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1.2 National youth law
On this page
On this page
Existence of a National Youth Law
There are two most important acts:
- the renewed Child Protection Act, which defines the principles of ensuring the rights and well-being of children in the age group of 0-18;
- the Youth Work Act, which defines the age range for young people from 7-26 and the obligations of different authorities in the youth field.
As described in the previous section of the chapter, there are many different laws, which carry more or less direct relevance for young people as they define the obligations and rights of municipalities and central government towards the young people as well as entitlements, rights, duties and limitations of young people.
Therefore, in the following paragraph the main focus is on the Youth Work Act that was approved in 1999 by the Parliament and it was re-adopted in 2010.
Scope and contents
Youth Work Act provides the legal basis for the organization and financing of youth work. The Act defines the main terms used in the youth field, main institutions, organizations and forms of youth work, the principles of youth work, financing of youth work, etc. The Act provides the responsibilities regarding youth work of the Ministry of Education and Research, county governors, and local municipality. The Act defines municipal and local youth councils.
There is no description of the rights and obligations of young people in the act.
The key policy domains relevant for the youth field identified in the Youth Work Act are written in the 2nd and 3rd chapter of the act.
Youth Work Act has been adopted three times:
- Adoption in 01.04.1999
- Adoption in 01.09.2010
- Adoption in 01.08.2020
Young people have been consulted. There is a systematic approach to involving represenatives of young people when amendments of the Youth Work Act are planned and discussed by the Ministry of Education and Research.
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Follow ( 0 Followers ) X Follow E-mail : * Follow Unfollow
Reviving Your Wetlands Will Bring Back Mudflats
Reviving Your Wetlands—the San Elijo Lagoon Restoration Project—is about to begin. San Elijo Lagoon Conservancy is guiding the restoration of the lagoon, estimated to conclude in 2020. This essential restoration project is funded by Transnet tax revenue.
Enhancing mudflat habitat and tidal circulation will create a richer zone for birds (and birders alike).
Mallard, by Vern Ege
Only female Mallards make the quacking sound we’ve come to associate with ducks. Male Mallards make a softer, rasping noise. Year-Round Resident
Mudflats are the primary source of food for many animals, especially waterfowl that spend the winter here, and those that use the lagoon as a resting and refueling area during migration. At present, there are only 35 acres of mudflats. It is estimated that without restoration, all mudflats will be functionally gone in 5 years. Today, the pattern and extent of tidal circulation is insufficient to maintain a healthy system. Saltmarsh plants, like cordgrass, are overgrowing the mudflats.
Snowy Egret, courtesy SanElijo.org/AnimalGuide
Sometimes, the Snowy Egret looks like it’s doing an awkward dance in the lagoon, high-stepping with wings spread. It’s hunting. And this bird knows many hunting tricks.
Places to Go
Restoration will not overwhelm existing habitat, so birds will have the ability to nest where they feel safe. Studies indicate that sufficient alternate habitat is available for species to move within the lagoon basins or temporarily to other lagoons, if needed. This will be a short-term disruption, and long-term, the wetlands are expected to revive and thrive.
Dunlin, by Bill Harris
These medium-sized sandpipers fly off into sunset at San Elijo Lagoon. Migratory winter visitor
Striped Shore Crabs on mudflats can eat algae by the clawful. A natural recycler—tidbits of decayed animals are on its menu.
Scaup, by Jo Quinn
This diving duck eats clams, snails, crustaceans, aquatic insects, seeds, and aquatic plants. Migratory winter visitor
Questions about Lagoon Restoration—Reviving Your Wetlands?
Salty Susan adds bright pops of yellow from May to October. Like Pickleweed, these native plants concentrate seawater in special spaces, using the remaining fresh water to grow.
The nearly 1000-acre San Elijo Lagoon Ecological Reserve is home to more than 300 species of birds including: year-round residents, winter visitors, summer breeders, and migrants passing through to rest and refuel. Pictured: Northern Pintail at San Elijo Lagoon
What questions do you have about Lagoon Restoration?
