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Your friendly Arroyo Grande Dentist Dr. Perry Patel, D.D.S. cares about your dental health. Here are some common ways that you may be wreaking havoc on your teeth that you aren’t even aware of.
You know that you should brush your teeth at least twice enough, if not after every time you eat. You should also floss every day. But what do you do that causes harm? While they may seem inconsequential, they are causing problems to the health of your mouth.
• Don’t use your teeth as a tool. Instead of using your teeth to open packaging or remove tags, utilize a tool such as scissors or a multi-tool keychain to carry with you.
• Don’t bite your nails. Not only is it unhygienic, but it also could put you at risk for catching illnesses, as well as damaging your nail.
• Don’t chew ice. Chewing ice puts a lot of pressure on your teeth – unnecessarily. Chew sugar-free gum if you need to chew something.
• Don’t use toothpicks incorrectly. Instead of using toothpicks often and overly aggressively, only use them to remove annoying pieces of food stuck in your food.
What you can do to improve the health of your teeth and gums is to floss daily. Not only does it clear food and other debris from between teeth, it also prevents bacteria to build up, which can cause cavities.
How to floss effectively:
• Start with 18 inches of floss
• Wrap the extra floss around your middle fingers and leave a few inches between them
• Holding it tauntly between your thumb and index fingers, gently slide the floss between each tooth and slide it up and down in a rubbing motion
• At the gum line, slide the floss in the space between each tooth and gum line, never snap or force the floss because it can cause the gum tissue to be cut or become bruised
Types of floss:
• Nylon, also called multifilament, comes either waxed or unwaxed and either unflavored or in a variety of flavors. It is composed of many strands of nylons and may sometimes tear or shred. Waxed floss tends to glide between teeth more easily than unwaxed floss.
• PTFE, also called monofilament, is more expensive, but slides easily between tight spaces and is, most of the time, shred-resistant.
When to floss:
Ideally, you should brush and floss after every meal. However, dentists recommend flossing at bedtime if it’s going to happen only once a day because your saliva production slows when you’re asleep and allows bacteria to build up. Flossing before bed can slow the bacteria growth.
Call Arroyo Grande dentist Dr. Perry Patel, D.D.S. today at (805) 489-4761.
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Author: Kristen Grauman
Recent advances in sensor miniaturization, low-power computing, and battery life have carved the path for the first generation of mainstream wearable cameras. Images and video captured by a first-person (wearable) camera differ in important ways from third-person visual data. A traditional third-person camera passively watches the world, typically from a stationary position. In contrast, a first-person camera is inherently linked to the ongoing experiences of its wearer—it encounters the visual world in the context of the wearer’s physical activity, behavior, and goals.
To grasp this difference concretely, imagine two ways you could observe a scene in a shopping mall. In the first, you watch a surveillance camera video and see shoppers occasionally pass by the field of view of the camera. In the second, you watch the video captured by a shopper’s head-mounted camera as he actively navigates the mall—going in and out of stores, touching certain objects, moving his head to read signs or look for a friend. While both cases represent similar situations—and indeed the same physical environment—the latter highlights the striking difference in capturing the visual experience from the point of view of the camera wearer.
This distinction has intriguing implications for computer vision research—the realm of artificial intelligence and machine learning that aims to automate visual intelligence so that computers can “understand” the semantics and geometry embedded in images and video.
Emerging Applications for First-Person Computational Vision
First-person computational vision is poised to enable a class of new applications in domains ranging well beyond augmented reality to behavior assessment, perceptual mobile robotics, video indexing for life-loggers or law enforcement, and even the quantitative study of infant motor and linguistic development.
What’s more, the first-person perspective in computational vision has the potential to transform the basic research agenda of computer vision as a field: from one focused on “disembodied” static images, heavily supervised machine learning for closed-world tasks, and stationary testbeds—to one that instead encompasses embodied learning procedures, unsupervised learning and open-world tasks, and dynamic testbeds that change as a function of the system’s own actions and decisions.
My group’s recent work explores first-person computational vision on two main fronts:
Throughout these two research threads, our work is driven by the notion that the camera wearer is an active participant in the visual observations received. We consider egocentric or first-person cameras of varying sources—those worn by people as well as autonomous vehicles and mobile robots.
Embodied Visual Learning: How Does Ego-Motion Shape Visual Learning and Action?
Cognitive science indicates that proper development of visual perception requires internalizing the link between “how I move” and “what I see.” For example, in their famous “kitten carousel” experiment, Held and Hein (1963) examined how the visual development of kittens is shaped by their self-awareness and control (or lack thereof) of their own physical motion.
However, today’s best computer vision algorithms, particularly those tackling recognition tasks, are deprived of this link, learning solely from batches of images downloaded from the Web and labeled by human annotators. We argue that such “disembodied” image collections, though clearly valuable when collected at scale, deprive feature learning methods from the informative physical context of the original visual experience (figure 1).
We propose to develop embodied visual representations that explicitly link what is seen to how the sensor is moving. To this end, we present a deep feature learning approach that embeds information not only from the video stream the observer sees but also from the motor actions he simultaneously makes (Jayaraman and Grauman 2015). Specifically, we require that the features learned in a convolutional neural network exhibit equivariance, i.e., respond predictably to transformations associated with distinct ego-motions.
During training, the input image sequences are accompanied by a synchronized stream of ego-motor sensor readings. However, they need not possess any semantic labels. The ego-motor signal could correspond, for example, to the inertial sensor measurements received alongside video on a wearable or car-mounted camera.
The objective is to learn a function mapping from pixels in a video frame to a space that is equivariant to various motion classes. In other words, the resulting learned features should change in predictable and systematic ways as a function of the transformation applied to the original input (figure 2).
To exploit the features for recognition, we augment the neural network with a classification loss when class-labeled images are available, driving the system to discover a representation that is also suited for the recognition task at hand. In this way, ego-motion serves as side information to regularize the features learned, which we show facilitates category learning when labeled examples are scarce. We demonstrate the impact for recognition, including a scenario where features learned from “ego-video” on an autonomous car substantially improve large-scale scene recognition.
Building on this concept, we further explore how the system can actively choose how to move about a scene, or how to manipulate an object, so as to recognize its surroundings using the fewest possible observations (Jayaraman and Grauman 2016). The goal is to learn how the system should move to improve its sequence of observations, and how a sequence of future observations is likely to change conditioned on its possible actions.
We show how a recurrent neural network–based system may perform end-to-end learning of motion policies suited for this “active recognition” setting. In particular, the three functions of control, per-view recognition, and evidence fusion are simultaneously addressed in a single learning objective. Results so far show that this significantly improves the capacity to recognize a scene by instructing the egocentric camera where to point next, and to recognize an object manipulated by a robot arm by determining how to turn the object in its grasp to get the sequence of most informative views (figure 3).
Egocentric Summarization: What Is Important in a Long First-Person Video?
A second major thrust of our research explores video summarization from the first-person perspective. Given hours of first-person video, the goal is to produce a compact storyboard or a condensed video that retains all the important people, objects, and events from the source video (figure 4). In other words, long video in, short video out. If the summary is done well, it can serve as a good proxy for the original in the eyes of a human viewer.
While summarization is valuable in many domains where video must be more accessible for searching and browsing, it is particularly compelling in the first-person setting because of (1) the long-running nature of video generated from an always-on egocentric camera, and (2) the storyline embedded in the unedited video captured from a first-person perspective.
Our work is inspired by the potential application of aiding a person with memory loss, who by reviewing their visual experience in brief could improve their recall (Hodges et al. 2011). Other applications include facilitating transparency and memory for law enforcement officers wearing bodycams, or allowing a robot exploring uncharted territory to return with an executive visual summary of everything it saw.
We are developing methods to generate visual synopses from egocentric video. Leveraging cues about ego attention and interactions to infer a storyline, the proposed methods automatically detect the highlights in long source videos. Our main contributions so far entail
With experiments processing dozens of hours of unconstrained video of daily life activity, we show that long first-person videos can be distilled to succinct visual storyboards that are understandable in just moments.
The first-person setting offers exciting new opportunities for large-scale visual learning. The work described above offers a starting point toward the greater goals of embodied representation learning, first-person recognition, and storylines in first-person observations.
Future directions for research in this area include expanding sensing to multiple modalities (audio, three-dimensional depth), giving an agent volition about its motions during training as well as at the time of inference, investigating the most effective means to convey a visual or visual-linguistic summary, and scaling algorithms to cope with large-scale streaming video while making such complex decisions.
Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, Li L-J, Li K, Fei-Fei L. 2009. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 20–25, Miami Beach.
Held R, Hein A. 1963. Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 56(5):872–876.
Hodges S, Berry E, Wood K. 2011. Sensecam: A wearable camera which stimulates and rehabilitates autobiographical memory. Memory 19(7):685–696.
Jayaraman D, Grauman K. 2015. Learning image representations tied to ego-motion. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV), December 13–16, Santiago. Available at www.cs.utexas.edu/~grauman/papers/jayaraman-iccv2015.pdf.
Jayaraman D, Grauman K. 2016. Look-ahead before you leap: End-to-end active recognition by forecasting the effect of motion. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), October 8–16, Amsterdam. Available at www.cs.utexas.edu/~grauman/papers/jayaraman-eccv2016- activer ec.pdf.
Lee YJ, Grauman K. 2015. Predicting important objects for egocentric video summarization. International Journal on Computer Vision 114(1):38–55.
Lu Z, Grauman K. 2013. Story-driven summarization for egocentric video. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), June 23–28, Portland, OR. Available at www.cs.utexas.edu/~grauman/papers/lu-grauman-cvpr2013. pdf.
Su Y-C, Grauman K. 2016. Detecting engagement in egocentric video. Proceedings of the European Conference on Computer Vision (ECCV), October 8–16, Amsterdam. Available at www.cs.utexas.edu/~grauman/papers/su-eccv2016-ego.pdf.
Xiong B, Grauman K. 2015. Intentional photos from an unintentional photographer: Detecting snap points in egocentric video with a web photo prior. In: Mobile Cloud Visual Media Computing: From Interaction to Service, eds. Hua G, Hua X-S. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
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Curation is a relatively new term in journalism, but the practice is as old as journalism itself. Every act of journalism is an act of curation: think of how a news report or feature selects and combines elements from a range of sources (first hand sources, background facts, first or second hand colour). Not only that: every act of publishing is, too: selecting and combining different types of content to ensure a news or content ‘mix’.
Amazon’s Jeff Bezos’ in his talk to employees at the Washington Post said: “People will buy a package … they will not pay for a story.” Previously that package was limited to what your staff produced, and wire copy. But as more content becomes digitised, it is possible to combine more content from a wider variety of sources in a range of media - and on any one of a number of platforms.
Curation is nothing new – but it is becoming harder.
Choosing the tools
I’ve identified at least three distinct types of curation (you may think of more):
- Curation as distribution or relay: this is curation at the platform level: think of Twitter accounts that relay the most useful links and tweets from elsewhere. Or Tumblr blogs that pass on the best images, video and quotes. Or UsVsTh3m.
- Curation as aggregation or combination: seen in linkblogging and news roundups, or galleries, or news aggregators (even creating an algorithm or filter is a journalistic act of selection).
- Curation as filter or distillation: this often comes in the form of the list: Buzzfeed is a master of these, distilling conversations from Reddit and complementing them with images.
There are also a number of ways in which the journalist adds value (again, you may think of more):
- Through illustrating (as Buzzfeed, above, does with images to liven up highlights from a text discussion)
- Through contextualising
- Through verification
- Through following up
As a journalist operating online, you are both reporter and publisher, able to curate content both at the article level and that of ‘publication’ – whether that’s a Twitter stream, a Tumblr blog, or a Flipboard magazine. Here are some suggestions for tools and techniques:
Lists: Twitter, blogrolls and playlists
Lists are an excellent way to get started with curation. After all, you’ll be making lists anyway: lists of contacts and lists of news sources are two basic journalism processes, so why not make more out of them?
Twitter lists are a no-brainer: these are essentially curated ‘channels’ of particular users that you value for some reason. Typical themes include:
- Users who pass on information in a particular field (for example health journalists, workers and academics) or location
- Users who share a particular quality (for example they are very funny, or fast)
- Users who share a particular role (for example employers, or journalists)
For examples check out the Telegraph’s Top 50 fashionistas on Twitter or The Guardian’s 30 most influential sustainability voices in the US, or Sports Illustrated’s Twitter 100. Large numbers aren’t essential – ten or even five is a good start, and you can always ask users to suggest more, which can spark off a useful discussion.
Aside from the fact that you are probably compiling these lists anyway, there are other reasons to make them public:
- The list is based at your Twitter account, bringing you new followers
- The list establishes your authority as a well-connected reporter in the field
- People on the list will be made aware that they have been added to it (Twitter will generate an alert in their feed, but also friends may mention their being listed). This can be a good ice-breaker to connect with those people.
- A Twitter name is not a ‘contact’ – it is your relationship with the people behind the names that is your asset as a journalist.
Blogrolls and shared news feeds
Many blogs have a ‘blogroll’ of similar sites that the publisher recommends, which site in a separate column to your main posts and look something like this:
You can search for instructions or videos on how to do this in WordPress, Blogger, Tumblr, and so on – but you should also pay some thought to how to publish part(s) of that list (a top 5, or one type) as a blog post.
The same principle applies to news (RSS) feeds that you subscribe to from the same sites. These can be monitored using an RSS reader - but some readers also provide the facility to publish the feed as a public page. This post explains how to share a folder on Netvibes, for example. What is particularly useful about sharing a list of links this way is that – in a similar way to Twitter lists – you are actually curating a live ‘channel’ rather than a static list, which means people are likely to return again and again, and share it more widely.
For an example, see 50 feeds for journalism students, which used Google Reader’s bundle feature (no longer available).
More broadly, you may want to consider a news roundup such as ‘Today in healthcare‘ (which doubles as a liveblog), or picking a discussion and illustrating the best of it, as BuzzFeed do regularly with articles like ‘21 Brilliant British People Problems‘ (curated from a Reddit discussion thread)
One other idea: events listings. You’ll have your own editorial calendar – why not make more of it?
Video and audio playlists using YouTube, Spotify, Last.fm or Soundcloud
If you want to make a list of multimedia material, it’s worth thinking about the easiest way for people to consume that multimedia. Do you want them to have to play each video separately, on a blog post – or do you want them to be able to play them all together, with one click? (Tip: it’s not an either/or choice – why not do both?)
YouTube playlists will allow users to do the latter – as well as allowing them to discover it on the world’s second biggest search engine (YouTube has more searches than Yahoo or Bing), and save it to their YouTube favourites or use other functions on YouTube.
CueYouTube is one tool that allows you to do this without even using YouTube itself.
For an example of curating video which first appeared in print, see The 20 online talks that could change your life, from The Guardian’s G2 supplement.
You can do the same thing with music using playlists on services like Spotify or Last.fm.
Image curation: Pinterest, Flickr pools
Image curation deserves separate treatment – it is perhaps the most established form of curation, spawning a host of apps and services from Instagram to Pinterest - while older image sites like Flickr have had sets and collections, groups and pools for some time now (you can also create slideshows, with a range of third party tools which will do that for you). Many also allow video. Ink361 allows users to curate Instagram photos, as do services like Storify – treated separately below.
The Guardian’s Datablog Flickr group and Martha Stewart Living’s Pinterest are particularly successful examples from magazine and news publishing, and illustrate two different approaches to image curation:
- Theme – anything from a category like ‘home furnishings’ (the more specific the better) to something more abstract like ‘green’; and:
- Specific event or information – for example, visualising data on housing, or a gallery of images from an event
The former is often about filtering and identifying some sort of quality, or stimulating some sort of reaction(s). The latter is often about telling a story, something which is increasingly done by news websites such as The Daily Mail, where articles like ‘Bake Off bloodbath‘ are largely curated image galleries.
And as we move onto stories, we need to look at mixed media.
Mixed media: curation using maps and timelines
Tools like Dipity and Meograph allow you to place curated material within a particular format: maps and timelines.
Here, for example, is a timeline of the Birmingham City of Culture bid by then-second year undergraduate student Kellie Maddox – it combines video with links to news reports and other documents (photos can also be added). The timeline can also be viewed as a map, list, or ‘flipbook’.
Meograph is more focused on mapping the story, and makes it easier to provide an audio narration. This works for stories that take place across different locations, but the geographical element can feel strained in examples like this history of Whitney Houston’s life, so use it only where movement between place is important.
Curate your own magazines with Flipboard
Flipboard is a ‘social news magazine’ – essentially an RSS reader without saying so. In that sense it is a personal curation tool – but there’s also a public functionality too: magazines.
You can create a Flipboard magazine by going to https://editor.flipboard.com. Articles can be added to any magazine by clicking on the + icon next to any article in the Flipboard app (which you can also use to create a new magazine) or by using the browser bookmarklet as explained in the FAQ when you are on an article of interest. You can customise the cover and other elements in the editor view.
Flipboard recently made it possible to view magazines on a normal desktop browser even if the user does not use Flipboard themselves. Here’s an example of a magazine curating articles on web security for journalists which I recently published.
Curation as a platform: Tumblr, Storify – and Twitter again
At the start of this post I mentioned that curation took place not just at the level of the article, but at the level of the platform too. Services like Tumblr and Storify reinvent this for the internet age.
Storify is the ultimate curation tool, allowing you to pull in content easily from Twitter, YouTube, Facebook, Google Plus, Flickr, Instagram, other Storify stories, and the wider web using the search box on the right.
Results can be dragged into the main story area, and rearranged, before adding explanatory or narrative text, subheadings and a headline. Alerts can be sent to Twitter users who are quoted, and the whole can be embedded on another webpage or blog post.
It’s particularly good for curating coverage of an event from journalists, observers and participants – but is adaptable to anything you think of. I’ve used it in the past to collect a discussion that took place between multiple users across hours on Twitter into one place.
Because of this flexibility it is worth considering Storify as a platform in its own right, at least alongside your core blog for covering events, discussions and background (or any stories where material is spread across multiple public sources).
For a similarly efficient curation platform take a good look at Tumblr. Tumblr has quietly risen to become the most visited blogging service in the UK, with research suggesting that it is becoming the platform of choice (along with Instagram) for teenagers fleeing Facebook.
Like Flipboard, you can share items on Tumblr by using a bookmarklet on your browser – but you can also type original content or upload images (including sets) from your computer or phone. The curation is in the content mix over time rather than a single piece of content – so try to anticipate this from the start and pick a clear niche for your Tumblr blog’s focus – you can always have more than one.
Finally, the tool we began with – Twitter – can perform a similar function at a platform level. Sharing useful or interesting links either as a standalone service (like the automated aggregator @impatientnhs) or alongside your own observations and content can prove a successful content mix – and it’s generally easy to do so from RSS readers like Feedly and Flipboard. Linking is after all central to online journalism – so make sure you do it habitually.
UPDATE: This great Storify by Kevin Sablan goes into more detail about what curation is in a cultural context, and how journalism uses the same skills. It also links to this Mindy McAdams post on 7 types of curation in journalism.
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Low back pain is one of the most common complaints of most Americans nowadays, aside from headaches. In addition to stress-related causes, this pain may also be due to overuse (affecting mostly the elderly) or injuries such as those occurring after rigorous physical activity, or a mild to serious car accident.
For a lot of people, the pain usually goes away after a few days or weeks even without treatment. There are others, however, who even after consulting with a car accident doctor, find that their low back pain becomes chronic, leading to an unending series of physical therapy, pain medications, and—at the worst—surgery.
There are some ways in which low back pain can be prevented. There are strategies in lifting an object, for example, that would remove the pressure on the lower back. In doing sports, as well, it’s very important to show proper form in order to avoid getting injured.
Still another way to prevent low back pain is to strengthen the core muscles—those in the abdominal area—through yoga. Yoga is a set of exercises that promote muscular strength and flexibility. There are a lot of poses that can help relieve low back pain, and even just a few minutes of yoga regularly can reduce pain and strengthen core abdominal muscles.
By identifying and targeting specific muscle groups and using the appropriate poses, yoga can become a highly effective treatment for low back pain. A 2009 research project from Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, for example, found yoga to be more effective than the usual treatment for chronic back pain. The participants in the study even reduced their intake of pain medications after doing yoga exercises for a set period of time.
Aside from strengthening core muscles, however, yoga also helps if there are psychological factors involved in the back pain. The act of doing the poses promotes relaxation and calmness, which relieve the mental stress and anxiety that might have resulted to back pain.
However, yoga should not be the only strategy used in the treatment of this particular
complaint. Another good method to use with it is chiropractic care which entails manual manipulation of the spine. According to chiropractic principles, a lot of body pains can be attributed to the misalignment of vertebrae, and its adjustment will promote pain relief and eventual treatment of low back pain.
Pain in the lower back can be debilitating and can even lead to chronic ailment. Doing yoga properly and having regular chiropractic care ensures reduction of pain and eventual treatment.
For help with treating your neck or back pain, contact BluestoneChiropractic.com, an Arizona car accident injury specialist that treats whiplash injuries in Scottsdale, Phoenix, Tempe, Mesa, and Gilbert.
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ReutlingenArticle Free Pass
Reutlingen, city, Baden-Württemberg Land (state), southwestern Germany. It lies on the Echaz River below the Achalm mountain in the Swabian Alps (Schwäbische Alb), south of Stuttgart. Founded by Frederick II, it was chartered in the early 13th century and later became a free imperial city (until 1802). Reutlingen was the scene of the Swabian League’s decisive victory over Count Ulrich of Württemberg in 1377. Electronics and machinery production dominate manufacturing, though there is some textile and clothing production, the former once an important sector in the city’s economy. The Tübinger (13th century) and Garden (14th century) gates remain of the old fortifications. There are numerous high-gabled, half-timbered houses and several Gothic churches—including the Marienkirche (begun 1247), which has 14th-century frescoes, an octagonal font (1499), and a replica of the Holy Sepulchre (1500). There are also municipal and natural-history museums. The economist Friedrich List was born in Reutlingen in 1789. Pop. (2003 est.) 112,346.
What made you want to look up "Reutlingen"? Please share what surprised you most...
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How Do We Teach our Children Responsible Behavior
Note: This post is part of an ongoing series on the war that is being waged against families and
family values---and what we can do to strengthen and protect ours.I teach a Sunday
School class on strengthening the family and parenting skills. The lesson manual is
terrific, the points "right on" and the suggestions doable. Each week, usually Fridays,
I am including some of the information from that class.
Train up a child in the way he should go and when he is old he will not depart from it. Proverbs 22:6
"If you want responsible
children give them
responsibilities and part
of the responsibility is
they have to make the choice. . ."
from Family Answers DVD
It is not hard to be an example --the most important thing is to be a GOOD example!
There have been many "scientific" teaching methods put forth through the years but the one important, consistent, no-fail method is to teach as Jesus Christ taught. Our Lord and Savior taught by example. He taught ---
- forgiveness by forgiving
- compassion by being compassionate and
- devotion by giving of Himself.
Parents cannot be hypocrites. Our children will remember our examples more than anything else we do or say.
Many parents are afraid to ask their children to do chores or make behavior changes, fearing the child will say no or resent or reject them for asking. Many parents don't have the courage to be "in control." (which is different than "controlling.")
Consider this: Fear of being disliked should not be a problem for parents. The parent's responsibility is to be just that --- the parent --- not a friend or peer.
Children are constantly learning and little children want to help. We must take the time to show them how and to let them, even when we know it will take more time.
We must also make sure we are very clear in our directions. Take the time to make sure they understand what you want. To see one of my (poor) examples go to:
Teaching children to perform simple actions are stepping stones to the behavior expected of them as adults. Even though it takes effort for parents to help their children become cooperative, helpful and responsible individuals, making that effort can prevent many problems as they mature.
1. Children that are old enough to pick up a toy to play with are old enough to be shown how to put it away.
2. Clearly explain and show what you want the child to do.
2. You will probably have to show and tell them several times before they get the idea.
3. It is very important that you take the time to be consistent in your teaching and expectations --- and the follow through.
Consider this: Our children want our attention, they seek our attention --- and will do what is necessary to gain our attention. Think about the percentage of time we recognize their good behavior compared to the their unacceptable behavior. Is it disproportionate?
4. After a request has been completed show appreciation and positive feedback. Tell how what they did benefited you and others.
5. When you express appreciation be specific --- say I appreciate what you did (filling in the act) NOT just I appreciate you. Do you see the difference?
6. Gradually increase the complexity of their chore, or the type of chore , as they progress.
Consider this: Do we like to be told what to do? Or be told to "do it right now!" Are children any different? Orders usually provoke resistance and/or alternatives like "I'll do it later."
Children cooperate more readily when they can choose between two acceptable alternatives. When children are allowed to make a choice, it helps them take responsibility.
We tried to give our children a 10 minute notice or warning before it was time to quit (or start) something. That helped a lot.
7. Make sure the choices you offer are acceptable to you.
example 1: "I would like you to pick up your clothes before you go out to play this afternoon. Would you like to pick them up now before the bus comes, or as soon as you come home from school?"
example 2: If you were to say "You can mow the lawn now, or you can forget about using the car tomorrow night," the child may choose to leave the car and go with friends instead. The child gets what he wants and the lawn remains unmowed, an unacceptable outcome to you. It is better to say, "You can mow the lawn today, or you can clean the garage for me so I'll have time to mow the lawn" --- where both options are agreeable to you and the child has a choice.
8. Make sure the choices you offer are limited enough to be understood and not overwhelming or subject to a choice that would not be acceptable to you.
example:"Would you like to wear this or this (holding up two items)" rather than going to the closet and saying "What would you like to wear?"
For more examples click on http://thecreativecheapskate.blogspot.com/2011/09/kids-and-art-of-giving-them-control.html
9. Use the word "When" not "If." Consider the difference.
example: "We will go for ice cream (fill in the above words) you finish cleaning your room."
WHEN is the result -- IF is a bribe.
10. Choices should not involve punishment: "You can mow the lawn now, or you are grounded for a month." This statement offers no real choice ("you must do as I say or I will punish you") and instead of teaching, will provoke feelings of resentment.
Consider this: from the Family Answers DVD -- Discipline helps a child learn --- Punishment helps a parent who has been hurt (or angry) feel better.
Be Prepared for. . .
kids that are not eager to go along with new changes that require them to behave responsibly. You may hear "That's not fair," "why do I have to do this?" "Other parents don't make their kids do that," etc. Don't be manipulated by such comments.
And Prepare to . . .
be consistent in the matter of choices, and the necessity of repeating the choices several times. When the know you really mean it they will finally comply.
It is important you do all of this without becoming defensive or angry. Do not argue.
If your child wants to debate the matter you can acknowledge his or her comments with a brief statement such as "That may be true" ... and then restate the choice. Again, you may to repeat this but that is okay. You are the parent. Do not let your children manipulate you.
Consider this: When they start realizing that you mean what you say --- your life, and theirs, will get a lot easier.
And, Finally the Possibility Exists that . . .
your child refuses to comply when given choices. Then, you the parent need to impose a consequence that logically relates to the misbehavior. Proper consequences make sense (even when they don't like them) and will help them learn responsible behavior.
If a consequence is disproportionate or unrelated to the offense, it may seem unreasonable, arbitrary and excessive, provoking the child to feel angry, resentful and rebellious.
If you realize the consequence you imposed is not in keeping with the offense should you
...just let it slide without saying anything? or
...apologize to your child, saying it was too extreme and reissue a more reasonable one?
What does the first one "say" to your child? Does it come across as "empty threats"?
What are the benefits of your child hearing that you also make mistakes and are willing to apologize and take steps to correct them?
"If parents do not discipline their children and teach them to obey, society may discipline them in a way neither the parents nor the children will like. Without discipline and obedience in the home, the unity of the family collapses. Greater peace and happiness will come to your family as you lovingly teach your children to obey the commandments of God and the rules of home and society." (from the lesson manual)
Dave and I tried hard not to have double standards --- we didn't see R-rated movies or engage in other inappropriate activities that society would have us believe are acceptable for grown-ups. We let our children know where we were going and when to expect us home --- and we called when our plans changed. We had the same respect for them as we expected from them.
Participate, as much as possible, in activities with your children, whether working or playing together. This allows opportunity for teaching and examples that the children can then incorporate in their lives.
These Things I Wish for You...
by Lee Pitts
Teaching children to be responsible does not have to that complicated. Simply, the three most important ways we can teach are:
Watch for Part 4: Applying Consequences
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The summer of 2018 has been extremely hot in the Palm Springs area – though you already know this from the sweats stains on your clothes, your high electric bills, and the large number of hours you have spent binging on Netflix instead of going outside. Remarkably, as hot as it has been, a new report says that the Coachella Valley is going to get even hotter by the end of the century.
California’s fourth Climate Change Assessment took a look at the entire state, but what it found about what’s in store for the desert region of California that is most startling.
The Inland Deserts region is the hottest and driest region of California, with a desert climate that varies primarily due to elevation. The region’s climate is becoming more extreme, with daily average high temperatures projected to increase by 8-14ºF by the end of century.
So what does that mean? Well, basically a never-ending summer with the number of days with a temperature above 95 degrees going from the current 135 to 179 by 2100 and, well, we should probably start looking for a new place at the beach.
And the heat wouldn’t just take its toll on living conditions. Local agriculture and the water supply would be affected, the risk of fires in the local mountains would increase greatly, and tourists are likely to stay the hell away from the oven-like conditions with the report stating that the lack of nice days constituting “a big blow to the local economy.”
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| 0.966116 | 311 | 2.625 | 3 |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2003 June 24
Explanation: How smooth is the Sun? The new Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope, deployed in the Canary Islands only last year, allows imaging of objects less than 100-km across on the Sun's surface. When pointed toward the Sun's edge, surface objects now begin to block each other, indicating true three-dimensional information. Close inspection of the image reveals much vertical information, including spectacular light-bridges rising nearly 500-km above the floor of sunspots near the top of the image. Also visible in the above false-color image are hundreds of bubbling granules, each about 1000-km across, and small bright regions known as faculas.
Authors & editors:
NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers
NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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| 0.866993 | 220 | 3.515625 | 4 |
The outbreak of monkeypox is unusual but “containable,” the World Health Organization (WHO) said on Monday, confirming 131 cases in nineteen countries where the virus is usually nonexistent.
That number is still expected to rise, but experts say the overall risk to the broader population is quite low.
The virus is most common in remote parts of Central and West Africa.
“This is a containable situation,” the WHO’s emerging disease lead, Maria Van Kerkhove, said at a news conference on Monday.
“We want to stop human-to-human transmission. We can do this in the non-endemic countries,” she added—referring to recent cases in Europe and North America.
Monkeypox virus has now been detected in 16 countries outside Africa
Despite being the largest outbreak outside of Africa in fifty years, monkeypox does not spread easily between people, and experts say the threat is not comparable to the coronavirus pandemic.
“Transmission is really happening from skin-to-skin contact…most of the people who have been identified have more of a mild disease,” Van Kerkhove said.
Another WHO official added that there was no evidence the monkeypox virus had mutated, following earlier speculation over the cause of the current outbreak.
Viruses in this group “tend not to mutate and they tend to be fairly stable,” said Rosamund Lewis, who heads the WHO‘s smallpox secretariat.
Symptoms of monkeypox include fever, aches, pain, fatigue, headache in the early stages, and then a rash, much like smallpox, that commonly appears on the hands and feet.
This rash is often itchy and uncomfortable, and scratching the bumps can cause scarring.
Monkeypox was first discovered in the mid-twentieth century amongst captive monkeys being used for research in laboratories. It has since spread across Africa and was only first officially recorded outside of Africa in 2003 in the United States.
The bout of cases recorded in 2003 numbered 81, and no one infected with the virus passed away. Experts believe the spread of the infection can be linked to infected prairie dogs that were brought into the United States.
See all the latest news from Greece and the world at Greekreporter.com. Contact our newsroom to report an update or send your story, photos and videos. Follow GR on Google News and subscribe here to our daily email!
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Re: Advice on starting a Garden Club at elementary school.
11-23-2013 11:20 PM
The aim of garden club for children is to give them a lot of hands-on experience of growing. Try growing fruits, vegetables and flowers. Another valuable teach you can provide is to make the garden as eco-friendly as possible. Must teach the concept of reducing, recycling and reusing to children.
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The coconut plant is found vastly across the tropic area and in time, it has proven its title as the “Tree of Life”. It is known for its great versatility as seen in the many domestic, commercial, and industrial uses of its different parts. The coconut palm is grown throughout the tropics for decoration, as well as for its many culinary and non-culinary uses. Its versatility is even noted in its naming. In Sanskrit it is kalpa vriksha which means "the tree which provides all the necessities of life". In the Malay language, it is named pokok seribu guna meaning "the tree of a thousand uses" while in the Philippines, the coconut is commonly called the "Tree of Life". Nearly all parts of the plant are useful and can be utilized by humans for culinary, commercial, industrial, household use, culture, religion, medicinal, tool and shelter for animals and even as food and fragrance. If ever one gets deserted on an island, all he or she needs is a coconut tree to survive, thus, dubbed as the “Tree of Life”. In the Philippines, it is considered as one of the major dollar earner industry that provides livelihood to most of the country’s population. It sustains the Filipinos’ lives through its vast usefulness from roots to leaves which ultimately becomes the source of living of many people.
The coconut plant as the “Tree of Life” has been shown through history and even in legends and in folk tales. This plant has been recognized as a source of every thing a man may need. Several stories have depicted the origin and the uses of the plant and several motifs were also shown. This paper aims to discuss a brief summary of some of these stories, how the plant came to be, how some of its utilities are presented and how different themes and motifs are implied and discussed.
There are actually a lot of histories about the coconut. The coconut has been a staple source of food shelter and water for the people within the tropics, shores, and islands. There are great stories about the coconut. There are actually two versions to the story of the tale of the coconut in the Philippine version. The first talks about the friendship of the gods and their rivalry, and the second talks about the love story of a couple that became tragic. The first story is entitled “The First Coconut Tree and The Creation of Man” from the Tagalogs that tells the story of three lonely gods: Bathala (god of creation), Ulingkalulua (a large snake an god o the skies) and Galangkalulua, (the god with a winged head). When Bathala met Ulingkalulua, they engaged in a duel and Ulingkalulua was defeated and his body was burned. When Galangkalulua visited the temple of Bathala, he was welcomed and soon, they were friends. Until Galangkalulua became ill and was buried next to the burned body of Ulingkalulua. A few months passed by, Bathala noticed a coconut tree grew from where both the two dead gods was buried. The tree had the features of the head of the snake god with similar facial features, round eyes, flat nose, and a round mouth. The leaves of the tree have the shape of the wings of Galangkalulua and the trunk of this enemy, Ulingkalulua. Later in the creation of the first man, the coconut tree served to be the tree for the soul and provided the people with food, drink, and shelter until now.
This story not only showed how coconut came to be but it was shown how it became part of the origin of man and how it was believed to sustain the first generation of people with all the necessities in life. Coming from the Tagalogs, this myth truly proves that the coconut tree is the tree for the soul. The everlasting essence of friendship and respect was depicted in the story and the Tree of Life served as a tool for the continuity and preservation of life.
On the other hand, coconut plant proved to be a product of love, sacrifice and hope—the essence of life itself. This myth tells the tale of a young beautiful woman, whose father denied all of the suitors from visiting her....
Please join StudyMode to read the full document
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Plastic jugs make inexpensive and easy-to-use "hot caps" for your vegetable seedlings. Remove the bottom inch of a plastic jug so that the sides are straight. Then cut around the jug below the handle, leaving a half-inch uncut piece under the handle as a hinge. Place the jug over a seedling, pushing it deep into the soil with the handle toward the prevailing wind. This reduces the chance of it blowing open.
