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Since childhood, we’ve measured when it’s time to get out of the bathtub by our fingertips. When they start to look a bit like raisins, we know we’ve been in the water a little too long. But, why does this happen?
Our skin goes through something called keratinization. This is the process of moving old, flattened, “dead,” skin cells up to the surface of the epidermis in order to provide your skin with a water-proof barrier. Even with regular exfoliation, this waterproofing stays in tact. It’s the reason we can swim, soak, bathe, and sing in the rain without melting like the Wicked Witch of the West.
However, after soaking in the bathtub or swimming in the pool for long periods of time, our skin starts to lose salts. The salts normally keep our skin plump and hold water in. Without them, our skin starts to shrivel in response. Our extremities are the first to react to this salt loss, which is why we can look down and see raisin fingers and pruny toes.
Once your skin has been our of the water for enough time to regain its salt balance, the “pruniness” goes away. After all, your skin is one of your most resilient organs!
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Utilize this handy tool that is programmed to calculate the special kind of factorial which is used in probability distribution functions. To calculate, you need to give the values in the below boxes and by clicking on the calculate button you will get the exact gamma function value in microseconds.
Free and handy Gamma Function Calculator is online tool that solves the gamma function of a given number in fraction of seconds and displays the exact output along with the step by step solution guide. You have to enter the input number in the below box & press on the calculate button.
Gamma Function Calculator: Wasting your time, calculating gamma function by hand? Make use of this wonderful tool to calculate the gamma function very easily and quickly. And we have also clearly explained about the gamma function formulas and definition along with some solved examples.
In Mathematics, gamma function is an addition of the factorial function, with the argument moved down by 1, to complex and real numbers. Gamma is represented by 'Γ' symbol. It is used in discrete areas like complex analysis, statistics, calculus, etc.
We will look into the formula of Gamma function
Gamma function Γn, defined as
If n>0, Γs = ∫0∞ e
In particular, we have Γ (1) = 1 and Γ (1/2) = √π.
Factorial Connection for gamma function is Γn = (n-1)!
Where, n is an integer.
If you follow these below steps, you can calculate the gamma function very easily by hand.
Question 1: Compute Γ14?
Given, value is Γ14
We know that Γn = (n - 1)!
Γ14 = (14 - 1)!
= 13 x 12 x 11 x 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
Γ14 = 6,22,70,20,800
Use these calculators online to make your work easy. These online calculators will be available on Statisticscalculator.net
1. How to compute Gamma function?
Gamma Function can be calculated by using the formula, i.e. Γ(n) = (n − 1)!
2. Solve Γ3?
Given Γ3 = Γ(n) = (n − 1)! = (3-1)! = 2! =2 x 1 =2
3. How to use gamma function calculator?
Usage of gamma function calculator is simple and easy. Just you need to give the values in the input fields and click on the calculate button, you will see the answer in frcation of seconds.
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| 0.848951 | 578 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Tropical Cyclone Dina (10S) east of Madagascar
Jacques Descloitres, MODIS Land Rapid Response Team, NASA/GSFC
Maximum sustained winds in Cyclone Dina had dropped to about 130 miles per hour as of Wednesday morning, January 23, 2002, and were predicted to continue dropping as the storm pursued a west-southwestward track that will likely shift more toward the south, keeping the center of the storm away from the island of Madagascar. In this true-color MODIS image made from data acquired on the morning of January 23, the storm had cleared Mauritius (eastern-most island) but was still covering Riunion. The outer bands of clouds were skirting the southeast coast of Madagascar.
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| 0.972271 | 152 | 3 | 3 |
When the U.N. was first established about 70 years ago (in 1945), there were just 51 member countries, but since then it’s grown larger: There are currently 193 countries from around the world who take part in the U.N.’s activities! Every member country, no matter its size, gets one single vote in all decisions.
The United Nations’ headquarters are in New York City and are considered international territory! There are six languages that serve as the official languages of the U.N.: English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Russian. – Having an organization like the UN that can meet and work together to discuss global problems has been a very helpful development!
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| 0.973271 | 145 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Blue Neon - Paracyprichromis nigripinnis
Scientific name: Paracyprichromis nigripinnis
Common name: Blue Neon
Usual size in fish tanks: 10 - 11 cm (3.94 - 4.33 inch)
Recommended pH range for the species: 8 - 8.5
Recommended water hardness (dGH): 11 - 20°N (196.43 - 357.14ppm)
0°C 32°F30°C 86°F
Recommended temperature: 23 - 25 °C (73.4 - 77°F)
The way how these fish reproduce: Spawning
Where the species comes from: Africa
Temperament to its own species: peaceful
Temperament toward other fish species: peaceful
Usual place in the tank: Middle levels
Food and feeding
Although Blue Neons will accept quality flakes or small pellets, they much prefer to eat small live or frozen foods like brine shrimp and mysis.
Africa, Blue Neons are to be found in Lake Tanganyika
Adult males tend to be larger than the females. Both sexes are very colorful but the males tend to have more intense coloration.
Paracyprichromis nigripinnis will often choose to deposit their eggs on the side of rocks or a piece of slate that had been leant against the tank glass. The female will mouth brood the eggs which are quite large. Normally they will lay a batch of 10-12 at a time. The fry will also be large when they have been released and will accept crushed flake or newly hatched brine shrimp immediately.
The expected life span for Paracyprichromis nigripinnis is 5-8 years.
The blue neon is a slow moving fish that prefers dimmer lighting. They will swim close to the rockwork, often swimming at strange angles.
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| 0.90057 | 391 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Sickle cell anemia is widespread, and misunderstood. The fact that it is an inherited disease makes it very difficult for any family with a history of this disorder. We respect the ordeal you or someone you might know are going through with disease, and we want you to know that we are able to help you. Even though Sickle cell is usually treatable and not disabling, we have nevertheless represented many people with this condition in their claim for Social Security Disability, and we know what it takes to get a favorable outcome.
Sickle cell anemia is defined by the U.S. Library of Medicine as a disease where the red blood cells to lose their circular shape, and instead turn into something like a crescent. When this happens, not as much oxygen can be passed along through the red blood cells, and they can even break apart, which disrupts many of the body’s essential functions. Though it is passed down in families, it’s now understood that both parents have to have the gene that causes it, which is called Hemoglobin S. Although doctors know the causes of this condition, it is unsure how they might be able to stop it, although it is treatable.
Patients with sickle cell anemia experience episodes of pain. This pain is very generalized, as it can affect the bones, muscles, kidneys, or even the central nervous system. These episodes vary on how long they last for, from hours to days. Also, some patients experience a painful episode like this once in a while, but some can experience them more frequently. Significant fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of breath, fever, rapid heart rate, or skin ulcers are just a few of the other symptoms that someone with this condition might have.
In some cases, treating sickle cell is a difficult task. Treatment needs to be consistent. Controlling symptoms and ingesting the right amount of folic acid are the main goals. However, we have seen cases involving clients needing their gallbladder removed, and a few where kidney transplants were necessary, because of the damage sickle cell can inflict on the digestive and urinary systems of the body.
Social Security evaluates disability cases essentially in one of two ways: either by comparing the claimant’s medical condition to a medical condition described in the “medical listing of impairments”, or in the commonsense way of evaluating the overall effect of the claimant’s symptoms on their ability to work.
Social Security defines “work” as an eight hour a day, five-day week endeavor. As in most Social Security Disability claims, the judge’s decision boils down to whether or not he or she believes that you can perform the basic functions of work (sitting, standing, walking, lifting, concentrating, interacting appropriately with people encountered in the workplace, etc.). The fact that a claimant can only perform these basic functions sporadically, but not consistently, is the basis for the large majority of successful Social Security Disability claims.
As you may well know, sickle cell anemia is a tragic, unfortunate disease. The most important thing is to take care of yourself, but the reason we’re offering help is because sometimes people can’t do everything on their own. We understand, and highly respect this concept, because we’ve seen the good that we’ve done for so many clients over the years, and hearing about our old clients’ success stories always makes us appreciate what we do on a whole other level. This article is obviously not going to answer all of your questions, but there is always a phone number you can call to get a hold of us. We’re friendly, honest people and we can give you honest answers.
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| 0.965581 | 766 | 2.8125 | 3 |
By: Jaehyok Lim, Ph. D., Nuclear Engineer, Basar Ozar, Ph. D., Nuclear Engineer and Sung Jin Lee, Ph.D.
Senior Consulting Engineer, Fauske & Associates, LLC
Current CRD Housing Model in MAAP
Modular Accident Analysis Program (MAAP) is an Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) owned and licensed computer program that simulates the response of light water and heavy water moderated nuclear power plants for both current and Advanced Light Water Reactor (ALWR) designs during a severe accident. MAAP represents the integral behaviors of severe accident conditions that include overheating of core material, oxidation of the high temperature core materials in a steam environment, relocation of molten materials from the core region into the lower plenum, the subsequent failure of the Reactor Pressure Vessel (RPV) and accumulation of the core material in the containment, along with the molten core concrete interactions that would accompany this latter relocation.
Currently, the Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) version of MAAP code considers the response of Control Rod Drive (CRD) tubes inside the reactor vessel but does not explicitly model the section of CRD tubes beneath the reactor vessel. Instead, the code calculates and imposes the effective heat transfer coefficient as the boundary condition on the outer surface of the reactor vessel lower head. The effective heat transfer coefficient represents the thermal radiation and leakage in the lower head reflective insulation.
Normally, the heat loss through the lower head is small and accounts for only about 10% of the total heat generated in the reactor vessel. However, after a significant fraction of core has relocated to the lower plenum during a severe accident, a more accurate heat transfer calculation in the lower head is needed. Explicitly modeling the CRD housing beneath the reactor vessel can address this need. Also, it is possible for melt in the debris bed in lower plenum to overflow into failed CRD housings. The melt will travel some distance beneath the reactor vessel before it freezes, plugging the annular gap in the tube. The decay heat in the corium plug has to be dissipated through the tube wall. If the tube wall becomes sufficiently hot, it can fail by creep rupture, leading to vessel failure.
Evaluating this phenomenon requires modeling the heat transfer between the lower head, CRD tubes, pedestal gas and the pedestal wall, including the corium penetration distance and decay heat in the corium plug.
Another motivation for explicitly modeling the CRD tubes below the reactor vessel is to determine the mass of CRD tubes melted due to corium jet after vessel failure. The amount of melted CRD tube affects the mass and composition of the debris bed in the containment floor after vessel failure.
New CRD Housing Model in MAAP
Currently, the CRD tubes in the lower plenum are nodalized in up to 100 radial channels, consistent with the core radial nodalizaiton, and 100 axial nodes, consistent with the lower head axial nodalization. Typically six radial channels and twenty-five axial nodes are used to model the CRD tubes. In the new CRD tube model, the axial nodalization is extended below the reactor vessel to the CRD support bar level. Up to twenty axial nodes are allowed to model the extension between the support bar and the vessel inside bottom. Typically ten axial nodes are used.
Conduction and thermal radiation heat transfer from the lower head to the CRD tubes are considered. The heat capacity of the inner cylinder in the CRD tube is not considered, a conservative assumption. Conduction heat transfer along the CRD tube wall is considered. Convection heat transfer between the CRD tubes and pedestal gas is considered. Thermal radiation between adjacent CRD tubes and with the pedestal wall is considered.
The heat transfer area of the lower head facing the pedestal gas is reduced by the area occupied by the CRD tubes. The effective thermal coefficient on the lower head is kept the same.
After the CRD tubes inside the reactor vessel collapse, the thermal radiation from the corium crust to the inner surface of the CRD tube below the reactor vessel is considered. When the debris in lower plenum re-melts, the melt overflows into the annular gap of CRD tubes. The penetration distance for refreezing of molten debris within the tube wall is determined. The decay heat in the plugged CRD tube is added to the tube wall. The creep damage fraction of individual CRD tube wall is tracked. The detailed heat transfer calculation in the CRD tubes below the reactor vessel is performed until vessel failure.
After vessel failure, the CRD tube melting due to the exiting corium jet below the reactor vessel is considered. MAAP considers several failure mechanisms including failure of the In-Core Instrumentation (ICI) tubes or Traversing In-core Probes (TIPs), creep failure of the closure welds for the ICI penetrations or CRD tubes, and creep rupture of the reactor vessel lower head. Each of these failure conditions has initial failure location and size. Following the initial failure, the flow of molten corium through the failure opening would cause substantial ablation of the opening. According to the MAAP results, the radius of the failure quickly grows to 10 to 30 cm.
The molten corium discharged through the failure opening would attain sufficient velocities and have enough superheat to melt CRD tubes and support structure below the vessel that are in the path of the corium flow [Epstein et al. (1976), and Pilch and Tarbell (1985)]. The analysis of Chu et al. (1992) also shows that the surfaces that are affected by the molten corium jet heat up to the melting temperature within 15-30 seconds of initial contact and start melting. Therefore, the ex-vessel CRD tube melting model assumes complete melting of CRD tubes in the direct path of the molten corium jet.
The portion of the CRD tubes that is affected by the molten corium jet can be estimated using a geometric relationship. The molten corium jet initiated by the failure of an instrument tube is assumed to be located in between CRD tubes as shown in Figure 1. The molten corium jet grows until it reaches the outer surface of the CRD tubes and continues to grow, potentially covering four CRD tubes. The total melted mass is related to the ablated area assuming a homogenous mass composition of the CRD tube.
The result is shown in Figure 2 for a molten corium jet with different radii when the distance between the CRD tubes is 0.305 m and the outer diameter of the CRD tubes is 0.152 m. There is no overlap between the molten corium jet and the CRD tubes until the molten corium jet radius grows to 0.14 m. Then, the overlapping area grows until the four CRD tubes are ablated when the molten corium jet radius reaches 0.292 m.
In the second scenario, the molten corium jet is initiated by the failure of CRD tube closure weld as shown in Figure 3. The overlap area between the molten corium jet and the adjacent CRD tubes is shown in Figure 4. There is no overlap between the molten corium jet and the CRD tubes until the molten corium jet radius grows to 0.23 m. Then, the overlapping area grows until eight adjacent CRD tubes are ablated.
Results – Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Heat Transfer
The BWR-MARK I simulation results with and without the ex-vessel CRD tube heat transfer model are examined to evaluate the impact of the model. As shown in Table 1, the ex-vessel CRD tube heat transfer model is invoked when the control flag IEQ1HT is set to one or two. The decay heat of the corium plug in CRD tubes is considered when IEQ1HT is set to two.
Table 1 Control Flag to Invoke Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Heat Transfer and Melting Models
When IEQ1HT = 0, convection heat transfer between the ex-vessel CRD tubes and the pedestal gas is considered. Axial conduction along a CRD tube is suppressed after the CRD tube collapses inside the vessel.
In general, the ex-vessel CRD tube heat transfer model has little impact on the time of CRD tube collapse and vessel failure. After the isolation condenser (IC) stopped working, the core became uncovered at around 10,500 seconds. The CRD tubes inside the vessel collapsed at around 38,000 seconds and the vessel failed at around 47,600 seconds. Note that corium melt overflow into CRD tubes prior to vessel failure did not occur in this simulation.
Figure 5 through Figure 7 show the CRD tube wall temperatures in channel 6 (outermost channel). Note that axial node 16 is in contact with the lower head (green curve). Therefore, axial node 17 is the lowest CRD axial node inside the vessel (red curve). Its temperature is set to the steel melting point, 1,700 K, when the CRD tubes inside the vessel collapsed. Note that only a couple of nodes below the vessel, nodes 16 and 15, were affected by the lower head temperature; nodes 14 and below followed the pedestal gas temperature. The results for IEQ1HT = 1 (Figure 6) and IEQ1HT = 2 (Figure 7) are identical because corium ingress into the CRD annular gap did not occur in this simulation.
Table 2 shows the heat balance in the debris bed in lower plenum at the time of vessel failure. When the vessel failed at around 47,600 seconds, the heat transfer rates in the debris bed in the lower plenum were 3,935 kW to RPV internals by thermal radiation, 73 kW to the pedestal gas through the lower head insulation, 38 kW through CRD tubes to the pedestal gas and 161 kW through CRD tubes to the pedestal wall. Without the ex-vessel CRD tube model (IEQ1HT = 0), the heat transfer rates in the debris bed were 3,961 kW to RPV internals by thermal radiation and 78 kW to the pedestal gas through the lower head insulation. Hence, although explicitly modeling the ex-vessel CRD tubes increased the downward heat transfer rate significantly, most of the heat generated in the debris bed was radiated upward to RPV internals and the additional downward heat transfer rate through the CRD tubes did not affect vessel failure. Moreover, the debris in the lower plenum was still heating up when the vessel failed as shown by the large difference between the decay heat and the total heat transfer rate in the debris bed (5,857 kW versus 4,207 kW). Therefore, the heat capacity of the debris bed and the amount of water in the lower plenum are more important in determining vessel failure than the downward heat transfer rate through the lower head and CRD tubes.
A sensitivity run was performed to delay vessel failure so that corium melt overflow into CRD tubes can be observed. When the local corium became molten at around 56,000 seconds, about 335 kg of corium flowed into the channel 6 CRD tubes. The molten corium penetrated the CRD tube about 0.4 m before it froze, plugging the CRD. The decay heat of the plugged corium was added to the CRD tube wall. The decay heat of the corium in the lower plenum was reduced by the same amount. Vessel failure due to the ex-vessel corium plug in CRD tubes was not predicted. Thermal radiation to adjacent CRD tubes and to the pedestal wall, and axial conduction in the tube wall were sufficient to remove the decay heat.
Results – Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Melting
A sensitivity run was performed to delay vessel failure so that melting of ex-vessel CRD tubes due to the corium jet after vessel failure can be observed.
The vessel failed at around 57,000 seconds due to the instrument tube penetration failure at the lower head axial node 7, which is in contact with the CRD tube radial channel 6, axial node 17. The failure opening radius grew quickly to 0.294 m due to ablation. At around 60,000 seconds, 695 kg of ex-vessel CRD tubes has melted, consisted of 125 kg chromium, 514 kg iron and 56 kg nickel. The total masses of metal in the debris on the pedestal floor were 153 kg chromium, 4,850 kg iron and 74 kg nickel.
The CRD tubes below the reactor vessel were explicitly modeled in MAAP in order to improve prediction of vessel failure and debris composition on the containment floor. The BWR-MARK I simulation results show that explicitly modeling the ex-vessel CRD tubes had minor impact on the vessel failure time. A penetration distance of 0.4 m was predicted when the corium melt overflowed into the collapsed CRD tubes. Nevertheless, the corium plug did not cause creep rupture of the CRD tube wall, which could lead to vessel failure. Upon vessel failure less than 1,000 kg of CRD has melted due to the corium jet, contributing to about 14% of the steel mass in the debris bed on the containment floor.
Table 2 - Temperature and Heat Balance of Debris Bed in Lower Plenum at Time of Vessel Failure
Chu, C. C., Sienicki, J. J., and Spencer, B. W., 1992. The Effects of Below-Vessel Structure and Water on Ex-Vessel
Melt Arrival Conditions in a Mark I Containment. Proceedings of NURETH5, Salt Lake City.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 2016a. Modular Accident Analysis Program (MAAP5) Boling Water Reactor
(BWR) and Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Lower Plenum Model Improvements: Japanese Fiscal
Year (JFY) 2015 Project. Product ID 3002007466.
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 2016b. Modular Accident Analysis Program (MAAP5) Containment Model
Improvements: Japanese Fiscal Year (JFY) 2015 Project. Product ID 3002007467.
Epstein, M., Grolmes, M. A., Henry, and R. E., Fauske, H. K., 1976. Transient Freezing of a Flowing Ceramic Fuel in a
Steel Channel. Nuclear Science and Engineering 61, 310-323.
Pilch, M., Tarbell, W. M., 1985. High Pressure Ejection of Melt from a Reactor Pressure Vessel, The Discharge Phase,
Revision 7. NUREG/CR-4383-REV.7 (SAND-85-0012-REV.7).
Figure 1 - Interaction of Molten Corium Jet and Ex-Vessel CRD Tubes due to Vessel Failure between CRD Tubes
Figure 2 - Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Ablated Area and the Molten Corium Jet Area
Initiated by Instrument Tube Failure due to the Molten Corium Jet
Figure 3 - Interaction of Molten Corium Jet and Ex-Vessel CRD Tubes due to Vessel Failure at the Location of a CRD Tube
Figure 4 - Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Ablated Area and the Molten Corium Jet Area Initiated by
CRD Tube Closure Weld Failure due to the Molten Corium Jet
Figure 5 - CRD Tube Wall Temperature without Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Heat Transfer Model
Figure 6 - Interaction of CRD Tube Wall Temperature with Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Heat Transfer Model
Figure 7 - CRD Tube Wall Temperature with Ex-Vessel CRD Tube Heat Transfer Model Considering Decay Heat of Corium Plug
For more information, contact: Sung Jin Lee, Senior Consulting Engineer, (630) 887-5205, email@example.com
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What is identity theft?
How can someone steal your identity? Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personal information such as your name, Social Security number, credit card number or other identifying information, without your permission, to commit fraud or other crimes.
What would the thieves do with my name and other information
Typical examples of uses that criminals have for your personal information and identity are:
to apply for credit cards in your name, and run up a bill
to create fake driver's licenses, green cards, passports and other forms of identification for illegal aliens, using their photograph with your name, address and other information
to apply for government benefits, like social security, taking benefits in your name
to apply for loans and mortgages in your name.
What are the consequences to me?
Identity theft is a serious crime. People whose identities have been stolen can spend months or years - and their hard-earned money - cleaning up the mess thieves have made of their good name and credit record. In the meantime, victims may lose job opportunities, be refused loans, mortgages, education, housing or cars, or even get arrested for crimes they didn't commit.
What can I do to PREVENT theft of my identity?
See this page for a comprehensive checklist of steps to take to protect your identity from identity theft.
What should I do if I think my identity has been stolen or compromised?
If you think your identity has been stolen, here's what to do now:
And please let us know about any suspicious calls or emails you receive. We look for patterns so that we can alert the authorities and victims to new scams, before it is too late!
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German officials have banned locals from entering a lake in northern Germany while they determine if reports of swimmers urinating in the lake have caused the lakes fish to die.
Eichbaum Lake is currently being studied by researchers who believe that a large amount of human urine is responsible for an algae bloom that killed off an estimated 500 fish.
"Swimmers who urinate in the lake are introducing a lot of phosphate" that can lead to algae blooms, a spokesman for the Hamburger Angling Association told Bild newspaper.
"We're calculating half a liter of urine per swimmer per day," he said.
Swimmers are currently banned from the lake due to the high levels of algae, but the city's Urban Development and Environment Authority (BSU) is trying to re-open the lake to swimmers by the time the summer season starts.
In order to identify exactly what is causing the fish to die off, the BSU is requesting the help of a local university to test the urinating hypothesis.
Local media reports have stated that it was not just the "urinators" that were responsible, but the combination of natural causes and a frozen lake.
In the winter time the lake freezes over and is used by many for ice skating. The ice skating may actually disrupt the fish while they are hibernating, leading to their deaths.
"The ice-skaters make a noise that wakes the fish out of hibernation," BSU spokeswoman Kerstin Graupner told the Local. "Then they can't breathe and freeze. That's a very common phenomenon."
She added that their bodies are only now being found.
Urine, however, is being considered a real threat to the health of the lakes ecosystem. The blog i09 explained that phosphates found in human urine work in a similar fashion as fertilizer which can lead to explosive algae growth.
When levels of algae increase the plants absorb all of the oxygen in the water, which then leads to the fish suffocating.
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Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is major stabilizing ligament in the knee which may tear with over use of knee for playing sports. The ACL has poor ability to heal and may cause instability. Other common sports injuries in knee are cartilage damage and meniscal tear. Knee injuries of sports may require surgical intervention that can be performed using open surgical or minimally invasive technique. Your surgeon will recommend you for physical therapy to strengthen your muscles, improve elasticity and improve the movements of the bones and joints.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
The anterior cruciate ligament, or ACL, is one of the major ligaments of the knee that is located in the middle of the knee and runs from the femur (thigh bone) to the tibia (shin bone). It prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur. Together with posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) it provides rotational stability to the knee.
A meniscal tear is a tear that occurs in the cartilage of the knee. The meniscus is a small, “C” shaped piece of cartilage in the knee joint. Each knee has two menisci, the medial meniscus on the inner aspect of the knee and the lateral meniscus on the outer aspect of the knee. The medial and lateral menisci act as a cushion between the thigh bone (femur) and shin bone (tibia).
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Separating Fat from Fiction
A student-driven course on “fatphobia” examines both science and stigma.
The majority of fat people aren’t in danger of dropping dead next year or next decade, says Clara Pritchett ’22. And those who do struggle with health problems need a total overhaul of the healthcare system—one focused on serving their needs instead of cutting them down to size. Overall, Pritchett doesn’t believe the “obesity epidemic” is a thing—rather, issues of weight and diet are one tiny facet of a massive public health crisis.
This position, once considered outlandish, is increasingly backed by cutting-edge sociological and medical research. By now, for example, most people know that BMI (or body mass index) isn’t the most precise way to measure obesity, since muscles weigh more than fat. But what still doesn’t get a lot of attention is the fact that lots of heavier people who exercise regularly are considered overweight or obese, even though metabolically they’re perfectly healthy. A study with over 40,000 participants found nearly 10 years ago that metabolically healthy but obese people had no higher risk of death or illness than their “normal-weight” peers, but overweight individuals continue to suffer from the stigma that they are slowly killing themselves with their eating habits.
Pritchett and a handful of other students teamed up with professor of psychiatry and human behavior Marianna Kessimian to design a course on these issues: Diet Culture and Fatphobia in the Modern United States, which ran as an American Studies department elective in Spring 2021. The team wanted a class focused less on obesity as it is traditionally studied and more on recent critiques of that framework. Yes, heart disease and diabetes can kill, and yes, compulsive eating disorder is a real and serious problem, but in the broadest sense, Fatphobia students learn to ask, what’s so bad about being fat anyway?
“What’s been really eye-opening is just how tunnel-vision the medical establishment really is when it comes to weight,” says Kessimian, a psychiatrist who studies eating disorders in adolescents. She adds that teaching this class brought the scientist and the humanist parts of her together to examine why many public health specialists put so much emphasis on weight as an indicator of well-being, “when the evidence doesn’t support that.”
Researchers studied in the course point out that the approach too long taken by healthcare “experts”—intentionally or not—has been to shame fat people into submission, rather than to address the manifold historical and socioeconomic reasons that they look the way they do and eat the way they eat. In any case, it is not fat people who are to be blamed for their fatness, research indicates, but the systems and structures that helped form their dietary habits.
Riley Hughes ’21 said her hope was that students left the class with “more facts to bring to the table when fatphobia arises in everyday conversations,” as well as more critical thinking around the biases of various information sources. “It’s not necessarily that they’re completely false,” she says, but “these billion-dollar diet and fitness industries have their goal to tell us a specific something. And we have to have the skills to question where those ideas came from.”
The course—which centered on key texts from public health, psychology, and sociology—aimed to dispel these myths and challenged some of Kessimian’s own views on fatness.
“A lot of mental health symptoms end up being connected to food. Like with kids, anxiety can come out first in food behaviors,” says Kessimian, who realized through the course that by immediately targeting obesity, healthcare providers can fail to recognize or treat the underlying cause of weight gain. “It’s making me really think about changing my approach and my clinical practice,” she says.
Solutions vs. blame
Rather than condemn the government officials and public health experts prone to oversimplifications of obesity, students spent one nearly three-hour class session discussing alternative approaches to addressing childhood nutrition. If nearly one in five U.S. children is characterized as obese by the CDC, for example, what can we say to these kids besides “eat less”? What about “Do you have consistent access to affordable fruits, vegetables, and whole grains?” What about “Is everything okay at home? Are you sad, scared, or stressed out?” Kessimian asked students to think about “what are the rules, where did they come from, and can we imagine a different way to deliver that information?”
Students also looked at obesity through the lens of class and race. According to the CDC, childhood obesity prevalence is sliced nearly in half for high-income families, compared to low- and middle-income ones. For Americans of all ages, a higher percentage of Black and Latinx people are are obese, compared to white people. Reasons for the disparities are varied, but include urban “food deserts,” where poor residents without access to a car end up grocery-shopping at corner stores and gas stations or else opting for fast food.
In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the dark side of a healthcare system that often fails minority patients. Students noticed that many of the health concerns providers link to obesity are also common comorbidities found in people of color who died of COVID. Issues this big, they agreed, can’t be solved with Weight Watchers or MyFoodPyramid.gov. They require a broader, system-wide response, including a major shift in the way that healthcare workers think and talk about fatness. Of course, students did not come away with all the answers, but each left the class with a stronger sense of the key questions in the obesity debate and the arguments that anchor them.
“I don’t think what fat people need is sympathy. Fat people need some form of justice,” says Hughes. “I don’t know what that looks like yet, but I hope people start to see that it’s a necessity.”
Fearing the Black Body: The Racial Origins of Fat Phobia
By Sabrina Strings
NYU Press, 2019
“Fat-Shaming Eric Garner: Representative Peter King thinks the man died at the hands of New York police because he was obese.”
By Olga Khazan
The Atlantic, 2014
“Fat is a Social Justice Issue, Too”
By Laurie Cooper Stoll
SAGE Journal (Sociology, Gender Studies & Cultural Studies), 2019
“Unvictimizable: Toward a Fat Black Disability Studies”
By Anna Mollow
African American Review, Johns Hopkins, 2017
“Let’s Move! Biocitizens and the Fat Kids on the Block”
By Mary Catherine Dickman
Master’s thesis, University of South Florida, 2015
“Everything You Know About Obesity Is Wrong”
By Michael Hobbes
Obesity Is a National Security Issue
By Lieutenant General Mark Hertling
TED talk, December 6, 2012
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Bat Mitzvah (Hebrew for daughter of the commandments, or more literally, one to whom the commandments apply) is a ceremony held for a Jewish girl when she takes on adult responsibilities. It is similar to the Bar Mitzvah held for a boy but in many Jewish traditions takes place a year earlier when she is 12, as girls mature earlier than boys. The first public "Bat" Mitzvah was the Bat Mitzvah of Judith Kaplan (the daughter of the Reconstructionist movement founder Mordecai Kaplan) in New York City in 1922. However, the idea of a recognition of a girl's coming-of-age started as early as the mid-nineteenth century, when Jews in Italy, France, and Germany sometimes celebrated the 12th birthday of their daughter as a milestone, albeit with a party or dinner and not a ceremony.
Special Bat Mitzvah; Chinese orphanage complete the rite of passage into Jewish womanhood.
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Finding the best targets to improve crop yield by following CO2 journey inside the leaf
A team of scientists have measured the relative importance of the different obstacles that carbon dioxide (CO2) encounters in its voyage from the atmosphere to the interior of plant cells, where it is converted into sugars. This research leading method provides much needed information that will help to increase the yield of important food crops such as cowpea, soybean and cassava.
“Our data highlights promising targets to improve the diffusion of CO2 through the leaf with the aim of boosting crop productivity,” says lead author Dr Tory Clarke, who works at The Australian National University (ANU), as part of the Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE) project, an international research project that aims to improve photosynthesis to equip farmers worldwide with higher-yielding crops.
CO2 moves into the plant cells and is transformed into food during photosynthesis by enzymes located inside the chloroplasts. However, this journey is not a smooth one but rather one full of obstacles and resistances such as solid walls, liquid valleys and tunnels guarded by gate-keeper proteins.
“Our results will help enormously in the creation of more precise leaf and crop models, as we have linked the anatomical structures inside the leaves with important physiological crop aspects, such as the age of the leaf and its position in the canopy, to find out what is influencing CO2 uptake into leaf cells,” says Dr Clarke, from the ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis (CoETP).
The paper, published this week in the Royal Society journal Interface Focus, used tobacco as a model because this plant forms a canopy like other important food crops, such as soybean, cowpea and potato.
“Our aim is to make these crops more productive, but we want to improve not only the leaves at the top of the canopy, but propagate these changes through the whole plant. In this paper, we consider the inherit leaf variation within the canopy and its relationship to photosynthetic capacity,” says CoETP’s Dr Florence Danila, co-author of the paper.
The diffusion of CO2 from the air into leaf cells is essential for photosynthesis, but until now, the understanding of how this occurs has been quite limited.
“In this study, we have fleshed out all these parameters and physiological measurements and found that variables such as the thickness of the cell walls should be a target for improvement in future studies,” says CoETP’s Deputy Director Professor Susanne von Caemmerer, one of the co-authors of this study.
“Surprisingly, other aspects such as the relationship between the chloroplast area and the position of the leaves in the canopy were not as relevant as we expected. This information is essential for future researchers focused on improving photosynthesis and food production in canopy crops,” she says.
This work was carried out by researchers at ANU, as part of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Translational Photosynthesis (CoETP) and the Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE) project. RIPE is sponsored by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the U.S. Foundation for Food & Agriculture Research, and the U.K. Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office who are committed to ensuring Global Access and making the project’s technologies available to the farmers who need them the most. The CoETP aims to improve the process of photosynthesis to increase the production of major food crops.
This article appeared on the EurekAlert website at https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-02/acoe-ftb021121.php]]>
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Naomi Sims has been called “the first black supermodel” by people of the fashion industry. She was the first face of the term “Black is Beautiful” and in 1968, Sims was the first black woman to appear on the cover of the Ladies Home Journal.
Born in Oxford, Mississippi in 1948, Sims was the youngest of three daughters. She never knew her father. He and her mother divorced when she was a child. She was only led to believe that her father was absent by her mother. When her mother fell sick, Sims was put up in poor foster homes. The kids teased her because she was tall and black.
After graduating high school and moving to New York with her oldest sister, Sims enrolled at the Fashion Institute of Technology. At the urging of friends, she tried to get an agent, but was told her skin was too dark. After going directly to photographers, she shot the cover of Fashion of the Times. Still at a loss for an agent, even with her own cover, Sims decided to pair up with Wilhemina Cooper who was starting her own agency. Sims agreed to send out her cover photo with Cooper’s card and she could keep any commission.
Using her business skills with Wilhemina, Sims eventually landed a TV campaign with AT&T, which put her in full demand. She booked major magazine covers, like the Time Fashion cover and Life, both of which are now in the New York Met Museum. She modeled for Halston and other top designers.
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Google Maps Coordinate
is designed for companies to use both in the office and out in the field.
Localization (MCL) method , which assumes coordinates
of the beacon nodes are unknown as well, calculates coordinates
of the beacon nodes using the same algorithm via the same coordinate
system, and then compares the solutions with the real coordinate
to find out the error, and thereby uses the error to correct the estimated unknown nodes' coordinates
(r, [theta], phi, t) are the space and time coordinates
used by the distant observer to make measurements while the particle detects passage of time using local time coordinate
Simplification can be achieved by applying an auxiliary local 3D Cartesian horizontal coordinate
The Director of Governmental Affairs, Thomas Stewart, coordinates
the association's federal government liaison and legislative/regulatory information and educational activities.
We next discuss the transformation from the global X-Y coordinate
[integral of] system to a natural coordinate
system [xi]-[eta] which has its origin at the center of the element and is scaled so that [xi] and [eta] range between + 1 and - 1.
BEIJING, China -- Coordinate
Technologies, the leading provider of wireless data interconnectivity services for Carriers accessing the China market, announced today that it has finalized a bilateral roaming agreement with NTT Com.
The plan is intended to help coordinate
and direct future development along the waterfront of Lower Manhattan on the East River, where proposed projects include the Downtown Guggenheim museum on the piers south of the South Street Seaport and redevelopment of the historic, 140,000-SF Battery Maritime Building.
They can use all the pieces or coordinate
with a solid easily," Fromiter said.
Cohen theorizes that several parts of the brain work together to hold and coordinate
Programs established by the Anti-drug Abuse Act of 1988, the Victims of Crime Act of 1984, and the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 allow the OJP to coordinate
its resources and to develop a comprehensive plan to maximize its effectiveness with the limited resources available.
In addition, the examining district must coordinate
its handling of the issue with the appropriate Industry Specialist.
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3 Words in Running Man 327(Bromance War)
When something is in the middle or center of something, it is called 한복판에 있다. As it is the word to describe a place, it is usually used with 있다 a lot. Interestingly, it is rarely used with 없다, because it has a nuance of emphasizing the centerness.
It has nothing to do with 한복, Korean traditional clothes.
강남 한복판에서 농사를 짓는 아저씨가 있다는데…
It is said that there is a farmer in the middle of Gangnam.
도로 한복판에서 싱크홀이 발견되었다.
A sinkhole was found in the center of a road.
You are excited and your mind is not calm. You are expecting the good result so much. It is called 설레다 in Korean. Actually, 설레다 is the standard and 설레이다 is wrong. But many people prefer to use 설레이다 a lot.
When you are excited, you cannot be silent, you are moving constantly. This is called 설레발 in Korean. Usually, it is used in the form, 설레발을 떨다, being restless becasue of excitement.
설레발 떨지 마.
Don't be restless. / Do not expect too much.
주식이 좀 올랐다고 설레발 떨었는데, 결국 더 많이 떨어졌다.
I was excited because the prices of my stock went up, but it went down dramatically after that.
It came from the traditional board game, 바둑(Go), in East Asia. 정석 is the exemplary arrangement of stones. It is one of the best result that came from various matches.
From this, 정석 is usually used to call some standard procedure/practice or exemplary methods.
항상 정석대로만 할 필요는 없어.
You shouldn't always be exemplary.
The examples of Math. – It is the most famous mathematics book for high schoolers in Korean. It has a history of 50 years.
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Every second counts if you or someone you love is having a stroke. A stroke is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment. Just a few hours can make the difference between recovery or learning to walk and talk all over again—or worse still—death. If you think you might be having a stroke, don’t wait, note the time, call 911, and say,
“I think I’m having a stroke. Please take me to the nearest stroke treatment center as quickly as possible.”
You should also call 911 if someone you’re with might be having a stroke. Don’t hesitate. Every moment you wait increases that person’s risk of permanent disability.
You only have three hours from the time of your first symptom to receive treatment that can minimize the damage to your brain that can cause serious, long-term, disabilities. If you get to the hospital and it’s not a stroke—that’s wonderful news! If it is a stroke, you’ll get the help you need.
This content requires Flash Player.
Learn the two things Dr. J. P. Reilly, Ochsner Medical Center, insists you should do if you think you’re having a stroke.
Save precious time—know and respond quickly to the warning signs of stroke:
Most of us have headaches or clumsy spells now and then. But the symptoms of stroke will seem unusual and come on suddenly. Call 911 if you or someone you’re with notices these unexplained, sudden warning signs:
- A feeling of numbness or weakness in your face, arm, or leg (You might notice it on one side more than the other.)
- Vision problems in one or both eyes
- Dizziness or loss of balance; difficulty walking
- Problems speaking or understanding what other people are saying
- Severe headaches without warning or explanation
Women may have the same symptoms as men, but they’ve also reported a few others. These symptoms also happen suddenly and unexpectedly:
- Pains in the face or legs
- Feeling weak all over
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
- Rapid heart beat
Strokes are painless, but don’t let that stop you from getting help. And, don’t assume that if the symptoms stop before you call 911 that you’re okay. You might have had a TIA or what’s also known as a mini-stroke. Even though you feel better, and it seems like the problem has passed, according to the National Stroke Association, 1 in 20 people who have a mini-stroke have another stroke in the next two days. Just like a stroke, a mini-stroke requires immediate care and follow-up medical treatment to control any risk factors, such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol.
Quick Check for Stroke—It Can Save a Life
If you’re with someone and you notice a sudden change in appearance or behavior, make sure it’s not a stroke. Ask them to do these three simple things—
- Smile—Is it the smile you know and love? Or, is one corner of the mouth drooping down?
- Close your eyes and raise your arms—Are the arms held high together, or is one drifting back down to the side?
- Repeat a simple phrase—Why not make it funny? If the person is fine, you can laugh about it later. Try “If at first you don't succeed, skydiving is not for you.” Listen for slurred words and unusual sounding speech.
If you notice a droopy, lopsided smile, one arm held lower than the other or drifting down on its own, or slurred speech without reasonable explanations, call 911 immediately and tell them that you’re with someone who needs to get to a stroke treatment center as quickly as possible.
What is a stroke? Why is it so serious?
A stroke is an interruption of the blood flow to the brain. When the blood supply to a part of the brain is restricted or cut off, the affected brain cells can die. That’s why it’s so important to be treated for stroke as soon as possible. Your brain is involved in everything you do—walking, talking, stopping to smell the roses—whatever you enjoy doing. If the part of the brain involved in those activities is damaged by the stroke, you might not be able to do those things anymore. So don’t wait. Take care of your brain—Call 911.
Stroke Treatment and Prevention
Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability and the third leading cause of death even though 80 percent of strokes are preventable. You’ll find more information on the treatment and prevention of stroke in SecondsCount’s Treatment & Prevention section on Stroke Treatment and Prevention by clicking here.
Click here to download important questions you might want to ask your doctor about stroke.
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Health gap between First Nations and other Manitobans widening, study finds
The health gap between First Nation people and all other Manitobans is growing.
That’s a key finding of a joint study by the First Nations Health and Social Secretariat of Manitoba (FNHSSM) and the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy (MCHP) in the Rady Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of Manitoba.
The study, The Health Status of and Access to Healthcare by Registered First Nation Peoples in Manitoba, compares health data collected in 2015-2017 with the results of a study the MCHP published in 2002.
“When we look at health status and health-care access, the inequities between First Nation people and all other Manitobans have gotten worse, according to many indicators,” said Leona Star, a Cree woman who is director of research at FNHSSM and co-led the study.
In the 2002 report, for example, a First Nation person’s life expectancy was found to be about seven years lower than that of the general Manitoba population. In the new study, that disparity has grown to about 11 years.
A First Nation girl’s life expectancy at birth is now 72 years, while all other Manitoba girls can expect to live to age 84. A First Nation boy can expect to live to age 68, while all other Manitoba boys’ life expectancy is 79 years.
In the 2002 report, First Nation people’s rate of premature mortality (death before age 75) was double that of other Manitobans. That gap has now worsened to being three times the rate for other Manitobans.
The health gap is widening because the underlying factors that negatively affect the health of First Nation people, including the ongoing trauma of colonization, generations of racism, poor housing, lack of clean water and imposed poverty, are not being adequately addressed, said Dr. Alan Katz, director of the MCHP, who co-led the study with Star and Dr. Kathi Avery Kinew of FNHSSM.
“The health of Manitobans is improving overall, but First Nation people are not experiencing the same rate of improvement,” Katz said. “They’re being left further behind and are not being meaningfully involved in decisions on health care.”
The research project is the first in Canada to compare data from a study designed and implemented by First Nation researchers across Canada – the First Nations Regional Health Survey (2015-16) – with data that reports on the health of a representative sample of all First Nation communities in Manitoba, stored in a repository at MCHP.
“This partnership between FNHSSM and MCHP is a sign of progress,” Star said. “It’s essential for First Nation researchers to take leadership roles in studying First Nation health.”
The study was undertaken in response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) Calls to Action, which include a call for gaps in health outcomes to be identified and closed.
The researchers found that First Nation people, both on-reserve and off-reserve, are medically underserved in many ways. However, they are over-prescribed opioid painkillers – a cause for great concern, the study team said.
Rates of opioid prescribing are more than twice as high for a single prescription, and more than four times as high for multiple prescriptions, for First Nation patients as for other Manitobans.
Other gaps identified in the study include:
- The suicide rate is about five times higher for First Nation people, while the rate of suicide attempts is five to six times higher;
- The incidence of cervical and colorectal cancer is significantly higher among First Nations, but cancer screening rates are significantly lower among First Nations;
- Continuity of care (seeing the same health professional regularly for primary care) is much lower among First Nations, and they are less likely to be provided care close to home.
The researchers emphasized that First Nation communities are drawing on traditional healing to build people’s resilience and wellness. “Going forward, we need data collection that aligns with the TRC Calls to Action and documents those strengths and positive initiatives, as well as indicators of ill health,” Star said.
The study’s recommendations include:
- Annual reporting on progress in addressing health gaps;
- Addressing racism in the health-care system through initiatives such as mandatory cultural safety training for health-care providers;
- Prioritizing the training and hiring of First Nation health-care professionals;
- Further development of First Nation health research partnerships;
- Improving access to health care designed and delivered through First Nation-led partnerships.
The full study is available online.
Research at the University of Manitoba is partially supported by funding from the Government of Canada Research Support Fund.
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Now stay with me on this………it is important and could be the turning point or the break through point for you, your family, your team, your department and the business…….
The development of quantum mechanics has allowed the study of the
behavior of particles at a subatomic scale, which was impossible to understand with classical physics, given that nanoparticles show an erratic and confusing behavior and experience effects that, on the large scale, escape all the laws of traditional physics. One of the most interesting subatomic phenomena is the tunnel effect, which would be equivalent, on the large scale, to a ball passing through a wall or a barrier that is prohibited based on what we know and our experience tells us.