Share with us so that we can keep you updated on all the latest news—both behind the scenes as we learn—and about what you’re seeing as restoration begins.
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For example, higher concentrations of hemoglobin and the blood protein myoglobin allow emperor penguins to store about 2.5 times more oxygen per unit of body mass than humans, Ponganis noted.
The birds also conserve oxygen by slowing their heart rate to as low as five beats a minute on long dives, even while chasing after fish.
"If we can understand why a diving animal does not incur tissue damage when exposed to low oxygen levels and low blood flow, [we may gain] a better understanding of how such damage occurs in humans and how it might be prevented," Ponganis said.
For the new work, Ponganis and colleagues monitored oxygen levels inside the blood vessels of wild birds living temporarily at the "Penguin Ranch" research facility on McMurdo Sound in southern Antarctica.
(Read "'Penguin Ranch' Reveals Hunting, Swimming Secrets" [January 30, 2004].)
The thick layer of sea ice on the ranch is broken only by diving holes drilled by scientists. Since the birds are too far away from other openings, they must return to the same location after fishing trips.
The study penguins were equipped with tiny sensors inside their air sacs. These sensors transmitted data to special recorders strapped to the birds' backs.
Most of the recorded dives were under six minutes long, but some were substantially longer—including a 23-minute descent that stands as the longest known emperor penguin dive.
David R. Jones has studied the physiology of diving ducks at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver. He was not involved in the penguin research.
"I think it's just amazing that these animals are able to push themselves to such a degree that they use up virtually all of their oxygen stores in their respiratory system and blood," Jones said.
And the ability of Ponganis and colleagues to collect blood-oxygen data in the bitter cold of Antarctica is "amazing," Jones added.
"This is a really important contribution to the field of diving physiology."
Free Email News Updates
Sign up for our Inside National Geographic newsletter. Every two weeks we'll send you our top stories and pictures (see sample).
SOURCES AND RELATED WEB SITES
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| 0.952935 | 461 | 3.8125 | 4 |
What's the damage? Negative health consequences of alcohol misuse in Wales
The results of a survey by Alcohol Concern Cymru show that many people in Wales remain ill-informed about the possible effects of alcohol on their health, and about what is sensible drinking.
Alcohol Concern Cymru commissioned a telephone survey of 1,000 drinkers in Wales. Amongst the main findings were:
Around half of respondents said they did not know the recommended daily maximum number of units of alcohol for a man or a woman
More than half were unable to correctly recall the number of units in either a standard pint of beer/lager or a standard glass of wine
Although 84% knew that liver disease was often directly linked to alcohol, 78% failed to mention the link between alcohol and cancer.
In response to the survey Alcohol Concern said that "we clearly need to do more to inform the public about sensible drinking and the dangers associated with excessive consumption". Alcohol Concern also recommends:
- The number of units in each individual drink should be prominently displayed, ideally on the front of the packaging. Labels should also include a cigarette style health warning.
- Information about units, recommended guideline amounts, and risks to health should be prominently displayed wherever alcohol is sold.
- A minimum price per unit of alcohol should be set, in line with the recommendations of the UK's Chief Medical Officers. This should be implemented at an England and Wales level; however, if progress cannot be made in this regard, Alcohol Concern supports moves to devolve the necessary powers to the National Assembly for Wales.
Download a copy of the report below. A copy of this report is also available in Welsh.
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- “全语言” 法：让孩子通过阅读学习认字。
The "300 Words" series is made up of 4 story books that are written using only 304 most commonly used chinese words. It allows children to practise words recognition through reading. Hanyu Pinyin phonetics, stroke order and notes on intonations are provided in the text books.
- Allow children to practise recognizing words through reading.
- Passages were mainly written in words that are commonly used.
- Drilling of new vocabularies through repetitions to have its effects.
- Passages are connected to one another which will enhance the children’s reasoning power.
- Hanyu Pinyin provided for new vocabularies.
- Stroke order provided.
- Notes on intonation provided.
- Pictorial meanings provided for new vocabularies.