The jug serves as a "hot cap" to guard against frost, a translucent shield to prevent sun-scald and a wind barrier. When the plant is well established, the top can be folded back during the day and flipped into place when needed at night. When all danger of frost is past, cut off the top at the hinge, leaving the bottom to provide a reservoir for watering.
Another garden use for plastic milk jugs - seep irrigation. Simply use a large nail to punch holes in the sides of a jug, spacing them about 2 inches apart. Bury the jug, leaving the neck protruding from the soil. Fill the jug with water (solutions of liquid fertilizer may be used to water and fertilize at the same time) and screw the cap on firmly. The water will gradually seep out, providing a slow, deep irrigation for surrounding plants.
As people are making plans for this year's garden, I want to mention something that is frequently overlooked. That is the date of the family vacation. Choose planting dates and varieties carefully so your garden won't be ready for a full harvest when you are out of town. General guidelines about maturity dates, etc. can be obtained at the County Extension Office, but for more exact information on a particular variety, one should check with the seed supplier.
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| 0.928682 | 361 | 2.921875 | 3 |
March 8, 1958
Transportation in Los Angeles as it was 50 years ago. A motorist is stranded on the median of the Harbor Freeway. Significant point: At this time in Los Angeles history, the freeways were patrolled by the LAPD, not the CHP ... And an interesting problem for streetcars. Notice that when the tracks are blocked, nothing can move. To greatly simplify the problem: The thing defined streetcars--tracks--was also their inescapable weakness. Which is one of the major reasons they were replaced by buses that could change lanes.
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| 0.978224 | 116 | 2.625 | 3 |
roughen definition by Webster's New World
Webster's New World College Dictionary Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio. Used by arrangement with John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
transitive verb, intransitive verb
to make or become rough
roughen definition by American Heritage Dictionary
tr. & intr.v. rough·ened, rough·en·ing, rough·ens
To make or become rough.
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| 0.809117 | 93 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What is an Aerial Photograph?
An aerial photograph is a photo taken of the ground from an elevated position where the camera is not supported by a ground-based structure. Aerial photos are most often processed through GIS software. Help with GIS software is offered through the Clark Lab, located here.
Uses of Aerial Photography
The DTE Aerial Photo Collection through Wayne State provides digitized copies of aerial photos of Detroit and the surrounding area from 1949 to 1997. Pdf files range from low resolution (72dpi) to high resolution (600 dpi).
SEMCOG (Southeast Michigan Council of Governments) has aerial images of Wayne County (as well as other southeast Michigan counties) available for PDF download. The aerial photos were taken in 2010.
Great Lakes Aerial Photos provides several different photos of Detroit's skyline from 2003. These photos are not available for download, but they do provide a good view of Detroit today.
The map collection contains several series of black and white, print aerial photographs of Michigan, with varying levels of completeness from 1939-1995.
Aerial photograph coverage in other geographical areas is limited, although some books and atlases include aerial images. Try a keyword or subject search for the location and the phrase aerial photographs.
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| 0.946513 | 257 | 3.390625 | 3 |
A flower that looks like any other flower in daylight, but turn off the lights and its unique engineered bioluminescent light guides become visible. Specialized cell structures on the flower called lumocysts express the luxABCDE genes from the bioluminescent bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum giving the flower tissue the ability to make light. The quality of the light produced by these bacteria, and now the plant, is unique and it has powerful lure-like qualities so that when bees become extinct, the plants will attract and be pollinated by night-flying insects like moths. Night feeding carnivorous plants might also be developed though this technology.
Ascorbate (or vitamin C) crystallization as seen under the Differential Interference Contrast microscope.
The bacterium Agrobacterium tumifaciens is a sophisticated plant pathogen causing gall-like tumours in its hosts. Upon infection, it introduces a small section of its own DNA (called T-DNA) into the host plant’s genome and this results in the formation of a plant tumour. The T-DNA carries genes for the production of plant hormones (auxin and cytokinins) thus altering the hormonal balance in the plant cell so that its division is no longer controlled and tumours form. In addition, the inserted bacterial DNA also reprograms the plant to make chemicals called opines, which the bacteria then use as a source of nutrition.
By infecting carrot slices with these tumourogenic bacteria, I have generated an immortal and undifferentiated type of carrot tissue that uniquely produces opines. I have now made a soup with these cells, harvested from many infected carrot slices, and I’m pleased to report that it tastes divine, with the bacterial opines producing a stunning and unique flavour.
This is the starting point for some further explorations in which it might be possible to clone in various flavour pathways into the carrot cells, so that one could directly grow carrot soup in the lab (with onion or coriander flavour pathways engineered into it) without ever having to resort to soil grown a carrot, onion or herb.
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| 0.939221 | 439 | 3.078125 | 3 |
World Breastfeeding Week offers a perfect time to highlight the benefits of breastfeeding.
The annual observance, coordinated by the World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA), is August 1-7, 2018. This year’s theme, “Breastfeeding: Foundation of Life,” focuses on educating everyone on how breastfeeding is the foundation of lifelong health for babies and mothers. In a world filled with health disparities, it is critical that all babies have a strong foundation for a healthy life. According to WABA, breastfeeding prevents hunger and malnutrition in all its forms and ensures food security for babies, even in times of crises.
“Breastfeeding is one of the best gifts a mother can give her child,” said Ellen Babb, DHEC’s Breastfeeding Coordinator. “No formula can equal the unique combination of easily digestible nutrients and immune factors found in human milk. In addition to numerous physical benefits for mother and baby, breastfeeding promotes a special, lasting bond between them.”
Tackling the myths
Unfortunately, there are many myths about breastfeeding that have made many mothers indecisive on whether to breastfeed their babies or not. Take a look at a few of them below.
Myth: I won’t be able to make enough milk.
Moms almost always make enough milk to feed their babies. Your baby is likely getting more than you think at each feeding. A newborn’s stomach is only the size of an almond. If you eat in a healthy way, drink water, and nurse often, your milk supply should be plentiful. If you have any concerns about your milk supply or your child’s weight, check in with your baby’s doctor or nurse.
Myth: Breastfeeding hurts.
The truth is that breastfeeding is not supposed to be a painful experience. In fact, pain is usually a red flag that something is wrong. While a baby’s latch can be strong, it’s not actually biting, not even when the baby is cutting teeth. As with any new skill, there is an adjustment period. WIC provides breastfeeding peer counselors, lactation consultants, and educational materials to help you get a good start and proper latch – a key to preventing pain. There’s a number of organizations in South Carolina (such as hospitals, lactation centers, and the WIC Program) that offers assistance with breastfeeding through lactation counselors, lactation consultants, peer counselors, and educational materials to help you get a good start and proper latch – a key to preventing pain.
Myth: If I breastfeed, the baby will want only me, or be spoiled.
Just because you breastfeed does not mean that your baby will only want you or be spoiled. While there is a joyful closeness and bonding that occurs during breastfeeding there are also many things others can do, especially dad. He can do things such as playing with the baby, holding baby skin to skin, changing diapers, and more. When dad holds baby skin-to-skin, he can also develop a special bond with the baby. For those worried about spoiling their babies, research shows that breastfed children grow up to be confident and self-sufficient when parents work to meet their other emotional needs.
Challenges of Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding can be challenging, especially in the early days but you are not alone. Lactation consultants can help you find ways to make breastfeeding work for you and your baby. Some women face challenges while breastfeeding, while others do not. Additionally, some women may have certain problems with one baby that they may not have with others. Click here to learn more tackling breastfeeding challenges.
Human milk is the best milk
It is important for moms to know that any amount of breastmilk you give to your baby will be of great benefit because every ounce counts! Human breast milk has been the normal, natural milk to nourish babies since the very beginning of our existence. Breastfeeding promotes a joyful closeness with your baby and a special lifelong bond. It’s a gift only you can give your baby!
For more general information about breastfeeding, click here. For information about how WIC can help with breastfeeding, please click here.
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| 0.940121 | 867 | 2.765625 | 3 |
FBS is offering growers a more efficient, cost-effective way to help crops counteract the effects of heat stress on crops utilizing CarbonPower technology, FBS' nutrient delivery system, which provides superior nutrient uptake and mobility throughout the plant.
“When temperatures rise sharply, plants can suffer severe side effects,” said John Bradley, director of research and development at FBS based in Collierville, Tenn. “Extended periods of high temperatures can impact a crop's yield, quality and shelf life. It is important to minimize the effects of extreme heat stress quickly so plants have the greatest chance of recovery.”
BounceBack-F and Calron-S provide plants with calcium, which positively impacts the quality and storability of crops and promotes higher yields.
BounceBack-F works by reducing respiration rates, helping plants conserve energy and vital levels of sugars and other carbohydrates. In addition to calcium, it contains anti-oxidants to help minimize oxidative heat stress, while carbohydrates help maintain plant energy, amino acid formation and glycomic formation.
Calron-S is formulated to provide calcium to crops through the soil. Calron-S can be applied to fruiting crops without negative side effects from excess nitrogen. It can be applied to all deciduous, fruit and nut crops through existing irrigation systems.
FBS' revolutionary CarbonPower technology protects calcium from soil tie-ups, makes existing nutrients in the soil more available for root uptake and provides superior uptake and nutrient translocation throughout the plant.
For additional information contact Floratine Biosciences Inc., Collierville, Tenn. 38017 or call 1-901-221-1200
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Greece’s 3,000 islands and 15,000 kilometers (9,300 miles) of coastline highlight this image acquired on November 11, 2005. The rich texture produced by the topographic variation in this image reveal that it is the most mountainous of all the European countries. Therefore comprising about 80% of the country’s land surface.
These mountains are the product of plate tectonics: the Eurasian plate, stretching from the Eastern portion of Siberia into the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Also converging with the African plate. The region is also known for its volcanic activity. Which stretch from the eastern of Greece to western Turkey. Which is the result of subduction of the African plate under a portion of the Eurasian plate.
This portion, or microplate, is called the Aegan plate is actually moving in a different direction than the rest of the Eurasia plate because it is being pushed by the Turkish microplate as well as the African plate. The most famous of these volcanoes is Santorini, which last erupted in 1950. It erupted in 1600 B.C., obliterating the city of Akroteri. Also an event which may have spawned the legend of city sinking under the ocean – Atlantis.
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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad term used to describe various forms of autism, a brain-based condition that impacts on behaviour and affects the way individuals communicate.
While many of the challenges children with autism face in the classroom are related to developing social skills and interacting both with their peers and their teachers, some autistic students may struggle when it comes to literacy skills.
More often than not, the issues present as problems with reading comprehension vs. the actual decoding of language. Teachers may observe children reading fluently only to discover they have not understood the text that was processed.
Fortunately there are a number of strategies that parents and teachers can implement to help kids with ASD strengthen reading comprehension, including visualizing the story, integrating multi-sensory learning to bring words and concepts to life and acting out dramatic renditions of a text to enhance understanding of social interactions through the use of gesture and facial expressions.
What is autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
According to the US Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 1 in 68 children born in the US will have autism. Of them, 1/3 will be nonverbal, 1/3 will need assistance and 1/3 will be able to complete their education and live an independent life.
Kids with autism tend to be very visual and may excel in music, maths or the arts.
They often appreciate consistent and predictable routines when it comes to education. These children may prefer not to look their teacher(s) in the eye and often enjoy working with computers, tablets and other technology.
Difficulties with reading social cues can mean they struggle to make friends and may be more interested in things than people. There can also be an extreme sensitivity to touch and other sensory information - as can also be seen in dyspraxia - and difficulties with sleep and digestion.
Children with Asperger’s syndrome, a form of autism, often have full language and communication skills while hyperlexic kids may not process spoken language well but possess above average skills when it comes to written language and numbers.
Some autistic students like to repeat language that is directed at them and focus on functional communication vs. engage in social interaction.
Education for kids with autism
Learning to read and write is essential for autistic kids in order to help them achieve their full potential at school.
Even if a student has shown no interest in reading or seems to lack the ability to understand stories, it is still important to provide him or her with access to books.
In some cases, problems with reading comprehension may not even be present. Rather, they can be the result of a child who is unable to communicate with their teacher about what they have read.
That’s why it’s important for teachers to be creative in assessing comprehension.
Summary skills may be lacking or it can be difficult to answer a direct question about specific details.
As an alternative, you can try providing students with activities that allow them to show what they have understood through drawing, acting out scenes or making collages of related content.
Reading is a cognitively challenging activity that involves holding multiple pieces of language in mind in order to make connections and draw conclusions about a text.
When children learn how to read they begin by mastering the skill of decoding. This requires knowledge of phonics.
As they encounter repeat vocabulary, kids become more able to recognize familiar terms and skip the sounding out process altogether in favour of sight-reading. This helps them read faster and save cognitive energy for understanding unfamiliar words.
Many students with ASD are able to decode language without a problem but struggle when it comes to comprehension.
They can have trouble visualizing what they are reading and processing figurative and indirect language, including idioms, which may be interpreted word for word.
They may not be able to differentiate main ideas from specific details, make predictions about a text or understand the author’s intent in writing.
Tips for parents and teachers
1. Start reading to autistic children from an early age.
As with all kids who are learning how to read, it’s important to have developed certain pre-literacy skills, including a familiarity with books and how they work, recognition of print, an interest in reading, and the ability to follow a narrative. Reading to children from birth also allows parents an opportunity to model reading comprehension as they discuss their own interpretations of the text, ask and answer questions, and narrate observations out loud. Learn more about early literacy skills.
2. Activate prior knowledge and provide background before reading.
Children who struggle with reading comprehension can benefit from pre-reading strategies that help them activate relevant information that relates to the text. Teachers may connect the reading to a child’s life or provide background on the central theme in order to indicate gist.
The more direct you are, the better. Sharing personal experiences and stories may also be helpful as is watching film clips or even looking at books on the same topic.
3. Go over the reading together, list out information and involve the senses.
Teachers can help make what’s going on in a reading more obvious to students with autism by adding in visual cues and even bringing elements of movement into the activity through gesture. Showing and telling students what is happening, assigning information importance in order to reinforce reading constructs, and discussing inferences are all helpful.
Consider that students may not always respond to comprehension questions immediately so give them plenty of time to do so, in addition to opportunities to provide answers in writing, through recording their voice, typing or even visual displays.
4. Set reading goals and provide a structured program or schedule.
Kids with ASD like predictability and consistency. You can bring this to reading by setting daily, weekly and monthly goals matched to the individual’s ability. Introduce a set of graded readers and go through them one at a time, recording achievements and keeping track of pages read.
Touch-type Read and Spell can also be a useful addition to literacy programs for autistic children as it provides an opportunity to experience self-directed learning, work on the computer and reinforce decoding, sight-reading and spelling skills at the same time.
How technology can help
Many teachers who work with autistic students observe a preference for learning on the computer because it does not involve social interaction or two-way communication and is very predictable. Some even use educational programs as a reward for students who have completed classroom-based tasks.
Typing on a computer or tablet device has proven a valuable means of alternative and augmentative communication for many kids with autism, especially in cases of non-verbal ASD.
The Touch-type Read and Spell course is a typing program that has been designed for kids with specific learning difficulties, including dyslexia, dyspraxia and ADHD, and has been successfully used to help students who struggle with autism.
It teaches touch-typing on computers and iPads using a multi-sensory approach in which a word is displayed on the screen, accompanied by an audio recording and the student physically typing the keys. In this way, spelling is reinforced via muscle memory in the fingers and phonics and sight-reading skills are enhanced.
Because the course is modular in design, individuals can work through material at their own pace, repeating lessons until they achieve target accuracy.
This self-directed learning can be a great way for autistic students to build self-esteem and confidence at school. Feedback is built in and teachers can chart student progress with various graphs to review and celebrate achievement.
Learn more about the benefits of typing for learners with autism.
Do you have any strategies to add? Join the discussion in the comments!
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Being trauma-informed is based on awareness. Understanding why someone might be reacting in a particular way, how to make our clients feel safe and how to avoid triggers are all considered in creating a trauma informed environment.
The first point of reference we need to understand the basis of trauma-informed practices, is how we interpret danger and/or a life threat. Our peripheral nervous system is split between our somatic and autonomic systems. The somatic being the messages and thereby actions we control in our body such as lifting our mug to take a sip of coffee. Our autonomic system represents everything that works on its own: breathing, digesting, heartbeat.
The autonomic system then further splits out to parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. Parasympathetic is also known as rest and digest. What this means is that our nervous system must be essentially calm and relaxed so we can perform important bodily functions such as sleep, digestion, moderate heart rate and deeper diaphragmatic breathing. These are also the functions of the body that are compromised in both trauma and chronic stress.
Sympathetic is considered fight or flight. When this system is triggered our body gets ready for action, we bear down clenching our muscles, heart rate quickens, breath becomes shallow so we can react quickly and efficiently, like moving out of the way before we are hit by a bus.
What is interesting to note is that our brain doesn’t differentiate between real or imagined danger. After someone has experienced a traumatic event: car accident, natural disaster, war or any form of abuse (trauma is also subjective and can only be defined by the person who is experiencing it) memories or flashes of memory (as with PTSD) continually replay in the person’s mind.
Our bodies can essentially become stuck in sympathetic nervous system, hypervigilant and ready for any perceived danger. This can lead to chronic stress, creating a destructive feedback loop in the body and overtime the system will stop working. In other words, our natural reaction to stress is compromised. We either shut down and freeze or create situations of “over-reacting” to everyday stresses.
So – what do we do?
Even a basic understanding of how our body reacts under stress can go a long way in helping to regulate our systems. A healthy nervous system is one which is easily able to toggle between reactive and relaxed states. So often we find ourselves in an elevated state, high demands from our jobs or pushing to get things done. We need to find balance.
Want to Learn More?
Yoga for Wellness is a 6-day trauma-informed certificate program, it is also part of the full 200-hr YTT program to become a certified Yoga Teacher. Whether we are working on our own healing or wanting to share with others this course addresses: how we process trauma, why we hold trauma in our bodies, working with anxiety and depression and addressing chronic pain.
Becoming Trauma Aware: Creating a Healing Practice is a 4-hour online course incorporating both theory and a movement practice. Yoga Alliance CECs are available for both this and the Yoga for Wellness course.
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Project Management Lessons from the Water Crisis in Flint, Michigan
In January 2016, the world learned that the U.S. city of Flint, Michigan was enduring a water crisis with thousands of residents poisoned by public water contaminated with lead. An article by Paul Egan appearing in USA Today disclosed that Marc Edwards, a drinking water expert and Virginia Tech researcher helped raise awareness after he confirmed two major contaminants—iron and lead. City authorities switched the source of drinking water two years earlier from Detroit to the Flint River which corroded the city’s aging service lines and resulted in “dangerously high amounts of lead” in the drinking water. Last week, President Obama signed an emergency declaration authorizing the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to provide bottled water, filters, and testing supplies for 90 days.
While officials address the immediate needs of residents, planning for future infrastructure improvements continues, not only in Flint but also in other cities around the globe. A PMI case study describes how project management practices, tools, and benchmarks can help in similar reconstruction and modernization projects.
To read the entire article, visit the CA PPM Cookbook on Flipboard.
Thanks for sharing this, Damon
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School stress can be a significant challenge for teens. Academic performance and relationship issues are just two of the many factors that can take a mental, emotional, and physical toll on teenagers’ minds and bodies.
To understand how stress affects teenagers and how parents can support them and promote good mental health, we spoke with Madison Little, a licensed associate counselor who has counseled many teens dealing with school pressure. Little is a therapist at the Embark Behavioral Health outpatient therapy clinic in Phoenix, Arizona.
Table of contents
- How Does School Stress Affect Mental Health?
- Why Is School So Stressful?
- 9 Stress Management Techniques for Your Student
- 1. Make homework less stressful
- 2. Support your teen as they go back to school
- 3. Help your teen balance work and school
- 4. Teach your teen time management skills
- 5. Encourage your teen to build and reach out to a support network of family, friends, and fellow students
- 6. Teach your teen how to handle peer pressure and difficult relationships
- 7. Practice healthy habits with your teen
- 8. Talk to your teen about school violence
- 9. Reach out to a therapist for help
- School Stress: Wrapup
How Does School Stress Affect Mental Health?
When it comes to student mental health, it’s important to point out that school stress isn’t always a problem, as stress itself is not always a problem. Good stress, which feels manageable, builds resilience and is necessary for growth. The issue is unhealthy stress (also known as “distress”), which feels unmanageable and can negatively impact teens.
How unhealthy stress can affect teens
“With distress, we fear a negative or undesired outcome,” Little said. “It decreases focus, increases procrastination, and is experienced as fear or concern. It’s overwhelming.”
As a result, teens could experience:
How good stress can affect teens
“A positive response to stress is often experienced as excitement or a healthy anticipation for something,” Little said. “It feels more manageable and is often associated with confidence — when we can expect a desired or positive outcome.”
Teenagers experiencing this positive response to stress can be motivated to study for exams, complete assignments, and recall information more accurately, leading to:
- Academic success.
- High self-esteem.
- Strong relationships and a good support network.
- Newly developed skills and knowledge.
Why Is School So Stressful?
Why is school stressful? School stressors can come from several different sources, and it’s important to identify how your teen reacts to and deals with these various aspects of middle school and high school life.
Homework helps students practice the skills they learn in class and prepare for exams. It can be a positive stressor that promotes growth. However, excessive assignments can lead to homework causing unhealthy stress. As a result, teens could experience:
- Sleeping problems.
- Digestive issues.
What’s an excessive number of assignments that can lead to homework causing unhealthy stress? According to the National Education Association, many school districts assign 10 minutes of homework per grade level. The NEA noted that amount could be adjusted up or down based on a student’s needs.
While it’s normal to feel some tension and worry about an upcoming test, exam, or presentation, once the stress overwhelms a student’s ability to focus and perform well, it’s unhealthy.
Midterm stress can happen as students study for their exams and worry about an upcoming test. Excessive worry can show up as difficulty sleeping, headaches, and upset stomachs.
Finals stress can affect any student but can be especially challenging for high school juniors applying to colleges, as their grades will be important to their applications. This can cause students to worry excessively, leading to difficulty concentrating, negative thinking, and self-criticism.
Going back to school
The beginning of a new school year can be a difficult time for students worried about entering a new school, handling changing relationships, and adjusting to new routines. The uncertainty they face can cause teens to experience back-to-school stress.
While working at a part-time job allows teenagers to not only earn money but also learn about responsibility and time management, it can also lead to work and school stress. Students must balance fulfilling their job duties with keeping up with their homework, studying, and performing well on tests.
Waiting until the last minute to study for an exam or finish homework has been a problem for students for generations. It’s important to note that procrastination is often about trying to minimize stress by putting it out of one’s mind. It’s an attempt to feel better. However, procrastinating can have negative consequences, and they go beyond poor grades. In a Frontiers in Psychology study, researchers who reviewed multiple studies pointed out that procrastination is also a health issue, as it can cause mental and physical problems.
As a parent, you want to encourage your child to do well in school. However, when teens experience too much pressure from parents to improve or maintain their academic performance, this can become a source of school stress. Teenagers may feel they’ll let their parents down by not achieving high grades, leading to higher levels of anxiety, insomnia, and changes in appetite.
“Success is the status of having accomplished an aim or objective,” Little said. “However, getting straight A’s, kudos from the teacher, and scholarships for higher education are not appropriate indicators of success when your teenager does not believe they’re worthy of love, value, and respect. As parents, our objective is for our teenagers to know that they’re worthy of these things no matter their academic status.”
Healthy relationships can motivate students to study efficiently so they have more time to spend with their friends — and are key to increasing the ability to tolerate stress. However, negative relationships can interfere with academic performance and be a source of unhealthy stress.
For example, bullied teens may skip school to avoid confrontations with their tormentors. However, because bullies can post comments about their victims online, known as cyberbullying, students can experience stress at home too.
School violence and fear of shootings
With school shootings now an unfortunate reality, school violence and fear of shootings affect many teenagers. Teens who witness or hear about a shooting may experience anxiety, depression, or post-traumatic stress. Injured students may miss school and fall behind, while traumatized students may refuse to attend school completely. Even students who go to school can be negatively affected.
“When teenagers don’t feel safe in a school environment, their brains go on high alert for signs of danger and abnormal activity,” Little said. “But when you’re on high alert, it’s much harder for you to pay attention to lectures, complete coursework, study, and be present. You experience high levels of unhealthy stress.”
9 Stress Management Techniques for Your Student
How can you help your teenager learn how to deal with school stress? Little emphasized that the most important step you can take is to create a safe, nonjudgmental space for your child to express their thoughts, feelings, experiences, and concerns.
“Do not jump to problem-solving,” she said. “Most of the time, your teenager is seeking validation and needs a listening ear or shoulder to cry on. As you lean into supporting your teenager, ask the simple question, ‘Do you need me to listen and validate, or do you want me to help you think of solutions?’”
By asking this question, you and your teenager can clarify your expectations and communicate better.
If your teen wants your guidance, there are many ways you can work together to relieve school stress.
1. Make homework less stressful
To make homework less stressful, Little advised you lower school pressure at home and model the value of resting and recharging before starting any work assignments. People need breaks to eat, sleep, and take care of themselves, so by making these practices part of your regular routine, you and your teen are practicing healthy habits.
You can further reduce homework stress by:
- Creating a homework schedule if one doesn’t already exist.
- Designating a quiet study space for homework.
- Encouraging your teen to make breaks a regular part of homework.
- Helping your child get started with their homework, if needed.
2. Support your teen as they go back to school
You can help your teen manage school stress before they even go back to class. Consider the following simple back-to-school-tips for teens:
- Make sure your teenager knows where their classes are located before the first day of class.
- Help your teen fill out all required forms if needed, especially medical documents.
- Encourage your teenager to focus on the positive aspects of being back in school (e.g., making new friends, joining a club, or learning about a subject that interests them).
3. Help your teen balance work and school
Learning how to balance work and school can be challenging, but proper communication goes a long way in helping your teen enjoy the benefits of being a working student. Consider the following tips:
- Ask your teen how they feel about their overall workload.
- If your teen feels they’re working too much, encourage them to talk to their manager about reducing their hours.
4. Teach your teen time management skills
School, work, and social responsibilities place a big demand on your teenager’s time. To make sure these demands don’t become overwhelming, emphasize the importance of time management for students by:
- Helping your teen plan out their activities.
- Teaching them to break homework and studying for exams into manageable tasks.
- Showing them how to set realistic goals.
5. Encourage your teen to build and reach out to a support network of family, friends, and fellow students
While you can do much to support and empower your teenager, it’s important to encourage their relationships not only with family members but other people as well. You can help your teen develop positive relationships and a strong support network by:
- Pointing them toward positive influences like guidance counselors, teachers, or mentors.
- Encouraging them to include supportive, loving family members in their network.
- Reminding them to contact their support network in times of stress.
6. Teach your teen how to handle peer pressure and difficult relationships
Peer pressure and difficult relationships can lead to unhealthy stress and challenges in school. To help your teen navigate such challenges:
- Teach them how to establish healthy boundaries in relationships.
- Show them how to be assertive in communication.
- Share your own experiences with peer pressure.
7. Practice healthy habits with your teen
“A lot of times, we may not realize we’re anxious or depressed, but our bodies know and start to change our appetite, give us headaches, and alter our sleep patterns,” Little said. “If medical conditions are ruled out, a lot of times it’s a mental health concern like anxiety or depression.”
To model to your teen how they can become more self-aware of what their body may be trying to tell them so they can respond to these signs appropriately, consider the following suggestions:
- Practice deep breathing with your teen.
- Help your child get in the habit of journaling.
- Get your teen in the habit of taking small breaks.
- Encourage your teenager to spend time outside.
8. Talk to your teen about school violence
Dealing with the reality of school violence and school shootings is a lot for a teen to handle. To help your teenager manage any fear or anxiety they experience in a school environment:
- Observe your teen’s emotional state for signs of anxiety or stress.
- Validate their feelings.
- Talk about the difference between the possibility of violence and the probability of it at their school.
- Review safety procedures so your teen knows what to do in case of an emergency.
9. Reach out to a therapist for help
The following warning signs can indicate your teen needs counseling for stress:
- Withdrawing from peers or family members.
- Starting to drink or use drugs.
- Struggling with symptoms of anxiety in multiple areas of their life, not just school.
- Getting into legal trouble.
- Seeming constantly angry or showing other sudden changes in mood and personality.
Little recommended you find a therapist who works with the issues your teenager is experiencing. She added that you, the parent, may also need support from a therapist to ensure your mental health lets you help your child.
School Stress: Wrapup
If school is stressful for your teen, you can provide them with a safe space where they can reflect on their experiences and come up with ways to manage and reduce their stress. Validate their feelings, and let them know you support them.
Showing your teen you love, value, and respect them is important not only for addressing school stress, Little said, but also for their overall mental health.
“We need that affirmation from our parents and the adults around us,” she said. “And when we don’t get that, we’re far more susceptible to experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression and other mental health concerns. Choose to say, ‘I hear you, and I love you, and I’m here with you.’”
Embark is the most trusted name in teen and young adult mental health treatment. We’re driven to find the help your family needs. If you’re looking for support, contact us today!
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Teaching U.S. History Through Sports
edited by Brad Austin and Pamela Grundy
New Arrivals Island, 2nd Floor
GV583 .T43 2019
This book sets up a way of related history through our popular past time of sports. In mind the audience of this book is classroom teachers. While sports are often viewed in a very 1 dimensional way of who wins or loses according to a set of rules, this book shows how actions by athletes, coaches, and fans have pushed forward the country. Our nation’s games can highlight the changes of our social fabric. While not always positive in result, the book also highlights the tremendous social costs that athletes pay when they speak up for their beliefs and are rejected or condemned. An example of this is shown on the cover. In 1968 at the Olympic Games in Mexico City, Tommie Smith and John Carlos received death threats when they silently raised their fists in protests of civil rights in the United States. This book will highlight important historical events through sports, and guide teachers how to navigate the teaching of social change.
For more on Smith’s, check out his autobigography from our main collection.
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Enacted in March of 2010, the Affordable Care Act is designed to expand reliable, affordable coverage options, prevent insurance companies from discriminating against those with pre-existing conditions, improve the quality of care, strengthen consumer protections, and boost the bargaining power of families and small business through the new health insurance exchanges. With full implementation slated for 2014, many important implementation decisions are now being made at the state and national level.
Click on a state below to view information on health coverage for children or visit Facts and Statistics for more data.
Key CCF Resources
- Summary of Medicaid, CHIP, and Low-Income Provisions in Health Care Reform
- ACA Should Bring Insured Rate for Children Up to 95%
- ACA Protects and Improves Access to Preventive Care for Children
- Essential Health Benefits Resources List
- Child Welfare and the Affordable Care Act: Key Provisions for Children and Youth in the Foster Care System
Health Coverage for Children, 2012
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When it comes to video game localization, we often refer to dialogues and other in game elements that must be translated from a source language to a target language. Menus, manuals, instructions and abilities are just a small number of things that a translator has to localize in a video game. But their job does not stop there: culturalization is the next step.
What Is Culturalization?
When a product is translated, it is important to bear in mind that languages are part of very complex system called “culture”. It comprehends traditions, patterns of thought, gestures, interactions, food, music and much more. It comes on its own that a translator can not stop at literally translating in game texts, but they should adapt the video game contents to that linguistic region audience. Culturalization is the process that bring the product closer to the culture of the target language, delivering the right messages to establish new relations between different cultures.
Starting from a movie, the differences in Zootopia are quite famous. This animated movie was published in 2016 and its anchorman changes according to the language: there is a moose in Canada, a tanuki in Japan, a koala bear in Australia, a panda in China and so on.
There are many video game examples. Japanese main protagonists are usually teenagers that grow in young adults (18-21 years old) in the Western releases. A notorius example is NieR: Replicant, a 2010’s video game, that was published as NieR: Gestalt in the USA. It was not just a matter of names: the main protagonist in NieR: Replicant is the brother of Yonah, one of the main characters and driving force of the plot, while in NieR: Gestalt the main protagonists is her father.
Final Fantasy IV, published for the Japan audience in 1991, was simplified to adapt the game to the American gamers. The Pokémon Saga adapted the names of the creatures in some regions like Germany. The character’s names change too: for example, in the latest Pokémon Scarlet and Violet, the Elite 4 Rika and Hassel are called Capsi and Oranzio in Italian.
Cities too get their name changed: in Dragon Quest XI, Lonalulu is called Porto Trinacrio in Italian. The same happens in already mentioned Pokémon: in the Italian release, Pallet Town is called Biancavilla like a small town near Catania.
A Complex Process
Localizing a game is not easy at all. You need technical competences and linguistic knowledge. But empathy is required too to comprehend culture’s relations and their limits. The strength of a translation lies there: it is up to the localizator to step in the shoes of their audience and to understand the differences, so it can turn them in points of contact.
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Janssen Therapeutics: Using medication and education to fight HIV
By Tamara E. Holmes
Partnerships are key to ending the HIV/AIDS epidemic. No one knows that better than Janssen Therapeutics, a division of Janssen Products LP, which is dedicated to fighting infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS.
“If we’re ever going to get to the end of HIV and AIDS, the only way we can do that is if we all work together,” says Paulette Heath, director of policy and advocacy for the Titusville, N.J.-based company. “We’re talking about industry, advocates, government and people living with HIV.”
Janssen, which falls under the umbrella of the Johnson & Johnson Family of Companies, has a long history of working with HIV. Since 2006 the company has introduced many HIV medications and been committed to educating people on how HIV medications work. The company also offers services that support adherence. For example, medication-reminder programs nudge patients via email or a smartphone app when it’s time to take their HIV medication.
A lot of what Janssen does is offer “day-to-day support and knowledge of the disease,” says Heath. For PLWHA, that means helping them improve their general health.
For those who are newly diagnosed, “it’s really important to get them into care,” says Heath. Unfortunately, there are a number of difficult-to-reach populations, and one of Janssen’s goals is to work closely with organizations that are reaching out to those communities. In 2008 Janssen launched an initiative called Linking in-Need Communities to Care, which focuses on removing barriers to HIV/AIDS treatment in disadvantaged areas.
“It’s important to make sure everyone has the care that they need,” Heath says.
Spreading the Knowledge
The researchers at Janssen know better than anyone that science has improved life dramatically for PLWHA. Yet people won’t benefit from the science if they don’t understand how it can help them.
Janssen partnered with the Black AIDS Institute, the Latino Commission on AIDS, the National Association of State and Territorial AIDS Directors, Johns Hopkins University and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct the U.S. HIV Workforce Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs Survey, the first national assessment of how much nonmedical HIV/AIDS service providers know about the science and treatment of the disease.
The findings of the landmark survey were troubling. In fact, respondents on average answered only 63 percent of the questions correctly the equivalent of getting a D on their knowledge of HIV treatment issues. If the service providers don’t understand how biomedical advances such as pre-exposure prophylaxis can help prevent the transmission of HIV, then how are members of the community supposed to know about all of their options?
Janssen is committed to raising the bar in terms of what service providers know about HIV, and “we are working to figure out how we can help with some educational tools to fill those gaps,” Heath says.
Another initiative to help raise awareness is the Virology Portal, an educational resource for those who provide services to PLWHA. It includes a content library filled with fact sheets to help service providers better discuss HIV prevention and treatment options with clients, as well as a listing of other available client services. The portal is also a hub for service providers to get more education and training.
For those who are willing to share the latest knowledge about HIV/AIDS, Janssen has also developed educational tools such as interactive discussion guides, therapy initiation kits and community speaker pro-grams.
Although many of the company’s initiatives are in support of HIV/AIDS service providers, Janssen also provides direct help to PLWHA. For example, a Patient Savings Program provides financial assistance to those who cannot afford the medications that they need.