In short, quantum tunneling means that an electron (or quantum particle) enters and passes through an area which, in principle, would be prohibited for the electron, meaning the electron does not have enough kinetic energy (which is due to its speed, in terms of classical analog) to pass through that area, because there is a “barrier” that should prevent it from passing through.
Classical physics dictates that the total energy is the sum of kinetic and potential energy, therefore, the energy is always equal to or greater than the potential energy. The case when total energy is less than the potential energy , from a classical physics point of view, represents unreachable states to a particle. So, the point at which the total energy equals the potential represents a “turning point”: the particle cannot advance, it must go back, like a ball that hits a wall.
However, in quantum mechanics something different happens: at subatomic scales, a particle may have a total energy lower than the potential energy and is able to cross the turning point like a tunnel, violating the principles of classical physics and, depending on the difference between its energy and the potential value, to penetrate a larger or smaller distance or barrier. In this way, it is possible that an electron reaches a barrier, passes through it, and appears on the other side. (it should be noted that the tunnel effect does not always occur as with all quantum effects, it is a matter of probabilities.)
Ok, now if I still have your attention and you are following me on this thought, ponder on the bold type and the highlighted areas above. I think we all limit ourselves in many ways in how far we can go and what can be accomplished based on the past and on what we know and have come to understand and accept to believe. Potential is limitless. Accomplishment is greater than you believe. Things that can’t be done, really can be done based on this proven mathematical probability which should not have been possible to do.
Some real live examples; How can the Dodge store in Kellogg Idaho, a very small town in the middle of no where be the largest volume Dodge dealership in the world?
On May 6, 1954 Roger Bannister ran the mile in 3.59 minutes and broke the 4 minute mile which Doctors and scientists said the human body cannot run a mile faster than 4 minutes. How does that happen?
You, Your department, Your team, Your dealership is limitless in what you can accomplish and achieve. It can be done. You can do it. I challenge each of you to break through the barriers that are holding us below our potential or making us believe our potential is not as great as it can be. You can reach those so called unreachable spaces.
Those are my thoughts for you today. What say you?
I/we would love to hear/see your comments.
YOU make the difference.
Love you all,
9 thoughts on “Quantum tunneling”
WOW! Usually physics is way over my head but this I understood and I like how you related it to us personally. Thanks!! Keep the great thoughts coming! I enjoy them
What I get out of this is the belief that barriers are a representation of what our mind perceives are the limits of what can be accomplished.
If we can put aside conventional self imposed thinking and beliefs, it would open the gates and allow us to break through these imaginary barriers.
You lost me at “Now stay with me on this….” just kidding, to me i think the only limits a person has are ones that you have given yourself, no limits=more possibility.
I really enjoy this metaphor and I think the example of the Kellogg Idaho store is an excellent one.
We all have the capacity to break through the barriers but just like the subatomic particles you have to live by different rules.
I believe the way we can get to this point is by first having a desire, second setting goals and third working daily to achieve our respective goals. If we come to truly believe anything is possible that is when anything becomes possible.
I’ve always believed that man was designed for accomplishment, engineered for success, and endowed with the seeds of greatness. Again thanks for sharing this, it reminds us that everything is possible.
This is a great, thought provoking post. I love the idea that our potential is limitless! We have enormous potential to BE more, acheive more, contribute more, and experience more on so many levels and in every facet of our lives. Thanks for the reminder, and for the physics lesson! This is good stuff!
Hey Gift – I love your post! You nailed it!
GREAT! If you look at the greats in history none of them had any different tools than we do. We all work with the same basic tools, the difference lies in our belief and our unwillingness to buy in to the status quo. I think it’s healthy to compare ourselves to great dealer groups, great leaders, great family men and great teachers, it will elevate our capacity. Thinking beyond what has already been accomplished or diemed impossible takes a whole new level. Oliver shared a conversation he had with you when you told him the Subaru store would out perform the Chevy store, Oliver said he thought that sounded crazy. Fast forward a few years and the giant has been awakened. I’m glad we have A visionary steering this ship.
There are always barriers in front of us. I really like this. Easy to stay with you. If we can get everyone in our lives to understand this everyone will do better. You have to believe in your abilities. It’s easy to bounce off the wall instead of push through it. But if we and those around us will push through the possibilities are endless. GREAT READ! Keep em coming!
A wise man once told me Belief=Behavior=Results. HMMMMMMMMMM
Good stuff as usual Spencer.
In the Title Department I have always said when you run into a wall, push through it. The solutions are not always right at our finger tips, but if we continue to search we will find the answer. I have had a copy of a quote that fits this perfectly. “Only those who will risk going to far can possibly find out how far one can go”.
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Generally speaking, thermal curtains are more likely to help control the temperature of a room than vertical blinds. But the main dependent factor is the insulating ability of the window treatment. There are ways vertical binds can be made to give them more insulating ability.
How Insulation Works
Air is a good insulator. If you have a layer of air trapped between two layers of fabric or vinyl, it will be a better insulator than one layer of the same fabric or vinyl by itself. Because of this, any type of window treatment that has more than one layer will be a better insulator than something with a single layer, and more than two layers will insulate even better.
R-Value: Measurement for Insulation
R-value refers to the ability of an object to resist the flow of heat. The higher the R-value, the more insulating an item is. Insulation you put within your walls or in your ceiling probably has an R-value somewhere above 40. Window treatments can have an R-value from 0 to 5, though not all window treatments have a rated R-value.
What Makes a Blind a Good Insulator
Two features of a window blind influence its R-value. First, more layers mean more insulating ability. Vertical blinds made of PVC vinyl or a single layer of fabric will not insulate as well as vertical binds that have vanes with a pocket of air in the middle. The second feature influencing R-value is how tightly the blinds fit against the window. Since the vanes of vertical blinds are meant to swivel, they will need room to do so. Wider vanes will need to be mounted farther from the window frame and will therefore leave a bigger gap when closed. Vertical blinds can have an R-value up to almost 4.
What Makes a Curtain a Good Insulator
As with window blinds, the number of layers and the quality of the fabric a thermal curtain is made from will affect the R-value of the curtains. Thermal curtains are made with multiple layers so they have this quality built in, though individual varieties will have a range of R-values. The way the curtain fits around the window frame is another factor. Any gap around the edge will lower the curtain's ability to adequately insulate the window, so the best is a curtain that fits snugly around all sides of the window. Window quilts and draperies can have an R-value of anywhere from 3 to 5.
Windows can leak heat because air may pass around ill-fitted glass. Caulking and weatherstripping can reduce this problem. Double-paned windows have more insulating value than single-paned, due to the layer of air between the two panes. Insulating curtains or blinds can increase the insulating value of any window, but won't prevent a draft that can be fixed by caulking or weatherstripping.
Best Use of Window Treatments
Whether you have curtains or window blinds, they work by preventing the transfer of heat. In winter, you don't want the heat from indoors to leak out, but you want the sun's warmth to come in. So it's best to keep the curtains or blinds open on sunny days, and close them at night to prevent heat loss. If it is bitterly cold out, you may want to keep them closed all the time, especially on north-facing windows. In summer, it's just the opposite. Close the blinds or windows during the day, to keep the heat out. If you don't have air conditioning, open the windows at night to let the cool night air in.
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Rising sea level: Future generations and distant populations
Despite the gravity of the catastrophic sea level rise scenario, we cannot treat it as if it’s here and now when deciding how to act today. In reality, sea level rise involves two kinds of murky ethical distance: temporal and spatial. Sea level rise scenarios pertain to future generations and future generations of distant populations. As if the moral standing of future generations weren’t contentious enough, the “future generations of distant populations” element of the sea level rise makes things even more complicated and difficult to reconcile with the intuition that someone should do something.
The United States with 60m of sea level rise–Map courtesy of geology.com
Let’s restrict what follows to considering two possible moral agents: the individual US citizen and the US state as a collective entity.
What responsibilities, if any, do individual US citizens have with regard to sea level rise? Are individuals obliged to address sea level rise for future generations’ sake? It seems intuitive that we do indeed have certain individual responsibilities to posterity. The idea of acting in the interest of our children and grandchildren is commonplace. Even Locke seems to endorse the sustainable use of the environment for sake of others and future generations, providing that however we use the environment there should be “enough and as good left in common for others.”
On the other hand, our behavior tells a different story about how we regard the future. In economic terms, humans tend to discount the future—meaning we value the future less than we value the present. This is why we accept conditions like interest rates on loans or fail to adequately save for retirement. Given that we tend to discount even our own futures, the idea of individuals actively affording future generations a non-positive discount rate may verge on absurdity.
Nevertheless, just because we do discount the future doesn’t necessarily mean that we should. In fact, it may be the case that we should not discount the future because it leads to highly counterintuitive conclusions as some have argued. For instance, given a sufficient time differential, positive intergenerational discounting of any amount leads us to conclude that benefits to one life today are worth costs to millions of future lives. By intergenerational discounting logic, the benefit of joyriding your ’67 Corvette down Miami Beach today may be worth putting Miami underwater in the future. Such a counterintuitive conclusion seems clearly wrong and may indicate that the very notion of intergenerational discounting is repugnant to the intuitive responsibility to consider posterity when deciding how to act.
If, assuming individuals do indeed have certain duties to future generations, then do individual duties to future generations also extend to future generations of distant populations—e.g. future Bangladeshis—or stop at future Americans?
And what responsibilities, if any, does the United States as a national entity have to future generations of the American collective? Intuitively, again, the US as a state seems to have certain responsibilities to do right by and protect the interests of its own future generations; an intuition codified by the 2005 amendment to the Coastal Zone Management Act, which recognizes the threat of and need to address rising sea level. After all, the very continued existence of the US state depends upon a flourishing future population and resilient infrastructure. The US state has, if nothing else, a rational interest in acting to hedge against sea level rise risks to its future generations. Assuming, then, that collective duties to future people exist, do they also extend to the future generations of distant states? Does America today have any responsibility to tomorrow’s Bangladesh?
Bangladesh with 60m of sea level rise–map courtesy of geology.com
These questions stir several competing moral intuitions. For example, we might intuit that future people have moral standing and should be taken into consideration when making decisions in the here and now. In turn, we might then be obliged to alter our individual or collective emissions behavior today in order to address climate change and slow the rising seas tomorrow. On the other hand, future generations don’t yet exist, and so it may make little sense to afford them much significance in our decision-making or to attribute them certain preferences, if any, being that we have little way of telling what they might be.
And what role does distance play? We might have the intuition that distance matters for moral standing; we might suppose that our responsibilities to each other wane as distance between us increases. We may then only have responsibilities to people proximate to ourselves, or in the case of future generations, people who will be proximate to us. If distance does matter, then our duty as individuals or as a nation to address sea level rise may then just be for the sake of future Americans living in coastal areas.
If, alternatively, we have the moral intuition that distance doesn’t matter when establishing moral standing, then we would want to afford equal consideration to proximate future generations and distant future generations. If that’s the case, we should keep space in our moral calculus for future Americans as well as for future Bangladeshis.
But establishing individualistic conceptions of duty toward future generations and distant populations is more difficult than intuition might let on. Individual duty to future individuals runs into issues with the non-identity problem, as well as causal (and perhaps rational) impotence objections. Individual duty to distant individuals is likewise vulnerable to causal impotence, as well as certain epistemic and pragmatic limitations.
Challenges to individual duty
The non-identity problem
The non-identity problem refers to the extreme contingency of people. That is, depending on what we do in the here and now, the set of humans that exists in the future will be different. Contingent upon our choices today, the group of individuals living in the future will be one or another. Provided their existence is understood as a good, future generations affected by sea level rise can’t be said to be worse off than they otherwise would have been because if we had behaved differently, then an entirely different set of people would have been born; that is, they would never exist in the first place.
So, to that effect, suppose individuals decide to do nothing about sea level rise. Because of our actions today, sea level rises dramatically by the end of the century and populations all over the world are displaced. But at least they exist, says the non-identity problem. If we had chosen to behave differently and kept sea level rise more at bay, different individuals would have been born and the people in the catastrophic scenario would never exist to begin with—arguably the worst of bad consequences from their perspective. From the catastrophic-sea-level-rise-generation’s point of view, our non-action on climate change and sea level rise is actually in their best interest because that potential reality is the only one in which they exist. By this logic, individuals shouldn’t do anything about sea level rise for future generations’ sake because the existence of the people for whose sake we’d be acting depends precisely on our non-action today.
Causal and rational impotence
Moreover, individual duty to mitigate sea level rise runs into trouble with causal impotence, and perhaps rational impotence as well. The gist of causal impotence is this: even if you as an individual were to do everything in your power to reduce your contribution to sea level rise, your impact would be so small that, for practical reasons, it would have no recognizable effect. Changing one’s individual behavior may not be capable of causing any significant improvements in the situation—and we can only be held responsible for what can be done. If, as individuals, we can’t mitigate sea level rise, we aren’t morally obliged to do so.
What’s more, the cost of changing one’s behavior in the here and now may be so high that what little effect one could have simply isn’t worth pursuing. If costs to the individual for negligible future gains toward addressing sea level rise are exorbitant, the rational agent may then, justifiably, decide not to change her or his present behavior.
Individual duty to distant populations runs into similar problems with causal impotence. Essentially, we may be more able to affect people who are closer to us than those who are distant. Individually, we may be more capable of providing aid or respect to folks nearby than those on the other side of the Earth. Presuming we can cause noteworthy positive effects for distant people, however, an objector might still respond that we accrue greater benefits for proximate people than for those far away, given an equal amount of cost or effort. Considering nearby populations over and above distant ones may just be a matter of pragmatics or practical reason. To a related epistemic point, it’s also more difficult to know one’s impact on distant people than on proximate people. Unless we can know—i.e. observe or measure—the effects of our decisions on distant populations, it’s tough to say that such effects exist or matter.
As such, individuals may not be obliged to address the melting West Antarctic Ice Sheet or catastrophic sea level rise for the sake of future or distant people. We may have no duty to change our individual behavior with future or distant individuals in mind at all. But this conclusion conflicts with the intuition that we should do something about sea level rise.
In turn, the collective moral agent considered below—the US state—may provide a way out.
A case for collective responsibility to address sea level rise
Collective entities such as nations or institutions are more resilient to the non-identity problem, distance-related concerns, and to causal and rational impotence objections. As a state, the US may indeed have certain duties to future generations and distant populations that oblige us to address Antarctic melting and sea level rise. It seems a less controversial point that the US as a state has certain duties to future Americans regarding inevitable rises in sea level and flooded cities. In as much as future Americans comprise the very collective entity to which those obligations would hold, it follows that, even if only as a function of rational self-interest, the US should act to protect the integrity of its population and territory.
With explicit regard to the non-identity problem, it may be true that there are no particular individuals to whom we are obliged because of the extreme contingency of people, but state identities are less contingent, if at all. Barring social collapse, upheaval, or revolution, in coming centuries the United States will still be the United States and Bangladesh will still be Bangladesh. As states have certain responsibilities to one another as autonomous members of the global community, even if only by convention, each is obliged, now and in the future alike, not to harm or be complicit in bringing harm to another. Presuming collective identity is uninterrupted, there is no non-identity problem for states.
Nor is causal impotence a problem for state entities with regard to future generations. The state is, in fact, among the very modes of cooperation and coordination that transports us from being causally impotent to being causally significant. Changing behavior collectively to address melting land ice and sea level rise may indeed put a dent in, or at least stall, looming catastrophe. There are, however, reasons to think that even collective entities may be unwilling or unable to regard future generations with a non-positive discount rate if the short-term benefits of defection are greater than the benefits of cooperation. Future-oriented public policy probably needs to be win-win if we aim to overcome natural human short-sightedness.
In addition, the state may be more willing to assume lower or non-positive discount rates because, for the contiguous identity of collectives, the question pertains to intragenerational discounting rather than intergenerational discounting. Unless the US dissolves and becomes a new state, the US is dealing with its own future in addressing sea level rise. There is good reason to doubt that collective entities are more likely than individuals to assume lower discount rates or non-positive discounting even for their own futures (e.g. the US national debt and deficit), but intragenerational discount rates are typically weaker than intergenerational discounting.
Cartoon by Elden Fletcher, owned by the University of Southern Mississippi
Moreover, some economic theorists argue that any amount of positive intergenerational discounting is unjustified in most policy cases. That is, public policy should value the future at least as much as the present. Others have argued that it is altogether “ethically indefensible” for governments to discount the future at all, or that society should at least discount the present and future equally. Taken together, there seems to be a strong case for collective—i.e. national—responsibility with regard to future generations and addressing catastrophic sea level rise.
The question of distance in establishing moral standing may be an altogether empty question for states, particularly the US. The international community is, after all, so entangled, interconnected, and co-dependent that the idea of “distance” as an ethical limiting factor may be incoherent. Through the influence of global markets and international politics on domestic affairs, states are, to a certain degree, ubiquitously omnipresent within one another.
The US, in particular, has roots spread so far throughout the world that to argue that spatial distance abridges its moral duty makes little sense. The US dollar is the world’s reserve currency, the US has military bases in 63 countries and embassies all over the world, companies born in the US have gone on to become globally influential multinational corporations, and US contributions to climate change and the global ecological crisis—catastrophic sea level rise included—are undeniable. The US is everywhere, and thus, so too is the extent of its moral responsibility.
It stands to reason that while individuals may have difficulty establishing responsibilities toward distant and future individuals, there is a stronger case to be made for the duty of states to each other now and with regard to the future. If anyone is responsible for dealing with catastrophic sea level rise, it seems to be states.
Assuming states take it upon themselves to address sea level rise (and that may be assuming too much) the question then is: mitigation or adaptation?
Mitigation and adaptation
Interestingly enough, even if the US, for example, were to act to mitigate sea level rise only for its own sake, the benefits would be distributed globally in as much as sea level is a function of global systems. Bangladesh would still benefit from US mitigation even if the US acted with only its own interest in mind. There’s something to be said for acting for the right reasons, but in this case, motivation may be less of a priority if the result of mitigation is the same regardless of moral reasoning.
Moral reasoning is an issue, however, if the US’s reaction to sea level rise is adaptation rather than mitigation. If the US opts to adapt to rising sea level rather than attempt to mitigate it, then short of providing foreign aid or taking refugees, Bangladesh, its people, and their de facto host countries will shoulder the full burden of a problem they were not complicit in creating. This seems like a problem.
There is a key difference, ethically speaking, between adaptation and mitigation. Mitigation is forward-looking insofar as it aims to prevent or reduce the intensity of future undesirable conditions, whereas adaptation means dealing with present conditions. One cannot adapt, strictly speaking, to conditions that have not manifested yet. In other words, forward-looking adaptation may be more appropriately understood as mitigation. While mitigation questions related to sea level rise pertain to future generations and distant populations, adaptation to sea level rise once the problem is upon us will only be a question of distant populations.
This distinction might help simplify the moral dilemma, or it might not. Once sea level rise is immediately at hand, individuals may not have the non-identity problem blocking an obligation to help distant populations adapt, but they must still answer to causal and rational impotence objections regarding distance. Collective moral agents like states may be more likely candidates for said duty, but this presumes that either distance doesn’t matter, or, as I have argued above, that for states—the US in particular—distance is something of an empty question.
Go back to Part I
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The history of Kodak: Pioneer of film and digital photography
The first Kodak cameras
Accompanying the new trademark, Eastman released The Kodak Camera in 1888. The camera came pre-loaded with a roll of paper film that could take 100 photos, and you had to send the camera back to Eastman to get it developed and re-loaded with more film. This camera effectively created the concept of amateur photography.
Then, in 1900, Eastman released the Brownie, an incredibly cheap, cardboard-box camera that was cheap enough to buy ($1) and operate that it instantly became a mass market success; the first camera to do so. In essence, the Brownie was so cheap and easy to use that it invented the concept of a snapshot.
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It says on the first day of creation in Genesis that there was light. On the fourth day of creation, the sun was created. So what was the source of the primordial light on the first day of creation?
This is a very good but difficult and very deep question. I will not pretend that I fully understand its answers but let me bring two relevant explanations.
He explains that the light created on the first day was the light of creation, also called the primordial light, and is the divine emanation that forms the basis of creation. Creation is a contracted and sculpted emanation of that primordial light from God. It is not light as we know it, think of it more as primordial energy.
The very first act of Creation, as recorded in the Book of Genesis, was the creation of light. “And God said: There shall be light” (Gen. 1:3). What kind of light was this?
It cannot be the light that we are familiar with, the light emanating from the sun and the stars. These heavenly bodies were created much later, on the fourth day of Creation. The Sages called this primordial light Ohr Ha-Ganuz, ‘the Hidden Light.’ Too pure for the current state of the universe, God concealed it for a future, more deserving world.
The philosophers distinguished between chomer, matter, and tzurah, the form or function of an object. For example, wood is a raw material (chomer) that may be used to produce many different functional objects. Once it is designated for use as a table, the wood also has tzurah, form, having acquired a particular purpose.
At the very beginning of Creation, there was only chomer. God created numerous elements, but they were without tzurah. They lacked function and purpose. This state of disorder and dissonance is referred to as darkness — “darkness on the surface of the depths” (Gen. 1:2). The Torah calls this unstable primeval stage Tohu and Bohu, indicating that it was chaotic and empty of form.
Then God created the Ohr Ha-Ganuz. This special light played a critical role in Creation. Just as regular light allows us to see and relate to our surroundings, the Hidden Light enabled the different elements of creation to interact with one another. It dispelled the initial state of darkness, when all objects were isolated and disconnected from one another.
To use the terminology of the philosophers, the illumination created on the first day of Creation stamped a functional tzurah on the material chomer. Through this special light, the universe’s myriad objects acquired purpose and function and were able to work together towards a common goal.
The Midrash (Breishit Rabbah 3:4) elucidates the verse in Psalms, explaining that “God wrapped Himself in light like a garment and illuminated the splendor of His glory from one end of the world to the other.” What does it mean that ‘God wore light'?
This phrase indicates that the light took on God’s qualities of oneness and unity, just as a garment takes on the shape of the one wearing it. When ‘God wrapped Himself in light,’ this means that He introduced an underlying unity into all aspects of creation, ‘from one end of the world to the other.’
At first, God created heaven and earth in an isolated state, as chomer without form and purpose. This was the unstable state of Tohu and Bohu described in Genesis, when the diverse elements of creation existed in chaotic darkness, lacking an underlying unity.
Then God said, “There shall be light,” creating the special Ohr Ha-Ganuz, the Hidden Light with which He bound the matter together with a common purpose. God ‘wrapped Himself in the light,’ thereby giving the light His trait of oneness and making it a unifying force. After creating this unifying light, God ’spread out the heavens’ and stabilized the universe.
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The following is a joint press release from the Commission of the Bishops’ Conferences of the European Community (COMECE) and the Conference of European Churches (CEC).
Mass migration prompted by global conflict and ecological crises has stirred up unresolved fears in European societies. Understanding and responding to this was the central theme of a dialogue seminar that took place on 24 October between churches and the European Commission.
Participants in the seminar identified two widely experienced types of fear. The first is the fear of rejection, violence, and exclusion many migrants and refugees face both on their way to Europe and following their arrival. The other is the fear known by many in Europe who feel their values and way of life is under threat by the arrival of these migrants and refugees. Although non-EU migrants represent only 4% of the total EU population (of which 9% are refugees), a so-called moral panic emerges, which is sometimes amplified by media and social media activity.
Openly expressed fears are sometimes based on a particular historical context. Participants sought constructive ways to address and dispel these fears, including through the establishment of listening and discussion space.
The unique experience of children in migration formed an important part of the day’s discussion. Up to 100,000 unaccompanied children reached the EU in 2015. Children often suffer disproportionally and experience disruption in their education. This hinders their social inclusion and that of their whole family. Participants urged all to see children not only as the future of our societies, but an integral part of our present reality.
Those gathered advanced a diversity of solutions, but all were rooted in the promotion of education, dialogue, and media education. Through these processes, both migrants and Europeans can come to know their shared vulnerabilities and move from fear toward compassion and solidarity.
Representatives from the European Commission presented a number of programmes designed to transform fear into solidarity within the framework of the EU competences. They expressed their wish to work more closely with churches on promoting integration of migrants. The exchanges of this dialogue seminar will feed into the annual EU religious leaders’ summit, scheduled for 29 November.
The dialogue was organised by the Directorate General Justice and Consumers of the European Commission jointly with COMECE, CEC, and the Churches' Commission for Migrants in Europe.
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Science at Courtney
Science is a strength at Courtney. During pupil conferencing, it is clear that the children are really enthusiastic about it and are keen to share their learning experiences. Staff put a lot of effort into planning and delivering high quality, inspiring lessons for the children, both inside and outside of the classroom, making use of our beautiful grounds and visits to places such as Bristol Zoo, We the Curious and the Earth Science Centre. No two science lesson are ever the same at Courtney, as we aim to expose the children to different types of scientific enquiry on a weekly basis. However, the drive to make lessons as skills focused, engaging, hands-on, thought provoking and relevant is always there.
Science is a core National Curriculum subject. Its importance cannot be highlighted too greatly, since it is the subject that seeks to explain and raise questions about the world around us. It is a subject which naturally captures children’s interest and curiosity and at Courtney we aim to nurture and harness this inquisitiveness. Our children are growing up in an increasingly scientifically advanced world and therefore they need to be scientifically literate in order to succeed. Teaching children science is teaching them how to think clearly, plan carefully, be methodical and precise, solve problems, make decisions and apply their learning from other subjects; all skills which are readily transferable to other subjects.
The Science curriculum is split into two key areas:
Scientific Knowledge and Conceptual Development
It is the expectation that the knowledge is, as much as possible, acquired through the development of the skills, rather than discretely. Each year group has five or six topics to deliver throughout the year, coming predominantly from the disciplines of Biology, Chemistry and Physics.
To accompany each topic, there is an area of the skills to develop, which we call Plan, Do and Review.
Planning includes, for example: questioning, predicting and sequencing steps;
Doing includes setting up, carrying out tests, using equipment and recording results in a variety of ways;
Reviewing includes displaying results, analysing findings, communicating these in different ways and suggesting further lines of enquiry.
In order to embed both their scientific knowledge and writing skills, the children are also given the opportunity to produce at least one piece of cross-curricular writing per term. This could include: biographies, fact files, write-ups of tests, non-chronological reports, posters etc.
In order to maintain high levels of interest and engagement in Science, we hold a Science Week biannually, where in the past we have had visitors coming in from Explorer Dome, Zoo lab, RSPB etc and our memorable House Days, when children of all ages work together on fun activities each led by a different teacher; sometimes we invite the parents along to share in the fun too! Another highlight of this week is the Science Fair, where we invite children and parents to work on a project at home together and then bring it in to show to the rest of the school.
Wow Events, showcasing Science learning within a unit of work, and Sparkling Start display boards, where children work on something to display at home at the start of a topic, are other ways that we regularly engage both children and parents in Science throughout the year.
There has been no national testing as such for Science for a long time now. However, at the end of each key stage, teacher assessments are used to assess children against standards laid out in an interim framework document. In order to make the expected standard, children are expected to meet all the objectives contained within these documents, again for both their skills as a scientist and the knowledge they have acquired.
In order to make these judgements, keep track of progress and ensure all children are being suitably challenged and supported, teachers assess each child against the objectives being taught at the end of every lesson and record a summative assessment for them at the end of the unit of work. From the combination of these assessments, the judgement is made at ages 7 and 11 as to whether each child has made the necessary standards in the subject.
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Indiana, a Midwest state located at the west of the Appalachians, is the 19th state to become part of the Union on December 11, 1816. Even it is the 38th biggest state; it ranks 16 in most populous in the country and is home to the world known Indy 500. Before becoming a territory, Indiana was populated by many indigenous tribes and settlers from across the borders, however the diversity of Indian tribes was what predominated the most. Due to this fact, when the state was incorporated, it was named Indiana, meaning land of Indians. It is also said that Indiana residents are known by the offensive word “Hoosiers” meaning rough countrymen. Indiana is one of the country’s biggest economic engines and pulls a $215 billion empire under its flap. It is also home to major sports teams and events such as the Indianapolis Colts, Indiana Pacers, as well as home to the Indianapolis 500 and Backyard 400.
Indiana plays a very important role in events that are very important today, the famous Lewis and Clark started their long voyage from Fort Vicennese towards the northwest and the first long-distance car race took place in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway on May of 1911, an event that led to one of the most important car races in the world today. Indiana also contributed to WWII with manufacturing of p-47 fighters in Republic Aviation located in Evansville. The nationwide famous “Raggedy Ann” doll was created in Indiana by Marcella Gruelle in 1914. Baseball, a sport that pulls thousands of fans cross country to see their teams, was first played professionally in Fort Wayne on May of 1871. One of TV’s most famous celebrities, David Letterman was born in Indianapolis. Indiana also plays an important role for the little ones as it is home to Santa Claus, a small place that receives thousands of letters during Christmas time.
Indiana’s motto is “Cross Roads of America” as it has been recorded that since the 1800’s the state has more interstate highways than any other state in the country. Indiana is home to Studebaker Company of South Bend, the biggest manufacturer of horse-drawn wagons that later on turned into a multi millionaire automobile manufacturer. In the early 1900’s, Indiana produced over 200 different makes of cars that are now valuable antiques. Indiana has been an essential piece to the car industry, not only for their massive production in the early 1900’s but because it hauls every year thousands of cars into their world known car races, pushing car transport in Indiana to a very high demand service.
Car Transport into the Race!
As you all may have heard, the Indianapolis 500 is one of the most important races in the car racing business, it is consider among the three most prestigious events in the world. It is held every year in Speedway, Indiana in the Indianapolis Motor Speedway during Memorial Weekend and thousands of fans come in to be part of this amazing rush. Drivers come in from all over the world to compete and be part of this one time show and just like transportation arrangements had to be done for the entire crew, cars had to be shipped in from all over, making this one of the peaks of car transport in Indiana.
Sports cars are very fragile and unique and require an incredible amount of care when it comes to transporting them, most drivers own their own transporters, however even these have to be well equipped to transport their cars. The best way to transport these vehicles is via an enclosed trailer, it offers maximum security and protection for the cars from point to point and even for storage. When drivers get in to the race, many times hotels cannot provide parking for big trailers and they have to be taken to the track for storage until the race, having the car mounted on an enclosed will provide more protection and a peace of mind to the driver.
Another factor that is put into consideration when it comes to shipping these babies is the environment. Road conditions cannot be guaranteed and many times are not optimal. One can only plan ahead and hope, however you will not know how bad it will be until it hits on you the road. Dust and rocks are minor inconveniences; harsh weather like storms can be a real menace with strong winds, hail storms and slippery roads.
It is very important to plan ahead for these trips, not only if you’re transporting a race car into the Indi 500, but in general. Many things can be planned for in advance but not avoided completely; therefore it is important to have a plan in order to transport the car safely. Make sure you speak with your booking agent about all the possibilities to transport your car, if you are on a tight budget, you must work with what you have, however if the possibility to spend a little more is available, don’t hesitate to do so, the extra bucks are worth it. After all, it is your car you are protecting.
Read also How to ship a car and Golden Rules to avoid Car Transport Scam!
Need more details about Car Transport in Indiana? call us at (800) 516-3440 to speak with one of our representatives!
If you are ready to ship your car, you can a FREE Online Quote
©All Rights Reserved – AA Car Transport, LLC – (800) 516-3440 – firstname.lastname@example.org
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I have more information, but the most important thing to keep in mind is that cold air sinks!
Put ice on the top of your food! You can put it anywhere else you want, but you must have someon the top.
Here are some handy picnic tips from Virginia Run's newsletter that concisely reviews what you've learned about food safety and CLEAN, SEPARATE, COOK, & CHILL:
ENERGY ZONE KIDS
Picnic Food Safety Preparing, serving, and eating safe food is important whether we are at home, or on a picnic.
We must constantly practice safe food handling to avoid illness.
- Keep cold foods cold (below 41°F)
- Chill all meats, egg products, starchy salads, and custards to below 41° F before packing for the picnic.
- Put cold food into a well insulated, lidded cooler with ice around it.
- Put the cooler in the passenger area of your car rather than in the hot trunk.
- Keep your cooler in the shade and avoid opening and shutting the lid too often.
- Don’t spread the bacteria, which may infect the food and ultimately you.
- Wash your hands before working with food.
- Wash your hands again after working with raw meat or poultry.
- Put the cooked meat onto a clean place for service.
- Cook meat thoroughly to an internal temperature of 165° F and serve immediately.
- Put leftovers in the refrigerator immediately when you get home if you have not been gone more than 4 hours.
- Providing you have practiced all the above safety tips, your food should be safe to keep and eat the next day.
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I was quickly assigned to travel around Sweden in order to see why fathers weren’t visiting the Child Health Centers (Barnavårdscentral [BVC] in Swedish) as often as mothers. I went to 6 different counties; heading into cities like Stockholm, Gothenburg and Uppsala to rural areas like Tanumshede and in between places like Mora and Leksand.
I set off to find out what some of the barriers and obstacles might be by interviewing nurse from the Child Health Centers on how they involve fathers, as well as assessed the waiting room environment.
Assessing the waiting room was quite novel and unique. We used a process called semiotics, which helps people to understand a picture at both its manifest and latent level. The manifest level tells exactly what’s seen in a picture, while the latent analysis tells what is meant by that picture.
So for example, when looking at gender differences: At the manifest level, these pictures on the bulletin board shows a woman running (physical activity), while a man is smoking (tobacco habits). The other two pictures are not of people, and therefore are excluded from this analysis. Latent: These pictures convey a positive health message about women and a negative health message about men.
Before this analysis, semiotics was just used to describe one picture. What we’ve since done was to say that an entire environment can be assessed using this technique. So we (Jonas Engman, Anna Sarkadi, and myself) analyzed each picture of men, women, and children (differentiating men from fathers and women from mothers if there were or were not children in that picture) and then tallied them up to see how many messages on the manifest level were there related to men/fathers, women/mothers, and children and then how many of those were positive or negative.
If the room was mostly equal between these three groups, then it was termed Family Oriented, meaning that all members of the family were welcome. However, if one of the family members was missing, then different terms were used such as, mother-child oriented, woman oriented, and child oriented. A fifth group was termed neutral, as there were no pictures of people on the wall within the waiting room.
My first book chapter was published with co-author Jonas Engman in the Swedish-written book Föräldrastöd i Sverige idag – Vad, När, och Hur? (Parental Support in Sweden today – What, When and How?
The book chapter is linked in here: BVC Book Chapter
The English article is published in the journal Semiotica.
If you analyzed this picture, what would be the manifest and latent analysis (viewing only the picture, not the words):
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Common name: Gravel ghost
Latin name: Atrichoseris platyphylla
Height: 1-2.5 feet tall.
Description: Heads of white to purple-tinged flowers 1-inch across appear to hover in the air because the stems that support them are tall and thin. Flowers are fragrant and readily withering.
Leaf: Brown spotted, flat and widely oval in shape, leaves grow in a rosette hugging the ground.
Habitat: Desert valleys and washes
Elevation: < 1400 m.
Flowering time: Mostly Mar–May
Notes: Annual herb that is native to California to Utah, Arizona. If seen from a distance, the flowers seem to be ghostly and floating, hence the common name gravel ghost.
Photos tips Most digital point-and-shoot cameras have a macro function - usually symbolized by the icon of a little flower. When you turn on that function, you allow your camera to get closer to the subject, looking into a flower for example. Or getting up close and personal with a bug. More on desert photography.
Mojave Desert wildflowers This book is the standard by which all other wildflower books are measured. The author, Jon Mark Stewart, has combined super photography with concise information. This book has an entire color page to each wildflower covered, with a discussion of the wildflower. 210 pages with 200 color photos. More...
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DesertUSA is a comprehensive resource about the North American deserts and Southwest destinations. Learn about desert biomes while you discover how desert plants and animals learn to adapt to the harsh desert environment. Find travel information about national parks, state parks, BLM land, and Southwest cities and towns located in or near the desert regions of the United States. Access maps and information about the Sonoran Desert, Mojave Desert, Great Basin Desert, and Chihuahuan Desert.
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So many people look for ways to boost their mental health, often wanting a quick fix or some positive affirmations to help them get through the day, but much of what is taken in are words written by somebody else. Granted these do often have the desired effect, hitting the mark and making them see situations in new ways – but what about if they wrote something for themselves?
Having the chance to write your thoughts and feelings down is a form of self-expression and can be a positive way to help you find clarity and make sense of some of what’s clouding your mind. It’s an exercise that is recommended by many therapists for this reason and to also help express gratitude, release anxiety, and set future goals.
Giving yourself time to write, in very non-scientific terms, means that whilst the analytical side of your brain is engrossed in the act of getting the words down, the creative side of your brain is more able to freely express itself, often allowing you to articulate how you feel in a way that can actually benefit you.
Studies have shown that regular journaling has been found to be a mood booster, improve your working memory, increase your sense of well-being, and can also minimise anxiety before an important event. Writing therapy is a widely studied area of mental health, and a tried and tested method of helping those who suffer from a variety of issues such as depression and anxiety, stress, and PTSD.
“Through documenting and managing symptoms of mental health problems and (safely) confronting feelings that may get buried as they are too difficult to deal with, writing as therapy has been shown to have many benefits,” explains Sarah Hilton, a health writer at Assignment Help and Revieweal. A reduction in the number of intrusive thoughts in depressives, a release for pent-up emotions, to calm the mind and even strengthen the immune system are all some of the positives to this activity.
How do you make sure your journaling is going to be of benefit? Simply dumping thoughts on paper can have a short-term boost, but for longer-term results, a more constructive approach is required. There are many things to consider from the environment you are in, to the time you allow yourself for this, to what you write about. Consider these tips for when you are ready to get started with journaling:
- Choose a space where you aren’t going to be disturbed – even when no one else knows what you are writing about it can feel like you are opening yourself up to the world. Make sure you feel comfortable.
- Keep your journal private. There may well be things in it that even you have only just had the courage to write about – don’t feel like you have to share it with anyone else.
- Try and write at least once a day. Studies show that people who wrote for 15-20 minutes per day (and were able to express a range of their emotions) had better physical and mental health.
- Don’t put pressure on yourself to write about something specific unless it feels right. “Maybe you had a negative encounter with a work colleague that you want to get off your chest – fine, but sometimes writing about traumatic experiences will be easier to manage if you let the words come only when you are ready,” says Tim Larson, a writer at Simple Grad and Essay Services.
- Take a moment to breathe before you begin – and after you write. This will help you reflect on your thoughts and may help you find some structure to the rest of your session.
- If you are struggling use key statements such as “I feel”, “I think” or “I want” to help clarify where you are going.
- When you feel that you have finished for the session try and sum up any new emotions that have come to the fore. Try helpful sentence starters such as “After writing this I notice” or “I am now aware” just to help you get more out of your writing.
The process of journaling may bring up distressing emotions, so do make sure you have support in case this happens and seek professional help if you are struggling – but the positive benefits it can bring in giving you time to focus, reflect, understand and manage your mental health are worth it.
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“Even class struggle is present in concepts such as Feedback”, wrote the Chilean artist Juan Downey in 1977. “Cybernetics is a call for social change.” The exhibition Juan Downey: With Energy Beyond These Walls joins videos, texts, and prints of drawings by Downey with a wide selection of texts and images by art historians, biologists, politicians, and media scholars. Establishing a network of connections, the exhibition puts to the test Downey’s notion of an “invisible architecture”, an all-encompassing cybernetic web of relations that he anticipated to transgress all of society, including material boundaries.
In 1970, Downey, who had relocated from Chile to the US five years earlier, bought his first video camera. Between 1973 and 1977, prompted by the coup d’état in his home country, Downey embarked on various journeys through the American continent to make video work. In 1976, he lived for eight months among the Yanomami indigenous people in the Venezuelan Amazon. During this time, he shot footage for The Thinking Eye (1976-77), a four-part video series projecting an anthropological gaze on Western culture.
The Looking Glass (1982) forms part of this series, pointing to the persistence of feedback, the observer, flexibility, and adaptability in the sense of anthropologist and cyberneticist Gregory Bateson’s definition of ecology: “Ecology, in the widest sense, turns out to be the study of the interaction and survival of ideas and programs (i.e., differences, complexes of differences, etc.) in circuits.” Downey’s use of video as a medium that enables instant feedback and reflexivity permitted him to project his own position—that of the artist, ethnographer, and individual in search for his own roots—back into the work.
At the time, technology was expected to be at the service of radical socio-political change, even of an “Information Revolution,” as Downey put it in his text “Architecture, Video, Telepathy. A Communications Utopia” from 1977. As if foreseeing today’s Internet, Downey’s “invisible architecture” envisioned “an attitude of total communication with-in which ultra-developed minds will be telepathically cellular to an electromagnetic whole.”
In Juan Downey: With Energy Beyond These Walls, works by Downey are combined with texts by critics, biologists, scholars, and politicians such as Jack Burnham, Humberto R. Maturana, Francisco J. Varela, Salvador Allende, Caroline A. Jones, and Eden Medina. Ongoing interventions by artists currently enrolled at the Royal Institute of Art will take place during the exhibition period (until February 20). Placing these different trajectories next to one another, the exhibition does not propose causal connections between them, but suggests each as a part in a cybernetic—or ecological—web of relations in which each element deserves deeper study. The exhibition does suggest, however, a family resemblance in the underlying structures—or invisible architecture—shaping the sentiments towards technology, from affirmative to disillusioned views, fifty years ago and today.
E2-E4 is the name of the most common opening move in chess, the one that sets the game in motion. E2-E4 is also the name of a program for theoretical activities, exhibitions, and publications at the Royal Institute of Art, Stockholm. “Theory” is here conceived not as academic superstructure or epistemic authority, but as orientation, as that first grasp of our own situation, and of its location in a wider system, network, or totality, which may allow us to begin, to go from the confusion of undefined possibility, to the provisional determination of practice. The program explores the use values of the exhibition as a critical information system, in the service of education, aesthetic experience, and public dissemination.
The E2-E4 program is created by guest professors Stefanie Hessler, Lars Bang Larsen, and Kim West.
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When Will Quantum Computers Be Consumer Products?
Quantum computers are rapidly developing, but when will we be able to add one to our Christmas lists? Here is a timeline for when you can expect to see quantum computers on the shelves of your local tech store.
Quantum computers are making an entrance, and it’s a dramatic one. Even in its infancy, the technology is outperforming the conventional competition and is expected to make the field of cryptography as we know it obsolete. Quantum computing has the potential to revolutionize several sectors, including the financial and medical industries.
Quantum computers can processes a greater number of calculations because they rely on quantum bits (“qubits”), which can be ones and zeroes simultaneously, unlike classical “bits” that must be either a one or a zero. The company D-Wave is releasing a version of a quantum computer this year, but it’s not a fully formed embodiment of this technology. So we asked our readers when we should expect to see quantum computers available as consumer products?
Almost 80 percent of respondents believed we will be able to buy our own quantum computer before 2050, and the decade that received the most votes — about 34 percent — was the 2030s. Respondent Solomon Duffin explained why his prediction, the 2040s, was slightly more pessimistic than those of the majority.
In the 2020s, we will have quantum computers that are significantly better than super computers today, but they most likely won’t be in mass use by governments and companies until the 2030s. Eventually toward the end of the 2030s and early 2040s they’ll shrink down to a size and cost viable for consumer use. Before that point even with the exponential growth of technology I don’t think that it would be cost efficient enough for the average consumer to replace regular computing with quantum computing.
Quantum computers are indeed currently out of the price range of the average consumer, and will likely stay that way for a few years at least. The $15 million price tag for the D-Wave 2000Q has a long way to drop before it makes it to a Black Friday sale.
What The Experts Have to Say
But the technology is rapidly advancing, and experts are optimistic that we will soon see a bonafide, functioning quantum computer in all of its glory. In fact, an international team of researchers wrote in a study published in Physical Review, “Recent improvements in the control of quantum systems make it seem feasible to finally build a quantum computer within a decade.”
Andrew Dzurak, Professor in Nanoelectronics at University of New South Wales, said in an interview with CIO that he hopes quantum computers will be able to advance scientific research, for example, by simulating what potential drugs would do in the human body. However, Dzurak said he expects it will take 20 years for quantum computers to be useful enough for that kind of application.
“I think that within ten years, there will be demonstrations of modelling of certain chemicals and drugs that couldn’t be done today but I don’t think there will be a convenient, routine [system] that [people] can use,” Dzurak said in the interview. “To move to that stage will take another decade further beyond that.”
Dzurak also expressed his doubts that quantum computers will be very useful to the average consumer since they can get most of what they want using conventional computers. But D-Wave international president Bo Ewald thinks that’s just because we haven’t imagined what we could do with the technology yet. This is why D-Wave has released a new software tool to help developers make programs for the company’s computers.
“D-Wave is driving the hardware forward,” Ewald said in an interview with Wired. “But we need more smart people thinking about applications, and another set thinking about software tools.”
See all of the Futurism predictions and make your own predictions here.