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Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, better known by the alias Lenin, was a Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as head of government of the Russian Republic from 1917 to 1918, of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918 to 1924, and of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1924. Under his administration, Russia and then the wider Soviet Union became a one-party socialist state governed by the Russian Communist Party. Ideologically a Marxist, he developed political theories known as Leninism.
A Lie Told Often Enough Becomes The Truth.
Democracy Is Indispensable To Socialism.
There Are No Morals In Politics; There Is Only Expedience. A Scoundrel May Be Of Use To Us Just Because He Is A Scoundrel.
The Most Important Thing When Ill Is To Never Lose Heart.
The Goal Of Socialism Is Communism.
Despair Is Typical Of Those Who Do Not Understand The Causes Of Evil, See No Way Out, And Are Incapable Of Struggle. The Modern Industrial Proletariat Does Not Belong To The Category Of Such Classes.
Fascism Is Capitalism In Decay.
When One Makes A Revolution, One Cannot Mark Time; One Must Always Go Forward - Or Go Back. He Who Now Talks About The 'Freedom Of The Press' Goes Backward, And Halts Our Headlong Course Towards Socialism.
Freedom In Capitalist Society Always Remains About The Same As It Was In Ancient Greek Republics: Freedom For Slave Owners.
The History Of All Countries Shows That The Working Class Exclusively By Its Own Effort Is Able To Develop Only Trade-union Consciousness.
A Revolution Is Impossible Without A Revolutionary Situation; Furthermore, Not Every Revolutionary Situation Leads To Revolution.
Crime Is A Product Of Social Excess.
The Best Way To Destroy The Capitalist System Is To Debauch The Currency.
No Amount Of Political Freedom Will Satisfy The Hungry Masses.
If It Were Necessary To Give The Briefest Possible Definition Of Imperialism, We Should Have To Say That Imperialism Is The Monopoly Stage Of Capitalism.
Can A Nation Be Free If It Oppresses Other Nations? It Cannot.
Without Revolutionary Theory There Can Be No Revolutionary Movement.
If Socialism Can Only Be Realized When The Intellectual Development Of All The People Permits It, Then We Shall Not See Socialism For At Least Five Hundred Years.
When There Is State There Can Be No Freedom, But When There Is Freedom There Will Be No State.
To Rely Upon Conviction, Devotion, And Other Excellent Spiritual Qualities; That Is Not To Be Taken Seriously In Politics.
Under Socialism All Will Govern In Turn And Will Soon Become Accustomed To No One Governing.
It Is Impossible To Predict The Time And Progress Of Revolution. It Is Governed By Its Own More Or Less Mysterious Laws.
One Man With A Gun Can Control 100 Without One.
Sometimes - History Needs A Push.
Our Program Necessarily Includes The Propaganda Of Atheism.
The Press Should Be Not Only A Collective Propagandist And A Collective Agitator, But Also A Collective Organizer Of The Masses.
Politics Begin Where The Masses Are, Not Where There Are Thousands, But Where There Are Millions, That Is Where Serious Politics Begin.
Without A Revolutionary Theory There Cannot Be A Revolutionary Movement.
Any Cook Should Be Able To Run The Country.
Every Cook Has To Learn How To Govern The State.
Communism Is Soviet Power Plus The Electrification Of The Whole Country.
The Government Is Tottering. We Must Deal It The Death Blow An Any Cost. To Delay Action Is The Same As Death.
Capitalists Are No More Capable Of Self-sacrifice Than A Man Is Capable Of Lifting Himself Up By His Own Bootstraps.
The Oppressed Are Allowed Once Every Few Years To Decide Which Particular Representatives Of The Oppressing Class Are To Represent And Repress Them In Parliament.
While The State Exists There Can Be No Freedom; When There Is Freedom There Will Be No State.
Give Us The Child For 8 Years And It Will Be A Bolshevik Forever.
The Way To Crush The Bourgeoisie Is To Grind Them Between The Millstones Of Taxation And Inflation.
It Is True That Liberty Is Precious; So Precious That It Must Be Carefully Rationed.