As advances in science and policy change the approaches that are taken to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic, Janssen’s commitment to the community remains the same. “People living with and impacted by [infectious] diseases—they’re at the center of everything that we do,” Heath says.
Tamara E. Holmes is a Washington, D.C.-based journalist who writes about health, wealth and personal growth.
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After writing the 10 most amazing engineering achievements list, it’s time for the less pleasant list of engineering disasters. We all make mistakes, and engineers aren’t an exception. But engineering mistakes can cause unforgettable disasters that will forever echo in the minds of those who witnessed them, and their causes will be studied by every new generation of engineers. Some will argue that trial and error is a method that pushes our capabilities forward, but the cost can sometimes be unthinkable. A disaster is referred to as an engineering disaster when it’s caused by an engineering failure: design flaws or materials failures, often caused by insufficient knowledge, different underestimations, or even carelessness or negligence. We gathered together a list of 10 famous engineering disasters, or disasters that at least an engineering factor contributing to the results. Ordered by date of the event:
1. Titanic (1912) – RMS Titanic was a British passenger ship that sank after hitting an iceberg on her maiden voyage from Southampton (United Kingdom) to New York City, in April 1912. Titanic was at the time the largest ship ever built and was considered to be unsinkable. The tragedy claimed the lives of over 1,500 people.
But was the sinking of the Titanic an engineering failure? Many factors contributed to the catastrophe: removing half the amount of lifeboats originally planned for the ship, and cruising in high speed in an iceberg-prone environment. As for the engineering point of view: several rivets of the 3 million rivets that held the Titanic together were recently recovered and tested, and found to be made of low quality iron, which on impact caused them to fall apart. This might have contributed to the event. Another engineering fault was that the 16 watertight compartments that kept the boat afloat, were not individually sealed, but rather connected near the ceiling. This enabled the water to spill from one compartment to another and sink the boat
2. St. Francis Dam flooding (1928) – The St. Francis Dam was a concrete dam built between the years 1924 and 1926, to create a water reservoir for Los Angeles. The dam was located in a canyon around 40 miles (64 km) from the city. On March 12, 1928, just hours after being inspected by the Chief Engineer William Mulholland, the dam failed, sending a massive water wave 120 ft tall, and killing as many as 600 people in one of the worst American civil engineering disasters
3. Hindenburg disaster (1937) – The LZ 129 Hindenburg was a German passenger airship that caught fire and crashed during its attempt to dock in New Jersey. 36 people died in the disaster that was caught on video. Decades of research and tests all came to the same conclusion offered by the original German and American investigators: The airship caught fire because of an electrostatic discharge that ignited leaking hydrogen from the 200 million liters (7 million cubic ft) of hydrogen gas. The Hindenburg disaster marked the end of commercial passenger airships.
4. Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse (1940) – The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge was a suspension bridge in Washington state that opened in 1940 and collapsed at the same year. At the time of its construction, the bridge was the world’s third longest suspension bridge, by main span length. The bridge was known to move vertically in windy conditions, and in November 7, 1940, under 40 mph (64 km/h) winds it collapsed. The collapse was caught on video and made an impact on science and engineering, especially bridge designing till today. The cause of failure was aeroelastic flutter – a dynamic instability of an elastic structure.
5. Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion (1944) – On October 20, 1944, a storage tank holding liquefied natural gas, that was kept above ground as was common at the time, began leaking. The liquefied gas dropped into the sewer lines, mixed with air and sewer gas, and consequently ignited. A series of fires and explosions killed 130 people in Cleveland, Ohio. The catastrophe event made a significant impact on the natural gas industry, that started to store the tanks below ground
6. Hyatt Regency Hotel Walkway Collapse (1981) – On July 17, 1981, two vertically walkways collapsed at the Hyatt Regency in Kansas City, falling into the hotel’s lobby. 114 people were killed at what was then the deadliest structure collapse in the history of the United States. Serious flaws were found in the design of the walkways. The engineers who had approved the final drawings of the walkways were convicted of gross negligence and misconduct and lost their engineering licenses
7. Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (1986) – On January 28, 1986 the NASA Space Shuttle Challenger broke apart 73 seconds into its flight, killing all 7 astronauts on board. The investigation showed aerodynamics forces broke the shuttle apart, after a structural failure that began with a specific gasket that failed at the very liftoff. The entire event was broadcast live on TV
8. Chernobyl disaster (1986) – The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident at the Chernobyl power plant. On 26 April 1986, during a systems test, there was an unexpected power surge that began a chain of events that consequently caused explosions and fire, which released radioactive particles into the atmosphere. The dangerous particles spread over a large area in Europe. Large areas were evacuated and the nearby city of Pripyat remains a ghost town till this day
9. Concorde Air France Flight 4590 crash (2000) – On 25 July 2000, a Concorde flight of Air France crashed moments after takeoff from Charles de Gaulle International Airport near Paris, killing 113 people. During takeoff, one of the tires was cut by a metal strip debris lying on the runway and a large chunk of the ruptured tire struck the underside of the wing causing a chain of events that ended with the crash.
The investigation showed that the Concorde was prone to catastrophic disasters resulting from tire explosions, much more than other aircrafts. The reason was that due to its design, the Concorde required a much higher air and tire speed during the takeoff roll, which both increases the risk of tire explosion, and increases the risk to a massive damage when it does explode. Following the accident, modifications were made to the design of the airplane that was once considered among the safest planes in the world. The accident marked the end of the supersonic airliner and the Concorde eventually retired 3 years later
10. Space Shuttle Columbia disaster (2003) – On February 1, 2003 the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during its reentry to the Earth’s atmosphere, killing its entire crew of 7 astronauts. The investigation showed that during the launch, a piece of foam insulation broke off from the shuttle and hit the left wing, damaging the tiles that protect the shuttle from the incredible heat produced during reentry. Upon reentry, these tiles failed, causing the the quick chain of events that ended up with the disintegration of the shuttle
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the projected law that would govern the use of outer space by various nations based on certain treaties.
- Space leak
A data structure which grows bigger, or lives longer, than might be expected. Such unexpected memory use can cause a program to require more garbage collections or to run out of heap. Space leaks in functional programs usually result from excessive laziness. For example, the Haskell function sum = 0 sum (x:xs) = x […]
adjective 1. having no limits or dimensions in space; limitless; unbounded. 2. occupying no space. adjective (mainly literary) 1. having no limits in space; infinite or boundless 2. occupying no space
noun, plural spacemen [speys-men, -muh n] /ˈspeɪsˌmɛn, -mən/ (Show IPA) 1. an astronaut. 2. a visitor to earth from outer space; extraterrestrial. noun (pl) -men, -women 1. a person who travels in outer space, esp one trained to participate in a space flight
noun 1. space writer.
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Backyard gardeners often use their garden space for both tomatoes and the many species of peppers, most likely because the two vegetables have very similar growing requirements, according to West Virginia University. Both plants can be started once the last frost date passes in your region, but several specific cultivation issues, like fertilization needs, vary between the two.
Select and prepare the gardening area. Tomatoes require full sunlight to grow. Break up the soil to a depth of 9 inches. North Carolina State University recommends mixing 3 inches of organic matter like compost into the ground to improve the soil's condition and help the dirt retain moisture and nutrients.
Fertilize the planting area. Ohio State University suggests stirring 8-16-16 or 5-10-10 fertilizer into the gardening area at a rate of 3 lbs. for every 100 square feet.
Plant the tomato seeds. Bury each seed approximately 1/2 inch below the soil surface. Separate the seeds by 24 inches, and space the rows apart by approximately 48 inches, according to North Carolina State University.
Water the gardening area twice daily or as needed to keep the dirt moist. The tomato seeds will usually sprout within 14 days.
Choose and prep the gardening site. Peppers thrive in full sun and well-drained soil. Mix 2 inches of compost into the gardening site to improve drainage and soil structure.
Fertilize the garden soil. Peppers will respond well to a basic 10-10-10 fertilizer applied at a strength of 2 lbs. for every 50 square feet of gardening space, according to West Virginia University.
Sow the pepper seeds, with each seed 1/4 to 1/2 inch below the surface of the dirt. Spacing needs vary by the specific pepper species. Most pepper plants should be separated by approximately 18 inches, with rows spaced apart by 24 inches, according to Ohio State University.
Water the gardening site as necessary to keep the area consistently moist. The pepper seeds will typically germinate within two weeks.
About this Author
Josh Duvauchelle is an editor and journalist with more than 10 years' experience. His work has appeared in various magazines, including "Honolulu Magazine," which has more paid subscribers than any other magazine in Hawaii. He graduated with honors from Trinity Western University, holding a Bachelor of Arts in professional communications, and earned a certificate in applied leadership and public affairs from the Laurentian Leadership Centre.
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The former industrial town of Luckenwalde now has a beautiful new arts center that not only aims to bring a little vibrancy back to the German region, but a whole lot of sustainability. Artist Pablo Wendel just unveiled E-Werk, a defunct power station that he has turned into an innovative arts center that is projected to run on recycled wood chips rather than coal.
Although an artist at heart, Wendel obviously has an admirable talent and passion for creating machinery that generates clean energy. Over the last five years, he has created numerous wind sculptures and mobile battery packs that can usurp energy from supply points. His patented Kunststrom (art electricity) system is what will be used to bring power to the local grid as the old building used to. This time, however, it will be powered by recycled wood chips.
To create a system of clean energy for E-Werk, he developed a series of woodchip-burning machines that are compatible with the power station’s pre-existing mechanics. This means that the massive 107,000 square-foot interior has the potential to not only generate its own power, but could possibly become a functional power station that generates clean energy for the surrounding area.
“At first, people were skeptical, but Kunststrom has moved far beyond an idea. We forget to talk about how much energy is needed to make art, how much energy museums use through lighting, cleaning, conservation and transport. They spend much more of their budget on this than they do on young artists. I’m offering art as a power supply,” the artists explains.
Currently, the building’s eight studios have been already rented to local artists, who can make use of the welding kits, milling machines, lathes and drills. Wendel says that he hopes E-Werk is the first of many similar projects to help Luckenwalde regenerate its urban landscape through sustainable practices, “One day we hope E-Werk will power the whole of Luckenwalde as it used to.”
Via Wall Paper
Images via Kunststrom
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Most of us get all the 9 essential amino acids from the food we try to eat. Our liver produces nearly all the nonessential amino acids our bodies want, on the other hand, there is a team of necessary ones that our bodies need but can’t generate. We have to get those, together with valuable phytonutrients from the foodstuff we try to eat.
Aminos are the constructing block of protein. H2o and protein make up the vast majority of our system composition. Protein is liable for the expansion and routine maintenance of nutritious bones. Our muscular tissues, tendons, organs, ligaments, hair, nails and glands are manufactured up of protein. Even hormones and enzymes are proteins. Most importantly, protein assists with the absorption and processing of vitamins and minerals, supports metabolic function, and are liable for mobile conversation. There are 9 critical amino acids, though you may well see 8 or even 10 depending on the source. They are: Histadine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine.
For the common man or woman, if you try to eat meat, you are obtaining an satisfactory offer of the 9 vital amino acids. Body builders, nonetheless, usually supplement their eating plan with Branch Chain Amino Acids (Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine). They are the three most critical in the manufacture, servicing and maintenance of muscle mass-tissue. All a few alongside one another produce a powerful synergistic impact.
Loads of meals consist of them but the right proportion of each of the 9 vital amino acids is what is crucial. This is normally referred to as “a complete protein.” Food items that incorporate the proper proportion are dairy, eggs, beef, pork, turkey and hen. If you don’t consume meat or much meat, you can attempt the super food stuff, stabilized rice bran. It is a full protein and also has more than 120 naturally developing natural vitamins, minerals, and anti-oxidants. Soybeans have all the 9 crucial amino acids as does the cereal, quinoa. The tremendous fruit, goji berry, is also regarded a comprehensive protein. It really is significant to be aware that meat items ought to be organic and natural and grass-fed and soybeans should really be natural owing to use of GMO’s.
Amino acids are just one particular cog in the biochemistry wheel of our bodies. Vitamins, minerals and plant-centered phytonutrients all play a essential job in ideal health and fitness. All of these vitamins and minerals, functioning jointly, participate in a critical role in absorption. With no well balanced diet, your smaller intestine may not be equipped to take up the amino acids! This deficiency can guide to depression, indigestion, and tiredness to identify a couple. Because the American diet regime is so very composed of processed foodstuff and animal solutions, many folks are lacking the important dietary creating blocks that retain our immune units powerful and keep our bodies disease absolutely free! Consume assortment of foodstuff: total grains and legumes, nuts and seeds, take in diverse shades of fruits and greens, limit sugar and white flour, consume meat and dairy in moderation.
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Wayne National Forest Proposes Changing Name to Buckeye National Forest
The following excerpt is from the full press release, which you can read below.
The USDA Forest Service is proposing to change the name of the Wayne National Forest to the Buckey National Forest. The effort comes in response to requrest from American Indian Tribes and local community members.
The buckeye is both the State Tree of Ohio and the most prevalent nickname for Ohio. The national forest is currently named after General Anthony Wayne, whose complicated legacy includes leading a violent campaign against the Indigenous peoples of Ohio that resulted in their removal from their homelands. The current forest name is offensive because of this history of violence. Buckeye National Forest is one of the names suggested to the Forest Service by American Indian Tribes. Other proposed names considered include “Ohio National Forest” and “Koteewa National Forest.”
…. Read full press release below:
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Home > Professional Development > Teacher Accreditation
incorporated into SEDA-PDF this information
is presented for historical purposes only)
The SEDA Teacher Accreditation Scheme recognises programmes to train new
teaching staff in institutions of higher education. Recognised programmes have
met strict criteria and standards. By August 2002 over 3100 teachers
had been accredited through the Scheme.
The Associate Teachers scheme is a
development and recognition framework for part-time teachers, graduate teaching
assistants and postgraduate students who teach.
The overall aim of the Teacher Accreditation Scheme is to assure a common and
appropriate standard of performance of teachers in higher education who complete
recognised programmes of training.
programmes of training for
teachers in higher education.
Teachers who successfully complete recognised courses are accredited by the
Programmes may be run within or among institutions.
A programme will be recognised if it:
involves an appropriate mix of self-, peer-
is externally examined and/or moderated.
has a procedure for dealing with appeals
has a procedure for regular review of the
SEDA Accreditation represents a professional standard in higher education
teaching. The standard is guaranteed through the assessment of outcomes
underpinned by professional values and principles. The
recognised programmes which lead to this Accreditation may also lead to a range
of academic qualifications but all must be capable of assessing professional
The development of the Scheme began in November 1990. In Spring 1992 a pilot
programme began with eight institutions. The first programmes were recognised in
Autumn 1992; at the same time a Steering Group was set up for the Scheme. The
Scheme was launched nationally in April 1993.
A teacher will be accredited if they demonstrate that they have met each of
the eight objectives in a way which reflects each of
the six underpinning principles.
The Approach of
The Teacher Accreditation Scheme is not intended to prescribe a particular
form of programme of training for teachers in higher education. Rather, the
Scheme identifies the underpinning values and principles, and the objectives and outcomes, which any
course or programme must show that it assesses.
This approach acknowledges the variety of excellent current provision.
Further, it allows institutions flexibility to address their own priorities and
resource issues in developing their programmes.
The process of recognition has been designed to
be rigorous, clear and developmental. SEDA wishes to empower those who take part
as well as to achieve a wide acceptance of the Scheme by those with teaching
responsibilities and managers. These aims inform all aspects of the Scheme.
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Identity Crisis during the Counter-Reformation: Johannes Pistorius (1546-1608)
Today we’re familiar with people radically changing their lives. There is the sceptical careerist who suddenly discovers the meaning of life on the Camino de Santiago. There is the large-scale meat factory owner who turns vegetarian overnight. Seemingly unconcerned, people leave their familiar networks in a crisis to start over from scratch. You think that is a modern phenomenon? Far from it. I’ll tell you a story from the 16th century.
While today we like to get into a good fight over how much exercise prevents Alzheimer’s and if nuclear or solar energy is our future, there was just one question of relevance on the minds of people during the Reformation: How do I go to heaven? Life was short and unpredictable, death omnipresent. Johann Pistorius learnt that lesson already at a young age.
His father was one of the most renowned theologians of the time. He had a handsome salary, a happy marriage, and still all five siblings of Johann died of the pest within only three weeks. His mother was killed in a tragic accident only several months later.
To little Johann it must have seemed that nothing in life is more important than choosing the right path that leads to heaven. And the many theologians that kept company in his father’s house must have said the same. He knew them all, Luther, Melanchthon, and those who fought for the Reformation back then but whose names have been long forgotten.
It was a well-functioning network. The Protestant clergy took care of one another. They saw to it that their children married among one another, and mutually borrowed money to finance the education of their future sons-in-law. Johann Pistorius too was given money and a bride. And not just any bride but one from a prominent dynasty of theologians from Frankfurt. He would have very much liked to study Theology himself but his father wouldn’t let him. He wanted a physician in the family. The loss of all his children to the pest had left an indelible mark.
Maybe this made the young doctor medicinae seem like an outsider in the eyes of the Protestant clergy. At least his father’s superiors entertained the suspicion that he was a Calvinist. That could mean death at the time. Fortunately his father possessed considerable authority. He stood between his son and his enemies to protect him. Johann Pistorius may have made the mistake of being all too open-minded and curious, and holding no prejudices.
Because he had also met Catholics at the university. He was even good friends with several Jesuits. He must have gotten into debates with them. About medicine. About classical studies. And yes, also about theology.
The conversations must have led him to frequent the comprehensive library that he had inherited from his father after his death in 1584. After all he’d always wanted to be a theologian. It is said that he read all of Luther’s works in one year and noticed that the big reformer often contradicted himself. Not to mention the many differences between Luther’s Theses and the convictions of those theologians in whose tradition Luther placed himself!
Johann Pistorius was smart. And he was independent. He realised that Luther put his trousers on one leg at a time too. That his was not the only way to heaven. But his wife was a convinced Protestant, just like all his relatives, his colleagues, his superior, everybody around him …
But on 8 April 1585, less than a year after he’d lost his father, his wife died. With shaking hands Johann Pistorius wrote in the family diary: My dearly beloved wife has died, and with her, because she is my wife, my happiness and my life.
Pistorius meant what he wrote. The death of his wife tore a hole in his life and led to a deep existential crisis. What good was all his knowledge about medicine if it had failed him trying to save his own wife? He returned to theology and felt his initial suspicion confirmed: Luther had been too rash to break with the Catholic Church. The Pope was the spiritual leader of the Church, instated by Christ himself.
This insight might seem irrelevant to us. For Pistorius, however, it meant leaving everything that he loved behind. His relatives, his colleagues, his superior, his old friends. And still, it was the crisis caused by his wife’s passing that gave him the strength to leave his old life behind and do what he believed to be right. He became a convert.
What followed then is told in few words. Pistorius became the chief opponent of the Protestants and Reformists. They hated him for knowing their own theses so well. He won each of their disputes! So there was nothing left for them to do but despise him for not having studied theology but gained his knowledge in self-study.
But the Catholics loved him. They read his books enthusiastically. Pistorius won many friends and admirers. The emperor himself honoured him with the highest offices.
Pistorius found fulfilment in his new role as fighter for the Catholic cause. He never married again. He was ordained priest and convinced to have found the way to eternal bliss.
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Knowing that experiences of loss, isolation and disconnection caused by the pandemic have exacerbated the everyday challenges many face, we ask, what could it mean for students if they had an opportunity to tell their story or speak out on an issue that they care about? And what if students could feel heard?
Claire Ahn, an Assistant Professor of Multiliteracies in the Faculty of Education at Queen’s University, provides a framework to engaging students in film analysis (in the classroom and online) as well as access to film units and resources.
Facing History's 'Close Viewing Protocol' is also a great resource that explores questions surrounding what the filmmaker is trying to convey, the choices the filmmaker has made, the role of images, narration, editing, and sound, and what the film’s purpose might be.
Join us on Sunday February 25th for an educator workshop and special film screening with Director Susan G Enberg and Louis Knapaysweet, an elder and survivor of St. Anne's Residential School.
This summer I went to Europe with my nieces. We visited Zurich, Krakow, Prague and Berlin. My suitcase unfortunately did not make the journey with me. At each stop, I updated Swiss Air about my location. It took 8.5 days (of the 10 we were there) for my suitcase to meet up with me. I was annoyed, and eventually had to purchase clothing in each town, and do some hand-washing to have clean clothing!
May is Asian Heritage Month in Canada. The following are five resources that provide entry points that teachers can use to invite students to explore Canada’s history of immigration through identity and civic participation.
Having been an LTO (Long term occasional teacher) in the TDSB (Toronto District School Board) for several years I have taught a variety of courses with little prep time available; Facing History saved me more than a few times with their resources (and of course other teachers' contributions to this very blog). I'm delighted to be able to share some of my experience using and adapting Facing History and Ourselves resources and pedagogy in my classroom.
Topics: Film, Choosing to Participate, Human Rights, Facing History Resources, News, Identity, Facing History and Ourselves, current events, Culturally Responsive and Relevant Pedagogy, Literature Circles, Lesson Ideas, In the news, English Classroom, Social Justice, Literature, Personal history, English
During the month of October, Cineplex Entertainment has generously donated space to feature one of our latest PSA videos (See with Someone Else’s Eyes) as part of the Pre-Show in Cineplex theatres across Canada.
This is an incredible opportunity for people across the country to learn about Facing History and Ourselves. It also got us thinking about how these short videos can be used in our Facing History Classrooms. Find the PSAs below along with some discussion prompts and activities.
UPDATE (Feb 2015): Thank you to all those who joined our chat! While the Toronto #FHChat for Book of Negroes has ended, you can continue to be in conversation with us on how to bring this important novel and mini-series into your classroom on our blog.
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The Hatoyama Dynasty: Japanese Political Leadership Through the Generations
This is a multi-generational political history of the Hatoyamas, a family that has participated at the highest levels of Japan's parliamentary government from its inception in the late 1800s. The Hatoyama family is one of the most prominent political families in modern Japanese government. It has produced six members of the Diet, Japan's parliament, many of whom have served as cabinet members and party leaders. Due to the family's political legacy, they have often been likened to the Kennedy family in American politics (though they have been spared the tragedy and scandal visited upon the Kennedys). Despite the significance of the Hatoyamas to modern Japanese politics, this is the first comprehensive study available in English. In tracing the rising political fortunes of this family, it is also possible to study the role of hereditary politicians in Japan, the growth and evolution of Japanese political parties, and, perhaps most importantly, the way political leadership functions in Japan, a society known more for consensus-building than for strong leaders.
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Python is a well-known programming language used for both web development and data science. What are the best features of Python programming language?
- Python for Web Development
Software developers often use Python to create web applications, and it is also widely used by companies who need to develop websites without hiring programmers. Python allows the user to write code in a simple; straightforward syntax easy for anyone with minimal programming experience to learn.
- Python for Data Science
The Python language has an abundance of libraries and data science packages that allows you to perform machine learning tasks efficiently; with just some basic coding knowledge. It also helps you bridge the gap between data scientists and developers; often separated by different programming languages due to their other purposes, like coding efficiency or ease of understanding.
You can take the free and paid Python online courses if you want to learn Python programming online. The Python online courses provide you with knowledge of all aspects of coding, and you will become an expert on them.
What Is Python?
Python is a famous popular programming language with a powerful object-oriented and imperative style. Its simple syntax and excellent documentation make it simple to learn.
Python offers two types of statements: an imperative (or procedural) statement and a functional statement. Python also has first-class functions, meaning that functions can be stored in variables, passed as arguments; returned by other functions, or assigned to a name that implicitly creates an anonymous function.
7 Best Features Of Python Programming Language To Know In 2022
Python is a well-known open-source general-purpose programming language that possibly will be the most popular in the world by 2022. The most common features of Python are its rich standard library, readability, and interpreted nature.
Coding Is Simple In Python Programming Language
Python is a prevalent programming language, and it has clear syntax, concise programs, and robust data structures.
Python is a popular choice among college students due to its simplicity and intuitive features. In addition, it is relatively easy to pick up for both experienced programmers and first-timers since it has simple syntax and data structures. It’s also straightforward to read the code written by other developers because of its simple reading symbols; that don’t require any special training before reading them.
Python Is An Open-source Programming Language
Python is a dynamic and expressive language growing in popularity among developers. It is used to build websites, web services, and desktop apps. It also provides a vast set of libraries used in different industries; such as game development, scientific computing, machine learning, and data analytics.
Python is an open-source programming language; and it can run on a Linux system and be extended to create various types of software. Python is somewhat easy to learn and use and extendable to develop different kinds of software. Because of these qualities, it has become one of the most popular languages among developers today.
Also check: Ruby Vs Python – What’s the Difference?
Python Is An Object-oriented Programming Language
Python is an Object-oriented programming language that uses the object-oriented paradigm. It is a high-level general-purpose, interpreted, multi-paradigm programming language.
Nowadays, it is increasingly becoming popular with developers and scientific users due to its object-oriented nature. Its many benefits come with its development of dynamic typing and metaprogramming capabilities.
A Python program usually consists of modules imported at runtime and callable from another module or the Python interactive interpreter. Another key feature of Python is that it has a rich set of libraries; that you can pull in by importing statements within your source files.
Python Is A Highly Portable Language
Python is a famous programming language that allows programmers to fit their needs and interests. It has a wide range of science, engineering, and business applications. You can effortlessly use it for different purposes; such as data processing, web development, extensive data analysis, robotics, artificial intelligence, and more.
Python is highly portable since it is cross-platform, implementing its programming concepts on many operating systems like Windows and Linux.
Also Check: Machine Learning Using Python – A Novice Guide
The Python Programming Language Includes GUI Support
The Python programming language is a multipurpose and easy-to-use general-purpose, high-level programming language; and it is also one of the oldest languages in computer science.
Also, the Python programming language includes GUI support with standard library modules – wxPython and Tkinter. It provides tools to process events on mouse clicks or keyboard input. These libraries are available for any Python script or application that needs to respond to user interactions with functionalities; like window management, text editing, mouse handling, event processing, etc.
Moreover, Python has many GUI toolkits, making it an excellent choice for programmers who need to work with multimedia files; such as images, videos, and audio files, among other things.
Python Is An Embedded Programming Language
Python is a well-known programming language that has become popular over the years. It is the most in-demand programming language for embedded systems, like C and C++.
Python is a famous programming language that can be applied to hardware and software; allowing developers to develop software and hardware faster than before.
Python has proven to be very valuable for developers interested in building a product or creating an application with embedded systems; which makes it a highly sought-after tool nowadays.
Also Check: Why Is Custom PHP Development So Popular?
Python Is An Advanced Programming Language
Python is a very advanced programming language; it has been the fastest-growing software language in recent years. It is used for web application development, data science, and scientific computing.
Python is a general-purpose programming language that you can easily use for various applications. Companies like Netflix, Google, IBM, and Instagram have all used Python in their work.
Python programming language is an open-source general-purpose, high-level programming language. It is known for its clear syntax, code readability, and extensive standard library. It is used in data science, AI, machine learning, and web development. Python developers can use features like functional programming or metaprogramming to build powerful apps and programs.
Python has many powerful features which will be popular in 2022. For example, the language offers multiple ways to organize your code in Python projects; and these features help create a more efficient and readable codebase. Python has recently received a lot of attention because it’s easy to learn and easy to use among programmers.
The best features of the Python programming language in 2022 are its ease of use, how straightforward the syntax is; and how fast the language is running on different operating systems like Windows, Linux, Ubuntu, and iOS.
Also Check: Difference Between System Software and Application Software
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Bus drivers and monitors across the country are being better trained on how to deal with bullying, and after the case of bullied bus monitor Karen Klein, school officials may pay them more heed.
The shocking YouTube video of students verbally abusing monitor Karen Klein highlights how difficult it can be to handle bullying in a place where it often happens: the school bus.
The good news is that better training is making its way to thousands of bus drivers and monitors across the country – and school administrators may now be more inclined than ever to take seriously drivers’ reports of taunting, sexual harassment, and other forms of bullying against kids and adults.
First Student, a company that transports 6 million students a day, launched a campaign this past school year – “See Something. Do Something.” – to train all its drivers and attendants, more than 59,000 people.
The workshops teach bus drivers how to recognize signs of bullying and strategies for responding – once they’ve stopped the bus in a safe location. They present hypothetical scenarios to help them practice deescalating aggressive behavior.
The training materials are available more broadly and were developed jointly by the US Department of Education’s Office of Safe and Drug Free Schools and the National Association for Public Transportation (NAPT).
“The NAPT [is] prepared … to engage at a higher level than ever before in the dialogue about what school districts and communities are doing about bullying prevention, particularly on school buses,” said executive director Michael Martin, in a written statement in the wake of the Karen Klein incident.
Thirty-two percent of students ages 12 to 18 who said they were bullied in a 2006-07 survey, and of those, 8 percent said they were bullied on a bus, according to the training materials. Other studies suggest it’s even more widespread.
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HIV vaccines current status worldwide and in Africa
Since HIV-1 was identified, development of a preventive vaccine has been a major goal. Significant progress toward that goal has been made by 2010. In macaques, a vigorous T effector cell response has protected some animals from disease caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Broadly, neutralizing human anti-HIV antibodies have been isolated and their structures, and targets are rapidly being elucidated. For the first time an AIDS vaccine has shown modest protective efficacy in a human clinical trial. To reach the final goal, there is a need for a coordinated global effort, including a range of approaches including novel high-throughput screening techniques, X-ray crystallography, and monoclonal antibody isolation, analysis of T cell responses and their impact on disease progression, human epidemiology, as well as targeted studies in nonhuman primates. African research teams as well as cohorts of healthy volunteers and HIV-infected individuals have contributed to HIV vaccine research and development in many important ways. It is essential that this work continue to speed the development and deployment of a vaccine suitable for African populations.
- PMID Author:
Fast PE, Kaleebu P
HIV vaccines: current status worldwide and in Africa. AIDS
2010;24 Suppl 4:S50-60 doi: 10.1097/01.aids.0000390707.58512.5e
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Image is in the public domain.
As we head into Women’s History month in March, one woman stands out as an early pioneer for women’s rights, Susan B. Anthony. Her birthday is remembered this month, but she is known for a November day in 1872, when she and other women registered to vote. When Anthony attempted to vote, she was arrested and convicted of the crime of illegal voting. She was also an anti-slavery activist and joined forces with abolitionist Frederick Douglass in Rochester, New York. Although it wasn’t legal for women to vote until 1920, Susan B. Anthony led the campaign to for women’s suffrage. Listen to hear more about her legacy as an advocate for women’s rights in the United States.
Story Length: 2:53
Socrative users can import these questions using the following code: SOC-1234
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) ensures that all children with disabilities are entitled to a free appropriate public education to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living. Prior to IDEA, over 4 million children with disabilities were denied appropriate access to public education. Many children were denied entry into public school altogether, while others were placed in segregated classrooms, or in regular classrooms without adequate support for their special needs (Katsiyannis, Yell, Bradley, 2001; Martin, Martin, Terman, 1996; U.S. Department of Education, 2010).
IDEA has four distinct sections; sections A, B, C and D. Part A of IDEA lays out the basic foundation for the rest of the Act. This section defines the terms used within the Act as well as providing for the creation of the Office of Special Education Programs, which is responsible for administering and carrying out the terms of IDEA (IDEA, 1997).
Part B of IDEA is the section which lays out the educational guidelines for school children 3-21 years of age. By law, states are required to educate students with disabilities (Martin, Martin, & Terman, 1996). IDEA provides financial support for state and local school districts. However to receive funding, school districts must comply with six main principles set out by IDEA:
- Every child is entitled to a free and appropriate public education (FAPE).
- When a school professional believes that a student between the ages of 3 and 21 may have a disability that has substantial impact on the student's learning or behavior, the student is entitled to an evaluation in all areas related to the suspected disability.
- Creation of an Individualized Education Plan (IEP). The purpose of the IEP is to lay out a series of specific actions and steps through which educational providers, parents and the student themselves may reach the child's stated goals.
- That the education and services for children with disabilities must be provided in the least restrictive environment, and if possible, those children be placed in a "typical" education setting with non-disabled students.
- Input of the child and their parents must be taken into account in the education process.
- When a parent feels that an IEP is inappropriate for their child, or that their child is not receiving needed services, they have the right under IDEA to challenge their child's treatment (due process). (DREDF, 2008; Kastiyannis, Yell, Bradley, 2001; Turnbull, Huerta, & Stowe, 2004).
Part C of IDEA recognizes the need for identifying and reaching very young children with disabilities. This portion of IDEA provides guidelines concerning the funding and services to be provides to children from birth through 2 years of age. Families are entitled to several services through part C of IDEA (IDEA, 1997).
- Every family is entitled to appropriate, timely, and multidisciplinary identification and intervention services for their very young child. These services must be made available to all families with infants and toddlers.
- Families are required to receive an Individualized family Service Plan (IFSP). This plan lays out the priorities, resources and concerns of the family. In addition it describes the goals of the child, the services to be provided to the child, and steps for eventual transitioning of the child into formal education.
- Families have a right to participate in the creation of the IFSP, and must give consent prior to the initiation of intervention services.
- Lastly, parents are entitled to timely resolution of all conflicts or complaints regarding the evaluation or services provided to their child.
The final section of IDEA, part D, describes national activities to be undertaken to improve the education of children with disabilities. These activities include grants to improve the education and transitional services provided to students with disabilities. In addition this section provides resources to support programs, projects and activities which contribute positive results for children with disabilities (IDEA, 1997).
In 2010 the U.S. Department of Education published a report acknowledging the 35th anniversary of IDEA. The report highlighted many of the achievements gained as a result of this legislation including the increase in college enrollment and decrease in high school dropouts.
- Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund. (2008). A guide for California parents: Special education due process meeting and the resolution meeting. Retrieved from http://www.dredf.org/special_education/dueprocess.pdf
- Individuals with Disability Education Act Amendments of 1997 [IDEA]. (1997). Retrieved from http://thomas.loc.gov/home/thomas.php
- Katsiyannis, A., Yell, M., & Bradley, R. (2001). Reflections on the 25th anniversary of the individuals with disabilities education act. Remedial and Special Education, 22, 324-334.
- Martin, E., Martin, R., & Terman, D. (1996). The legislative and litigation history of special education. The Future of Children, 6, 25-39.
- Turnbull, H. (2005). Individuals with disabilities education act reauthorization: Accountability and personal responsibility. Remedial and Special Education, 26, 320-326.
- Turnbull, H., Huerta, N., & Stowe, M. (2004). The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act as Amended in 2004. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
- U.S. Department of Education. (2010). Thirty-five Years of Progress in Educating Children With Disabilities Through IDEA. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/osers/idea35/history/idea-35-history.pdf
- Yell, M., Rogers, D., & Rogers, E. (1998). The legal history of special education: What a long strange trip it's been. Remedial and Special Education, 19, 219-228.
For more information, please contact Stefanie Reeves in the Public Interest Government Relations Office at (202) 336-6061 or by email.
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Up until 2000, landholding in Scotland was feudal. Originally, the king, as superior or overlord had feued out land to his vassals. The vassal was required to pay an annual feu duty to the superior and as long as he did this, the property belonged to him
Records of land held directly from the Crown are to be found in the Register of the Great Seal (printed to 1668) and among private family papers
Retours/Services of Heirs
When a subject of the Crown died, his heir had to prove his right to his ancestor’s property by petitioning Chancery who would then order an inquest to be held to determine whether he was the true heir. The result would be a Retour or Service of Heirs. There are General and Special Services. The former do not specify the land being inherited, while the latter do. Up until 1847 (except for 1652-1659), these are in Latin. There are summaries of pre 1700 retours in the Inquisitionum ad Cappelam Regis Retornatorum Abbreviato which are arranged by counties. These lead to the actual Registers of Retours. After 1700, there are printed decennial indices to the Services of Heirs. Once the service was issued, sasine to the new heir generally took place. It should be stressed though that Retours or Services only involve land held directly from the Crown.
