stem cells from the useful dopamine-producing cells in the lab, and discard the extra stem cells before they perform the transplant.
Work is continuing to ensure that this treatment doesn’t result in the growth of tumours, is effective in the long term and also to find ways to make the transplanted cells produce sufficient amounts of dopamine to restore function for Parkinson's patients. It is only through carefully conducted clinical trials that these challenges will be resolved.
A recent study found that stem cell therapy could be effective in improving the eyesight of people suffering from macular degeneration. Embryonic stem cells were turned into retinal pigment cells and injected behind the retinas of one of the study patients’ eyes. After monitoring their progress over three years, their eyesight had improved by several lines on a vision chart, and some of them were able to read a computer for the first time. Researchers were concerned about whether the stem cells might start proliferating without stopping, which could turn into tumours, but happily this did not eventuate in this study. The improvements found in the research are a good sign for future possible treatments for degenerative eyesight diseases but further refinement and testing, as well as long-term monitoring is required.
Still work to be done
Other stem cell treatments that make the headlines, such as treatments for spinal cord injury, offer some people hope when all other avenues seem to lead to dead ends. However, these treatments are not approved and have not yet gone through the rigorous clinical trial process to ensure that they are safe, let alone effective. Although there have been reports of miracle cures using stem cells, other outcomes of these experimental and unproven treatments have been less successful, and even tragic. We just don’t know enough yet about the long term consequences of stem cell treatments. Stem cell treatments offer huge promise, but it must be balanced with sensible caution.
Complications sometimes only show up down the track, as was the case with a woman who had stem cells from her nose implanted into her spine to try and treat paralysis. Not only did the treatment not work, but eight years later she needed surgery to remove a three centimetre growth of nasal tissue that had formed on her spine.
Disease in a dish
While growing new organs and fixing damaged spinal cords is definitely exciting and headline-making science, there is another less celebrated, but probably even more promising avenue for stem cell research: the ability to grow disease-affected cells. A sample of skin cells from a patient with particular diseases can be taken and reprogrammed to become stem cells. These iPS cells can then be turned into the diseased cells. Scientists can study the diseased cells to better understand both the disease’s progression and develop possible ways to treat it. It also provides an ideal guinea pig to test new drugs before trying them out on actual patients.
This is particularly useful for conditions that affect areas of the body that are difficult to take samples from, such as motor neurone disease, which affects the brain and spinal cord. This method also provides opportunities to study rare diseases that don’t always receive as much attention or funding as other more prominent conditions.
Researchers at the University of Queensland are investigating both Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease using iPS cells that were derived from patients; skin cells. Down syndrome causes brain changes that are similar to those that occur with Alzheimer’s disease. By developing the Down syndrome affected iPS cells into brain cells, the researchers can study the genetic characteristics of the diseases and attempt to identify pathways for treatments.
More than just where they come from
For some in the community, the announcement in the late 1990s that scientists were able to create stem cells from human embryos raised significant concern. They viewed the use of human embryos as destruction of human life, shrouding stem cell research in controversy. For others, the potential of medical research to help those suffering from incurable disease outweighed these concerns—particularly when stringent legislation was introduced in Australia that limited the use of human embryos to circumstances where the early stage embryos had been originally created for infertility treatment but were no longer required and would otherwise have been discarded.
Over the past decade, with strong public support for the use of stem cells in both research and treatment of disease, the debate has largely moved on. Controversy now lies in the land of the hope-peddling stem cell treatments that promise much but are less specific on what they can actually deliver. The hope that stem cell treatments can offer has spawned an industry where providers offer unproven and potentially unsafe experimental treatments … for those who are willing to pay.
In Australia, these sorts of treatments are generally offered by doctors operating outside of the clinical trial space. Overseas, the picture gets even more confused.
Stem cell tourism, where desperate patients and their carers travel overseas to countries to receive unproven treatments that are not offered in Australia for precisely that reason—they are unproven, and as such, could very well do more harm than good. With ‘do no harm’ being the central tenet of medical practice, doctors do not want to risk the health that patients do have on a risky and potentially threatening treatment.
Often the providers of these treatments make exaggerated claims about what they can achieve, without necessarily having any solid evidence, relying strongly on patient testimonials. But anecdotes are no substitute for impartial evidence obtained through rigorous research and a thorough clinical trial process. Playing on the perception that Australia is behind the times with respect to new stem cell treatments, or that medical doctors and researchers are in the pocket of Big Pharma who have agendas to restrict the treatments available to patients, these operators market a compelling solution—but at what cost? The reality is that we are at the very early stage of developing new treatments and progress needs to continue based on evidence rather than hype.
It’s clear that stem cells offer great hope for the future. That hope needs to be harnessed, and channelled into valuable research that will have the potential to benefit people suffering from a huge range of diseases and conditions with safe and effective treatments.
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Managing Drought Stressed Pastures
by Dennis Cosgrove1
Summer drought will likely mean reduced pasture and may increase producers’ need for hay. Late summer and fall rains provide some late-season forage growth but proper management is important in order to make the most of this moisture.
The best way to benefit from the fall rains is to manage the grazing of pastures. Managed grazing will ensure livestock get the most out of the forage without harming the health of the plants.
It is tempting to let the cattle run the entire pasture when forage is short. However, this actually decreases plant health and forage production later. When cattle run all the pasture during a drought, they eat off most of the leaves, reducing the ability of the plant to catch sunlight. As a result, the plant’s roots starve.
A similar mistake can be made in a rotational system if animals are turned back into a paddock for “a day or two of grazing” as soon as pastures show some regrowth, while this may provide some forage in the long run it is likely to be detrimental to the pastures.
Proper rotational grazing allows for a rest period for the pasture plants. If the plants are allowed to rest, the root system will stay healthy and the plants can build up energy reserves in the tiller base (grasses) and roots (legumes) for later growth. Under drought conditions when plants are rested and allowed to build up energy reserves, there will be compensatory growth by pasture plants when rainfall finally comes. Plants overgrazed during drought will grow slowly in comparison.
Allowing the plants to grow to an adequate height will ensure good root health before grazing. For bluegrass, this is 4 to 6 inches; for orchardgrass, bromegrass and endophyte-free tall fescue, 8 to 10 inches. Rotational grazing will also allow good utilization and provide controlled rest for the plants between grazing.
After the plant’s energy reserves are restored and tiller buds formed, pastures can be grazed to use available top growth without hurting plant health or spring growth. Leave at least a 4-inch stubble on orchardgrass and bromegrass since new growth in the spring comes from the energy reserves in that part of the plant. Bluegrass, which has energy reserves in below-ground stems, will survive closer fall grazing.
Pastures that were severely overgrazed during the summer will benefit from resting until growth stops in fall. By resting drought-stressed pastures until mid- to late October, energy reserves will increase since plants will catch sunlight and make sugars even when it is too cold for the plants to grow. Also during this time of year, grasses will develop new tiller buds necessary for next spring’s forage production. With overgrazing in the fall, the pasture’s growth potential next spring is jeopardized.
Resting the pastures in the fall may require holding the cattle in a relatively small area and feeding hay. Preferably, this area should be a section of pasture or hay land that will benefit from the manure produced.
Grazier’s Notebook – Vol 2: No.3
© University of Wisconsin Board of Regents, 2007
1UW-Extension Forage Agronomist
University of Wisconsin – River Falls
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Community case for a major urban parks program
Parks are a critical and fundamental component of a vibrant and thriving city and can serve as centers for transit, trails, and redevelopment. Well designed parks can accommodate a diverse population of users that will vary in income, age, culture and status. When located and designed properly parks improve accessibility to recreation, healthy places and a variety of goods, services and amenities that are reasonably affordable. By promoting access to trails and greenspace parks can contribute to the improved health of individuals, families and communities.
When combine with transit oriented development, parks encourage a high participation rate in special cultural events (i.e. jazz festivals, fun runs, food festivals) and increase the opportunities for recreation for a broad range of users (i.e. soccer matches, dog walks, boot camps, yoga classes, joggers, etc.). Improved health, access to affordable or new housing, and the opportunities to create new businesses are positive outcomes of parks.