Give Me Four Years To Teach The Children And The Seed I Have Sown Will Never Be Uprooted.
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How Many Moons Does Earth Have?July 9th, 2013
If you look around our Solar System, many planets have multiple moons. Earth has only one: The Moon. But Earth may have had more than one moon in the past and may “capture” another moon in the future. Mars now has two moons, but Phobos is slowly spiraling in and will one day crash into the planet. Universe Today publisher Fraser Cain looks at Earth’s moons and the possibility of the Earth having more than one moon.
It’s fascinating to consider how life on Earth might be different over time and today if we had more than one moon. The effect on the tides might be significant and may affect life near the shores. And, depending on the size of the moon(s), we could have effects similar to what we might experience if an object like a large planet was instead orbiting the Earth.
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Breast MRI is not recommended as a routine screening tool for all women. However, it is recommended for screening women who are at high risk for breast cancer, usually due to a strong family history and/or a mutation in genes such as BRCA1 or BRCA2. If you are considered high-risk, you would have breast MRI in addition to your annual mammograms (x-rays of the breast).
Breast MRI is not a perfect tool. Although it is generally considered more sensitive for picking up breast cancer than mammography, it also can miss some cancers that would be detected by mammography. That is why breast MRI is recommended only in combination with other tests, such as mammogram or ultrasound.
Who should have breast MRI for screening?
Yearly mammograms plus breast MRI screening are typically recommended for women who are at higher-than-average risk of developing breast cancer — in other words, at greater than the average 13% risk most women have over the course of an entire lifetime.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) recommends that all high-risk women — those with a greater than 20% lifetime risk of breast cancer — have a breast MRI and a mammogram every year. For most women, these combined screenings should start at age 30 and continue as long as the woman is in good health. According to ACS guidelines, high-risk women include those who:
- have a known BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation
- have a first-degree relative (mother, father, brother, sister, or child) with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutation and have not had genetic testing themselves
- find out they have a lifetime risk of breast cancer of 20-25% or greater, according to risk assessment tools that are based mainly on family history
- had radiation therapy to the chest for another type of cancer, such as Hodgkin’s disease, when they were between the ages of 10 and 30 years
- have a genetic disease such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, or have one of these syndromes in first-degree relatives
The American Cancer Society also recommends that women at moderately increased risk of breast cancer — those with a 15-20% lifetime risk — talk with their doctors about the possibility of adding breast MRI screening to their yearly mammogram. According to ACS guidelines, this includes women who:
- find out they have a lifetime risk of breast cancer of 15-20%, according to risk assessment tools based mainly on family history
- have a personal history of breast cancer, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), or abnormal breast cell changes such as atypical ductal hyperplasia or atypical lobular hyperplasia
- have extremely dense breasts or unevenly dense breasts when viewed by mammograms
If you think you’re a candidate for breast MRI screening, talk to your doctor. You and your doctor may need to work with your health insurance plan to get the test covered. You may have to prove to your plan that you are indeed considered high-risk for breast cancer. You also will need to find a facility with dedicated breast MRI screening equipment.
For more information about breast cancer risk, visit the Lower Your Risk section.
Why breast MRI is not recommended for screening all women
Breast MRI is not recommended as a screening tool for women who are at average risk of developing breast cancer. Yes, breast MRI has been found to be more sensitive in detecting cancers than mammograms, which does seem like an advantage. However, a major disadvantage is that breast MRI screening results in more false positives — in other words, the test finds something that initially looks suspicious but turns out not to be cancer. If breast MRI were adopted as a screening tool for everyone, many women would end up having unnecessary biopsies and other tests, not to mention the anxiety and distress. That is why current recommendations reserve breast MRI screening for high-risk women only.
MRI is also more expensive than mammography, and dedicated breast MRI screening equipment is not widely available.
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Howard Rheingold, who is on my “shadow dissertation committee”, recently flagged this very neat training simulator called Virtual Peace for students interested in humanitarian response. The platform brings together digital learning technologies and serious gaming for humanitarian aid education.