Registers of Sasines
Vassals of the Crown, could, in turn, feu out of parts of the property that they held from the king to their own vassals and so by doing became superiors themselves; hence sub-infeudation. Records of these transactions are to be found in the Registers of Sasines or prior to that in Notarial Protocol Books
Records of land ownership involve the actual land and not the buildings standing on that land. A large landowner is distinguished in the records as being ‘of’ an estate or property while those with small holdings are described as ‘in’.
Up to 1868, land could not be bequeathed but descended according to the law of primogeniture, i.e. the eldest lawful son inherited whom failing his eldest son and so on. If there were no sons, then a daughter or daughters could inherit
When ownership of land changed hands, permission had to be got from the superior. This took the form of a charter or disposition containing a precept of sasine (a letter from the superior, ordering his bailie to give title to the new owner). In earlier times, the ceremony of change of ownership took place on the actual lands. Present would be the new owner or his representative (attorney or procurator), a notary, a bailie, (specially appointed by the superior for that occasion in his precept) and witnesses. Documents were presented to the notary who read and explained them to the assembled company and then the new owner or his representative was given a handful of earth and stones by the bailie or he would take hold of the hasp of a door, if the property was in a town, to signify that he had been infeft or seised in the property. If the teind sheaves (tithes) were included, he would sometimes be given a handful of corn.
Details of the transaction were recorded by the notary in an Instrument of Sasine which he would then take to be recorded in the Register of Sasines for the county in which the property lay. A copy of this Instrument would be given to the new owner
Records of change of ownership from 1617 onwards appear in Particular Registers of Sasines for each county or in the General Register of Sasines which covered the whole country. There was a brief experimental period known as the Secretary’s Register before this between 1599 and 1609, but not all registers for that time have survived
All the Sasine Registers have been digitised
Registers of Sasines of the Royal Burghs
Royal burghs, such as Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Glasgow etc. had the right to keep their own registers. The superiors in this case were the provost and town council and so sasine to the new owner would be given by one of the bailies (here meaning magistrate). In burghs, an area of land was called a tenement, (not to be confused with the later multi-storied Victorian tenement buildings). Some records in Notary Protocol Books go back as far as the late 15th century. Most of the very early ones have been printed by record societies
Land used as Security
In the past, in the absence of banks, land could be used as security for a loan. It could either be wadset which was a type of mortgage or a creditor could receive an annualrent out of it. From 1847 onwards, such a loan was termed a Bond and Disposition in Security. When the loan was repaid, interest would be added and, if a specific time was set for repayment, a penalty would be included. If unpaid, a creditor could even claim part of a debtor’s lands to the value of the loan through action in court, resulting in diligence (Inhibitions, Apprisings and Adjudications)
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The United Nations estimates that by 2030, nearly half the world will be living in areas of high water stress. Jordan, in the midst of a water crisis, is looking for solutions.
Published for DW on November 15, 2016
“We are becoming more like a desert,” Mohammed Al Barawi says, standing in front of rows of cucumber plants shielded by a greenhouse from the glaring late-summer sun. “Even last week we had temperatures of more than 40, 42 degrees [Celsius]. This is something we didn’t have before.”
Al Barawi, an agricultural engineer of 20 years, is worried. “Last year we hit 47. How can the plants live in 47-degree weather,” he asks.
Jordan is one of the four driest countries in the world. It only has seven percent arable land. Water shortages, climate warming and a fast-growing population together create a looming food crisis for the country.
“The problem is aggressive and severe,” Jordanian water expert Dureid Mahasneh said, explaining that Jordan’s agricultural sector alone consumes 65 percent of its water supply, while making up only around six percent of the GDP.
Lower production, hotter climate
About 40 years ago, Jordan was producing over 300,000 tons of grain annually. Today, it produces only 60,000 tons and has to import over 90 percent of its grain.
Looking at the past 50 years, a 2013 report on climate change impacts found that the average local temperature in Jordan increased rapidly since 1992 – by 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius.
Jordan also witnessed a dramatic decrease in rainfall – problematic for a country that depends solely on rainfall as its main water resource.
The country is expected to witness a 15 to 60 percent decrease in precipitation and a 1 to 4 degree increase in temperature within the next 80 years.
Searching for innovative solutions to alleviate the strain on food production, Jordan may have found a technique that could work: hydroponic farming.
More food with less water
With hydroponic farming, crops are grown without soil and by recycling nutrient-dense water instead. About 50 to 75 percent less water is used than with conventional farming, and crops produce a higher yield with fewer pesticides.
Using fewer fertilizers helps to eliminate soil-borne diseases and reduces the rate of spoilage.
At his farm in Um Al-Rumanah village, some 30 kilometers south of Amman, Al Barawi grows cucumbers, tomatoes, eggplants, roses and other produce.
The water recycles through pipes in a closed system, circulating through the plants’ roots, feeding more than 200 greenhouses.
Together with his special mixture of fertilizer composed of volcanic rock from the Azraq area, Al Barawi said he uses at least 40 percent less water, and his production has increased by 20 percent.
“We don’t lose one drop of water in this system,” Al Barawi said.
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) has been funding hydroponic farms, including the 300-square-meter greenhouse in Zarqa, which produces 29,000 heads of lettuce annually.
According to USAID, each individual lettuce plant produced hydroponically requires 7.5 liters of water. Conventional farming would need more than 40 liters per plant and 1,000 square meters of land.
Water savings per year for the lettuce could amount to more than 80 percent.
“This way Jordan can focus on its comparative advantage for the Jordanian market and for its export to Europe and the Gulf,” Hazim El Naser, Jordan’s Minister of Water and Irrigation, said.
Success in the Gulf
As most Gulf countries import up to 90 percent of their food, they’ve embraced renewable green technology.
Qatar plans to grow up to 70 percent of its own vegetables by 2023 with the help of hydroponics.
During its two-year pilot project, the hydroponics technology company Zulal Oasis, which was launched in 2013, successfully grew tomatoes without soil and by recycling water.
Their greenhouses also feature air-cooling systems to protect produce from the unforgiving heat that reaches 45
degrees in summer.
Qatar can now produce quality crops for the whole year, regardless of season. Since 2009, homegrown produce has increased, also due to using cultivated land in Africa.
Investment against water stress
But the cutting-edge technology doesn’t come cheap. Farmers need to purchase pumps, pipes, basins and other materials. Air-cooling systems are a luxury others can’t afford.
“[Hydroponics] isn’t enough to help the plants, to decrease the temperature; the plants suffer a lot,” Al Barawi said.
The UN estimates that by 2030, 47 percent of the world will be living in areas of high water stress.
In Jordan, large-scale water theft has become an ordinary occurrence. Since 2013, authorities have caught 23,000 violations on water resources and have sealed 758 illegal wells.
Desperate for rain, a team of Jordanian meteorologists visited Thailand last summer where they learned how to induce precipitation by sowing clouds with chemicals.
One promising step is the Red Sea-Dead Sea pipeline project, which would transfer 300 million cubic meters of water annually from the Red Sea to save the Dead Sea, where water levels are sinking by about a meter each year.
A desalination plant would provide potable water to Jordan, Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories. The entire project costs $1 billion to complete.
Jordan’s Minister of Water and Irrigation El Naser explained that the water crisis has been exacerbated by regional conflict – and needs support from the international community.
“The government is trying its best to cover such a huge demand,” he said.
“Jordan spent a lot of efforts to bring the Palestinians and Israelis to work on this project. Now the Israelis, Palestinians are on board; we have an agreement.”
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Through an extremely in-depth report, paired with dazzling visual representations, design and think tank group Rollerhaus imagined an eco-centric future vision of Chicago that is without cars, with new systems for energy and water, and built in a whole new architectural language. Their project was started in response to the Living Future Institute’s Living Cities competition, whose challenge was to conceptualize what a city of the future may look like if it work like a certified Living Building. Their interpretation of a reclaimed eco-architecture city — featuring reused parts of building facades and billboards pieced onto skyscrapers — drew a lot of controversy, but we echo Rollerhaus in their proposal, which begged the question: Is a sustainable city really the picture perfect one we’ve seen in past architectural movements?
Their project received controversial feedback from the competition judges because it does not show the futuristic metropolis as a utopian paradise.”Rather is was an honest attempt to imagine how human behavior has evolved in order to arrive at a more sustainable lifestyle,” says Kevin Scott, Owner and Principal Designer at Rollerhaus. “We were trying to arrive at the next language after post-modernism…our argument was that the next movement is the sustainable one—in other words, the green revolution begins to have an identifiable language attached to it.”
Rollerhaus reference cities in India and Egypt that have tight knit, extraordinarily efficient communities built from the waste of others. Although some would call these slums built from necessity, Rollerhaus poses that in the future sustainable architecture may take a cue from this makeshift aesthetic.
Another highlight of Rollerhaus’s in-depth project was their suggestions for how Chicago could produce and conserve energy in the future. The outline looks at portions of energy coming from many sources such as wind farms, ground source heat pumps, and solar building retrofits. There is even a suggestion to put a glass box cap on some skyscrapers as a way to allow glass lined photovoltaics, and create greenhouse spaces.
The visualization that suggests another huge change to city dynamics is one where the streets are no longer corridors of vehicles, but are entirely green space transit routes above ground with public transit sub structures. It is very impressive to see a Chicago dominated by park and pedestrian space, but without lose of efficiency of getting around. Being able to travel primarily below ground during the chilly winter months would always be a great benefit.
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Robonaut2, or R2, as it is known, is the most advanced dextrous robot yet developed. Built by NASA and General Motors, this robot will be able to work along side an astronaut or an autoworker. The idea is to have the ability to work in space where it may be too dangerous for humans in some places, and to work with humans in an auto production plant to improve efficiency. GM and NASA have been long-time collaborators. GM worked with NASA on the Lunar Rover for the Apollo moon programs. Read the story at the link below for more details about this robot.
Robonaut2, or R2, is able to use its hands to do work beyond the scope of previously introduced humanoid robots. It surpasses previous dextrous humanoid ...
See all stories on this topic
GM, NASA build advanced dextrous robot
Creamer Media's Engineering News
Tue, 16 Feb 2010 10:36:44 GMT
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
dihedral (plural dihedrals)
- (mathematics) An angle between two plane surfaces
- (aeronautics) The upward slope of an aircraft's wing
- (chemistry) The angle between pairs of chemical bonds separated by a third bond
dihedral (not comparable)
- (mathematics) Consisting of, relating to or contained between two plane surfaces.
- dihedral angle
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The tremor of Parkinson’s disease
Nitin. K. Sethi, MD
Assistant Professor of Neurology
Weill Cornell Medical Center
New York, NY 10065
Since many of the readers of my blog and website (http://braindiseases.info) have written in asking about tremor, I thought in this post I shall describe the tremor seen in Parkinson’s disease in detail. The classical tremor described in Parkinson’s disease is a resting tremor which has a frequency of about 2-5 Hz. Let me explain in more simple terms what I mean by that.
The tremor in Parkinson’s disease is present at rest and not when the hands/ limbs are in motion (when the patient’s hands are placed on a table and are completely at rest, the tremor comes out. Now if you ask the patient to hold the hands in front of themselves or to perform some action like picking up a glass of water and bring it to their lips, the tremor becomes less prominent and may not be noticable. Hence it is called a RESTING TREMOR). Another way to observe the resting tremor is to see the patient walk. When we walk, our arms are held by the side of the body and are completely at rest, if a person has a resting tremor it is clearly visible.
The tremor in Parkinson’s disease has a frequency of about 2-5Hz ( meaning that the tremor is not very fast). It also has a large amplitude (meaning that it is not fine rather it is a gross tremor and can be well appreciated by the naked eye from a distance).
The tremor of Parkinson’s disease disappears/ stops when the patient falls asleep (most of the tremors abate on sleeping and hence this quality does not aid in differentiating the tremor of Parkinson’s disease from other tremors).
The classical tremor of Parkinson’s disease is a pill-rolling tremor (meaning the tremor consists of flexion and extension of the fingers in connection with adduction and abduction of the thumb. Imagine yourself rolling a pill, that is how the tremor looks like!!!)
Most importantly the tremor in Parkinson’s disease is accompanied by other signs of Parkinson’s disease such as rigidity (the tone of the muscles of the limbs is increased), bradykinesia (slowness in the execution of movement) and a disturbance of gait and posture (the gait is slow, stooped forward-we call this a festinating gait and their posture is off so patients are more prone to falls). That said and done signs of Parkinson’s disease may appear at different times and not all at once. At times the first/ earliest manifestation of Parkinson’s disease is the presence of an asymmetrical resting tremor (meaning the tremor usually appears asymmetrically/ only in one hand).
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Send the link below via email or IMCopy
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Types of Animal Body Symmetry
Transcript of Types of Animal Body Symmetry
Three types of body symmetry
Red Tube Sponge
Underwater look at sponges that are asymmetrical
Animals with bilateral symmetry have a left and a right side. They also have a front end called ANTERIOR and a back end called POSTERIOR
Label your fish
Anterior & Posterior
Dorsal & Ventral
Concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior end. It allows animals to respond to their environment more quickly and better than simpler animals
An advantage of bilateral symmetry is ....
Do you see why they are called asymmetrical?
means NOT Symmetrical
NOT made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis; showing symmetry.
Symmetrical - made up of exactly
similar parts facing each other or
around an axis; showing symmetry.
Asymmetrical - NOT Symmetrical
Radial- Relating to, or arranged like rays. Radiating from or converging to a common center.
Bilateral- Having or formed of two sides; two-sided.
Does any part look like it is coming from the center?
Is it a round shape? Could you draw a radius or a diameter?
Can you divide this in half
and have equal parts?
A video explains the difference between Radially and Bilateral Symmetry
Radially symmetrical animals
How many times can you draw a plane through the center and get an equal part?
Click the back arrow if you don't remember!
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The thumb piano, known as a kalimba or mbira and by many other names, is a lamellaphone that uses plucked prongs called tongues, keys or tines to generate acoustic vibrations. The length of the tine determines the pitch.
Generally, the thumb piano uses some kind of mechanism to create a great deal of pressure to anchor the tines across 2 bridges which allows the free lengths of the tines room to vibrate. The tines are usually of the same material and gauge (thickness) to ensure consistency so the pressure is distributed equally holding everything in place and in tune.
The method shown here is simplified and wonderfully versatile. It allows the use of more fragile, delicate, and unusual materials for the body of the instrument, and it provides a way to use oddly shaped tines of different materials at the same time while permitting the tines to be swapped out and tuned with ease.
There are interesting possibilities here: a simple armature or jig that becomes a tool with which to investigate the sound that different materials make - how they vibrate, how they resonate and how different combinations of factors can change the sound quality.
Experiment and explore and find configurations that work for you.
Video link in Step 6.
Step 1: The Grounding Bar
The bar shown is about 4 1/2 inches long and 1/2 inch in width.
The 3 empty slots are drilled all the way through, this is where fasteners can be used to attach the bar to something.
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Friday, 18 April, 2014
Wikipedia: Osteopathic Medicine (Popularity: )
Information about osteopathy, a medical practice which emphasises the inter-relationship of the body's nerves, muscles, bones, and organs.
Osteopathic Page (Popularity: )
Describes the practice of traditional osteopathic medicine, including osteopathy in the cranial field.
© 2014 Directory of Science. All Rights Reserved
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While many parents agree that enrolling children in sports is a good way to condition their children both physically and socially, an increasing amount of parents are realizing that enrolling their children in music classes brings many benefits to the children. A child may play a piano when they are sad, happy or lonely. It allows them to tap into a powerful way to communicate their emotion or just give them a relax mind. I would like to share with all my friends, the benefits of playing the piano. The piano is one of the most popular musical instruments.
It is an educational tool that can help accelerate a child’s development and help adults maintain and gain benefits in brain age. Playing the piano is fun and can benefit us in many ways. We get self-confidence, memory skills, concentration skills, focus, dexterity, eye and hand coordination and social skills from our practice. A child learns to read two lines of music, use both ears, arms, legs, feet and all ten fingers, with the brain giving each body part a different assignment to perform simultaneously.
No other activity allows a child to exercise all of these skills in such a constructive manner. There are many practical benefits related to studying the piano. Through piano study you are not only learning to play a musical instrument, but also expanding your mental capacity, improving coordination and motor skills, increasing self-esteem, gaining an appreciation of the arts, providing a greater emotional outlet and learning greater self discipline.
There is an increasing amount of scientific research showing the benefits of musical training to the human brain. Some researchers suggest that it can boost brain circuitry and increases certain mental functions. Recent research shows that children who study music, demonstrate better reading skills, a higher level of creativity and better grades in school. Some psychologists have observed children who could play piano were more self confident and had better self esteem.
Piano studies are an investment in a child’s future because it is something more than just learning how to appreciate music, it is development of a great skill which will last a lifetime. The study of Piano increases brain function by a considerable percentage. Students who study piano learn to think and use their brains differently than the average student who had no musical training. They learn to think logically and rationally with attention to details that other students may miss.
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Back in 1887, Thomas Edison and his crew in West Orange, New Jersey, invented one of the first ways to view a motion picture: a kinetoscope.
It was like a super early version of the film projector. A string of photographs would flash across a peephole, where folks could view a moving image.
As National Geographic notes, Edison was tipped to the idea from the British photographer Eadweard Muybridge. Muybridge made images like the below gif, which clued Edison to the fact that motion could be conveyed through a series of photos.
After seeing this, Edison — who'd already made recorded history with the phonograph — decided he needed to get into the motion picture game. The inventor wrote:
"I am experimenting upon an instrument which does for the Eye what the phonograph does for the Ear, which is the recording a reproduction of things in motion, and in such a form as to be both cheap, practical and convenient."
We can learn a couple of things from Edison's analogizing.
First, cognitive scientists have confirmed that it's easier to learn new things when you already have an extensive base of knowledge. Second, the bridge that allows us to come up with new ideas is usually an analogy: a way of looking at two things in your memory or in the world and seeing the similarity in their underlying structures.
Analogy may be the best way to brainstorm new ideas — and it's a ridiculously old technique. Frequently, the "answer" to a new question exists in a solution somewhere out there in the world. It's just a matter of finding the right fit.
Nat Geo tips us to the first recorded invention by analogy. Some 2000 years ago, the Roman architect-engineer Vitruvius used an analogy to figure out how to build an excellent theatre.
"As in the case of the waves formed in the water, so it is in the case of the voice," the architect wrote. "The first wave, when there is no obstruction to interrupt it, does not break up the second or the following waves, but they all reach the ears of the lowest and highest spectators without an echo."
Analogy helped Johannes Kepler untangle the laws of planetary motion. The German astronomer thought that gravity — though it didn't have a name yet — could act like light. Just like light could move from the sun to the planets, a force could keep them in orbit.
Modern-day office folk can employ analogies, too.How to analogize your way to better ideas
In a new paper, University of Pittsburgh researchers Joel Chan and Christian Schunn tracked the brainstorming sessions of a design firm trying to make a handheld printer for kids. The designers made new analogies every five minutes. Those analogies allowed the designers to incrementally improve on each other's conceptions.
Let's look at the transcript. In this particular selection, they're trying to figure out how to cover the printer head so it doesn't get destroyed by kids when it's not in use. Notice the progression of the idea, analogy by analogy:
Incrementally, the idea shifts, recomposes, and evolves. The solution is first like a video tape, then a garage door, and then a rolling garage door.
You can get a feeling of what's going on in the designers' minds: They're looking for a new solution to an old problem, how to protect this valuable thing when it's not in use. So they fire off ideas of other types of protectors in a rapid evolution.
In 10 seconds, analogies help the idea to evolve.
So remember this the next time you're trying to dream up an answer: Look for other "solutions" that already exist out there in the world, and see if they might fit your question, just like Edison, Vitruvius, and Kepler.
See Also:This Batting Practice Experiment Exposes Our False Assumptions About LearningWhy People Wait In Hours-Long Lines For Shake Shack, Cronuts, And iPhonesRadio Host Ira Glass: Even The Most Successful People Once Doubted Themselves17 Web Resources That Will Improve Your Productivity17 Easy Habits To Start Today That Will Help You 5 Years From Now
SEE ALSO: 7 Memory Skills That Will Make You Way Smarter
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NASA’s Curiosity rover on fresh drive to explore life
Washington, Oct 4 (IANS) After collecting some key samples on the Red Planet for the past four years, NASA’s Curiosity rover is driving toward uphill destinations as part of its two-year mission extension that commenced from October 1.
The destinations include a ridge capped with material rich in the iron-oxide mineral hematite, about two-and-half km ahead and an exposure of clay-rich bedrock beyond that.
These are key exploration sites on lower Mount Sharp where Curiosity is currently investigating evidence of ancient, water-rich environments that contrast with the harsh, dry conditions on the surface of Mars today.
“We continue to reach higher and younger layers on Mount Sharp. Even after four years of exploring near and on the mountain, it still has the potential to completely surprise us,” said Indian-origin project scientist Ashwin Vasavada from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
Curiosity has taken more than 180,000 images since landing on Mars in August 2012.
Newly available vistas include the rover’s latest self-portrait from the colour camera at the end of its arm and a scenic panorama from the colour camera at the top of the mast.
“Curiosity’s assignment is the ongoing study of ancient habitability and the potential for life,” said Curiosity Programme Scientist Michael Meyer from NASA.
This latest drill site — the 14th for Curiosity — is in a geological layer about 600 feet thick called the Murray formation.
Curiosity has climbed nearly half of this formation’s thickness so far and found it consists primarily of mudstone, formed from mud that accumulated at the bottom of ancient lakes.
The findings indicate that the lake environment was enduring, not fleeting.
For roughly the first half of the new two-year mission extension, the rover team anticipates investigating the upper half of the Murray formation.
“We will see whether that record of lakes continues further,” Vasavada said.
The “Hematite Unit” and “Clay Unit” above the Murray formation were identified from Mars orbiter observations before Curiosity’s landing.
“The Hematite and the Clay units likely indicate different environments from the conditions recorded in older rock beneath them and different from each other. It will be interesting to see whether either or both were habitable environments,” added Vasavada.
The mission is also monitoring the modern environment of Mars, including natural radiation levels.
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First-Hand:Origins of Hewlett Packard 35 (HP-35)
Contributed by: Dave Cochran
After the development of the 9100 desktop scientific calculator in the mid 1960s, Bill Hewlett became obsessed with the idea that HP should develop the same capability to fit his shirt pocket. Every few months he would walk into the lab in building 1 Upper and ask how we were doing; he often approached me as I was investigating architectures amenable to the scientific algorithms I had used in the 9100.
Although semiconductor density was increasing yearly, bipolar technology was never going to be suitable, too large and power hungry. Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) promised high density and low power, but was still in its infancy. However this didn’t stop Hewlett from getting the Industrial Design group of HP Labs to mock up some ideas of shape, key layout, etc. and fit in his shirt pocket. The Solid-State Laboratory was also working on LED displays with minimal-power bipolar driver circuits.
I had been obtaining samples of various semiconductor architectures that performed simple four-function calculations from U.S. vendors as well as the Japanese. Most were bipolar but some MOS circuits with hundreds of transistors per chip were starting to be designed. In 1970 Fairchild Semiconductor showed Tom Whitney and I a PMOS architecture that looked promising as a candidate for scientific algorithms; a binary coded decimal (BCD) adder and up to 20 digit long multiple words in a circulating shift register (race track) arrangement that was very efficient of both chip size and power. They were intending to offer this chip set as the platform for fixed point four-function calculators
I spent about two weeks scoping out a modified architecture based on what I has seen at Fairchild and determined I would need only three 13 digit (56 bit) registers and a microcode word length of 11 bits; this was later shortened to 10 bits by using only an inferred conditional branch. A ten percent reduction in circuitry was very significant. Thirteen digits would be sufficient for ten digit accuracy with an overflow or carry digit and two guard digits. The word could be displayed as either a mantissa with two exponent digits or variable length fixed point. The product would have an arithmetic and register chip, control and timing circuit and several Read-Only-Memories. How often does someone have a chance to design a microinstruction set?
Fairchild decided it didn’t want to do a custom design for HP so together with the group manager, Tom Whitney and the lab director Paul Stoft went to Hewlett thinking he’d be overjoyed that we had a combination of technology and architecture that would fit in his pocket. We told him that we would have to contract out development of several new technology PMOS circuits.
The selling price with all those custom circuits would have to be certainly more than $100 that current models of four-function calculators were going for. Hewlett wasn’t sure that the million dollar development would have a positive pay-back, so we used the existing R&D budget to fund the project while Hewlett contacted the think tank SRI to do an independent market feasibility study. SRI came back many months later stating after studying the market through focus groups, etc.; what HP had in mind couldn’t be priced”.
As the program was moving along we had a “name the baby” contest with many entries such as the Math Marvel, Athena, etc., Hewlett came by and said, “Well, it should be called the HP-35”; why, “because it has 35 keys”.
It was late in 1971 when we put together the first HP-35 prototypes and handed out a few to distinguished scientists in the area. Stanford Engineering Dean Fred Terman, the person responsible for bringing Bill and Dave together to start HP was one of the first. He was overwhelmed, looking for an umbilical cord connected to a big computer doing the precision calculations. Wouldn’t you know he’d find the first bug, he entered 90 degrees and pushed the TAN key; the unit started blinking as the algorithm divided by zero. I had to put in a trap to make it show 10 to the 99th power to show infinity. Nobel Prize winner Dr. Charles Townes was so impressed he called it “the eighth wonder of the world”.
The HP-35 was introduced with little fanfare for $395 through the normal sales channels; but word spread and orders quickly backlogged. The first production run scheduled to carry us for six months was limited to 100K; a few months later it was doubled. When told about an RFQ we had received from GE for 20 thousand units, Hewlett couldn’t believe it; I suggested that maybe they want each of their engineers to have one. He said, “No they should just borrow from one another”.
The minute attention to detail in every aspect of the HP-35 from battery life, the shape of the seven-segment display to the position of each key paid off. The HP-35 was truly a product which you knew would be successful because the engineer at the next bench wanted it.
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Total Number of words made out of Gapped =30 Gapped
is a 6
letter medium Word starting with G and ending with D. Below are Total 30 words made out of this word.
5 letter Words made out of gapped
1). gaped 2). paged
4 letter Words made out of gapped
1). peag 2). gaed 3). egad 4). page 5). aped 6). aged 7). gape
3 letter Words made out of gapped
1). pap 2). ped 3). pad 4). pea 5). ged 6). peg 7). pep 8). age 9). ape 10). dag 11). dap 12). gad 13). gap
2 letter Words made out of gapped
de ed pa pe ag ae ad
: . Anagrams are meaningful words made after rearranging all the letters of the word.
Search More words for viewing how many words can be made out of them
There are 2 vowel letters and 4 consonant letters in the word gapped. G is 7th, A is 1st, P is 16th, E is 5th, D is 4th, Letter of Alphabet series.
Wordmaker is a website which tells you how many words you can make out of any given word in english. we have tried our best to include every possible word combination of a given word. Its a good website for those who are looking for anagrams of a particular word. Anagrams are words made using each and every letter of the word and is of the same legth as original english word. Most of the words meaning have also being provided to have a better understanding of the word. A cool tool for scrabble fans and english users, word maker is fastly becoming one of the most sought after english reference across the web.
g, ga, gap,
d, ed, ped,
g ag pg pg eg d
d ed pd pd ad g
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Download now Free registration required
Based on the assumption of Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) that packets are lost due to congestion, TCP's congestion control algorithms such as Fast Retransmit/Recovery (FRR) and Retransmission TimeOuts (RTO) unconditionally reduce the transmission rate for every packet loss. When TCP operates in wireless networks, however, FRRs/RTOs are often triggered regardless of congestion due to sudden delay and wireless transmission errors. The congestion irrelative FRRs/RTOs incur TCP's misbehavior such as blindly halving the transmission rate, unnecessarily retransmitting the outstanding packets which may be in the bottleneck queue. Although, many previous studies have been proposed to detect the congestion irrelative FRRs/RTOs, they paid little attention on effectively adjusting the transmission rate for the detected congestion irrelative FRRs/RTOs.
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Empirical findings should inform policy – but cannot dictate it
Dr Garrath Williams, Chair of the I Family consumer awareness, ethical acceptability and policy implications work stream, says…
The I.Family project and its forerunner IDEFICS are scientific studies. They aim to improve our knowledge about health and the ways in which health risks – such as obesity or lack of physical fitness – may turn into illness. So they do not seek knowledge merely for its own sake, but also to improve health. Sometimes individuals can use this knowledge. We also hope that governments and other institutions will make policy changes.
There are many reasons why it is difficult to gain certain knowledge in this area – above all, the sheer number of individual and environmental factors that feed into health outcomes. Genetics, psychology, diet, social or economic disadvantage, the availability and costs of different foods – the list could go on. For this reason, even large studies like I.Family and IDEFICS can only contribute to an emerging picture of the factors that influence health.
This complexity is one reason why we should not expect politicians or other powerful actors to “drop everything” when our findings suggest that better levels of health could be achieved if we altered some aspect of our societies. But there are other reasons. In our forthcoming book about childhood obesity, my co-authors and I suggest that even the most convincing findings can only inform policy, not dictate it.
For one thing, health is not the only thing that people or societies or governments care about. It would be crazy for a person to focus only on her health and to ignore all the other things that she might enjoy or achieve in life. The same is true of a society. We need to balance many different priorities – not just health, but also freedom, justice, prosperity, concern for future generations, and much more. For example, if governments were to ban processed foods, people’s health would probably benefit (at least if sufficient whole foods were available!). But such a ban would involve major sacrifices for both consumers and companies. Even certain evidence that health would improve would not be enough to convince us to impose such a ban. It will always be a political decision what costs we should incur and what priority we should give to health.
Second, it is rarely obvious who should take responsibility for making the desired changes. There is broad scientific consensus that most people’s health would benefit from more physical activity. Many health campaigns address us as individuals, urging us to take responsibility for our health and be more active. But experience tells us that such campaigns have relatively slight effects. The geography of our towns, the nature of our jobs, the organisation of our daily lives – all help to explain why physical activity levels remain low. So we need to make social changes – for instance, to make walking and cycling more attractive, and to make car use less common. Yet there is no simple answer as to who has responsibility to make such changes or how they should be done. Again, democratic debate is needed. Such debate needs to be informed by scientific findings – but the fundamental issues are social and political.
All this can be frustrating, since we want scientific findings to make a positive difference. But there are other priorities apart from health, and people and organisations already have many responsibilities. Whether we should act on evidence, and how we should do so – these will always be political rather than scientific questions.
Childhood obesity: ethical and policy issues, by Kristin Voigt, Stuart G. Nicholls, and Garrath Williams, is published by Oxford University Press (April 2014).
The book’s cover image, “Red Velvet Cupcake Boys”, by Christopher Boffoli.
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Concept: Molecular biology
The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: An example of a naturally transgenic food crop
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
- Published over 2 years ago
Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium tumefaciens are plant pathogenic bacteria capable of transferring DNA fragments [transfer DNA (T-DNA)] bearing functional genes into the host plant genome. This naturally occurring mechanism has been adapted by plant biotechnologists to develop genetically modified crops that today are grown on more than 10% of the world’s arable land, although their use can result in considerable controversy. While assembling small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, of sweet potato plants for metagenomic analysis, sequences homologous to T-DNA sequences from Agrobacterium spp. were discovered. Simple and quantitative PCR, Southern blotting, genome walking, and bacterial artificial chromosome library screening and sequencing unambiguously demonstrated that two different T-DNA regions (IbT-DNA1 and IbT-DNA2) are present in the cultivated sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) genome and that these foreign genes are expressed at detectable levels in different tissues of the sweet potato plant. IbT-DNA1 was found to contain four open reading frames (ORFs) homologous to the tryptophan-2-monooxygenase (iaaM), indole-3-acetamide hydrolase (iaaH), C-protein (C-prot), and agrocinopine synthase (Acs) genes of Agrobacterium spp. IbT-DNA1 was detected in all 291 cultigens examined, but not in close wild relatives. IbT-DNA2 contained at least five ORFs with significant homology to the ORF14, ORF17n, rooting locus (Rol)B/RolC, ORF13, and ORF18/ORF17n genes of A. rhizogenes. IbT-DNA2 was detected in 45 of 217 genotypes that included both cultivated and wild species. Our finding, that sweet potato is naturally transgenic while being a widely and traditionally consumed food crop, could affect the current consumer distrust of the safety of transgenic food crops.
- Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy
- Published 8 months ago
CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing provides a promising cure for HIV-1/AIDS; however, gene delivery efficiency in vivo remains an obstacle to overcome. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of excising the HIV-1 provirus in three different animal models using an all-in-one adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector to deliver multiplex single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) plus Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (saCas9). The quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 vector outperformed the duplex vector in excising the integrated HIV-1 genome in cultured neural stem/progenitor cells from HIV-1 Tg26 transgenic mice. Intravenously injected quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8 excised HIV-1 proviral DNA and significantly reduced viral RNA expression in several organs/tissues of Tg26 mice. In EcoHIV acutely infected mice, intravenously injected quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8 reduced systemic EcoHIV infection, as determined by live bioluminescence imaging. Additionally, this quadruplex vector induced efficient proviral excision, as determined by PCR genotyping in the liver, lungs, brain, and spleen. Finally, in humanized bone marrow/liver/thymus (BLT) mice with chronic HIV-1 infection, successful proviral excision was detected by PCR genotyping in the spleen, lungs, heart, colon, and brain after a single intravenous injection of quadruplex sgRNAs/saCas9 AAV-DJ/8. In conclusion, in vivo excision of HIV-1 proviral DNA by sgRNAs/saCas9 in solid tissues/organs can be achieved via AAV delivery, a significant step toward human clinical trials.
The discovery of fluorescent proteins has revolutionized experimental biology. Whereas the majority of fluorescent proteins have been identified from cnidarians, recently several fluorescent proteins have been isolated across the animal tree of life. Here we show that biofluorescence is not only phylogenetically widespread, but is also phenotypically variable across both cartilaginous and bony fishes, highlighting its evolutionary history and the possibility for discovery of numerous novel fluorescent proteins. Fish biofluorescence is especially common and morphologically variable in cryptically patterned coral-reef lineages. We identified 16 orders, 50 families, 105 genera, and more than 180 species of biofluorescent fishes. We have also reconstructed our current understanding of the phylogenetic distribution of biofluorescence for ray-finned fishes. The presence of yellow long-pass intraocular filters in many biofluorescent fish lineages and the substantive color vision capabilities of coral-reef fishes suggest that they are capable of detecting fluoresced light. We present species-specific emission patterns among closely related species, indicating that biofluorescence potentially functions in intraspecific communication and evidence that fluorescence can be used for camouflage. This research provides insight into the distribution, evolution, and phenotypic variability of biofluorescence in marine lineages and examines the role this variation may play.
Zika virus is causally linked with congenital microcephaly and may be associated with pregnancy loss. However, the mechanisms of Zika virus intrauterine transmission and replication and its tropism and persistence in tissues are poorly understood. We tested tissues from 52 case-patients: 8 infants with microcephaly who died and 44 women suspected of being infected with Zika virus during pregnancy. By reverse transcription PCR, tissues from 32 (62%) case-patients (brains from 8 infants with microcephaly and placental/fetal tissues from 24 women) were positive for Zika virus. In situ hybridization localized replicative Zika virus RNA in brains of 7 infants and in placentas of 9 women who had pregnancy losses during the first or second trimester. These findings demonstrate that Zika virus replicates and persists in fetal brains and placentas, providing direct evidence of its association with microcephaly. Tissue-based reverse transcription PCR extends the time frame of Zika virus detection in congenital and pregnancy-associated infections.