Community gardens co-located with parks promote access to healthy food, attract children and the elderly, and provide ample opportunities for outreach, training, and education. Safe parks and established after school recreation programs at urban parks can reduce neighborhood crime and serve to improve local land values.
Environmental benefits from parks include improved air quality which is directly linked to improve human health. Urban parks provide a vital role in storm water management; pervious surfaces reduce storm water runoff (and flooding) and reduce costs for local water and wastewater treatment facilities. In cases where environmentally impaired sites (brown fields) can be converted to green fields, numerous benefits can be realized by the community and property owners.
Parks provide unmatched entertainment value to American families and domestic and international visitors. Parks have been and will continue to be a vital contributor to the health and prosperity of our citizens and cities.
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December Images from Mars
The NASA Mars rover Curiosity used its Mast Camera during the mission's 120th Martian day, or sol (Dec. 7, 2012), to record this view of a rock outcrop informally named Shaler. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS
The NASA Curiosity rover snapped plenty more breathtaking images from Mars during the month of December. Many of the images above were taken by the rover's mastcams and were accessed through the raw image gallery on Curiosity's website.
The rover has recently been exploring a depression called Yellowknife Bay where it is gathering information to help researchers choose a rock to drill.
NASA says that the plan for 2013 will mostly be focused on driving to Curiosity's primary science destination, the three-mile high Mount Sharp.
According to marsweather.com, the latest weather report for SOL 135 (December 22, 2012) showed a high temperature of 23 degrees and a low temperature of 85 degrees below zero where the rover was located.
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As explained in our Two Up – Australia’s national game blog entry, Anzac day is a national day of remembrance for both Australia and New Zealand. It is celebrated on April 25th to mark the first military action fought by both countries in World War 1. On this day, people remember all of the Australian war heroes who served and died in the country’s wars and conflicts.
On Anzac day in Australia and New Zealand, commemorative services are held at dawn and many ex-servicemen and women take part in marches through the major cities and smaller villages. Commemorative ceremonies are also held at war memorials around the country. To mark the occasion, many people take part in the Two Up gambling game (see rules in previous blog entry) which was popular among soldiers in WW1. Another common practice on the day is the baking of Anzac biscuits. During the war, many mothers, wives and girlfriends were worried about the nutritional value of the food the soldiers were eating. They often wished to send them home cooked foods, but given that they had to travel very long distances it was certain that the food had to be nonperishable! As a result, they came up with Anzac biscuits; small oaty biscuits that were able to stay fresh in dry and dark environments.
In honour of Anzac day I have decided therefore to enlighten you on BBC’s recipe for Anzac biscuits!
85g porridge oats – 85g flocons d’avoines
100g plain flour – 100g farine
100g caster sugar – 100g sucre en poudre
100g butter , plus extra butter for greasing – 100g beurre, et plus pour faire beurrer la plaque à four
1 tbsp golden syrup – 1 cs de mélasse raffinée or miel
1 tsp bicarbonate of soda- 1 cc de bicarbonate de soude
1- Heat oven to 180C/fan 160C/gas 4. Put the oats, coconut, flour and sugar in a bowl. Melt the butter in a small pan and stir in the golden syrup. Add the bicarbonate of soda to 2 tbsp boiling water, then stir into the golden syrup and butter mixture. Mettre le four à 180c. Mélanger le noix de coco, le farine et le sucre dans un bol. Faire fondre le beurre dans une casserole et ajouter la mélasse raffinée ou le miel. Ajouter le bicarbonate de soude à 2 cuillères de soupe d’eau bouillante puis ajouter-le dans le mélange de mélasse raffinée et de beurre.
2- Make a well in the middle of the dry ingredients and pour in the butter and golden syrup mixture. Stir gently to incorporate the dry ingredients. Faire un trou dans le mélange des ingrédients secs et verser le mélange de mélasse raffinée et de beurre. Remuer doucement.
3- Put spoonfuls of the mixture on to buttered baking sheets, about 2.5cm/1in apart to allow room for spreading. Bake in batches for 8-10 mins until golden. Transfer to a wire rack to cool. Disposer des cuillérées à dessert du mélange sur une plaque à four beurrée, à 2,5 cm d’intervalle. Faire cuire pendant 8-10 minutes jusqu’à ce qu’ils soient dorés. Refroidir avant de déguster.
If you want to try ANZAC biscuits but don’t want to make them, you can buy them online at
(Warning: the postage costs are high so if considering purchasing it may be better to buy several things)
- Remembrance: souvenir
- To be held at: être tenu à
- Oaty: flocon d’avoine
- To enlighten: éclairer
- To stir in: incorporer
- Spoonful: cuillerée
In charged of Pedagogy
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Biography of Joseph Mallord William Turner
Joseph Mallord William Turner was a nineteenth century artist noted for his innovative landscapes.
When and Where was he Born?
23rd April 1775, 21 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden, London, England. Christened Joseph Mallord William Turner.
Joseph Mallord William Turner was the son of a barber and wig-maker from the provinces.
Studies under Thomas Malton. Royal Academy Schools, London from the age of 14.
Timeline of J.M.W Turner:
1790’s: He joins forces with Thomas Girtin colour washing his drawings.
1793: Turner is awarded the Greater Silver Palette by the Society of Arts.
1799: Turner is elected as an Associate of the Royal Academy of Arts in London.
1800: He publishes some poetry which was originally intended to complement his exhibits at the Royal Academy. He often stays with his patron Lord Egremont at Petworth House and lodges in many London taverns around this period.
1802: Turner is elected a Member of the Royal Academy. He visits the Louvre in Paris for the first time to see the paintings looted by Napoleon.
1804: Turner sets up his own gallery in his home at Harley Street, London.
1807: He is appointed as a Professor at the Royal Academy (of Perspective).
1811: Turner makes a trip to Italy and is impressed by the landscape.
1814: He helps set up the Artist’s General Benevolent Institution.
1817: He makes a tour of Germany and the Netherlands.
1819: Turner revisits Italy again.
1823: Turner is commissioned to paint “The Battle of Trafalgar” by St. James’s Palace.
1825: He again makes a tour of Germany and The Netherlands.
1831: Turner makes an extensive visit to Scotland.
1832: He travels to France and meets the famous artist Paul Delacroix in Paris.
1834: He tours Germany.
1836: Turner visits Switzerland and France.
1837: Turner resigns his teaching post at the Royal Academy.
1840: He meets the critic John Ruskin who admires his work greatly and who inspires him to visit Venice.
1841: Turner makes another tour of Switzerland.
1844: Turner makes the acquaintance of Charles Dickens and again makes a visit to Switzerland and Germany.
1845: He is appointed the Acting President of the Royal Academy.
1846: He takes lodgings with his mistress Sophia Caroline Booth at 118-19 Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London and lives out the rest of his days as a virtual recluse under the assumed name of Admiral Booth.
1850: Turner exhibits for the last time at the Royal Academy.
When and Where Did he Die?
19th December 1851, Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, London, England of cholera.
Age at Death:
Resolutely refused to marry but had a secret relationship with Sarah Danby which produced children.
Site of Grave:
Artist’s Corner, the Crypt, St. Paul’s Cathedral, London.
Places of Interest:
Cecil Higgins Art Gallery, Bedford.
Museum and Art Gallery, Peterborough.
City Art Gallery, Manchester.
The Lowry, Salford.
Civic Art Gallery, Southampton.
Bolton Art Gallery.
Usher Gallery, Lincoln.
Lady Lever Gallery, Port Sunlight, Wirral.
University Art Gallery.
Maiden Lane, Covent Garden.
Cheyne Walk, Chelsea.
Sandycombe Lodge, Twickenham.
National Gallery, Trafalgar Square. (especially “Rain Steam and Speed” and “The Fighting Temeraire”).
Tate Britain, Millbank. (Has a series of galleries devoted to his work).
Victoria and Albert Museum.
Sir John Soanes Museum.
Kenwood House, Hampstead.