Students and educators enter an immersive, multi-sensory game-based environment that simulates real disaster relief and conflict resolution conditions in order to learn first-hand the necessary tools for sensitive and timely crisis response. [...] The simulation developed by these partners takes as its model the real-life events following a major natural disaster: Hurricane Mitch, which devastated much of Central America in 1998.
When playing the game, students who represent governments, the United Nations (UN) and nongovernmental organizations, meet in the Virtual Peace simulation. As part of the simulation, students are responsible for providing and coordinating aid to the two countries hardest hit by Hurricane Mitch: Honduras and Nicaragua. Students carry out background research on the scenario in order to represent one of 16 different humanitarian organizations such as Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), the Office of Foreign of Affairs of Nicaragua, USAID and the World Health Organization (WHO).
By playing the game together, the students are responsible for navigating the challenges and pathways to effective response. Each student assumes her or his role as an avatar designed to look like actual persons in the international aid community. They converse via voice and text channels in the game space which is designed to look like the real venues where these representatives might convene. Students present their views to the group at large and then (within the virtual space) break out into smaller groups for planning and negotiation.
In addition to allowing students to use real life diplomatic and conflict resolution skills, students and teachers can bookmark specific instances in the game that can be referred back to for learning purposes when debriefing the simulation. This allows them to assess whether certain goals were met, if students properly represented the values and views of their government or organization and how they can work more effectively in the future.
By extending to educators the multi-sensory nature of the digital media, Virtual Peace becomes much more than just an extension of a role-playing exercise. Ultimately, it is a cutting edge interdisciplinary platform for creative learning, uniting the technologies of the future and the experiences of the past. For more on virtual training for humanitarian response, see my blog post on 3D Crisis Mapping for Disaster Simulation Training.
I like the fact that Virtual Peace has “transformed video game technology previously used for army training simulations into an innovative tool for international humanitarian aid education.” In addition, I like the combination of the serious game with the social networking platform, Ning. This would be a neat addition to the Humanitarian Studies Initiative (HSI) seminar co-taught by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI).
Indeed, I wish Virtual Peace had been around in 2006 when I taught an undergraduate course on “Disaster and Conflict Early Warning Systems” because Duke University actually offers a seminar on “Policy Anlaysis for Development” that uses Virtual Peace as a pedagogical tool.
The pictures and accompanying text above were taken from this Virtual Peace video demo:
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Frozen Iguanas Falling From Trees During Cold Snap
Imagine walking out your front door and finding a frozen iguana on your sidewalk. Horrifying, right? That is exactly what is happening in Florida! Iguanas are falling out of trees all over the state! The east coast is currently going through a cold snap, dropping temperatures everywhere, including warm and sunny Florida. South Florida has reported temperatures below 40 degrees. While this is just an inconvenience for most humans, it can be harming for some of the wildlife.
The Green Iguana, a cold-blooded reptile, is one of the victims of this unusual cold snap. The critters so cold, they literally can’t move. They are lying helplessly on the ground, waiting to thaw.
“Don’t assume that they’re dead,” said Kristin Sommers of the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commision. “It’s too cold for them to move.”
The frozen reptiles have been found on sidewalks, on roadsides, and even near a few pools. CBS News is reporting that the creatures are likely to thaw out if they are moved to the sun. So, if you feel bad for the critters, then feel free to move them. However, they will probably bite you when they wake up.
However, before you get too upset at the thought of an iguana-cicle, they are actually an invasive species. The Green Iguana is actually a native of Central and South America. They were brought to Florida and have exploded without any natural predators. What’s more, they usually eat through your plants, dig holes in your yard, and undermine the infrastructure of buildings and roads.
“This provides an opportunity to capture some,” says Sommers. “In most cases, they’re going to warm back up and move around again, unless they’re euthanized.”
To save an Iguana, or not to save an Iguana? That is the question Floridians have to ask themselves. Another animal affected by the cold does need saving. Sea Turtles are stiffening up in the cold too. Most end up floating aimlessly on the water near the shore. The wildlife commission is rescuing turtles. So, if you see one, be sure to help it out a bit.