Human identification from biological material is largely dependent on the ability to characterize genetic polymorphisms in DNA. Unfortunately, DNA can degrade in the environment, sometimes below the level at which it can be amplified by PCR. Protein however is chemically more robust than DNA and can persist for longer periods. Protein also contains genetic variation in the form of single amino acid polymorphisms. These can be used to infer the status of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism alleles. To demonstrate this, we used mass spectrometry-based shotgun proteomics to characterize hair shaft proteins in 66 European-American subjects. A total of 596 single nucleotide polymorphism alleles were correctly imputed in 32 loci from 22 genes of subjects' DNA and directly validated using Sanger sequencing. Estimates of the probability of resulting individual non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism allelic profiles in the European population, using the product rule, resulted in a maximum power of discrimination of 1 in 12,500. Imputed non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism profiles from European-American subjects were considerably less frequent in the African population (maximum likelihood ratio = 11,000). The converse was true for hair shafts collected from an additional 10 subjects with African ancestry, where some profiles were more frequent in the African population. Genetically variant peptides were also identified in hair shaft datasets from six archaeological skeletal remains (up to 260 years old). This study demonstrates that quantifiable measures of identity discrimination and biogeographic background can be obtained from detecting genetically variant peptides in hair shaft protein, including hair from bioarchaeological contexts.
Recent advances in whole-genome sequencing have brought the vision of personal genomics and genomic medicine closer to reality. However, current methods lack clinical accuracy and the ability to describe the context (haplotypes) in which genome variants co-occur in a cost-effective manner. Here we describe a low-cost DNA sequencing and haplotyping process, long fragment read (LFR) technology, which is similar to sequencing long single DNA molecules without cloning or separation of metaphase chromosomes. In this study, ten LFR libraries were made using only ∼100 picograms of human DNA per sample. Up to 97% of the heterozygous single nucleotide variants were assembled into long haplotype contigs. Removal of false positive single nucleotide variants not phased by multiple LFR haplotypes resulted in a final genome error rate of 1 in 10 megabases. Cost-effective and accurate genome sequencing and haplotyping from 10-20 human cells, as demonstrated here, will enable comprehensive genetic studies and diverse clinical applications.
Models have made numerous contributions to evolutionary biology, but misunderstandings persist regarding their purpose. By formally testing the logic of verbal hypotheses, proof-of-concept models clarify thinking, uncover hidden assumptions, and spur new directions of study. thumbnail image credit: modified from the Biodiversity Heritage Library.
Failure to archive published data can impede reproducibility and inhibit downstream synthesis. Alarmingly, we estimate that ∼70% of existing DNA sequence alignments/phylogenetic trees, representing much of the underpinning of modern phylogenetic analysis, are no longer accessible. The evolutionary biology community needs to adopt policies ensuring that data are publicly archived upon publication.
Biological macromolecules function in highly crowded cellular environments. The structure and dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids are well characterized in vitro, but in vivo crowding effects remain unclear. Using molecular dynamics simulations of a comprehensive atomistic model cytoplasm we found that protein-protein interactions may destabilize native protein structures, whereas metabolite interactions may induce more compact states due to electrostatic screening. Protein-protein interactions also resulted in significant variations in reduced macromolecular diffusion under crowded conditions, while metabolites exhibited significant two-dimensional surface diffusion and altered protein-ligand binding that may reduce the effective concentration of metabolites and ligands in vivo. Metabolic enzymes showed weak non-specific association in cellular environments attributed to solvation and entropic effects. These effects are expected to have broad implications for the in vivo functioning of biomolecules. This work is a first step towards physically realistic in silico whole-cell models that connect molecular with cellular biology.
Domestication of the now-extinct wild aurochs, Bos primigenius, gave rise to the two major domestic extant cattle taxa, B. taurus and B. indicus. While previous genetic studies have shed some light on the evolutionary relationships between European aurochs and modern cattle, important questions remain unanswered, including the phylogenetic status of aurochs, whether gene flow from aurochs into early domestic populations occurred, and which genomic regions were subject to selection processes during and after domestication. Here, we address these questions using whole-genome sequencing data generated from an approximately 6,750-year-old British aurochs bone and genome sequence data from 81 additional cattle plus genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism data from a diverse panel of 1,225 modern animals.
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|Flash floods in 1997 devastated scores of Montgomery properties and exacerbated an already serious erosion problem along the Trout River. Landowners downstream from Montgomery Center where the river was braiding its way through fields called for state and federal assistance to restore the river. As part of the response, a unique partnership came together to address long-standing erosion problems, while enhancing the natural values of the Trout River.|
|Historic changes in land uses in the watershed and recent floods resulted in extremely high rates of streambank erosion and sideways channel migration along the Trout River west of Montgomery Center. The river had become very wide and shallow and had carved a new channel across a large tract of agricultural land. Enormous quantities of sediment generated by bank erosion had severely degraded fish habitat, resulting in excessive losses of agricultural productivity and property values along this reach of the river, instability of the Route 118 embankment, degraded natural resources, and loss of the rivers fisheries.
Enter the Trout River Restoration Project, which focuses on restoring this reach of the river to a stable width, depth, meander, and slope and restoring vegetation along the banks. A comparison of the rivers dimensions to those of stable rivers served as a guide for the restoration design. Returning the depth, width, and curves of the river to their correct dimensions, rather than trying to control them, will allow this stretch of the river to effectively transport the flows and sediments delivered to it without excessively eroding its bed or its banks.
Landowners along the river have agreed to create woodland buffers on either side of the new channel to create space for diverse riverside vegetation to grow and allow the river to naturally meander. This is a significant step in allowing the river to function naturally.
Long-term loss of vegetation along the banks, combined with heavy sedimentation, led to an unstable river and a poor fishery, says Select Board Member Jerry Mayhew. The landowners and town are very supportive of the project. Many hope that a historically great brown trout fishery will return and can bolster the local tourist industry.
A one-mile stretch of the Trout River in Montgomery now demonstrates the Agency of Natural Resources newly adopted approach to river restoration and flood hazard mitigation, which uses emerging river restoration techniques to mitigate flood hazards and restore water quality, recreational values, and aquatic and riparian habitat functions.
We wanted to do more than riprap isolated eroding river bank areas, says Mike Kline of the Department of Environmental Conservation. We have worked hard to address the systematic problems and hopefully create a more naturally functioning river system through the valley.
The Missisquoi River Basin Association, organized by area residents, received a $5,000 grant from the Conservation License Plate Watershed Grants Program to assist with the revegetation and shoreline structure aspects of the project.
The Basin Association is very excited to be part of this innovative project, says Cynthia Scott, the associations coordinator. It has brought many diverse groups together and we are thrilled to have these new river restoration techniques tried out in our area. Adds Kline, Fundamental to the Trout River project is a high level of cooperation and coordination between the town, landowners, and many state and federal agencies. Were breaking new ground here.
Partners in the project include the town of Montgomery, adjacent landowners, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Natural Resource Conservation Service, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Forest Service, the Lake Champlain Basin Program, the Missisquoi River Basin Association, and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources.
To learn more about the Trout River Restoration Project and other water quality initiatives, please contact the Agencys Water Quality Division at (802) 241-3777.
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There are three species of puffins in the world, all confined to the northern hemisphere: Atlantic Puffin, Horned Puffin and Tufted Puffin. Currently, allpuffins all belong to the genus Fratercula, which is Latin for “little brother”. It is worth noting that a fourth species, Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), is very closely related to the puffins and has at times, been included in the genus, Fratercula. Puffins are alcids – truly pelagic seabirds that feed by diving from the ocean surface and capturing small fish and zooplankton. Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica) breed on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean in large colonies, but the Tufted (Fratercula cirrhata) and Horned Puffins (Fratercula corniculata) are unique to the northern Pacific Ocean on both sides of the Bering Strait. These two species are the main focus of this article, though information is presented about Atlantic Puffins too. Rhinoceros Auklet is also confined to the Pacific Ocean, but has more widespread breeding and wintering ranges.
Desscription and ID of Puffins
Generally, puffins are stubby, chunky little birds that are black above and either clean white below (Atlantic and Horned) or black on the belly (Tufted). Identifying puffins in the field is not really tricky. If Atlantic and Horned Puffins co-occurred anywhere, telling them apart would be potentially thorny, but thus far, those two species have never been confirmed at any site. Telling Horned and Tufted Puffins apart is fairly easy: Tufted Puffins are dark bellied as adults, have a heavier, longer bill with a lot of orange on it, and of course, the blonde tufts for which they are named.
Horned Puffins have a larger white cheek patch, bright orange and yellow bill with yellow gape, and the eponymous dark, fleshy “horn” that rises above the eye. They also have a curved black line extending backward behind the eye. Adult male and female puffins are indistinguishable in the field. Juveniles present possible challenges to ID, but these are not too hard as these things go. Juvenile Horned Puffins have dingy grayish cheeks and black upper parts with bright white chests and bellies. Their gray bill has yellowish tone, and though heavy, is shallower than that of a juvenile Tufted Puffin. Juvenile Tufted Puffins are similarly dingy gray about the face, but have a deeper bill that is distinctly dull orange; they are gray on the upper chest fading to whitish on the belly. It’s worth noting that the demarcation between white and black on a juvenile Horned Puffin is very sharp, while that of the Tufted Puffin is considerably less distinct.
Nesting and Behavior
All puffins nest colonially, usually on islands or remote cliff sites. Tufted and Atlantic Puffins dig burrows in soft soil, extending roughly a meter beneath the surface, and lined with grass, feathers, leaves and other materials. By contrast, Horned Puffins construct their nests in rocky cliff-side crevices. Because nest site availability is a major factor in limiting puffin numbers, the stiff competition for nest sites makes the birds defend their nests quite aggressively. All puffins pair in long-term relationships. They lay single eggs and the pair alternates in the feeding and incubating chores, holding the egg against a brood patch with their wings. Puffin chicks fledge at night, probably as a measure against predation; once on the water, they dive for safety. Chicks spend the first few years of their lives at sea, usually returning for their first breeding season at about 5 years of age.
Wintering and Feeding
Puffins winter out to sea after the breeding season is over. Atlantic Puffins may appear as far south as the waters off southern Virginia. Horned Puffins are most restricted in their movements, seldom venturing further south than the waters off northern British Columbia. By contrast, Tufted Puffins winter as far south as Morro Bay, off the coast of southern California, though typically well offshore. As noted above, puffins are primarily piscivorous, feeding on species of smelt and sand eel, herring and capelin – all small species of forage fish. Due to a unique construction in the hinge of their bill that allows the edges of the bill to apply pressure evenly at many different angles, puffins can catch and hold multiple fish on a single feeding run. This permits them to take longer foraging trips since they come back with more food per trip, and it also means they feed their chicks fresh fish that they’ve not regurgitated – that definitely sounds more appealing! They also look so smug and proud of that bill full of fish each time.
It is unclear what the future holds for these two charming alcids. Both have a somewhat limited range, and they have the misfortune of living in the arctic, the region of the earth that is experiencing more dramatic and rapid upheaval due to climate change than any. At this point, there is no way to predict how these changes will impact the bird life of the region, though the chances are high that it won’t be doing them any good. We can only hope that these puffins are more hardy and adaptable than they seem.
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Horizontal Air Flow is best for Greenhouse Air Circulation
Before Horizontal Air Flow (HAF) systems were developed, it was common to find 10°F to 15°F difference in nighttime temperature between the opposite ends of a greenhouse. Plant growth and quality often reflected this unevenness. Today with a properly installed HAF system, there should be no more than 2°F difference anywhere in the greenhouse.
Understanding the basics
Horizontal air flow fans maintain good air circulation in this greenhouse full of vegetable seedlings. The first fan should be placed about 10′ to 15′ from one end wall to pick up the air that is coming around the corner from the other side. Subsequent fans should be located 40′ to 50′ apart to keep the air mass moving.
The HAF concept utilizes the principle that air that moves in a coherent horizontal pattern in a building like a greenhouse needs only enough energy to overcome turbulence and friction loss to keep it moving. In other words, you just have to “kick it along.”
Air is heavy. The air over every square foot of floor area in a greenhouse weighs about one pound. A 30′ x 100′ greenhouse contains about 1-1/2 tons of air. Once the air is moving, it will coast along like a car on a level road. This is why HAF is so efficient. It takes only four small fans to keep the air moving at 50 to 100 feet per minute in the above greenhouse.
Besides the obvious advantage of more uniform temperature within the greenhouse, HAF systems can reduce the incidence of foliar diseases. The moving air removes moisture from the plant canopy, resulting in a drier microclimate. When leaf temperatures are allowed to cool much below the air temperature, the dew point is reached and condensation occurs, providing an ideal environment for disease organisms. Radiant cooling on clear nights, especially in non-infrared poly covered houses, will cool plant leaves several degrees below air temperature. HAF will reduce this difference.
During daylight hours, photosynthesis depletes the carbon dioxide that is in the boundary layer of air next to the leaf. Moving air will replace this depleted air with fresh air having a higher carbon dioxide content. If carbon dioxide is being added, a lower level is usually adequate to get the same plant responses, for instance, 800 – 1000 ppm rather than 1200 – 1500 ppm.
Today many fan manufacturers and greenhouse suppliers carry fans that provide good air circulation. However, common installation errors include too little fan capacity, poor spacing and location of the fans and poor maintenance. Many systems could be improved with just a little work.
Provide adequate fan capacity
For an efficient system, the total fan capacity should be about two times the floor area. For example, in a 30′ x 100′ greenhouse, the fan capacity should be 30′ x 100′ x 2 = 6000 cfm. If a tall crop such as tomatoes is grown or if there are hanging baskets, a slightly greater capacity is needed to overcome the additional turbulence created.
Low horsepower fans keep operating cost down
Small, 1/10 to 1/15 horsepower circulating fans work well in providing the air movement needed. These are made to move air with little resistance as compared to exhaust fans that have blades designed to overcome the resistance of air moving through louvers or vents. The use of a permanent split capacitor motor can save as much as one-third the electricity of the more common shaded pole motor.
If you have a hot air heating system, it may be possible to use the heaters, if they are positioned right, to replace one or more of the HAF fans. This could save installation costs but usually the fan motor on the heater is 1/3 or ½ hp and operating costs will be significantly higher.
HAF fans are available with 12″, 16″, 18″ and 20″ diameter blades. Fan output and efficiency increase with increase in blade diameter. Guard design also affects output.
The number of fans needed can be calculated by dividing the capacity needed by the output of one fan. In the example above of a 30′ by 100′ house, the fan capacity needed is 6000 cfm. If you plan to use fans that have 1675 capacity each, 6000 cm divided by 1675 cfm/fan = 3.6 fans. To get the capacity needed, use 4 fans.
Fan location is also important
The first fan should be placed about 10′ to 15′ from one end wall to pick up the air that is coming around the corner from the other side. Subsequent fans should be located 40′ to 50′ apart to keep the air mass moving. If fans are spaced too far apart, the air mass will short circuit to an adjacent air stream and create a dead air cold spot.
In a freestanding greenhouse, the air is moved down one side and backs the other. This creates a circular horizontal air pattern. In gutter-connected ranges, it is more efficient to move the air down one bay and back in an adjacent bay. This eliminates the friction between the two, opposite moving air masses.
The fans should be located near the center of the air mass to which they are adding energy. For greenhouses with floor or bench crops, a location 7′ or 8′ above the floor is good. In many greenhouses there is a truss or collar tie that can be used for support. For a greenhouse with hanging baskets, a location below or above the basket level provides the energy with least resistance. It also eliminates drying of the foliage from a direct air stream. Fans should be located below the energy curtain so that air movement can be provided at night to keep temperature uniform.
Horizontal air flow fans in a tomato greenhouse are mounted above the cross braces so they can still move air once the crop has attained its full height.
The HAF system should be operated 24 hours per day except when the exhaust fans are on or when the vents are open. A relay can be added to the circuit to switch the fans off when the ventilation system activates. Operating cost for one of these small fans is about $0.25/day at 10 cent/kilowatt electricity rate.
Frequent maintenance keeps the air moving
Maintenance is also important in achieving high efficiency. Fans frequently get moved out of position. They should be restrained by a bracket or chains to keep them from moving. They should also be located to point directly towards the opposite end wall to transfer maximum energy to the air mass.
Fan blade guard and motor casing pick up considerable dust from the air moving past them. It is important to wipe these several times a year.
Movement of the air mass can be observed by lighting a nontoxic smoke bomb behind one of the fans. Be sure to let the fans run for a few minutes before doing this to establish the horizontal pattern. Observe the movement of the smoke to see that there is no short circuiting. Also time the movement to get the flow rate. An incense stick is also a good tool that can be used to observe air movement in corners and around obstructions.
The benefits of HAF have been around for many years. Fine tuning your system will improve its performance and increase its efficiency.
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What is a dilated eye exam?
A dilated eye exam is the most comprehensive way for an eye doctor to check the health of the posterior part of the eye. Using an eye drop that temporarily effects pupil constriction, an eye doctor can check the retina, optic nerve, and macula to insure the patient's eye is free of eye disease. This can be compared to making a small window larger in order to have a better field of view.
What can be found during a dilated eye exam?
More than 100 million Americans or 9.4% of the population are living with Diabetes or are considered pre-diabetic. Patient who are pre-diabetic, Type 1 or Type 2 are required to have an annual dilated eye exam as they have an increased risk of diabetic retinopathy, vision loss, and blindness.
Diabetes is a leading cause of blindness.
Glaucoma is an eye disease that affects the tissue around the nerve. Through various mechanisms, the tissue around the optic nerve becomes thinned, and as a result, a patient's peripheral vision is effective. While vision loss can be prevented, many times, the disease is detected too late and vision loss cannot be reversed.
Currently, more than 3 million Americans have Glaucoma and the number is expected to increase as Americans live longer.
Only a dilated eye exam by an eye doctor can detect Glaucoma. For more information on Glaucoma, see our information page.
43 million Americans are currently treated for cholesterol. Cholesterol can cause strokes of the eye and of the body. Anyone on cholesterol medications, should have their eyes dilated by an eye doctor.
Cholesterol visible within the eye is called a Hollenhorst plaque, and appears as a yellow, refractile particle which typically lodges in the bifurcation of the blood vessels.
4. Alzheimer's Disease
Recent studies have found a link between reduced blood capillaries and reduced oxygen in the retina to Alzheimer's disease.
It's quite possible an eye exam will include a screening for Alzheimer's.
3360 cases of Melanoma of the eye are diagnosed each year. Sun exposure over the course of a patient's lifetime, as well as genetics are risk factors. Typically Melanoma in the eye starts out as a choroidal nevus (freckle) and should be monitored for changes over time yearly. Nevi closer in proximity to either the optic nerve or macula should be monitored more frequently with dilated eye exams and fundus photography. Choroidal nevi are fairly common and an estimated 5-10% can become Melanoma
Who should have a dilated eye exam?
Patients with a history of any eye disease including Glaucoma, Macular Degeneration or retinal detachments should have a dilated eye exam.
Any patient who has been diagnosed and/or is treated for a systemic condition such as Hypertension, Diabetes, Cholesterol, Cancer or Heart Disease.
Everyone should have a baseline dilated eye exam. One a baseline is established, the patient can be monitored for change over time.
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<urn:uuid:87031536-6bb7-468a-adf4-4cb2a9117542>
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CC-MAIN-2020-34
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https://autarchicspecshop.com/5-reasons-to-have-a-dilated-eye-exam/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=5-reasons-to-have-a-dilated-eye-exam
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738603.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200810012015-20200810042015-00507.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941486 | 647 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Islam is a monotheistic religion with many differing sects which believes that:
The Five Pillars of Islam
- There is one all-knowing divinity (Allah) and Muhammad is his messenger.
- Perfect peace comes from total submission to Allah.
- By following the “Five Pillars of Faith” one can achieve perfect peace.
- The Qur’an and Hadith are sacred texts which outline the characteristics of Allah and offer guidance about how individuals should live.
- One day, Allah, with absolute justice and mercy, will judge all of human kind.
- To testify your belief in One God (called Allah in Arabic) and the Prophet Muhammed as His Last and Final Messenger (peace and blessings of God be upon him).
- To pray five daily prayers at their appointed times
- To fast from dawn to dusk during the lunar month of Ramadan.
- To pay alms on excess wealth
- To make Pilgrimage to the Mosque in Mecca once in a lifetime, if one is able.
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<urn:uuid:4a18f55d-5444-4956-af17-a2c8afca05ce>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://chaplains.ualberta.ca/en/FaithDirectory/Islam.aspx
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103891.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817170613-20170817190613-00257.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923722 | 215 | 3 | 3 |
The Importance of Check-Cashing Businesses to the Unbanked: Racial/Ethnic Differences
The roughly 9.5 percent of all U.S. families that are without some type of transaction account (unbanked) are disproportionately represented by minorities. The unbanked often must rely on alternative ways to carry out basic financial transactions such as cashing payroll checks and paying bills. This study analyzes unique survey data and finds that a consumer’s decision to patronize check-cashing businesses is jointly made with the decision to be unbanked. For the unbanked, these businesses are an important source for financial services. Attributes that contribute to these decisions, however, vary for each racial/ethnic group. Latent preference effects are also observed to influence this joint decision for Blacks and Hispanics. These findings may explain in part why the provisions of the Debt Collection Improvement Act (DCIA) of 1996 have not been more successful in bringing unbanked federal benefits recipients into the financial mainstream.
Consumer participation in mainstream financial markets can improve their ability to build assets and create wealth, protect them from theft and discriminatory, predatory or unsavory lending practices, and may promote economic stability and vitality in the communities where they reside. By more fully understanding a consumer’s financial decisions, policies can be better directed to improve the effectiveness of legislation such as the DCIA of 1996 in encouraging mainstream financial market participation.
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<urn:uuid:315e8834-d84d-431c-a32b-def3e3bbaf66>
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://chicagofed.org/webpages/publications/working_papers/2003/wp_10.cfm
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021083897/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120443-00035-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.940818 | 285 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Halloween Safety Tips
On Halloween, major dangers are not from ghosts and goblins but rather from falls and pedestrian/car crashes.
- Watch for children darting out from between parked cars.
- Watch for children walking on roadways, medians and curbs.
- Enter and exit driveways and alleys carefully.
- At twilight and later in the evening, watch for children in dark clothing.
BEFORE TRICK OR TREATING:
- Make sure that an adult or an older responsible youth will be supervising the outing for children under age 12.
- Plan and discuss the route trick-or-treaters intend to follow. Know the names of older children's companions.
- Instruct your children to travel only in familiar areas and along an established route.
- Teach your children to stop only at houses or apartment buildings that are well-lit and never to enter a stranger's home.
- Establish a return time.Tell your youngsters not to eat any treat until they return home.
- Pin a slip of paper with the child's name, address and phone number inside a pocket in case the youngster gets separated from the group.
- Only fire-retardant materials should be used for costumes.
- Costumes should be loose so warm clothes can be worn underneath.Costumes should not be so long that they are a tripping hazard. Falls are the leading cause of unintentional injuries on Halloween.
- If children are allowed out after dark, outfits should be made with light colored materials.
- Strips of reflective tape should be used to make children visible.
- Face Design Masks can obstruct a child's vision. Use facial make-up instead.
- When buying special Halloween makeup, check for packages containing ingredients that are labeled "Made with U.S. Approved Color Additives,"
"Laboratory Tested," Meets Federal Standards for Cosmetics," or "Non-Toxic." Follow manufacturer's instruction for application.
- If masks are worn, they should have nose and mouth openings and large
- Accessories Knives, swords and other accessories should be made from cardboard or flexible materials. Do not allow children to carry sharp objects.
- Bags or sacks carried by youngsters should be light-colored or trimmed with
etro-reflective tape if children are allowed out after dark.
- Carrying flashlights will help children see better and be seen more clearly.
TRICK OR TREATING:
- Do not enter homes or apartments without adult supervision.
- Walk, do not run, from house to house.
- Do not cross yards and lawns where unseen objects or the uneven terrain can present tripping hazards.
- Walk on sidewalks, not in the street.Walk on the left side of the road, facing traffic if there are no sidewalks.
- Give children an early meal before going out.
- Insist that treats be brought home for inspection before anything is eaten.
- Wash fruit and slice into small pieces. When in doubt, throw it out.
WATCH CHILDREN AROUND ALL
SOURCES OF WATER!!!
- Plan costumes that are bright and reflective.
- Make sure that shoes fit well and that costumes are short enough to prevent tripping, entanglement or contact with flame.
- Consider adding reflective tape or striping to costumes and Trick-or-Treat bags for greater visibility.
- Secure emergency identification (name, address, phone number) discreetly within Halloween attire or on a bracelet.
- Because masks can limit or block eyesight, consider non-toxic makeup and decorative hats as safer alternatives.
- When shopping for costumes, wigs and accessories, look for and purchase only those with a label clearly indicating they are flame resistant.
- Think twice before using simulated knives, guns or swords. If such props must be used, be certain they do not appear authentic and are soft and flexible to prevent injury.
- Obtain flashlights with fresh batteries for all children and their escorts.
- Plan ahead to use only battery powered lanterns or chemical light sticks in place of candles in decorations and costumes.
- This is also a great time to buy fresh batteries for your home smoke alarm.
- Teach children to how call 9-1-1 (or their local emergency number) if they have an emergency or become lost. Remind them that 9-1-1 can be dialed free at any payphone.
- Review with your children the principle of "Stop-Drop-Roll", should their clothes catch on fire.
- Openly discuss appropriate and inappropriate behavior at Halloween time.
- Consider purchasing individually packaged healthy food alternatives (or safe non-food treats) for those who visit your home.
- Take extra effort to eliminate tripping hazards on your porch and walkway. Check
around your property for low tree limbs, support wires or garden hoses that may prove hazardous to young children rushing from house to house.
- Learn or review CPR skills to aid someone who is choking or having a heart attack.
BEFORE NIGHTFALL ON HALLOWEEN:
- A good meal prior to parties and trick-or-treating will discourage youngsters from filling up on Halloween treats.
- Consider fire safety when decorating. Do not overload electrical outlets with holiday lighting or special effects.
- Always keep Jack O' Lanterns and hot electric lamps away from drapes, decorations, flammable materials or areas where children will be standing or walking.
- Plan and review with your children the route and behavior which is acceptable to you.
- Agree on a specific time when revelers must return home.
- Along with flashlights for all, older children and escorts should wear a wristwatch and
carry coins for non-emergency phone calls.
- Confine, segregate or otherwise prepare household pets for an evening of frightful sights and sounds. Be sure that all dogs and cats are wearing collars and proper identification tags. Consult your veterinarian for further advice.
- Remind all household drivers to remain cautious and drive slowly throughout the community.
- Adult partygoers should establish a designated driver.
- A Parent or responsible Adult should always accompany young children on their
By using a flashlight, they can see and be seen by others.
Stay in a group and communicate where they will be going.
Only go to homes with a porch light on.
Remain on well-lit streets and always use the sidewalk.
If no sidewalk is available, walk at the farthest edge of the roadway facing traffic.
Never cut across yards or use alleys.
Never enter a stranger's home or car for a treat.
Obey all traffic and pedestrian regulations.
Always walk. Never run across a street.
Only cross the street as a group in established crosswalks (as recognized by local custom).
Remove any mask or item that will limit eyesight before crossing a street, driveway or alley.
Don't assume the right of way. Motorists may have trouble seeing Trick-or-
Treaters. Just because one car stops, doesn't mean others will!
Never consume food items or drinks that may be offered.
No treats are to be eaten until they are thoroughly checked by an Adult at home.
Law Enforcement authorities should be notified immediately of any suspicious or unlawful activity.
- Wait until children are home to sort and check treats. Though tampering is rare, a responsible adult should closely examine all treats and throw away any spoiled, unwrapped or suspicious items. Also, look for candy that may cause choking.
- Try to apportion treats for the days following Halloween.
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<urn:uuid:851d56ec-a8dc-4d41-bcf8-b67f83c999cd>
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CC-MAIN-2014-23
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http://www.cityoffargo.com/CityInfo/Departments/Fire/HalloweenSafetyTips.aspx
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|
en
| 0.897218 | 1,589 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Picollus was revered by the ancient inhabitants of Prussia. He was offered the head of a dead man and a tallow was burned in his honor. He would appear to important people during their last days. If he was not appeased, he would appear a second and finally a third time, when only human blood would mollify him.
Reader Comments: – Thanks to Linas for this!
Ancient Prussia inhabitants actually belong to baltic family (the same as Lithuanians and Latvians do).
So, about Piccolus/Poccolus/Pikulis/Piktulis etc:
No doubt we mean the same deity. Yes, he is not a
demon, but one of three greater Gods (Perkunas, Patrimpas, Pikulis). He is some kind of god-destroyer, god of death, decay. What Patrimpas (spring) gives and creates, Pokolus (winter) destroys, takes away. In some aspects similar gods in other mythologies would be Loki, Hades, Satan.
It is true that tallow was burnt in his honour. regarding these three appearances – actually it was believed that if Pokolus requires some kind of offering, he waits for two days. On third day the blood already is required to satisfy him. Offerings for Pokolus were: animals, horses, humans (?). The blood was spilled on the dedicated oak, which according to beliefs was evergreen.
(sources: Simonas Daukantas “Tikejimas Senoves Lietuviu”; Teodoras Narbutas “Lietuvos Istorija”)
He is believed to look like pale old man with a long beard. (So – the image of Pokolus, which is on your site – may serve only for one thing – you will anger him, and on a third day – you know what’ll happen 🙂 )
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<urn:uuid:bfe00b96-f37c-40e2-9071-dbc12ed0dead>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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https://www.deliriumsrealm.com/picollus/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657163613.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715070409-20200715100409-00568.warc.gz
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en
| 0.973967 | 413 | 2.765625 | 3 |
They say in the annual history that at the end of 1600, two Spanish brothers bought an extensive strip of land, in the east of the province of Honduras to the Spanish Crown. At first, all that land was part of a gigantic estate dedicated to Livestock and Agriculture. Centuries later, the estate was transformed into Danli, the city of Hills.
Traces of that Colonial past are still visible. The church that dominates the central park, has almost two hundred years of antiquity and its interior has fine altarpieces with Baroque paintings. Further there the remains of an aqueduct system known as "LOS ARCOS" remain standing still. Although time has passed some constants have not varied.
Visit Factory of Puros
Remembrance of your Visit
Available in Spanish and English
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<urn:uuid:59a97d41-78a0-4c46-9c3a-1371e04ad255>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://book.honduras.travel/en/to-do/a1454912/danli_the_city_of_hills_1454912/showdetails
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934807650.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124104142-20171124124142-00519.warc.gz
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en
| 0.9575 | 165 | 2.515625 | 3 |
"Turby," our wind turbine, is 45 feet tall. The turbine’s blades spin on windy days, and the energy from the wind is converted into electricity that we can use on the farm to run our lights, computers, and other electrical appliances. It is very quiet, and if you visit the farm, you can touch it and feel it vibrating.
Another source of natural, renewable energy is the sun. The sun is always providing energy for the earth. On top of the Visitor Center roof, we have 21 solar panels that absorb energy from the sun, and then turn it into electricity. The solar panels even work on cloudy days! Together, the wind turbine and solar panels give us almost half of the energy we need on the farm.
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<urn:uuid:e423cbcd-8ccd-440b-9f0f-f6a5d73dac14>
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CC-MAIN-2020-24
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http://lakesoftaylorgolf.com/477/Wind-Turbine-Solar-Panels
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348526471.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200607075929-20200607105929-00430.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933477 | 156 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Growing Child Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa Worrisome.
(April 2010) Child marriage is a human rights violation. Several international human rights agreements protect children from child marriage, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Convention of Eradication of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (1979), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990). All call for the free and full consent of both parties to marriage, a minimum age of marriage of 18, designation of child marriage as a harmful practice, and protection for the rights of children from all forms of exploitation.1
Early marriage compromises girls’ development and often results in early pregnancy and social isolation. Child marriage also reinforces the vicious cycle of early marriage, low education, high fertility, and poverty. Setting and enforcing a minimum legal age for marriage is necessary to protect girls, who are more affected than boys by the practice of child marriage. Most countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have laws on the minimum age for marriage, ranging from age 13 in Iran to age 20 in Tunisia for females, and from age 15 in Yemen to age 21 in Algeria for males (see table).
Minimum Legal Age for Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa
Source: UNdata, “Minimum Legal Age for Marriage Without Consent” (http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?q=marriage&d=GenderStat&f=inID:19, accessed Feb. 18, 2010).
Some families take advantage of religious laws that condone an earlier marriage age, and arrange for their daughters to marry in religious wedding ceremonies, postponing the official registration until the bride reaches the legal age. Such practices further disadvantage child brides, leaving them with no legal basis to receive inheritance, alimony, or child support if the husband dies prematurely or abandons his underage bride.
With many families conducting religious ceremonies to marry off their young daughters and a low minimum legal age for girls in some countries, a significant number of girls in the MENA region still get married before age 18. In Yemen, one-third of women ages 20 to 24 are married by age 18. In Palestine, Egypt, and Iraq, significant proportions of women ages 20 to 24 were married before their 18th birthday (see figure). Among countries with available data, Algeria has the lowest percent of young women who were married before their 18th birthday, 2 percent.
Source: UNICEF, Child Info: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women (www.childinfo.org/marriage_countrydata.php, accessed Feb 18, 2010).
The Best Defense: Keep Girls in School
Education is the most important factor influencing the age of marriage for women. Improving access to education for both girls and boys and eliminating gender gaps in education are important strategies for ending child marriage. Since families have great influence in their daughters’ marriages, they need to be involved in the solution and encourage their daughters to stay in school and ensure a protected transition to adulthood.
Increasing the years of compulsory education may be one tactic to prolong the period of time when a girl is in school and unavailable for marriage. In addition, policies and programs should be geared toward discouraging early marriage by:
- Encouraging parents to keep their daughters in school until they finish high school and subsidizing the cost for families with limited financial resources.
- Raising public awareness about children’s rights to education and protection against exploitation.
- Changing the attitudes of people who condone the practice of early marriage by targeted campaigns and use of the mass media, showcasing the benefits of keeping girls in school for their individual development and well-being, as well as for benefits to their families.
Girls who marry young are at a higher risk of domestic violence and sexually transmitted diseases, especially since sex is likely to be unprotected within marriage.2 Social norms often dictate that these young women produce children as soon as possible after marriage, but girls are risking their lives in doing so—young adolescents’ risk of illness, injury, or death as a result of pregnancy is much higher than for women over 18.3
Efforts are also needed to address concerns of those who are already married at a young age by:
- Ensuring their access to school, so they can fulfill their right to a full education.
- Decreasing the pressure on young women to conceive through advocacy and education on the dangers of early motherhood.
- Improving their access to reproductive health care, including family planning services.
- Providing them with training programs to improve their life skills and ensure that they can earn a livelihood.
- Providing services to victims of domestic violence.
The media can also play a key role in bringing the issue of child marriage to public attention. Journalists can use current data to inform human rights advocates and policymakers of the negative aspects of child marriage by covering the issue from multiple perspectives—the illegal violation of girls’ human rights, the mental and physical harm on girls’ development, and the negative consequences for families and societies.
The media can force policymakers to react, as happened in highly publicized cases in Yemen and Saudi Arabia where girls as young as 9 and 12 were trying to divorce their older husbands. In both countries, the publicized cases brought child and human rights advocates and lawyers together to campaign against child marriage. In Yemen, the story caused Parliament to discuss the issue and consider raising the minimum legal age of marriage for girls to 17 years.4
In Saudi Arabia, which has no legal minimum age for marriage, a draft law is now under discussion to set a minimum age for marriage of between 16 and 18. Until such a law is enacted, advocates are pressing for the Saudi government to ban notaries from legitimizing the marriages of girls under 18.5
Farzaneh Roudi-Fahimi is program director, Middle East and North Africa, at the Population Reference Bureau.