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Political Forces and Interest Groups
Bolivian political parties do not perform the classic functions of aggregating and articulating the interests of social classes, regions, or individuals. Historically, political parties have been divorced from pressure groups such as labor, the private sector, and regional civic committees. Instead, parties have been vehicles through which politicians can lay a claim to state patronage. As in other Latin American nations, the dependent nature of the middle class, which does not own hard sources of wealth and therefore relies on the state for employment, accounts partially for this role.
Since the 1950s, the MNR has been the major party in Bolivia. Because the MNR was the party of the 1952 Revolution, every major contemporary party in Bolivia is rooted in one way or another in the original MNR. The rhetoric of revolutionary nationalism introduced by the MNR has dominated all political discourse since the 1950s. Owing to the fact that the MNR was a coalition of political forces with different agendas and aspirations, however, the subsequent splits in the party determined the course of Bolivian politics.
The major splits in the MNR occurred among Guevara Arze, Paz Estenssoro, Siles Zuazo, and Lechín, the principal founders of the party. Each led a faction of the party that sought to control the direction and outcome of the revolution. As MNR leaders tried to subvert each other, factional strife culminated in the overthrow of the MNR and the exile of the four titans of the revolution.
Although years of military rule did not erode the MNR's appeal, factional disputes within the party resulted in a proliferation of parties that surfaced in the late 1970s when the military opted for elections. Indeed, political party lines were very fluid; party boundaries were not the product of ideological distinctions and shifted at any moment.
In the late 1970s, Paz Estenssoro, Lechín, Siles Zuazo, and Guevara Arze reemerged as the principal political actors. Siles Zuazo's MNRI joined forces with the PCB and the MIR to finally gain control of the presidency in 1982. Paz Estenssoro orchestrated a congressional vote that catapulted him to power in 1985. Until 1986 Lechín remained at the helm of the COB. Guevara Arze served as interim president in 1979 and was the MNR's vice presidential candidate in 1989.
Founded in 1979 by Banzer, the ADN was the most important political party to have emerged in the 1980s. The ADN was significant in that it grouped the supporters of Banzer into a relatively modern party structure. Simultaneously, however, the ADN was a classic caudillo-based party, with Banzer sitting at the top as the undisputed leader.
The ADN's ideology of democratic nationalism was not significantly contrary to the revolutionary nationalism of the MNR; in fact, several of the principal ADN leaders were dissidents of the MNR. In large part, however, democratic nationalism was rooted in a nostalgia for the stability experienced under Banzer's dictatorship in the 1970s.
Since the 1979 elections, the ADN's share of the electorate has grown considerably. Especially in the urban areas, the party has attracted the upper sectors of the middle class. Its call for order, peace, and progress following the turmoil of the Siles Zuaro years resulted in its outpolling other parties in the 1985 election. Banzer claimed to have the backing of 500,000 Bolivians, a figure that would make the ADN the largest party in Bolivia.
The other significant political party to emerge after 1970 was the MIR. Founded in 1971 by a group of young Christian Democrats educated at Louvain College in Belgium, the MIR was linked to the student movement that swept across the world in the latter part of the 1960s. Initially, the MIR expressed solidarity with urban guerrilla groups such as the National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional--ELN) and had close ties to its namesake, Chile's more radical Movement of the Revolutionary Left (Movimiento de la Izquierda Revolucionaria--MIR).
The Bolivian MIR achieved political maturity during Siles Zuazo's government. As a part of the cabinet, it was responsible in large measure for enacting important economic decrees. Paz Zamora, the MIR's chief, served as the UDP's vice president. Like other Bolivian political groups, however, the MIR went from a party of idealistic youth to an organization that was captured by a cadre of job-hungry politicians.
By 1985 the MIR had split into at least three broad factions that represented the ideological tensions within the original party. Paz Zamora's faction was the most successful, mainly because it retained the party's name while avoiding responsibility for the UDP period. By the late 1980s, Paz Zamora's MIR had become the third largest political party in Bolivia; indeed, some observers believed that after the May 1989 elections it would eclipse the MNR. The new MIR portrayed itself as a Social Democratic party that could work within the parameters of the NPE implemented in 1985.
The MBL, which reflected one of the more orthodox Marxist strains within Bolivia's original MIR, remained an important MIR faction in the late 1980s. For the 1989 elections, the MBL managed to put together the IU. The IU included the remnants of a deeply divided Bolivian left, including the PCB, which was still feeling the effects of its role in the infamous UDP coalition.
|Country Studies main page | Bolivia Country Studies main page|
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| 0.965371 | 1,185 | 3.015625 | 3 |
In the late 1980's there was a massive die-off of coastal dolphins from New Jersey to Florida called a UME (Unusual Mortality Event). No one at that time had any data of the coastal dolphins in our area.
The Dolphin Project was founded in 1988 and incorporated in 1989 by Atlanta Journal Constitution journalist Beau Cutts to conduct Photo-ID dolphin research on the estuarine waters of Georgia and lower South Carolina. Renown scientists such as Charlie Potter of the Smithsonian Institution and Dr. Randall Wells of the Chicago Zoological Society and Mote Marine Labs were on the team that established the scientific protocols, training classes and survey zones. The Dolphin Project was formed and staffed by volunteers.
"The Dolphin Project serves as the eyes, ears and hands of the professionals..." stated Charlie Potter. He and other scientists were delighted to have trained volunteers perform the research. "They are citizen-naturalists who play an important role for pure science and wildlife management. These citizen-naturalists are helping to educate our next generation of scientists", Potter stated. "Agencies responsible for wildlife protection don't have funding to obtain the research information they need so these volunteers are crutial to completing critical data."
The start of The Dolphin Project is documented in an article by The Christian Science Monitor "Citizens Do Their Dolphin Duty - Volunteers help scientists count and catalog bottlenose dolphins off Georgia's Atlantic coast. " The full article can be read at : Citizens Do Their Dolphin Duty
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https://thedolphinproject.wildapricot.org/history
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| 0.944233 | 297 | 3.15625 | 3 |
distnoted -- distributed…
cksum – checksum and count the bytes in a file
cksum [–help] [–version] [file…]
This manual page documents the GNU version of cksum.
cksum computes a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) for each
named file, or the standard input if none are given or
when a file named `-‘ is given. It prints the CRC for
each file along with the number of bytes in the file, and
the file name unless no arguments were given.
cksum is typically used to make sure that files have been
transferred by unreliable means (such as netnews) have not
been corrupted, by comparing the cksum output for the
received files with the cksum output for the original
files. The CRC algorithm is specified by the POSIX.2
standard. It is not compatible with the BSD or System V
sum programs; it is more robust.
–help Print a usage message and exit with a status code
Print version information on standard output then
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https://www.rbcafe.biz/cksum/
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| 0.839 | 226 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Surface temperature reconstructions of the past 1500 years suggest that recent warming is unprecedented in that time. Here we provide a broader perspective by reconstructing regional and global temperature anomalies for the past 11,300 years from 73 globally distributed records. Early Holocene (10,000 to 5000 years ago) warmth is followed by ~0.7°C cooling through the middle to late Holocene (<5000 years ago), culminating in the coolest temperatures of the Holocene during the Little Ice Age, about 200 years ago. This cooling is largely associated with ~2°C change in the North Atlantic. Current global temperatures of the past decade have not yet exceeded peak interglacial values but are warmer than during ~75% of the Holocene temperature history. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change model projections for 2100 exceed the full distribution of Holocene temperature under all plausible greenhouse gas emission scenarios.
ReferencesShaun A. Marcott, Jeremy D. Shakun, Peter U. Clark, & Alan C. Mix, A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years, Science 8 March 2013: 1198-1201.[DOI:10.1126/science.1228026]
National Science Foundation Article,
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http://paceeenvironmentalnotes.blogspot.com/2013/03/in-news-long-term-global-climate-change.html
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| 0.82929 | 247 | 3.328125 | 3 |
St. Luke Orthodox Saint History and Name Day Information
Comments Off on St. Luke Orthodox Saint History and Name Day Information
Saint Luke, also referred to as one of the four Apostles, is one of the name days that is celebrated in the Greek Orthodox Church. It is true that in some Orthodox Christian countries, such as Greece, more importance is placed on a person’s name day than their actual birthday. It is considered to be a great honor to be named after one of the saints. Luke was one of the original people to spread the Gospel of Christ, and the Book of Luke in the New Testament talks about this. His name day is celebrated on October 18th each year. Here’s more information about him:
Early Life of Saint Luke
Saint Luke is one of those apostles that was actually born in Greece. He was from Antioch, which at the time was part of Ancient Syria. However, Antioch is considered to be “Hellenistic” and had a decidedly Greek influence. He is known for being well-educated, which means that he studied topics such as art, Ancient Greek philosophy, and even medicine. Later on, he pursued medicine even further and practiced as a physician. It is thought that Luke was considered to be a Hellenistic Jew, but this is under debate.
Luke Follows Christ
At some point in his life, Luke ended up traveling to Jerusalem. It is here that Luke encountered Christ and his teachings and eventually came to believe in him. This changed the course of his life and he began to preach about Christ to others. The Book of Luke is associated with him, and it tells the story of Christ’s life, works, and ministry, including his birth, death, and resurrection. The Acts of the Apostles is also associated with Luke and chronicles the works of those who traveled to spread news that Jesus Christ was the Messiah written about in the Old Testament.
Later Years of Saint Luke
Luke truly did leave his legacy on Christianity today. First of all, he is credited as being the first Orthodox icon painter. It is thought that he painted the earliest images of Mary with her child, Jesus. He also is credited with other images from Christianity and the life of Jesus Christ. He is also known as being an historian, and his writings reflect how dedicated he was to making sure that when he told the story of Christ that it was historically accurate. As a result of this diligence, historians and religious scholars alike have a greater picture of how the stories of the New Testament relate to history. Ultimately, Saint Luke was martyred after Emperor Nero ordered his beheading.
Saint Luke’s name day is celebrated on October 18th of each year. Visit the Name Day page for more information about other Orthodox Christian name days.
This post was written by Greek Boston
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https://www.greekboston.com/religion/st-luke/
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| 0.987976 | 580 | 3.3125 | 3 |
If you are experiencing problems downloading PDF or HTML fulltext, our helpdesk recommend clearing your browser cache and trying again. If you need help in clearing your cache, please click here . Still need help? Email firstname.lastname@example.org
Equatorial warm water formation is one important factor in the mass balance of Tropical Surface Water (TSW) in the Atlantic Ocean; another is drainage by the North Brazilian Coastal Current (NBCC). Both are affected by the depth of the TSW layer at the western boundary: deepening of this layer increases the transport of the NBCC and reduces warm water mass formation by shortening the eastern upwelling zone. Strengthening westward wind-stress steepens the thermocline in the western sector of the equatorial band, enhances upwelling in the eastern sector, affecting mass balance on both counts. Recirculation of TSW via a loop containing the North Equatorial Counter Current (NECC), and inflow from the south at the eastern boundary are also important elements of this mass balance: they depend on the wind-stress field over a wider region. The various elements of this mass balance are parameterized in terms of western boundary layer depth and wind-stress in the western sector. The resulting first order equation describes the response of the system to the annual cycle of wind-stress. With quantitative inputs typical of the equatorial Atlantic, output variables are simulated realistically: upwelling varies from 3 to 18 × 106 m3/s, NBCC transport from 13 to 26 × 106 m3/s, both in accord with observation, as is simulated storage, and TSW depth. An interesting finding is that the east-west length of the upwelling region varies relatively little while everything except storage varies in phase with the wind-stress (the storage lags by 2 months). The lesser variation of upwelling sector length comes about because the steepening of the thermocline in response to increasing wind-stress is accompanied by deepening in the western end, necessary to allow the escape of excess fluid. The results show the interplay of wind-stress, upwelling and western boundary current transport in the control of the oceanic heat gain in the equatorial band.
The Journal of Marine Research publishes peer-reviewed research articles covering a broad array of topics in physical, biological and chemical oceanography. Articles that deal with processes, as well as those that report significant observations, are welcome. In the area of biology, studies involving coupling between ecological and physical processes are preferred over those that report systematics. Authors benefit from thorough reviews of their manuscripts, where an attempt is made to maximize clarity. The time between submission and publication is kept to a minimum; there is no page charge.
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| 0.926839 | 557 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Elephants are the largest land animal on earth and are fond of big fun. They can live up to 70 years of age and during this lifespan, they develop quite close and deep bonds with their families. With such close social ties and a lifespan so long, they get a lot of time for closeness and fun.
Having fun, mud baths are the must-haves and an all-time favorite of the elephant community.
Mud baths are an all-time favorite of elephants. In the hot temperatures of Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka, the mud baths provide relief and cooling sensation to the herd. Apart from the cooling sensation during hot summers, elephants also frisk and play with their children and friends in mud baths. Even when kept in captivity, they enjoy and roll around to romp in the mud.
Not only mud baths, but elephants are pretty good swimmers as well. While they are in water, you can’t decide whether they are playing or taking a bath. Why so? Because there’s a lot of dunking and splashing during bath time. Having a fine romp in water alongside their pals is one of the most favorite activities of elephants since they like to cool off in water bodies.
Elephants in water enjoy cooling down by wrestling with the herd members and their friends. Their giant ears also help in cooling down their bodies in extremely hot temperatures. The flapping action of their ears works as a built-in mechanism of cooling.
Asiatic elephants are among the three elephant species which are known to be the largest land mammals. They form herds with complicated hierarchies and social networks. Due to these social networks and their core intelligence and empathy, elephants develop close bonds with their herd. They engage in verbal as well as non-verbal communication to support and show affection to each other.
The ends of elephant trunks are the most sensitive part of their body, so they use them much like we use our fingers. Having more than 100,000 different sensitive muscles, their trunks play a vital role in communication with each other. They caress and stroke the heads and backs of each other to show affection and console their loved ones. The calves put the tips of their trunks in the mouth of their mothers as an act of interaction with the matron of the herd. As these gentle giants engage in courtship behavior, they entwine their trunks together and bind with a friendly trunk wrestling.
Elephants tend to produce different sounds to express their affection, friendliness, and love. For example, the mothers rumble in a soft and soothing manner while they caress their calves, a low noise like a cat’s purr to show pleasure with each other in the herd. The most famous vocalizations of elephants are perhaps their loud trumpets which they produce as a sign of alarm, excitement, happiness, or joy during situations such as the birth of a new calf.
Elephants use visual cues and physical touch to express their emotions. Whether they are gathered around a water hose or grazing, the herd members remain in constant contact by rubbing their bodies together and flapping their ears to show compassion and care for each other. Even when a family member dies, they console each other by pressing together and grieving for the loss. They touch the dead ones with their feet and trunk. However, the playful and friendly gestures of elephants include flapping of ears, flicking the tails, and many others that show their companionship and intimacy with their family members.
The mothers and their calves share the strongest bonds in the herd. Mothers tend to touch their calves consistently; whether moving their trunks over the calves’ heads or taking their tails to guide them. Any time a calf falls down or gets stuck, the mothers as well as other members of the herd provide quick assistance to help it. This means that the empathetic impulses and protective behaviors not only exist between the mothers and calves but also among the other members of the herd. Another example is, when a single member of the herd is injured or unable to walk, the rest of the members in the herd may walk slowly in solidarity so that the injured one is not left behind.
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https://wildelephantvideo.com/elephants-and-the-refreshing-bath-in-a-tank-the-park-is-full-of-free-roaming-elephants/
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| 0.967969 | 858 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Traditional Painting Techniques: A Demonstration by Jane Pack
21, December 2009 § Leave a comment
Near the close of the semester I took the opportunity to demonstrate two traditional techniques to the students of the painting class. Oil paints are just one in a long line of materials that artists have used to create paintings. Tempera paint which uses egg yolk as a binder rather than linseed oil has been around since at least the time of the ancient Greeks. Pigments from earth sources as well as organic material are used for the colouring matter and the yolk binds them and adheres them to a surface. The other technique we looked into is using marble dust to extend oil paints and to make them more transparent.
Tempera colors were used extensively before the mid 1400’s when linseed oil began to supplant the use of egg as a binder. Most of the early Renaissance work we know is in this medium including the large pieces of Botticelli, “Birth of Venus” and the “Primavera” now in the Uffizzi. Tempera has the advantage of reading very well in the high end of the tonal range and having fast drying times. It works up almost more like a pencil rendering with a linear approach and little surface build up. It can be pushed to transparent, opaque or opalescent with ease.
Introducing marble dust into oil paint extends the paint and lightens it without turning it cool and chalky as white would do. It makes the paint more transparent and more pasty, reducing drying time and creating impasto effects. It is almost like adding light without unduly changing the tone or temperature of the color. If you add some drops of Liquin to moisten the mixture the resulting putty can dry overnight even in thick areas. Painters such as Velasquez and Rembrandt are known to have added some sort of marble dust or chalk to their pigments.
These and other techniques are interesting to extend our handling options and help us to understand why art of the past has certain characteristics. Techniques may suit some temperaments and some subjects better than another.
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https://aegeancenter.wordpress.com/2009/12/21/traditional-painting-techniques-a-demonstration-by-jane-pack/
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| 0.959752 | 437 | 3.6875 | 4 |
In early 1990, Nike began thinking about ways to lessen its impact on the environment and reduce the amount of shoes headed for landfills. Nike’s Reuse-A-Shoe program was born. The program collects old, worn-out athletic shoes for recycling and transforms them into Nike Grind, a material used in creating athletic and playground surfaces as well as select Nike products. The program has collected 28 million shoes for recycling since 1990. And, in 2008, Nike placed Reuse-A-Shoe bins in all of its U.S. retail stores — more than 150 locations. If you have a pair of athletic shoes that have reached the end of their useful life, consider dropping them off at one of Nike’s Reuse-A-Shoe drop-off locations. Visit the program’s drop-off location page to find one near you. Nike continues to add new sites, so check back often for new shoe recycling locations. In the U.S., collected shoes head to Memphis, TN. At the recycling facility, these shoes are combined with Nike’s manufacturing waste to become Nike Grind material. The Memphis center cuts each shoe into three slices: rubber outsole, foam midsole and fiber upper. Each slice is fed through grinders and purified. In the end, three high-quality materials are ready to be reused:
- Nike Grind Rubber, made from the shoe’s outsole, is used in track surfaces, interlocking gym flooring tiles, playground surfacing and even new Nike products, such as the outsoles of the Nike Pegasus or the Jordan XX3. It is also used in trim items like buttons and zipper pulls.
- Nike Grind Foam, made from the shoe’s midsole, is used as a cushion for outdoor basketball and tennis courts, as well as futsal fields.
- Nike Grind Fiber, made from the shoe’s fabric upper, is used in the creation of cushioning pads for facilities like indoor synthetic courts and wood courts.
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https://recyclenation.com/2012/08/nike-reuse-shoe-program/
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| 0.950089 | 416 | 2.875 | 3 |
I need help writing a recursive minimum function. For the minimum function, lets say you have an array like 5,12,15,20. You would split it in half, so on one side you get 5 and 12 and the other 15 and 20. Therefore you compare 5 and 12 and 5 wins, then you compare 15 and 20 and 15 wins. Then you compare 5 and 15 and 5 wins, making that the minimum.
My brother sent me something but it looks way to complicated. Can someone make the same function but with less lines? Thanks for any help!!!
The general approach might be: The minimum over all N elements is the minimum of the first element and the minimum of the N-1 remaining elements. That reduces the problem to finding the minimum of an actual number and the result of a recursive call.
But nobody here will just give you some code - this is an assignment that you should be doing. How are you going to learn if you hand in someone else's solution? [ May 07, 2007: Message edited by: Ulf Dittmer ]
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http://www.coderanch.com/t/382618/java/java/Minimum-Function
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| 0.923064 | 219 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Volvox Video No. 2
Volvox is a colonial organism made up of 500 to 60,000 bi-flagellated cells embedded in a gelatinous wall. It has something of a dual identity amongst biologists, placed by zoologists into the order Volvocida and classified by botanists as a green algae, Chlorophyta. Twenty species of Volvox occur worldwide.
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© 1995-2022 by Michael W. Davidson and The Florida State University. All Rights Reserved. No images, graphics, software, scripts, or applets may be reproduced or used in any manner without permission from the copyright holders. Use of this website means you agree to all of the Legal Terms and Conditions set forth by the owners.
This website is maintained by our
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https://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/moviegallery/pondscum/protozoa/volvox/t1/volvox01.html
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| 0.914702 | 168 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Identifying the evolutionary and geographical underpinnings of global avian mountain biodiversity
Mountain systems are often much more species-rich than lowlands with similar area, particularly in the tropics where they have been categorized as “hotspots” of biodiversity. Explaining why highlands harbor the highest bird richness has received considerable attention, however, no general consensus has emerged. Given their consistently high species richness, tropical mountain systems should stand out in the key processes that ultimately account for spatial variation in species richness: migration and diversification rates. In turn, variation between these arises from several specific, non-exclusive processes that require consideration of both geographic and evolutionary history. Here, we integrate a time-calibrated phylogeny of all extant bird species with their respective geographical and elevational distributions and analyze largely biologically-independent mountain systems as replicates. We use a random points sampling approach according to the scale for which our data is accurate. We extracted historical (diversification rates), geographic (area) and ecological factors (e.g., Temperature, NPP) for each sampling point as well as mountain level variables such as age, heterogeneity, and area. We used generalized linear models that accounted for spatial pseudoreplication under a Bayesian framework for each mountain system. Finally, we designed a hierarchical model to identify the relative influence of historical and ecological factors in explaining standing global avian mountain richness.
Species richness for each of the 47 delimited mountain systems mostly followed a hump-shaped relationship with elevation, with the peak at lower elevations. Estimates of historical drivers of mountain biodiversity varied strongly between each of the 47 mountain systems. For instance, in the South American Andes, diversification rates increased with elevation, but decreased with species richness –suggesting that either diversification happened recently with insufficient time to accumulate species or that migration have removed the effect of diversification. Conversely, the Himalayas diversification rates are coupled with species richness, and decreases with elevation. However, the hierarchical model indicates that diversification rate is strongly and positively associated with elevational species richness. Intriguingly, the results also suggest that mountain area and age do not explain avian biodiversity. Collectively, our preliminary results suggest that idiosyncratic historical factors underpin differences between mountain ranges in bird richness while ecological factors shared between mountain ranges impose some constrains on standing diversity. This study is a significant step towards understanding the mechanisms that have shaped extant mountain biodiversity in a unifying framework.
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https://eco.confex.com/eco/2014/webprogram/Paper49533.html
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| 0.937985 | 511 | 3.125 | 3 |
The National Academies' Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC) held a workshop to explore and evaluate current efforts to model physical processes of coupled atmosphere-land-ocean (A-L-O) models. Numerical models of the atmosphere and ocean are central to weather prediction, research, and education. Although great strides have been made over the past few decades in understanding the atmosphere and ocean, modeling capabilities, and numerical A-L-O simulations, some unresolved processes in the models do not adequately represent knowledge of the underlying physics. Moreover, there is evidence that further progress in numerical simulations is being impeded by the slow pace of improvement in the representation of key physical processes in the models and the fact that geophysical flow models are not receiving the attention needed to make these tools more useful and accurate. These models often are used to predict future events, so it is imperative that their underlying physical processes be represented as robustly as possible. During the workshop, the parameterization of physical processes in A-L-O models was addressed, including associated errors, testing, and efforts to improve the use of parameterizations. Participants also examined intellectual and scientific challenges in modeling and highlighted the idea that some of the key impediments to progress in representing physical processes are primarily cultural in nature.
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http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11266
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| 0.948945 | 260 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Pope Innocent VI (1282 or 1295 – September 12, 1362), born Étienne Aubert, Pope at Avignon from 1352 to 1362, the successor of Pope Clement VI (1342–52), was a native of the hamlet of Les Monts, diocese of Limoges (today part of the commune of Beyssac, département of Corrèze), and, after having taught civil law at Toulouse, became successively bishop of Noyon and bishop of Clermont.
In 1342, he was raised to the position of cardinal. On the death of Clement VI, after the cardinals had each bound themselves to a particular line of policy should he be elected, Aubert was chosen (December 18, 1352), taking the name of Innocent VI; one of the first acts of his pontificate was to declare the pact to have been illegal and null.
His subsequent policy compares favourably with that of the other Avignon Popes. He brought about many needed reforms in the administration of church affairs, and by his legate, Cardinal Albornoz, who was accompanied by Rienzi, he sought to restore order in Rome, where, in 1355, Charles IV (1346–78) was with his permission crowned, after previously having come under an oath that he would quit the city on the day of the ceremony.
It was largely through the exertions of Innocent VI that the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) between France and England was brought about. During his pontificate, John V Palaeologus (1341–47, 1354–76, 1379–90, 1390–91) offered to submit the Greek church to the Roman See on condition of assistance being rendered against John VI Cantacuzenus (1347–54). The resources at the disposal of the Pope, however, were all required for exigencies nearer home, and the offer was declined.
He survived the black death by sitting in between two fires on his own so his air was not impure.
Most of the wealth accumulated by John XXII and Benedict XII had been lost during the extravagant pontificate of Clement VI. Innocent VI economised by cutting the chapel staff or the "capellani capelle" from twelve to eight. Works of art were sold rather th...
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Dogs are known for their loyalty, companionship and most importantly their ability to display unconditional love. When it comes to working, dogs are known for their ability to guide the blind, assist the handicap and assume various positions within the United States partnering with fire fighters, police and armed forces.
On September 11th, 2001 when the twin towers were bombed, search and rescue canines were bought in to help recover bodies and missing persons. Donations were accepted to help feed and care for the 9/11 K-9 task force. Canine quickly became abbreviated into its phonetic pronunciation of K 9 to identify the working dogs among us.
Rin-Tin-Tin: K-9 Cop a television show from 1988-1993 featured the bond between officer Hank Katts and his German Shepherd, Rudy aka Rinty as they fought crime and evil. Really what Officer Katts and Rudy did on television is no different than what is going on overseas today.
According to USA Today there are around 650 canines in Afghanistan, assisting U.S Troops by sniffing out explosive traps. When looking at the troops serving overseas, their partners include German Shepherds, Labrador retrievers and Malinois and although this war in the Middle East may have new challenges however canine or K-9 force is no stranger to the battlefront.
During the Greek and Roman days, dogs were equipped with spiked collars and sent over at the enemy in attack mode. Than during the Middle Ages responsibilities for the canine force began to shift towards a defensive strategy as dogs were fitted in armor and used to protect caravans in their travels. Used as sentries by the American Indians, the Balkans and Italians, canines were utilized for their highly evolved sensory system canines, and natural instinct to operate within a pack.
The American Military did not utilize the idea of a working dog within their troop system until World War II when we realized the United States was becoming involved with global conflicts. Dogs were utilized first for sentry duty and casualty work during World War II, however the canine force has become an acknowledged member of the United States Military forces.
USA Today featured an article on its cover this past Friday, June 24, 2011 Guidelines tell how to treat war’s four-legged warriors, detailing how physicians are now being trained on identifying not only ailments in military personnel but their canine companions as well. Although there are two veterinary hospitals and seven teams made up of veterinarians stationed in Afghanistan, dogs are commonly bought to field hospitals with human casualties, wounded from either gunshots or roadside bombs.
While physicians at the field hospitals are equipped to identify and treat human beings, they are now being issued additional guidelines distinguishing their canine companions. Physicians are now being trained to resuscitate and stabilize the military service dogs while they await transportation to veterinary care.
USA Today noted differences between humans and canines according to the Army Institute of Surgical Research. Key differences include knowing that a canine’s normal heart rate is 20 beats-per-minute faster, and their body temperature is 2-3 degrees higher than humans.
During the month of April doctors received guidelines displaying how to apply pulse rate monitors onto a dog’s ear or tongue and placement of electrodes for electrocardiograms work best on the pads of a canine’s feet, away from fur that can interfere.
Ironically dogs can go through Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, aka PTSD, one of the more prominent medical conditions affecting military personnel serving overseas. The Washington Post released a story on the healing power contained within the bond between a dog and owner, more specifically one with PTSD.
The story centered on an Air Force Veteran David Sharpe and his 6-month old Pitbull Cheyenne. Sharpe admitted to hitting rock bottom and placing the barrel to a .45 into his mouth, desperate to escape the visions and demons that frequently haunt the lives of those who served within war-zones.
“Most of the vets I’ve spoken to don’t want dogs to do tricks. We just want companionship,” he says. “Eighteen vets commit suicide every day in this country, and one animal is put to sleep every eight seconds. They can help save each other.” Sharpe told the Washington Post regarding his vision in linking pound dogs and suffering soldiers.
“I couldn’t talk to anybody — not my father, not the counselors — but I could talk to that dog, and she never judged me,” Sharpe says. “We don’t want to hear, ‘Wow, that must have been horrible.’ We just want to talk.”
Cheyenne couldn’t ask Sharpe why he was doing it, however she could listen if he wanted her too. All Cheyenne knew as she stared at Sharpe was that if he pulled that trigger no one would be around to take care of her, and pits are not exactly known to be favorites among rescue shelters.
Pit bulls and soldiers have one main thing in common and that is they are both misunderstood and alienated because of society’s lack of acceptance. Soldiers fight everyday for our freedom, they are not the ones who started this war and pits are just as innocent as any other breed, unfortunately celebrities such as Michael Vick have attributed to the bad wrap.
Personally I believe animals are sent to us as guardians and what is going to result from this story of David Sharpe and Cheyenne will be exactly that. To find out more about the program visit the Huffington Post’s article Service Dogs for Veterans. Soldiers will find comfort in the silence and unconditional love offered by their canine companions and hopefully shelter dogs can find homes in the arms of returning veterans in the years to come.
Quartermasters Museum-History of Canines in Combat http://www.qmmuseum.lee.army.mil/dogs_and_national_defense.htm#History%20of%20Military%20Use%20of%20Dogs
David Sharpe and Cheyenne: Veterans and Shelter Dogs Find Common Bond
Huffington Post Service Dogs For Veterans
Military Service Dogs
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The Dreidel and Chanukah
According to Rabbi David Golinkin, the dreidel, or sevivon, is the most strongly linked symbol, next to the Chanukah lamp, for Jews at Chanukah. Apparently the dreidel is not an indigenous custom, but one that is modeled after other cultures. In 16th century England, Ireland and in central Europe, there were games called Totem, which also had spinning tops with gambling directions. T is Take All, H is Half, P is Put Down, and N is Nothing. How very ironic that a holiday with a message to hold tenaciously to one's laws and customs has as one of its main symbols one derived through imitation!
But this does not stop our rabbis from attributing other meanings to dreidels, after the fact. Some claim that the letters nun, gimmel, hey and shin stem from the miracle of Chanukah shortly after declaring Nes gadol Haya poh, or in the diaspora, Nes gadol Haya Sham–A great miracle happened here/there. The game of dreidel, it is claimed, was begun for the purpose of concealing Torah study, which Antiochus prohibited, and that the letters equal the numeric equivalent of 358, which is also the value of the word meshiah. Chanukah begins a time of messianic redemption.
Finally, some claim the letters represent the kingdoms that Jews have “spun circles around” and vanquished. Nun, gimmel, hey and shin remind us N, Nebuchadnetzar=Babylon; H, Haman=Persia=Madai; G, Gog=Greece; and S, Seir=Rome.
But the following is the take-away that I like best. The dreidel is a representation of what we mean by the middle Chanukah candle-lighting blessing. Praise and bless God, who has given us miracles in those days and in this time. “This time” refers not to our era, but rather “human time” real time. the whole story of Chanukah is that the miracle is driven from below by the Maccabees in real time. The centripedal force of the spin is driven not by the little handle above, but rather the body below. Similarly, it was the assumption of actions below that drove the victory and the success over the Greeks. The weighty actions and decisions we make in our life, in our time, are what allows miracles to happen. “Actions below lead to stirring above,” say our sages. That is what the letters of the body of the dreidel are telling us.
May all of us enjoy Chanukah and our dreidels. And may they inspire us to weighty actions and decisions that drive our reality. And let us say, Amen.
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Which Programming Language Should You Learn First?
With all the talk about the importance and future of programming, most readers will be in agreement when I say knowing how to code is an important skill.
Whether you intend to pursue a career in software or not, being able to code is never a negative. That being said, for a lot of aspiring coders, the first step more often than not tends to be the most mysterious. So where should a beginner start his coding journey?
Since we’re addressing beginners, the first thing you need to know is that all programming languages are inherently related to one another. The reason for this, being the way these languages have been developed.
The most popular language known today is C.
C was developed as an upgrade to earlier languages to provide features that were unable at the time.
C++ if you haven’t guessed, was an upgrade to C, designed with the same intentions that C was – to gain features that were unavailable in C. So on, as newer requirements came along so did newer languages to fulfill those requirements but the one thing that connected all of them owing to the incremental increase in requirements is that most of them tried to keep their syntax similar to their predecessor.
Therefore, if you are able to master one language, switching over to another will not be as hard.
That being said, the first language that most beginners are recommended is the first true modern language – C. Most of the languages used today can be said to be directly or indirectly influenced by C.
As a result, even most educational institutions begin by teaching their students how to code with C.
C being the oldest among the popular languages of today is also a low-level language meaning it is more closely tied with hardware than the other languages on this list.
To learn programming aspects such as debugging and memory management, C cannot be more highly recommended.
List of Programming languages to learn first- for beginners
Python is one such language many programmers recommend for beginners. The factor that works in the favor of Python is its simplicity that is paired with its powerful capabilities.
The code is easy to read and enforces good programming style (like indenting), without being overly strict about syntax – such as missing a semicolon something nearly every beginner will struggle initially.
Being a web development language, it also enables a beginner to get a head start in web development which is slowly and surely gearing up to be the most demanded domain of development in the near future.
Another old and widely popular language in this list. C is the oldest of the most popular languages, Java takes the second spot.
A big reason behind Java being recommended is it being the first truly OOP language and the wide spectrum of use this language has in today’s world – from basic desktop apps to websites to Android applications and many more.
Also being a true OOP language helps immensely when it comes down to understand OOP concepts thus making it easier to pick up any other language in the future.
As a consequence of this, the attention being garnered by the language is ever increasing and it is slowly taking over as the top web development language and is expected to stay at the top for quite a few years.
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Lots of young people hear voices or see visions, but many don’t feel able to talk about it. They might worry about being made fun of, bullied, or not even know what to say.
“No one understands if you try to explain … so you just put up with it”
During the summer of 2016, nine young people who hear voices took part in a series of arts workshops in Bradford, Leeds and Durham. With the support of Rai Waddingham (a voice-hearer and facilitator) and Mary Robson (Creative Facilitator, Hearing the Voice), they came together to share experiences, challenge stigma and create artwork for this exhibition that sends a positive message to other young voice-hearers and their families.
Up to 1 in 5 young people will hear voices or have similar experiences at some point in their youth. Let’s create a society that is understanding, supportive and recognises people’s diversity.
The artists are Amina Mohammed, Enie Rebecca Hobson, Imogen Godwin, Jai/Jess Mico, Jamie Sykes, Jenna Hullah, Niamh Pitwood, S. H., and V. French.
You can view some of the artworks and listen to a podcast in which the participants reflect on their contribution to the workshops and what they gained from the experience below.
Useful information, advice and support for young people who hear voices or have other unusual experiences, their families and carers can be found on the Voice Collective website
Find out more by listening to the podcast below, featuring interviews with Mary Robson, Rachel Waddingham and some of the Listen Up! workshop participants. Produced by Andrea Rangecroft for Hearing Voices: suffering, inspiration and the everyday.
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Tuberculosis (TB) Testing
Tuberculosis is caused by a bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and while most commonly found in the lungs, TB can attack any part of the body. TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB bacteria enter the air when a person with active TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected. Not everyone infected with TB will become sick.
TB is NOT spread by:
- skin-to-skin contact (shaking hands)
- sharing food or drink
- touching items worn by someone with TB
- sharing toothbrushes
Signs & Symptoms of TB
TB bacteria typically grows in the lungs and results in symptoms such as:
- a severe cough that lasts longer than 3 weeks
- pain in the chest
- coughing up blood or sputum
- weakness or fatigue
- loss of appetite/weight loss
- fever & chills
- night sweats
Testing for TB
The most common way to test for TB is with a TB skin test. During the test a small amount of tuberculin fluid is injected under the skin on the inside of the arm. The person receiving the test returns 48-72 hours later to have the test read.
The health department offers TB testing by appointment. To schedule an appointment for a TB test, contact your local health department office. The cost for the test is $25.
Who Should Get Tested for TB?
You should have a TB test completed if you have spent time with a person who has active TB disease. You should also have a test completed if you:
- are HIV positive or have another condition that weakens the immune system
- have symptoms of active TB disease
- are from a country where active TB disease is very common
- live in a facility where active TB disease may be more common
- inject illegal drugs
- travel to a country with a high incidence of TB
For additional information regarding TB testing, please contact your local health department office or visit:
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Frazee programming to get information science supplies an environment for discussion between analysts and also the datasets they are preparing to analyze. Frazee is a more open source software employed in most areas of technological innovation and mathematics, particularly by analysts.
R is an acronym for Rapid Evaluation and Reporting. It is also referred to as ResEARCH for the purpose of data science. reword website R is an acronym for the languages R-bitools.
A center component of R is your package named information Community or ehw. This offer allows development. Users may edit the code, play it and even operate it. Data files may be stored as HTML files.
R has many packages for various functions of data analysis. These include ggplot2 for plotting graphs, the risk function for plotting dispersion, and the pdhttr package for a graphical interface for using HBase for data mining. R package called gulab provides an interface for linguistic indexing, an important process in most R research.
R is available free on the Internet. All you need is a working internet connection and a simple installation of R on your computer. rewordmyessay.com/paraphrase-tool-online/ For interactive environments like Plotly and SciKit-Learn, users must have the latest version of R. A free version of R, called Studio, is available on the internet.
R has a number of tools for data manipulation. These include createDataFrames, summaryFunction, rename, append, format and move to list.
The R programming language offers various other facilities to simplify and enhance data science process. Most useful examples are in the form of programs that make it easy to examine the results of data analysis. Another advantage of R is its use of general data management and file structure for data analysis. These include the option to load the database into a Java web application or an HTML web application. These features simplify data preparation and processing while keeping them easily available on a website.
R provides a comprehensive GUI interface which enables users to interact with its built-in GUI and tools and objects easily. http://writing2.richmond.edu/writing/wweb/clarity.html These include graph-building tools and a program to write R Markdown articles.
R is known for its ease of use and simplicity of structure. It also provides interactive environments, efficient user interfaces and other facilities which are vital for improving data quality.
Data analysis is the key to success in data science. R programming for data science makes it possible to extract insights from huge databases without any hassle. Using this program makes it possible to analyze large volumes of data easily.
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For Faculty & Staff
- Chris Brownson, Director UT Counseling and Mental Health Center
What is distressed or disruptive behavior?
- Distressed behavior
A student may not always be aware that they are experiencing distress. However, they may exhibit signs that they need help. Indicators of distress may include:
- Excessive class absences
- Declining academic performance
- Poor emotional control
- Mood swings
- Changes in sleeping or eating habits
- Excessive concern about physical or mental health
- Persistent depression or anxiety
- Suicidal or homicidal intent
- Participation in risky activities
Disruptive behavior, as defined in the Institutional Rules on Student Services and Activities, is any behavior that "impedes, interferes with, or disrupts any University teaching, research, administrative, disciplinary, public service, learning, or other authorized activity" (Chapter 11, Section 11-404(a)(3). For more information about the Institutional Rules, please click here (PDF).
Suicide warning signs
- Threatening to or talking about wanting to hurt or kill oneself
- Looking for ways to kill oneself by seeking access to firearms, medication / pills or other means
- Talking or writing about death, dying or suicide when these actions are out of the ordinary for the person
- Feeling hopeless
- Feeling rage or uncontrolled anger or seeking revenge
- Acting reckless or engaging in risky activities-seemingly without thinking
- Feeling trapped-like there's no way out
- Increasing alcohol or drug use
- Withdrawing from friends, family and society
- Feeling anxious or agitated, being unable to sleep, or sleeping all the time
- Experiencing dramatic mood changes
- Seeing no reason for living or having no sense of purpose in life
(Source: the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline, www.suicidepreventionlifeline.org)
How can I help a student in distress?
Questions to ask yourself when gauging distress
- Is this student's behavior distressing and out of the ordinary?
- Is this beyond my skill level?
- Has this behavior been increasing over time?
- Does the student appear to be at risk?
- Does the student's behavior place others at risk?
- Am I feeling as if I could use help or guidance in this situation?
Answering "yes" to any of these questions may indicate that a student is distressed and needs help.
Minimal signs of distress
An expression of concern is often the best way to offer your support and assistance. Share your concerns about their behavior then refer the student to SES and/or any other appropriate campus or community resources, Click Here.
Extreme signs of distress
- If you believe a student intends to harm themselves, others, or property, contact UTPD immediately at 911 or 512-471-4441.
- The Counseling and Mental Health Center (CMHC) has a crisis team available for walk-in appointments (Mon-Fri, 8am-5pm) to address concerns or behaviors that do not pose an immediate threat yet require a timely response. If possible, please telephone CMHC staff to inform them you are sending or escorting a student for a crisis appointment (512-471-3515). Student Services Building (SSB), 5th floor.
- Student Emergency Services (512-471-5017) is available to assist by appointment or walk-in (Mon-Fri 8am-5pm). SSB 4.104
- The Behavior Concerns Advice Line, BCAL, (512-232-5050) is available 24hrs to receive reports, provide assistance, and discuss options.
How do I respond to the behavior of a disruptive student?
General guidelines for responding to disruptive behavior
- Set expectations for student conduct from the beginning of the class/meeting
- Address violations of these expectations as soon as they occur
- Document all occurrences of disruptive behavior. Even if the issue is temporarily resolved, this can be useful in future cases
- Trust your instincts if you feel a student might be a danger to themselves or others
- Consult with Student Emergency Services, in the Office of the Dean of Students (512-471-5017) when behavior is of concern to you.
Minimal disruptive behavior
With minimally disruptive behavior (e.g., repeated tardiness, yelling, ignoring university policies, etc.), you should talk to the student immediately upon observing the behavior. In these cases, the purpose of the discussion is to review the behavior, its impact on others and the learning environment, and clarify expectations for appropriate behavior. You may also wish to contact the Behavior Concerns Advice Line (BCAL), 512-232-5050 or on the Web at http://www.utexas.edu/safety/bcal/.
Significant disruptive behavior
- In some cases, disruptive behavior is significant and may pose an immediate threat to property, yourself, and/or other members of the university community. In these situations, contact UTPD immediately (911 or 1-4441 from any campus phone or 512-471-4441 from a cell phone).
- After an immediate situation has been addressed, you may also follow up with the Behavior Concerns Advice Line (BCAL 512-232-5050 or www.utexas.edu/safety/bcal/) or Student Judicial Services (512-471-2841) for additional assistance.
Additional tools for addressing disruptive behavior
Disruptive Behavior Continuum
Click on the image below to open the Disruptive Behavior Continuum Powerpoint file (pptx).
Disruptive Behavior Continuum Talking Points
The Disruptive Behavior Continuum is a tool for which to monitor and assess varying levels of concern related to disruptive student behavior. This continuum acts as a general guide and does not encompass all sorts of behavior that a student may present with. Please utilize this guide as a frame of reference for determining the need to request assistance.Key points to remember:
- BCAL is an integral tool used by all levels of the University community to report behavioral concerns related to faculty, staff or students. (512-232-5050 or on the web at www.utexas.edu/safety/bcal/))
- The Employee Assistance Program addresses concerns related to faculty and staff. (512-471-3366)
- Student Emergency Services, in the Office of the Dean of Students, addresses concerns related to students and acts in a capacity of advocacy, referral, and support. (512-471-5017)
- Student Judicial Services, in the Office of the Dean of Students, oversees cases involving violations of institutional rules. In relation to this continuum, certain acts of classroom disruption may be deemed a violation of institutional rules. (512-471-2841)
- The Counseling and Mental Health Center operates a 24-hour crisis hotline, which can be reached at (512) 471- CALL (2255). This line is intended for students to utilize when needing to address concerns for themselves. Appointments can be set by contacting them directly at (512) 471-3515.
- UTPD serves as the primary contact when addressing issues related to criminal activity in progress or having just occurred as well as situations involving immediate threat to self and/or others. (512-471-4441 or 911)
Dependent on circumstance, contacting BCAL may not always result in intervention/action; however, the report will be documented and serves as an additional resource if the concerning behavior continues. Conversely, a caller to the BCAL line may be unaware, due to privacy laws, of all history pertaining to the individual for whom they are calling about – thus the BCAL team reserves the right to conduct an intervention even if the caller does not feel one is warranted.Bottom line:
If there is any uncertainty as to whether a call for assistance should be made, PLEASE CALL. On-campus resources are available to assist you in navigating through difficult situations
In the event that behaviors rise to a level of concern in which a collaborative response is deemed necessary, pre-established teams, comprised of key personnel from various campus entities, are convened to address issues related to students, faculty, and staff.