Holborne Museum of Art, Bath.
Royal Holloway College, Egham.
Ruskin Gallery, Sheffield.
Mappin Gallery, Weston Park, Sheffield.
Harewood House, Leeds.
National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh.
National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.
Ulster Museum, Belfast.
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Anne Bethel Spencer was born in February of 1882 to African American parents, Joel and Sarah. Both of her parents worked on a plantation and Joel, who was born a slave, was determined to find a way to make a better life for his child. Her parents had irreconcilable differences when it came to childrearing, a fact that led to their separation, and Anne’s move to live permanently with her mother in West Virginia.
Anne and her mother lived in a small town called Bramwell where her mother, Sarah, worked as a cook. Anne did not attend public school, as her mother did not believe it was good enough for her. Instead, Anne spent her childhood carefree and able to develop a natural interest in poetry. She was a deeply solitary child and spent most of her time wandering outside.
While her parents may have been separated, her father still had contact with Sarah and Anne. When he discovered that Anne was not in school he told Sarah that she must enroll Anne or he would take her to live with him. This made up Sarah’s mind and Anne was sent to school at the Virginia Seminary. She was an excellent student and graduated valedictorian.
It was at school that her interest in poetry was truly sparked. She wrote her first poem, which is now lost, while enrolled there. Her work touched on topics of race, and the realities of living as a black woman in the United States.
After graduation Anne retuned to Bramwell where she taught grade school for approximately three years. Her career as a teacher ended when she married Charles Edward Spencer, a man she had met and come to know at school. They were married in 1901 and moved to Lynchburg, Virginia in 1903. They had three children together, two girls and a boy. While working as mother to her three children, Anne became a librarian at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School where she worked for more than 20 years.
Literary Career and Death
In 1920, when she was forty years old, Anne’s first published poem, “Before the Feast at Shushan” appeared in The Crisis. The following decade saw the appearance of the majority of Spencer’s work. She would publish over 30 poems in her lifetime and would become the second African American to be included as part of the Norton Anthology.
Anne Spencer died in July of 1975 at the age of 93. She and her husband are both buried at the Forest Hills Cemetery in Lynchburg, Virginia. The majority of her work was published after her death in, Time’s Unfading Garden: Anne Spencer’s Life and Poetry.
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Lamb's book makes it clear that the Simla Convention was an unsuccessful gambit in a game of multi-dimensional chess played between Great Britain, British India, Tibet, China, Russia, and Mongolia, and involving interests in Afghanistan, Persia, Nepal, Sinkang and Burma. Although Great Britain and British India were the driving force behind Simla and most key developments are documented in the records of the Foreign Office (including telegram intercepts revealing the Chinese negotiating strategy), a heroic and multi-lingual scholar could probably put together a fascinating narrative by adding Tibetan, Chinese, and Russian sources to the mix.
The key topic of the tripartite negotiations between Great Britain, Tibet, and China was the definition of a border between China and Tibet (relatively trivial, since it was understood that Tibetan regions adjacent to China would be administered by China anyway), and the drawing of a second, crucial interior border creating Inner and Outer Tibet.
The British intention was to establish "Outer Tibet"--controlled by a weak and friendly state under the Dalai Lama that had made its foreign relations subject to a British veto--and not China, as the primary point of contact between British India and the northeast. The pricetag for China's surrender of its claims and opportunities in "Outer Tibet" would be obtaining undisputed sway over "Inner Tibet".
During the negotiations, there was a lot of scribbling of proposed boundaries between Chinese and Tibetan zones of control on the map. Unsurprisingly, the Chinese motto was "Go West" and its most extreme proposal placed the boundary between Inner and Outer Tibet 100 miles from Lhasa. The British, with Tibetan acquiescence, pushed back in the west but alienated Tibetan territory in the east and north with a free hand, as long as a direct "Inner Tibet" a.k.a. China border presence down by Assam (a.k.a. British India, "the precious") could be avoided.
Here's some competing border ideas (Lamb, pg. 485)...
... and the final proposal (in which "Kokonor" a.k.a. today's Qinghai was signed off to China as well as a vast tract north of the Kunlun Mountains). This is the arrangement the Chinese representative initialed but the Chinese government repudiated and refused to ratify. [Lamb, pg. 518]
The Simla Convention foundered on the inability of China and Great Britain to come to terms over the boundary between "Inner" and "Outer" Tibet. The boundary between "Outer" Tibet and British India was not a topic of the tripartite negotiations, understandably since the very purpose of the Simla Convention was to ensure that Tibet, and not China would be British India's designated interlocutor in the northeast.
Negotiations on the boundary that came to be known as the McMahon Line were a bilateral British-Tibetan show. In fact, maybe only a British India-Tibetan show.
An interesting lacunae in the historical records covered by Lamb concerns the details of the negotiations between the British Indian and Tibetan representatives about placement of the McMahon Line. According to Lamb (pg. 546), the contents of these negotiations were not even minuted to the Foreign Office in London, another indication that something considerably less than a negotiation between sovereign states was going on. It would be interesting if these records could be made to appear.
It is known that the key area of concern in delineating the border between British India and "suzerain' Tibet was the "Tawang Tract", a thumb of land at the western terminus of the proposed "McMahon Line" next to Bhutan. Here's a nice map Andy Proehl drew for China Matters a few years back to give the lay of the land.
Lamb makes the noteworthy observation that Tawang was in several respects a poisoned chalice for the British and Indian governments.
However, Tawang was indisputably part of Tibet, culturally, religiously, and politically. The town of Tawang was (and still is) the site of a large and important monastery affiliated with the Drepung Monastery in Lhasa that administered territorial holdings in Tawang through its monks. Second, the northern part of Tawang was also incorporated into the administrative structure of the Tibetan government.
Surrendering Tawang was a major concession by the Tibetan government to Great Britain, one that could only be justified if the Simla Convention secured either peace and a mutually recognized border with China, or significant and effective military and diplomatic assistance from Great Britain to Tibet as the dispute with China ground on. Neither of these materialized and the Tibetan government subsequently declared the McMahon Line was a dead letter and continued to tax and administer Tawang.
Problematically, inclusion of the Tawang Tract below the McMahon Line also made a mockery of subsequent claims that the Line in any way reflected a natural ethnic or geographic boundary between India and Tibet.
The fact that McMahon moved the line north during the negotiations with the Tibetan delegation (it was first considered adequate to control the Se La Pass, the limit of Tibetan government administration, but then the line was moved north to encompass the monastery itself, presumably because the powerful monastery held authorities over communities south of the pass) is another indication of its less than organic character. [Lamb, pg. 535]
Unsurprisingly, Chen declared the Chinese government would not recognize any agreement concluded bilaterally between Great Britain and Tibet, a declaration that was repeated by the Chinese Minister in London.
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The Problem with Unhealthy Eating in the US
Unhealthy eating is one of the most significant factors that cause obesity and related diseases like heart problems, cancer, and diabetes. The bigger tragedy is that a large chunk of the population does not realize this. According to a survey, 75% of the US population believes they eat healthy while the evidence reflects the contrary (Source: npr.org)
You must have got the feeling by now. Obesity is an ongoing and increasing epidemic in the US. However, there is no need to panic. One can begin with healthy eating as soon as they realize the problem.
Time to Reset Yourself
The commendable thing is that you are ready to shift towards a healthier lifestyle. Although leaving unhealthy food will be difficult for you, healthy eating will get you hooked once you start.
Your body will feel lighter, and it will become easy to focus on daily tasks. You will observe a sudden uplift in stamina and mood. And it is no coincidence as nutritional Psychiatrists have long been associating healthy eating with mental health.
According to Harvard Health, your diet has a direct impact on your mood and psychological health. Eating junk and excessive amounts of sugar can harm your brain and aggravate mood disorders like anxiety and depression.
These problems can be avoided with a ‘clean’ diet and regular exercise. We understand that everyone wants to eat delicious food, but no one wants to feel depressed and develop fatal diseases. Therefore, in this article, we have gathered a few ways to help you eat your way to better health.