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<urn:uuid:4c22c731-8357-439c-a8f1-d8928181b432>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.nowchild.com.ng/growing-child-marriage-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-worrisome/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886109157.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821152953-20170821172953-00142.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949463 | 1,226 | 2.984375 | 3 |
‘We don’t need a public library‘ said the woman with all the authority of her position, ‘I have never used it and the children I have spoken to, don’t either. Therefore it should be left to volunteers.’ This view, is a reflection of that espoused by those with the power over the future of Dover’s public library. Through a series of cut backs it’s function has been demeaned instead of allowing it to evolve and it is Kent County Council who have the statutory responsibility to provide the resources to enable public libraries to evolve. The cut backs have been used to finance a £20million facility near the headquarters of the Kent County Council in West Kent. Dover’s first public library opened on 13 March 1935, though it had taken over a hundred years to get one! Below is that story. The second part – From Winning to Broken Promises – covers the events from 1935 up to late spring 2015 when powerful locals, like the woman above, persuaded Kent County Council that Dover folk were not interested in the full public library facility as had been promised ten years previously.
In 1807, Dover council purchased, from the executors of William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne (1737-1805), some valuable papers. These included one relating to surveys of the harbour, pier, and Castle fortifications and dated between 1559 and 1591. The paper included reports on their decaying condition and proposals for their repair by Sir Thomas Fludd (c.1545 – 1607), surveyor of Kent in 1578. Also in the collection were surveys of the Maison Dieu, then a storehouse, made in 1590 and 1591; ‘A Discourse of the Harbour, from the Time of Julius Caesar to 1604’, by John Fooke, a Jurat of Dover. Papers relating to the taxations for repairing the harbour dated 1625 and formerly belonging to Sir Julius Caesar (1557/1558-1636). Plans of the Castle, town and harbour, in 1581, made by Thomas Digges (c1546-1595). The accounts of Thomas Marchaunt the Receiver of the Constabulary of Dover in 1405, and a fragment of the fifteenth century Register of St. Martin’s Priory. These were to be added to the council’s library and are one of the earliest acknowledgements that such a library existed.
For the gentry and middle class residents of Dover there were libraries and reading rooms such as John Horn’s Apollo Library. Horn attracted members by issuing tokens with a nominal value that could be used to purchase goods from his shop. In 1769 a Mr Newport of Snargate Street advertised that his library had a stock of 7,000 books but by 1792, both Mr Newport and his books seem to have disappeared. At 86 Snargate Street there was George Ledger’s Albion Library that opened in 1782. Ledger published the first book to be printed in the town – Volume 2 of Rev. John Lyons History of the Town, Port and Castle of Dover in 1799. Rev. Lyons was the Minister at St Mary’s church and keenly interested in local history. Ledger also published the first ‘Dover Historical Sketch,‘ which was aimed at the town’s fledgling tourism market. Following the Napoleonic Wars (1792-1815), with the influx of affluent visitors, the number of such libraries proliferated with many going into publishing and some acting as employment bureaux!
As a seafaring town, there were mariners and because of the tempestuous Strait of Dover, many were victims of shipwrecks. Those who survived were taken to the British International Sailors’ Society refuge in the Pier District. Founded in 1818, not only did the Sailors’ refuge provide bed, board and help, it also had a library and reading room. Two years later what later became the Unitarian Chapel in Adrian Street opened and included a library. Squier’s Bazaar, in nearby Snargate Street had a large reading room that included a library where, apparently, the local youths and ‘belles’ of the more affluent families would meet! By that time, Zachariah Warren had taken over the Albion library and created a ‘handsome reading room.‘ These and other privately run libraries worked by members paying an annual subscription that allowed them to borrow books. Most catered for the popular taste providing fiction and lighter non-fiction material.
Archibald Wilson, of Coulthard and Wilson the shoemakers, lived at 7 Market Street and it was here, on 26 January 1826, he welcomed young men with an interest in gaining mechanical expertise to use his library. His philanthropic gesture enabled the young men to develop their interest and gain better employment. Later that year, (1826), William Batcheller, a schoolmaster at the Dover Charity School, had a library built on the corner with New Bridge and Snargate Street. Batcheller had bought local builder Frederick John Hillier’s old house, had it demolished and built a fine Regency mansion he named ‘The King’s Arms,’ after the then King George IV (1820-1830).
Batcheller boasted that his library had 5,143 books, six daily and thirteen weekly provincial papers, magazines and reviews. These were all available to subscribers who paid 1 guinea (£1.05p) a year to borrow or alternatively use the reading room. To use both the price was 1½guineas (£1.57½p). At Batcheller’s premises, stationery and musical instruments could be purchased and for special occasions the musical instruments, including pianofortes, could be hired. Above the library, there were card rooms and an Assembly room. The latter proved so popular for dances that Batcheller bought the adjacent property and opened a much larger Assembly room where the town’s grand balls and dinners were held. Like many other library owners, Batcheller was into publishing and produced numerous engravings of Dover and annual Guides to Dover that were published for some 40 years. However, in July 1829 disaster struck the King’s Arms library when a storm broke 46 panes of glass and the rainwater damaged most of the stock of books.
By 1830, Zachariah Warren reported that there were several libraries in the town and he had taken over Boynton’s Marine Library that had opened in 1823 on Marine Parade. Warren wrote that this library was fitted up ‘with considerable neatness’ and commanded views of the harbour and French coast. The reading room, ‘is well supplied with the daily papers, periodical publications and the county papers.‘ He was still running the Albion library at 86 Snargate Street and one subscription covered both libraries. However, the author of Ingoldsby’s Legends Richard Barham (1788-1845) commented, in Monster Balloon off Dover that Dover folk ‘flocked to peruse, That same evening in crews, Scorning Batcheller’s Papers and Warren’s Reviews.’
The Warrens were an old Dover family and George Warren, of the same address as Zachariah, published many lithographs by Dover artist William Robert Waters (1812-1880). They also published Dover’s first newspaper the Cinque Ports Pilot, in 1824. William Batcheller started the Dover Telegraph in 1833 that ran until 1927 and in 1834 a Mr Prescott started the Dover Chronicle from his library. That year, Zachariah Warren died and the Albion library and the Marine Parade Library were taken over by a Mr Hendry, who had a reading room extension built to the Albion library. Henry Harris and his partner succeeded him some 20 years later and opened another library in the then Market Place, now Market Square.
The affluent classes of the town founded the Dover Museum in 1836 and that too contained a library and reading room for the members. The following year, at 66 Snargate Street, Thomas Rigden established the Queen’s Arms Library. Known, these days, for the lithograph views of Dover that he published, Rigden also published, in 1844, A short historical sketch of the Town of Dover and its environs collected from ancient records and other authentic materials. The library, it would seem, closed in 1850. Churches were also setting up libraries and schools for the children of their parishioners. Russell Street Independent (Congregational) Chapel, that opened in 1838, had schoolrooms and a library. Two years later, on 27 August 1840, the Salem Chapel opened in Biggin Street with schoolrooms and library attached. Meanwhile, Batcheller’s Guides to Dover, were proving best sellers and in 1838 he published Lieutenant B Worthington, R.N’s the Proposed Plan for Improving Dover Harbour.
The Public Libraries Act of 1850 permitted the councils of towns with over 10,000 population and the approval of two-thirds of the local government electors, to provide a building, light and fuel and employ a librarian. The total annual cost was not to exceed a ½pence rate. No provision was made for the purchase of books on the assumption that benefactors would donate them. Although Dover could have taken this up, the council, after only cursory debate, decided that the affluent were well provided for and the remainder of the town’s population were too ignorant to learn to read. However, there were those, like Archibald Wilson, who thought that those adults who could not read should be taught.
In 1852, after extending his house in Market Street, Archibald Wilson opened the building as the Mechanics Institute. The curriculum included basic and advanced reading, writing and numerical skills and courses in technical education plus the library. To use the library the three-month subscription was 1 shilling 6 pence (7½p) for men and 1 shilling (5p) for women. However, only men were allowed to enrol for courses and even though most of them worked long hours and had growing families, the number of students soon overwhelmed the Wilson household. The family moved to a new place and the adjacent houses in Market Street were purchased for the renamed Dover Working Men’s Institute. Shortened to Dover Institute, the demand for courses was such that it outgrew the premises and in 1878, it was decided a larger, more purpose built building was needed. The Institute moved to 6 Biggin Street and was officially opened in 1891. Wilson’s premises in Market Street were renamed Lawson Hall and used for religious and philanthropic purposes.
Dover’s Ragged School for Boys had opened on 1 January 1850 at the corner of Ladywell Lane and Park Street (where the Police station is now), to provide a basic education for very poor boys. Two years later, there was a thriving Girls’ Ragged School in Adrian Street and shortly after a lending library was added with books provided by the affluent members of Dover’s society. This library was not only for the girls but also for other female members of their household. For women who could not read, classes were provided and were well attended. The library proved to be very popular.
By 1860, there were six private libraries in Dover run on philosophical principles. They were the Dover Museum and Philosophical Institution, Market Square – Hon. Secs: A Phillips and Alexander Bottle. Dover Institute at 7 Market Street – Hon. Secs: John Agate and Mr Bentley. Dover Youths Institute, St James’ Street – Treasurer Steriker Finnis and Hon.Sec Reverend F R Stratton. Dover Crimean Institute, Castle Street open to everyone with free lending for non commissioned officers’ and soldiers stationed in Dover: Hon Sec: Reverend T Maynard, Treasurer Edward Hills. Dover Proprietary Library, Castle Street and the Dover Young Men’s Christian Association, Adrian Street.
The 1845 Museums Act empowered boroughs with a population of 10,000 or more to raise a ½d rate for their establishment. Dover did take this up and eventually the museum founded by the Dover Philosophical Institute in 1836 moved into the upper floor of the newly built Market Hall that opened in January 1849. In December 1852, Dover MP (1835-1852), Edward Royds Rice (1790-1878) in a House of Commons debate, asked for reports relating to arts, manufactures and commerce, to be made available to bodies such as the Dover Philosophical Institute, so that they could be read at the museum.
This was eventually accepted and an extended library opened within the museum for members of the Philosophical Institute. In 1874 the former Town Clerk, Edward Knocker was elected Honorary Librarian to the Corporation, a position he held until his death in 1884. His son, Town Clerk Wollaston Knocker who held the post until his death on 22 September 1907, succeeded him. During both their incumbencies a library of ancient and modern books and documents appertaining to Dover Corporation were acquired.
Subsequent Public Libraries Acts following the Act of 1850 had raised the rate limitation to 1penny (1855), permitted the purchase of books and newspapers and repealed the population limit. By 1880, 98 authorities had adopted the Acts and in 1882 Nottingham pioneered Britain’s first children’s library. In Dover, the council stated that the town did not need a public library as those who wanted to read could belong to a private library and those who did not were obviously not interested in gaining knowledge. Both the Knocker father and son gave public talks on Dover’s heritage and encouraged other local historians, such as Mary Horsley, Reverend S.P.H. Statham and John Bavington Jones to do the same. They all wrote local history books and in 1886, the Library Society was formed. Besides private libraries, many of Dover’s church and chapel schools joined. By May that year there were 80 member libraries sharing the books.
Dover’s famous Kings Arms Library, established by William Batcheller, was bought by Messrs Harvey and Hemin around 1876. Messrs Dawson and Son were the next owners followed by the Cuff Brothers who ran it for some 80 years. The building was converted to a hotel in 1950 but was demolished in the early 1970s to make way for the widening of Townwall Street.
Another well-known library was the Dover Proprietary Library established in 1844, at 2 Castle Street, above Hills Coachworks. A fire at the coachbuilders on 5 January 1888 destroyed the library, which, according to an invoice compiled two years before contained approximately 7,000 volumes. These included the following, all of which were lost: Domesday Book of Kent, William Darell’s The History of Dover Castle published in 1786. Edward Hasted (1732-1812) The history and topographical survey of the county of Kent all the volumes published in 1797. Edward Knocker’s Grand Court of Shepway – a rare copy. William Lambard’s A Perambulation of Kent published in 1576. Rev. John Lyon’s The history of the town and port of Dover and of Dover Castle published in 1814. Rev. John Puckle’s The Church and Fortress of Dover Castle published 1864. Lt. B Worthington’s Plan for Improving Dover Harbour. Histories of Kent by authors such as Paul de Rapin (1661-1725), James Anthony Froude, (1818- 1894) and Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800-1859), David Hume (1711-1776), were also destroyed.
Other books and manuscripts lost covered the Ports and Forts of Kent, Kentish Genealogies, a parliamentary report on Dover Harbour dated 1819, the poll book for Dover of 1841. Law reports including one on Harbours of Refuge, a Charter relating to Cinque Ports dated 1668 and another dated 1662. The President of the Library was the Rev. J. B. Bampton, the Vice President Dr. Parsons, Librarian the Rev. F. A. Hammond, Treasurer Alexander Bottle and the Hon. Sec. was J. Bolton. In 1877, the Granville Gardens opened on the Seafront and following the fire, the committee had a new library built. It was stocked with books that had been salvaged from Castle Street and new ones bought with the £2,500 received from the insurance company. At the time, the Gardens were owned by Dover Harbour Board but in May 1893, the council took them over and the Dover Proprietary Library was kicked out. The library building was converted into a glass-roofed conservatory cafe, called Granville Bars.
On 28 November 1893, Dover Corporation received an official letter from the Dover Chamber of Commerce recommending the adoption of a Public Library in accordance with the 1850 Public Libraries Act and subsequent Acts. The council declined on the grounds that there were plenty enough private libraries and the poor who could read were not so inclined. A public meeting was held in Connaught Hall at the end of March 1894 and addressed by Thomas Greenwood (1851-1908) a great advocator of free public libraries. The Hall was packed, and the resolution for a Dover Public Library was put forward by outfitter John Falconer, on behalf of the Chamber of Commerce and backed by the Dover Express. This was overwhelmingly endorsed but there were objectors, such as a Mr Sutton, who claimed that the Chamber of Commerce was ‘foisting a library on Dover ratepayers.’ At about the same time, Henry James Goulden, who had a large bookshop in Canterbury, offered Dover a gift of a large collection of books on condition that the council put the Free Public Libraries Act into operation. The council declined the offer, on the conditions stipulated, by a vote of 14 to 7.
In 1900, Maison Dieu House was bought by the Corporation and became the offices of the Borough Engineer and Medical Officer of Health. The electricity generating station owned by the council was just round the corner in Park Street, and in 1904, the Medical Officer moved out in order to provide office space for the electricity station staff. At the same time the demand for a public library increased and towards the end of 1900 ‘an extensively signed’ petition was organised by John Falconer. Falconer, born in Scotland, had a tailoring and outfitting business at 17 Bench Street and lived at Moray House on Maison Dieu Road.
Two years went by and in 1902, John Falconer wrote asking for a grant for a Dover Public Library from Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919). Carnegie was a Scottish-American industrialist who had made his fortune in the American steel industry and became a noted philanthropist. Among his many projects was the establishment of public libraries for which he gave substantial grants. These were on the understanding that the local authority matched the grant by providing the land and a budget for operation and maintenance of the library. Carnegie responded to Falconer in February 1903 agreeing to give £10,000 to set up a public library on condition that the council provided a building and adopt the 1850 and subsequent Public Libraries Acts. John Bavington Jones, owner of the Dover Express, was delighted and suggested that the ground floor of the Market Hall be converted as a compliment to the museum on the first floor. This was generally agreed but not by the council. They made it clear that they were not willing to devote a penny rate in perpetuity when there were plenty of private libraries around for those willing to pay for the privilege of reading.
Following the council’s rejection of the Carnegie grant, the committee of the Dover Institute borrowed a sum that they could ill afford, to make major alterations to the ground floor of their Biggin Street building. A new and larger library was created, alterations were made to the reading room and an annexe was built to provide teaching rooms. The Rt. Hon George Wyndham, Member of Parliament (1889-1913), opened the newly refurbished Institute on 19 November 1904. Along Biggin Street, the Co-operative had opened a large store within which they had created a library for its members to use.
Not only were an increasing number of middle class inhabitants becoming frustrated with the council’s lack of motivation in providing a public library, they were also angry that Dover’s ancient records were being lost to national libraries and museums. John Bavington Jones, voiced these concerns adding, with regards to a public library, ‘Although it has to be recorded that Dover of to-day does not possess a centre of enlightenment, public opinion appears to be growing in favour of spending public money in a moderate way, not only for mental recreation, but for liberally furnishing the minds of citizens with information on public affairs to enable them to rightly exercise the duties of citizenship.’ (First edition of Annals of Dover – 1916).
Two years before, in January 1913, John Falconer had died but before his death, he had again approached Andrew Carnegie to ask him to re-offer his substantial grant. This time the council held a special meeting under the chairmanship of Mayor William Crundall, who pointed out that the grant would mean Dover being required to comply with the Public Libraries Acts. At the meeting, Councillor Edward Chitty, who advocated a public library, responded, saying that ‘only one-fifth of teenagers in Dover, on leaving compulsory education received any form of instruction from either the local Education Committee or the Dover Institute and a free library would go someway in rectifying this.’ However, Councillor William Burkett countered the argument by saying that ‘a free library was a luxury that the ratepayers of Dover could ill-afford and that the ratepayers already contributed 1pence in the £ towards elementary education, which many saw as a waste.’
Following World War I (1914-1918) the Public Libraries Act of 1919 repealed the penny rate limitation and authorised County Councils to adopt the Libraries Acts for any areas not already served. The management of such libraries was to come under their education committees. Dover, as semi-independent, argued that besides the various private libraries in the town, the Dover Institute had reopened and had a library containing 11,000 volumes for its members, finishing by saying that if people wanted to read they should pay. At the time, the garrison had their own library for all the military personnel and was well used. Boots the Chemist operated a commercial lending library and the Cooperative had a library for its members. Albeit, at the time, due to the economic depression unemployment and poverty were high which meant that more than half of Dover’s population, due to the lack of means, did not have access to any of the facilities the council mentioned. However, those who supported the council’s stance, stated that instead of wasting their time reading the unemployed should be out looking for work and providing food for their families.
Dover’s councillors and supporters on this issue, were no different to many other towns including many that had set up Carnegie funded libraries in more affluent times. This was now being seen in the wide variation in the standards of existing public libraries and the Kenyon Committee was appointed in 1924 to look into the problem. Three years later, they published the Report on Public Libraries in England and Wales, in which they recommended that existing library authorities should continue as they were, but that there should be a much greater co-operation between library authorities on a voluntary basis. The Committee recommended a system of co-ordination based on a National Central Library as a central store for books to be lent to local libraries and as a link between all public libraries. Although, no legislation was enacted the scheme for co-ordination was adopted and the National Central Library was born.
In 1931, Dover Borough Council received a proposal from Kent County Council (KCC) to open a public library in Dover, but this was not backed by any finance to purchase premises, fixtures or fittings. Correspondence took place and although a library was not forthcoming KCC implemented a charge on Dover council of £700 a year for the non-existent library! On 9 December that year, new premises for KCC’s Dover Boys’ County School were opened by Prince George – later George VI (1936-1952) – in Astor Avenue. The headmaster, since the school’s inception in 1905, was Fred Whitehouse who had also shown great deal of interest in the general education of all Dover youngsters.
Throughout the previous decade, Dover’s economy had oscillated between depression and desolation and in 1933, it was at its lowest ebb. In January that year, about 2,500 adult males, out of a total population of 41,281, were unemployed. For the children of the unemployed, Mayor Alderman Frederick Morecroft set up a soup kitchen providing 1,500 dinners a week. One of those helping was Fred Whitehouse who expressed concern that the pupil-teacher ratio in Dover’s elementary schools was very high and that there were no library facilities for these youngsters. Not long after, Lady Violet Astor (1889-1965), the wife of Dover’s Member of Parliament, John Jacob Astor – MP 1922-1945 opened a Social Services centre for the unemployed in Market Square. The newspapers gave a great deal of coverage to Lady Violet, saying that she looked stunning as she was wearing ‘a particularly pretty astrakhan coat.’
Both Mayor Morecroft and Headmaster Whitehouse were embarrassed while many of the middle class onlookers were sickened. Whitehouse wrote to the Carnegie trustees asking if Dover were still eligible for a grant, to be told that monies were only available for the improvement of the book stocks of existing libraries set up under the various Public Libraries Acts. Morecroft contacted KCC, who responded by saying that, ‘owing to the financial stringency of the past few years it has not been possible to make any progress with the proposed County scheme of regional libraries, and at present see no likelihood of any such scheme being started in the immediate future.’ The council was angry, as they had been paying KCC £700 a year since 1931 for a public library service that had not been delivered! Following heated correspondence, KCC agreed that Dover was free from the liability and sent a cheque for £2,355!
Mayor Morecroft, then set up a special council committee, headed by himself and with Cllrs Donald and Goodfellow and co-opted – Fred Whitehouse. Later the committee was expanded to include Alderman Hilton Russell and Cllr Lorna Bomford. They decided, with full council approval, that ‘if a Public Library is established (in Dover) it should be on autonomous lines for the Borough alone and entirely independent of the Kent Education Committee.’ Council officials quickly discovered that by taking this line Dover town library would be entitled, on the payment of small annual subscription, the full privileges of the National Central Library and the Students’ Central Library.
As for the premises, the council voted to acquire and adapt the Dover Institute in Biggin Street. This was estimated to cost approximately £6,000 without provision for furniture and books. The Committee of the Dover Institute agreed and except for the billiard tables, the sale included fittings, fixtures, furniture and all the books in their existing library. It was noted that the front of the ground floor of the building was let to a shop at £100 per annum.
On 19 February 1934, at the request of the council, William Charles Berwick Sayers (1881-1960), Chief Librarian of Croydon, came to Dover. He had been invited to inspect the Institute building and the provisional plans for its adaptation prepared by the Borough Engineer. Beyond certain modifications, Sayers gave his approval and agreed to write an advisory report. It is of note that Sayers, has since gone down in the annals of British history as a member of a small but remarkable group of librarians who gave some measure of distinction to the British public library service during the early decades of the present century.
Sayers, submitted his report giving useful information and suggestions including:
- that the minimum number of persons using the lending library should be estimated from 10% to 15% of the population;
- that a minimum satisfactory level of stock as asserted by the Government Public Library Committee Report of 1927 was 30 volumes per 100 of the population, representing 12,000 volumes for Dover. Though as a start, he added, there could be fewer, but hardly with less than 8,000 at an estimated cost of £1,660.
He also specified the stock percentages by reference, fiction, non-fiction and children’s volumes. Stating that as most libraries find their stocks rapidly deplete he would prefer a stock of 12,000 volumes at a cost of about £2,490.
The eminent librarian said that book stock was a capital charge and loan repayments had to be made in ten years. He then gave the usual percentages of library income devoted to various items and suggested that the annual figures, based on an expenditure of a rate of 2pence in the £ would be:
Books and binding 22% @ 2pence rate = £440
Newspapers and periodicals 5% @ ditto = £100
Salaries and wages 46% @ ditto = £920
Postage, printing, heating etc. 27% @ ditto = £540
Total = £2,000
Sayers added that loan charges would lessen the amount available for books and salaries but about £100 per annum might be received in fines.
He also supplied information regarding the usual hours of opening for town libraries and suggested that the staff should consist of a Librarian; assistant Librarian, assistant for the Children’s Room; a Caretaker Cleaner; and 3 or 4 secondary school boys or girls leavers as juniors. The Librarian should at least hold the Associationship of the Library Association and the salary should be about £300 per annum. His report included tabular information appertaining to 17 towns, which could be compared with Dover, giving population, rateable value, library rate, library expenditure, staff, volumes in stock and issued, and registered readers.
It was agreed to apply to the Minister of Health (then a requirement) for the sanction to borrow £10,000 for capital expenditure under the Public Libraries Act 1892. The breakdown of figures given was:
Purchase of buildings and expenses = £4,040
Structural alterations = £2,400
Furniture = £900
Books = £2,490
Incidentals = £170
Total = £10,000
To pay for the capital loan plus the estimated yearly expenses an additional 2pence in the £ rates was agreed.
Dover’s first municipal public library opened at 6 Biggin Street on 13 March 1935 and William S Munford, aged 23 and with a Bachelor of Science degree, was appointed Dover’s first public librarian. The capital cost of the new library was approximately £7000 and the annual expenditure was expected to be about £3,000. The library was stocked with over 7,600 books and in the fortnight before opening 900 people had registered as readers! Immediately after opening people queued all the way down Biggin Street to enrol and two weeks later 19,641 books had been issued.
It was commented in the local press that a Centenary Party should have been held, as it had taken that long to get a facility that the people of Dover had so obviously wanted!
Part 2 of this story looks at what happened in less than a century.
- Presented: 13 March 2015
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Marine mammal meat and blubber are important sources of food for people in Greenland and include everything from polar bears, walruses and various seal species to both baleen and toothed whales. Ringed seals, minke whales, narwhals and belugas are among the main animals used for human consumption. However, in East Greenland the hunting of white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) and long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) has increased in recent years and killer whales (Orcinus orca) have become an additional target. Knowledge of contaminant burden in these species is scarce and this makes it crucial to study these animals and their impact on human consumption.
The stomach content from a humpback whale is being investigatedHunters have provided the Greenland Climate Research Centre with samples from the hunts of white-beaked dolphins, long-finned pilot whales, killer whales, minke whales and humpback whales to study stomach content and environmental contaminant concentrations. Knowledge of cetacean diet is important when studying ecosystems and it helps to identify the source of contaminant burdens. Diet is studied via several methods: macroscopically, through DNA analysis, and analysis of stable isotopes and fatty acids. In addition, heavy metals and selenium are analyzed in muscle tissue along with persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs, DDT, dioxins and PBDEs in blubber. In addition to determining the suitability of the meat and blubber of these species for human consumption, the aim is to gain knowledge of the role of these marine mammals in the arctic marine food web.
New contaminants of concern
When anthropogenic chemicals become banned due to their toxicity, they are often replaced by new, similar ones. In connection with the diet and contaminants project, we have started up an additional project focusing on new emerging polybrominated biphenyls (PBDEs) in marine mammals (seals and cetaceans) from Greenland, the US East coast, Iceland and Sweden. Research focuses on time trends of PBDEs (in samples from US and Sweden) as well as regional and species variation of PBDEs.
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Too often, news coverage of hepatitis C focuses on the cost of new drugs and not the importance of determining which patients have hepatitis C and getting them into effective care. I find this deeply troubling. What my colleagues and I see in our practice on a daily basis are patients who have no idea they might be infected with this silent but potentially fatal condition.
Three to 4 million individuals in the United States are chronically infected with the virus, according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. However, an estimated 50 percent to 80 percent of those individuals are unaware of their infection, increasing both the likelihood they will develop liver damage and the chances they will infect others.
Screening is recommended for all at-risk patients, including individuals with HIV or patients on kidney dialysis, men who have sex with men, people who’ve used drugs now or in the past, and those born between 1945 and 1965. But despite outreach efforts, screening gaps persist. And those gaps are not helped by news cycles that are swept up in the price of hepatitis C drugs and not the importance of making people aware they might need the medications.
There are gaps in the health care delivery system, as well. The literature reports that many patients are screened for hepatitis C but are never informed of their diagnosis. Oftentimes, the hepatitis C diagnosis is not even correctly documented in the medical record.
My colleagues and I at Kaiser Permanente of the Mid-Atlantic States are working to fix this imbalance. We have developed a screening protocol, supported by our advanced electronic medical record and dedicated care coordinators, which is working and can be scaled and replicated by other health care providers.
The model has five primary components:
- Automated electronic medical record best-practice alert to notify providers that patients are recommended for hepatitis C screening because they were born between 1945-1965 and have never been screened.
- Automated confirmatory laboratory testing (HCV RNA testing) for any patient who tests positive for the hepatitis C virus antibody to determine whether or not the person has an active infection. This ensures the patient has a complete diagnosis.
- A hepatitis C care coordinator to assist in ordering follow-up labs, scheduling liver-damage testing, and informing patients of their infection status and how to stay healthy.
- Integration of a noninvasive, pain-free test for measuring liver damage into the screening process.
- Connecting patients to physicians for ongoing care.
New peer-reviewed research by my colleagues at the Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group shows us this integrated screening approach is working: To date, more than 30,000 Kaiser Permanente patients in Maryland, Virginia and Washington, D.C., have been screened using this model.
Of the population examined in our published manuscript (11,200), a total of 3.25 percent tested positive for the hepatitis C virus antibody, and 100 percent of antibody-positive patients received subsequent hepatitis C virus RNA testing. Of those patients who tested positive for the hepatitis C virus antibody, 75.9 percent had chronic hepatitis C virus, of which 80.8 percent underwent a non-invasive test to measure liver damage. Hepatitis C virus diagnosis was communicated to 94 percent of patients by direct person-to-person phone contact.
Our study shows the value of a comprehensive program to assist hepatitis C patients through each step of the care process, from screening to detection and monitoring. And there are many aspects of the Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group protocol that can be replicated by independent physicians or health systems.
While the cost of treating hepatitis C is no doubt an important issue, we also need to pay attention to and champion screening advances that will help us do a better job of diagnosing and stopping the spread of this deadly virus.
Dr. Michael Horberg is executive director of research at the Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group.
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Reading Comprehension Worksheets Multiple Choice 3Rd Grade. Teach your children the 3rd grade reading skills they need. Water cycle reading comprehension by 4th grade shenanagians.
3rd grade reading comprehension worksheets multiple choice source: Our grade 1 reading comprehension worksheets contain short reading assignments which would help. The stories in our 3rd grade reading comprehension worksheets will hold your child's attention with its diverse topics and genres.
The Passage Questions Why So Many Students Work So Hard To Get Out Of Reading Assignments In This Short Persuasive Piece.
Justin bieber reading comprehension biography grade worksheets worksheet fifth teaching fun. Water cycle reading comprehension by 4th grade shenanagians. Then they support their answers with evidence from the text.
Our Grade 1 Reading Comprehension Worksheets Contain Short Reading Assignments Which Would Help.
16 images about picture comprehension for grade 1 pdf : Main idea multiple choice worksheets 99worksheets source: Reading collection 2 4th gr.
3rd grade reading comprehension worksheets multiple choice source: Justin bieber biography reading comprehension worksheet • have fun teaching www.havefunteaching.com. In this piece of reading comprehension, find the writer's purpose, look for a.
Free Rosa Parks Worksheets & Printables Pdf
The paid version ($3 fun learning games & worksheets: This part of our grade 3 reading comprehension worksheets is yummy! 4th grade reading comprehension worksheets pdf free adipurwantocom source:
Picture Comprehension For Grade 1 Pdf :
Students read each passage and determine when and where it is taking place based on textual clues. Extremely helpful, the librarian makes sure dylan gets access to the right books. Daily reading comprehension grade 1 :
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Look Out! The Next Invasive Florida Species: Trap-Jaw Ants
Another day, another terrifying crazy animal arrives in Florida.
The Daily Mail reported yesterday that a new ant native to South America, called Odontomachus haematodus, had been found across the Gulf Coast. Research conducted by North Carolina State University shows the nonnative species was found in populated places in Florida like Orlando, Pensacola, and Gainesville. This ant, though -- it ain't like the ants you're thinking of.
Instead, the beast can open its jaw 180 degrees, furiously snap its mouth toward the ground like a bear trap to launch itself, and sting you with venom.
"The fact that some of these species are spreading is interesting, in part, because these giant ants have managed to expand their territory without anyone noticing," Magdalena Sorger of North Carolina State (and a coauthor of the study) told the Daily Mail.
The National Geographic pointed out that there are four species of trap-jaw ants native to the United States. Sorger studied the spread of "an invasive and particularly aggressive species from South America called Odontomachus haematodus."
Flickr Creative Commons
Why exactly they're spreading isn't known, but the researchers suspect it's because of climate changes allowing them to spread quicker.
"Trap-jaw ants have little sensory hairs on the inside of their jaws," Sheila Patek, a biologist who studies the evolutionary mechanics of movements at Duke University, told National Geographic. "So they can fire those latch muscles even faster than their brain can process.
"The next thing you know you have this ant flying through the air that you can't even see, it's moving so fast, with a big stinger on the end of its abdomen," she added. "It is really nerve-racking working with them."
Check out just how terrifying they can be:
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Inhibiting Effects of the Extracts of Isolated Bacteria from Xinjiang on the Ultraviolet Induction of Bacteriophage λ
Abstract: In this study, the bacterium strains from Takramagan in Xinjiang, which was characteristic with high temperature and strong ultraviolet (UV) radiation in summer, were isolated, purified and identified. The acetone extracts of 39 isolated strains were measured by HPLC and UV-visible detection and their free radical scavenging abilities were determined using UV induction of bacteriophage λ, respectively. The results showed that the main compounds of most extracts were carotenoids and the extracts of 29 strains could protect the bacteriophage λ against UV radiation with different efficiency, the maximum inhibitory rate of which can be up to 81%. By comparison of the strains, it was found that the strains in different genus were obviously different in the protective abilities against UV radiation, and the strain of Methylobacterium showed the strongest among them. Strains with different colors belonging to different genus showed different effect, so did the strains of Kocuria. This paper revealed that carotenoid was one of the key factors for protecting the strains against UV radiation. Furthermore, the UV induction of bacteriophage λ proved to be a very useful model for studying the radiation resistance of different substance.
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How can we preserve and secure space for the benefit of all? Using the operational decisions that will confront space operators, we identify essential services and information exchanges for a complex environment.
Historically, space operations, and consequently the catalogs of space objects, have been largely focused on satellite activity around the earth. The picture was only dynamic to the extent that new objects would be added, and occasionally updated, and retired objects would disappear. The picture of debris would expand with each new discovery and better capabilities to spot smaller debris objects.
Even the dynamics of that level of space activity is a complex endeavor. With the addition of extra-orbital activity, constellations with autonomous formation management, maneuvers and rendezvous, short-lived cube satellites, and daily space tourist flights the things to be tracked in space will be unimaginably dynamic.
This paper addresses what must be known and how decision science and knowledge management can be leveraged to create the catalog of the future that addresses the increasing dynamic space environment. It begins by reviewing the types of interactions and behaviors that will require monitoring and decisions. Using the decisions, we shape what must be known by others and the information exchanges to represent more complex space operations.
A more dynamic catalog will also need to include the relationships between objects and the function of objects in terms of transmission and maneuver. Adding dynamics and relationships will extend the catalog from a static record to a playbook that will foster collaboration on changing operations across all classes of operations and performance in orbit and beyond.
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A wide variety of international political parties with nationalist policies are growing around the world. The Danish People’s Party was one of those parties until Denmark’s last election in 2019.
By Lily Burris and Angel Hui
As there are many political parties around the world, the similarities between them are easy to find. Lots have a focus on immigration policy.
Many prominent political parties around the world are growing stronger in their nations, pushing policies that are anti-immigration, anti-multilateral international groups and pro-civil liberties.
Many countries have had elections in the last year or will have elections in the coming year. The United States is getting ready to have the next presidential election in November 2020. Denmark had its latest parliamentarian election in June 2019. The United Kingdom had its latest general election in December 2019. Each of these countries has their own nationalist party in their elections and shaping their politics.
Defining a nationalist party
Jonathan Polk, a political science professor from the University of Copenhagen, describes a nationalist party as one that tends to “prioritize the national community as something distinctive and worthy of preservation in the face of more internationally oriented tendencies” compared to other parties with more cosmopolitan values that see multiculturalism as a positive thing.