Critical Incident Response Team (CIRT)
The Office of the Dean of Students coordinates the university's response to the majority of critical student-related incidents. Critical incidents can include interpersonal violence/sexual assault, student death, residential displacement, situations involving students studying abroad, as well as violent crimes. The Critical Incident Response Team (CIRT) strives to provide an immediate and effective response to these incidents, collaborate seamlessly with all entities involved with the critical incident, and improve the quality of students' lives at UT Austin.
The Critical Incident Response Team is comprised of representatives from the Office of the Vice President for Student Affairs, Office of the Dean of Students, Division of Housing and Food Service, Office of the President, Counseling and Mental Health Center, University Health Services, International Office, Office of Public Affairs, and University Police Department. This campus-wide team can be activated at any time to respond to local, national, and/or international critical incidents affecting UT Austin students.
If you are unable to open the pdf above click here to download Adobe Acrobat Reader
If you are unable to open the PowerPoint above click here to download Microsoft PowerPoint viewer
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- There was no limit to Ravana’s riches. Kubera
(the God of wealth) was his cousin. His fort and city was paved with gold What was the use of all riches and affluence? He had no character. Ultimately he lost everything
- Ravana was greater scholar than Rama. He was the master of 64 categories of knowledge. He had also the knowledge about the training of cows and elephants. Despite all these accomplishments, Ravana was described by Valmiki is a fool
(Moorkha). Rama was described as the very image of righteousness. Despite all his knowledge, Ravana failed to keep his senses under control. Because he let his senses have a free play, he became a fool. Anyone who misuses his senses is a fool, whatever be the extent of his knowledge.
- We know that there was not an individual who had access to property and wealth more than Ravana had. He also had all the position which one could command. He had all the authority that one could have. In spite of that Ravana was subjected to great difficulties towards the end and he lost his life in battle. We should compare this with Rama who intentionally and willingly gave up all his property, his kingdom and went to the forest for fourteens years. Ultimately he was given the honour of having maintained Dharma in this country. From this difference between Rama and Ravana who had all the property, position, and authority, we should conclude that one cannot attach any importance to material wealth. We can only attach importance to character and to the pursuit of right conduct.
- Ravana was a great scholar and master of many arts. Ravana looked at Sita with a bad vision. The eye is a sacred organ. Good vision generates good thoughts. In Ravana, the bad look created bad thoughts, which led to his downfall.
Ravana knew all dharma, but without putting into practice what is the use of having known them simply through the texts? Ravana had expertise in all the branches of learning. He also knew very thoroughly the four vedas. He was fully aware of the contents of the six shastras. His knowledge of the six shastras and his knowledge of the four vedas (together ten) is the inner meaning of the belief that Ravana had ten heads. It is a symbolic way of saying that he was an expert in all the ten branches of knowledge. Ignoring this inner meaning we simply keep on saying that Ravana had ten heads, in ordinary daily parlance we have to ask how he is going to sleep with those ten heads? How is he going to do his daily duties with those ten heads? This is the short of making things appear ridiculous. The writers and the historians may simply have described him as a person having ten heads, but the inner meaning of such a description is that Ravana was having such knowledge and deep wisdom. He with all those strength and knowledge, was not minding the people’s security and people’s happiness. To him his own enjoyment, his own safety, his own pleasure were all that mattered. We should note here that in spite of all his great and good qualities, he was behaving in a bad manner. Towards the end of his life, he realised that what he did all was sin and the paths he adopted were bad paths, and that whatever Vibhishana had told him was right and that he could not follow the advice given to him by his wife Mandodari also.
Ravana had fallen from the yogic heights he had reached in his previous lives because of his bad qualities, he was roaming about as Rakshasa (demon), really speaking he was a great devotee of God. He was aware deep within his consciousness of the universal absolute named Narayana. He was aware of the fact that Rama was Narayana himself come in human form in order to confer joy and peace on the Godly and in order to destroy all traces of demonic wickedness an earth. However, since there was no other route for Ravana to reach Narayana, he had to cultivate wanton wickedness, violence and hatred, and invite Rama to kill him. Of course, this might be called a type of devotion that is stupid and infamous. But his inner aim was to cross the ocean of birth and death, through that act of self abnegation and surrender to Narayana.
- Ravana was suffering not only from ego but he had also other bad qualities like jealousy anger lust and also power based on a wealth. Ravana was born to parents by name Visrawasa and Kaikasi. He had two brothers with names Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana. From his childhood Ravana was a great devotee and was also habitiuated to perform tapas. By continuous penance, he earned the Grace of Iswara and secured boons from him. On one occasion when he was engaged in deep penance, Brahma appeared before him and asked Ravana what boon he wanted. Then Ravana asked Brahma to grant him a boon by which he will not be killed by any being or animal other than a human being. At that time, there lived a rakshasa by name Maya. He had beautiful city for himself. That city was more beautiful than the city of Indra. The daughter of Maya was Mandodari. Ravana married Mandodari. She had many good qualities like, chastity, shanti, kindness and prema and Ravana never had any one of them in him.
The daughter of Maya, Mandodari with all such good qualities was married to Ravana. From the time of marriage, his wife Mandodari tried her best to communicate her good qualities to Ravana and save him, but Ravana made no attempt to change his bad qualities. As a man reaches his end his bad qualities will also go on increasing. So also Ravana’s bad qualities began to increase. His brother Vibhishna tried to teach him several good ideals. Ravana also knew all about good conduct and dharma. What is the use of knowing what good conduct and dharma are if they are not to put into use.
Whatever one many learn it is of no use unless he puts it into practice. Ravana was proficient in all the different branches of knowledge. What is the use of having all these things if one can not use such knowledge to reach the Lord? If bad ideas enter one’s head, his wisdom and knowledge will dry up. Ravana was ruling over a kingdom and his capital city would compare well with heaven. But because of his bad qualities he lost his own happiness, his kingdom, his life, and everything that he had. In fact, he destroyed his own dynasty and family. He knew all the codes of conduct of a king and he knew everything and yet he was behaving like a monkey.
- When Hanuman entered Lanka as Rama’s messenger and spoke to Sita. Ravana came to know about Hanuman’s presence in Lanka and ordered Hanuman to be punished. This is quite contrary to the accepted code of conduct of a king. To kill or punish a messenger on behalf of some one else is not the right code of conduct for a king of the country. Vibhishana tried to explain to Ravana this principle by which he wanted not to punish
the one who has brought a message. Vibhishana tried his best to get Hanuman released. Ravana infact, had so many other bad qualities and bad ideas in him, and he often undertook to do things which he should not have done. Many times, he made attempts to kill even Sita. Mandodari the wife of Ravana tried to teach Ravana that to kill a woman is very wrong and that by doing so he was committing a great sin. The bad qualities that were in him made him take always the wrong path and subject him to many difficulties. On one occasion Madodari went to her husband and asked him, "You know all the dharma and all the codes of right conduct. With all your wisdom why is it that you are doing wrong things? What is the matter? How can you explain? What is the inner meaning of your behaviour? Not only this, you have all the capacity and you have all the strength to assume any form that you like. On the day when you brought Sita to Lanka, you were in the form of a sanyasi (ascetic)and you deceived her. Why are you taking all this trouble in order to win over the sacred Sita? If only you assume the form of Ramachandra then Sita would be yours. Why did you not adopt that path?"
Then Ravana replied that Ramachandra’s form was a sacred and Divine one. If he really took that form how will he have any bad qualities at all. This means Ravana knew very well that the qualities which one possesses should be appropriate to his form. Because he had the form of a rakshasa, the qualities of a rakshasa were showing up.
The bad qualities should be given up and sacrificed. Because Ravana had these qualities which go contrary to the purusharthas, he became a rakshasa. Ravana might have been a devotee, might have been a very learned person, but in spite of this, because he had the four bad qualities which contrary to the purusharthas viz Dharma, Artha, Kama, And Moksha, he became a sinner. To such people whatever Dharma you may preach it will appear as if it is only wrong.
Ravana had many great qualities, he was a great devotee; earned Gods Grace by his penance and in spite of all that he had no peace and he did not secure a good end for himself. He could invade the city of Kubera defeat him and take away the Pushpaka Vimana (celestial vehicle) ancient flying machine. This showed that in him there was the quality of jealousy. He could not bear Kubera being greater than him. Not only this, he invaded the city of maya his father-in-law’s, defeated him, took away all his attendants and annexed this city which was the principal city of Lanka to his kingdom.
At the same time we should try to understand the good qualities of Ravana. It is not as if there were not good qualities in Ravana. When he was fully immersed in the thought of God, he was prepared to sacrifice even his entire body. He was truly a follower of Dharma and protector of Dharma. The bad qualities of Ravana did not come as natural qualities to Ravana. All the bad qualities and bad thoughts came to him because of a certain curse to which he was subjected to at one time. For such a curse, his own karma was responsible.
- Through Ravana the story of Ramayana is teaching a lesson to the world that no one should have bad qualities as he had. Ravana was a wicked person and he adopted several trickeries. He spoke untruth and told Rama that he brought the head of Sita, while he actually brought only an artificially created head of Sita, a deceit. He told that he killed Sita and brought her head. Since Rama was all knowing, he realised that this was a trick and told Ravana that it could not be the truth. Similarly, he did the trick of getting the head of Rama and showing it to Sita and telling her that he had killed Rama. Ravana could not bear the happiness of other people. The normal human nature should be to become happy by looking at the happiness of others.
- Ravana had as his guru Sukracharya who taught him the conduct of a king. Ravana was one who acquired proficiency in all different kinds of action. His warriors and the leaders of his army were very strong and proficient in the art of warfare. His wife was a very good and chaste lady
(pativratha) with good qualities. In spite of the fact that he had such good teaching from such a guru and a good wife and a strong army, he did not change his methods and this simply means that it is a result of his Janmantara Karma (deeds of his previous lives). He was living in utter foolishness. In his foolishness, he would not accept any advice from any one else. This foolishness is a great enemy of a human being. We must also remove this aspect of foolishness in us. On certain occasions, Ravana used to appear as a Satwic person and on other occasions, he used to appear as an innocent person. Sometimes, he would pretend and appear as a great devotee. In reality, there is no one greater than him in the matter of wickedness. He would not hesitate to harm even his own wife or son. Vibhishana, his own brother, was a Satwic person. Yet he showed no kindness to him. He simply drove him away. The wife of Vibhishana touched the feet of Ravana and begged him in many ways to save Vibhishana. This lady, who was the wife of his own brother, should be like his daughter, yet he gave so much trouble to her. The significance of all these points is that we should not simply think that Ravana was just a person with that name. The bad qualities and the cruel ideas that are in us are symbolic of the aspects of Ravana.
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Date of John’s Gospel
We recently re-posted Russell Grigg’s classic article John the Creation Evangelist, which is still as relevant now as it was when it was first published almost 20 years ago. But Kimbal B. from the USA took issue with the article’s assignment of a late date to John’s Gospel. CMI as a whole doesn’t take a position on this, yet we thought it right that Mr Grigg should defend the date he gave, which seems to be the majority view in conservative biblical scholarship.
It is highly unlikely that John wrote this missive any later than 66 AD. There is not one New Testament book that notes the death of Paul or Peter or the fall of Jerusalem (70 AD), an event that shook the civilized world more than 9/11 did in the 21st century. The article has a good heart but it is almost impossible to defend such a late date for John’s writings. The early church fathers would not agree.
Thank you for your email. The matter of when John wrote his Gospel is certainly an interesting one and has elicited quite a lot of comment from expositors.
The non-mention of the death of Paul or of the fall of Jerusalem is powerful evidence that the book of Acts was written before either of these events occurred, as Acts is all about the growth of the church and the ministry of Paul in particular in regard to this growth. But how does this relate to John: why doesn’t John mention them? One reason may be that these two events did not fit in to his reason for writing his Gospel, namely to prove that Jesus was the Son of God and that by believing we can have life in His name (John 20:31). One other reason may be that by AD 90 or thereabouts they were well-known events throughout the civilized world.
The effect of the fall of Jerusalem
The principal affect of the fall of Jerusalem on the church was in regard to its future locality. Well before this, the early Christians in Jerusalem had experienced “a great persecution” in which “all except the apostles were scattered throughout Judea and Samaria” (Acts 8:1). Perhaps this early dispersal of the Christians away from the capital city, with its Jewish temple and all this stood for, was one method God used to prepare His succeeding church there for the ultimate break with Judaism that would occur with the fall of Jerusalem. We know from Church History that later Jewish believers in Christ in Jerusalem heeded His warning in Matthew 24 and Mark 13, so that they left before AD 70, when they saw “the storm” approaching. Hebrew Christian scholar Arnold Fruchtenbaum said in his “Highlights of the Life of Christ” radio series:
“Fortunately we have three ancient writings which if we pool the information together; we do know how they responded. The first source is Josephus, a Jewish writer of the first century, an eyewitness of the events of 70 AD; the second man was Hegisippus, who was a Jewish believer of the second century; and then came Eusebius of Caesarea a Gentile Christian of the fourth century. By pooling the material on what they say happened in so far as Jewish believers are concerned, we are told that the Jewish believers did obey the book of Hebrews, and made their break from Judaism complete.
“And when the Jews revolted against Rome in 66 AD, the entire Jewish Christian community numbering in their thousands, left Jerusalem, left Israel, crossed to the east side of the Jordan River, and waited the war out on the east side of the Jordan in the town called Pella just south of the sea of Galilee on the east side of the river.
“Four years later the war ended. One million one hundred thousand Jews were killed in that Roman conflict. But we are told by these writers that not one single Jewish believer lost his life, because of his obedience to the letter to the Hebrews.”
During his ministry, Paul of course was the principal protagonist against heresy (e.g. his letter to the Galatians). So if we take the view that John wrote to combat further heresy, it would be logical for there to have been a time gap of a couple of decades or so after the death of Paul for these heresies to have arisen and to have become somewhat established, i.e. to have become worth refuting.
My chief source for the date of “AD 90 or thereabouts” was Prof. E.M. Blaiklock (1903–1983), an evangelical and conservative Christian who was Professor of Classics at Auckland University, and who taught us the Greek of John’s Gospel when I was a student at the NZ Bible Training Institute (later BCNZ), at a time when it was still thoroughly evangelical.
What the church fathers said
B.F. Westcott (1825–1901), Bishop of Durham, although not a modern commentator, is nevertheless probably one of the most erudite exponents of the Greek writings of the church fathers who has ever lived. He was also a staunch defender of biblical inspiration, the deity of Christ and His Resurrection. In his commentary The Gospel According to St John, he concludes that it was probably written “in the latter quarter of the 1st century.” In his Introduction, under the heading Occasion and Date, he cites Clement of Alexandria, Eusebius and Irenaeus, and says:
“ … the fourth Gospel met difficulties which had not been and could not be realised till after the fall of Jerusalem. In like manner it met difficulties which had not been and could not be felt till after the preaching of St Paul had moulded the Christian society in accordance with the law of freedom.” (p. xxxviii)
“The internal indications of date entirely accord with the historical tradition, and lead to the conclusion that the composition of the Gospel must be placed late in the generation which followed the destruction of Jerusalem. The shock of that momentous revolution was over, and Christians had been enabled to interpret it. There is no evidence to determine the date exactly. St John, according to the Asiatic tradition, recorded by Irenaeus (II. 22, 5; III. 3. 4.) lived ‘till the times of Trajan’ (AD 98–170) and the writing of the Gospel must be placed at the close of his life.” (p. xl)
Irenaeus’ testimony is most significant, since he was a disciple of Polycarp who was a disciple of John himself. Incidentally, Irenaeus used the historicity of Genesis 1:27 and 2:7 in his famous Adversus Haereses or Against Heresies (documented in Irenaeus and Genesis by Thomas Holsinger-Friesen, reviewed by CMI’s New Testament scholar Lita Cosner for a coming issue of Journal of Creation).
So the suggestion that “The early church fathers would not agree” is not correct. The Church Fathers are most persuasive evidence for the date of John, and they unanimously ascribe a later date to John, written when he was a very old man. That it was an old man, not a younger impostor, is shown by clear familiarity with pre-Fall Jerusalem, e.g. the Pool of Bethesda with five covered porches (John 5:2). The Pool’s existence has been confirmed by archaeology; the photo shows how it looks today.
A more recent work, Introduction to the New Testament, by New Testament scholars Don Carson and Douglas Moo, says:
“During the past 150 years, suggestions as to the date of the fourth gospel have varied from before AD 70 to the final quarter of the second century. Dates in the second century are pretty well ruled out by manuscript discoveries. But apart from this limitation, none of the arguments is entirely convincing, and almost any date between 55 and 95 is possible. John 21:23 suggests it was probably nearer to the end of that period than the beginning.
“Some dates seem implausibly early. Probably the inference to be drawn from 21:19 is that Peter had by his death glorified God when chapter 21 was composed. Peter died in AD 64 or 65; dates earlier than that for the composition of the fourth Gospel seem unlikely. Those who hold to a date before 70 point to details of Palestine presented as if Jerusalem and its temple complex were still standing; for example, the evangelist writes: “Now there is in Jerusalem near the Sheep Gate a pool” (John 5:2). … The silence of the fourth Gospel on the destruction of the temple is considered powerful evidence for a pre-70 date by some authors. Arguments from silence, however, are tricky things. … If he wrote in, say, 80, he may have taken the destruction of the temple as a given and let this fact make its own contribution to his theological argument.”
Carson goes on to tentatively argue for a date 80–85. I would argue that it was written before Revelation (90s date for Revelation) and after everything else in the canon, except his epistles perhaps (definitely before 1 John which alludes to the prologue of the Gospel, but we don’t know if 1, 2, and 3 are in chronological order.)
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The skin of the males of the Chinamococh Stream Frog (length around 3cm) is lime green scattered with pale green spots across its back, with yellow-green hands and feet. A narrow strip of reticulated pattern runs down its sides, dividing the green of its back with its yellow underside. The females are olive green with small white spots, and otherwise looks similar to the males, both with pale brown-coloured irises.
These nocturnal frogs can be found asleep on leafy perches nearby streams during the day, and active (hunting and calling) at night. Their call was described by the scientists who published the species discovery in 1992 as a ‘soft, stuttered “wraack”’. If these calls are successful and mating is achieved, females can lay around 150 eggs in the same night.
This frog’s species name, P. sanctaecrucis, indicates its limited range in the subtropical wet forests of the Santa Cruz mountains (it is endemic to Sierra Santa Cruz, hence the species name ‘sanctaecrucis’), where they can be found sitting on vegetation on or above small clear streams.
Threats and Conservation
The Chinamococh Stream Frog is classified as Critically Endangered by the IUCN Red List because its known range in Sierra Santa Cruz is less than 100km² within 366-1,150m altitude of the mountain range. This habitat is declining in size and quality due to expanding agriculture, wood extraction, human settlement and water pollution.
The other major threat is the fungal disease chytridiomycosis, caused by a chytrid fungus, which is highly infectious to amphibians and is thought to be a major factor affecting declining amphibian populations worldwide. Declines due to this disease have already been detected amongst other species of the Ptychohyla genus in Guatemala.
Protected by these WLT Projects
Campbell, J. A., & Smith, E. N. (1992). A new frog of the genus Ptychohyla (Hylidae) from the Sierra de Santa Cruz, Guatemala, and description of a new genus of Middle American stream-breeding treefrogs. Herpetologica, 153-167.
Manuel Acevedo, Eric Smith. 2006. Ptychohyla sanctaecrucis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2006: e.T55917A11391338.
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Sensory features are a part of the diagnostic criteria for individuals on the autism spectrum. Understanding these sensory features and how to support individuals on the autism spectrum who have a negative experience related to sensory features is important and can help guide interactions.
While there are several variations of terms to describe sensory features and different patterns of sensory features, in these handouts, we will discuss three types: hyper-reactive, hypo-reactive, and sensory integration. The first portion of ASSIST will define these terms and introduce the seven senses.
Make sure to click the PDF above for a full review of how you can engage and support people with Autism.
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New Ramsar sites for Poland
Poland designates five new Wetlands of International Importance
The Secretariat is pleased to announce that the Government of Poland has designated five new Ramsar sites, including some with strong mire values, some with extraordinary cultural heritage, and two with potential for identification as collaborative transboundary Ramsar sites, with Ukraine and the Czech Republic respectively. Poland now has 13 Ramsar sites covering a surface area of 125,760 hectares. Ramsar's Dorothea August has prepared these brief site descriptions based upon the RISs submitted by the Polish authorities, and the extraordinary photographs below have been contributed by the respective National Park authorities.
Druzno Lake Nature Reserve. 29/10/02; Warminsko-Mazurskie; 3,068 ha; 54°05'N 019°26'E. Natura 2000 SPA, Nature Reserve. A shallow and largely overgrown lake in the Vistula Delta region near the Baltic Coast, with surrounding wetlands, reedbeds, and swampy alder forests which are a relict of a much larger water body formerly part of the Vistula Lagoon. The most widespread aquatic vegetation is represented through floating communities of different associations of water lilies. The site is important for birds migrating along the Baltic coastline and provides refuge for more than 150 bird species during the summer. The region owes its origins to human draining and damming activities. In several settlements typical old Dutch buildings have been preserved and religious memorials such as 18th-century Mennonite cemeteries, pumping stations, sluices from the 19th century and inclines on the Elblag Canal are industrial monuments of European significance. While the lake was formerly used as a water route for rafting timber, it is now appreciated mainly for tourist cruising and recreational activities. Ramsar site no. 1563.
Narew River National Park. 29/10/02; Podlaski; 7,350 ha; 53°04'N 022°52'E. National Park. A 35-km section of a natural swampy valley with a well-developed system of bends, oxbows and highly sinuous riverbed breaking through moraine hills. Depending on water table, several vegetation zones from aquatic, immersed with mosses and sedges to softwoods with xeric vegetation can be distinguished. That includes about 30 associations of reed bed and aquatic plants, such as communities of water lilies, whirled water milfoil and common frogbit, besides meadow and xeric as well as willow shrubs and forest communities. Traditionally the meadows were used for cattle grazing and haymaking, but recent social and economic transformations led to a cessation of mowing and grazing management, causing a shrinking of open biotopes and a decrease of local biodiversity. The main potential threat is a diminished water input upstream in view of the Siemianowka dam at the Belarus-Polish border and the water pollution caused from towns upstream. A local historical mansion hosts both a visitor centre and the museum of the Narew river swamps, and there are tourist trails, two observation hides, and an educational path. Ramsar site no. 1564.
Poleski National Park. 29/10/02; Lubelskie; 9,762 ha; 51o17'N 023o27'E. National Park, UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, NATURA 2000 SPA. A unique complex of shallow lakes and mires, ranging from raised bogs to transitional and calcareous mires and rare alkaline fens with vegetation indicating some features of tundra and woodland tundra in its most westernmost location, situated at the watershed between the basins of the Bug and Wieprz rivers in southeastern Poland bordering with Ukraine and part of the European Ecological Corridor of the Bug River. Forest communities vary from pine woods to alder swamps with a typical hollow-and-mound structure. The site supports a wide range of about 146 breeding bird species including very rare raptors such as Lesser Spotted Eagle, Hen Harrier and Montagu's Harrier. The only sparsely populated area, which hosts a rich cultural heritage of traditional wooden cottages, is used for extensive agriculture, fishing and forestry. Agricultural facilities in the surrounding area are affecting the site through water pollution. Since 2002 the National Park is also forms the core zone of the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve, and it is planned to be identified as a transboundary Polish-Ukrainian Ramsar site in the future. Ramsar site no. 1565.
Subalpine peatbogs in Karkonosze Mountains. 29/10/02; Dolnoslaskie; 40 ha; 50°45'N 015°36'E. National Park, UNESCO Bilateral Biosphere Reserve. Three subalpine bogs situated on mountain flats in the dwarf pine zone, along the Polish-Czech border in the Karkonosze Mountains. Situated at the European watershed dividing the Baltic Sea and North Sea basins, the area has special importance for groundwater recharge and flood control in the mountains. The vegetation is dominated of endemic dwarf pine communities with cloudberry vegetation and surrounded with spruce forest growing on hanging bogs. Most typical of the site are bog moss communities including associations resembling subarctic tundra with a combination of alpine and arctic species and association of alpine tufted common bog. Numerous hummocks and permanent pools that support a unique flora of algae form the rich relief of the area. The major threat for the bogs is trampling, littering and water pollution from tourist and recreation activities in the area. Since 1992 the site has been part of a MAB Bilateral Biosphere Reserve, and discussions are under way with Czech authorities of the Krkonoská raseliniste Ramsar site about management collaboration as a transboundary Ramsar site. Ramsar site no. 1566.
Wigry National Park. 29/10/02; Podlaskie; 15,085 ha; 54o00' N, 023o06'E. National Park. A diverse wetland system around Wigry Lake and 42 smaller lakes of glacial origin and associated peatbogs. It is dominated by woodlands of boreal character with a majority of the swampy forest communities as well as aquatic and mire vegetation in close to natural state. Amongst almost 90 non-woody plant communities, notable are mire communities, in particular those of raised bogs and transitional bogs including floating moss mats. The site shelters three globally endangered bird species, Red Kite, White-tailed Eagle and corncrake, and a further 150 bird breeding species. The numerous small rivers in natural state are habitat for beavers and affected by their damming activities. The site also includes Paleolithic archaeological sites, with remnants of Stone and Iron Age nomadic hunter settlements, a graveyard of the Jacwing people with mounds from the 3rd and 4th centuries, and a valuable baroque monastery. Timber production is a predominant land use, followed by crop production and recreational activities such as water sports or angling. Unfortunately the massive tourism with about 100,000 visitors per year brings an increasing threat for the site. Ramsar site no. 1567.
Narew River National Park
Poleski National Park
Subalpine peatbogs in Karkonosze Mountains
Wigry National Park
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The Field of Service
The field of mental health issues includes many conditions, such as major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorders, attention deficit disorder (ADD), and other illnesses. Mental health disorders may be associated with various symptoms, including non-specific ones, such as poor sleep patterns, neck and back pain, physical inactivity, substance abuse, and fibromyalgia (Burg & Oyama, 2015). Social workers are significant figures in minimizing the effects of mental health conditions on patients because they can help individuals to live healthier and longer lives (Talbert-Slagle, Ahmed, Brewster, & Bradley, 2015). In today’s world, it is particularly important to establish recovery-oriented services aimed at both helping patients to overcome their problems and to teach them how to implement self-care measures (Hensley & Dawson, 2017). One of the primary contributions social workers may make is to provide such services to mental health patients.
The goal of this paper is to address the roles social workers play in helping those living with mental health conditions. I have decided to focus on mental health issues specifically because they place a significant burden on many groups of populations, which will be discussed below. In the paper, I will discuss the target populations affected by such conditions, the existing practice methods, and the roles of social workers in addressing mental health disorders. Moreover, I will address the presenting problem in detail, along with its individual and environmental causes, as well as discuss the possible existing barriers to service.
The Target Populations
The target population for the problems presented above is people living with mental health disorders. Burg and Oyama (2015) report that mental health issues can affect individuals of all ages, genders, ethnicities, races, socioeconomic statuses, and educational levels. It is possible to say that individuals exposed to stress are at higher risk; however, the problem can affect anyone. It is evident that the issue of mental health conditions is especially acute in the United States, as behavioral and emotional disorders are some of the most frequent diagnoses in primary care (Burg & Oyama, 2015).
It is vital to mention that although all individuals can experience symptoms associated with mental health, they differ significantly based on the type of illness. For instance, patients diagnosed with schizophrenia may report voice-hearing experiences, while individuals having depression may have suicidal thoughts (Cameron & McGowan, 2013). Thus, it is crucial for mental health social workers to find the right approach to each individual based on their needs and symptoms.
Mental health social workers utilize significant micro and macro practice methods to help individuals in need. Micro practice methods include referring patients to mental health facilities, analyzing possible changes and progress at an individual level, delivering new services and programs, and providing support to patients and their families. Moreover, social workers can work as counselors and therapists, helping individuals to overcome the problems they experience or learn how to manage them. Finally, social services may also include helping patients with transportation, housing, employment, and food (Talbert-Slagle et al., 2015).
At the same time, macro practice methods include advocating for their clients’ rights, minimizing discrimination associated with mental health disorders among the public, and eliminating possible abuse individuals may experience. It is possible to say that social workers are responsible for minimizing the stigma associated with mental conditions because they work with affected populations directly and know the challenges they encounter well. Moreover, social workers are highly aware of the changes in existing policies that should be made to improve individuals’ lives. For instance, they can advocate for establishing centers offering preventing services for groups at risks, such as those experiencing high levels of stress due to discrimination or poor family support.
The Roles of Social Workers in the Field of Mental Illnesses
Social workers play a significant role in the field of mental illnesses, as they are the people that all individuals can contact when they start experiencing relevant symptoms. Their contribution is crucial because they focus on both individual and family domains, analyzing the causes of conditions in context. Moreover, unlike some other healthcare professionals, social workers are involved in patients’ lives regularly, which helps them to evaluate the dynamics of their social, family, and psychological aspects. It is possible to say that social workers’ services in the field of mental illnesses are targeted; it means they approach each individual differently depending on their well-being and needs.
One of the other significant roles of social workers is that they may encourage patients to seek professional assistance and find ways to help individuals experiencing financial difficulties. Some individuals may find it difficult to talk about their problems and symptoms or believe that it is impossible to recover from their condition. Mental health social workers should ensure that patients are willing to improve their well-being by applying for therapy or implementing self-help measures (Hensley & Dawson, 2017). Thus, individuals’ symptoms can be minimized through collaboration with social workers.
Field of Service: Mental Health
The Presenting Problem
One of the primary presenting problems in the field of mental health care is that a poor mental health state can be highly harmful to an individual. As mentioned above, the majority of patients seeking primary care are those experiencing emotional or behavioral disparities (Burg & Oyama, 2015). Many people die because of mental health illnesses, as they can increase suicidal tendencies and lead to poor physical health outcomes. Another significant problem presenting in the field is that mental disparities are associated with stigma and the lack of public awareness and understanding. Due to these issues, these illnesses may not be considered “real” and worthy of attention, which may place a significant burden on individuals affected by them. Finally, some social workers remain unfamiliar with the services they should provide to mental health patients (Hensley & Dawson, 2017). This problem will be discussed in detail below.
Barriers to Service
The primary barrier to services individuals may encounter is their poor availability. Although currently, many insurance plans cover mental health services, some individuals may not be able to access those (Hensley & Dawson, 2017). This problem is especially significant for minority populations and those having economic disadvantages. These groups of people may be uninsured or have limited capacities to afford mental health care. Another potential barrier to services is the existing stigma associated with mental health disorders. As mentioned above, it may be challenging for many individuals to seek assistance because they may feel uncomfortable discussing their symptoms and concerns. Finally, another possible obstacle is that there are disparities in services among different groups of the population. For instance, individuals 65 years of age and older having emotional or behavioral symptoms tend to ask for help rarely compared to younger people (Burg & Oyama, 2015). It is crucial to address the causes of these obstacles and find ways to eliminate them.
Causes of Problems
One of the possible causes of presented obstacles and problems is the lack of public awareness about the impact of mental health issues on individuals and the ways to prevent such conditions. Notably, social workers and other healthcare professionals may show a lack of understanding, too. For instance, Hensley and Dawson (2017) report that frequently, they do not know how to address these issues and collaborate with patients to ensure positive health outcomes.
Another possible cause of barriers to services is that there may be a lack of consumer-oriented services aimed at helping individuals to combat depression. Hensley and Dawson (2017) report that in the United States, there are many local and community-based organizations providing support, advocacy, and education for individuals in need. However, many individuals may still lack access to such facilities, as they are available in a limited number of locations. Finally, the last cause of problems that can be identified is the lack of attention to geriatric mental health. For instance, 70% of older adults experiencing the symptoms of anxiety and depression fail to access behavioral health services (Burg & Oyama, 2015). Thus, these issues should be addressed to ensure that all individuals can receive mental health care, including the services social workers provide.
Values and Ethical Issues for Social Workers
The basis of social workers’ assistance is appropriate values and attention to possible ethical issues. For instance, social workers should not discriminate against individuals because of the symptoms they have or the experiences they address. Moreover, it is vital for social workers to be aware of the changes in behavior that may be associated with certain conditions and avoid judging individuals based on the attitudes they show (Burg & Oyama, 2015). The values these healthcare professionals should have are a dedication to help all patients, determination to provide excellent-quality services, and the desire to improve individuals’ symptoms if it is possible. In addition, they should be responsible for enhancing their knowledge about the symptoms associated with mental health issues, their causes and outcomes, and the ways to manage them. Finally, social workers should aim at advocating for the communities they are helping and enhancing their well-being on a macro level.
Final Assessment of the Field of Service
The report reveals that there are significant problems in the field of mental health care that should be addressed. Currently, many healthcare professionals are not fully aware of the approaches they can use to prevent and eliminate mental disorders. In addition, there is a stigma associated with this type of illness because many individuals are not aware of their causes and outcomes. At the same time, mental health conditions can affect all groups of populations, including people of all ages, genders, and socioeconomic statuses. Social workers play a crucial role in assisting individuals affected by these illnesses by offering their continuous support and therapeutic measures, as well as evaluating their progress. They can also encourage patients to seek additional professional help. In addition, they are responsible for advocating for mental health patients and their needs.
Burg, M. A., & Oyama, O. (2015). The behavioral health specialist in primary care: Skills for integrated practice. New York, NY: Springer Publishing.
Cameron, D., & McGowan, P. (2013). The mental health social worker as a transitional participant: Actively listening to ‘voices’ and getting into the recovery position. Journal of Social Work Practice, 27(1), 21-32. Web.
Hensley, M. A., & Dawson, C. (2017). Social workers and self-help services: Forging positive relationships. Social Work, 62(2), 139-145. Web.
Talbert-Slagle, K., Ahmed, S., Brewster, A., & Bradley, E. H. (2015). State-level spending on health care and social services for people living with HIV/AIDS in the USA: A systematic review. AIDS Care, 27(9), 1143-1149. Web.
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The Justice Department released nine legal opinions showing that, following the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the Bush administration determined that certain constitutional rights would not apply during the coming fight. Within two weeks, government lawyers were already discussing ways to wiretap U.S. conversations without warrants.
The legal memos written by the Bush administration's Office of Legal Counsel show a government grappling with how to wage war on terrorism in a fast-changing world. The conclusion, reiterated in page after page of documents, was that the president had broad authority to set aside constitutional rights. HOw did we come to this?
Fourth Amendment protections against unwarranted search and seizure, for instance, did not apply in the United States as long as the president was combatting terrorism, the Justice Department said in an Oct. 23, 2001, memo. What is the point of the constitution if you don't have to follow it?
Deputy Assistant Attorney General John Yoo wrote, "The current campaign against terrorism may require even broader exercises of federal power domestically."
The memos reflected a belief within the Bush administration that the president had broad powers that could not be checked by Congress or the courts. That stance, in one form or another, became the foundation for many policies: holding detainees at Guantanamo Bay, eavesdropping on U.S. citizens without warrants, using tough new CIA interrogation tactics and locking U.S. citizens in military brigs without charges.
It's madness... we were locking up us citizens in military prisons without a lawyer or a trial. This is a violation of his oath to uphold the constitution! Bush was a fascist dictator. And American don't care. Are we so afraid of terrorists we'll give up our most rights, freedoms and constitution?
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Loans and interest in Judaism
The combination of loans and interest, in Judaism, is a complicated and detailed subject. The biblical Hebrew terms for interest are neshekh (Hebrew: נשך), literally meaning a bite, and marbit/tarbit (מרבית/תרבית), which specifically refers to the gain by the creditor; neshekh referred to interest that was charged by deducting it from the loaned money itself, before the loaned money was handed over to the debtor, while marbit/tarbit referred to interest that was charged by adding it to the amount due to be repaid. The word marbit/tarbit, which referred to the form of interest more familiar in modern times, became ribbit (ריבית), in later Hebrew, and hence in modern Hebrew. Similar to the Arabic word Riba used in the Quran.
The Torah and Talmud encourage the granting of loans if they do not involve interest. But the halakhah [applicable Jewish law] regarding free loans apply only to loans made to other Jews. It is permissible to make loans with interest to non-Jews Charging interest is classed in the Book of Ezekiel as being among the worst sins, and is forbidden according to Jewish law. The Talmud dwells particularly on Ezekiel's condemnation of interest, where Ezekiel denounces it as an abomination, and metaphorically portrays usurers as people who have shed blood.
In the Bible
The Torah expresses regulations against the charging of interest in the Exodus 22:25–27, Leviticus 25:36–37 and Deuteronomy 23:20–21. In Leviticus loans themselves are encouraged, whether of money or food, emphasizing that they enable the poor to regain their independence, like the other two places in the Bible, forbids the charging of interest on the loan.
Evidently the concept of secured loans existed, as Exodus expressly prohibits using a particular garment as the security. The garment in question was a large cloth square, which the poor used for sleeping within, and so the garment was needed to survive the cold nights; if it had been offered as security, this would have put at risk the very life of the debtor. The Deuteronomic verse expresses a similar concern for the security of the debtor's life but rather than prohibiting a particular garment from becoming the security for a loan, it prohibits instead the use of a millstone. The millstone was used to make flour, and hence would be required for the manufacture of bread, a staple food among the poor; if the millstone had been offered as security, the debtor would have been at risk of starvation.
Most early religious systems in the ancient Near East, and the secular codes arising from them did not forbid usury. These societies regarded inanimate matter as alive, like plants, animals, and people, and it was considered capable of reproducing itself. Hence, if one lent "food money," or monetary tokens of any kind, it was legitimate to charge interest. Food money in the shape of olives, dates, seeds or animals was lent out as early as c. 5000 BC, if not earlier, and records indicate rates of 10–25 percent for silver and 20–35 percent for cereals. Among the Mesopotamians, Hittites, Phoenicians and Egyptians, interest was legal and often fixed by the state. Among the Sumerians, loans were usually given with interest attached, at the rate of 20% per annum; this interest rate is almost always the one stated in surviving Sumerian contract tablets and was evidently still well known in first century Judaism, as it is the first interest rate to which the Babylonian Talmud refers.
A more mutually profitable arrangement existed in Sumerian law, by which a lender and a debtor make contractual arrangements to become partners in a business venture, with the lender agreeing to invest in the venture, and the debtor agreeing to manage the venture; the bond thus has characteristics of both a loan and a trust, as the lender's financial share in the venture is effectively the return on the loan, and the debtor's financial share in the venture is effectively a wage. The Code of Hammurabi contains regulations attempting to govern the use of these contracts.
In classical rabbinical literature
The Mishnah carefully tries to prevent evasion of the scriptural injunction against usury, preferring to forbid moral usury to trying to mitigate the scriptural rules in this area. According to the Talmud, the debtor would be as guilty as the lender, since it interprets one of the biblical verbs referring to usury, namely tashshik, to be in the causative voice; due to the Talmud's figurative interpretation of the lifnei iver regulation, it even regards any witnesses to usury contracts, as well as the scribe writing the contract for the parties, to be as culpable for usury as the lender and debtor themselves.
The Mishnah states that it is not permissible to withhold the whole of something such as a field, for which part of the selling price has already been paid, because any income arising from possession of the entity would effectively be interest on the outstanding amount. However, the Mishnah does permit the refusal to hand over something for which only partial payment has been received if it had been sold on the terms that payment would be made by a certain date and that date has passed; in English Law, the mortgage was invented to take advantage of this exception.
If witnesses support a claim that it had been agreed to repay a debt by a certain date, but they are proved to be lying and the correct repayment date to be a different date, according to the Mishnah, the false witnesses must pay the amount accrued due to the difference in value of the thing between the two dates.
The Mishnah forbids the drawing of interest and dividends from investments, arguing that people should instead buy land and draw income from it. The Mishnah also counts gifts, which aim to encourage the offering of loans, to be a form of interest, paid in advance; similarly, gifts given in thanks for a loan, are another form of interest, according to the Mishnah, even if the loan is repaid when the gift is offered. It even goes so far as to forbid the loaning of things other than money since by the time the loan had to be repaid, the market value of the loaned thing could have risen, which effectively constituted interest; likewise, the exchange of labour between two individuals was forbidden by the Mishnah, if the work by one of the individuals would be more laborious than the other.
According to the Mishnah, if a debtor has paid interest to his lender, it can be reclaimed if it is a form of interest explicitly prohibited by the biblical regulations but not if it is prohibited only by the Mishnah itself; a dissenting view is, however, expressed by the Mishnah, stating that even the biblically prohibited forms of interest cannot be reclaimed legally. The Mishnaic justification given for the latter view is that the biblical text invokes divine vengeance against usurers, and civil action cannot be launched against someone under the penalty of death; effectively this meant that rabbinical courts made judgements in cases of usury but refused to enforce them by anything other than physical attacks against the lender's body.
Exemptions and evasions
The Mishnah forbids arrangements where a supplier gives a product to a shopkeeper to sell in return for a portion of the profit, since it views the supplier as effectively loaning the product to the shopkeeper, while ignoring the fact that the shopkeeper takes on the risk of theft, depreciation, and accidents. However, the Mishnah argues that it would not be counted as usury if the supplier employed the shopkeeper to sell the product, even if the wage was merely nominal, such as a single dry fig; this mechanism to permit profit being gained by a lender, in a business transaction between lender and debtor, was formalised as the Heter Iska, literally meaning exemption contract, which worked in exactly the same way as the earlier Sumerian business partnership contract between lender and debtor. Like all contracts, there are sometimes disputes, and the parties may resort to secular courts, running the risk of the court imposing interest, or other conditions which are contrary to Halakhic principles.
There were also a number of methods of evading the anti-usury laws completely, identified in the Mishnah. One of the simplest methods was for a person to lend something to another and buy it back from them at a reduced price (the purchase, of course, is independent of the loan); the Mishnaic regulations do not prevent the lender from requiring the full value of the loaned thing to be returned and so allows the lender to make a profit from the difference between the reduced price and the actual worth of the loaned thing. Another significant loophole in the law was the biblical permission to charge interest on loans to non-Israelites, since this made it possible for an Israelite to charge interest on a loan to another Israelite, by making the loan through a third party who was not an Israelite; interest could be charged on the loan to the non-Israelite, who could then loan the money to the other Israelite at a similar rate of interest.
In rabbinical literature of the Middle Ages
In the view of Maimonides, there were certain conditions similar to interest which were permitted; for example, Maimonides states that a person can offer money to a second person attaching a requirement for the second person to give a certain larger amount of money to a third person, or a requirement for the second person to persuade a third person to lend a certain larger amount of money to the first person. Of course, when a non-Jew was involved, Maimonides argues that interest could be charged; indeed, Maimonides argues that it was compulsory to charge interest on loans to non-Jews, but he also suggests that such loans should be restricted to being within narrow limits, to avoid the lender becoming so keen on usury that they practice it against other Jews.
The Shulchan Aruch, a 16th-century text that was published after the writings of Maimonides, and which is viewed by the majority of Orthodox Judaism as being authoritative, expresses a different view on interest, stating that it is now allowable (when it as written) to lend on interest to non-Jews. This text also records an exemption from the additional rabbinic restrictions for charities, such as orphans or poor-funds. Similarly, it allows the borrowing of money on terms involving interest repayments when a life is in danger.
In the opinion of the Shulchan Aruch, it is only the return of the capital part of a bond that is enforceable: if it covers the interest separately, the interest part is not enforceble, and if it combines the interest and capital into a single sum, the whole bond is unenforceable; similarly, the Shulchan Aruch argues that if a guardian lends something belonging to their ward, and has charged interest on it, the ward may keep the interest and is not obliged to return it. The Shulchan Aruch even states that the courts can compel the restoration of interest only by flogging the lender until they are willing to return the amount, known as contempt so if the lender died before the interest was returned, the lender's heirs were allowed to keep the money.
- "USURY". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- Peake's commentary on the Bible
- Robinson, George. "Interest-Free Loans in Judaism". Retrieved 10 January 2014.
- Ezekiel 18:13, 18:17
- Baba Metzia 61b
- Fritz M. Heichelheim, An Ancient Economic History, 2 Vols. (trans., Leiden 1965), i104-56.Cited in Johnson, A History of the Jews, p.172
- Paul Johnson (17 March 2009). History of the Jews. HarperCollins. pp. 172–3. ISBN 978-0-06-182809-6.
- Baba Batra 60a
- Deuteronomy 23:20
- Baba Metzia 63a
- Makkot 1:1
- Baba Metzia 75a
- Baba Metzia 61b
- Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah : 161:2
- Baba Metzia 68b
- Baba Metzia 5:6
- Baba Metzia 71a
- Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Tamid:, Malweh:15
- Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah : 159
- Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah : 160
- Shulchan Aruch, Hoshen Mishpat : 52
- Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah : 161
- Interest on Loans, "ask Rabbi Simmons"
- The prohibition that a Jew should not charge a Jew interest on a loan and the practicality of this prohibition in a modern world, three answers by Rabbi Samuel Barth, Rabbi Richard Wolpoe, and Rabbi Laura Geller
- Interest-Free Loans - The greatest form of charity, on chabad.org
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13 And he went up on the mountain and called to him those whom he desired, and they came to him. 14 And he appointed twelve (whom he also named apostles) so that they might be with him and he might send them out to preach 15 and have authority to cast out demons.