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Sunnyside students have been working diligently on projects that in all likelihood would tax the brains of most people.
The students in Joyce Stark's high school environmental science and honors science classes, as well as those teens who participated in the TAZ Fair held last November are ramping up for the annual Sunnyside Science Fair, to be held this coming Saturday.
Each of the students selected their projects for a variety of reasons.
Ricardo Oreya, for instance, wanted to see which lubricants and fluids are best suited for older model vehicles. He said he has an older car and wants to best determine the fluids that he should use to keep the vehicle in proper working order.
To test his theories he soaked rubber in fluids like antifreeze, motor oil, brake fluid, water, ethanol and sulfuric acid.
Jennifer Vargas developed a project introducing Daphnia, a microscopic organism that thrives in water, to pain relievers like acetaminophen and Benadryl. She wanted to study the effect pain relievers have on the heart rate of organisms.
However, a little "bug" introduced itself to the study. The Daphnia died and another "mystery creature" appeared in the irrigation water she is using for the project.
Vargas is adapting to the change in plans and is studying the mystery organism and the effects of pain relievers on the creature. She is also on the hunt to solve the question as to what the creature is.
An environmental and practical project being prepared for the science fair is being developed by Maria Quintero. She is working with kitchen waste, using it as a biofuel and as a fertilizer.
"The alcohol distilled from the waste can be used for fuel," Quintero explained, stating the practice of using biofuel in cooking stoves is common in India.
The distillery she is using is a plastic tub filled with leftover food biproducts like orange peels. She introduced yeast to the tub and fermented it anaerobically.
The remaining biowaste, Quintero anticipates, can be used as a fertilizer.
Sarali Phutiphat, this year's Rotary Exchange student, is from Thailand and she has in the past studied aerobic respiration.
Wanting to take those studies a step further, she decided to study anaerobic respiration using yeast.
Phutiphat said she feels the juxtaposition will give her a greater understanding of respiration, and she is hoping to prove yeast can survive in an oxygen-deprived environment.
To deprive the yeast of oxygen, she immerses it in a glucose compound and melts a layer of paraffin over the mixture.
Guadalupe Acosta is completing an environmental study on the effects of detergents on plant growth.
He said, "We need plants to live and I wanted to study an element of human impact on plant growth."
He said detergents are used in everyday life and soils are often exposed to the chemicals used for cleaning through human carelessness or lack of knowledge.
An example Acosta provided was when dirty water is thrown out after floors have been cleaned.
He is testing the effects of three different detergents on radish plants by removing the chlorophyll from the leaves.
Acosta will examine the chlorophyll levels to draw his conclusions.
For practical purposes, Sergio Lugo decided to conduct experiments on natural and commercial adhesives. He wants to determine the strength of different compounds through his studies.
The compounds he is using include sap and common glues purchased at retailers.
"I use the adhesives on popsicle sticks, balloons, thread, paper and glass slides," Lugo explained.
He attaches the items to a weight stand once the adhesive has dried and adds weights to determine the strength of the adhesives.
Another project being conducted is that of Amanda Villarreal.
"This is a project Mrs. Stark has been trying to get a student to do for three years," she said, stating her interest was piqued when a study of pheromone effects was proposed to her.
Villarreal's project involves a blind test. Several females will provide her information regarding their opinion of several males based on physical attributes. The male subjects will wear the same shirts three nights in a row. The females will then provide Villarreal with information detailing which shirts most attract them based on a "sniff" test, without knowing to which male the shirt belongs.
These are examples of the science projects to be viewed and judged this coming Saturday. Sunnyside High School will conduct its fair in the library. An awards ceremony is planned for next Monday.
The top projects from the local science fair will qualify for the Mid-Columbia Regional Science and Engineering Fair to be held at the Columbia Center Mall in Kennewick March 10-12.
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DEADLY superbugs could be spread to humans by wild boar roaming Scotland’s countryside, scientists have warned.
Feral pigs were hunted to extinction in Scotland – but now there are fresh colonies springing up, encouraged by campaigners who want to see them return.
Already farmers have complained the beasts are killing lambs and destroying crops.
Now a study has found their snouts can harbour the potentially-lethal CC398 strain of MRSA that is resistant to antibiotics.
The authors – including the Moredun Research Institute at Penicuik, near Edinburgh – claim there are “risks to human health” and experts are calling for restrictions on the numbers of boar in our woodlands.
Hugh Pennington, emeritus professor of bacteriology at Aberdeen University, said: “I’m not keen on introducing new animals to Scotland.
“They may be very nice to look at in the countryside, good for the tourist industry and hunting but we have to look at what might happen should they be carrying organisms that we’d rather not have.”
Superbugs kill thousands of Britons each year and even the most harmless can stay in the gut for up to six years and inhibit the effectiveness of antibiotics.
One notorious type, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has contributed to the deaths of nearly 2400 Scots in the last two decades, mainly through outbreaks in hospitals.
Some strains have evolved to withstand a whole range of antibiotics.
One is CC398, which has emerged among intensively-farmed animals, mainly pigs, but also cattle and chickens.
Humans can catch it from livestock and the bug is known to have killed at least six people in Denmark, where it is prevalent.
It has also been found in British pork on sale in UK supermarkets though cooking meat and thorough hand-washing gets rid of the risk.
But, instead of CC398 being confined to farms, the latest report raises the spectre of it being spread by free-roaming wild boar.
Researchers checked 45 beasts in Portugal for signs of the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and found MRSA CC398 in one of them, raising fears the bug – which has spread throughout Europe – is now no longer restricted to livestock.
The study, published in the journal Science Of The Total Environment, states: “It is a concern when MRSA is inhabiting the skin and nose of wild animals and is characterised with resistance to various antimicrobial agents in clinical use.
“The convergence between habitats can lead to contact between wild animals and humans and this can increase risks of bacterial transfer and promote risks to human health.
“These animals might contact with farm animals, in contact with humans, and be responsible for the spread of antimicrobial-resistance within bacteria.”
Prof. Pennington added: “The lesson we learned from the spread of MRSA in hospitals was we weren’t watching closely enough.
“We need to keep a very close eye on this to make sure it’s not getting out of control.
“We got on top of MRSA in hospitals through good handwashing and screening patients and there should be a strategy in place for MRSA in wild animals.”
Wild boar were wiped out in Scotland in the 17th Century but flourished again after some escaped from a farm in Lochaber.
More have since been deliberately reintroduced to keep down bracken and there are now populations in Dumfriesshire and Ayrshire.
They also roam the Alladale Estate, Ross-shire, where millionaire owner Paul Lister wants to “re-wild” the land with lynx and wolves.
Wild boar tend to be shy, nocturnal creatures but will often venture into domestic gardens and fields of crops to forage.
A report for the British Association of Nature Conservationists called for a census of feral pigs to gauge how fast they’re spreading.
It said: “Unless there is a radical change in public attitudes and government policy, they will continue to live in the wild.”
Last night, boar expert Matthew Jones said: “It would be a shame if this discovery were to lead to the vilification of one animal.
“There are millions of deer in the UK – they carry tuberculosis and all sorts of diseases, but we live alongside them without hysteria.
“Since bears and wolves no longer exist here, wild boar have no natural predators so the population has to be sensibly managed. But they are a nice addition to the countryside and would be missed if forced in to extinction again.”
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I found this skin of a cicada nymph on a signpost yesterday. Such empty skins left behind by insect nymphs have always intrigued me. The skins usually preserve the external organization of the larvae—from the minute hairs to the bulging transparent eyes—perfectly.
For several years I have kept a cicada skin similar to this one on my desk. Sometimes I cannot help but wonder whether, if I touched it gently, it would start crawling among the clutter on my desk. But a large slit on its back gives its secret away. This is the slit through which life escaped, carried away by the adult insect in its new cells. What is left is an organization of dead cells. If we could scrutinize the insides of the remaining cells we would see that the molecular organization that was once responsible for life, the primary structure of the organism, is now destroyed, although the various organs and other structures formed by the cells, the secondary structure, and the overall organization of the organism, the tertiary structure, are still mostly intact, at least in their external appearances.