What would you do if you found an iguana-cicle?
(Image: Twitter / @MazineBentzel)
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Given a circle and a point K inside it. An arbitrary circle equal to the given one and passing through the point K has a common chord with the given circle. Find the geometric locus of the midpoints of these chords.
Let the given circle be centered at A=(-2a,0) and have radius r.
The arbitrary circle has a center lying on the circle centered at point C=(c,d) with c^2+d^2=r^2 [a constant]
The two circles intersect at B and D and ABCD is a rhombus. Thus the midpoint of the chord BD is also the midpoint of chord AC=E=(-a+c/2,d/2).
Since we suspect the locus of point E is a circle centered at the midpoint of AK=F=(-a,0) let's find the distance EF
distance^2 = (c/2)^2+(d/2)^2 = (c^2 + d^2)/4 = r^2/4
distance = r/2
This shows that not only is this distance a constant this constant is half of r.
In retrospect, I see the simple geometric proof.
ABCD is a rhombus with side length r, and E is the midpoint of AC, we have triangle AKC with KC=r. Since E and F are midpoints of sides AC and AK respectively, EF=KC/2=r/2.
So the locus is a circle with radius r/2 centered at the midpoint of AK
Posted by Jer
on 2021-05-01 11:30:22
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The Tanto was originally developed in Japan. It’s a knife that can be a double or a single sided dagger. The blade was usually around 6-12 inches in length. It was used by Japanese Samurai as slashing and stabbing weapon. Another famous knife to come out of Asia is the Karambit.
- 1 History
- 2 Various Designs
- 3 American Tanto Blades Today
- 4 The best modern Tanto blades
During the Heian Period (794-1185), the blade was developed as a killing weapon. During this period, the Fujiwara family rose to power and had control over Japan. They needed protection form dissidents and rebels and the soldiers that served the Fujiwara became known as Samurai and they carried the Tanto blades into combat with them. Being specifically designed as a weapon, Tanto’s do not excel at bushcraft activities like wood carving.
Originally the long tachi sword was used which was suitable for outdoor combat, but next to useless in a narrow hallway or for house fighting. The Tanto served this purpose ideally as it was strong, but thin at the same time and it could be used as a stabbing and killing weapon in close quarters combat situations.
The Tanto was forged so the sides of the weapon have no ridge lines which is different from the Katana blade. Japanese women carried a smaller version which was called the kaiken and they used this blade for self defense. There’s two main categories of Tantos which are called koshiraetantos and Sugutatantos.
During the years 1185-1333, there were more artistic Tanto blades being developed.The blade went from a weapon to more ornamental in nature in both function and appearance. Bladesmiths developed new blade types, syles, and widths of blades. There was real development in the blade at this time, but it wouldn’t last. Japan went through a lot of fighting between 1336-1573, as the Kamakura Shogunate fell so the artistic Tanto blades diminished and they were mass produced to fuel the needs of the Japanese soldiers. The blade became narrower so the excess material could be made into more blades for combat. They bladesmiths dropped the ceremonial aspects of the blades and began to produce them on mass to keep pace with war needs.
After WWII, the use of blades was banned in Japan, but the efforts of American and European blade enthusiasts saw a resurgence of these weapons in the 1960s and today we see new Tanto inspired blades from companies such as Cold Steel in the USA.
There’s various Tanto blade designs. There’s also a whole host of other blade styles and options with both short and long blades being offered. Here’s a few of the Japanese styles which are as follows:
This is the most common Tanto style blade. There’s a triangular cross section since the edge bevels form the back to the edges of the blade and there’s no flat pints in between this. The blade is a simple one to made and it’s a single-sided blade.
These have a wide and long groove which runs halfway up the blade from the back to the front. The back half of this blade is usually not sharpened on the second edge. This is not a very common Tanto blade.
This is a rare double-sided Tanto. This blade tampers off to a longer point and there’s a diamond cross section shape.
This is a very rate Tanto blade and it’s a curved blade. Only the inside of the curve is sharpened and there’s not sharp point to it can’t be used as a stabbing weapon to any great effect.