Withness: What is it?
Withness is the context in which Jesus taught his disciples. He called them “to be with him.” The phrase “with him” sugggests a Hebraic model of a father to a son or a teacher to a student. It harkens back to the Shema in Deuteronomy 6:
4 “Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God, the Lord is one. 5 You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might. 6 And these words that I command you today shall be on your heart. 7 You shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise.at His feet.
The best context for learning is life-on-life and Jesus wanted his disciples to be in close proximty to him so that they would have time to view and watch everything he did. Being “with him” meant . . .
Listening to His word.
Watching what He did.
Observing how He lived.
Seeing Him pray.
Learning to follow His example.
Meditating on His character,
Seeing His ways.
Today, the inscriptured word gives us the opportunity to spend time every day sitting at the feet of Jesus. The disciples had three years. We have the opportunity to spend the remainder of our lives learning from Jesus.
Withness: Why do we need it?
We become like those we spend time with. Someone else can write a book on this answer but let me give just one sentence.
We aren’t like him
and won’t become like him
unless we spend time with him.
Withness: How do we get it?
Time. Disciplined time in the New Testament and especially the gospels. Not just reading the gospels, but analyzing the gospels, meditating on the gospels, praying through the gospels. Working to build New Testament patterns into our behavior and thinking.
- Study Jesus’s praying:
- Pick a gospel, start with Luke. Look up every occurance of the words pray, praying, prayed, praise. Answer all of the interogatives (Who, what, when, where, why, how, with whom) from the context. What do you learn?
- Study all Jesus’s interaction with enemies. What do you learn about his style?
- Study all of Jesus’s interaction with non-enemies. What do you learn about his approach?
- Study how Jesus speaks about Old Testament Scriptures? What is his view of inspiration?
- Make a list of all of Jesus’s parables. What threads of thought do you see over and over?
- Make a list of all of the places Jesus went to. What do you learn about the focus of his ministry?
- Do each of these studies for each of the four gospels.
This is just a start. Keep thinking of new things to study. You won’t exhaust the subject no matter how many years you keep at it.
There is simply no substitute for spending time “with Jesus” if we are to become a people who live passionately for and like Jesus. And only such people empowered by the Holy Spirit will change the world.
I have written on “withness” before here and here and here.
Another great question to ask is, . . .
What does Jesus’ model look like in our own disciple-making in a North American context?
Perhaps I can take that up on another post.
3 thoughts on ““Withness”: What is it, why do we need it, how do we get it?”
I heard a comment yesterday that I think misunderstands this post. The comment was that the post was “too academic” and “not practical enough”. It caused me to amend the post with the following question, “What does Jesus’ model look like in our own disciple-making in a North American context?”
While that emmendation to the original post is an improvement, it is still nevertheless, a response to a misunderstanding. Too often Christians ask too soon, “What should we do?” or “How should we act?” Those are great questions but we ask them too soon. Before we do anything, we need to be WITH SOMEONE. We need to spend time with HIM of whom we have to do.
The reason the original post did not go beyond suggestions on how to “spend time WITH Jesus” was I intentionally wanted it to focus on the “WITH JESUS” aspect of discipleship. That, and the fact that I was already over my self-impossed 500 word limit!
However, “What does Jesus’ model look like in our own disciple-making in a North American context?” is a good question and worth exploring in a future post.
Post updated in light of a criticism.
We are more than “doers” and if we don’t cultivate a life of thought, we may be doing things that are good but that God has not called us (personally) to do. Each of us needs to discern, before God, through prayer and in community with others what God is calling us to do.
Work out being WITH JESUS, regularly, daily, and deeply BEFORE you go to be WITH PEOPLE.
Do that, in this order, so that when you are WITH PEOPLE, they see JESUS (not you) and you remain in harmony with your brothers and sisters who may be WITH PEOPLE in a different way than you.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Reblogged this on ChosenRebel's Blog and commented:
What is the one habit I wish everyone would develop during the Coronavirus lock-in? This.
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Your IP (Internet Protocol) address is your unique ID on the internet. It’s synonymous with your home address. Anyone in the world can contact your computer through its IP address, and send a retrieve information with it.
I’m sure at one time or another you’ve heard that hackers can hack your computer via your IP address. This is one of the reasons proxies and anonymity services exist, to protect people from learning your IP address. So how are hackers using just an address to get into your computer and make your life hell?
Open ports. Your computer runs services like media sharing on what are called ports. A port is just an opening that a service uses as a communications endpoint. There are 65,535 total allocated ports in TCP/UDP. To exploit a service on a port, a hacker wouldbanner grab for the software and version. After they learn that information, they would search sites like Packet Storm for known exploits to run against the service.
Today’s Null Byte is going to demonstrate a simple “port scan” on local computer using Nmap, and teach how a hacker would exploit these services, as well as how to guard ourselves against it. This will be done under Linux, but Nmap is available for all platforms. If you can’t figure out how to install it in Windows with the GUI installer (yeah, right), follow along using Cygwin.
Step 1 Download & Install Nmap
Bold words are commands that must be entered in a terminal emulator.
First, we must download Nmap, which is going to be our tool that we use for port scanning and information gathering:
Now, extract the archive:
tar -zxvf nmap-5.51.tar.bz2
Change to the newly made directory:
cd <directory name>
This is the standard installation procedure:
make && sudo make install
Nmap should now be installed!
Step 2 Scan for a Target
Let’s scan a local computer. I’m going to use a website as an example, rather than a local computer. This is because my firewall is absolutely crazy, and filters out scans. Don’t scan a remote computer with the intentions of doing bad deeds. This is for educational purposes only.
Start by mapping out your local network:
sudo nmap -sP 192.168.1.0/24
That should return a list of hosts that are up for a port scan!
Step 3 Scan Your Individual Target
Out of the returned list of targets, pick one that you would like to scan for services. Let’s do a full scan of all the TCP/UDP ports:
sudo nmap -p 1-65535 -T4 -A -v <target IP goes here>
You should get something that looks like the following image:
Step 4 Banner Grabbing
For this, you can use the regular ol’ telnet client. Telnet comes with Windows and most Linux distros:
telnet <host IP> <port banner to grab>
From this, I would learn which software version the service is running, then see if I can find a way to exploit it.
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They Changed the World. What Will You Do?
Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955)
Mary McLeod Bethune used her stature and intellect to dedicate her life to improving educational opportunities, particularly for women, and serving as a civil rights activist. She founded a school for five little girls, and never refused to educate a child whose parents could not afford the tuition. It took over 100 years, but this school evolved into Bethune-Cookman University. Bethune served as President of Bethune-Cookman College for forty years and served three United States Presidential administrations. Bethune’s commitment to education and equality never wavered.
Bernice Pauahi Paki Bishop (1831-1883)
Despite not having children of her own, Bernice Pauahi Paki Bishop bequeathed her entire estate to found the Kamehameha Schools. Pauahi Bishop was the largest private landowner in Hawaii, and her legacy has grown into a $6 billion endowment that supports the largest independent pre-K to 12 school in the United States. Her gift subsidizes 90% of the cost for every student’s education, in addition to providing $17 million annually for college financial aid for Native Hawaiians.
Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919)
While Carnegie is immediately recognized for his success in the steel industry, it is less known that he determined rather early in his career that he would stop working and devote the rest of his life to philanthropy. He held firm convictions about the responsibilities of wealth and published articles and speeches offering guidance on how to most effectively use money to benefit society. In one of his most famous essays, “The Gospel of Wealth” published in 1899, Carnegie urged individuals to distribute their money during their lifetime. He also ranked the best options for philanthropic contributions, listing universities and public libraries as the top two ways one could positively impact society. Carnegie was self-educated, and his commitment to public libraries stemmed from his childhood experience of not being able to afford to borrow books from the local library. Fortunately for us, he benefited from the generosity of a local individual who opened his library for working boys, and Carnegie chose to return the favor by helping establish over 2,500 public libraries around the world. Despite his best efforts, Carnegie could not distribute his fortune so he endowed eight organizations, including a gift of approximately $135 million to establish the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which was responsible for distributing his wealth after his death.
George Eastman (1854-1932)
“What you do in your working hours determines what you have. What you do in your leisure hours determines that you are,” was Eastman’s rationale for his philanthropic giving. He preferred anonymous giving, and felt a duty to make the world “a better place for the community to work and live in” by supporting health, recreation, and artistic development. He also recognized that he could attract loyal employees by supporting the local communities in which Kodak factories were located, and he was ahead of his time regarding employee benefits Kodak offered. After struggling with dental health personally, Eastman opened numerous dental clinics around the world where Kodak operated. Eastman translated his personal passions into philanthropy by founding dental centers around the world, the Eastman School of Music, the Rochester Philharmonic, building the Cambridge campus for MIT, and donating approximately half of his fortune the University of Rochester.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
Although Franklin’s constant commitment to voluntary association and philanthropy easily makes him a Founder of American Philanthropy, this aspect of his work is rarely recognized. He found the association of men was the most powerful way to influence society, and founded a mutual aid society to benefit the community (the Junto Club), the first subscription library (The Library Company of Philadelphia), the first volunteer fire department (Union Fire Company), pioneered a matching grant concept to raise money for a city hospital (the Pennsylvania Hospital), and an educational academy, which became the University of Pennsylvania. In death, Franklin also taught us a lesson because he established a trust that outlived its defined purpose causing us to question gift restrictions and life spans for foundations.
Mary Elizabeth Garrett (1853-1915)
Ever visited a female physician? If so, thank Mary Elizabeth Garrett who believed that “opportunities for research, investigation and teaching of Medical Science in its various branches shall be open to women.” Garrett endowed the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine with a conditional gift that insisted women be admitted on equal terms of men, moreover, she insisted on a more challenging curriculum and higher admissions standards for all students. Aside from her tremendous impact on the quality of medical education in America, Garrett engaged in a lifelong quest to provide women with equal educational opportunities. She established the Bryn Mawr School for Girls, financially supported Bryn Mawr College, and was active in suffragist movement.
Julius Rosenwald (1862-1932)
One of the wealthiest retail merchants of the early 20th century, Rosenwald sincerely believed his fortune should be shared with others. He championed racial equality, supported education, and created controversy by insisting perpetual endowments could be dangerous. True to his beliefs, Rosenwald stipulated that his foundation, The Rosenwald Fund, sunset within a generation after his death.
Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton (1774-1821)
Believing that education was important to all – not just those who could afford it – Elizabeth Ann Bayley Seton championed religious education as a foundation for a better life. Seton became a Roman Catholic in 1805, and was ostracized by most of her family and friends. She relocated to Maryland to begin a new life and, in 1810, opened the first free Catholic school in the United States. Although this was not the first Catholic School, Seton and her Sisters of Charity are regarded as the founders of the parochial school system in the United States.
James Smithson (1765-1829)
Smithson made a simple gift “for the establishment of an institution for the increase and diffusion of knowledge,” that founded what we currently know as the Smithsonian Institute. However, the British nobleman would have never imagined how his gift would inspire debates about the roles of government and philanthropy in America. It was questioned whether Congress had the power to accept a bequest, whether it was beneath the dignity of the United States to accept gifts from foreigners, whether government management of such a gift could pose a threat to democracy, and ultimately, the question arose of how the money should be spent. During this debate, Smithson’s bequest was invested in state securities that were lost, so Congress eventually refunded the amount of the bequest and founded the Institute we enjoy.
Booker Taliaferro Washington (1856-1915)
Washington was charged with building an educational institution from the ground up – literally. The state legislature authorized the formation of Tuskegee Institute with no land or facilities, which required the young president to spend much of his time fundraising. Washington developed a simple and direct philosophy, “My experience and observation have convinced me that persistent asking outright for money from the rich does not, as a rule, procure help. I have proceeded on the principle that… making known the facts regarding Tuskegee, and especially the facts regarding the work of its graduates, has been more effective than outright begging.” In addition to his successes as an African-American leader and educator, Washington’s discussion of a logical, persuasive process for fundraising was a great philanthropic contribution.
John Winthrop (1588-1649)
Winthrop shared a vision for community aboard the Arabella, the flagship of the fleet that brought a colony of settlers to Massachusetts Bay in 1630. He challenged settlers to work together and to act in the best interest of their neighbors to build a strong community. His philosophy of community, shared in his essay A Model of Christian Charity was fundamental not only to survival for early settlers, but also to the understanding of philanthropy in America.
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Diagnosing heart disease in women can be a challenge. Atypical chest pain and differences in micro vascular function are more common in women, as are mitral valve prolapse and non coronary chest pain syndromes. Noninvasive testing has a higher false-positive rate in women than in men, largely because of lower pretest likelihood of disease.
When you think of heart disease and heart attacks, you may conjure up images of older, overweight men being affected. However, women are affected just as frequently. Most women with coronary artery disease (CAD) have a reasonably typical form of the disease. But, importantly, women are, on average, about 10 years older than men with CAD. These women have roughly the same outcomes as men, when matched age for age – at least when their CAD is diagnosed and treated in a timely fashion. The majority of women with CAD fall into this “older patient, typical CAD” pattern.
However, there are three aspects of CAD in women that are more common to women than men, and when they occur they often lead to missed diagnoses and inadequate therapy:
- The symptoms of CAD can be different.
- The usual diagnostic tests are more likely to give the wrong answer.
- The disorders affecting the coronary arteries can be different, especially in younger women.
These differences, coupled with the false notion that women just don’t get heart disease, contribute mightily to critical delays in diagnosis and treatment – and ultimately, to disability and death. Let’s look at these factors more closely:
When women have angina (chest pain due to heart disease), they are more likely than men to experience “atypical” symptoms, such as a hot or burning sensation, or even tenderness to touch, in the back, shoulders, arms or jaw; often they have no chest discomfort at all. Any good doctor will think of angina whenever a patient describes any sort of fleeting, exertion-related discomfort located anywhere above the waist, and they really shouldn’t be thrown off by “atypical” descriptions. However, because many doctors persist in believing that CAD is uncommon in women, they are all too likely to write such symptoms off to mere musculoskeletal pain or gastrointestinal disturbances.
Heart attacks also tend to behave differently in women. Frequently they experience nausea, vomiting, indigestion, shortness of breath or extreme fatigue – but no chest pain. Unfortunately, these symptoms are easy to attribute to something other than the heart. Women also are more likely than men to have “silent” heart attacks – that is, heart attacks without any acute chest pain and that are diagnosed only at a later time when more cardiac symptoms occur.
Diagnostic tests for CAD can be misleading in women. The most common problem is seen with stress testing – in women, the ECG during exercise can often show changes suggesting CAD, whether CAD is present or not, making the study difficult to interpret. Many cardiologists routinely add something known as an echocardiogram or a thallium study when doing a stress test in a woman, which greatly improves diagnostic accuracy.
In women with typical CAD, coronary angiography is every bit as useful as in men; it identifies the exact location of any plaques, and guides therapeutic decisions. However, in women with atypical coronary artery disorders, angiograms often appear entirely normal, a result that can be very misleading.
At least three atypical coronary artery disorders occur in women, usually in younger pre menopausal women. Each of these conditions produce chest pain with “normal” coronary arteries (that is, coronary arteries that appear normal on angiogram unless special care is taken.)
For several years, cardiologists have known that heart disease in women can be quite different than it is in men. Women’s symptoms may be different, the diagnostic tests that are used for CAD can give the “wrong” answer in women and the underlying disease itself can be quite different.
The new evidence suggests that in women under 50 years of age, plaque rupture is often not the cause of the blood clot. Instead, the clot may be triggered by erosion of the blood vessel wall.
What’s the difference between a rupture and an erosion? Well, a rupture of a plaque is like a pimple that pops open. But an erosion is more like a shallow ulcer – the plaque associated with an erosion may be quite small or there may not be a plaque at all. It is becoming increasingly obvious that CAD in younger women is very often a different disease than the “classic CAD” that is seen in men and in older women. The recognition of this fact is leading, at last, to efforts to gain a full understanding of those differences and to develop more effective strategies for treatment.
Studies have supported the notion that women with Syndrome X (angina and “normal” coronary arteries) actually do have coronary artery pathology involving “micro vessels” – the small branches of the coronary arteries that are not visualized by cardiac catheterization.
In women with Cardiac Syndrome X, despite the fact that they describe symptoms typical of angina and often have ECG changes suggesting coronary artery blockages, are found to have “normal” appearing coronary arteries on catheterization. These women are often told they are normal, and that their symptoms are due to anxiety, so go away and leave the cardiologist alone.
The diagnosis of female-pattern CAD can be made definitively with a relatively new technique called intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. IVUS (which is not available in most hospitals) requires inserting a specialized catheter into the coronary artery that uses ultrasound to visualize the wall of the artery from within. The diffuse plaques of the remodeled artery can be identified in this way. In a recent study, more than half the women who had angina with “normal” coronary arteries had plaques identified using IVUS. Female-pattern CAD should be suspected in any woman who has had angina or an MI, who has risk factors for CAD, but who has “normal” coronary arteries on angiography.
Because the narrowing of the coronary arteries in female-pattern CAD is diffuse, therapies aimed at relieving localized obstructions – such as angioplasty, stents, and bypass surgery – do not apply. Instead, therapy must be medical. Optimal treatment for this condition has yet to be defined, but a multi-pronged approach seems the best at this time, and should include aggressive risk factor modification, therapy to reduce the risk of clotting (aspirin,) and drugs to protect the heart muscle itself (beta blockers and possibly ACE inhibitors). Researchers have now focused their attention on female-pattern CAD, and a better understanding of this condition and its treatment is very likely in the foreseeable future.
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Converting FAT to NTFS
“A tech support guy told me my system is running FAT, and advised me to convert my hard drive to NTFS. I didn’t really understand his explanation… can you explain the difference and when it makes sense to convert FAT to NTFS?”
From FAT to NTFS
Although it might sound like a diet promo, FAT and NTFS are two file systems used for disk management on Windows-based computers. A file system is the software embedded in the operating system that you to create, access and delete files or folders on a disk. Here’s a rundown on both FAT and the newer NTFS file systems.
FAT (File Allocation Table) is the older, more simplistic of the two technologies, and if you have a computer running DOS or Windows 95/98/ME, it will have a FAT file system on the hard drive. If you have upgraded an older computer, you may even have FAT file system on a Windows XP or Vista computer.
But there are several disadvantages to using FAT, especially on newer computers. FAT maxes out performance-wise on drives larger than 200MB, which is quite small by today’s standards. File naming is restricted to eight alphanumeric characters (no punctuations, please) followed by a period and then the traditional three character file extension, ie: EXAMPLE2.DOC
Also, file permissions cannot be set with FAT. Some older computers running Windows 95/98 or Windows 2000 ran a variant or FAT called FAT32, which offered extended functionality by allowing longer file names and supported larger disks. FAT also has a tendency to fragment; leaving pieces of data scattered throughout the disk, slowing down performance. Remember back in the pre-XP days when Defrag had to run with regularity on a disk and how long it would take to complete?
NTFS – A Better Filesystem For Most Computers
With the release of Windows NT 4.0, Microsoft introduced a new and improved file system called NTFS (NT File System). NTFS can support drives up to 16 exabytes. (To put that in perspective, consider that we are just beginning to see hard drives capable of handling 1 terabyte (about 1 trillion characters). An exabyte is one million terabytes.) Additionally, file and directory names under NTFS can be up to 255 characters long. NTFS can also read FAT files and offers more stability and better performance for operating systems residing on large disk volumes.
With a newer OS like Vista you can format disks with either FAT or NTFS. NTFS is strongly recommended for its performance, advanced features and security. For instance, to use Vista’s BitLocker drive encryption, there must be at least two NTFS formatted partitions on a disk.
So how can you tell (if you didn’t install your operating system yourself) which file system your hard drive is formatted with? The easiest way is to go into My Computer, right-click on the C drive, and then click on “Properties.” The file system type will be displayed.
Can I Convert My Hard Drive From FAT to NTFS?
So what if you see FAT or FAT32 as the filesystem? Are you stuck with it? Are you doomed to lust in futility after the advantages NTFS has to offer? Can an old, creaking FAT-formatted drive be converted to NTFS?
Fortunately, yes. You can convert a FAT or FAT32 system to NTFS under Windows XP or Vista. Conversion can be achieved though the Windows graphical interface or the command line. Most mere mortals will simply right-click on the drive you want to convert and then click “Convert.” Wizards who feel at home on the command line can enter a command like this:
convert X: /fs:ntfs (replace “X” with the desired drive letter)
NTFS Conversion Caveats
Converting from FAT to NTFS is not as big a deal as formatting the disk. You won’t lose any existing files or folders, but Microsoft recommends that you backup your data before doing the conversion.
You can convert the system drive (usually the C drive) but this will require a reboot, and the conversion will take place when you restart the computer.
Be prepared to wait a while, converting from FAT to NTFS takes time, especially on larger hard drives.
You cannot convert a drive from NTFS to FAT. To do that you would need to do a complete reformat, wiping the data off the disk entirely.
NTFS is not compatible with DOS, Windows 95/98/ME systems. If you need to dual-boot between XP or Vista and any of these older systems, you should stick with FAT.
Modern versions of Linux allow access to files on NTFS-formatted drives. This can come in handy if you have a dual-boot system with Linux and Windows XP or Vista.
With hard drive space getting larger and larger in your average PC, and security becoming a critical issue even for the home users, the best practice is to format your drives with NTFS. With the method described above conversion from FAT to NTFS can be done painlessly and without wiping out existing data.
Do you have comments or questions about converting to NTFS? Post your thoughts below…
Posted by Bob Rankin on 31 Mar 2008
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Article information: AskBobRankin -- Converting FAT to NTFS (Posted: 31 Mar 2008)
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The best way to prevent periodontal disease and, therefore, the need for treatment is to follow proper oral hygiene. Even so, it is advisable to visit the dentist to prevent problems that may arise over time.
What are the pathologies that affect the gums?
The accumulation of bacterial plaque and tartar in the neck of the teeth, that is, the gum line, will lead to gingivitis, bleeding and reversible reddening of the gums. If no solution is found and if it is related to other factors such as tobacco consumption, the situation may worsen, leading to periodontitis, which is pyorrhea or loss of bone supporting the teeth. It should be noted that this second phase of the disease is irreversible, although its progress can be halted by taking the appropriate measures. The main disadvantage is that they are painless diseases for the patient, so the dental specialist is usually consulted late.
Can this type of disease be prevented?
The way to prevent and stop periodontal disease, gum disease, is a correct oral hygiene, apply the appropriate treatment and avoid habits such as smoking.
What are the treatments to avoid these oral health problems?
We treat periodontal diseases in all their stages. If the patient has gingivitis, an oral cleaning is performed and specific instructions for proper hygiene at home will be provided. If the patient already suffers from periodontitis, in addition to the treatment described for gingivitis, deeper cleanings will be performed under anesthesia, which sometimes may even require surgery.
What are the health consequences of these oral pathologies?
They can influence the overall health of the patient. Inflammatory gum pathologies are directly related to diabetes, compromising glucose control if the person is not in the habit of taking care of his or her gum health. Likewise, if the patient is not careful with his or her blood glucose levels, the loss of the bone that supports the teeth accelerates notably. There is also scientific evidence linking periodontal problems with premature births, low birth weight children, respiratory and cardiac difficulties. When the attachment disappears, the teeth move and become loose. As a result, chewing ability is reduced and the digestive process is affected.
When we introduce ourselves to others, we usually look first at the eyes and then at the mouth. People with problems such as those described above even modify their way of smiling, covering their mouths to do so. They cause negative consequences in social and couple relationships due to bad breath, fear of smiling, separation and loss of teeth, among others. Nowadays, these pathologies can be stopped, if it is done in time, without losing teeth. If it is too late, we can replace the lost teeth with implants.
What happens when the patient has gum recession or receding gums?
When this situation occurs, there is usually sensitivity and other problems in the exposed root, such as wear and decay. If the recession is in the most visible part of the mouth, it also affects the esthetics, lengthening the teeth and generating the effect of an aged smile. The recommended treatment is gum grafting, both for prevention and correction.
What about when someone’s teeth are too small and the gums are too visible when smiling?
For those teeth that have not finished externalizing, we can lengthen them by “gum recontouring” to aesthetically perfect the smile by correcting the dental proportions and preventing so much gum from showing. Other times the same treatment must be performed on very worn teeth, with large cavities or broken teeth, since what is left of the healthy tooth is not enough to restore it. In these situations the piece is lengthened allowing its reconstruction.
What happens when one’s own teeth can no longer be restored?
From this moment on, the specialist resorts to implants, artificial roots made of titanium, the most compatible metal with the human body. When there is sufficient bone and gum, they are applied without the need for additional treatments. If there is an absence of bone or gum, they can be regenerated through the patient’s own grafts, favoring an optimal long-term result.
Something that prevents many patients from going to the dentist is fear or anxiety, isn’t it?
Yes, it does. When the case requires it, superficial sedation is performed using medication. We also use nitrous oxide sedation, known as “laughing gas”, which is administered by inhalation.
How long does it take to replace a tooth, and can it be done in a single day?
Depending on the situation and the patient’s needs. When the patient needs bone and/or gum grafts, the procedure can be delayed for months, but whenever possible, teeth are placed from the first day. These are made of a provisional material, allowing the patient to develop his social life and chew normally. After a few months the definitive teeth are placed.
Can implants generate any type of consequence?
In principle, they are techniques that will last for life. Even so, sometimes, especially if the patient does not follow the corresponding daily care, the bacterial plaque causes inflammation in the gum and loss of the bone that holds the implants. It is the same course that causes tooth loss, but faster due to implant infection.
How can these problems be avoided?
It is a matter of taking care of the details. There are many manufacturers of implants: good, regular and very bad. In the case of companies that offer the implant as a product with a lifetime guarantee, it is possible that it may involve a higher cost, but it is worth it. A good gum surrounding the implants, the surgical technique used, the quality, the adjustment of the prosthesis and the correct maintenance and hygienic care of the patient are also important for success.
What is guided surgery?
We can perform guided surgery to place implants: one, several or all the teeth in the mouth. The first step is to perform a bone scan. Subsequently, using a computer program, we perform a virtual surgery simulating the placement of implants in the most appropriate position. This study is sent by internet to the company that manufactures the splint or guide to place the implants, through the mucosa. In this way, the implants are implanted with total precision, reducing the time of the intervention and without incisions or stitches, which leads to a more comfortable postoperative period, with less pain and inflammation. This is the ideal technique for placing teeth in a single day.
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Plants are multicellular organisms that generally do not move. They produce their food with the help of photosynthesis. Through photosynthesis, plants can manufacture their own food molecules using energy obtained from light.
Plants are an important part of life as they help to provide food to man and they are the only organisms that can convert light energy from the sun into food. Basically, they help to keep the human race alive by not just providing food but also providing oxygen through breaking down carbon dioxide. Their usefulness to man cannot be overemphasised as they also help to provide habitat for other living organisms.
Without plants, life on earth cannot exist. They also contribute to our economy. People of many countries rely on their products for livelihood, income and a good health condition as more than 80% of medical prescriptions are composed of naturally obtained products, which are useful in combating life-threatening diseases.
Some diseases that can be healed through plants are digoxin for congestive heart failure obtained from digitalis, reserpine for blood pressure, ginseng for vitality and immunity enhancement, theophylline for asthma (from coffee and tea) and ergot for a migraine headache.
With this in mind, it is very important to surround your place with plants as it will it help sustain your health. It is a must that the prospective buyer considers all factors that may come along the way. These factors can help you decide which plants to place in your garden.
With all its varieties usually categorised by species, guidance from the service providers found online can be done. This will enable the buyer to plan and analyse ahead of time so that everything will run smoothly as expected.
You can visit plant nursery Gold Coast to check out different types of plants.
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A slew of issues confront the agricultural and food sectors. With a predicted global population of nearly 9.5 billion people by 2050, food consumption will skyrocket. At the same time, natural resources like fresh water and fertile land are becoming increasingly scarce. Despite the fact that agricultural output is currently sufficient to feed the world, over 600 million people suffer from hunger. For example, rising urbanisation has significant implications for food demand and supply patterns. Agriculture is still important for people's livelihoods and jobs. Over 560 million small farms exist worldwide, and agriculture and food production employ 26.7% of the global workforce.
Digital Agriculture Market Scope:
The Digital Agriculture market is segmented in this Stellar Market Research report based on manufacturers, regions, product types, and application areas. A market's size can be calculated using its value, output, and consumption. This Stellar Market Research (SMR) report discusses distribution channels, Porter's Five Forces Report, market share, size, growth rate, future trends, market drivers, opportunities and challenges, risks, and entry barriers, among other things.
Digital Agriculture Market Overview:
The SMR Digital Agriculture Market report investigates the historical and projected growth of the upstream, midstream, and downstream industries. The market research study goes into great detail about the overall market size, revenue, and market segmentation. The SMR research takes into account a wide range of factors, including current market competition, potential growth barriers, key manufacturer profiles, and production and consumption by relevant areas.
Digital Agriculture Market size was valued at US$ 16.8 Bn. in 2020 and the total Digital Agriculture revenue is expected to grow at 10.24% through 2021 to 2027, reaching nearly US$ 33.24 Bn.
To Get A Copy Of The Sample Of The Digital Agriculture Market, Click Here:https://www.stellarmr.com/report/req_sample/Digital-Agriculture-Market/194
Digital Agriculture Market Drivers:
Government regulations and guidelines are a major driver of growth in the digital agriculture market in many regions. These elements help to create a favourable environment for competitive digital marketplaces and electronic services. There is also a trend towards governments implementing e-services known as e-government, particularly in the areas of health, education, the environment, and employment. Designing and implementing a digital government programme, on the other hand, requires a high level of administrative expertise, and some countries have had mixed results. Developing countries frequently have the least capacity to deal with the situation. Success varies by sector, and despite being a key source of employment in rural areas, the agricultural industry lags in many countries.
Digital Agriculture Market Segmentation:
Precision farming had the largest share of the digital agriculture market by type, accounting for more than 45% in 2020. During the forecast period, this segment is expected to grow at a CAGR of 13.6%. Precision farming is expected to grow in the long run following the COVID-19 pandemic, as it allows farmers to supervise the state of their crops while not being physically present in the field through the use of automation, reducing the need to contact other people, which is critical during these times. This farming, as opposed to traditional gardening practises, is a strategy in which inputs are used in precise proportions to increase average yields.
These methods save time and money by reducing fertiliser and pesticide treatment costs, as well as pollution by reducing compound use. They also aid in the monitoring of soil and plant physical and chemical scenarios, such as electrical conductivity, temperature, evaporation and transpiration, radiation, and moisture, by placing sensors to measure parameters such as electrical properties, nitrates, temperature radiation, and leaves and soil moisture, in order to maintain optimal plant growth conditions. These elements contribute to higher production with a limited labour force during a pandemic situation with a labour shortage, ensuring a consistent supply of food and thus ensuring food security.
Predictive farming is analogous to taking medication to treat a specific condition. The solutions are highly personalised, from the type of crop suitable for a plot to the use of pesticides in specific areas. Precision farming reduces production costs and waste by tailoring to the unique needs of each plot. Precision farming makes use of analytical software and technical equipment. Soil testing, plot measuring, weather pattern analysis, and crop analysis are all done precisely with sensor-equipped devices strategically placed throughout the fields. To conclude, the data is calibrated, and a highly specific and accurate set of practises can be implemented based on the findings.
Case IH Agriculture
Topcon Positioning Systems
AgEagle Aerial Systems Inc.
Bayer CropScience AG
Small Robot Company
Hummingbird Technologies Limited
Deere & Company
The SMR report also includes company profiles, product images and specifications, output and capacity figures, pricing and cost information, revenue information, and contact information for the Digital Agriculture market's leading players. It investigates the specifications for raw materials, machinery, and upstream and downstream processes.
Digital Agriculture Market Regional Analysis:
The Middle East and Africa, South America, North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe are the market's five geographical regions. Stellar Market Research covers all market sub-segments as well as major geographic divisions. In this SMR report, we investigate regional evolution in terms of market size, share, and volume. This Stellar Market Research Digital Agriculture industry report includes data, geographic breakdowns, and revenue, as well as an in-depth analysis of business chain structures, opportunities, and the most recent market news.
Key Questions answered in the Digital Agriculture Market Report are:
- Which product segment is expected to hold the largest share in the Digital Agriculture market?
- How is the competitive scenario of the Digital Agriculture market?
- Which are the key factors aiding the Digital Agriculture market growth?
- Which region holds the maximum share in the Digital Agriculture market?
- What is the expected CAGR of the Digital Agriculture market during the forecast period 2022-2029?
- Which application segment emerged as the leading segment in the Digital Agriculture market?
- Which are the major key players in the Digital Agriculture market?
- What key trends are expected to emerge in the Digital Agriculture market in the forecast period?
- What will be the Digital Agriculture market size by 2029?
- Which company held the largest share in the Digital Agriculture market?
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For today’s mythical creatures we are going to focus on two slightly similar, but still different Egyptian Goddesses: Bastet and Sekhmet!
I chose to do these two together for two reasons. One: through evolution of cultures these two tended to blend and mesh with each other a lot, mostly as one gained power and the other lost it. Two: it is hard to find long stories to entertain with, instead all I can give is facts about them in their culture.
Bastet is a Goddess with the head of a lion. It is believed that she first had a lioness head, but that it changed overtime to be a cat head. She was the War Goddess of Lower Egypt and was also a goddess of fire, protection, pleasure, and pregnant women. She was seen as a kindly goddess (though she was a war god).
The there is Sekhmet, a lion headed Goddess of War for Upper Egypt. She was also the Goddess of fire, medicine, vengeance, and menstruation. Sekhmet is seen as fierce and wrathful. She was known to send plagues and pestilence as a form of punishment to those who wronged her.
Why the fire? Well when there was a fire in ancient times, hordes of cats were sent in to draw the fire out, the ancient firefighters were kitties! Both Goddesses are closely connected to the sun god Ra. Both females are at times Goddesses of the Sun; the difference is that Bastet is the mild heat from the sun, on like good days. On the other hand, Sekhmet is the more viscous heat when the sun is cooking you with it’s rays.
In one myth, Ra was in battle with Apep, an evil snake deity of chaos. Ra fought each sunrise against Apep with the help of his daughter Bastet. The battle with Apep was said to disrupt the balance of the world. When Apep had the upper hand earthquakes and storms occurred, and when he swallowed Ra, solar eclipses happened. But Ra was always cut out of Apep before the end of the day. In some renditions of the story, Bastet killed Apep in the night in her cat form (she can see in the dark just fine).
In another myth, Ra became very angry at mankind since they did not preserve justice and balance. For punish meant, he decided to send a peice of his daughter, Hathor, in the form of a lioness which became Sekhmet. She went on a rampage, but she was intoxicated by blood-lust and could not be stopped. To stop her, Ra poured almost ten thousand jars of alcohol on her. She became so drunk, she slept for three days and awoke with out rage. In some versions, she wakes up to see Ptah, God of creation and fertility, and falls in love. Since she is the goddess of destruction and him creation, they became a union that symbolized healing and reestablished balance.
If you want to know more about Egyptian gods, in particularly Bastet and Sekhmet, I recommend this website: http://www.landofpyramids.org/
One thought on “Daily Myth-Egyptian: Bastet and Sekhmet”
Pingback: Get to Know a God: Bastet – Be a God
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The Pine tree of Lavrentou – Panagias Podithou
A tall pine tree stands in the midst of wild vegetation, just a few metres away from the church of Panagia Podithou and within walking distance of the wooden chapel of Archangel Michael. It is a pine (pinuspinea) with a measured height of 18 metres, a trunk circumference of 3.75 metres and an estimated age of 170 years. This pine tree is also known as the “Pefkos tou Lavrentou”, according to one version, the monk Lavrentios, who served in the Holy Monastery of Podithou, planted it before leaving for the Kykkos Monastery.
The nearby church of the Virgin Mary is included in the ten churches of the Troodos area declared by UNESCO as World Heritage Monuments and listed on the list in 1985.
At the dawn of the 16th century, in 1502, the frescoes of the Panagia of Podithou Church in Galata, with Italian-Byzantine-style frescoes, are considered as a stage in the evolution of art in Cyprus.
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AIM: Drought is a chronic, recurring natural disaster. Such disasters have effects through entire communities. The impact of drought and other environmental changes on mental health are not clearly known, nor are the most effective ways of ameliorating those impacts. This study is the first phase of an in-depth, community-based research project into the effects of drought on rural Australian communities, and the development of strategies to improve the access to improve mental health facilities. METHOD: Participants in this investigation were drawn from five groups in a town in the central west of NSW: farmers (male and female), individuals from non-farm businesses, agriculture support workers, local health- and mental healthcare providers serving this population. Focus groups and individual interviews explored the mental health impact and community response to the drought within the following domains: impact of drought; availability and use of health services; psychological distress; impact on the expectations of the future of the community; individual, family and community mental health needs. RESULTS: Qualitative data analysis highlights the impact of uncertainty, farming bureaucracy, perceived restriction of lifestyle and future options, and distress caused by loss associated with prolonged drought. Analysis also identified important differences across groups in the impact, perceived mental health needs and patterns of help-seeking. CONCLUSIONS: The mental health response to drought should be carried out in conjunction with other service providers, especially front-line agricultural support workers. To enhance the mental health service capacity of rural communities and focus on improving farmers’ access to care, the Centre for Rural and Remote Mental Health is conducting a research program evaluating training and primary care service development in collaboration with rural organisations and health services across NSW.
Royal Australian & NZ College of Psychiatrists Joint CINP/ASPR Scientific Meeting. Abstracts for the Royal Australian & New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Joint CINP/ASPR Scientific Meeting (Presented in the Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry Vol. 39 Suppl. 2) (Brisbane, Qld 7–9 December, 2005) p. A85-A85
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Dejen Yemane Messele
Lecturer of Law ,Wollo University & PhD student, Addis Ababa University
May 27, 2020
The ABC of international law tells us that states, which conventionally called countries, are the principal actors at the international level. International law knows states, not their provinces, or units. All states are equal under the eyes of international law irrespective of their size, economic development, population, military capacity, and so forth. The ABC of international law has many things to tell us in this regard.
As a sovereign entity, states are at liberty to design their system of governance. States may design a system of government which promises them efficiency in all aspects. Since the establishment of nation-states and the inception of sovereignty and territorial integrity three systems of governance came into place. These are unitary, con-federalism, and federalism. Only unitary and federalism are alive to this very day. 86% of states are adopting and functioning through a unitary form of governance while 14% are adopting federalism as their system of government.
Contrary to Ethiopia’s historical reality, EPRDF has introduced an ethnic-based federalism to Ethiopia. The 1995 FDRE constitution legitimizes this ethnic-based federalism and regional states or members of the federation are structured on the basis of ethnic lines. The constitution does not know citizens nor Ethiopian people. It rather bestows ethnic groups both the sovereignty and the veto to decide on the states fate and its continuity. The constitution remains the only document in history that allows external self-determination through secession. External-self-determination was the concept introduced in the realm of international law to expedite Africa’s decolonization from the European colonial rule. The paradox and the amusing thing is the never colonized Ethiopia has adopted this concept of external-self-determination through secession where no African country incorporates this concept after independence. Why EPRDF introduced this alien concept to Ethiopia remains a conundrum.
The reading of the constitution opines that Ethiopia’s federalism is introduced in a way ignoring the history of the country. A country which has some 3000 years existence with a formal state administration along with a strong central government cannot fit a coming-together form of federalism. If federalism is a must it could have been a holding together form.
Well, it’s obvious that a vehement opposition has been echoed against the federalism which is in place by the constitution. The first and foremost opposition is the fact that this constitution was not the result of public discussion and dialogue, it was rather the party manifesto which directly crowned itself as a nation’s constitution. Rewriting of the constitution has long been asked by the public.
Recently, this call brought two categories of nametags, the federalist and unionist/unitarist camp. TPLF and opposition political parties established on the Oromo ethnic line are grouped into the federalist line while the nationalist (Ethiopic-center) political parties are labeled as unitarists. But I argue that the ethno-nationalists groups who perceived themselves as a vanguard of the federalism system are misleading the public as their rhetoric towards the unitary system of government is false and they are not federalist forces in real terms.
A false narrative about federalism and unitarism has indeed been established for more than two decades in Ethiopia. The propagandists and advocates of this ethnic-based federalism have mainstreamed that federalism is the blissful system unlike the unitary system to be applicable in Ethiopia. They intentionally preached the public that it’s only the federalism system which appropriates power to the federal/central government and the regional/sub-national administrations. They intentionally taught the public that unitray system is a rule of centralization which could not allow decentralization of power and self-rule. They wrongly accuse unitrism as a system of dictatorship and authoritarianism and federalism as the only way for decentralisation. All of these narrations are wrong and are made just to maintain the status quo of political entrepreneurship in the name of ethnic groups. For those who call themselves as federalist forces, ethnic groups are their best commodities to trade on. This trade should come to end now. The public should know that the federalism which forgets citizens, oust popular sovereignty, puts national integrity and sovereignty at risk due to an unconditional secession of groups; which outweighs diversity over unity; does not base on the history of the state should come to an end. The only beneficiaries of this system are corrupt officials who assumed power on the name of ethnic groups. And yet this system brought us at the brink of a failed state as a nation.
Unless we disregard history, it was in its long unitary history that Ethiopia reached the peak of civilization, not in the 28 or more years of the ethnic based federalism. Hence, a unitary system of governance can still be an option for Ethiopia. In this system, division of power among the central and sub-national administrative units can be done; self-rule or internal self-determination can be exercised; the force of unity will outweigh differences. The system can abandon the alien concept of external-self-determination through secession. Unitary system can create a stronger Ethiopia where its peoples become the owner of their territory without distinction. We should also know that it’s democracy which defines good governance, not federalism nor unitraism. There should be people’s constitution and constitutional democracy to live in a country where rule of law is realized; human rights are protected and fulfilled; free and fair elections are conducted. We should say no for political entrepreneurs who preached ethnic federalism as a matter of life and death.
Editor’s note : To publish your articles or commentary, please send submissions to email@example.com
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With the research papers being an essential part of modern-day education, every student gets to write tens of them throughout the years spent in college or in a university. Writing research papers on accounting isn’t much different to writing research papers for any other discipline: to prepare a profound, A-worthy academic essay you need to plan it out, do thorough research and follow all the requirements of your teacher. Besides, you need to remember that an excellent accounting research paper requires meticulous work with statistics, figures, relevant literature sources and guides on financial accounting. Although this task may seem to be compelling at first, familiarizing self with the basic principles, structure, and purpose of such papers will aid you in getting the highest grade.
Schizophrenia is a severe and complex brain disorder; people who suffer this illness interpret the reality abnormally. The results of schizophrenia may include the combination of delusions, hallucination, highly disordered behavior and thinking. Despite a common misconception, schizophrenia isn’t a rare condition. In fact, every individual is at risk of developing this disease at some point of life; most commonly it develops from psychoses. Schizophrenia can happen in any environment, culture, among men, women, and children of all ages; it affects all areas of human functioning, including behavior, thought, perception, and emotion.
Motivation is of the hottest topics within companies, conferences, and other communities. It is regarded as the strongest force helping people to move forward and take actions. If a person doesn’t have motivation and inspiration to do something, their life loses any sense and seems bleak. People look for motivation in different things: it might be a fascinating film, exciting book or success story of some famous person. Such sources are chosen individually and become the power that drives individuals to strive for becoming better and stronger.
Annually thousands of people around the world fell victims to domestic violence. It is crucial for youth to realize how menacing it is. Hardly surprising, a research paper on domestic violence is one of the most common writing assignments in colleges and universities aimed to raise awareness of the issue. How to find a topic for the successful paper? What to include in it and what is the perfect outline for research papers domestic violence? It is a highly intricate issue that requires some good insights and proper in-depth approach, so read on to get some food for thought with writing ideas.
The field of criminal justice is as old as our society. In every system, there are people who decide to go against the rules. The judicial system exists to prevent them from trampling on the welfare of other citizens. A career built in the area of law is considered to be prestigious and honorable. This is why thousands of young people from all corners of the world choose to study criminal justice in educational institutions.
Media is often called yet another branch of power because it equally influences the events in the world. Studying media is a fascinating and interesting process, even though the science of media tends to undergo the changes every time a new media source is introduced. We know that in the course of history newspapers turned to radio, later to TV, and TV in its turn gave up to the Internet sites and blogs. The latter tend to surrender to global social networks such as Facebook. Media can be compared to an ocean that never calms, and the skills to surf in its waters are essential for everyone who is studying or working in it.
Child abuse is one of the most emotional and acute issues that require prompt action as well as preventative measures and information dissemination. Tragedies involving child abuse and neglect are heartbreaking, and, unfortunately, they appear to be in the news too often as more than a million children fall victim to it each year. No wonder, a research paper on this problem is one of the most common writing assignments in the American educational institutions.