The adult insect that came out of the skin on the post was probably one of the annual species the nymphs of which emerge from the soil every summer. If it hasn't been eaten by a bird yet, it is probably somewhere on a tree now trying to ensure that at least some of its genes will live on.
1. These ideas are in part from a paper I published many years ago: Örstan, A. 1990. How to define life: a hierarchical approach. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 33:391-401.
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VALUE Function in Google Sheets: Explained
In this article, you will learn how to use the VALUE formula in Google Sheets.
What does the VALUE formula do in Google Sheets?
The VALUE formula in Google Sheets converts a text string representing a number, date, or time into a number. For example, suppose you have a text string that looks like a number but has a leading dollar sign or a trailing percentage symbol. In that case, you can use the VALUE formula to extract the numeric value from the string so that you can perform calculations with it.
How to use the VALUE function in Google Sheets
Here is the syntax for the VALUE formula:
text is the text string that you want to convert to a number.
Note that you can’t convert a number combined with a letter or text (without any numbers) into a number by this formula. For example, you can’t change “?1000” to “1000”, but the formula returns “#VALUE!”. Also, when converting date to a value, the VALUE formula returns a serial number.
For example, if you have the text string "$1,000" in cell A1 and you want to convert it to the number 1000, you can use the following formula:
This will return the number 1000. You can then use this number in further calculations, such as adding or subtracting it from other numbers.
The following screenshot shows examples of the conversions by the VALUE formula. As you can see, the formula does not work for the two formulas from the bottom because they include text, such as “?” and “LiveFlow”.
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When young computer scientist Katie Bouman co-wrote the algorithm that made capturing of the black hole image possible, it was one of those defining moments in our collective history proving that together, we can drive new discovery and do amazing things. The ongoing quest for innovation and finding better ways to do things drives us all. And as a species – given enough time and commitment – we are able to solve many intractable problems.
Health is not short of intractable problems that need solving. According to WHO, to meet the needs of our worldwide population by 2030, we will be short of approximately 14 million doctors and nurses. We don’t even have the global capacity to teach and graduate enough students to fill that gap. So, we need to think differently about the kind of health system we have and what it needs to become.
If we think the health system we have today is the health system we need tomorrow, we are going to have big problems. The great thing is, many micro improvements across the health system will enable us to achieve incredible outcomes.
Data is what will drive this change.
The incredible advances being made in the area of artificial intelligence and machine learning over the past 10 years is enabling new innovation, which will literally amplify the ability of our health workforce. This is not about replacing doctors and nurses – it’s about enabling them to be even better at the magic they do every day. Take Dr. Tada from the University of Tokyo. He and his team of researchers have trained a deep learning model, now with over 16,000 endoscopy and colonoscopy videos, to detect erosions and ulcerations from the camera footage. What would normally take a trained eye over two hours to analyse can be completed by the deep neural processing in under two minutes. The latest research I have seen is they are already exceeding the human eye with less false positives, and better, earlier detection of abnormalities.
The work happening at Microsoft’s Research Labs in Cambridge, led by Dr. Antonio Criminisi, is equally interesting. Microsoft Research says they are close to perfecting software that can accurately measure tumours in 3D, from normal Computerised Tomography (CT) scans. The job of determining the extent of tumours is currently done by hand, with limited accuracy. The ‘Inner Eye’ project could make the process 40 times quicker and also suggests treatments that could prove the most effective. It can take 40 minutes or longer to do this process by hand if you are a radiation oncologist today, and this new project will reduce that time to just seconds.
No matter where we look in health right now, across the spectrum of challenges we face, data through the use of AI and ML are coming to life.
Across the South Island Alliance, we too have made incredible strides in being able to capture more data digitally and also build repositories to ensure clinicians have a broader view of a patient across the health system; with presentations, labs, medications, family history and more. This is the beginning of our foundation to be able to use data more effectively to inform care; but ultimately, to be able to predict and intervene earlier for the better well-being of all New Zealanders.
Our next challenge is to turn the data we collect into insight, and ultimately have it inform decision making. Given all the challenges we have with capacity, cost, timely access and a never-ending quest for improving quality of care, we have to act now. We need to empower our innovators across health to be able to leverage that data. Our own innovators, and it could be you, will define our future. You may start simply by using data to reduce the risk of re-admissions and enable more capacity, which means we can forecast the risk or benefit of discharging a patient earlier and provide better accuracy to make the right decision. You might use the data to be able to identify cohorts of patients at risk in a collective data set and drive proactive, early prevention in conjunction with primary care, so we reduce the risk burden on our health system.
Whether it’s operational, clinical or truly deep and transformative change you want to see in the health system, data is the new scalpel and we should use it to perform surgery on our own health system for sustainable and lasting change.
Gabe Rijpma is Information Services SLA member and Sr. Director Health and Social Services Asia, Microsoft. This article is republished with permission of South Island Alliance Programme – the original version can be found here.
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CHRYSANTHRMUM IDEAS FROM THE MAILRING
Identify what Life skill is being used in the story.
Write a letter to Chrysanthemum giving her put-ups.
Sequence parts of the story on flower petals.
Identify the main idea of the story.
Identify the author's purpose.
Graph the number of letters in classmates' names.
Assign a value to each letter of the alphabet. Add up the value of the
letters in your name.
Identify/discuss adverbs used in the expressions. Ex: gently, softly,
Identify/discuss common/proper nouns. Ex: Mrs. Twinkle and teacher.
Use chrysanthemum as the "big word" in making words.
Continue the story.
Role-play the story.
Conflict resolution skills
Dissect and identify parts of a mum
Visit a floral shop or farm where mums are grown (Being there experience!!)
Experiment to see if they can be rooted by cutting/plant seeds
Investigate the cost of chrysanthemums and other flowers.
Have a florist come (Connect to community/real life experience)
Estimate how many petals are on a chrysanthemum
Venn diagram a chrysanthemum and another flower
Line of symmetry
Create patterns using flower words or pictures
Write a personal narrative about a time you were put-down
Make flowers. Write put-ups on each of the petals around the flower and
put-downs on the petals on the ground
Use other books and compare/contrast
Plant mums at your school
Play "Mum's the Word."
Journal--Have you ever been teased by classmates? How did you feel?
Use a dictionary to look up some of the words that Father used
Explain how the relationship between Victoia and Chrysanthemum changed
Find a flower name for each letter of the alphabet
Read Chrysanthemum by Kevin Henkes- prediction as we read. Stop right after
she has nightmares, discuss what a character is and list them. Then I will
model and they will do their own: Mrs. Van Tassell says, "Chrysanthemum, you
have a beautiful name."
Kids write their own using any character. We discuss use of quotations.
They write on large chart paper-cut into strips. They then draw a huge
picture of themselves and cut it out and I have an instant bulletin
board-the child's self portrait and a quote to one of the characters.
On another day we will finish reading Chrysanthemum, discuss and they will
write a two sentence summary. I have never done that but it seems like a good
way to get started so they can do summaries with chapter books.
We will begin a class names chart. Everyone whose name begins with A will
stand up. We will figure out how to arrange them in ABC order and will write
them on chart-First letter or blend in red and rest in black. We will use
this for phonics after this.
For a fun project we will use squared paper and they will write their
name -one letter to a square continually until page (1/2 sheet) is covered.
Then we will color in the first letter only and then look at the patterns
that they created and how the names are different. This could be math.
Also for math you could let them freely explore the manipulatives.
I would also like to have them write what they hoped to learn in second
Read aloud: Chrysanthemum by Kevin Henkes
A story about a little mouse with an unusual name.
Give each child a blank index card. Tell them to print their first name and
count how many letters are in their name and write the number on the back of
the card. I cut around their names to show the configuration.
On large chart graphing paper I write the heading - Our Name Graph.
Across the bottom label with numbers going from 0 to the largest number in
your class. Then have the children come up as you call the numbers and glue
their name going up the side. They then color in the number of boxes to match
the number of letters in their name.