American Tanto Blades Today
The Tanto blades today are based upon the older Japanese design. it’s still a short blade and inspired by the Samurai of old that used to wield them. The Tanto knife today is a little more decorative than those of old, but they are very functional and some militaries around the world use these blades as a secondary combat weapon.
The traditional blade is around 6-12 inches. There’s two bevels with a shorter vertical one at the front and a longer straighter bevel the goes to the hilt. There can be both a single or a double-sided version, but most of the ones designed in the USA now are single sided as they are preferred over the double-sided design. The popular designs today are made by the Cold Steel company. The main difference in this blade form the Japanese version is that it has a stronger tip. There’s two separate edges and an angular tip. The American version also has many different options to choose from.
Advantages of Tanto Blades
There’s a lot of metal at the front of the blade and a bevelled tip so there’s more penetration with the Tanto is combat situations. These blades are designed for combat and to penetrate. The Tanto blade excels in this area. The blade is also well suited to provide adequate defense.
- Good piercing blade
- Strong tip
- Unique look and design
Disadvantages of Tanto Blades
There’s tow primary bevels with these blades so it’s harder to sharpen them. There’s also two flat edges and no belly on the blade so it can be difficult to slice with this weapon.
- Not good for slicing
- Harder to get sharp
The Tanto has a long history. There’s many different Tanto blades to choose from and options in knives so you should find something that suits your needs.
The best modern Tanto blades
The 3V Recon Tanto by Cold Steel
The Recon Tanto is going to be the best type of tactical Tanto out there. It has a 7 inch fixed blade, full tang, and is almost a foot long. The Recon is widely used by law enforcement officers and special forces, especially the SWAT teams. It has done many field tests over the years and has even been used in active war zones around the world like Iraq and Afghanistan. This a knife that many soldiers will put their lives on. It is now a standard issue blade for Navy Seal candidates during BUDS training.
It is super durable. The full tang design has a pretty strong handle that is textured and shaped to really ensure that you have a maximum grip. The way this grip is, it won’t just slip out of your hands during a moment that you really need a blade. It even has a pretty unique fastening that will keep the handle from moving. The blade is made from steel and since it is CPM-3V steel, it is going to be one of the hardest steels out there for regular use. It has been made so that your blade can pierce armor without losing the edge or deforming the blade. An interesting fact is that Cold Steel actually test this knife by repeatedly stabbing steel drums. So you know that this blade can take a whole lot of abuse.
One of the drawbacks to this blade is that the knife is going to be a bit hard to sharpen unlike other blades made with a different steel. Then again, this isn’t your average hunting tool, it is actually a tactical weapon. When it comes down to have a great defensive weapon, The Recon Tanto is the way to go.
Black 1245 Tanto by Ka-bar
For decades the military has been using Ka-Bar combat knives and the Ka-Bar USMC fighting knife is one of my favorite survival knives. so there’s no surprise that the The 1245 is considered to be the best combat Tanto out on the market right now. So, what makes it so great? It has an 8 -inch steel blade. The steel is a carbon steel that will actually hold its edge when it is being abused, which also means when you need to you can easily sharpen it. It is a defense and attack knife, and the thick blade really gives it some hardcore piercing power. It is also a blade that is well used by law enforcement and soldiers. This blade is actually only a partial tang blade, so the tang is pressed inside of the pommel. This widens the tang so it will be held much more securely. This makes better balanced and gives it a way more comfortable grip. If your hands are wet or you are wearing gloves, it will still stay in your hand without any type of issue.
The handle is made from Kraton G. This is a newer and more advanced rubber. It is shaped, textured and grooved to ensure that you get the best grip. It also has a cross guard and large pommel, and this is really needed when you are trying to prevent cutting yourself when you are stabbing things. It has a unique sheath that you can attach to a MOLLE bag or even to your belt. Fair warning though, the button on the sheath can scratch your blade. This is just a little issue, but you can use this sheath for other types of Ka-Bar blades as well. Another cool thing about this blade is that it is USA made and its done in New York. So when you get yours, check out the stamp on the blade.