Let’s be frank: a research paper is an assignment that drives you loopy. The papal tone of voice you have to use to convey your arguments seems outright ridiculous. That, in a nutshell, is how everyone feels about the task. Yet, millions of students still manage to write their papers. And with a few tricks up your sleeve so would you.
You are probably familiar with the concept of “hook sentence” in fiction and journalism. This expression is pretty self-explanatory: it must catch your reader like a hook catches fish, so they won’t be able to leave your text until they’ve read it through. The only difference – no one is hurt and your reader is glued to your text on their own accord.
It’s impossible! I would never squeeze 2000-words paper into a paragraph or two.
That’s how students react when faced with the challenge of writing a conclusion for a research paper. If you also cringe at the thought of distilling several weeks’ worth of research work into a short conclusion, let us put your mind at ease. With little know-how, the challenge will seem less intimidating and more exciting.
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Sun’s out, SPF’s out! By now you know how important it is to slather on the sunscreen if you’re going outdoors. If you aren’t using sunscreen like you should be, it’s never too late to protect your skin from the sun — especially if you want to know how to prevent your skin from aging.
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While the least amount of sun exposure is the best for your skin overall, most of us do go outside. That’s exactly why you should get in the good habit of wrapping sun protection into your daily skincare routine.
Understanding sun exposure
SPF stands for sun protection factor. To understand how sunscreen works on your skin, it helps to know more about the sun’s rays.
“Sunlight contains two types of ultraviolet (UV) light that can harm your skin — UV-A and UV-B,” says dermatologist Melissa Piliang, MD. “While UV-B causes sunburn, it’s the UV-A rays that cause aging of the skin — but both types cause skin cancer.”
The SPF number on a sunscreen bottle only tells you how well the sunscreen deflects UV-B rays. Therefore, higher SPF values are only directly correlated with increased protection against sunburn and skin cancer. Manufacturers calculate SPF based on how long it takes for skin to sunburn with the sunscreen applied compared with skin without sunscreen.
“That said, while SPF can’t tell you how much protection your sunscreen offers against aging skin from UV-A rays, it’s enough to know that any SPF value can delay the damaging and premature aging effects of sun exposure — that means any sunscreen is always better than none at all,” Dr Piliang says.
Which sunscreen is best?
“The brand of sunscreen you choose is not as important as how you use it,“ Dr. Piliang says. “And there are some best practices that will give you the protection you need to prevent damage to your skin.”
Use SPF 30 to 50 SPF
The higher the SPF, the greater the protection. If you’ve had skin cancer or a precancer, opt for SPF 45 or higher.
Opt for formulas that prevent both UVA and UVB
“What’s equally important for the best protection against aging – and skin cancer — is a broad spectrum sunscreen designed to protect you from both types of damaging ultraviolet rays,” Dr. Piliang says.
Plan ahead and always carry it with you
Most people forget about sunscreen until they’re ready to hit the beach or park. Who wants to make a last minute trip back home when you’re excited for a nice day? Carry a small container with you just in case you’re outside when you least expect it in your car, bag or purse.
Apply all over and in advance
Apply a generous amount of sunscreen all over your body – use at least the amount that would fill a shot glass. Sunscreen works best if it has had time to soak in. Apply at least 15 to 30 minutes in advance of sun exposure for best protection.
“Don’t forget to put sunscreen on your face, ears, hands, arms, lips and scalp, especially if you don’t have much hair on the top of your head — or wear a hat,” she says.
Reapply evenly and often
Your skin will soak up sunscreen product over time, reducing its effectiveness, and sweat can break it down or wash it off.
Apply every two hours as a general rule. If you’re swimming, doing water activities or exercising and producing sweat, choose a waterproof or water-resistant sunscreen. Be aware these formulas generally last 40 to 80 minutes, so apply after each 40 minutes of activity for best protection.
Use daily under makeup
Develop the good habit of applying sunscreen under your makeup every day to prevent premature wrinkling of your skin due to sun exposure. You can also choose makeup, foundation or tinted serums with sunscreen already in them. Try to source one that has SPF 30 or higher.
Also apply on cloudy days and all year long
“Always be sure to use sunscreen even when it’s overcast,” Dr. Piliang says, “because UV rays can pass through clouds. So get into the habit of using it every day, not just in spring or summer but in colder weather, too. The sun’s rays can be just as damaging even in colder temperatures.”
Double your protection with accessories
A wide-brimmed at goes all the way around you head is best as it protects the sides of your face, your neck and your ears. A baseball cap is better then nothing, but it protects your central face leaving the other areas vulnerable to the sun’s damaging rays.
Also remember to wear UV-resistant sunglasses to protect your eyes.
Stay out of the strongest sun
While the sun is always damaging, it’s your best bet to avoid the sun when it’s the hottest, strongest and most damaging. This is from 10 a.m. through 3 p.m. every day.
If you missed a spot and feel the burn
Try aloe or cool compresses if you notice a burn where you skipped the sunscreen. For pain relief from a sunburn, try the recommended amount of ibuprofen or acetaminophen if needed. See your doctor for any blisters that form or skin that looks white.
When it comes to the kiddos
Sunscreen is safe for anyone over 6 months old. A specific sunscreen formula for kids isn’t necessary but opt for titanium dioxide and zinc oxide formulas instead of chemical sunscreens.
“Getting into the habit of thinking about your skin may take time, but protecting yourself is worth the daily effort,” Dr. Piliang emphasizes.
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Websites for Kids
Today's music teachers are faced with new challenges: Students live in a fast-paced "wow-me" world; they are not necessarily motivated by intrinsic values, but rather seek to be entertained by something or someone. Oftentimes, computers fulfill this role, playing a large part in the lives of students. Computers can entertain, can provide a vehicle for learning and are filled with all the bells and whistles technology has to offer. In no way will computers ever replace music teachers, but teachers can supplement lessons to include websites designed to help students gain skills while using the computer and the wonders of technology. It would virtually be impossible to offer a comprehensive list of music websites; however, MTNA offers this overview of selected websites that teachers might find helpful for augmenting lesson materials-particularly to enhance those six practice days between lessons!
While the myriad links and searches produce hundreds and hundreds of results, the following sites represent a researched sampling of the musical, youth-oriented websites on the Internet today. Many sites offer areas for teachers and parents. In addition, we have listed some good search sites. We encourage all teachers to search and seek out websites. Please share your results with us so we may continue to update this list.
World Music With DARIA is a website from this multiple award-winning educator and musician. The website was given a 2009 Parent's Choice Award for its family-friendly introduction of world music to young people and it's resources for teachers, parents and special education professionals. The instrument section allows children to color, hear and find pdf instructions on how to make world music instruments such as cajónes (box drums), didgeridoos, shekeres, pow-wow drums and guiros along with cultural background information.
The From The Top website is designed for young classical musicians. This clever website has: The Green Room, Hall of Fame, Answer Zone, Student Lounge, a Reference Room and an area for parents and teachers. Partnered with the highly successful From The Top radio program, this site offers the more “serious” young musicians an opportunity to hear from others like them and benefit from socialization of sorts with others like themselves.
JazzKids was created for children of all ages. The website offers teachers, parents and even the youngest students the opportunity to be introduced to jazz. The interactive audio, video and curriculum are not intended to replace a teacher!
The new SFSKids presents an updated online experience entirely different from the original SFSKids. Some of brand-new features and content throughout SFSKids include: a fun and playful series of educational modules presented as immersive environments and using animal avatars as guides; the ability to explore various linkages between composers, instruments and music compositions; the use of some game-based techniques to motivate repeated listening and engagement; gesture-controlled simulation scenarios using the mouse and keyboard to provide “hands-on” experiences of playing instrument and conducting music; interactive online tutorials to learn about music basics; the opportunity for users to compose and notate their own original music; and much more.
The site features games, listen and learn, and various teacher resources, from the Dallas Symphony Orchestra.
Great graphics and fun games-like the clarinet scavenger hunt-make this New York Philharmonic website great, especially for instrumental students.
LSO Play allows you to experience the orchestra from multiple points of view.
Cincinnati Music Hall Tour
Walk in this virtual tour through Cincinnati Music Hall, home of the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra and Cincinnati Pops Orchestra. Take a turn looking out from the conductor’s podium, learning about the instrument sections and experience the architecture.
Music Game/Theory/History/Listening Websites
This kid-friendly website invites children ages 5–12 to learn about music through interactive and fun activities. Carnegie Hall Kids ignites imagination in children, offering activities that both encourage musical curiosity and develop knowledge of musical concepts.
This website contains hundreds of learning games of varying levels, all carefully planned to gain mastery of the elements of music theory, ear training and rhythmic skills in an exciting, challenging environment.
This site is just for kids—to talk to other kids about piano, listen to the Taz-man, jump to other cool places, time travel to meet a famous composer or pianist, get a great tip to help withlessons, get help with writing piano or music reports or even ask a question!
The Yellow Cat piano program offers students the opportunity to excel at the piano. Its learning methods enable students to learn quickly and to achieve higher levels of success than the standard music program.
Funbrain offers games on composers, instruments, reading and vocabulary.
Learning about and listening to different instruments, reading music, musical genres and links to additional sites are the features of this site.
This is a great site for music theory.
This site includes games and songs. You also can use this site to search for more related sites.
"Name That Tune," a link to the American Symphony Orchestra League, Instruments, lesson plans and games all can be found on this website.
This site offers many links to quality classical music sites.
Features online, interactive piano lessons that can be used in conjunction with traditional piano lessons.
Includes quality theory tutorials, and interactive identification and ear training drills in note reading, key signatures, intervals and triads.
Students can test their music knowledge with quizzes, matches, concentration card games and other activities.
Elementary-age students can enjoy exploring, creating and manipulating music.
Elementary students can enjoy playing with an interactive Improvisation Station.
Enable students to compose from a MIDI keyboard and add voice-overs or other audio recorded through a microphone.
Access online accompaniments that function as virtual accompanists.
This site is devoted to ear training and theory skills.
This site offers ear training and theory skills.
This site contains lots of free music resources for elementary music classroom teachers, private music instructors and homeschool parents, for the purpose of building kids up in positive ways and enriching their lives with an appreciation for music and learning.
Happy Note! music games (shareware and freeware) are both amusing and educational. They offer a way to learn to read music notes in treble clef and bass clef the fun way.
A music educational portal designed especially for kids and music beginners. Primarily focusing on the piano basics, they produce games to learn music easily with fun.
KidsClick! is a web search site designed for kids by librarians—with kid-friendly results! The site includes links to kid-friendly websites about music and music history.
Sphinx Kids contains interactive games and videos.
Classics for Kids contains games, music lessons, lesson plans and information on composers and classical music. (For students and teachers.)
Fun music stuff just for kids.
Theta Music Trainer features music and ear training games.
Contains an online music theory guide, articles about music theory and a Java enhanced script for interactive play.
A fabulous general resource page from the Piano Technicians Guild for anyone involved in any way with keyboard instruments.
An extremely comprehensive resource with great references to composer's pages and information.
This site is great and has links to information on how to practice.
This is an advocacy site for teachers with many resources such as free lesson plans, guides, teacher grants, scholarships, continuing education information and more.
A comprehensive guide to teaching resources for all grades and subjects. There is an entire section of music-teaching resources, including free sheet music and theory exercises.
Piano Teacher's Playground
This resource site features printable games, free printable music theory worksheets that are fun for kids, holiday worksheets with fun themes and colorful graphics, and more.
To raise awareness about hearing health, MTNA has partnered with the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), which has developed the award-winning "Listen To Your Buds" campaign. The campaign educates the very young about practicing safe listening habits such as turning down the volume and taking listening breaks when they use personal audio technology so they can avoid the devastating, lifelong effects that can accompany hearing loss.
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In 7ᵗʰ grade and 8ᵗʰ grade frequency distribution, we will cover presentation of data, frequency and also about frequency distribution using the examples.
Presentation of Data: After collecting the data, it is condensed in the tabular form in order to study its features, Such an arrangement is called presentation of data.
Observation: Each entry collected as a numerical fact in the given data is called the observation.
Frequency: It is quite possible that in many situations two or more observations are identical, thus, the number of times a particular observation occurs is known as frequency.
(i) If 4 students get 68 marks, then we say that the frequency of 68 is 4.
If this is done for all the observations and the data is rearranged from the lowest to the highest value; frequency distribution is obtained.
(ii) If 3 girls have height 156cm, then we say that frequency of 156 cm is 3.
Frequency Distribution Table:
The table in which such a distribution of frequencies is given is called the frequency distribution table.
Frequency distribution of marks obtained by 15 students of class VIII-A in mathematics is given.
Note: The number of times a particular observation occurs in a given data is called its frequency of an observation:.
What is frequency distribution?
The tabular arrangement of data showing the frequency of each observation using tally marks or by condensing the data into classes or groups is called frequency distribution.
1. Suppose we make a survey of 20 families of a locality and find out the number of children in each family.
Let the observations be
2, 2, 3, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 2, 2.
State the frequency of each observation.
Arranging the data in ascending order, we get the observations as
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3.
We find that
1 occurs 6 times;
2 occurs 10 times;
and 3 occurs 4 times.
We say that the frequency of families having 1 child is 6,
the frequency of families having 2 children is 10,
and the frequency of families having 3 children is 4.
We may represent the above data in a tabular form, showing the frequency of each observation.
This tabular form of representation is called frequency distribution.
For counting, we use tally marks |||| and the fifth tally mark is entered as
by crossing diagonally the four tally marks already entered.
Thus, the frequency distribution table of the above data may be presented as given below.
Frequency Distribution Table
● Data Handling
● Data Handling - Worksheet
8th Grade Math Practice
From Frequency Distribution to HOME PAGE
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According to a study conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, natural oceanic and atmospheric patterns—and not global warming—are to blame for the massive drought that California is currently experiencing. The study suggests that a naturally-induced high pressure area off the West Coast, coupled with sea surface temperature patterns, has blocked rain-bearing storms from making landfall in the state.
Now’s the time to prepare
Regardless of what’s causing the current California drought, one thing’s for sure: it’s been months since some parts of California have gotten rain, and that is indeed worrisome. There is, however, one topic that seems to have been left on the backburner: the drought is the perfect time to prepare for the upcoming rainy season, and in turn, prepare for similarly severe droughts in the future.
The story of stormwater
Stormwater runoff is caused when rain and snow hit water-resistant surfaces such as streets, rooftops, and parking lots instead of being absorbed into the ground. As such, water accumulates and, in the process, collects trash, chemicals, and other pollutants as it makes its way to waterways. Due to this threat, stormwater runoff is often viewed as a liability. In California, stormwater is a major source of pollution.
The best stormwater solutions for California
There are many opportunities for efficient storm water management, but arguably the biggest one that concerns The Golden State is groundwater recharge. The state of California can counteract stormwater runoff’s negative impact by implementing water infiltration systems in large residential and commercial areas. This type of stormwater management solution helps slow the flow of water and allows it to be absorbed into the ground, eventually helping communities increase their water supply reliability, which can be extremely helpful in times of drought.
According to Richard Seager, lead author of the NOAA study, droughts such as the one California is currently experiencing are bound to happen again. With that in mind, measures to capture and reuse every drop of water will not only be wise, but crucial too.
Everyone can do their part
As a home or business owner, you can do something to conserve water, improve your locale’s watersheds, and slow the flow of stormwater from your home or business when the rain returns. Contact stormwater management BMP solutions providers like StormChamber to learn how.
(Source: Causes of Calif. drought natural, not man-made: NOAA, USA Today, Dec. 8, 2014)
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Tweren’t really nothing much this little “war” — just a misunderstanding (maybe a little blown out of proportion), which was eventually settled by the U.S. Supreme Court, over the interpretation of the Louisiana Purchase and various treaties in ensuing years.
The disputed land was an approximately 10 mile-wide strip — was that land part of northern Missouri or southern Iowa? In 1820, Missouri entered the Union with the northern boundary being the so-called “Sullivan Line” or “Indian Boundary Line”. In 1816, surveyor John Sullivan conducted a survey in order to delineate the space between Osage Indian Territory and what was then just called Missouri Territory (new treaties had been drawn up with the Indians after the War of 1812). Sullivan erected markers along the way, but by the late 1830s those markers had more or less disappeared, making it unclear where the boundary lines laid.
I ran across one person’s theory relating to Sullivan’s line that I found interesting. I’m not sure who the author is, however. This person had gleaned from other web sites the theory of “magnetic declination” or the difference between what the compass indicates is north (magnetic north pole) and what is really north (geographic north pole). He/she postulated the following:
From where he started in western Missouri, the (21st-century) declination is approximately 4 1/2 degrees; at the Des Moines, the declination is 2 degrees. Thus, as Sullivan worked east, the “straight” line angled to a decidedly east-north-easterly direction, especially in the eastern third, and he reached the Mississippi in what is now downtown Fort Madison, approximately three miles north of where he should have been. Whoops. The problem was compounded when the southern boundary of the Wisconsin Territory was stated to be the northern border of Missouri, locking the two in an endless loop.
There was mention of “Des Moines Rapids” in the survey as being some point of delineation. Then in the late 1830s when Iowa was ready to join the Union, “Des Moines Rapids” became a point of contention. Apparently, these rapids were actually located in the Mississippi River, just above where the confluence of the Des Moines River and the Mississippi is located (I guess they took the phrase literally that the rapids were in the Des Moines River).
Another survey, conducted by J.C. Brown, was commissioned by the state of Missouri. Since the Sullivan markers are now missing or difficult to locate, and he doesn’t seem to know that the rapids are located in the Mississippi, he sets out to find the rapids in the Des Moines River. He assumes he finds them (wrong assumption) in an area now known as Keosauqua. His survey results in adding a wider strip of land across the northern border than Sullivan’s original survey.
Missouri is satisfied with the results (of course) and wants to levy taxes in that newly acquired territory. However, most people in that soon-to-be-disputed strip of land considered themselves Iowans and didn’t take kindly to being taxed by Missouri.
One anecdote told is that Samuel Riggs and Jonathan Riggs were cousins and both sheriffs of their respective counties. Samuel was sheriff of Davis County, Iowa and Jonathan was sheriff of Schuyler County, Missouri. Jonathan arrested Samuel for breaking the laws of the state of Missouri and, in turn, Samuel arrested Jonathan for holding the office of sheriff in Missouri while living in Iowa. Samuel kept Jonathan in jail for two months.
With the arrest of Jonathan Riggs and the cutting down of three honey bee trees by a Missourian as payment for taxes, hundreds of Iowans and Missourians rushed to the disputed area to defend their claims in December 1839. Since Iowa was such a young state, they didn’t have much of a militia. One story relates that the Iowa militia was armed mostly with antique shotguns, flintlocks and ancestral swords — not exactly a fierce-looking military force. According to one author (Tales from Missouri and the Heartland, by Ross Malone), the Missourians were armed with a variety of weapons, including a sausage stuffer that one man planned to use (?!?). I can just imagine that there was plenty of whiskey brought along too!
The governors of both states then engaged in a war of words. After a month-long standoff, a committee of men from both militias met and and asked the two governors to submit the matter to Congress to resolve. Eventually the case known as State of Missouri v. State of Iowa was referred to the U.S. Supreme Court to decide. Ultimately, the “war” was won by Iowa, deciding that the original “Sullivan Line” was indeed the correct boundary.
Did you enjoy this article? Yes? Check out Digging History Magazine. Since January 2018 new articles are published in a digital magazine (PDF) available by individual issue purchase or subscription (with three options). Most issues run between 70-85 pages, filled with articles of interest to history-lovers and genealogists — it’s all history, right? 🙂 No ads — just carefully-researched, well-written stories, complete with footnotes and sources.
Want to know more or try out a free issue? You can download either (or both) of the January-February 2019 and March-April 2019 issues here: https://digging-history.com/free-samples/
Thanks for stopping by!
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Ka Lae also served as an important fishing spot for ancient Hawaiians, so much so that they built a koʻa (fishing shrine) to honor Kuʻula, the Hawaiian god of fishing. Large fish such as ʻahi, mahimahi and marlin were, and still are, common in the area, and you can still find mooring holes in the rocky cliffs used to fasten canoes so Hawaiians could fish without worry of being swept away by the strong currents.
Standing on the rocky cliffs at Ka Lae, I find joy in the fact that I, along with a handful of other visitors and local fishermen, am at the southernmost point in the United States. The scenery is stunning: The dazzling blue ocean glistens below and the colossal Hawaiʻi Island landscape rises in the distance.
Aside from being one of the most scenic spots on the island of Hawaiʻi, Ka Lae, which in ‘ōlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language) means “the point,” is a deeply historic site. It is hypothesized that Ka Lae is the spot where early Polynesian settlers first landed, as the Big Island is the closest to Tahiti and South Point is the part of the island that they would likely come across first. Ruins of an ancient heiau (Hawaiian temple) are in the area as well, and the site is also home to one of the longest archaeological records of ancient Hawaiian civilization on the Islands.
In 1956, one of the oldest known ancient Hawaiian habitations was found at South Point by an archaeological team from the Bishop Museum. The site included over 14,000 artifacts, ranging from abraders (files used to make fishhooks) made of stone and coral, as well as more than 60 different kinds of larger fishhooks.
Even in modern times, the area is still popular among fishermen trying to catch ulua, red snapper, mahimahi and marlin. Ka Lae has also attracted thrill-seekers looking to dive off its picturesque, yet sharp and rugged, cliffs. Looking down at the drop, I don’t mind the height of the jump as much as the ocean itself, which is known here for its dangerous sweeping rip current.
The current is actually named Hala‘ea, which was the name of an ancient Hawaiian chief who was abusive toward his people; he was known for never sharing the aku (bonito) he caught and for taking more aku than he needed from his fishermen. Fed up with his greed, his own fishermen sunk Halaʻea’s canoe by placing more and more aku on it until it submerged from the weight. The chief was then carried off by the current, never to be seen again.
Thinking of Halaʻea and his unfortunate fate, I step carefully away from the cliffs of Ka Lae. There’s more to see here, and I set off down the coast on my own as the southernmost person in the United States.
To reach Ka Lae, turn onto South Point Road located between mile markers 69 and 70 on Highway 11 and follow it for 11 miles.
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|Sounds of Neuroscience|
The neuroscience laboratory is filled with different sounds - crackling from the amplified responses of neurons, scratching of a sliding microtome cutting tissue, the pumping of a respirator.
|Watch Oscilloscope||Neuron in the thalamus: Oscilloscope tracing of the activity from neurons in the thalamus (nucleus parafascicularis). Click on the image to the left to start the movie. In the recording, you should be able to see several action potentials with different sizes. There is one large spike and several smaller ones.|
Trigeminal Ganglion Cell: this is about 2 seconds of activity that was recorded from a ganglion cell after the maxillary (upper) incisor tooth of an anesthetized rat was tapped 5 times. Listen for 5 distinct "bursts" of action potentials.
Trigeminal Ganglion Cell: this is about 2 seconds of activity that was recorded from a rat ganglion cell after a single whisker (vibrissa) was moved and held in position. Listen for the rapid steady burst of action potentials. This neuron was firing about 100 action potentials every second. The picture below is the actual recording of a portion of what you are hearing...each action potential in this record is separated by about 10 milliseconds. There are 21 action potentials displayed in this picture of the recording - count them!
|Sliding Microtome: about 1 second of the sound made by a sliding microtome as it cuts through a frozen brain. A microtome is an instrument that is used to cut thin sections of tissue that will be examined with a microscope. The brain is frozen with dry ice and then cut into sections that are 50 microns thick. After the tissue sections are cut, they are usually stained and mounted on glass slides.|
|Electronic Microdrive: a few seconds of the sound of made by an electronic microdrive as it advances a electrode into the brain. Every click that you hear is the electrode advancing 1 micron (one thousandth of a millimeter). A microdrive is used to position the electrode in a particular area of the brain for recording activity from neurons.|| |
|GO TO:||Explore the Nervous System||Table of Contents|
Neuroscience for Kids
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Fans, Blowers & Motors
I am installing a Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) for the unload system. Is there anything I should know?
The variable frequency drive (VFD) is a good method of protecting the motor and changing speeds of a motor. The VFD changes hertz from 5-72 or anywhere in-between. The more hertz applied the faster the motor runs in RPMs. The downside to the VFD is that it emits noise and signal wiring can pick up noise and vary signals.
- Make sure all signal cables are grounded well on one end.
- Make sure wires for the low voltage and signal are not anywhere close to the VFD.
- The VFD motor output wires should not be close to the 120 VAC control wires.
- If motor coupling (sure-flex sleeve) has gone bad or been damaged while running for a short time frame, then the motor shaft and fan shaft are not properly aligned. The alignment is what the flex sleeve will help with, but when alignment is too far out of tolerance then the coupling will become damaged.
- This could also be because flanges that hold coupling are too tight or too loose. The coupling needs to fit snug in place between two flanges.
- Incorrect size coupling and flanges were used for the application.
First, take a straight edge and place it across the top of both pulleys to ensure proper alignment. The best way to check tension is to own a belt tension tool along with a belt tension guide. These are available at order houses such as Grainger or houses that specialize in bearings and belts like Standard Bearings. A good automotive store might also have them on hand or be able to order them for you.
If a centrifugal fan belts are loose, they will not always emit the typical loose belt squeal. On start up, especially on a dryer with a soft starter, you will hear the RPMs vary instead of hearing a smooth ramp up of RPMs. With a tri-start system, the sound might sound like a distant jet engine as each motor comes up to full speed. Another indicator of loose belts is decreased capacity.
- The LP or Natural gas fuel supply does not have enough supply to increase temperatures past a given point, contact the utility company.
- Modulating valves will not adjust temperature to give proper increase in chamber temperature. Remove bulb from heat and put into ice or a cool place and restart the burner. The burner should go to maximum output and trip off high limits if you do not control temperature with hand valve. If temperature does not go to maximum and stays where it was before exposing bulb to cold temperatures, then power element is bad and must be replaced.
- Proportional valve may not be opening to allow more fuel to burner. Proportional valve has a clear cover and slot cut into shaft. Actuator is orange Belimo valve and will rotate slot from shut position, slot is 90-degrees from pipe train. In the open position, slot is in line with pipe train. This is controlled by 0-10 DCV signal and 24 DCV to run motor, check Belimo for voltage. 1 to 2 is 24 DCV and 1 to 3 is 0-10 DCV at the Belimo actuator.
- Check gas pressure gauges for pressure while running burner, loss in pressure can result in a loss in chamber temperature. If gauges are not properly working they need to be replaced.
- If no pressure is shown on gauges, check solenoids for opening. 120 volts to a solenoid should open coil and diaphragm.
- If solenoids are opening and no pressure is indicated on the gages, check hand valves for open position and check LP strain filter to see if it is plugged.
- If burner is operating and flame looks small, check air inlets and/or burner orifice for obstructions. Maxon burner holes could be corroded and need to be opened up with drill bit.
- Disconnect is not energized.
- Manual motor protector breaker is not turned on.
- No power to stop and start switch.
- Check for proper voltage across lines and line to ground.
- Motor is bad, replace motor. Motor leads can be checked for continuity using voltage meter and trained electrician.
- Motor rotor has seized and motor is in locked rotor condition, this will generate very large amp draw and hold amp draw until breaker trips. Replace motor or have motor re-worked by motor shop.
- Check for proper line voltages on all three legs.
- Check for proper belt tension.
- Investigate for worn bearings on both fan and motor.
- Try opening or closing louvers on the air doors.
Don’t see your answer? Ask a Question Now >
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Lacrosse may be old, but it's popular for a reason. Native American tribes were crossing netted sticks long before the first colonists arrived, and despite centuries of play, lacrosse is one of the fastest growing team sports in the world, with hundreds of thousands of players in the United States alone.
Originally created by the Iroquois tribe, lacrosse was used to vent aggression and settle territorial disputes. Although no one really knows how old the game is, it remained a Native American-exclusive sport until the mid-19th century, when it was picked up by Canadian settlers. Soon after, the game spread to Europe and throughout the rest of North America.
Lacrosse is like a combination of hockey and basketball and is played with a netted racquet (called a lacrosse stick) and a rubber ball. Players carry and pass the ball to each other to advance it down the field. However, they can only use the lacrosse stick to do this -- team members are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands. The object of the game is to throw the ball into the opponent's goal to score a point. Much like hockey, each team is equipped with a goalie to prevent the opposing team from scoring. Lacrosse games typically consist of four 15-minute quarters, and at the end of the game, the team with the most points wins.
As the sport gains popularity, lacrosse clubs are becoming much more prevalent. US Lacrosse, the national organization for men and women's lacrosse, boasts 63 chapters and nearly 350,000 club players nationwide.
What is a lacrosse club, you ask? Well, sports-related clubs can refer to anything from large organizations that sponsor multiple leagues or can be as small as a group of sports fans organizing to form a single team, which is what we're discussing in this article.
Want to start your own lacrosse club? Click to the next page to find out how.
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A career as an emergency medical technician can be challenging, as well as gratifying for the right candidate. If you are interested in pursuing this, you must be 18 years of age, have a high school diploma, and complete rigorous training and coursework. EMT classes are not to be taken lightly. At some point in the future, you will have someone’s life in your hands. You must become familiar with medicine, life-saving techniques, and complicated equipment. Most of this will be covered in EMT classes before any hands-on training begins.
There are 3 levels of EMT: EMT, Advanced EMT, and Paramedic.
The EMT course is typically offered by a community college, vocational school, or medical facility. These EMT classes usually take 180 hours to complete, but this may vary by state. During class, you will learn: how to asses a victim’s condition, basic CPR methods, bandage adhering, stipulations dealing with blood loss, common injury practices, and primary responder treatment. Once you complete the course, you will be required to take a practical and written exam. You may then apply for certification.
The next level of EMT certification is Advanced EMT. During these classes, you will be taught a more thorough understanding of emergency medical techniques than in the EMT class. Topics covered are IV administration, airway support methods, defibrillator usage, and the administration of certain medications to victims while in a moving vehicle.
At the third, or Paramedic level, classes will cover the most comprehensive information regarding emergency medicine. Topics in class will include anatomy, physiology, and highly advance life-saving techniques. Potential Paramedics will be taught how to use complicated medical equipment and go through on-the-job training. Depending on the state in which you reside (or the state in which you want to become an EMT), classes may take up to 2 years to complete. After successful completion of Paramedic classes, you will be able to take written and physical examinations to determine whether or not you are qualified to become an emergency medical technician at the most advanced level.
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Chemistry is not language, explains Michael Gordin. But the metaphor is useful nonetheless
Language is one of our most powerful metaphors - its ubiquity hides its particularity. Many things are considered to be ‘like language’. Music is one, mathematics another, chemistry a very close third. Such statements grab onto a few similarities and invite us to ponder whether the differences are really so significant after all. The similarities are sometimes so overwhelming that we slip from simile to metaphor: chemistry is not ‘like language,’ it is a language.
One of the reasons people find the metaphor of chemistry as a language so compelling is because of orthography, the systematic way it is written. Speech is fleeting, but writing promises to hold language stable. Spoken languages come and go, and they also display a frustrating capacity to change: the ‘Englishes’ of Beowulf and Chaucer are not the ‘English’ we speak today. Writing preserves languages from extinction (think of Latin and Sanskrit), and also gives them resistance to mutation. A lot of the language we encounter every day comes in the form of writing, and since many (perhaps most or even all) of the languages you or I interact with have written counterparts, it is easy to make the reverse equation: that which has a writing system is a language.
What looks like language
It’s trivial to see how this works for chemistry. Not only are there standardised graphemes for the chemical elements, but the very appearance of chemical equations, like mathematical ones, has a syntax that patterns onto Indo-European languages (like English, French, German and Russian). To pick one of the simplest examples, ‘2H2O → 2H2 + O2’ can be effortlessly translated term for term into a sentence: ‘Two molecules of water transform into two diatomic hydrogen molecules and one diatomic oxygen molecule.’
The analogy goes deeper, since compounds look like words made up of letters - as with H2O and water - and the complexity of possible reactions, and the ability to set down sequences of reactions on paper, resembles writing strongly. (The analogy breaks down with structural formulas of complex organic molecules, which do not resemble written words.)
Like language, we can build an infinity of chemical formulas and reactions from finite components (one of Noam Chomsky’s central observations about human language), but we can’t build them willy-nilly, for there are unbreakable rules that govern the sense of the sentence. The parallel looks rather good.
The catch is that writing isn’t language. It is a system for representing speech, and it does this imperfectly (think of obsolete pronunciations fossilised in spellings like ‘knife’ and ‘night’). More to the point, illiterate individuals (most of humanity for most of history) are still perfectly capable of using language, and a good portion of the Earth’s 7000-odd languages are without orthography. Just as all languages do not have writing systems, so all writing systems do not betoken a language. Chemistry is one of the latter cases: it is not the kind of thing you can teach an infant to speak fluently; it does not have a grammar; it is not, despite its syntax and its formulas, a language.
No lingua franca
Nonetheless, the temptation to think of chemistry in linguistic terms is overwhelming – and productive. Antoine Lavoisier and his collaborators developed the terminology of the elements that we still use today. They broke from an older, evocative system (‘flowers of vitriol’, ‘verdigris’ etc) into an analytic representation whereby the names of compounds would reveal their composition. They did so inspired by the philosophy of language formulated by Õtienne Bonnot de Condillac.
Jöns Jacob Berzelius proposed his chemical symbols out of the desire to build an international writing system that harnessed the power of the Roman alphabet. As my student Evan Hepler-Smith is demonstrating in his dissertation in progress at Princeton University, similar linguistic analogies animated the construction of the Geneva nomenclature of organic compounds in 1892. The inspirations of language have enabled some of the most powerful conceptual tools chemists have.
The benefits of entertaining the metaphor do not accrue only to chemists. Two of the great figures of early 20th century linguistics – Ferdinand de Saussure, the Swiss father of structuralism, and Otto Jespersen, the Danish specialist on the English language – both repeatedly pointed to chemical nomenclature as an illustration of some of the constructed properties of the linguistic system. Chemists in every language refer to the same entity responsible for combustion, but some languages (English, Hungarian) adopt Lavoisier’s false Greek neologism of ‘oxygen’, while others (German, Hebrew, Russian) calque it into ‘acid-maker’ in their respective tongues, and others still (Danish, Polish) use their own linguistic roots to capture the concept more accurately as related to fire. None of these is right, a gold standard that undergirds their value; rather, like currency, they are crucial components of separate systems, convertible across linguistic borders.
It is in this sense, the notion of local systems and international translations, and not the symbolic notation, that chemical nomenclatures resemble language most. It’s not a perfect fit, but what metaphor ever is?
Michael Gordin is a professor at Princeton University, US, and author of Scientific Babel: the language of science from the fall of Latin to the rise of English
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Time：2022-05-08 Author：Shenzhen Fitconn Technology Co.,Ltd.
Aerosol inhalation means that the drug is turned into fine mist-like particles through a nebulizer, and directly enters the respiratory tract with natural inhalation to achieve the purpose of treating diseases. Atomization inhalation does not require the active cooperation of children. Children can inhale the medicine easily and naturally through a mask or mouthpiece to avoid aggravating the nervousness caused by the discomfort of the disease. It is one of the main routes of administration for the treatment of childhood asthma.
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Title: Green Squad, Kids taking action for greener, healthier schools
Abstract: An interactive tool for students that helps them understand their school their health and the environment and aids them in discovering what they might be able to do to improve the school environment.Interactive tools allow them to explore various rooms but they can also go to the "library" for fact sheets on asthma, air pollution, and other environmental concerns.
Source: National ResourcesDefense Council
Date of Publication: December 2004
Resource Type: Checklist - Classroom Games and Activities - Fact sheet - Language Options - Web site
Green Your Lesson Plan Associated Subjects:
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Ketotic hypoglycemia is the most common form of childhood hypoglycemia. Periods of Hypoglycemic episodes typically occur during early morning, especially during intercurrent illness when food intake is limited. The symptoms and signs of hypoglycemia are often overlooked .Because hypoglycemia is a life threatening event can lead to severe neurological sequel, intravenous administration of glucose is necessary. These children respond promptly to glucose. We share our experience of four cases of Ketotic hypoglycemia admitted during last 2 years.
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Roland Miller’s book Abandoned in Place: Preserving America’s Space History will be in stores this year. It is a photographic exploration of America’s abandoned launch and research facilities. Via Abandonedinplace
Abandoned In Place is a photographic exploration of the American space-launch and research facilities that played a crucial role in the early period of space exploration. The project serves not only as a documentary body of work, but also as an artistic interpretation of these historic sites. A unique combination of documentary, abstract, and hybrid images allows Abandoned In Place to be viewed from many perspectives. The exhibition records a vanishing era in both the space race and the cold war. The temporal nature of life is evident in views of decaying sites which once captured the attention of the entire world.
The facilities photographed in Abandoned In Place portray one of the most historic and technical adventures of the last century–from our first unmanned flights beyond the atmosphere to landing men on the moon. A sense of the urgency of the space race is evident in many of the images. Signs and labels in the images reflect the technology of the era. The structures depicted also recall the darker threat of nuclear war. Some of the images describe a future that could have been if the cold war had heated up. These launch complexes, engine test stands, and wind tunnels are the Bunker Hill and Gettysburg of the cold war. References to the Great Pyramids, Chichen Itza, Stonehenge, and other major archeological sites foreshadow the future of these modern ruins.
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By Dr. Ronald P. McArthur
The dialogues of Plato contain so much about so many things that our difficulties mount when we try to find with exactitude the whole intent of any one of them. Many of them show, however, and some in a manner which forces itself upon us, the importance of appetite in what looks at first to be the sphere of disinterested intelligence. Callicles, Gorgias, and Protagoras, to take but a few prominent examples, show us that desire can play such a large role in the intellectual life that it is hard to disentangle the desire that reality be as we want it to be from what we can hold with evidence about that same reality. Socrates may be ironic, or simply playful, when he says, after a lifetime of intellectual activity, that he knows nothing. His statement nevertheless suggests a salutary truth: wisdom is so very difficult to achieve that only a very few are, finally, wise. While we may rejoice as Socrates dismantles the arguments of some of his opponents, and be delighted as they are forced to take ridiculous positions in upholding their initial assertions, that rejoicing should be momentary. Who among us would, upon reflection, see himself as so freed from the constraints of his own desires, that he is able to see with perfect equanimity the reality about which he holds so many opinions?
There are many reasons which explain why wisdom seems to be reserved for the few, and we all know some of the most obvious; there are a relatively few who have the opportunity to give themselves to the life of study; few who study with persevering effort the very difficult subjects they should learn; few who pray with constancy for Divine help; few who attain the moral purity so conducive to the life of wisdom — that life which Aristotle without Revelation thought more divine than human. There is, however, another reason. It is usually overlooked because we tend to minimize its importance. It is this reason I wish now to bring to your attention.
St. Thomas (Ia IIae, Q. 58, a 1) distinguishes two meanings of the Latin word Mos:
Sometimes it means custom, in which sense we read (Acts 15:1): “Except you be circumcised after the manner (morem) of Moses, you cannot be saved.” Sometimes it means a natural or quasi-natural inclination to do some particular action, in which sense the word is applied to dumb animals. Thus we read (2 Macc. 1:2) that “rushing violently upon the enemy, in the manner of lions (Leonum more), they slew them”: and the word is used in the same sense (Ps. 67:7) when we read: “Who makes man in one manner (moris) to dwell in a house.”
When we use the word “mores” in English we mean, as the dictionary (The Concise Oxford) says, “Customs or conventions regarded as essential to or characteristic of a community.” And the dictionary then informs us that the word is the plural of the Latin word mos, custom. So far, St. Thomas and the English dictionary agree, but the second meaning of the word, found as well in the Latin dictionary, is worth our attention. While mos, as custom, may be best known to us, St. Thomas yet shows us the connection of the two meanings by showing how the second meaning, “a natural or quasi-natural inclination to do some particular action...”, is closely connected to the first. For, as St. Thomas says, “…the other meaning of mos, i.e. custom, is akin to [a natural or quasi-natural inclination], because custom becomes a second nature, and produces an inclination similar to a natural one.”
Our habits, whether good or evil, become like nature; they are “quasi-natural inclinations.” Custom, in its turn, plays its role in engendering those inclinations. It is because of the importance of custom that Plato would educate the young by accustoming them to only the right music, art, and literature. It is because of the crucial role our habits play that Aristotle claims that only those who are well brought up, and whose acquired inclinations tend towards the good, can study ethics with any profit.
It is relatively easy to see the role of custom in the moral life. Our manner of acting, as adults, and the general culture which surrounds us, have an almost decisive influence on the young, and incorporate them into a way of life. The family is a clear case; its absence even clearer. The same, however, is true in the more restricted life we call intellectual. And if we ask what custom does in this case we can answer: It presents to the intellect, by means of various doctrines and opinions, certain ways of thinking about things, and by so doing proportions the intellect to those very things. There are an infinity of examples, but let a few suffice for our purpose: 1) We are accustomed to the view that all social life should be understood in terms of rights, and hence this is the way we think about politics or society, almost to the exclusion of anything else; 2) we are likewise accustomed to calling the things we desire our values, and so, again, our political thought is laced together with talk about values; 3) almost all college students are moral relativists, a view they pick up in their culture; 4) almost all incoming college freshmen will tell you that lines are made up of points, a commonplace they have received from their teachers.
By constantly hearing something said over and over, the intelligence tends to accept it as true, whether or not it is true, and the will inclines towards what it hears. Custom, generally, leads us to judge by what we are used to hearing, are in the habit of hearing. This, again, is true not only in practical matters, but as well in the life of the intellect when it considers things speculatively.
Aristotle gives eloquent witness ( II Meta., c. 3):
The way we receive a lecture depends on our custom; for we expect a lecturer to use the language we are accustomed to, and any other language appears not agreeable but rather unknown and strange because we are not accustomed to it; for the customary is more known. The power of custom is clearly seen in the laws, in which the mythical and childish beliefs prevail over our knowledge of them, because of custom. Some people do not accept statements unless they are expressed mathematically; others unless they are expressed by way of examples; and there are some who demand that a poet be quoted as witness. Again, some demand accuracy in everything, while others are annoyed by it, either because they are not able to follow connections or because they regard it as petty.
Maimonides, in The Guide of the Perplexed (I,51), gives his own witness to the close tie between custom and habit:
... man has in his nature a love of, and an inclination for, that to which he is habituated. Thus you can see that the people of the desert — not withstanding the disorderliness of their life, the lack of pleasures, and the scarcity of food — dislike the towns, do not hanker after their pleasures, and prefer the bad circumstances to which they are accustomed to good ones to which they are not accustomed. Their souls accordingly would find no repose in living in palaces, in wearing silk clothes, and in the enjoyment of baths, ointments, and perfumes. In a similar way, man has love for, and the wish to defend, opinions to which he is habituated and in which he has been brought up and has a feeling of repulsion for opinions other than those. For this reason also man is blind to the apprehension of the true realities and inclines toward the things to which he is habituated.
Montaigne, in his essay on custom (I, 23), reaffirms the same power of custom and the intellectual habits it inculcates:
...the principal effect of the power of custom is to seize and ensnare us in such a way that it is hardly within our power to get ourselves back out of its grip and return into ourselves to reflect and reason about its ordinances. In truth, because we drink them with our milk from birth, and because the face of the world presents itself in this aspect to our first view, it seems that we are born on condition of following this course. And the common notions that we find in credit around us and infused into our soul by our father’s seed, these seem to be the universal and natural ones. Whence it comes to pass that what is off the hinges of custom people believe to be off the hinges of reason; …
St. Augustine, with his own account of his meeting and acquaintance with St. Ambrose, gives us a luminous example of the role of custom in the life of the intelligence. Trained in Rhetoric and a teacher of it, and, by the time he came to Milan, skeptical because of his disappointment with the Manicheans, Augustine heard Ambrose preach. Here is his account:
I attended carefully when he preached to the people, not with the right intention, but only to judge whether his eloquence was equal to his fame or whether it flowed higher or lower than had been told me. His words I listened to with the greatest care: his matter I held quite unworthy of attention. I enjoyed the charm of his speaking, though for all his learning it was not as pleasing or captivating as that of Faustus … Thus I did not take great heed to learn what he was saying but only to hear how he said it … (Confessions, V, cc. 14-15; emphases mine.)
Even in the case of a singularly endowed mind, and the mind of one who, for all his sins and corruptions, had by his own assessment diligently sought the truth, there was no escaping the power of the custom which had formed his intellect, a rhetorical formation which is evident in all his writings. Hence he was concerned not so much with the truth in hearing St. Ambrose, but with the mode of expression, and that according to his own predilections.
Long before his acquaintance with St. Ambrose however, Augustine, as he so recognized, had already been influenced by custom. He tells us that Cicero’s Hortensius, which contained an exhortation to philosophy, had changed the direction of his mind.