Make language experience chart with children to summarize what they have done
and interpret graph results
Chrysanthemum's Graph! Read the book Chrysanthemum, by Kevin Henkes, to the
class. Talk about the main character's name and how her parents made the
decision to name her. Discuss with the children, if they know, how they
received their names (e.g., it was a family name, their parents liked the
name). Discuss the length of Chrysanthemum's name. How many letters are in
each of your students' names? Give each child a piece of large block graph
paper or have them draw boxes to show the number of letters in their names.
Take the data and transfer it to a class "Number of Letters in Our Names"
graph. Teachers should include their names too!
by Kevin Henkes
Reading Level: 3
Read Aloud Level: 1
TeacherView by Cindy Stevens
Grades taught: K, 3
Ladera Elementary School
Farmington, New Mexico USA
Chrysanthemum is a delightful tale of a LITTLE mouse with a LARGE name. She
believes her name is absolutely perfect until the first day of school. Her
classmates make fun of her unusual name and hurt Chrysanthemum's feelings.
The beloved music teacher saves the day by announcing that she adores the
name Chrysanthemum, and is considering that for a name for her baby. Once
again, Chrysanthemum is sure her name is absolutely perfect.
I will use this book for the first few days of school to introduce the
students to one another and to myself.
Students will guess what the meanings of their names are and then look the
real meanings up in a baby name book. We will discuss whether the real
meanings "fit" their personalities.
The students will be assigned the task of interviewing their parents and
writing a short paragraph telling where their names came from. We will
compile these paragraphs into a class book illustrated with first day of
a) Make a class graph of the numbers of letters in our names. b) Find out how
many letters are in all of our names together. c) Sort our names into
categories, taking turns guessing how they have been sorted. (vowel sounds,
number of letters, number of syllables etc.)
Copy name and its meaning.
Art: Sand Painted Desk Name Plates
(Introduces their names in cursive) I will write their names in cursive on
tagboard sentence strips. The students will trace their names with white glue
and sprinkle colored sand on the wet glue. They may decorate it using glue
and sand until the whole name plate is covered. These should be sprayed with
a clear varnish to keep the sand from coming off.
Everybody Has a Name
Has a name.
Some are different,
Some, the same.
Some are short,
Some are long.
All are right,
None are wrong.
My name is ___________,
It's special to me.
It's exactly who
I want to be!
MORE Chrysanthemum Activities
This is what I did with the book Chrysanthemum by Kevin Henkes:
* I bought a chrysanthemum plant for my classroom. They're $1.99 at
Walmart now. Since the mums are so cheap, you could break off a little mum
from the plant for each student and send it home as a story bit of the
* I typed up my students' names on paper with a rectangle around them. I had
my students decorate around their names - making illustrations of what they
like to do. I then laminated them and used them as my name word wall.
* We made a graph of the number of letters in their first names. We made a
large graph in the classroom. I then made one in Word and am keeping a
notebook of graphs for the students to read in the classroom. We also do a
lot of graphing in second grade.
* We did an activity that focused on the sentence, "That's exactly half as
many letters as there are in the entire alphabet!" (this sentence was
referring to the 13 letters that make up Chrysanthemum's name). We
brainstormed different sayings for other letters and then wrote our own. Some
6 letters - that's exactly half a dozen eggs
3 letters - that's the exact number of brothers I have
8 letters - that's the exact number of legs an octopus has
5 letters - that's exactly the number of toes on my foot, etc.
* We stood in a circle and said the following cheer(I had it written on large
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
My name is ______________
And I say, "Hi."
6, 7, 8, 9, 10
Back it up and meet my friend ________________.
I typed up this poem in Simple Text on my computer. I typed in the student of
the day from the day before in the first blank and then the name of the
present student of the day in the last blank. Yesterday's SOTD reads the poem
to the new SOTD. Then I let the current SOTD pick a voice for the computer to
read it. I print a copy and send it home with the SOTD.
* We choral read the following poem during Guided Reading and added it to our
poetry notebooks. We also "rounded up the rhymes" by highlighting the rhyming
words with our highlighters. I model this on a chart as well. Did you know
that you can use that colorful book covering as highlight tape? I buy a roll
and cut it into the size I need for the various words. It works great!
"Everybody Has a Name"
by Jean Warren
Everybody has a name.
Some are different,
Some the same.
Some are short,
Some are long.
All are right,
None are wrong.
My name is _______________,
It's special to me.
It's exactly who I want to be!
And that's about it. It's a wonderful book. I also blessed some of Kevin
Henkes' other books at the beginning of SSR. Have fun.
Sandy/2/OH (with the help of Judy/2/OH)
I created a table on Word Perfect with the class names down the left hand
side -- we colored the vowels in each name red and the consonants in each
name blue -- then we graphed the names by vowels and conssonants. I had them
find out who had the most vowels, the least vowels and then the same using
consonants. Most of them counted the vowels and colored in the number of
blocks on the graph -- but one boy colored his blocks in the order that the
vowels and consonants appeared. Graphing is a Huge second grade skill here --
we do one together as a class each week - more if we can -- later in the year
they have to do all of it alone -- Yikes!
Hope this helps. . . .
Maggie 2 NC
I do Chrysanthemum in third in a little more detail. I read the book out
loud. Then they have typed up copies that they read. I don't remember all the
specifics at the moment but some of the guided reading covered inferences
(how can you tell that Chrysanthemum is eager to start school), evaluation
(how did Ms. X handle it when the bratty kid teased Chrysanthemum...how do
you think she should have handled it?), plot (what is the problem how is it
solved) and so on. I remember I had five different vocabulary words every day
and that are a lot of adverbs(?), you could do a mini lesson about that.
We do several related activities. Focused writing, Chrysanthemum wears her
favorite dress or jumper or something with a bunch of pockets. Prewriting was
a little chart to brainstorm that I made with 3 pockets and they wrote about
what good luck charms they would take in their pockets and why.
Also Chrysanthemum loved the way her name looked on cakes and envelopes. A
lot of my kids don't know their address, I get fancy envelopes and have them
address an envelope to themselves then later in year I use to mail them
They interview parent or guardian and write what they knew about the origins
of their name. That is pretty interesting. I had the namesake of bonnie
prince charles and a child named after her mothers favorite brand of
We graphed the number of letters in their first names.
We do a symmetry project where they cut out their names (balloon letters,
need lots of adult help) from a folded piece of paper... come out with a
wonderful design. I don't do this as a first week like lots of people do it.
Late September with a couple of other name stories and poems. The Night Joe
Louis Won the Title and My Name is Maria Isobel are two stories. I did Tikki
Tikki Tembo as a read aloud. Shel Silverstein Sara Cynthia Sylvia Stout as
poem, and another poem, I think by Judith Viorst. I am looking for a good
piece about a boy's name or nickname if anyone has one. I found that when I
did the name stuff the first week last year, it was too much, they forgot
each other's names and spent the rest of the year calling each other "that
boy" or "her". Which really bothered me.
For science integration do sorting and classifying plants, planting seeds,
parts of a plant etc., bring in seed catalog have them find all the names in
the story or pick some plants for a garden and price.
Sorry this is so stream of consciousness!
I use Chrysanthemum at the beginning of the school year as an introduction
into how special yet different we are. After reading the book, each student
is given a piece of tagboard (about 3 x 8) with their first name already
printed on it in a thick black marker. The students may decorate the card
however they wish with crayons or markers. I tell them to decorate it - not
really draw a picture like scenery. We then graph the name cards into various
groups. Listed below are some of the ways to graph them. I usually start and
give examples of ways to graph them. Later, the students can choose ways.
number of letters in names, all names beginning with a certain letter, boy
names-girl names-names that could be both, cards decorated with a certain
color or design, etc. The students enjoy when they are given a "stumper"
category...one in which it is not so obvious what the category is. Good luck
and have fun with it.
ADD ON IDEA:
I always start the year with Bill Cosby's book The Meanest Thing You Can Say.
For those of you not familiar with it, it is about a little boy who goes
to school and the new kid says "Lets play a game about who can say the
meanest things to each other." The little boys dad convinces him that the
best thing he can say is SO because there is no defense for SO.