Polk says that research indicates two primary ideas for the appeal and growth of nationalist parties; both of which relate to the reaction of more open borders. One idea is cultural backlash and resistances to open borders, and the other idea relates to economic concerns and insecurity.
“I think nationalist parties put forward the idea that the nation state is a place, it’s a since of rootedness for people who somewhat alienated by contemporary society”, Polk says.
Nationalists parties tend to be opposed immigration policies that push for multiculturalism and multilateral international institutions such as the European Union, says Polk. They also focus on law and order relative to civil liberties.
Nationalist party supporters tend to be disproportionately more men than women, have lower levels of education and be from rural areas, Polk says.
Polk works on the Chapel Hill Expert Survey on party positioning, which asked political scientists to rank political party leaders in their countries on different policies and spectrums. In 2014, the most recent set of data, the survey asked about the nationalists or cosmopolitan conception of parties. The Danish People’s Party was a nine out of ten on that scale, or very far on the nationalist end of the scale.
“Based on that criteria at least, I think it’s fair to say that the Danish People’s Party is a nationalist party”, Polk says.
Danish People’s Party’s current state
In Denmark, a party with more nationalist tendencies is the Danish People’s Party, or Dansk Folkeparti. The party currently has 16 members in parliament, but from 2015 to 2019, there were 37 Danish People’s Party politicians in parliament. The party formed 25 years ago in 1995.
One of their press officers and former parliament member Kenneth Kristensen Berth says that the most important item on the Danish People’s Party agenda is immigration. Other important items on the agenda is the European Union, criminal policy and penalty, health care and social government. These items align with the typical description of a nationalist party.
“The Danish People’s Party have never described themselves as a nationalist party because in the Danish language, nationalism has negative connotations, so we described ourselves as a national or national-minded party”, says Berth.
Berth says that in the 2015 election the Danish People’s Party was underrepresented in people with higher education and overrepresented among the elderly population. There’s also a high density of supports in southern Jutland and the neighborhoods around Copenhagen.
Paw Karslund, a member of the local council in Tårnby, supports the Danish People’s Party because it’s “great party and it’s a party that was needed in this democracy”. Karslund says his dad was involved in politics while he was growing up, and considered joining his party, the Social Democrats.
“I can see a lot of similar things between the Social Democrats and the Danish People’s Party but on very important values like European Union and immigration policies then I have to take Danish People’s Party” Karslund says.
This piece is written for an international audience but is most likely to be picked up by Americans or Danes. It could be published by the Associated Press at ap.org.
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The Project Management Triangle (called also Triple Constraint or the Iron Triangle) is a model of the constraints of project management. It is a graphic aid where the three attributes show on the corners of the triangle to show opposition. It is useful to help with intentionally choosing project biases, or analyzing the goals of a project. It is often used to illustrate that project management success is measured by the project team's ability to manage the project, so that the expected results are produced while managing time and cost.
Other articles related to "project management triangle, projects, triangle":
... Like any human undertaking, projects need to be performed and delivered under certain constraints ... These are also referred to as the "project management triangle", where each side represents a constraint ... One side of the triangle cannot be changed without affecting the others ...
Famous quotes containing the words project and/or management:
“Oh Death he is a little man,
And he goes from do to do ...”
—Federal Writers Project Of The Wor, U.S. public relief program (1935-1943)
“The care of a house, the conduct of a home, the management of children, the instruction and government of servants, are as deserving of scientific treatment and scientific professors and lectureships as are the care of farms, the management of manure and crops, and the raising and care of stock.”
—Catherine E. Beecher (18001878)
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Advanced Educational Research
Activity 2: Instrument Construction Steps
Read the following three articles:
Holmbeck, G. N., & Devine, K. A. (2009). Editorial: An author's checklist for measure development and validation manuscripts. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1-6, 2009.
Note: This file contains only Holmbeck and Devine's checklist
Ragheb, M. G., & Beard, J. G. (1982). Measuring leisure attitude. Journal of Leisure Research, 14, 155-167.
Menon, S.T. (2001). Employee empowerment: An integrative psychological approach. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50, 153-180.
Read first the Holmbeck and Devine article and note in particular the questionnaire development checklist they offer beginning on page 3 in the appendix.
Use the checklist offered by Holmbeck and Devine as a model for questionnaire development. Compare the questionnaire steps taken by Ragheb and Beard to the Holmbeck and Devine model; note differences if any arise.
Use the checklist offered by Holmbeck and Devine as a model for questionnaire development. Compare the questionnaire steps taken by Menon to the Holmbeck and Devine model; note differences if any arise.
Base your response to the following questions on the information learned in the three articles:
How is content validity to be addressed when developing a questionnaire?
How is reliability addressed when developing a questionnaire?
What is construct validity? What are some ways construct validity can be addressed when developing a questionnaire?
Copyright © 2005, Bryan W. Griffin
Last revised on 21 May, 2012 03:14 PM
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Better coordination through contract farming
At the heart of contract farming (CF) is an agreement between farmers and buyers in which both parties agree in advance on the terms and conditions for the production and marketing of farm products, usually including the price to be paid, quantity and quality demanded and delivery dates. The contract may also include information on how the production will be carried out or if any inputs such as seeds and fertilisers, financial assistance and technical advice will be provided by the buyer.
CF has been developed and practised for decades. The more recent growth of CF particularly in developing countries is largely linked to transformations of agrifood systems with increasing demands and requirements for agricultural products, growing competition in agrifood markets and rising dominance of global value chains. CF can allow more efficient and integrated vertical and horizontal coordination of value chains and input and output markets.
It also provides a way for buyers to work more closely with partners in sourcing agricultural products as more consumers demand products that are not only safe to consume but also are of higher quality and greater variety, and are produced in ways that do not damage the environment or harm the workers. The growing interest in CF can hence be attributed not only to efficiency in order to respond to the transformations caused by globalisation processes, but also to an increasing focus on other dimensions of sustainable growth such as economic and social inclusion and environmental responsibility. Smallholder farmers often face various barriers to participating in modern markets, such as lack of access to input and output markets, technologies, and financial and other support services. They are also confronted with challenges of increasing and changing demand, rapid technology advancement and accelerating impact of climate change and natural resource scarcity. CF can help relieve some of these constraints and challenges for smallholders. As poverty is more prevalent in rural areas and at the same time smallholder farming is central to food security, CF schemes have increasingly been seen as a key mechanism to address these issues as opposed to traditional open-market procurement systems. CF has the potential to promote inclusive and sustainable growth through providing access to resources, technologies and economic opportunities to smallholders as well as through incorporating environmental and social measures in its operations.
Advantages and disadvantages of contract farming
Engaging in CF can have both pros and cons for the actors involved. For farmers, CF can help overcome some constraints and obstacles to market participation, as discussed above. CF connects farmers to buyers and markets. It is possible for farmers to know in advance when, to whom, how many and at what price, and hence this may reduce risks, secure more stable income for farmers and allow them to manage risk and plan better. Many CF schemes introduce new or improved technologies such as new seeds and production methods and provide technical support and training to farmers. CF can also ease farmers’ access to inputs and support services such as quality control, transportation and storage that can be part of contractual agreements. For example, fertiliser can be supplied on credit through advance from the company. All these advantages and the development of human capital through experiential learning in producing and marketing one’s products can result in more resilient and sustained growth in productivity, competitiveness, income and ability to cope new challenges, which can lead to improved food security and nutrition and better health, education and wellness outcomes.
|Advantages for farmers||Advantages for buyers|
|Easier access to markets, inputs, technologies, training, credits, services, etc.||More consistent supply and quality|
|Gains in knowledge, skills, experiences and human capital||Increased efficiency|
|Increased productivity||Lower risks and better|
More secure market
More stable income
|Products conform to standards on quality, safety, social and environmental responsibility|
|Disadvantages for farmers||Disadvantages for buyers|
|Loss of flexibility to sell to other buyers for higher prices||Reduced supply options|
|Lack of bargaining|
|High transaction costs of contracting with many small farmers|
|Possible delays in payments and input delivery||Risks of farmers breaking contracts and side-selling|
|Possible indebtedness||Potential misuse of inputs, non-compliance of process or standards|
|Environmental risks of growing only one or certain type of crop||Reputation risks if things go wrong|
The major advantages of CF for buyers include more reliable and efficient supply of raw materials and more consistent quality in comparison to the open market. This is in part because CF arrangements allow the companies to introduce production requirements and quality and other standards and to monitor the process as they have closer relations with farmers compared to open-market procurements. The sponsoring companies may have lower risks and manage risks better as they are more informed of the production process. Cooperating with many small farmers can also help overcome land constraints companies might be facing. Integrated provisions of inputs and support services and a more streamlined supply chain can result in gains in efficiency and competitiveness. Furthermore, CF makes it possible for companies to incorporate standards on social and environmental responsibility and improve due diligence in supply chain management.
Farmers, however, can face serious problems in CF schemes, such as unequal bargaining powers between farmers and companies, inefficiencies in management and delays in the delivery of inputs or payments. They also risk indebtedness because of these difficulties or excessive loans from the buyer. This can result in increased dependency on the buyer which can increase the risk of being exploited. Moreover, farmers under a CF agreement usually are not permitted to sell to other buyers when prices rise, which limits their selling options. Buyers might also be facing certain disadvantages. Likewise, companies may have less flexibility in sourcing supplies as they have committed resources to CF and are bound by the contract. While trust is a central factor in such agreements, farmers may break the contract and side-sell their product to other buyers. It can also happen that farmers misuse inputs supplied on credit or do not comply with agreed terms on quantity, quality, delivery or production processes. This can negatively impact yields, supply and quality. The increase in CF occurring around the world seems to indicate that the positive aspects tend to outweigh the negative ones. Nonetheless, CF may not be the only or suitable way to organise a commercial relationship, and a good analysis of pros, cons and its alternatives should be considered.
Contract farming and the law
For CF to truly thrive, it requires an enabling legal and regulatory framework at national level. This broad system of laws and regulations governs CF and can help maximise the benefits and minimise the risks of CF. When set up appropriately, this framework can help recognise and protect people’s rights and balance the contractual power of involved parties, provide legal security to contractual relations and facilitate enforcement. Overall, it can contribute to enhancing trust between parties in CF, when they know that their rights are both protected and enforceable. The appropriate CF regulatory framework can take many different forms, none of which is necessarily superior to the others. It depends on the country context, its policy needs as well as its legal tradition. Rules related to CF can be placed in specific CF laws, general agriculture legislation, general contract law (including civil codes) or commodity-based legislation among other approaches.
It is useful for legislation to include a reference to the minimum content or provisions that a contract should incorporate to be considered as a complete agricultural production contract. As identified by the Legal Guide on CF and illustrated in the Model Agreement for Responsible CF (see Boxes), these provisions include the parties to the contract, technical specifications (e.g. quality and quantity requirements), input supply, price determination and payment, delivery, applicable law and dispute resolution. The parties would always include the producer and the buyer, either as individuals or as legal persons such as producer organisations or corporations, and may include third parties, such as input or finance providers. Technical specifications form the core of the agreement and allow buyers to specify the exact quality and quantity of their product and more effectively organise their supply stream. Dispute resolution through alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms often offers more suitable and effectual solutions than the use of courts as ADR tends to be faster, simpler and less expensive and thus can better support the parties’ access to justice. The substantive elements may also include regulatory mechanisms to support, encourage or maintain regulatory control over CF operations. Further, it should always be required that agreements be made in writing. Beyond the legislation that directly affects the parties’ relationships, there is a vast field of other laws and regulations that can influence CF. Competition and labour laws may be applicable to the contract and prevent the use of certain unfair contract terms and abusive practices. Input legislation such as for seeds, fertilisers or pesticides can place limits on input usages. Intellectual property legislation may offer protections and place limitations on farmers’ use of some inputs or technologies after the contractual relationship ends. Quality standards can guide the quality requirements as agreed in the contract, and environmental rules must always be followed and cannot be contracted away. This brief listing is by no means comprehensive, and any individual country would most probably have many other laws and regulations which would impact CF participation and operation.
Carmen Bullon and Teemu Viinikainen are workingin the Legal Office and Lan Li, Costanza Rizzo and Jodean Remengesau are from the Agricultural Development Economics Division, all at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy.
Website of the FAO Contract Farming Resource Centre
FAO (2018). Enabling Regulatory Frameworks for Contract Farming. Rome, FAO.
FAO and IISD (2018). Model Agreement for Responsible Contract Farming with commentary. Rome, FAO.
UNIDROIT, FAO and IFAD (2015). UNIDROIT/FAO/IFAD Legal Guide on Contract Farming. Rome, FAO.
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The District of Columbia as a humanistic, people-friendly city is first and foremost an accessible city, where mobility is possible for all. Many cities today are plagued by traffic congestion, and in densely populated city areas the fastest ways of getting around are often on mass transit, by walking and bicycling.
Under Mayor Vincent C. Gray’s Sustainable D.C. initiative, our goal is to continue to switch commuters from driving alone, to bicycling, walking, and carpooling by making mass transit more appealing. Our goal is to have 75% of our morning commutes to start and end using these transportation modes.
Creating this balance starts with improving our transportation network and one key factor is traffic optimization for all modes of transportation. Toward these aims, The District Department of Transportation (DDOT) is overhauling the District’s traffic signal management program through using advanced computer software.
Traffic signal management can be defined as using new technologies and equipment to make existing traffic signal control systems operate more efficiently. Improved traffic signal has many benefits including improving air quality and reducing fuel consumption; reducing congestion and creating efficiencies for commercial and emergency vehicles, and buses. This can also reduce the number of serious accidents; reduce aggressive driving behavior, including red-light running and postponing and eliminate the need to construct additional road capacity.
The DDOT system is comprised of traffic lights, stop signs, and various other control devices designed to control competing flows of traffic. It is designed to efficiently manage vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists and public transit. The 1,600 traffic signals in D.C. collectively form DDOT’s comprehensive signal program. Traffic signal re-timing and management is a cost-effective way to provide safe and efficient traffic flow throughout the city.
Signal timing is a special technique that traffic engineers use to manage traffic flow and determine who has the right-of-way at signalized intersections. DDOT traffic signal engineers manage traffic signal systems operations in connection with capital improvement projects, sight clearance inspections and responses to residents’ inquiries.
The central objective of signal timing is to coordinate the competing demands of motor vehicles, public transit, bicycles and pedestrians in an efficient manner. Signal timing strategies are designed to minimize stops and delays, minimize fuel consumption and air pollution emissions and optimize traffic flow and progression along major arteries. Signal lights are designed to coordinate a process in which lights respond to the traffic demand based on the time of day. The current signal timing is determined by the preset movements of traffic.
DDOT’s comprehensive plan to improve the flow of traffic is a coordinated 5-year project. It is well underway and several important changes have already been implemented at nearly 600 intersections. This part of the program (Phase I) is the first step in building a solid foundation to enhance and improve traffic flow. DDOT is replacing the old and outdated traffic controller software in the field during Phase I. More extensive changes will come in Phase II which is scheduled over next three years and will include all 1600 traffic signals in the District.
The scope and scale of this project is far more comprehensive than any previous DDOT effort. DDOT is on the forefront and cutting edge of managing traffic flow to respond to our population growth and improve safety and efficiencies.
DDOT’s ultimate program goals are to make DC traffic signals safer and friendlier for pedestrians, vehicles, public transit, and cyclists, and to reduce traffic congestion, improve bus travel, and reduce harmful emissions.
DDOT’s traffic engineers collect data on traffic patterns, volume, speed, lane-use, and timing of signals at intersections with the goal of utilizing the data to optimize traffic flow and better manage traffic movement in the District of Columbia. Using advanced computer technology has enhanced DDOT’s abilities to manage traffic flow efficiently.
DDOT uses off-line software model that can emulate real-life traffic conditions. It evaluates and optimizes traffic signal timing plans based on traffic volume and geometric conditions. And it captures data based on capacity performance and level of service at signalized intersections.
Data is based on the time of day and organized around AM drive-time peak hours on weekdays from 7-9:30, mid-day peak from 11-1, and PM drive-time peak hours from 3 to 7. On weekends, the traffic flow is different and the data collected creates a separate pattern, from 11am to 4pm. The analysis takes the existing traffic conditions, then optimizes or creates an optimized plan to improve the flow of arterials by all users. The small changes in Phase I have largely gone unnoticed to the general captures data based on capacity performance and level of service at signalized intersections. Data is based on the time of day and organized around AM drive-time peak hours on weekdays from 7-9:30, mid-day peak from 11-1, and PM drive-time peak hours from 3 to 7. On weekends, the traffic flow is different and the data collected creates a separate pattern, from 11am to 4pm. The analysis takes the existing traffic conditions, then optimizes or creates an optimized plan to improve the flow of arterials by all users.
The small changes in Phase I have largely gone unnoticed to the general public but are fairly extensive. The updated traffic controller computer software includes several features. One of the most important features allows traffic engineers to modify signal timing to improve bus progression. DDOT, working in partnership with WMATA, is also planning improvements to assist in the operations and efficiencies of WMATA’s bus fleet. The WMATA/DDOT effort will improve bus routes through the implementation of a Transit Signal Priority in the various heavy bus corridors.
Another feature of DDOT’s program in the traffic controller computer software upgrade is Adaptive Traffic Signal Control Technology which will utilize real-time traffic information to adjust the timing of lights to accommodate changing traffic patterns and ease traffic congestion. In cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, DDOT will begin testing this new technology on New York Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue SE and Rhode Island Avenue corridors in 2014. This feature will work to improve overall traffic flow.
The new traffic controller software will simplify the tedious process of designing new traffic signal timings and utilize the most modern computer technologies to create efficiencies. Increased traffic flow and a growing population mean DDOT must continually find new and innovative ways to manage traffic flow. The new software goes a long way towards assisting and driving this effort.
DDOT has built a complex traffic signal timing computer model that is being specifically adapted to DC’s local driver population, roadway network, and traffic flows. The traffic signal timing computer model was vital in helping DDOT evaluate various signal timing options and make quick signal timing changes in the Wisconsin Avenue corridor in August this year.
A concrete example of the program’s early success is during the afternoon rush hour. Traffic engineers report that drivers making the trip along the full length of Wisconsin Avenue, a major traffic artery, are saving time. Drivers commuting between Georgetown and Friendship Heights on Wisconsin Avenue are saving up to 5 minutes in their daily commute. More quick-relief, traffic signal re-timing experimental projects are planned for Georgia Avenue, another major traffic artery in the coming months. And more extensive changes are scheduled for these two corridors as part of the Phase 2 implementation in 2015.
Phase 2 will result in more noticeable changes to the coordinated traffic signal timings. Engineers will complete the redesign of coordinated signal timings for the first 200 signals to be implemented east of the Anacostia River and along M Street in the Southeast/Southwest corridor before the end of 2013.
The next phase of the project is re-timing over 600 signals in the downtown area—which is undergoing a massive influx in development (for example, CityCenterDC and the Marriot Marquis)—by late 2014 or early 2015. Re-timing downtown signals has some unique challenges with high volume traffic all competing for the same space and the same green lights.
Traffic signal re-timing will improve downtown traffic flow by timing the signals so that groups of vehicles (referred to as platoons) can travel through the series of signals with minimal stoppage. Importantly, traffic signal optimization also improves safety because traffic flow is smoother and vehicles stop less often. This reduces the probability for rear-end crashes, reduces vehicle emissions and lowers our carbon footprint. It also reduces travel costs by reducing the amount of time stopped at red lights, saving us money at the gas station.
A bicyclist crosses at one of several HAWK signals that DDOT recently installed in the District.
DDOT is at the forefront of modernizing traffic flow and utilizing the most advanced computer software to improve traffic flow and safety. This important effort will improve the quality of life for citizens and commuters in the District of Columbia and be an important component of Mayor Gray’s Sustainable D.C. program.
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The Muses at Work
Technology in the Ancient World
Moving the Obelisks
The Ancient Engineers
Agricultural Implements of the Roman World
The Muses began their long career as vague minor spirits whom old Greek poets such as Hesiod invoked for inspiration. But when mythology fell into the hands of the learned, the Muses became fixed in number (nine) and they acquired individuality, with personal names and specialized spheres of activity. The Hellenistic and late Roman pedants did not altogether agree on the details but they were in full accord over which activities were appropriate to inspiration—poetry, music, the dance, historiography, and, for Urania, astronomy (really mathematics).
Nothing could therefore be more misconceived than to call a book about the “arts, crafts and professions of ancient Greece and Rome” The Muses at Work. The two final sections are devoted to music and dancing, but what they are doing in this collection I can’t imagine, preceded as they are by eight chapters, each by a different author, on public buildings, bronze working, stone sculpture, pottery, farming, trading, and sailing. None of these ever had a Muse, and, what is much more to the point, a Greek would have been appalled at the suggestion. The ancient scheme of values was summed up epigrammatically in a brilliant book by Edgar Zilsel, Die Entstehung des Geniebegriffes (The Origin of the Idea of Genius), published in 1926 and largely neglected ever since: “Only the tongue was inspired by the gods, never the hand.”
Whether or not the neglect of Zilsel’s work may be attributed to the fact that he was only a professor in a Volkshochschule in Vienna I shouldn’t care to say. Nor do I know who is responsible for the title The Muses at Work. What matters is that, to judge from their text, the individual authors are unlikely to be disturbed. Of course, being professional students of classical antiquity in various American universities and museums, they know that their beloved Greeks and Romans didn’t rate the artist as high as cultivated moderns do. So they ignore the point, or try to put it in the best light, returning as quickly as possible to the important business at hand of describing techniques in a rudimentary way, being chatty and gossipy and picturesque as is deemed to befit public lectures, and pointing to ultimate values: “The pottery of ancient Greece, now scattered throughout the world, stands as a witness to an era of perfection in the union of technique and beauty.”1
There is another, equally useless approach, and that is to take an angry line. Henry Hodges is a prehistorian, not a classicist, a specialist in early technology at the University of London, and a man who knows exactly where his subject falls in the scheme of values. Larger and better shipping, he tells us in his Technology in the Ancient World, enabled the Greeks to defeat the Persians and
…brought the Greeks into far closer contact with the people of the Near East than they had ever been before. From them they learned little that did them any good, for their newly…
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This is a contributed post.
The modern world can be a loud and disorientating place. Our reliance on technology has made noise and distraction a part of everyday life, whether it’s in the form of cars rushing by our window or smartphones buzzing away in our pockets.
With our senses under constant assault, meditation can provide some much-needed respite. However, meditating is not only about relaxation, it has been shown to have a wide range of benefits for your mind, body and soul.
Meditation can be of great mental assistance whether you are going through some form of trauma or simply looking for greater focus. It has been shown to lower anxiety, boost creativity and improve your emotional stability.
Aside from the psychological benefits of meditation, the practice has also been shown to actually change the brain neurologically. Studies indicate that meditating regularly can reduce activity in certain areas of the brain and help protect against the brain volume loss that accompanies the aging process.
Meditation can also be used as part of a holistic addiction treatment, alongside yoga, energy work and other practices. In this case, the treatment aims to improve a person’s entire being rather than focusing on a single symptom or damaging form of behaviour. Meditation has been implemented in a number of addiction centres all over the world and has been used to target the emotional, physical and spiritual causes of the addiction.
Did you know that you can actually improve the wellbeing of your body simply by meditating? Research shows that meditating regularly can lower your blood pressure, decrease your metabolism and help to improve your heart rate.
Pregnant women have also found that meditating comes with physical advantages, some of which are passed on to their unborn child. By reducing anxiety, meditation can improve the baby’s birth weight and lower the chances of complications occurring. Studies also suggest that the likelihood of requiring a caesarean section or an epidural anaesthesia is lower among mothers who meditate regularly.
Of course, you cannot acquire the physical benefits of meditation overnight. Like any other skill, mediation requires regular practise. Putting aside a few minutes each day to meditate will pay off in the long run by boosting your mental and physical health.
Although meditation is not attached to any particular religion, it can have a spiritual element. Regardless of your particular faith, meditation can help achieve a state of being where you feel connected with something greater than yourself.
By focusing your mind through meditation, you can begin to really think about your own identity and appreciate what it means to exist. Many people have used meditation to achieve a kind of personal transformation that goes beyond the mental and physical.
Meditation is not supposed to be a replacement for medical science. Conversely, scientific research has shown that meditation can bring a variety of health benefits to all aspects of your being. Whether you are searching for mental, physical or spiritual development, meditation could provide you with the answers that you’re looking for.
This site is a free resource for those who think outside the box. There is no team of people running it, only me.
If you enjoy reading this site and blog, please DONATE.
All funds go towards the costs associated with maintaining it.
Jade is a certified Hypnotherapist, Reiki Master, Spiritual Coach, Intuitive Tarot Reader and EFT Practitioner. LetYourSpiritGrow.com has evolved from offering alternative healing services to becoming an information resource for those who are open to thinking outside the box
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Is your chihuahua’s nose working overtime when you go out for a walk?
Chihuahuas like to sniff everything along the way and trying to get somewhere can be painfully slow. But sniffing for your chihuahua is hugely important and plays a vital part in their mental well-being.
Your chihuahua’s nose helps them map out their environment, work out who’s been around and what may be coming around the corner. So, if you are out for a walk with your chihuahuas, let them sniff. It’s their walk after all.
Here are some amazing facts about your chihuahua’s nose.
The area of a dog’s brain that processes smell is (relatively) forty times bigger than a human. It is estimated that your chihuahua’s sense of smell is a hundred thousand times better than ours. Experts tell us a dog can smell something buried 40ft underground. They can also smell their owners from 11 miles away.
Unique to your chihuahua
Your dog’s nose is as individual as a human fingerprint! Yes, each dog has a unique nose ‘print’. The Canadian Kennel club have been using this as a way of identifying dogs since 1938.
Does your chihuahua use his nose to time travel?
According to animal psychologist Alexandra Horowitz. A dog can ‘see’ the future by catching a scent in the air. Basically, smelling what’s to come. The reverse of this is true of sniffing the ground, he can smell the past.
Smell in 3D
Your chihuahua’s is one of the few animals who have muscles in their nostrils. Allowing them to move independently. This helps them gather scent from all directions. Helping them build up a picture of their environment.
Inhale & exhale simultaneously
They can separate the air they take in, some for breathing and some for scent gathering. Your chihuahua’s nose can inhale and exhale at the same time. They breathe in and out about 5 times per second. The front part of your chihuahua’s nose is for breathing and the rest for scent gathering.
The mucus in your chihuahua’s nose keeps it cool and helps to trap important scent molecules. The average dog produced 1 pint of mucus a day. The molecules dissolve in the mucus and are pushed up the nose by tiny hairs called cilia.
Why do they sniff another dog’s bottom?
Dogs have glands in the moist parts of their bodies, including the anogenital area. Sniffing this area helps a dog detect pheromones or chemical messages that are produced by these glands. From these chemical traces a dog can learn the age, sex, reproductive status, health and the emotional state of the other dog.
Can they really smell fear in a human?
According to New Scientist, there is some evidence that a dog can smell fear in a human. When we are stressed, we sweat more, and dogs can detect the change of odours. They are then likely to take on your emotions as their own. So, if you are nervous and afraid about a situation, they will pick this up and mirror your feelings.
Can a dog really smell cancer?
Cancer like many other diseases will leave a unique chemical trace that a dog can be trained to pick up. By sniffing blood, urine and breath a trained dog can detect many cancers with a high level of accuracy.
Chihuahuas as police sniffer dogs.
A lot of this kind of work is left up to larger dogs, however in the USA a chihuahua called Midge has been trained to sniff out drugs. He’s ideal for getting into the smaller spaces a larger police dog couldn’t. Meanwhile in Japan, a female long-haired chihuahua called Momo has been trained in search and rescue. She can fit into small areas and has been credited with being able to find someone in five minutes after sniffing his cap.
So, now you know your chihuahua’s nose is such a feat of engineering don’t be so keen to hurry him along on your next walk. A dog’s sense of smell helps them ‘see’ in a way human could only imagine.
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We often get asked by customers what welding speed and temperature they should use for their material. The simplest answer is we don’t know. Each material and environment require a different combination of speed, temperature, and air flow to achieve a good weld.
Let’s examine each parameter and how they affect the welding process.
Materials often have a range of acceptable welding temperatures, speak with the manufacturer of your material to see if they have recommendations for your specific fabric. Use these recommendations as a starting point.
The ideal temperature depends not only on the material but also the environment. Welding outdoors, in a cold environment, or in the direct sun can all affect the required temperature. Make sure to take into account if conditions change during the course of the project and conduct test welds periodically.
Speed is influenced by the type of project and the skill of the operator. Intricate projects where the machine must be guided by hand rather than with the automatic guide will require a slower speed.
As speed increases the operating temperature must be increased as well. A higher speed means the fabric is in contact with the hot air for less time, a higher temperature is required to heat the fabric adequately in the shorter time frame.
Lighter materials usually require lower air flow settings. Light materials tend to flutter when the air flow is too high causing problems in the weld.
The welding tool’s maximum temperature may not be achievable at 100% air flow. If your material needs a very high temperature a lower air flow may be necessary.
Determining Welding Parameters – Recommended Process
If you are welding an unfamiliar material you will likely have to experiment to determine the right welding parameters. It’s best to use a methodical approach changing one variable at a time. For example set the air flow to 100%, set the desired speed. Do a test weld on a long piece of fabric increasing the temperature in increments until the desired weld quality is reached. If a good weld is not achieved the speed may have to be adjusted downwards and the test repeated.
Importance of Testing
Physical testing is the only way to determine if a weld is adequate. Perform test welds as described above until a good weld is achieved. If the weld is good, a peel test should reveal the scrim of the fabric.
Have questions? Give us a call 1-888-438-6324.
Authorized by the Association of Professional Engineers of Ontario to offer professional engineering services.
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It was the list that would have sent thousands more Jews to their deaths in Auschwitz and other extermination camps run by Adolf Hitler's Nazi regime during the second world war, but this time the victims were to be Spaniards.
The Spanish dictator, General Francisco Franco, whose apologists usually claim that he protected Jews, ordered his officials to draw up a list of some 6,000 Jews living in Spain and include them in a secret Jewish archive.
That list was handed over to the Nazi architect of the so-called "final solution", the German SS chief Heinrich Himmler, as the two countries negotiated Spain's possible incorporation into the group of Axis powers that included Italy, according to the El País newspaper today.
The newspaper printed the original order, recently unearthed from Spanish archives, that instructed provincial governors to elaborate lists of "all the national and foreign Jews living in the province ... showing their personal and political leanings, means of living, commercial activities, degree of danger and security category".
Provincial governors were ordered to look out especially for Sephardic Jews, descendants of those expelled from Spain in 1492, because their Ladino language and Hispanic background helped them fit into Spanish society.
"Their adaptation to our environment and their similar temperament allow them to hide their origins more easily," said the order, sent out in May 1941.
The order creating Spain's Jewish archive treated Judaism as a racial identity, rather than a religious one, referring to "this notorious race" and casting its net wide in a way not seen since the Inquisition sought out false converts to Roman Catholicism.
Such people, it warned, "remained unnoticed, with no opportunity of preventing their easily-carried out attempts at subversion".
The list does not seem to have included Jews fleeing from Vichy France – where similar lists were being drawn up – or the rest of Europe, who were mostly sent on to Portugal.
SS officers posted to Spain kept a close watch on Spanish Jews and were especially troubled by some who were considered close to leading members of Franco's regime. According to El País, these included the writer Samuel Ros, whom German agents tried to stop being allowed to write in official publications.
With Hitler and Benito Mussolini defeated in the war, Franco and his Portuguese neighbour Antonio de Oliveira Salazar became the sole remaining right-wing dictators in Europe.
With the allies under pressure to oust Franco, his regime tried to cover the tracks of its collaboration with Hitler and rewrite the history of its policy towards Jews. Most of the Jewish register was destroyed. Copies of some parts of it, however, remained in the provincial governors' offices and these have since been found in archives of the central province of Zaragoza.
Spaniards have long argued over Franco's attitude to the Jews, which appeared to vary according to what was most useful to his foreign policy.
At a victory parade in Madrid in 1939, when his alliance with Hitler was at its strongest, he had denounced "the Jewish spirit which permitted the alliance of big capital with Marxists".
Later in the war, however, Spain became a major escape route for Jews fleeing Hitler's persecution. Critics claim that Spain's help was deliberately exaggerated to improve Franco's standing in the US.
The Israeli former prime minister Golda Meier once told the conservative Spanish news magazine Epoca that her country remained grateful for "the humanitarian attitude take by Spain during the Hitler era, when it gave aid and protection to many victims of Nazism."
Giles Tremlett Madrid On 23 October 1940 in Hendaye, near the Franco-Spanish border, Adolf Hitler met General Franco. Hitler had sent him troops and aircraft during the Spanish civil war and now wanted Franco to join the Axis powers.
Franco, however, had his own demands: Gibraltar and parts of French north Africa. Hitler is reported to have furiously declared that he "would rather have three or four teeth pulled out" than spend more time with the ungrateful Spaniard. Franco agreed to join the war at a future date but Spain eventually stayed out of the conflict.
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Onen Markeson/Master Gardener: Cold weather growing? Try beets and carrots
Beets and carrots are two cool weather loving, quick-growing plants that can be put into the ground shortly after the ground thaws. These two tasty and versatile vegetables can easily be grown and appreciated in our short growing season.
These two crops can be planted in your garden about three weeks before the last frost of the year, or when the ground can be easily worked. This can happen as early as late April (if we are very lucky) or early May.
For good growth and plant vitality, be ready to thin your plantings fairly soon after they sprout. All seeds typically do not germinate, so after following packet directions, they will typically have to be thinned. Beet seeds are a little unusual, in that each seed in a packet is essentially a “nutlet” of several seeds, so each “seed” can occasionally send up several sprouts.
For a steady supply of carrots and beets on your table, plant rows or partial rows about two weeks apart, but stop doing this when the hotter part of the summer hits us. Throughout the year, weeding as well as thinning can help garden crops to thrive and grow to their fullest, as weeds and a cramped crop can deprive your garden products of water, nutrients and sunlight.
You can have a late season crop of both carrots and beets by planting in late June or early July. This late crop can be harvested for storage and usage into the winter months. Beets can be harvested at most any stage of development, but are probably best when harvested at about two inches in diameter.
There are many ways to prepare beets, but one simple way is to just cut the stems off at the top of the beet and cut the extended root off close to the base of the beet. Boil the whole beets or cut them up into quarters for quicker boiling. You can take the “skin” off of each beet, but some like the “skin” left on. After boiling them, you can split the peelings off and serve warm with butter.
There are quite a few different varieties of beets; some mature in 50 days; some take close to 70 days to mature. Red beets are the most common but there are yellow and white ones also. At least one beet variety is elongated and has some resemblance to a carrot.
Carrots come in a very wide variety of styles (short and long) and colors (orange, purple, red, yellow and white). Carrots have a wide range of maturation although about 60 days is fairly common. Some varieties are fairly short carrots, such as the “Danvers” varieties. Short carrots grow especially well in relatively firm or lightly tilled gardens. Some carrots are fairly long, such as the “Scarlet Nantes” or “St. Valery.” Some carrot varieties offer resistance to diseases (“Bolero” is apparently relatively resistant to aster yellows and alternaria blights). Others are somewhat heat resistant.
One disease that is somewhat common with carrots is aster yellows, spread by leafhoppers. If your carrot leaves start looking very peculiar and do not develop well, you very possibly have aster yellows. There is no easy way of treating aster yellows, except to pull the affected plants and put them in the trash. Aster yellows tends to make the carrots develop very poorly, if at all, and make the carrots less tasty.
Good luck with your gardening. Experiment with a new variety this year!