The book excited and inflamed me; in my ardor the only thing I found lacking was that the name of Christ was not there. For with my mother’s milk my infant heart had drunk in, and still held deep down in it, that name according to your mercy, O lord, the name of Your Son, my Savior, and whatever lacked that name, no matter how learned and excellently written, could not win me wholly. (Confessions, III, c. 4; emphases mine.)
When, however, he started to study the Scriptures, “... they seemed to me,” he says, “unworthy to be compared with the majesty of Cicero,” an author who wrote in the style to which he was accustomed. (Ibid. c. 5)
The proper words to describe our assent or dissent in relation to a given intellectual discourse will most likely be “I like what I hear, it is what I’m used to hearing,” and “I do not like what I hear, I’m not used to hearing it.” Such is the case when we base our acceptance or rejection not upon evidence and the ability to consider reasonably what we hear, but upon our appetite, which moves us to respond as we do.
We can, I think, clarify and give substance to the role of appetite in the intellectual life if we pay attention to some distinctions we learn from St. Thomas. He teaches us (Ia, Q. 82, a. 4) that the intellect moves the will in the species of final cause — nothing is desired unless it is presented by the intellect and seems good — while the will moves the intellect in the species of agent cause, for the will is the moving cause of all the powers of the soul except the vegetative.
This latter dependency, of the intellect upon the will, applied more properly to the speculative intellect, leads, as St. Thomas shows, to a further distinction (De Virtutibus In Communi, a. 7). There is a twofold dependence of the activity of the speculative intellect upon the will. Thinking is, first of all, natural, and seems good to the will; and so the intellect thinks, and in thinking can sometimes come to know. In this case the thinking depends upon the will, but not the knowledge, for it comes from the evidence of the object; it is the object which determines the intellect once thinking to think as it does.
There is another case, however, when the intellect presents an object which, without evidence, seems good to hold. Here, not only does the thinking itself depend upon the will, but what the intellect thinks as well. The determination of the intellect to its object comes in this case from the will itself.
We can make, again with St. Thomas, some further clarifications (De Veritate, Q. 14, a. 1). Our intellect is in potency to all intelligible forms, as is prime matter to all sensible forms. It is not in the beginning more determined one way than another. Anything which is indeterminate in this way is brought to a determination. The possible intellect must therefore be moved, and it will be so moved, granted the first movement of thinking, either by the object it thinks about or by the will. When, faced with an object, it is not more disposed to accept one part of a contradiction rather than another, the intellect will be in a state of doubt. When it adheres more to one part of a contradiction than to another, with fear that the other might be true, there will be opinion. When the intellect is determined to one part of a contradiction without fear that the other might be true, there will be understanding, through immediate evidence, or science, if of a conclusion depending finally upon immediate evidence.
When, however, the will moves the intellect to accept something determinately, not because it apprehends it as knower, but solely because it seems good, there will be faith.
In this situation [says St. Thomas] our understanding is determined by the will, which chooses to assent to one side [of a contradiction] definitely and precisely because of something which is enough to move the will, though not enough to convince the understanding — namely since it seems good or fitting to assent to this side. And this is the state of one who believes what another says because it seems fitting or useful to do so.
The object of faith is not manifest ,and the will does not add to the object as true. The intellect adheres to the object because it seems good to the will. The intellect in this case is held captive by the will.
When the intellect is moved by the will to posit an act of human faith it is never certain of attaining the truth. All the intellect has are signs, which are many times precarious. Such signs in the intellectual life are a) the reputation of a teacher, b) when what he says is a reaffirmation of what one has heard before, c) when what he says fits with an antecedent disposition.
We cannot avoid the role of human faith in the intellectual life because when we begin to think, the intellect is not capable of judging what is proposed. We are, as it were, born into the intellectual life, and before the intellect can reasonably assent to anything, it has heard all sorts of opinions and untethered statements, and it is moved to judge according to what it has heard before, rejecting what seems strange to it. The will, to repeat, moves the intellect to represent to itself as a good (for the truth is a good) that which it has heard in its milieu. This is a determination of the intellect before the intellect poses a genuine act of knowledge. The intellect is determined by the fluctuations of the milieu in which it has participated; they impose a determination with which the intellect comes into the intellectual life.
There is then an Intellectual Mos,in both senses of the word with which we began: A natural or quasi-natural inclination of the intellect, of which the will is the principle, in dependence upon the time and custom within which it exists.
Man, by nature a social and political animal, is not meant to live alone. He needs others, whom he uses as if they were himself. This is easily seen in any society, where among other dependencies, he takes, because of his ignorance, what others say as if what is said were known to him. Without a trust in the words of others, human society would be impossible, and it is for this reason that Cicero teaches that truthfulness is a part of justice (De Officiis, I, 7), a doctrine with which St. Thomas agrees (IIa IIae, Q. 109, a. 3). There are good customs; without them we would be “the worst of animals.” There are also bad customs, and we would rid ourselves of them if we could; the only way, however, would be by substitution, for it is impossible to live without some custom.
Because the human intellect is weak, and because the pure life of intelligence is, properly, a divine life, there is a necessity of first believing before we can acquire knowledge or even good opinion. St. Thomas gives witness by reflecting upon the order of disciplines in relation to our order of knowing. While Metaphysics is the highest natural wisdom, which considers being as being and the first principle of being, and while it confirms and defends the other disciplines, it is yet learned last. Along the way, however, the learner will accept on faith that the order of learning, and the things he learns will lead, finally, to the apprehension of God as the first principle of all reality. He will also believe some truths from outside the first disciplines he learns, which only later will he understand. He will not be able to defend even the first principles of the disciplines he learns until he studies Metaphysics, which defends itself and all the other disciplines
The unwillingness to submit to intellectual masters condemns the intellect to wander aimlessly and without profit, a wandering which seems nevertheless to bespeak an autonomy freed from the slavery of a mindless repetition of old and irrelevant doctrines hardened into dogmas. The autonomy is an illusion. Gilson has well shown, for example, how Descartes, in attempting to re-think the whole philosophical enterprise, to free himself from every influence, yet uses scholastic terms and expressions, even though transformed, which he no doubt received from his Catholic teachers. When, therefore, Rousseau, in his Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, admits finally that some few thinkers might be necessary for the well being of mankind, he yet restricts severely their number to those “Whom nature destined to be her disciples”, who “need[ed] no teachers”:
Verulam [Bacon], Descartes, Newton, these preceptors of the human race had none themselves; indeed, what guides would have led them as far as their vast genius carried them? Ordinary teachers would only have restricted their understanding by confining it within the narrow capacity of their own. The first obstacles taught them to exert themselves, and they did their utmost to traverse the immense space they covered. If a few men must be allowed to devote themselves to the study of the sciences and arts, it must be only those who feel the strength to walk alone in their footsteps and go beyond them.
While there might be some truth in Rousseau’s position, it is fair to note that Euclid’s Elements played an immense role in Newton’s Principia and Descartes’ Geometrie, and that Bacon would have been hard pressed to write about his idols without the benefit of previous thinkers, or to determine clearly his method without comparing it to a version of the Aristotelian tradition he hoped to displace. And all were probably taught to read and write, and thought and wrote using the customary grammar of their languages. No one escapes the effect of intellectual custom, no matter how far he extends the province of learning, or how much he opposes his predecessors. (This is the inescapable truth which leads some to the conclusion that no doctrine can even be understood without knowing the times in which it is written, itself a doctrine which makes liberal education impossible.) “We stand,” says St. Bernard, “on the shoulders of giants,” whose doctrines were no doubt understood only after having been believed to be worthy of a most serious attention.
St. Augustine saw clearly the universal importance of custom in the intellectual life. He teaches that there is a natural order of learning. He asks, in De Moribus Ecclesiae (c. 2), where, in his argument with the Manichees, he should begin:
Where, then, shall I begin? With authority, or with reasoning? In the order of nature, when we learn anything, authority precedes reasoning. For a reason may seem weak, when, after it is given, it requires authority to confirm it. But because the minds of men are obscured by familiarity with darkness, which covers them in the night of sins and evil habits, and cannot perceive in a way suitable to the clearness and purity of reason, there is a most wholesome provision for bringing the dazzled eye into the light of truth under the congenial shade of authority. But since we have to do with people who are perverse in all their thoughts and words and actions, and who insist on nothing more than a beginning with argument, I will, as a concession to them, take what I think the wrong method in discussion. (Emphases mine.)
Augustine uses this same doctrine in his sermons and letters:
If you cannot understand, believe in order that you may understand. (Sermo CXVIII)
What soul hungering for eternity and shocked by the shortness of this present life would resist the splendor and the majesty of the authority of God? (Epistle CXXXVII)
While Augustine is in his sermons and epistles speaking about the supernatural truth and God’s own authority, what he ways about the beginning of intellectual assent is true, as he says, about the whole life of the intellect, especially in the case of fallen man. Newman is further witness. He says (Apologia, c.5):
I have no intention at all of denying that truth is the real object of our reason, and that, if it does not attain the truth, either the premise or the process is in fault; but I am not speaking of right reason, but reason as it acts in fact and concretely in fallen man and that its tendency is towards a simple unbelief in matters of religion.
He also speaks of the efforts “to withstand and baffle the fierce energy of passion and the all-corroding, all-dissolving skepticism of the intellect in religious inquiries.”
If the intellectual custom which surrounds us is good, the intellect has a chance to become directed towards the truth, a chance to lead a properly intellectual life. If however the custom is bad, the intellect will be misdirected from the beginning, and its chance of following the right path is close to non-existent.
As in all things human, much of intellectual custom is not helpful, and some of it destructive. Here is a statement by Eric Voeglin in The New Science of Politics which, written years ago, gives us a sense of the custom which surrounds us:
We live in the world of the dialogue, where the recognition of the structure of reality, the cultivation of the virtues of sophia and prudentia, the discipline of the intellect and the development of theoretical culture and the life of spirit are stigmatized in public as reactionary, while disregard for the structure of reality, ignorance of facts, fallacious misconstruction and falsification of history, irresponsible opining on the basis of sincere conviction, philosophical illiteracy, spiritual dullness, and agnostic sophistication are considered the virtues of man, and their possession opens the road to public success.
Since custom induces a second nature, the case of the corrupted intellect is all but hopeless. The intellect, once directed against the truth, can, by natural means, hardly ever be salvaged. This need not be because of a closed mind, or bad morals, though they play their part, but because of custom itself, which incapacitates the intellect for the arduous task of pursuing wisdom. All this, the result of our fallen nature, makes a great part of the intellectual life for most of us a matter of appetite. Socrates is surely our friend when he so instructs us in the Dialogues.
Since we cannot escape intellectual custom, and since most intellectual customs are at the very least deficient, we are indeed in a precarious position with regard to the intellectual life … and there seems to be no way through our difficulties. (The attempt to doubt everything, so fashionable in our times, is no solution, for then the intellectual life could never begin.)
St. Paul admonishes Timothy, a bishop he himself had consecrated, to “preach the word, be urgent in season and out of season, convince, rebuke, and exhort, be unfailing in patience and in teaching.” ( II Timothy, 4, 2) He admonishes Titus, another bishop, that the bishop “ … must hold firm to the sure word as taught, so that he may be able to give instruction to those who contradict it.” (Titus, 1, 9) It is most important, in every case, as St. Paul charges Timothy, to “guard the truth that has been entrusted to you by the Holy Spirit who dwells within us.” ( II Timothy, 1, 14)
The Church has, as part of its mission, the duty to teach, explain, conserve, and defend the Revelation which has been entrusted to it in Scripture and Tradition. Because we to whom that Revelation is offered could never arrive, by reason alone, at the most important truths it teaches, because it is supereminently truthful, and because it does not attempt to defend its truths, it should not be surprising that the content of Divine teaching has been so often the subject of dispute, and that it has been obscured, distorted, and even denied by those who claim to believe it. It must be clarified, “in season and out of season,” if it is to be conserved, and the errors which would destroy it must be from time to time be exposed and anathematized. So difficult is it to understand what exactly God is teaching through His Revelation, so prone is the human intellect to fashion fables in the place if it, so easy is it to misunderstand with the best of faith, and so contrary to it are the customs of the world, that St. Augustine was prompted to say that heresies are good for the Church because they lead to fruitful clarifications, without which the teachings of the Faith would most probably become more vague with the passage of time.
The Church teaches us in many ways — through Councils, Definitions, Encyclicals, Apostolic Exhortations and so on. More to our point, her doctrine is further clarified, developed and defended by Sacred Theology. Since, however, theology is the work of human reason, even though illumined by faith, and is as such fallible, the Church, in fulfilling her mission, judges theological doctrines, and guides us here as elsewhere. This very guidance is, in fact, based, as are all the prerogatives of the Magisterium, upon the promises of Christ that the Church would never fail in proclaiming the truth, and in helping us to adhere to it.
In so judging theological doctrines, the Church establishes an intellectual custom which is opposed to the fluctuations, weaknesses, and perversities of human custom; it is based upon God’s word and the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, and it can never deceive.
In following the teaching of the Church here as elsewhere we are more certain of being in the path of truth than we are of any purely human truth we can ever hold. Remember, in this connection, that what we hold by human faith is less certain than opinion or science, and unsatisfactory so far as the intellect is concerned. It is greatly different with supernatural faith. Though the intellect, as such, is not satisfied even when we hold something by Divine faith, we are, because we rest on God’s own intellect, and because we are moved by Him to accept His teaching, more certain here than we are in holding anything by reason alone.
What then, does the Church, to whom He has entrusted His concerns for us, teach concerning theological doctrines?
1. Pope John XXII, speaking about St. Thomas, said before his canonization that “his life was saintly and his doctrine could only be miraculous … because he enlightened the church more than all the other doctors. By the use of his works a man could profit more in one year than if he studies the doctrine of others for his whole life.”
2. St. Pius V declared him a Doctor of The Church, saying he was “the most brilliant light of the Church,” whose works are “the most certain rule of Christian doctrine by which he enlightened the Apostolic Church in answering conclusively numberless errors … which illumination has often been evident in the past and recently stood forth prominently in the decrees of the Council of Trent.”
3. Benedict XIII wrote to the Order of Preachers that they should “pursue with energy your Doctor’s works, more brilliant than the sun and written without the shadow of error. These works made the Church illustrious with wonderful erudition, since they march ahead and proceed with unimpeded step, protecting and vindicating by the surest rule of Christian doctrine, the truth of our holy religion.”
4. Leo XIII stated that “this is the greatest glory of Thomas, altogether his own and shared with no other Catholic Doctor, that the Fathers of Trent, in order to proceed in an orderly fashion during the conclave, desired to have opened upon the altar together with the Scriptures and the decrees of the Supreme Pontiffs, the Summa of St. Thomas Aquinas whence they could draw counsel, reasons and answers.”
Again from Leo XIII: “This point is vital, that Bishops expend every effort to see that young men destined to be the hope of the Church should be imbued with the holy and heavenly doctrine of the Angelic Doctor. In those places where young men have devoted themselves to the patronage and doctrine of St. Thomas, true wisdom will flourish, drawn as it is from solid principles and explained by reason in an orderly fashion … Theology proceeding correctly and well according to the plan and method of Aquinas is in accordance with our command. Every day We become more clearly aware how powerfully Sacred Doctrine taught by its master and patron, Thomas, affords the greatest possible utility for both clergy and laity.
5. St. Pius X said that the chief of Leo’s achievements is his restoration of the doctrine of St. Thomas. For he “restored the Angelic Doctor … as the leader and master of theology, whose divine genius fashioned weapons marvelously suited to protect the truth and destroy the many errors of the times. Indeed those principles of wisdom, useful for all time, which the holy Doctors passed on to us, have been organized by no one more aptly than by Thomas, and no one has explained them more clearly.” Indeed, Pius said, those who depart from the teaching of St. Thomas “seem to effect ultimately their withdrawal from the Church … As we have said, one may not desert Aquinas, especially in philosophy and theology, without great harm; following him is the safest way to the knowledge of divine things.… If the doctrine of any other author or saint has ever been approved at any time by us or our predecessors with singular commendation joined with an invitation and order to propagate and to defend it, it may be easily understood that it was commended only insofar as it agreed with the principles of Aquinas or was in no way opposed to them.” Theology professors “should also take particular care that their students develop a deep affection for the Summa … In this way and no other will theology be restored to its pristine dignity, and the proper order and value will be restored to all sacred studies, and the province of the intellect and reason flower again in a second spring.”
6. Benedict XV stated that “the eminent commendations of Thomas Aquinas by the Holy See no longer permit a Catholic to doubt that he was divinely raised up that the Church might have a master whose doctrine should be followed in a special way at all times.”
7. Pius XI said that “indeed, We so approve of the tributes paid to his almost divine brilliance that we believe Thomas should be called not only Angelic but Common or Universal Doctor of the Church. As innumerable documents of every kind attest, the Church has adopted his doctrine for her own.… It is no wonder that the Church has made this light her own and has adorned herself with it, and has illustrated her immortal doctrine with it … It is no wonder that all the popes have vied with one another in exalting him, proposing him, inculcating him, as a model, master, doctor, patron and protector of all schools … Just as it was said of old to the Egyptians in time of famine: ‘Go to Joseph, so that they should receive a supply of corn to nourish their bodies, so to those who are now in quest of truth We now say: ‘Go to Thomas’ that they may ask from him the food of solid doctrine of which he has an abundance to nourish their souls unto eternal life.”
Since Sacred Theology uses philosophy as a handmaid, the Church’s duty does not end with a judgment upon Theology alone, but extends to philosophy as well.
1. Pius XII said that “… the Angelic Doctor interpreted [Aristotle] in a uniquely brilliant manner. He made that philosophy Christian when he purged it of the errors into which a pagan writer would easily fall; he used those very errors in his exposition and vindication of Catholic truth. Among the important advances which the Church owes to the great Aquinas this certainly should be included that so nicely did he harmonize Christian truth with the enduring peripatetic philosophy that he made Aristotle cease to be an adversary and become, instead, a militant supporter for Christ … Therefore, those who wish to be true philosophers … should take the principles and foundations of their doctrine from Thomas Aquinas. To follow his leadership is praiseworthy: on the contrary, to depart foolishly and rashly from the wisdom of the angelic Doctor is something far from Our mind and fraught with peril … For those who apply themselves to the teaching and study of Theology and Philosophy should consider it their capital duty, having set aside the findings of a fruitless philosophy, to follow St. Thomas Aquinas and to cherish him as their master and their leader.”
2. St. Pius X said that “all who teach philosophy in Catholic schools throughout the world should take care never to depart from the path and method of Aquinas, and to insist upon that procedure more vigorously every day...We warn teachers to keep this religiously in mind, especially in metaphysics, that to disregard Aquinas cannot be done without suffering great harm.”
3. Benedict XV said that “along with our predecessors We are equally persuaded that the only philosophy worth our efforts is that which is according to Christ. Therefore the study of philosophy according to the principles and system of Aquinas must certainly be encouraged so that the explanation and invincible defense of divinely revealed truth may be as full as human reason can make of it.”
These are but a few of the testimonies of the Popes throughout the centuries after the death of St. Thomas, and I could have added the testimony of John Paul II, but that would have entailed repeating almost wholly two separate addresses, one on the Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas to the Angelicum University, the other to the Eighth International Thomistic Congress, wherein the Holy Father repeats for the most part the commendations of his predecessors concerning the doctrine, principles and method of St. Thomas, and emphasizes the importance of adhering to him today for the facing of modern problems both theological and philosophical.
It is, of course decisive for us to believe, to rest with confidence that we can never be deceived by the teaching Church. Since, however, the supernatural life is based upon the natural, and is never in opposition to it, since grace perfects nature, it would be strange if, believing and practicing our faith, we did not in the course of our lives experience in some sense a ring of truth the more we conform to the norms of the Magisterium. It would be strange, for instance, if, living according to the sexual morality of the Gospel we did not experience, amidst all the attendant difficulties, a sense of joy, a peace of conscience and the inner freedom which results from self-control. The same is true in the intellectual life; it would be strange if, in following the Church’s guidance, we did not experience a sense of accomplishment, a sense that we were progressing, a sense that we were, as we go on, more at one with the reality which is the object of our study.
Such is in fact the case with the study of St. Thomas
To have found a master in the intellectual life is as precious as it is rare; to have been directed to one by the Church is as fortunate as it is precious.
Those who knew him report that St. Thomas himself “no sooner heard [St. Albert] expound every science with such wondrous depth of wisdom, that he rejoiced exceedingly at having quickly found that which he had come to seek, one who offered him so unsparingly the fulfillment of his heart’s desire.” It is said further that, in order to profit from this exceptional opportunity, he “began to be more than ever silent, more than ever assiduous in study and devout in prayer” (James A. Weisheipl, O.P., Friar Thomas D’Aquino).
St. Thomas himself gives us an insight into the importance of a good teacher. He shows that something may be in potency in two ways. Air, to take an example, is in potency to be consumed by fire passively; if fire is to spread, fire itself will be the principle agent, extrinsic to the air it consumes. On the other hand, a living thing is in potency to health actively; if there is to be health the living thing itself is the principle agent, and any extrinsic agents, such as the doctor, are secondary agents helping the principle agent achieve its end.
The intellect is in potency to science, and its potency is active. Just as a living thing, becoming sick, can become healthy by nature or by the help of secondary agents, so the intellect can learn through discovery, or, most likely, with the help of a teacher. Where there is a teacher, the intellect of the learner is always the principle cause of learning; the teacher is never more than a secondary cause. Just as the doctor must follow the order of nature if he expects to heal, so the teacher must, says St. Thomas, follow the order the intellect would follow without him if it could. This means that the teacher must follow the order of discovery, the order which is natural to the intellect, if he is to teach. If he does not follow the order imposed by the object of study, he becomes a cause of the corruption of the learner’s mind, even though he says what is true.
This can be seen, says St. Thomas, by reflecting upon the means the human teacher must use as he teaches. Unlike God who can illumine the intellect from within, or an angel who can order the imagination from within, the human teacher uses words as signs, which are proposed to the learner from without. The order in the words of the teacher is a sign of the order of his concepts. The more orderly the words, the more orderly the concepts. The learner hears the words of the teacher, and they lead to images in his imagination; the more orderly are those words, the more orderly are the images; the more orderly the images the more orderly the concepts in his intellect, which are abstracted from the images.
So weak is the human intellect — unlike the body, which does not need the doctor for the most part — that, as St. Thomas says, the words of the teacher are more proportioned to the intellect than things themselves. Since we learn through the use of images, and words can bring about an ordering of those images, the great teacher, through the excellence of his words, orders well the images in our imagination, and through them our minds, with the result that we can be led to understand the realities signified by the words. The more we apply ourselves to the words, and hence the concepts of the master,the more will we grasp reality. And since, as learners, we are ignorant, and since truth is difficult to obtain, we must have faith enough in the teacher to stay with his words, through them to grasp his thought, and through that thought become one with the objects themselves. We can see from the very nature of teaching and learning, that without faith learning becomes almost impossible; no faith, no light!
St. Thomas proves to be the master who, without peer, can order our minds, so that we ordinary mortals can in our limited way come to see some of the truths we first accepted from him on faith, truths we would never have seen without that faith in the master.
It is then most important that here, as elsewhere, we obey the Church; if we do we shall experience some of what she teaches about St. Thomas, and we shall see for ourselves more about reality than ever we would had we studied without him.
Our Lord has not left us bereft of an intellectual custom. If we think according to it we will likely progress towards a greater and greater grasp of the truth, and we may if we persist become one of those relatively few who actually begin to live the intellectual life. If, on the other hand, we knowingly reject the guidance of the Church, we, Catholics who have been graced with so many gifts, will be worse than those who have never been given them, and who wander about without ever finding the right path. If we refuse to accept St. Thomas as our master, knowing full well what the Church has constantly taught concerning him, that rejection will most likely throw us back upon the weak and fallible customs of our own milieu; it could then be said of us that “it would have been better for them never to have known the way of righteousness than after knowing it to turn back from the holy commandment delivered to them. It has happened to them according to the true Proverb, The dog turns back to his own vomit, and the sow is washed only to wallow in the mire.” (2 Peter 2:21-22)
Dr. Ronald P. McArthur is the founding president of Thomas Aquinas College.
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Tricksters And Wonder-Folk
( Originally Published Early 1900's )
The telling of animal stories leads naturally to the formation of groups of tales in which certain animals assume constant and characteristic rôles, and attain to the rank of mythic beings. The Brer Rabbit stories, made famous as negro tales by Joel Chandler Harris, appear as a veritable saga cycle among the Cherokee, from whom they are doubtless borrowed. There can be little question that "Brer Rabbit" — vain, tricky, malicious — is a southern and humorous debasement of the Great Hare, the Algonquian demiurge and trickster; while the Turtle, also important in northern cosmogony, is represented by the put-upon, but shifty, "Brer Terrapin" of the southern tales. The "tar baby" by which the thieving Rabbit was tricked and caught appears in Cherokee lore as a "tar wolf," set as a trap; the Rabbit, coming upon it by nights, kicks it and is stuck fast; the wolf and the fox find him caught, and debate how he shall be put to death; the Rabbit pleads with them not to cast him into the thicket to perish, which accordingly they do, and thus he makes off. The escape of an animal from his captors through pretending fear of his natural element and thus inducing them to throw him into it is a frequent incident in animal tales, while the "tar baby" story has variants, as Mooney says, "not only among the Cherokee, but also in Mexico, Washington, and southern Alaska — wherever, in fact, the pińon or the pine supplies enough gum to be molded into a ball for Indian uses." Another legend found from coast to coast, and known to Cherokee and Creek, is the story of how the Rabbit dines the Bear (the "imitation of the host" theme, as it is called, which has endless variants throughout the continent) : "The Bear invited the Rabbit to dine with him. They had beans in the pot, but there was no grease for them, so the Bear cut a slit in his side and let the oil run out until they had enough to cook the dinner. The Rabbit looked surprised, and thought to himself, `That's a handy way. I think I'll try that.' When he started home he invited the Bear to come and take dinner with him. When the Bear came the Rabbit said, `I have beans for dinner, too. Now I'll get grease for them.' So he took a knife and drove it into his side, but instead of oil, a stream of blood gushed out and he fell over nearly dead. The Bear picked him up and had hard work to tie up the wound and stop the bleeding. Then he scolded him, `You little fool, I'm large and strong and lined all over with fat; the knife don't hurt me; but you're small and lean, and you can't do such things.
The world is peopled, however, with other wonder-folk besides the magic animals, and many of these mythic beings belong to ancient and wide-spread systems. Thus, the Cherokee Flint (Tawiskala) is obviously the evil twin of the north-ern Iroquois cosmogony; and although he has ceased to be remembered as a demiurgic Titan, his evil and unsociable nature remains the same. In Choctaw tales, the Devil who is drowned by a maiden whom he has lured from her home, and whose body breaks into stony fragments, is apparently the same being. The Ice Man, with his northerly winds and sleety rains, who quenched the fire that threatened to consume the world; the North who kept the South for Bride until the hot sun forced him to release her; Untsaiyi, the Gambler, who games away his life, and flees to the world's end, where he is bound and pinned by the two brothers who have pursued him, there to writhe until the world's end — all these are tales with familiar heroes, known in many tribes and lands.
Nor are the tribes of magic folk different in kind from those found elsewhere. There are the helpful spirit warriors, who dwell in rock and hill, the Nunnehi; there are the Little People, fairies good and evil; there are the Tsundigewi, the Dwarfs who lived in nests scooped from the sand, and who fought with and were overcome by the cranes, the Water-Cannibals, who live upon human flesh, especially that of children; the Thunderers, whose steed is the great Uktena; the horned snake with a diamond in his forehead, and to whose cave a young man was lured by the Thunder's sister, only to find, when he returned to his folk to tell his story and die, that the night he had spent there comprised long years. Kanati, Lucky Hunter, the husband of Selu, Corn, and Tsulkalu, the slant-eyed giant, held dominion over the animals and were gods of the hunter; while the different animals, each in its kind, were under the supervision of the animal Elders, such as the Little Deer, invisible to all except the greatest hunters, the White Bear, to whom wounded bears go to be cured of their hurts, Tlanuwa, the Hawk impervious to arrows, Dakwa, the great fish which swallowed the fisherman and from which he cut himself out, and the man-eating Leech, as large as a house.
Such is the general complexion of the Cherokee pantheon — hordes or kinds of nature-powers, with a few mightier personalities emerging above them, embryonic gods. Altogether similar are the conceptions of the Muskhogean tribes — giants and dwarfs, fairies and wizards, now human, now animal in shape, peopling hill and stream, forest and bayou.
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The Center on Human Policy is a policy, research, and advocacy organization involved in the national movement to insure the rights of people with disabilities. Since its founding, the Center has been involved in the study and promotion of open. inclusive community settings for people with disabilities.
- All people with disabilities are entitled to inclusive education, living, employment, and leisure opportunities.
- All people with disabilities have the right to live in their own communities and pursue their own lifestyles.
- People with disabilities should play a central role in the design, operation, and monitoring of the support they receive.
- All people in society share the responsibility to create inclusive communities.
- The work of creating inclusive communities and an open society is not essentially a matter of resources but how we think about people who have disabilities.
A major focus of the Center is on community organizing, supporting people with disabilities and their families to act on their own behalf. Staff members work with and advise a large number of disability and parent groups and are continually involved in promoting self-determination for people with disabilities. Center staff members also provide technical assistance to a variety of groups on the international, national, state, and local levels. As part of Syracuse University, faculty members at the Center offer a variety of courses. The Center also sponsors community forums presented by leaders in education, law, human services, and the humanities.
The Center has an Advocacy Board composed of people with disabilities, parents, and interested citizens that serves as an independent voice on behalf of the rights of people with disabilities in the community. Our staff and associates include educators, human services professionals, people with disabilities, graduate students, and family members of children and youth with disabilities.
Through its funded projects, the Center on Human Policy provides information nationally to people with disabilities, their families, professionals, and the general public. These projects, which are staffed by parents as well as professionals, offer personalized support, referral, consultation, and follow-up, in addition to working with local agencies to develop local services.
The Center is involved with a broad range of local, statewide, national and international activities, including policy studies, research, information and referral, advocacy, training and consultation, and information dissemination.
“It is through this Center and the staff he selected and guided and to whom he entrusted its future, that Burton Blatt will continue to be heard-will continue to challenge us to move forward on the road he so clearly outlined for us.”
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Boston is aiming to achieve “zero waste,” which some say can create more living-wage jobs. Is part of this lofty goal rooted in the region’s dirtiest hypocrisy?
As Mayor Marty Walsh and members of his administration have boasted on several fronts, the future of this city depends on sustainability. To that end, Boston has grand plans for a new “zero waste” economy, where everything that people throw away becomes a resource and recycling helps fuel regional industries.
It’s a lofty goal, but it may not include everyone.
For Boston’s vision appears to have left out recycling workers, who fair-wage advocates say have been shortchanged by the city and its neighboring municipalities for decades.
Though they work on municipal contracts, which are traditionally covered by a set of little-known “living wage” ordinances that should boost their pay by thousands of dollars per year, none of the workers at the Casella Waste Systems recycling facility in Charlestown are technically public employees. Even though Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville were at the forefront of the living-wage movement in the late 1990s, and despite their auras of progressive leadership, each has given Casella several living wage exemptions. While this was once seen as a controversy worthy of headlines and protests, the practice has gradually calcified into official policy.
The rationale for these exemptions—first supplied by Casella itself—is that said contracts were for the sale of goods, not services. Back when cities were making a lot of money on recyclables after they were sorted and sold, it was a lot harder to argue with that logic.
Now, global recycling markets are in turmoil due to Chinese trade policy, and the financial tables have turned. Last year, for example, Somerville wound up paying Casella more than $223,000, while Cambridge paid nearly $127,000. Boston still made money on its recycling contract in 2017, but it looks increasingly likely that will not happen again this year.
In some ways, the sliding market may help the case made by labor and environmental advocates who argue that these cities are manipulating a living-wage ordinance loophole. At the same time, it raises the question of whether they’ll suddenly pay higher wages as recycling contracts are expected to get much more expensive.
If Boston, Somerville, and Cambridge do find the will to make sure that recycling employees qualify for their living wages ($14.82, $12.80, and $15.64 respectively), they can look to examples in other states. Plus, they can leverage a potential boost from the state’s minimum wage climbing from $11 to $15 by 2023. Per the original spirit of the living-wage movement, cities should now be more compelled than ever before to evaluate how they can pay and maintain higher salaries for outside contracts. Furthermore, Boston’s current “zero waste” planning process has the potential to transform the entire region in multiple areas.
Still, considering the way that one publicly traded company has been able to successfully subvert landmark municipal policy for years, one has to wonder if new plans will become similarly superficial.
Whatever happens next, any honest discussion about a future recycling economy should address the complex history of activism, politics, and systematic obfuscation that the current one is built on.
LESS THAN ZERO
“We’ve got a huge opportunity.”
Boston Chief of Environment Austin Blackmon speaks to a large crowd at City Hall during the Hub’s inaugural Zero Waste Advisory Committee meeting in February.
“We’ve made great progress already. … But when we look at our peers across the country, like San Francisco where they’re diverting up to 80 percent of their waste from landfill, we’ve got a long way to go.”
The definition of “zero waste” can differ from city to city and region to region. Various presentations prepared for Boston by some of the country’s best-known recycling consultants have included nods to “equity” and making worker safety, health, and job quality priorities. Likewise, according to Boston’s 2014 Climate Action Plan, this sort of “waste recovery” is seen as a way to “create safe jobs with living wages.”
Whatever the meaning, Boston’s nowhere close to “zero waste” by any measure. The city’s residential recycling rate is currently around 25 percent, meaning the majority of everything people put out at their curbs is still going to various waste-to-energy incinerators throughout the state. Alternatively, they could reduce and reuse more material, pull out food waste for composting or anaerobic digestion, and maximize their participation in the current recycling program.
In other cities that are pursuing comparable goals, commonly cited results have included an influx of local investment and higher wage jobs. In one case, San Francisco has a recycling facility that is a union shop, run by worker-owned company Recology. Other major cities with “zero waste” goals—Seattle, Los Angeles, New York, Austin—also work with recycling facilities that are either staffed by union labor or covered by wage ordinances.
“Part of that package of being an exemplary ‘zero waste’ city is prioritizing and valuing the recycling workers,” said Ahmina Maxey, a regional coordinator with the Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. “‘Zero waste’ is not just about the trash, it’s not only about the recycling. It’s also about having a socially just circular system of handling waste.”
Everything is technically still on the table for Boston’s “zero waste” planning process, with final recommendations due by early fall (ahead of 2019 contract expirations). Certain components are already being pushed aside, though, since they’re seen as being outside the scope of what is achievable.
On a larger scale, any effort to influence Casella’s wages would have to be regionally coordinated. The facility works with an estimated 50 municipalities, plus commercial customers, with Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville combined comprising less than 25 percent of the material coming in every year. Nevertheless, advocates with the Zero Waste Boston coalition believe this is a convenient excuse to overlook the core issue; regardless of whether it is Casella or the cities paying higher rates, no one can dispute that sorters are among the lowest earners in the waste and recycling sector.
“It’s irresponsible to continue this way,” Alex Papali of Zero Waste Boston and Clean Water Action said. “The contractors who hold these city contracts have an obligation to provide wages that are going to allow people to stay living in our communities.”
If Boston does take truly transformative steps approaching “zero waste,” many of the future “green” jobs that yields will likely involve specialized recycling and the manufacturing of goods with recycled content. But there will still be a need for the far less lucrative work of sifting through junk mail, sticky beer bottles, and crusty peanut butter jars.
Based on their location and longstanding municipal relationships, Casella will continue to be in the mix as well. The company’s Charlestown facility is the only one of its kind for miles around. Through the years, this dynamic has made the regional recycling behemoth both a necessity for public works departments and a white whale for the labor community.
A FINE SORT
Curbside residential recycling has existed in its current form in Greater Boston since the early 1990s. As for the complex global operation that proceeds once items leave the curb in Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville, that process has almost always started at a large warehouse complex in Charlestown, next to a set of overgrown tennis courts on the edge of Bunker Hill Community College’s campus. Northbound traffic passes overhead on I-93. Orange Line trains run alongside.
Currently owned by Vermont-based Casella, which acquired the plant in 1999 with the purchase of KTI Recycling, this is one of the largest recycling facilities in the country. An estimated 230,000 tons of material from communities and businesses throughout the region pass through here every year.
About 5 percent of Casella’s company-wide workforce of 2,000 people is unionized, but none at this facility are members. National Labor Relations Board records show only one election that could have changed that; it was led unsuccessfully by UFCW Local 445 nearly 15 years ago.
The drivers who bring recycling in from Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville all make at least $27.75 per hour—plus benefits—either under Teamsters contracts or the state’s prevailing wage law. In the view of Casella and its municipal customers, any living-wage ordinance liability stops as soon as the material leaves the trucks. From there, a new set of workers is responsible for separating everything into marketable commodities.
As of April, Casella said the Charlestown operation was employing 95 people and utilizing an additional 60 temporary workers—with wages ranging from the state minimum of $11 up to $30.
“We deliberately promote many entry-level employees to openings in higher-skill, higher-wage positions regularly,” Casella Vice President Joe Fusco wrote in response to questions via email. “Our approach has been to offer a path to increasingly responsible job duties and growth in compensation.” Fusco added that sorting jobs are “a desirable opportunity for many to acquire or exceed the skills and experience typical of living wage careers and beyond.”
The higher end of that spectrum may include supervisors, mechanics, scale operators, equipment technicians, forklift drivers, and other specialized positions. But it’s the entry-level recycling sorters picking items off conveyor belts and cleaning machinery who make less and are at the heart of this debate. Statistically, they will be exposed to a variety of hazards caused by repetitive motion, airborne dust, dangerous items put in recycling carts, and other factors on a daily basis. The latest Bureau of Labor Statistics data showed the injury rate at private recycling facilities is nearly double the national average for all industries.
Because it’s common practice for recycling facilities to utilize temporary labor, which is categorized separately and thus harder to track, these numbers could actually be higher. Temporary workers are seen as a necessity by many recycling plants because volumes can vary day to day. Overtime, workers’ compensation, health care, and other benefits, if there are any, go through the employment agency, not Casella.
Some of the industry’s largest companies have recognized that temp work presents inherent safety challenges. Initial training often falls on outside agencies and may not always be as extensive as it is for full-time employees. All of which feeds into the portrayal by local labor groups that these employees are at risk, making low-end wages to spend at least part of their days on essential city work.
“If we’re really committed to lifting Boston families out of poverty we have a really relevant example here with the Casella workers,” Massachusetts Coalition for Occupational Safety and Health (MassCOSH) organizer Tolle Graham, who recently announced her retirement, said at a 2017 city meeting.
Fusco said that training at Casella is “extensive as well as frequent.” Reports, however, show that there have been some troubles at the Charlestown plant.
In 2005, the state attorney general’s office announced a settlement with Casella for nearly $80,000 in back pay owed to 30 employees, complete with testimony about poor working conditions and intimidation. The company paid a $5,500 penalty.
Regarding more recent conditions at the Charlestown facility, there have been five OSHA violations since 2010. In 2015, MassCOSH co-authored a report portraying poor standards for sorters, which included commentary from a former worker who said they left Casella because of the job’s inherent hazards.
“We would find lots of glass, and needles,” she said. “Sometimes workers are punctured and hurt from the needles. We would find dead animals in the bins and it really stinks. It’s also very hot, there isn’t much air [circulation].”
When initially contacted for this story, Casella’s Fusco said, “The working environment at Charlestown is excellent.” Outside sources also vouched that Casella’s safety culture and training program is thought to be one of the more comprehensive in the industry for a company of its size.
But those same sources also recognize that even at its safest, sorting is a tough gig. When problems do occur, they can be serious. Another former Casella worker confirmed two incidents in particular that Fusco later verified. One employee broke their ankle while cutting bales of recyclables in 2014, and another suffered a worse outcome.
“Unfortunately, in 2017 an employee did require an amputation of his hand when he reached into a machine in operation—an action he took in direct violation of safety protocols, specifically our Lock-out/Tag-out Program, and which was contrary to his training.”
An OSHA inspection report described the incident:
At 2:00 a.m. on August 25, 2017, an employee was working with 2 coworkers while installing a paddle seal on an air lock. One of the coworkers hit the wrong button which turned on the air lock where the employee was working with his second coworker. The employee had his hand amputated when the air lock moved and caught it.
In the eyes of labor advocates, these accidents just reinforce the fact that this job merits more attention. Many recycling sorters are immigrants, and some work multiple jobs to support their families. They’re also performing a task that local recycling programs couldn’t exist without. In fact, many in the field believe these sorters are exactly who the living wage was meant to cover.
When Baltimore became the first major city to pass a living-wage ordinance in 1994, the federal minimum wage was $4.25 (about $7.17 today). Following years of wage stagnation, municipal privatization and urban disinvestment, advocates wanted a way to drive local change.
Boston joined the first wave of cities to harness that energy—which many have likened to today’s “Fight for $15” movement—and passed its own ordinance in 1997. At the time, Mayor Tom Menino said, “It is incumbent upon us to ensure that the rising tide does in fact raise all boats, not just the yachts.”
While that ordinance would later be watered down by business community pushback—foreshadowing what was to come—it nonetheless served as a catalyst. Somerville and Cambridge passed their own ordinances in 1999.
After years of activism in the Boston area and across the country, the labor community was feeling upbeat heading into the 2000s. The Mass minimum wage was $6, but the three cities now had a tool to aid more workers with living wages ranging from $8.23 to $10. At least in theory.
In practice, activists and organizers identified KTI Recycling as a “key company” for living-wage coverage, but one that was expected to put up a fight even before Casella bought it in 1999. Then-Somerville Mayor Dorothy Kelly Gay even mentioned the company’s likely exemption during a press conference in July of that year marking the ordinance’s implementation. On May 10, 2000, she submitted a letter to the Board of Aldermen requesting an exemption for a new three-year contract with the company:
Recycling services to the City will be curtailed if strict compliance with the LWO is required because KTI will not contract with the City … Following an exhaustive investigation, the City determined that there are no other local recycling companies that can adequately address its needs.
Somerville was stuck. The board approved a two-year exemption in June, with future Mayor Joe Curtatone, then an alderman, among the members who voted it out of committee.
Cambridge was next. Later that same year, KTI Residential Sales Manager Greg Appleton wrote multiple letters to the city’s recycling director. One estimated that compliance with Cambridge’s ordinance would cost at least $750,000 per year.
“Our question is—should KTI be considered a Service or Supply vendor?” Appleton’s letter asked. “We believe that we would be a Supply vendor. We currently do have Supply Agreements with some of our customers.”
Cambridge Deputy City Manager Richard Rossi soon wrote an exemption request letter to the city’s purchasing director, categorizing the contract as “recyclables processing services” multiple times. The Cambridge Living Wage Advisory Board (LWAB) approved that waiver in December 2000. At the time, its members expressed a desire to address the issue in coordination with Boston and Somerville, but the board has not been given another chance to vote on the issue in 18 years. Instead, the city manager unilaterally approved another exemption for Casella during the next contract renewal.
These haven’t been the only contracts blessed with living-wage exemptions in the three cities. Various requests for senior and disabled transport, camping programs, parking garages, and child care, among others, have all come up. Still, the continuing pattern of recycling waivers has historically stood out—locally as well as nationally.
Stephanie Luce, a labor studies professor at the City University of New York, tracked the success of early ordinances in the book Fighting for a Living Wage and views what came next in Boston as particularly notable. Some cities lapsed in their implementation, but Luce said, “Boston was exceptional … it was taking such an active oversight.” As for the recycling piece, the professor added, “The KTI case was really crazy and frustrating.”
During the following two years, Boston officials vetted the issue thoroughly, yet to no avail.
“We hated that they got away with getting an exemption because there was no alternative, but struggled to figure out how to make the argument with the city, or how the city could still use its power to push back against that,” said Lisa Clauson, a former organizer with the Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now (ACORN).
Recycling was profitable—generating $250,000 in 2001—and disrupting that over a labor ordinance was controversial. So after all three companies that bid on Boston’s next recycling contract submitted pricing without any mention of the living wage, the city’s then-DPW Director Joe Casazza filed a hardship waiver request. A transcript of an April 2002 hearing, chaired by Boston Living Wage Administrator Mimi Turchinetz, offers a stark picture of the leverage these companies held at the time. None provided evidence of economic hardship. Workers were not in attendance, and questions were raised about whether they had even been notified.
“Are you at all aware of the impact of these wages on your employees? Like, do you know how they can live, making this little amount of money?” Turchinetz asked.
“Am I aware of it?” replied Ray Volucci of KTI.
“They—some of them do quite well.”
“They do quite well, okay.”
“(inaudible) we offer them overtime.”
With three industry powerhouses bidding but refusing to enter a contract that required living wages, the labor community became livid.
“Recycling sorters are the very people the living wage ordinance was enacted to help,” Mary Jo Connolly, then a research associate at UMass Boston, said in her testimony. “Waiving the living wage ordinance for Boston’s recycling contract amounts to agreeing to poverty wages for workers at these facilities and using the citizens’ tax dollars to do it.”