We practice this for the first couple of weeks and thenanytime we have
someone saying hurtful things to other people. The kids love it and they
want to be picked on. I will pick a child who wants to be the person
and I stand there and look them over carefully andthen I say something like
"Blue hair barrets! Cool people only wear red ones" The kid will giggle and
say "SO"( by the way it has to be done with an attitude of indifference and
style) Then I looked shocked and say "Well you are not cool if you don't
wear red ones" "So" "Well you can't be my friend then." "So" By now the
whole class is laughing and saying "So" Then on the playground when a child
comes up and says "He called my stupid." I just say what
>do you say? "So" That right there is no answer to
"So" and you know it isn't true. I teach 2nd and I now have 5th graders that
will be standing with me when someone runs up and says He called me______ and
they will turn around and say "Just say so there's no answer
to so. Elaine /nv/2
I don't think this idea has been shared yet, but if so, I apologize for the
repeat. Anyway, I used this idea that came from someone on this ring last
year. After reading the story, everyone sits in a circle and you have a large
paper cutout of a girl. Everyone gets the "girl" and wads or folds a piece
of her. At the end needless to say she's in bad shape. Explainthat every time
they do this to her it's the same as saying something hurtful to her. Try to
smooth her out and explain that even though she can be smoothed
back out the wrinkles are still there, just like even though someone can
apologize and be forgiven, the hurtful marks are still left on us. It was a
hit. I hope my explanation is clear, kind of hard to put into words.
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Gum health is often neglected because most of us focus on keeping only our teeth clean. Since gums cover the bones of our teeth, and seal and protect against bacteria, it is essential to take good care of our gums.
Negligence of oral hygiene can result in gum disease (periodontitis), which is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults. Like our intestine, our mouth is home to complex ecosystems of bacteria, known as the oral micro biome. Disturbance in the balance of different species of bacteria provides an opening for pathogens to penetrate, causing periodontal disease, which further disrupts the bacterial balance. Effects range from mild redness and swelling of the gums (gingivitis) to complete destruction of the tooth’s bony support structure (advanced periodontitis), which is responsible for tooth loss.
For a long time it was thought that bacteria was the factor that linked periodontal disease to other disease in the body; however, more recent research highlights that inflammation may be responsible for the association.
People with periodontal disease have been found to be at higher risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, pregnancy complications, and dementia.
The association probably works both ways. For example, diabetes research has determined that successfully treating periodontitis reduces the severity of diabetes and vice versa.
DID YOU KNOW: According to a report in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, adults with gingivitis performed worse on memory tests and other cognitive skills than those with healthier gums and mouths. Those with gingivitis were more likely to perform poorly on delayed verbal recall and subtraction tests – skills used in daily life.
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Geoengineering is a name for various proposals to deliberately manipulate the Earth’s climate to counteract the effects of global warming. The National Academy of Sciences has defined geoengineering as “options that would involve large-scale engineering of our environment in order to combat or counteract the effects of changes in atmospheric chemistry”:
The 2007 IPCC report concluded that geoengineering options, such as ocean fertilization to remove CO2 from the atmosphere, remained largely unproven. It was judged that reliable cost estimates for geoengineering had not yet been published:
However, there is still considerable interest in geoengineering, because many people deem it difficult to reduce carbon emissions in time to prevent dangerous global warming.
Enhanced weathering. Although relatively small-impact compared to some other schemes, still a huge project that would involve global scale modification of the planet’s feedback mechanisms.
Seeding the ocean with iron to increase phytoplankton populations. The idea is that iron availability is the bottleneck preventing increasing phytoplankton growth, which would take more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This plan appears to depend upon the phytoplankton sinking to the ocean bottom, sequestering carbon dixoide. What happens otherwise is unclear.
Cloud seeding. The idea is to introduce chemicals into the atmosphere and encourage cloud formation. The clouds will reflect solar radiation and reduce the rate of warming.
Sunlight reflection from the upper atmosphere. Placing small particles of certain kinds in the upper atmosphere is apparently a relatively inexpensive way of reflecting a significant fraction of incoming sunlight back into space. Early proposals suggested sulphate particles, but these may react chemically with ozone in an adverse way. An alternative proposal is suspension of tiny, harmless particles (sized at one-third of a micron) at about 80,000 feet up in the stratosphere.
A proposal by Ornstein et al is irrigated afforestation of deserts?. Some comments: the afforestation would also help to neutralize some of the past CO2 emissions. A weak point in the proposal is that desalination is energy intensive. Perhaps it could be combined with the DESERTEC project. To secure the carbon fixation the afforestation could be combined with the production of biochar.
There is an analysis by Tim Lenton of the University of East Anglia which concludes that only geoengineering that reflects sunlight are able to have a large enough effect over a sufficiently short time interval. (He also projects that most of these are mechanisms that need continually replenishing, and in the event of discontinuing an even more dramatic rise in temperatures could occur.)
John Baez interviewed Gregory Benford in Week 310 of This Week’s Finds, and Benford discussed a number of geoengineering ideas, including experiments and a proposal for an experiments. These are also discussed here:
Gregory Benford, Climate controls, Reason Magazine, November 1997.
Robert A. Metzger and Gregory Benford, Sequestering of atmospheric carbon through permanent disposal of crop residue, Climatic Change 49 (2001), 11-19.
Stuart E. Strand and Gregory Benford, Ocean sequestration of crop residue carbon: recycling fossil fuel carbon back to deep sediments, Environmental Science and Technology 43 (2009), 1000-1007.
This is another experiment that will be carried out:
Geoengineering faces ban is an excellent article in Nature News summarising some of the latest geoengineering developments.
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2009: AGU position statement: Geoengineering the climate system [see: http://www.agu.org/sci_pol/positions/geoengineering.shtml].
American Meteorological Society, 2009: Geoengineering the climate system: A policy statement of the American Meteorological Society, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90(9), 1369–1370.
Kelsi Bracmort and Richard K. Lattanzio, Geoengineering: Governance and Technology Policy, Congressional Research Service, 2 January 2013.
During 22-26 March 2010 there was a conference at Asilomar that recommended a list of principles for geoengineering research. The conference was called the Asilomar International Conference on Climate Intervention, and its recommendations appear in this report:
Here are some of the references from this report:
P. J. Crutzen, Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: A contribution to resolve a policy dilemma?, Climatic Change 77 (2006), 211– 220, doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y.
M. C. MacCracken, Beyond Mitigation: Potential Options for Counter-Balancing the Climatic and Environmental Consequences of the Rising Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases, Background Paper to the 2010 World Development Report, Policy Research Working Paper (RWP) 4938, The World Bank, Washington, DC, May 2009, 43 pp.
Rayner, S., C. Redgwell, J. Savulescu, N. Pidgeon and T. Kruger, 2009: Memorandum on draft principles for the conduct of geoengineering research, (the ‘Oxford Principles’) reproduced in House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, The Regulation of Geoengineering, Fifth Report of the Session 2009-10, Report together with formal minutes, oral and written evidence, HC 221, 18 March 2010.
Royal Society (prepared by J. Shepherd et al.), Geoengineering the Climate: Science, Governance and Uncertainty, Science Policy Centre of The Royal Society, London, 2009, 98 pp.
S. H. Schneider, Earth systems: Engineering and management, Nature 409 (2001), 417–421.
UNEP (prepared by C. P. McMullen and J. Jappour), Climate Change Science Compendium 2009, United Nations Environment Programme, Nairobi, Earthprint, 2009, 70 pp.
T. M. Wigley, A combined mitigation/geoengineering approach to climate stabilization, Science 314 (2006), 452–454. doi:10.1126/science.1131728.