Check with the University of Minnesota Extension website, www.extension.umn.edu/garden/yard-garden/ for more complete information on the above diseases as well as a wealth of information on growing food for your table. In addition, local Master Gardeners will again be answering your questions on home horticulture. Call 444-7916, leave your name and number and your question, and you will get a call back.
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I'm a paragraph. Click here to add your own text and edit me. I’m a great place for you to tell a story and let your users know a little more about you.
The Blarney Stone is named after the famous block of bluestone built into the battlements of Blarney Castle, Blarney, about 8 kilometres
(5 miles) from Cork, Ireland.
According to legend, kissing the stone endows the kisser with the gift of the gab (great eloquence or skill at flattery). The stone was set into a tower of the castle in 1446.
The castle is a popular tourist site attracting visitors from all over the world to kiss the stone and tour the castle and its gardens.
True to its name, the Blarney Stone is surrounded by tall tales and myths. Some are steeped in the history and geology of ages long gone. Vivid stories of the crowning of kings and queens. Others sound like, well… pure blarney.
Some people believe the Blarney Stone is half of the original Stone of Scone upon which the first King of Scots was seated during his coronation in 847.
It is said that part of this stone was presented to Cormac McCarthy by Robert the Bruce in 1314. For as many reasons as there are stories, the Stone ended up in Scotland and was then returned to Ireland in the year 1314
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Could California Weather Damage Cause Lower Almond Yields?03/02/2017
As California’s epic winter rain and snow continues, farmers are assessing damage from floods and wind.
The impacts of the 2016/2017 winter will not be solely seen in the flooded farm fields and wind-toppled orchards, though those will be included in the tallies. A big question mark right now is just how bad the springtime pollination period was for California’s largest crop – almonds.
It may still be too early to tell, but almond growers may face poor yields come harvest due to conditions that kept bees from pollinating the trees and other weather-related issues.
Dani Lightle, the orchard systems farm advisor with the University of California Cooperative Extension in Glenn County, says she is not optimistic about this year’s almond crop, based on what she has seen.
A combination of cold, wet, and windy days hampered bee flight hours in northern California orchards. The same basic conditions were seen in Kern County where almond trees
at full bloom on a nearly cloudless morning had virtually no bees working because the temperatures were too cold.
Visible tree damage was seen in Kern County, likely the result of heavy winds that pushed over larger, older almond trees. In some cases, tree roots were pulled up indicating wet soil conditions. In others, trees appeared snapped off at ground level. According to Lightle, this could be from a condition known as “heart rot,” a wood-rotting fungus that tends to be a secondary pathogen affecting almond trees, leaving them susceptible to damage.
Upon closer inspection of almond trees still upright, Mohammad Yaghmour, tree nut farm advisor in Kern County, says it may be too early to tell just how impacted almonds will be this year from the weather and lack of pollination, but in one orchard he says things didn’t look good.
Brad Higbee, field research and development manager with Trécé, Inc. in Kern County, seems less optimistic about the almond crop this year. Still, he says he’s been surprised in the past by good almond yields in years where weather conditions did not appear favorable for a good almond pollination, so the jury may still be out on the California almond crop.
At Benden Farms in the northern California county of Colusa, about 1,000 acres of farmland is underwater. Though much of this is rice ground, Ben Carter of Benden Farms says he still has significant acreages of alfalfa, prunes and walnuts underwater. His wife Denise says though the Sacramento River has receded slightly, it remains at “monitor” stage, meaning levee patrols are ongoing and the Moulton Weir near her home is still open to relieve pressure on the river.
Ben is concerned about his prunes and walnuts. The prunes are just now waking up from dormancy and this is the time of year is when they experience a flush of root growth. Because the flood waters have pushed oxygen from the soils, this could have a detrimental impact on prunes.
“We’ve lost all of our cover crops we planted and may lose some alfalfa,” Carter says. About half of his alfalfa acreage has been under water for 21 days so far.
Though over half the Carters’ farmland remains under water, their old home along the Sacramento River has been spared as the levee between their house and the river continues to hold.
As an elected member of the Colusa County Board of Supervisors, Denise has seen and is privy to damage elsewhere in county, which sits at the southern end of the Sacramento Valley. The town of Maxwell on the county’s west side was inundated by flood waters earlier in the year, damaging homes and businesses.
Though the winter flooding of rice fields is a normal procedure, Ben says he should soon be looking to drain those fields and begin ground preparations ahead of rice season. Under current and forecasted conditions it’s anyone’s guess when rice farmers will be able to drain fields and do the necessary preparations before reflooding their fields and planting seed by aircraft.
Source: Western FarmPress
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Today marks the 104th anniversary of when women were first authorized to enlist in the U.S Navy. As we celebrate Women’s History Month, I want to take this opportunity to be mindful of the leaders who came before us, the legacy we inherit, and the responsibility we all have as leaders to lower barriers and strengthen others thereby raising everyone’s potential to contribute their best to benefit all.
Women have volunteered to serve our country during every war or conflict since the American Revolution, but on 19 March 1917, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels made it official and enabled women to enlist to alleviate a then projected shortage of clerical workers. Two days later, Loretta Perfectus Walsh of Olyphant, Pennsylvania, became the first woman to enlist, and by the time war with Germany was officially declared on 6 April, over 200 women had joined her, all serving under Class 4 of the 1916 United States Naval Reserve Force. The positions they filled included work as couriers, draftsmen, fingerprint experts, masters-at-arms, mess attendants, paymasters, recruiters, switchboard operators, and translators. A select few worked overseas at base hospitals in France and in naval intelligence in Puerto Rico. Female reservists also participated in Victory Loan Drives and parades. No basic training was available to women at the time, so the enlisted women took classes and learned how to drill in the evenings. By the signing of the 11 November 1918 armistice between the Allies and Germany, a total of 11,275 Yeomen (F) had served in the Navy.
The impact and importance of women service members continued to grow. On 30 July 1942, the Navy established the women’s reserve program and paved the way for officer and enlisted women to expand their ability to serve. By 19 October 1944, with the President’s authorization, the Navy announced the decision to consolidate its female reserve program. The first African-American WAVES reported for training on 28 December 1944 at Hunter College in New York City. Coming from the North and the South—Minnesota, Massachusetts, Illinois, New York, Georgia, and Alabama—the first recruits entered on a fully integrated basis.
Leadership opportunities for women grew, and on 22 February 1974, the Navy designated the first woman aviator. Then, on 7 March 1994, the Navy issued the first orders for women to be assigned aboard a combatant ship, the USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN-69). Since then, 11 naval ships have been named in honor of notable women. In 2014, Michelle Howard became the first woman to earn the rank of four-star admiral when she took over as Vice Chief of Naval Operations. Then, in 2015, women were permitted to serve in direct ground combat roles, a historic change that opened up hundreds of thousands of jobs for women in the military. Today, about 17 percent of active duty military are women and 53,000 of them are in the Navy supporting an array of traditional and non-traditional ratings or careers, and in every rank and every job from combat systems specialists to deep-sea divers.
NPS has built its distinguished legacy with that of the Navy and Marine Corps and provided opportunities for generations of women to hone leadership skills that prepare them to forge new futures, frame new perspectives, and continue their record of exceptional service. Beginning in 1951, when the School’s first female graduate, Lt Elinor Jane Writt, earned her M.S. in Aerological Engineering, a cadre of distinguished women have graduated from NPS, including retired Vice Adm. Patricia Tracey, the first female to earn three stars in the Navy; retired Vice Adm. Jan Tighe, the first female to serve as a Numbered Fleet Commander when she became Commander, U.S. TENTH FLEET/Fleet Cyber Command, both Hall of Fame recipients; and USMC Major Jasmin Moghbeli, a NASA astronaut who may very well become the first female to walk on the moon.
As we look back to recognize yesterday’s achievements, let them inspire us as we look ahead to tomorrow. NPS is proud to be a welcoming institution where talented leaders from across the Naval service, DOD, federal government, and allied nations from around the world, come to flourish, no matter their gender, backgrounds, ethnicity, and life experiences. This month, please join me in saluting our women leaders here in our NPS community, in our military, and across our nation as we honor and celebrate women’s history.
With great respect,
Ann E. Rondeau, Ed.D.
Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Ret.)
President, Naval Postgraduate School
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Re-paving Piazza Duomo – The square in front of the Duomo of San Giminiano is the ancient religious and cultural center of the Tuscan town.
The square, built around the eleventh century, is overlooked by buildings such as the Palazzo Vecchio del Podestà, the Torre Rognosa, the Torre Chigi, the Collegiate Church, the Loggia del Comune and the Torre Grossa.
The square retains its current configuration from the second half of the thirteenth century, a period in which the town of San Gimignano was the political, economic, and religious center of the district.
The latest restoration work on the pavement of the Piazza del Duomo of San Gimignano, was carried out by us in 2017.
The restoration intervention was carried out using a paving stone in Pietra Serena Extradura with a thickness of 10cm, worked with diagonal grooving.
This intervention allowed the structural and architectural maintenance of the square, thanks to the use of Extradura Stone of Firenzuola, extracted in the quarries owned by the company Calamini Urbano S.r.l.
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We Didn’t Start the Fire . . . . But Your Employees Might Breathe the Smoke
Last year was the most destructive fire season in California’s history. Over 7,600 wildfires burned nearly two million acres. As a result, on July 18, the California Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) Occupational Safety Health Standards Board adopted an emergency regulation to protect workers from hazards associated with wildfire smoke. The regulation is now in effect, following its approval on July 29, 2019, by the Office of Administrative Law.
The emergency regulation will be effective for one year, and applies where the current Air Quality Index (AQI) for airborne particulate matter (PM) 2.5 is 151 or greater (the AQI scale is from 0 to 500, and a 151 AQI is considered “unhealthy”), or where employers should reasonably anticipate that employees could be exposed to wildfire smoke.
To read the full GT Alert, click here.
For more on OSHA, click here.
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Garlic is an easy to plant vegetable that’s perfect for beginners. The catch? If you want to eat garlic this July, you need to plant it this October. Unlike most vegetables, garlic should be planted in the fall instead of spring. But don’t worry, the process is really simple! I’ll show you what you need to know to decide each year when the best time to plant garlic is, where to get garlic, and how to plant it in a zone 3 garden (or other cold climates) so it grows in the Spring.
The garlic growing advice I’m giving is best suited to zone 3b in Saskatchewan, but should be relevant for most other zones as well.
When is the right time to Plant Garlic?
Garlic can be planted anytime after the first fall frost. Where I live in Saskatchewan, that tends to be around September 15th. Check your area’s first fall frost date and adjust accordingly.
However, just because the first frost happens, doesn’t mean that the weather is going to stay cold! A week or two of unusually high temperatures can signal garlic that its time to start growing–which you definitely don’t want. It can be a bit tricky to find that magic window of cold weather-but-the-ground-isn’t-frozen.
I’ve heard of gardeners having success planting garlic anywhere from early September to late October. Most gardeners in my area seem to favour planting anytime from October 1st-15th. If you’re from another area, try to plant your garlic 2-4 weeks after the first frost date.
What is the best Spacing for Garlic?
Garlic should be planted 3-4 inches deep, 5-6 inches apart. Even though the garlic bulb is small, the stalk and leaves get quite large.
How to Prepare the Soil for Garlic
Before you plant your garlic bulbs, remove any plant matter that was there, add some compost, and lightly mix the soil (if you’re planting in a small area) or rototill if you’re gardening in a large garden. Those of you who use no-till methods can plant directly into the ground.
In zone 3 and other cold climates, cover the area with a 2 or 3 inch thick layer of leaves. If you’re worried about keeping the leaves in place before the snow flies, put a net over the leaves (like the kind you’d use to keep birds out of your berries) and stake it down or weigh it down with rocks or bricks at the edges.
Where do I buy Garlic bulbs?
- Sask Garlic in Saskatchewan
- Le Petit Mas in Quebec
- Boundary Garlic Farm, Salt Spring Seeds & Norwegian Creek Farm in British Columbia
- John Boy Farm in Manitoba
- Twin Brothers Garlic in Alberta
Local garden centres that are open year round usually also stock garlic, and sometimes you can also purchase bulbs at your local farmer’s market.
Garlic goes on sale at the beginning of September and often sells out quickly–especially if you are purchasing from niche growers who specialize in unique varieties. If you are reading this in October, most varieties will be sold out by now, but the larger seed companies and possibly your local garden centre will still have some.
After you buy garlic cloves once, you can easily set aside the largest bulbs in your harvest for your own seed.
How to Plant Garlic
- Once you have your garlic bulbs, separate them into individual cloves.
- Plant the cloves with the pointed side up in a hole that’s approximately 3-4 inches deep, and spaced 6 inches away from another garlic clove
- Cover the garlic with soil and cover that soil with 2-3 inches of dried leaves or grass clippings for insulation. This step is probably not necessary in warmer areas, but it’s a good idea in zone 3.
- Secure the leaves by layering a sheet of landscape fabric or bird netting overtop. This step is not necessary, and the fabric should be removed in spring. The fabric or netting keeps the leaves from blowing away before it has snowed for the year.
- In the Spring, remove the leaves once the garlic starts poking through with green shoots.
Should I Plant Hardneck or Softneck Garlic?
You can plant either kind of garlic, but there are a few things to consider. Hardneck garlic is best suited for Northern climates (such as my zone 3 garden!) and will generally do best in the Northern United States and Canada. The purple striped and rocambole varieties are especially hardy.
Softneck garlic tends to be better suited to warmer climates and generally has a longer shelf life. These rules are not hard and fast, as there have been gardeners who successfully grow soft neck varieties in a northern climate and hardneck varieties in a southern climate.
However, only hardneck garlic produces garlic scapes–a flowery growth that must be removed and can be used in cooking. I find garlic scapes have a beautiful garlic flavour and I love adding them to eggs, soups, and any recipe that calls for garlic or onions.
What is the Best Variety of Garlic to Plant?
There is no one-best-variety of garlic to plant. Read through the seed catalogues description of each variety to see if you think it would be a good fit for you and your family. Each variety will have its own benefits, such as long storage life, larger bulbs, stronger flavour, or milder flavour. Or you might be silly like me and buy the Music variety simply because its called music and that’s a big part of your life. To each their own.
If you buy locally or from a seed seller who lives in your geographic region, they will likely only offer varieties that work for your area.
Buying from a big box store is risky, as they are more likely to sell something that might not work where you live. (This is more of a concern for those of us in lesser populated areas in zone 2 and zone 3. You can probably take your chances if you live in a large metropolitan area in zone 5, 6, or 7.)
Will you plant garlic this fall?
Kristen is a former farm kid turned urban gardener who owns the popular gardening website, Shifting Roots. She is obsessed with growing flowers and pushing the limits of what can be grown in her zone 3b garden. She also loves to grow tomatoes, but oddly enough, dislikes eating them raw.
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During the Medieval and Renaissance Periods there were many skilled craftsmen that not only provided vital items of daily life but made a living at their craft. In this article I will look at a few of the more common skilled crafts.
Every village, city and castle needed a blacksmith, since he made anything that was made from metal. Nails to build a small cottage, hinges to hang the door and a key to lock it are all part of the trade of smithing. The blacksmith provided small knives to eat with as well as large knives to carve a roast or swords to carve the enemy. No army went to battle without their armor for the men and the horses, plus the shoes on the horse! Since the smith was such a valuable member of his community he could make a good living and could become wealthy in a larger city.
Carpenters worked with wood. They were responsible for building houses, of course, but also were involved in building carts and carriages as well as ships. Many of the items which we use today are made from other materials but during the Renaissance would have been made of wood, especially in the homes of common folk, for example, bowls and plates. Many farm tools were also wooden. Furniture for simple houses and large castles were all made by carpenters. Many of the tools used by a carpenter in the Medieval and Renaissance are the same tools used today; axes, adzes, hammers, chisels and awls.
Masons were responsible for building the Gothic Cathedrals for which the Medieval Period is so well known. To be a stone mason required a long period of training known as an apprenticeship. This was necessary because a stone mason not only carved the stone but had to have an understanding of geometry and architecture. All the decorative stone work that is still seen today on Gothic Cathedrals was carved using hand tools by masons. A master mason also needed to be able to draw the designs and keep a large work force of varying skill levels working together.
Most women were weavers, at least for their own families. In large cities men were also weavers who made cloth for sale. Frequently a weaver's wife also worked in the shop and carried on running the business after her husband died. Cloth during the period mostly came from two sources. Sheep provided wool and the flax plant provided linen fibers. The wool or flax would need to be spun into yarn before it could be woven into cloth.
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For over a decade, the team at Finca Bamboo has been working on the development of a treatment solution used in a treatment process known as "modified boucherie method". This way of treating bamboo allow for large size bamboo treatment without the extreme waste and pollution of the traditional boucheri emethod or submersion approach. With the assistance and knowledge of ________ have created most likely one of the most effective treatment solution to date. The specificity of the product allow for a fast way of treating bamboo directly through the capilaries of the pole without the need to submerge or alter the integrity of the pole by piercing throught the internodes. The entire process is self contained in an eco conscious approach. (zero waste and no environmntal pollution). Propulsion Treatment through capilaries also allow for a complete treatment of the bamboo mass therefore being well more effective than submersion treatment which always create air pockets and untreated areas.
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Doctors, governments, and employers all are recommended more and more exercise. While we all know exercise is good for you, it can also cause injuries if not done right. Here are some workout tips to avoid injuries and keep you active.
Take Care of Your Muscles
If you are working out you are making your muscles work extra hard. That is why it is crucial that you take care of your muscles to avoid injuries. This means doing stretches before and after working out. Many people forget the post-workout stretching, but trust me, this can be a lifesaver for your muscles. Taking care of your muscles may also mean investing in good osteopath services, to both treat and prevent muscle injuries. You are asking a lot from your muscles so show them the respect they deserve, don’t forget your stretches!
This seems like a no brainer but you would be surprised how many people neglect to properly hydrate when working out. You are sweating more than usual when working out so you need to drink more water. Keep track of how much water you drink, bring a bottle with you everywhere you go. Staying hydrated is one of the most important things you can do to avoid injuries when working out.
Slow and Steady
If you haven’t left the couch in 6 months don’t try to run a marathon over night, that is a good way to get injured! You need to taper your work-outs to avoid injuries. Each day at a few more minutes to your run, or each week add a few more pounds to your weights. Slow and steady gradually increasing your workload is a great way to avoid injuries when getting in shape. Don’t worry you will get to that marathon eventually just don’t expect it over night. Like sports, instruments, or learning a second language, or most things in life, getting in shape requires time, hard-work, and patience. So if you do it the right way you can get health, get fit, and feel great without any unnecessary injuries.
It is important to get into shape but remember to be smart about it. Take gradual steps to work yourself up to your fitness goals, don’t over exert yourself or rush your work out. Also, make sure you are drinking enough water to compensate for your new workout routine. Finally be sure you stretch and take care of you muscles. Getting an injury is not only painful, it can be a major determent to your long-term health, especially if it interferes with your continued exercise. So remember to follow your doctors advice as well as our workout tips to avoid injuries to ensure you stay health, active, and injury free. Good luck and keep up the good work!
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12 May 2015
Article by Philippa Watkins, National Assembly for Wales Research Service
New psychoactive substances (NPS) were recognised as an emerging threat following the rapid growth in use of the drug mephedrone (meow meow, m-cat) in 2009.
Widely available via the internet and on the high street, their ease of availability, along with what may be a low price and high purity compared with illegal drugs, are thought to be the main factors in the growing use of these substances.
Commonly referred to as ‘legal highs’, NPS are drugs which have been synthesised to produce the same or similar effects as illegal drugs. NPS are not automatically controlled under drugs legislation (in the UK, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971) as they are newly created and their chemical composition may be slightly different to that of banned substances.
There is significant concern that, while they are thought of as ‘legal’, there is a misconception that they are safe. Users are often unaware of the actual contents of the drug they are taking, the strength and side effects of which are difficult to predict. There has been limited research into the effects, particularly the long-term effects, of taking these drugs. Additionally, some NPS have been found to contain substances which are themselves illegal.
Evidence received by the Assembly’s Health and Social Care Committee for its recent inquiry into NPS was clear that ‘legal highs’ is a dangerous misnomer, and that further work is needed to raise awareness of the harms associated with NPS use. A number of the Committee’s recommendations focus on increasing public and professional awareness of NPS, including ensuring a more consistent approach to drug education in schools, and the provision of tailored information to parents.
NPS use may be generally low and associated with less harm compared with illegal drugs, however the scale of the NPS problem is not fully understood as there is a lack of official data available to provide an accurate picture. It is possible that the harm from legal highs is underreported – given the inconsistency of ingredients for example, neither users nor health professionals may know what substance has caused an adverse reaction.
A number of ‘early warning systems’ are in place to collect, test and profile new substances in circulation. In Wales for example, the WEDINOS project was established in October 2013.
Without a better understanding of prevalence and patterns of use however, planning appropriate services for NPS users remains a challenge. A recent report from the charity DrugScope notes that relatively few people are coming forward to treatment services citing an NPS as their primary drug problem – ‘However, this may well be a reflection of the way the services are set up’. The Health and Social Care Committee recommends that urgent work is undertaken to establish an effective means of measuring NPS use among the population.
The Welsh Government’s substance misuse strategy for Wales highlights that tackling substance misuse effectively requires the Welsh and UK Governments to work together on issues which cross the boundary of devolved and non-devolved areas of responsibility – such as misuse of drugs legislation and enforcement activity.
To address the supply and trade of NPS, in October 2014 the Home Office announced that it would explore the feasibility of a UK-wide ban on the sale of NPS, targeting high street ‘head shops’ and UK based websites. The Health and Social Care Committee welcomes this, but emphasises that legislative levers alone will not be enough.
It’s clear that there is no ‘silver bullet’. A coordinated, partnership approach, involving all relevant agencies and services, will be key to tackling what may be a growing – but to some extent still hidden – problem in Wales and across the UK.
The Welsh Government has accepted all the Health and Social Care Committee’s recommendations. The Home Office has also written to the Committee, welcoming its work and supporting each of the 14 recommendations. The Committee’s report will be debated in the Assembly on 13 May 2015.
- National Assembly for Wales Health and Social Care Committee, Inquiry into new psychoactive substances, March 2015 (PDF, 1MB). The Welsh Government’s response, May 2015 (PDF, 295KB)
- WEDINOS (Welsh Emerging Drugs and Identification of Novel Substances Project)
- DrugScope, Not for Human Consumption: An updated and amended status report on new psychoactive substances (NPS) and ‘club drugs’ in the UK, April 2015 (PDF, 442KB)
- Welsh Government, Working Together to Reduce Harm: The Substance Misuse Strategy for Wales 2008-2018 (PDF, 981KB)
- Home Office, Response to expert panel report on the new psychoactive substances review, October 2014 (PDF, 73.2KB)
- Home Office, Letter to the Health and Social Care Committee responding to the Committee’s report, March 2015 (PDF, 69KB)
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The images in the poster "From Darkness to Light" (New York : Hazen, 1908) are all drawn from the three degrees of American Work Craft Freemasonry. The illustrations are based on those found in Albert G. Mackey's Manual of the Lodge (New York : Macoy Publishing, 1862), although similar illustrations can also be found in Jeremy Cross's True Masonic Chart (New York : A. S. Barnes & Co., (1846).
In the top right corner is the sun that rules the day and represents the Worshipful Master who rules his lodge, Clockwise, the following are depicted:
Emblematic representations of youth, manhood and age: an entered apprentice on the first step, a fellowcraft on the second, and above them, a master mason.
The tabernacle erected by Moses after crossing the Red Sea.
The five noble orders of architecture as defined by Giacomo da Vignola (1507-1573): Ionic, Doric, Tuscan, Corinthian and Composite, the first three representing Wisdom, Strength and Beauty but taken together representing the five senses, or the five required to hold a lodge: the Master, two Wardens and two fellowcrafts.
A setting maul, spade, coffin and sprig of acacia as emblems of mortality with the pythagorean hope in resurrection depicted by a five-pointed star.
Themis, ancient Greek goddess of justice, holding the scales of justice.
The square, and level, two of the three "immovable jewels" of the lodge; the Master Mason's trowel, the gavel, the twenty-four inch gauge and the setting maul; with chalk, charcoal, and clay representing freedom, fervency and zeal; a tracing board depicting the Holy St. Johns: St. John the Baptist and St. John the Evangelist; Jacob and Jacob's ladder with seven rungs representing, in antiquity, the seven planets or seven metals (gold, copper, silver, lead, tin, iron, mercury), in masonry representing the four cardinal virtues: Justice, Prudence, Temperance and Fortuitude, and the three theological virtues: Faith, Hope and Charity. These may be said to have been derived from Plato's four virtues: wisdom, courage, moderation and justice (Protagoras 330b) as well as the three evangelic virtues: belief, hope and love.
The feminine personification of Prudence, carrying an arrow inverted, entwined of a serpent, gazes into a mirror. The mirror can represent truth, wisdom or self-knowledge. The feminine personification of Fortitude wears the helmet of Athenathe Greek goddess of wisdom and the more disciplined side of warand rests her hand on a broken column, an emblem of mortality. The feminine personification of the divine attribute of Truth carries an open book and raises an instructive finger.
A fellowcraft and master mason giving the masonic grip.
The "passages of Jordan" (Judges 12:6).
A white lambskin apron representing purity.
Feminine personification of Temperance combined with a sheaf of wheat.
Noah's ark, an anchor and heart representing faith and hope.
"Time and the Virgin" representing a monument to the builder, Hiram Abif: Father Time, an hourglass at his feet, holding a scythe and combing the hair of a Virgin who reads from a book resting on a broken column while holding up a sprig of acacia representing renewal, rebirth or resurrection in one hand, and a funerary urn in the other.
A candidate taking his obligation at an altar.
Hiram the architect instructing the workmen: the movable jewels of the lodge are the rough ashlar, the perfect ashlar and the trestle-board.
The moon to rule the night depicted near a blazing star, representing either deity or the regenerative power of the sun, and seven stars representing the seven liberal arts and science, or the seven brethren required to make the lodge perfect. The additional two stars may possibly represent the illustrator's creativity.
The centre of the poster depicts the chequered flooring representing the uneven path of life, the indented tessel, the three lesser lights representing wisdom, strength and beauty, and an altar, a symbol of piety. A five-pointed star, representing the five points of fellowship adorns the altar. The Volume of Sacred Law is open to Psalm 133 : "Behold, how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity!" On the square pavement are a sword, cable tow, slipper and constitutions, all emblematic of masonic initiation, while the beehive is an emblem of industry, and the pot of incense is an emblem of a pure heart. Above the altar are the Hebrew characters representing the 42 letter name of Godthe Tetragrammatoninside a triangle and glory, also symbols of deity. Above that is the right handan emblem of fidelity as Fides is another name for deityframed by two angels pointing towards the celestial mansion (John 14:2) and above that the all-seeing eye of God. The images are flanked by two pillars (1 Kings 7).
The final figure is the letter "G" representing either God or Geometry.
The number and arrangement of tools and symbols does not completely agree with the usages of Thomas Webb or Ralph P. Lester whose ritual monitors would have been the standard reference works in New York where the poster was printed.
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High School Course Description
English I and II /Honors
This rigorous World Literature course is enriching in experience, analytical and critical in reading, composition and thought, and probing in self-awareness. The course involves the study of a wide range of literary themes, genres, mediums, and methods.
CP English III/Honors
American Literature, from Colonial to the present, is the focus of this course from which writing assignments emanate. Interpretive and critical thinking skills are emphasized, and essay writings are primarily analytical or persuasive. Activities that hone reading comprehension, grammar, mechanics, and usage reinforce student skills.
CP English IV/Honors and Dual Enrollment Available
British Literature covers the major periods of Great Britain’s literature from the Anglo-Saxon and Medieval periods, into the Elizabethan era, then to the Victorians and ending with the modern era. Students will develop and improve their reading, writing, and thinking skills through close reading and written literary analysis.
The focus of this course is the study of the historical development of people, places, and patterns of life from ancient times until modern times. Students will use skills of historical and geographical analysis to explore the history of the world.
U.S. History/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades*
The focus of this course is the study of the historical development of American ideas and institutions from the Age of Exploration to the present. Students will learn fundamental concepts in civics, economics, and geography. They will obtain a basic knowledge of American culture through a chronological survey of major issues, movements, people, and events in United States history.
CP Government/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
This course will provide students with knowledge of the United States Government that will enable them to participate effectively in civic life in America. Students will examine fundamental constitutional principles; the organization of government at the federal, state, and local level; the rights and responsibilities of citizenship; the policy-making process; political parties and elections; comparative government and foreign policy; and the American economic system.
This course emphasizes the analysis of the American economic system as it relates to the individual and other economic systems. Specific units will cover microeconomic issues such as the law of supply and demand, factors of production, and the business cycle. Macroeconomic issues will include money and banking, monetary and fiscal policy, international trade and comparative economic systems.
This course highlights the function of the earth’s system. Emphasis is placed on the human interactions with the Earth’s geologic and environmental systems, predictability of a dynamic Earth, origin and evolution of the Earth system and universe, geochemical cycles and energy in the Earth system.
CP Biology/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
This course is laboratory-based science class in which students will study the cell, the molecular basis of heredity, biological evolution, interdependence of organisms, matter and energy, and organization in living systems and the behavior of organisms.
CP Anatomy/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
This course focuses on the structure and function of the human body. The students will study all major organ systems including anatomical terminology, basic biochemistry, cells and tissues, and the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The course also introduces common human disease processes.
CP Chemistry/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
This course is a laboratory-based science class in which students will study the structure and properties of matter as they explore chemical reactions, the structure of atoms, conservation and interactions of energy and matter.
The course emphasizes the importance of knowledge, attitudes, and practices relating to personal health and wellness. It is a course designed to expose students to a broad range of issues and information relating to the various aspects of personal health, which include the physical, social, emotional, intellectual, spiritual and environmental aspects. Topics of exploration include, but are not limited to: nutrition, physical fitness, schools against violence in education, child abuse and neglect recognition and reporting, stress, weight management.
Students learn how to navigate the financial decisions they must face and to make informed decisions related to career exploration, budgeting, banking, credit, insurance, spending, taxes, saving, investing, buying/leasing a vehicle, living independently, and inheritance.
Computer Technology/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
Computer Technology is a computer laboratory course. Students will use the computer for a variety of software applications and operation, additional computer information, computer trends, careers, and further educational opportunities. Students will select, combine, and apply appropriate software needed to function effectively in our rapidly changing technological, global society. Students will focus on advanced technology skills vital to business and industry, use technology to analyze and manage information and integrate software applications.
This course introduces students to the history, theory, and genres of music. The course explores the history of music, from the surviving examples of rudimentary musical forms through to contemporary pieces from around the world.
This foundational drawing course is an introduction to the structure and articulation of forms. Some or all of the media used that may be introduced are charcoal, pencil, crayon, and wet media. The student will become familiar with fundamental techniques and competent at rendering a convincing drawing based on the observation of the underlying structure of objects with an understanding of composition. Participants will also have the opportunity to practice three-dimensional design and develop an art portfolio
Fundamentals of Graphic Design
The course explores the basic foundations of design through a series of visual projects that explore the principles and elements of design. Students will work both with analog and digital media as they explore two-dimensional, three-dimensional design along with color theory.
Introduction to Business
This is a basic business course designed to acquaint students with the activities associated with a business. Students will gather a basic understanding of general business, economics, entrepreneurship, business communications, business ethics, the government’s role in business, marketing, and business finance.
Sociology/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
Sociology is the study of human relationships. Topics include the family, social groups, minorities, propaganda, education, and rural and urban problems. The student who has a reading problem and/or is unable to do abstract reasoning will have difficulty with many of the class assignments.
This course is designed to help students apply biblical morality to their daily lives. The students will look at both questions of right and wrong and some of the most current issues facing society today. The students will examine various competing worldviews and compare them to a biblical worldview.
Academic Algebra I covers basic algebraic concepts including exponents, linear and quadratic equations, graphing, and polynomials.
Academic Geometry is a logical step in the continuation of the study began in Algebra 1. It is designed to broaden the students’ understanding of basic geometric principles, while challenging them to evaluate and apply those principles in more difficult ways. Academic Geometry students examine the properties of two- and three- dimensional objects. Proof and logic, as well as investigative strategies in drawing conclusions, are stressed.
CP Algebra II/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
Academic Algebra II is a one-year course designed for college bound students. This course builds on the foundation created in Academic Algebra I. Students will review the basic laws of Algebra and expand upon them to cover deeper content and more difficult analysis. Students are introduced to trigonometry and geometry topics are incorporated throughout the course.
CP Pre-Calculus/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
Pre-Calculus is a one-year course designed for college bound students. Topics covered include geometry, trigonometry, logarithms, advanced algebraic concepts and abstract problem solving.
CP Calculus/ Dual Enrollment Available during the 11th and 12th Grades
The calculus course is designed for mathematics majors and for students interested in engineering and other mathematics related fields. Following an intensive review of topics from algebra, geometry and trigonometry, the course provides an extensive introduction to differential and integral calculus.
Physical Education I
Students in Physical Education advance their skills and understanding in sports, some of which they may participate later in life. Sportsmanship, teamwork, strengthening the body, and an appreciation of leisure activity will be developed during this course.
Communication is essential in all disciplines of life. Verbal communication is examined and experienced in Speech class. Emphasis is placed upon the development of each student’s ability. This one-semester course seeks to develop the verbalization and oral organizational skills to enable students to communicate effectively. Students will present various types of speeches (viewpoint, instructional, demonstration, informative, persuasive, and impromptu) as well as learn to be an effective listener.
This introductory course is designed for students with little or no previous study of Spanish. The course teaches basic language patterns and vocabulary. Repetition and comprehensible input are important components of this course. Focus is on all four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. Culture is an integral part of the course and is introduced through the use of media, games, adapted readings and class discussions. In addition to written tests and quizzes, students may also be assessed by means of aural activities.
Students continue to further develop and improve listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. Emphasis is placed on comprehension, reading, writing and communication practice in the target language using a variety of activities incorporating familiar vocabulary and structures. Supplementary materials are introduced to enhance language use. Aspects of contemporary Spanish culture are introduced through the use of media, games, and adapted readings in small or large group discussions. In addition to written/oral assessments, students are assessed using a variety of formats: oral dialogues, presentations, written compositions and other means.
College Entrance Exam Prep ACT/SAT
Preparatory course for high school juniors and seniors is designed to develop the skills necessary to improve ACT/SAT scores. This course emphasizes test-taking techniques in addition to providing the preparation in each portion of the test in English, mathematics, reading, and science.
* Dual Enrollment Course must be approved by KCS administration before student enrolls.
AP Human Geography
The purpose of the AP course in Human Geography is to introduce students to the systematic study of patterns and processes that have shaped human understanding, use, and alteration of Earth’s surface. Students employ spatial concepts and landscape analysis to examine human social organization and its environmental consequences. They also learn about the methods and tools geographers use in their science and practice.
AP Environmental Science
The goal of the AP Environmental Science course is to provide students with the scientific principles, concepts, and methodologies required to understand the interrelationships of the natural world, to identify and analyze environmental problems both natural and human-made, to evaluate the relative risks associated with these problems, and to examine alternative solutions for resolving or preventing them. Environmental science is interdisciplinary; it embraces a wide variety of topics from different areas of study. Yet, there are several major unifying constructs, or themes, that cut across the many topics included in the study of environmental science.
AP Calculus AB
Calculus AB is designed to be taught over a full high school academic year. This course is primarily concerned with developing the students’ understanding of the concepts of calculus and providing experience with its methods and applications. The courses emphasize a multirepresentational approach to calculus, with concepts, results, and problems being expressed graphically, numerically, analytically, and verbally. The connections among these representations also are taught.
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