“If our living wage ordinance can be tossed aside by any company that threatens us, then it’s not worth anything,” said Betty McGuire, who worked on the issue for ACORN. “It’s not worth all the fighting that we went through to get it passed.”
The week after the Boston hearing, Somerville Mayor Kelly Gay submitted another request to the Board of Aldermen in her city, asking for a new exemption because “KTI has stated that it will not adhere to the requirements of the LWO.”
Kelly Gay’s exemption was granted by the end of the year. Alderman Bruce Desmond was the lone “no” vote, telling a Globe reporter, “If we’re going to be serious about enforcing a living wage ordinance, we have to hold these people accountable.”
Boston put its contract back out for bid in July 2002, and the issue received ongoing coverage throughout the region. In October, two companies, including KTI, again submitted bids that didn’t include the living wage. The city rejected them.
The following January, Turchinetz, the living-wage administrator, convened a second hardship waiver hearing. Digging in its heels, KTI noted that compliance presented a “tremendous cost” and would be impossible without raising prices for all customers. The AFL-CIO called the entire process “an affront”; others questioned why Boston seemed so willing to let KTI dictate the terms.
Public pressure ramped up throughout 2003. Labor groups staged a protest outside KTI in Charlestown that February, while council members expressed their dismay and worker affidavits were sent to the state attorney general’s office.
Some of that activism eventually led to the aforementioned overtime settlement. In the end, though, KTI prevailed. Details about the internal struggles and corporate maneuvering behind the scenes remain unclear, but in December 2003, Turchinetz approved the hardship waiver. Menino, for whom the recycling contract had become a hot potato that garnered negative headlines, extended the KTI contract to 2005.
After that, the media attention disappeared, with future exemptions meeting far less resistance.
In the nearly 15 years since Boston capitulated under recycling industry pressure, all affected cities in the region have had chances to change course. Instead, they allowed the supply versus services argument to become status quo.
In late 2004, Casella sent a letter to the Cambridge DPW—ahead of a contract renewal—to “reiterate our stance that this is not actually a Service Agreement, but simply a Supply Agreement.” In the communication, educational assistance, company outings, and prizes for avoiding accidents—such as free safety glasses and gloves, or gift certificates to Filene’s and Demoulas—were touted as signs of a positive work environment.
Cambridge City Solicitor Donald Drisdell agreed with the position, laying out his rationale in a January 2005 letter that noted the “substantial sums” paid by Casella for the city’s recyclables. The following month, Somerville solicitor John Gannon cited this specific opinion as rationale for maintaining that city’s policy.
In Boston, the cementing of the waiver happened in a June 2009 memo, authored by then-Corporation Counsel William Sinnott, stating: “The recyclables are delivered to the bidder and title will transfer at that time. No services are performed by the bidder prior to the title transfer.”
Living-wage organizers have been critical of that opinion, saying that it isn’t based on existing statutes, regulations, case law, or other definitions.
“I think it’s unfortunate that they seem to have bought Casella’s interpretation without giving it a serious rigorous thought,” said Richard Juang, an attorney with the Roxbury-based Alternatives for Community and Environment (ACE). “Municipalities need to be making their own independent judgments, and as democratic bodies the people they should first and foremost be considering is the residents and workers in their cities. Corporate entities come and go.”
Multiple attempts to contact Sinnott, who is currently in private practice, were unsuccessful.
Some thought Mayor Marty Walsh’s labor background might make him sympathetic to this issue, but he didn’t seem to be when the city’s recycling contract came up for rebid during his early months on the job in 2014. Initial documents mentioned the living-wage requirement, yet emails obtained via public records request show the city’s recycling director quickly clarified this had been done “inadvertently” and that the ordinance wouldn’t apply.
That April, the Walsh transition team’s environmental working group report even called out the issue directly: “If no bidders for recyclables processing contracts are currently willing to offer a living wage to workers, the city should make an official commitment to prefer the first qualified bidder willing to do so, providing an incentive for responsible evolution of the industry.”
Worker advocates sent a letter to Walsh early that June asking for a contract delay based on such factors, but the contract was approved later that month.
When asked after a May 2017 City Hall meeting whether the waiver might be reevaluated in the city’s next contract, Chief of Environment Blackmon, who recently announced that he is leaving the administration, said, “We want to make sure that we live up to all of our responsibilities here in the city of Boston, including anything as it relates to labor.”
Asked later that same month how living-wage compliance might affect Casella’s bid on Boston’s 2019 contract, CEO John Casella said it was up to Boston to make that policy. “How do they want to put the [request for proposals] out? So we’ll put our proposal in based on whatever RFP the city puts out. … That’s their decision in terms of how they want to approach that, not the private sector,” he said at an industry convention in New Orleans.
When asked how the company would respond today, Casella’s Joe Fusco wrote, “We are always open to discussing the economic rationale and their appetite for different cost structures with our municipal customers during bid specifications and contract negotiations.”
At least a dozen local governments around the country cover their recyclable sorting contracts under living-wage ordinances, with varying details about how that cost is distributed.
In some cases, the policies have been in place for decades and were enacted with little fanfare. Others came after years of activism, union organizing, litigation, or a combination of the three. In a few cities this even led to back-pay settlements.
Two other examples involved Casella.
In 2005, the City Council of Ann Arbor, Michigan, voted to fund the gap between the living wage and what sorters were making at a municipally owned recycling facility after Casella subsidiary FCR refused to do so. At the time, the cost was $105,650 per year. While Casella no longer operates the facility, that policy continues.
Tompkins County in New York took a similar step in 2015 by approving a one-time $20,000 disbursement to Casella, which then raised wages for recycling workers. Overall, the increase was expected to cost $105,000 per year, with Casella covering the difference.
Based on Casella’s experiences in Michigan and New York, and the company’s stance that municipalities set public policy and they just follow it, some feel it is possible for a different arrangement to be formulated in Boston.
That would also require the Walsh administration to live up to its rhetorical position. In a February podcast interview, the mayor shared his thoughts about the relevance of labor movements in the modern economy.
“You can’t raise a family on declining revenue,” Walsh said. “Meanwhile companies are making record profits. I’m not looking to take away from companies, and this sounds like the typical Democratic response, but both can exist together.”
According to Casella’s latest earnings report, which showed $147.5 million in revenue for the first quarter of 2018, business is “stellar” with the exception of one key area—recycling. Like many other companies in the industry, Casella is forecasting millions in lost revenue this year because of China’s big trade changes.
This has led to varying degrees of strife for many of Casella’s municipal customers too—depending on their contract terms—and is almost certainly going to mean higher prices when those contracts come up for renewal. Casella has already begun trying to renegotiate terms with multiple cities beforehand.
With Boston, Cambridge, and Somerville all committed to continuing their recycling programs—regardless of current or future cost spikes—it seems likely all three cities will end up surpassing the amounts at which their wage ordinances technically kick in. Each ordinance specifies in various language that contracts worth a certain amount are subject to living-wage coverage. For Boston, it’s $25,000. In the other two, it’s $10,000.
In Casella’s view, these conditions only stand to bolster the company’s position.
“Market fluctuations in value are a distinct characteristic of tangible goods,” Fusco wrote. “This argument is strengthened when market fluctuations are at play, as the goods have shifting values that impact what customers delivering recyclables pay based on the quality of the materials.”
Walsh’s press office echoed this interpretation in an unattributed email statement: “Regardless of fluctuations in the City’s revenue share, the nature of the contract remains unchanged. Since the contract is for the acceptance or sale of goods and is not a service contract, it is exempt from the living wage ordinance.”
Boston’s Living Wage Advisory Committee has considered formally asking Walsh to change course on the recycling contract, along with broader recommendations to update the ordinance. Draft language has been discussed for months, but nothing has been finalized. (Just this month, the Walsh administration proposed a living wage ordinance amendment to broaden protections for security and maintenance workers at city-owned buildings. In a press release touting the move, the mayor said, “I am proud that we are leading by example in lifting up workers who provide critical services to our city and oftentimes go unrecognized for their important contributions.”)
Cambridge Director of Communication Lee Gianetti initially agreed to provide a statement about his city’s current position but has not done so as of publication.
Somerville reiterated its goods versus services stance in an emailed statement, but left the door open for reconsideration. Comments at a June budget hearing show that remains the case.
“We have actually reached out to Boston and Cambridge to understand how they might approach this, as I think we have varying expirations on the contract,” Mayor Curtatone said after an alderman brought up the topic. “I think together we’d have greater impact on that issue. … It’s a fair point and we do agree on that.”
FOLLOW THE LITER
Hopes of collaborating on recycling have come up in all three cities before, though all of their contracts remain staggered. Somerville’s is up in 2021, Cambridge’s in 2020, and Boston’s next year.
While there appears to be nascent interest in rekindling the issue from officials across the Charles in both cities, it will be up to Boston to command the lead.
After initially demurring that it wasn’t their place to get involved with the “political” side of this process, the city’s “zero waste” consulting team has offered possibilities and new approaches. One is to create a two-phase bid process for the next recycling contract, in which price alone would not be the sole factor. Another idea, mentioned at an advisory meeting in May, was for Boston to build its own recycling facility, as Somerville considered in the ’90s. The costs are high, though, and any such project would take years to fund and complete.
The city could also theoretically contract with another company—which it has done for select neighborhoods in the past—but their facilities are all farther away than Charlestown. Other unresolved questions include how to reconcile each city’s different wage rate, or the fact that the majority of cities sending material to Casella don’t have living-wage ordinances at all.
On the compensation front, the gradual increase to a $15 state minimum wage will help recycling sorters in the long run; in the short run, a looming boost could motivate some leaders to address the concept of living-wage rates right now.
“The point of the minimum wage is to be at the very bottom, and I don’t know that cities should be racing to the bottom,” said Boston City Councilor Lydia Edwards, whose district includes Casella’s facility. “To keep a middle class or working class in Boston we have to have that realistic conversation about how we can’t afford to just pay minimum wages no matter what they are.”
Edwards may be setting the tone for upcoming discussions about the recycling contract, adding, “I think we should recognize the power that we have, or any city should, as an economic engine for a company. … That’s very powerful to say to them, ‘We will not contract with you.’”
Cambridge City Councilor Quinton Zondervan said he believes a broader conversation about wage equity is needed, beyond just individual contracts. “If a company says, ‘We have to charge you this much and we pay a living wage,’ and another company says, ‘We charge you less, but we don’t pay a living wage,’ then I think we should go with the company that pays a living wage even if it’s more expensive,” Zondervan said. “That’s the point of having a living-wage ordinance.”
Somerville Alderman Ben Ewen-Campen agreed that maintaining a living wage above $15 was still important and said he would be open to an arrangement in which the city foots some of the bill—under the right circumstances—if it can help the sorters.
“Somerville is a place where workers’ rights are a top priority for the residents, and I think we’re willing to put our money where our mouth is,” Ewen-Campen said.
Change won’t come easy—especially without a visible plea from the workers, consensus from local politicians, and increased public engagement around recycling in general. The average person still has no concept of where their recycling goes, let alone who has to handle their empties. Even when attention was high in the early 2000s, advocates still lost. Though with Boston taking on a major aspiration such as “zero waste” and the financial model for recycling upended, this may be an ideal time to hash it out once and for all.
“We want to make sure that this planning process, which gives us a limited window of opportunity to talk about our waste system, is doing it in a comprehensive way,” said Papali of Zero Waste Boston. “We want to make sure that we do right by the workers in the industry and capture all the economic value.”
The next Zero Waste Advisory Committee meeting is on July 16. Final recommendations are expected this fall, and discussions about the 2019 recycling contract are already underway.
Depending on what happens, Boston—and as an extension, the entire region—could be in for one of the most drastic shifts toward sustainability and equity in the history of its waste and recycling system.
This article was produced in collaboration with the Boston Institute for Nonprofit Journalism. To see more reporting like this please consider making a contribution at givetobinj.org.
Cole is the lead editor of Waste Dive and has reported on recycling in Boston for BINJ for the past several years. Cole earned a BFA from Emerson College and a MA from the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism. He currently lives with his family in Somerville, Massachusetts.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://digboston.com/special-investigation-living-on-scraps/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510810.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001073649-20231001103649-00075.warc.gz
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| 0.960695 | 7,659 | 2.609375 | 3 |
In the digital age, children’s exposure to electronic devices is increasing rapidly. Whether it’s for online learning, staying connected with friends, or playing games, digital screens are everywhere. While these devices have brought many benefits, they also come with a side effect – exposure to blue light. But what exactly does blue light do to kids? This is a concern that many parents share, and it’s an issue worth exploring.
Blue light is a high-energy, short-wavelength part of the visible light spectrum. It’s not only emitted by the sun, but also by digital screens, LED lights, and fluorescent lights. While not all blue light is harmful – it can actually help regulate our sleep and wake cycles and boost alertness and mood during daylight hours – excessive exposure, especially from screens, can have some downsides.
One potential effect of blue light on children is digital eye strain, also known as computer vision syndrome. Symptoms include dry or watery eyes, blurred vision, and headaches. These symptoms often occur after extended periods of screen time without sufficient breaks.
Another significant effect of blue light is on sleep patterns. Blue light can suppress the production of melatonin, the hormone responsible for regulating sleep. This suppression is especially impactful at night when exposure to blue light can disrupt children’s sleep schedules. Kids who use devices into the night may struggle to fall asleep and have a less restful sleep overall.
So, what can parents do to minimize the effects of blue light? One solution is a blue-light-blocking shield for phones. This accessory can significantly reduce the amount of blue light emitted by the screen, minimizing the potential for digital eye strain and sleep disruptions.
In addition to a blue-light-blocking shield, parents should consider other strategies. These might include limiting screen time, especially before bedtime, and encouraging frequent breaks during extended device use. Parents can also adjust device settings to reduce blue light emission. Many devices come with a built-in feature that shifts the display to warmer colors at night.
In conclusion, while blue light from screens can potentially cause eye strain and disrupt sleep in kids, several strategies can help manage these effects. Using a blue-light-blocking shield, along with sensible screen time management, can protect children’s eyes and promote better sleep. Ultimately, it’s about finding a balance that allows children to reap the benefits of digital devices without compromising their health.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.burnish354.com/post/856
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511170.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20231003160453-20231003190453-00068.warc.gz
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en
| 0.940608 | 501 | 3.53125 | 4 |
EL PASO -- Hip-hop and country-Western music is in, but Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor is out from the list of significant events and key figures that high-school students will learn about in their history classes.
The State Board of Education accepted both musical styles and dozens of historic figures into its social studies teaching standards during an abbreviated meeting Friday in Austin.
The 15-member panel halted its revisions to social studies guidelines without a vote so that it could move on to other school business.
A preliminary vote had been expected from the board on Friday.
Instead, it will take up crafting history standards for kindergarten through 12th grade when it meets again March 10-12.
Those guidelines will determine what is included in textbooks and taught in Texas classrooms over the next decade.
Before its decision to postpone new amendments until March, the board included a requirement for students in U.S. history classes to differentiate between legal and illegal immigration.
It also struck from the curriculum references to the use of propaganda that helped lead the United States to enter World War I.
The most passionate debate of Friday's session heated up when the board looked at hip-hop's effects on American culture.
Don McLeroy, a board member from College Station, asked to remove hip-hop and insert country music in its place from a proposed set of examples of cultural movements.
He said the musical style should not be included in social studies curriculum alongside Tin Pan Alley, the Harlem Renaissance, the Beat Generation, rock 'n' roll and the Chicano Mural Movement.
But Lawrence Allen, who represents Fort Bend and Harris counties on the board, disagreed. He argued that hip-hop is a key form of communication for the black community and that its impact on American culture deserved to be an option for classroom study.
The brief boardroom quibble was settled by Patricia Hardy, who represents Fort Worth and other communities in North Texas.
Hardy said she dislikes that class of music and that it has a negative effect on society.
But, she added, students still need to study it.
"When we don't discuss things -- positive or negative -- we don't know. To pretend it's not there is crazy," she said. "These people are multimillionaires, and believe me, there are not enough black people to buy that. There are white people buying this. It has had a profound effect."
The amendment to remove hip-hop was defeated, and country music was included in the curriculum under a separate measure.
Rick Agosto, the board's representative from San Antonio, called for the new standards to include Sotomayor, the first Hispanic to serve on the nation's highest court.
But his amendment was voted down after several board members said the new Supreme Court justice did not qualify as a significant political or social leader.
Parents, teachers, and regular people have pushed for the inclusion of more minorities and women in Texas' history books.
The board on Thursday accepted civil-rights leader César Chávez as a required figure to teach to fifth-graders.
It also added to the second-grade curriculum Thurgood Marshall, the nation's first black Supreme Court justice, and Irma Rangel, the first Hispanic woman elected to the state Legislature.
The board members will determine selections for world history and geography when it resumes its revisions in March.
Their decisions could determine whether millions of students learn about Albert Einstein and Marie Curie, each of whom won the Nobel Prize in physics, and mathematician Sir Isaac Newton.
All three were left off the list of historic figures for the proposed social studies curriculum.
Michael D. Hernandez may be reached at email@example.com; 546-6151.
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<urn:uuid:9cd2ebbc-cc26-4329-94ee-16a26732683d>
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://www.elpasotimes.com/education/ci_14203842
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164036407/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133356-00088-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.965607 | 777 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In the UNESCO list of World Heritage there are over 1100 properties, 50 of them are marine and coastal sites. These sites have a variety of habitats, unique marine life, outstanding ecosystems, and iconic biodiversity. These sites are safeguarding the cultural, natural and marine heritage for future generations.
Cooperation of all stakeholders are needed to succeed in the protection and preservation of the outstanding universal value in the sites. All hands must be on deck by the site managers, local communities, scientists, and government officials while the World Heritage Centre has an important role in monitoring the sites.
An example of monitoring and the outcome from it, is what happened to the Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City in England. The site was deleted from the UNESCO’s World Heritage list in 2021. It was considered that the constructions in the site caused harm to the site’s authenticity and integrity. It was only the third property to lose its World Heritage status.
Old Rauma in Finland, not a marine or coastal destination, but in the right approximation of the coast, face the same challenges as Liverpool. Construction of a new shopping center near Old Rauma threatens Old Rauma’s status as a World Heritage Site. UNESCO and ICOMOS (the International Council on Monuments and Sites) have raised their concern about the impacts of the construction project and its impacts to Old Rauma and have requested to freeze the project.
The reactions in Liverpool and Rauma are quite similar: the cities don’t believe that construction is a threat to the outstanding universal value they possess. In fact, comments heard from Liverpool states that the World Heritage of the city has never been in a better condition than now due to the investments.
The heritage list is all about recognizing and preserving the sites to the greatest extent possible. However, the status of a World Heritage site usually attracts more visitors and so investments are needed to manage these visitor flows. At the same time, the cities grow and face pressure of new construction projects and infrastructure improvements. Since coastal environments are fragile and the use of the areas face conflicting interest, shared understanding must be created about the meaning of having the status of UNESCO World Heritage site.
Text: Jonna Huuhka, Jaana Ruoho
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<urn:uuid:953f50cb-bbc3-4c86-9101-0a31bd66b2df>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.skills4cmt.eu/blog/worldheritage/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00795.warc.gz
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en
| 0.93253 | 454 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Open space (OS) is a key element in the provision of ecosystem services (ES) in urban environments. Under a land cover-land use perspective, cities are incorporating into the expansion process to different types of surfaces: sealed, paved surfaces and OS. The first corresponds to a land cover change while the second, which includes bare soil, grass, forest or any other type of non-sealed surface, corresponds to a land use change, without physical transformations. As a land use change OS is able to keep fundamental pre-existing ecological properties. However, besides specific ecological characteristics, the overall capacity to provide ES depends also on the size, number and spatial distribution of OSs within the urban fabric. Those aspects which can determine the very ecological performance of urban ecosystem services (UES) are not yet included in the current urban planning in Latin America. OS is still understood mainly as green infrastructure and related mostly with aesthetic and cultural benefits. On the contrary, under an ecological point of view, OS is capable to provide fundamental UES, which can be spatially assessed and analyzed. In this paper the provision of cooling services (CS) is assessed in 2 South American cities: Lima and Santiago de Chile. The provision of CS is measured by means of a Remote Sensing-GIS-based method. Two aspects of CS are explored: (1) the current amount of existing OS; and (2) the trend of increasing/reducing CS within the urban tissue, in a dynamic assessment of spatial distribution and rates of OS incorporation to the continuous urban tissue. The aim is to analyze the CS generated by OS in those two cities. The analysis discusses the role of OS in the provision of CS, considering the current urban development trends and planning practice in these specific Latin American cities, highlighting the need to keep unsealed surfaces and increase in trees coverage, to retain the CS provision in certain levels.
Authors and Publishers
The University of Naples Federico II (Italian: Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II) is a university located in Naples, Italy. Founded in 1224 it is the oldest public non-religious university in the world, and is now organized in 13 faculties. It was Europe's first university dedicated to training secular administrative staff, and one of the oldest academic institutions in continuous operation.
The Directory of Open Access Journals was launched in 2003 at Lund University, Sweden, with 300 open access journals and today contains ca. 10000 open access journals covering all areas of science, technology, medicine, social science and humanities.
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<urn:uuid:88c531d0-ff03-4534-aebe-c455b58fb489>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.landportal.org/nl/library/resources/doaj746c2bb11d0c491fab488dd81b9a68aa/open-spaces-and-urban-ecosystem-services
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510730.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930213821-20231001003821-00559.warc.gz
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en
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How do children learn that they have a brain, and become aware of what it does for them? How do they learn about its complexities?
According to Eric Chudler, Ph.D., creator of the Neuroscience for Kids Web site, children learn about the five senses early in their education. By kindergarten or first grade, many know that the brain receives the incoming information from the senses. As they become older, they begin to recognize movement, thinking, emotions, language, and memory as functions of their brains—and of all human brains. “From parents, many children learn early on that they should protect their brains.
This includes things like wearing helmets and wearing seatbelts,” says Chudler. “Parents might also tell their kids to eat properly so their brains get enough energy, or to go to sleep to get enough rest. In school, children will learn more specifics about the structure and function of the brain.”
Just as literacy about the brain has spread among adults, it needs to grow among the young. How should parents and educators go about teaching children about the body’s most complicated organ? Whether you are teaching a classroom unit about the brain or sharing your enthusiasm for the subject with a daughter, grandson, or young friend, start with a few good books.
Any library can supply you with children’s books about the brain, but a dull, inaccurate, or outdated book can be worse than none at all. A well-written and illustrated children’s book, though, can help spark the imagination of the next generation of scientists, doctors, and citizens. Children’s books can help both to take the mystery out of science and to instill curiosity about the natural world. They can also remind adults how to simplify and explain complicated subjects for young, inquisitive minds.
Other Cerebrum features have visited the “Great Brain Books” for adults (Spring 1999), and “Madness in Good Company,” compelling portrayals of brain disorders in world literature (Summer 2000). Here we review some of the best-known children’s books about the brain published in the past five years. Special thanks to Wilma Friedman, Ph.D., for scrutinizing the selections for scientific mistakes and oversimplifications.
BOOKS FOR CHILDREN IN PRESCHOOL AND THE PRIMARY GRADES
To capture the attention of young children, choose a book that is accurate but also fun. Even if your young prodigy has been reading independently for a couple of years, read the book aloud. Your enthusiasm for the subject may be contagious if you pass it on through a shared experience. To let children absorb the ideas and look at the illustrations, read the book slowly, taking time to explain the text or illustrations, to answer questions, and to enjoy the experience. The best book in this category is one that you take pleasure in sharing.
Why I Sneeze, Shiver, Hiccup, and Yawn
By Melvin Berger. Illustrated by Paul Meisel. HarperCollins Publishers, 2000. $15.95. 32 pages. Ages 4-8.
One of the most successful series in children’s book publishing, Let’s-Read-and-Find-Out Science books present well-focused topics that are accessible and inviting to children in preschool and the primary grades. Berger begins with experiences common to children: a child playing hide-and-seek who unexpectedly reveals her location with a sneeze, or a finger touching a hot stove and jerking away. These clear and accurate examples of reflex actions lead into a simple discussion of the mechanisms of the nervous system, illustrated with upbeat line drawings washed with gentle colors. The narrator continues with other familiar reflexes, such as yawns, shivers, and hiccups, discussing how they occur and the way they protect our bodies. The closing pages suggest ideas for further discussion, as well as reflex tests. The illustrations give young listeners many details to observe and discuss as the story progresses, making this an excellent choice for reading aloud. Another good brain-related book in the series is Paul Showers’s Sleep Is for Everyone (1997).
Whether you are teaching a classroom unit about the brain or sharing your enthusiasm for the subject with a daughter, grandson, or young friend, start with a few good books.
The Magic School Bus Explores the Senses
By Joanna Cole. Illustrated by Bruce Degen. Scholastic Press, 1999. $15.95, paper $4.99. 48 pages. Ages 5-8.
Wildly popular with children even before television brought Ms. Frizzle and her class into their homes, the Magic School Bus series succeeds in achieving an often-stated, but surprisingly elusive goal: These books make learning fun. In each one, Ms. Frizzle, a zany teacher characterized by her crazy outfits and improbable, science-related adventures, takes her class on yet another field trip. On this particular excursion, the bus is miniaturized and enters a police officer’s eye, a little boy’s ear, and a dog’s nose, each time making its way to the brain. The unflappable students observe the parts of each sense organ and relate it to the nervous system. The pages are crowded with the text of the main story, miniature sheets of notebook paper with information on specific topics, speech balloons revealing the characters’ thoughts and comments, and labels naming or explaining specifics—the parts of the eye, for example. Degen’s cartoonlike illustrations brighten the pages with color and with humorous details that children delight in discovering. The layers of text and the humor make the book delightful and also accessible to a wide range of ages, from young children interested only in a story to older children ready to absorb every bit of information. Whether or not they are familiar with the series, children will find this an amusing and instructive introduction to the senses.
Look Inside Your Brain
By Heather Alexander. Based on the Italian text by Paola Panizon. Illustrated by Nicoletta Costa. Grosset & Dunlap/Penguin Putnam Young Reader, 1998. $9.99. 14 pages. Ages 5-8.
The most distinctive feature of this volume from the Poke & Look Learning Book series is the central cavity formed by cutout pages. The thick cardboard pages open into two-page spreads that show a girl’s head on the right-hand side, with a cavity where her brain would be. Each page has a tab representing part of the brain, strewn with tiny words and pictures representing functions such as sight, memory, and balance. Usually the purpose of such thick, stiff pages is to prevent toddlers from tearing or devouring a book, but here the intended audience is a little older, and the format gives the presentation a playful look. Lively, colorful illustrations on every page include small cartoon drawings of active kids and clearly labeled diagrams indicating, for example, the location of the brain and nerves in the body or the taste areas on the tongue. The book discusses simplified anatomy and function of the brain, as well as the senses, memory, learning, and creative expression. The text, although a good introduction to many concepts, has a few oversimplifications. To describe the cortex as a curled-up rope is not a good analogy, and to say that the cortex spread out “would cover a whole room” is an exaggeration. Alexander also inaccurately refers to the spinal cord as part of the brain. On the whole, though, Alexander’s book remains one of the few to offer basic information in a format accessible to young children.
Why Do I Laugh or Cry? And Other Questions About the Nervous System
By Sharon Cromwell. Photographs by Richard Smolinski, Jr. Rigby Interactive Library/Reed Educational & Professional Publishing, 1998. $19.92. 24 pages. Ages 7-9.
This book from the Body Wise series poses nine questions, answering each one on a two-page spread. Like many books using questions as an organizing principle, this one presents ideas that children might actually wonder about, such as “Why do I dream?” Others, such as “How do my nerves help me?” sound a bit forced, unlike what a child would say. Some of the full-color photographs of children silhouetted against white backgrounds are very effective, such as the picture showing a child from the back, with the major parts of the nervous system superimposed as green lines and a pink brain. Other photos, though, such as one of a boy reacting in horror to a spider (glands and brain superimposed), look posed and overacted. Viewers may react negatively and miss the information the pictures are designed to convey. Despite this, the well-focused, specific topics, the good design, and the clear writing make this book worthwhile. The closing pages offer suggested activities, an index, a short bibliography, and a very short (three word) glossary.
A well-written and illustrated children’s book can help spark the imagination of the next generation of scientists, doctors, and citizens.
BOOKS FOR CHILDREN IN THE MIDDLE GRADES
Bright with color, books for middle-grade children have never looked more attractive. The best books in this category use graphics as a means of showing what is difficult to explain in words, not solely as a decorative element. As students look for books that will both satisfy their curiosity and serve as resources for school reports, the ability of the writer to organize information logically and to explain complex brain functions lucidly becomes increasingly important.
By Suzanne LeVert. Illustrated. Benchmark Books/Marshall Cavendish, 2002. $22.79. 48 pages. Ages 8-10
Clarity and simplicity are the hallmarks of the Kaleidoscope Human Body series. Though this book is relatively small, it is a good starting place for middle-grade students who want to understand the structure and function of the nervous system and, specifically, the brain. The book contains clear, brief discussions and colorful illustrations, without excess information or cluttered design, backed up by a glossary of terms that may be new to young readers. After explaining the normal functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the book closes with short sections on brain malfunctions: head and spine injuries, headaches, epilepsy, and strokes. Most two-page spreads feature one or two paragraphs of text on one side, and, on the other, a well-chosen, clearly reproduced photo, drawing, or digital illustration that offers, for example, a look at the protective membranes inside a skull or the cross-section of a brain.
Brain and Nerves
By Steve Parker. Illustrated by Ian Thompson. Copper Beech, 1998. $22.90. 32 pages. Ages 8-11.
Typical of many British nonfiction books republished for American children, this slender, large-format book from the Look at Your Body series divides its subject into small topics and presents each on a two-page spread with many illustrations. As in many similar imports, multiple pictures crowd the pages so that they sometimes detract from the text, rather than expand on it. In fact, captions provide more information than the larger-print text introducing each topic. The drawn or painted diagrams illustrating parts of the body are attractive, well labeled, and easy to understand. Similarly to several other authors in this review, Parker confuses the cerebral cortex with the cerebrum. He refers to the spinal cord as “the body’s main nerve,” which is an oversimplification, and he states incorrectly that severed nerves cannot repair themselves. Peripheral nerves do regenerate. A glossary is also included. When considering this book, keep in mind that the vocabulary indicates an older audience than the appearance of the book suggests.
The Brain: Our Nervous System
By Seymour Simon. Illustrated. Morrow, 1997. $16.95, paper $6.95. 32 pages. Ages 8-12.
In this visually dynamic book from Simon’s series on the human body, down-to-earth writing is enhanced by many vivid images. The cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem are pointed out and labeled on an enlarged photo of a brain, rather than a drawing or painting. A highly magnified and colorized micrograph, taken with a scanning electron microscope, shows neurons and glial cells at 20,000 times their actual size. The often intense colors are heightened by the use of black backgrounds in many of the illustrations. Simon’s succinct, well-written text is generally sound, though he states that an electrical signal triggered in the dendrites will continue through the cell body to the end of the axon, which is not always true. Early in the book, he incorrectly portrays a reflex as being mediated through the medulla in the brainstem, instead of exclusively through the spinal cord. Later, though, he provides a more accurate account of a reflex, stating that a hand touching a hot pot jerks back at the same time that “messages reach the higher parts of your brain.” Simon’s book also confuses the cerebrum with the cortex, and incorrectly states that outgoing motor signals from the brain travel through the thalamus. If mindful of its inaccuracies, teachers will find the book an excellent source of pictures that are large enough to share with a classroom full of students and dramatic enough to hold their attention.
As students look for books that will both satisfy their curiosity and serve as resources for school reports, the ability of the writer to organize information logically and to explain complex brain functions lucidly becomes increasingly important.
The Big Book of the Brain: All About the Body’s Control Center
By John Farndon. Illustrated by Peter Bedrick Books, 2000. $17.95. 46 pages. Ages 8-12.
Each two-page spread in this thin, large-format book discusses a particular topic such as neurotransmitters, reflex action, left and right brain function, hearing, memory, and dreams. The book’s spread-by-spread format can make the overall presentation seem disjointed, but there is more text here than in most British imports for children, and Farndon makes it count. His unusually vivid descriptions enable readers to visualize processes that are difficult to observe or illustrate, such as the transmission of a nerve signal from one neuron to another. However, he identifies the brain as having 15 billion neurons, instead of the estimated 100 billion, and he too confuses the cerebrum with the cortex. Axons do not branch into dendrites, which Farndon mentions twice in the text, and potassium ions are positively, not negatively, charged. Farndon compares an axon with a tail, but he also equates it incorrectly with a neuron. Also, Parkinson’s disease results from cell death—leading to dopamine deficiency—not the deficiency itself. Full-color illustrations on a single page might include four or five different pictures: at least one clear diagram, several photographs of people, and perhaps a brain scan or enlarged microscopic images. Although the presentation is appealing, students looking for basic information on the brain should consult a more accurate book.
Big Head! A Book About Your Brain and Head
By Peter Rowan. Illustrated by John Temperton. Knopf/Random House, 1998. $20. 44 pages. Ages 9-13.
Written by a family doctor, this British import features a well-written, authoritative text and illustrations that enhance it. Each spread includes several paragraphs explaining the main topic, small drawings and captions exploring related ideas, and a large illustration clearly showing specific features, such as a single brain cell greatly magnified, the brain stem with its three parts labeled, or the cranial nerves. The large illustrations are excellent, enabling readers to focus on the specific anatomy of the head and envision the shape, relative size, and physical relationship of the particular part to the head as a whole. Two clear acetate pages offer inside/outside views of the same structure, such as the skin, then the muscles, and finally the bones of the face. The upbeat text and attractive layout make this an approachable and informative introduction to the brain and the head.
Hmmm? The Most Interesting Book You’ll Ever Read About Memory
By Diane Swanson. Illustrated by Rose Cowles. Kids Can Press, 2001. $14.95, paper $6.95. 40 pages. Ages 10-14.
Look past the overly optimistic claim made in the subtitle, because this lively volume from the Mysterious You series will appeal strongly to children, particularly those curious about memory. Swanson’s breezy, conversational style incorporates stories from history and anecdotes from psychology and biology into a second-person text that draws in readers. Typically, each topic is presented in a few paragraphs with a bold heading and an amusing illustration. Swanson does make several mistakes in the text. For example, it is incorrect to say that bits of protein “clog the gaps” between neurons, causing memory problems with aging, and is an oversimplification to say that “too little glucose threatens levels of acetylcholine in the brain.” All metabolic function of neurons require glucose, not specifically acetylcholine. Swanson also curiously characterizes Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases—usually classified as movement disorders—as disorders affecting memory.
While the information is plentiful and interesting, Swanson’s scattershot approach has its drawbacks. An intriguing sidebar about Doogie, the research lab mouse who “learns faster and remembers longer than the average mouse because scientists have tinkered with his brain,” doesn’t explain how “they boosted the ability of its neurons to form memories.” Cowles’s artwork, apparently paintings with digitally incorporated photo elements, creates a dynamic look that suits the writing style. While not the best presentation of the subject, this book could be a stimulating springboard into the study of memory.
Occasionally, a very original, well-written book, such as John Fleischman’s Phineas Gage, will engage their interest in a particular story, which can lead to a lifelong interest in the broader subject or even to choosing the field as a career.
The Physical Brain
By Faith Hickman Brynie. Illustrated. Blackbirch, 2001. $29.94. 64 pages. Ages 11-14.
The Amazing Brain series also includes books on addiction, perception, and neurological disorders. In this volume, Brynie introduces the basics of brain anatomy and function in a presentation that is clearly written, well organized, and interesting, but with little depth. Brynie offers a good explanation of glial (supporting) cells, but the book focuses only on the brain and spinal cord, ignoring the peripheral nervous system, essential for linking brain function and behavior.
Full-page sidebars highlight topics such as Einstein’s brain, MRI and PET technology, and brain chemistry associated with feeling “in love.” Although published for middle-school students, this book is fairly short and the text fills barely half of the book’s space, leaving room for diagrams and colorful photographs. Some of the photos are well chosen to illustrate or emphasize ideas, while others do little to enhance the presentation beyond brightening the pages. Some of the diagrams outline major areas, such as the frontal lobe, but also include unnecessary specific areas, such as the nucleus accumbens. This book also confuses the cerebrum with the cortex. (See Brynie’s 101 Questions Your Brain Has Asked About Itself but Couldn’t Answer... Until Now, in the next section, for a longer, more thorough discussion of the brain.)
BOOKS FOR OLDER CHILDREN AND YOUNG TEENAGERS
Older children read books on the brain mainly as resources for homework. Occasionally, a very original, well-written book, such as John Fleischman’s Phineas Gage (reviewed below), will engage their interest in a particular story, which can lead to a lifelong interest in the broader subject or even to choosing the field as a career. Concern for a family member or friend affected by a brain disorder or disease can encourage an older student to seek understanding through books. As students move into high school, the colorful graphics that engaged them a few years before can actually be distracting. Source notes become important as an assurance of solid research, a way to follow up on points of interest, and a model for documentation in their own papers.
The Brain and Spinal Cord: Learning How We Think, Feel, and Move
By Chris Hayhurst. Illustrated. Rosen Publishing Group, 2002. $26.50. 48 pages. Ages 12-15.
While some writers take a more diffuse approach, Hayhurst maintains a steady focus on the anatomy of the brain and nervous system as the basis for understanding thought and emotion, as well as more basic functions. However, he makes some mistakes. The pituitary is underneath and the hypothalamus deep within the brain, not on the lateral surface. The diencephalon (the thalamus and hypothalamus) is not part of the brainstem. The hypothalamus, not the hippocampus, influences the release of hormones from the adrenal gland. Although the accompanying picture is complete, one caption states that the right side of the brain interprets images from the left eye, rather than the left visual field. The book does not discuss dendrites, and refers to the cell body, or soma, as the “nerve body.”
Despite these mistakes, the clarity of organization and presentation in this book will be useful to students looking for information on particular aspects of the nervous system. Each aspect is well delineated in the pictures and discussed separately in the text. The distinctive illustrations—computer images developed from scans of human bodies—feature a three-dimensional, rather plasticized look, good labels, and anatomies clearly differentiated by color. Though the book is relatively short, younger children would be challenged by the vocabulary; Hayhurst cannot be accused of talking down to his audience. Appended are a glossary, a bibliography, and lists of organizations and Web sites related to anatomy, health, and neuroscience. From the 3-D Library of the Human Body series, this book will be helpful to students in visualizing the parts of the brain and nervous system, but the errors in the text undermine the book’s authority.
Concern for a family member or friend affected by a brain disorder or disease can encourage an older student to seek understanding through books.
Phineas Gage: A Gruesome But True Story About Brain Science
By John Fleischman. Illustrated. Houghton Mifflin, 2002. $16. 86 pages. Ages 11-16.
From the damaged skull leering at readers from the cover to the last page of its riveting story, this book promises something special and delivers. Fleischman tells the story of Phineas Gage, a 19th-century railway worker who accidentally set off a blast when he was packing explosives into a hole with his iron tamping rod. The three-and-a-half-foot rod was driven at high speed through his skull, destroying most of his left frontal lobe. The injury he sustained and the personality changes that ensued are legendary, and mark the beginning of a fuller scientific understanding of the brain in an age when phrenology was still a matter of debate in the medical community. Readers new to Gage’s tale will come away intrigued by the story, knowledgeable about the brain, and (even better) curious to find out more. Fleischman’s only inaccuracies are in referring to the brain as having 10 billion neurons instead of the estimated 100 billion, and in calling an axon “the long body of the cell.” A glossary and annotated list of recommended print and Internet resources are appended. Fleischman, thoroughly engaged by his subject, combines sensational events with solid historical and scientific information in a way that could foster a lifelong interest in the brain. Combining lively writing, apt illustration, and excellent design, Phineas Gage is, hands down, the best children’s book published on the brain in the last five years.
101 Questions Your Brain Has Asked About Itself But Couldn’t Answer... Until Now
By Faith Hickman Brynie. Illustrated by Sharon Lane Holme. Millbrook Press, 1998. $25.90. 176 pages. Ages 12-16.
In addition to her shorter book The Physical Brain (see previous section), Brynie has published this more inclusive and insightful volume as part of her 101 Questions series. Students’ questions about the brain, paired with Brynie’s answers, appear in seven chapters covering basic information, neurons, learning and memory, chemicals and drugs in the brain, damage and illness, left- and right-brain functions, and speech and the senses. Each chapter includes a related feature article on a topic such as brain imaging, or Shakespeare and the brain. Brynie’s conversational tone makes this book readable, as well as informative. Appropriate for students at this age, the black-and-white line drawings and photographs that illustrate the text do not appear on every page or even every double-page spread. The book ends with detailed chapter notes, a bibliography, and an unusually complete glossary. This is the most thorough general book on the brain published for young people in recent years.
Head and Brain Injuries
By Elaine Landau. Illustrated. Enslow Publishers, 2002. $20.95. 112 pages. Ages 12-16.
In this volume from the Diseases and People series, Landau surveys the most common forms of traumatic brain injuries, their causes and treatments, and how they change lives. In addition, she offers a brief historical survey of brain science and medical treatment, including trepanning, phrenology, the case of Phineas Gage, and computer-assisted technology. One section offers general advice on helping a person who is hurt. Noting that traumatic brain injuries “are most common among young people between fifteen and twenty years old,” Landau discusses many individual cases of young athletes and others with concussions, how their treatments progressed, and how their lives were affected. She also notes the difference between actual recovery from a coma and a Hollywood version of the event. The book ends with a historical timeline, a glossary, lists of recommended books and Web sites, source notes for references and quotations, and organizations to contact for further information. Illustrated with black-and-white reproductions of photographs and diagrams, the visual presentation is lackluster, but the subject and the anecdotal approach will keep readers involved.
When the Brain Dies First
By Margaret O. Hyde and John F. Setaro. Illustrated. Franklin Watts, 2000. $25. 144 pages. Ages 13-16.
Respected children’s writer Hyde and coauthor Setaro begin with a brief introduction to the healthy brain, then zero in on the many things that can go wrong. They discuss injuries to the head; infections of the brain such as meningitis, encephalitis, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; dementia caused by Alzheimer’s; degenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease; as well as brain damage caused by chemicals, drugs, and nutritional deficiencies. After considering the issues that arise when the brain effectively dies but the body lives on, Hyde and Setaro describe court cases that have brought right-to-die issues to public attention. On a more positive note, the last chapter deals with the prevention of problems and the search for cures. Mistakes include identifying the brain as the initiator of reflex motor responses, dendrites as having myelination, and the statement that each of the brain’s billions of neurons is connected directly or indirectly to every other neuron. Well-chosen black-and-white photographs and diagrams illustrate the text. Besides providing mostly solid information, this book includes stories of people, often young people, whose lives have been touched by injuries, diseases, and disorders of the brain.
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“Rethinking Health and Human Rights”
Although Paul Farmer’s book “Pathologies of Power” dissects how poverty and lack of basic human rights has direct effects on health, the last chapter gives the reader hope as it discusses an agenda to alleviate the issues that aggregate the relationship between human rights and global health. Farmer tries to track the root of health discrepancies by saying society should make health and healing the symbolic core of this new agenda. Since most individuals find nothing wrong with promoting health and healing, rallying around these themes is something people would find no trouble in supporting. Farmer also emphasizes that we must make provision of services central to the agenda, in other words, we must make changes based on the advice of the sick and poor rather than blindly following the policies implemented by those in power. Farmer’s agenda for improving health in relation to rights also includes establishing new research agendas that are not biased against the poor, assuming a broader educational mandate by spreading health awareness, achieving independence from powerful government and bureaucracies so that the voices of the people and for the people are heard, and securing more resources for health and human rights.
Thankfully we live in a time in which the connection between global health and human rights is becoming ever more clear. There has been a shift in the way people think about medicine and more of a push towards social equality. In a rapidly advancing and globalizing world, we have the tools to start changing the health system so that human rights and health around the globe are protected. Although genocide is not yet a stark reality of the past, a movement towards Farmer’s agenda ensures that we analyze the social, economic, and political factors that produce conditions in which genocide is able to take place. Thus, the faster we act upon the issues highlighted by Farmer, the faster we can take away the justification for an action as inexcusable as genocide.
For more information on Paul Farmer:
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What Goethe is to Germans, what Cervantes is to Spain, Rainis is to Latvians – or, as it would only be fair to say, Rainis (1865 – 1929) and Aspazija (1865 – 1943). Literary Latvian language was at the time in its infancy, and Rainis and Aspazija were without a doubt among those who helped nurture it. In their poetry, plays, translations and political activities they both created a sense of Latvian identity. You would be hard-pressed to find a Latvian town that does not have a street named after Rainis or Aspazija; you will probably see their names in most theatre repertoires. It is hardly surprising that there is even a crater on the planet Mercury that bears Rainis’ name. Latvia marks the 150th anniversary of the Latvian power couple of culture in 2015.
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