Some articles that discuss potential drawbacks of geoengineering (see also the Nathan Urban’s blog comment)
Matthews and Caldeira, Transient climate–carbon simulations of planetary geoengineering, PNAS 104 (2007)
Trenberth and Dai, Effects of Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption on the hydrological cycle as an analog of geoengineering Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (2007)
Robock, 20 reasons why geoengineering may be a bad idea Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (2008)
Ban-Weiss and Caldeira Geoengineering as an optimization problem Environ. Res. Lett. 5 (2010) 034009
Goes, Tuana and Keller The economics (or lack thereof) of aerosol geoengineering Climatic Change (2011)
Gardiner, Some Early Ethics of Geoengineering the Climate (in prep.)
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A full day bringing together English and Literacy teachers with Digital Technologies teachers to explore interactive fiction and other tools for digital storytelling, and have fun too.
These workshops aim to provide teachers with tools and strategies that can be used in the classroom. Digital Technologies can be seen as an obstacle if you are not tech savvy yourself, but the workshops are designed to give you the skills required to deliver this innovative pedagogical approach.
Digital storytelling combines the art of storytelling with multimedia features, such as photography, animation, audio, coding and video. Researchers have found that student engagement, achievement and motivation are enhanced through integration of such technologies. Digital storytelling is one of the innovative pedagogical approaches that can engage students in deep and meaningful learning. Thus, this approach has the potential to enhance student engagement and provide better educational outcomes for learners.
Joel Martin will discuss his experiences as a traditional fiction writer taking on a game writing project as well as the challenges that exist in that space. Interactive stories and games can provide exciting opportunities to tell stories that wouldn't be possible in traditional mediums.
Storytelling with Games
Games can be a fun way to engage students in a storytelling process. “Unplugged” activities are useful for beginning what could become a digital storytelling event.
From PowerPoint to Scratch
Scratch coding is an amazing free resource to develop students imaginations and address key outcomes in the Digital Technologies curriculum. Learn how PowerPoint can be used for Choose Your Own Adventure stories, then boost the interactivity by moving over to Scratch.
Interactive fiction using online tools
Explore what is already online and be able to use these tools in your classroom. Applications such as Twine encourage free-flowing prose and develop algorithmic/instruction thinking with students.
Lower primary: Storytelling and computational thinking with Beebots
Using robots to act out the story is a great way to engage lower primary students in storytelling.
Virtual Reality (VR) and CoSpaces
VR is an amazing tool to be able immerse students in an experience. You can also utilise web tools such as CoSpaces Edu to engage students in storytelling.
Serious Coding for text adventures
- What makes interactive writing different from traditional?
- Game Design principles.
- The Design Thinking process.
- Computational Thinking - where does it fit in interactive fiction?
This event is hosted and co-presented by KIOSC.
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A research group led by NIMS GREEN and JST, in collaboration with WPI-MANA and the Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8, developed a new measurement system using high-energy X-rays of SPring-8 and a Si thin-membrane window.
Through this achievement, the group succeeded for the first time in the world in tracking electrochemical reactions at solid/liquid interfaces in situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, which could only be used for measurement in a vacuum in the past.
A research group led by Prof. Dr. Kohei Uosaki, Research Manager of the Batteries and Fuel Cells Field at the Global Research Center for Environment and Energy based on Nanomaterials Science (GREEN) of the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) and Dr. Takuya Masuda, Researcher of the Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO) program at the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), in collaboration with NIMS International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA) and the Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8, developed a new measurement system using high-energy X-rays of SPring-8 and a silicon (Si) thin-membrane window. Through this achievement, the group succeeded for the first time in the world in tracking electrochemical reactions at solid/liquid interfaces in situ by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which could only be used for measurement in a vacuum in the past.
A solid/liquid interface is an important part that converts and uses energy in familiar energy devices, such as fuel cells and solar cells. Recent research and development which aims to maximize the efficiency of energy use faces the need to break away from materials development dependent on empirical rules and to adopt clear evaluation methods that enable strategic materials design. Accordingly, there has been a strong desire for methods to directly observe and measure the dynamic behavior of reactions at solid/liquid interfaces in the environment where the reactions are taking place (in situ). Meanwhile, XPS is a method to investigate the surface species and oxidation states of the surface of a substance by irradiating the substance with X-rays and analyzing the energy of the photoelectrons emitted from the elements on the surface. Conventionally, XPS could only be used for measurement in a vacuum, and could not be used to directly observe the reactions at solid/liquid interfaces in situ.
The research group succeeded in observing the electrochemical reactions at a solid/liquid interface in a non-vacuum environment in situ by having high-energy synchrotron X-rays of SPring-8 penetrate through a thin Si membrane window with a thickness of 15 nm. Specifically, the group developed a measurement system that uses a thin Si membrane as a window for transmitting X-rays and photoelectrons, as a barrier separating a vacuum and a liquid, and as an electrode for electrochemical reactions, and uses the high-energy synchrotron X-rays of SPring-8 to detect, on the vacuum side (through the thin membrane), the photoelectrons that have been emitted at the interface between the thin Si membrane window (solid) and the liquid. With this system, the group succeeded in in situ observation of potential-induced Si oxide growth in water.
The research results are expected to further elucidate the process at solid/liquid interfaces of major energy devices such as rechargeable batteries and fuel cells. At the same time, they are expected to contribute to the development and better performance of important parts such as cell electrodes and catalyst materials as a result of clarifying the reaction mechanism and problems in existing materials. In particular, quantitative investigation of the composition and oxidation states of interfaces, which was difficult in the past, becomes possible, which helps illuminate the deterioration mechanism of electrodes and electrolytes through identification of side reactions and the products of the reactions. Also, since XPS has been used for materials design and development in diverse fields including the industrial field and the medical field, the research results are expected to contribute to elucidating the mechanism of a broad range of phenomena in which interface reactions play an important role in those fields.
This research was conducted as part of the “Program for Development of Environmental Technology using Nanotechnology” entrusted by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and as part of the “Phase Interfaces for Highly Efficient Energy Utilization” research domain (Research Supervisor: Nobuhide Kasagi) of Individual Type Research (PRESTO) of the JST Strategic Basic Research Program, and the research results were published in the online preliminary edition of Applied Physics Letters, an applied physics journal published by the American Institute of Physics, at 3:00 a.m., September 13, 2013 (JST).
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There are four genetically distinct chimpanzee populations, all found in two relatively small regions of Africa. And yet these populations, which are sometimes less than a mile apart, are more genetically diverse than humans that live on different continents.
Three of the common chimpanzee groups are found in very close quarters, as you can see in the map below. While the distinct bonobo subspecies in in red on the southern side of the Congo River, the Eastern, Central, and Cameroonian subspecies form a nearly contiguous region in Central Africa, with only the Western population isolated from the others by any considerable geographic distance.
That's why the results of a new genomic study conducted by an international team of researchers is so surprising. Based on the DNA from 54 chimps taken from across these four populations, these chimps really are genetically distinct from each other despite often being so close together. What's more, the genetic diversity of these different chimp populations, even those who are practically right on top of each other, is significantly greater than that found in humans separated by entire continents. Oxford professor Peter Donnelly explains:
"Relatively small numbers of humans left Africa 50,000-100,000 years ago. All non-African populations descended from them, and are reasonably similar genetically. That chimpanzees from habitats in the same country, separated only by a river, are more distinct than humans from different continents is really interesting. It speaks to the great genetic similarities between human populations, and to much more stability, and less interbreeding, over hundreds of thousands of years, in the chimpanzee groups."
The high level of diversity also adds another wrinkle to ongoing chimp conservation efforts. Until now, it wasn't clear just how distinct the different sub-species really were - in particular, there was considerable debate whether the Cameroonian chimps really represented a separate group or not - and now we know that these really are very different groups of chimps, and we probably need to adjust our conservation plans according, as study leader Dr. Rory Bowden explains:
"These findings have important consequences for conservation. All great ape populations face unparalleled challenges from habitat loss, hunting and emerging infections, and conservation strategies need to be based on sound understanding of the underlying population structure. The fact that all four recognized populations of chimpanzees are genetically distinct emphasizes the value of conserving them independently. Genomics can also provide tools for use in chimpanzee conservation. Genetic tests could cheaply and easily identify the population of origin of an individual chimpanzee or even a sample of bush meat."
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