If you plan to carry this knife around, you may want to check the local laws in your area. Places like California you can carry an 8-inch blade as long as its not concealed, but if you live in Boston, it is very illegal to carry it. So keep this in mind, but that doesn’t mean that you can’t keep it in your home for home defense. For the price, this Tanto is a great weapon that just might save your life.
Prodigy Tanto by Gerber
If you have been searching for a tactical blade that is super comfortable to carry, easy to grab when needed and is silent, then you need the Prodigy. This is literally an urban carry or military deployment weapon. It has a full tang and it is about 10 inches long with about 5 inches being the blade itself. It is big enough to be used during combat, but small enough to use in a tight space, where using a full blade is a real disadvantage. This blade is also super light being under 8 ounces, so you can carry it with no problems for long periods of time.
It has a super sharp edge made form stainless steel. It is a very durable steel but it takes an edge and holds it easily. It also has a black oxide finish that keeps it resistant to corrosion and it keeps it from being reflective like other blades. The handle is on a full tang and has a contoured, grooved and textured grip that means its not going to slip out of your hand when you need it most. The grip is made from TacHide which is almost like rubber but it is more durable, and even flame resistant and works great in all temperatures and environments.
It also has a really nice nylon sheath. You can attach it to your MOLLE equipment, belt or just carry it. It has some pretty versatile carry options with the sheath and it is super quiet when you pull the blade out. You can also use the pommel to hammer things. Gerber claims its for breaking windows, but its more of a blunt trauma weapon if that need ever happens.
The only thing that some may not like about this blade is that is partially serrated. Think about it, this is a survival knife. 2 inches on a 5-inch blade isn’t going to work best for a saw, but you can use it to sharpen sticks to make arrows with, so its better than nothing. Minimal serration doesn’t stop the slicing power. The Prodigy is a really great Tanto that you won’t even realize that its there when you carry it. It has a low price, and it will give you a run for the money. Not bad and plus its made in the USA.
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We use Coulomb’s law to answer this question: where Q1 is the charge on the cation, A+, and Q2 is the charge on the anion, B-.
(a) Doubling the radius of the cation would increase the distance, d, between the centers of the ions. A larger value of d results in a smaller energy, E, of the ionic bond. Doubling the radius of the cation decreases the ionic bond energy. Is it possible to say how much smaller E will be?
(b) Tripling the charge on A+ triples the ionic bond energy, since the energy of the bond is directly proportional to the charge on the cation, Q1.
(c) Doubling the charge on both the cation and anion increases the bond energy by a factor of 4.
(d) Decreasing the radius of both the cation and the anion to half of their original values is the same as halving the distance, d, between the centers of the ions. Decreasing the radii of A+ and B- to half their original values increases the bond energy by a factor of 2.
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Complete guide to be an artificial intelligence professional
Artificial Intelligence is one of the biggest technological waves that have hit the world of technology. According to research from Gartner, artificial intelligence will create a business value worth US$3.9 trillion by 2022. Globally the artificial Intelligence market will grow at a rate of 154 percent. This resulted in the high demand for AI engineers today.
With the growing demand for AI, many individuals are considering it as a career option. In this article, let’s understand the step-by-step process of becoming an artificial intelligence professional.
Step-1: One of the crucial requirements for an individual, who is seeking a career in the field of AI must good at numbers, i.e. they should polish their basic math skills. This will help in writing better code.
Step-2: In this step, one must strengthen their roots, on those concepts that play a vital part in this field. These are the following concepts:
- Linear algebra, probability, and statistics – As mentioned before mathematics is an integral part of AI. And if an individual wants to make a growing career in it, then they must have good knowledge of the concepts of advanced math. They are vectors, matrices, statistics, and dimensionality, and must also have knowledge of probability concepts like the Bayes Theorem.
- Programming languages – The most crucial aspect is that an individual should be learning programming languages, as they play a prominent role in AI. One can enroll in an AI engineer certification course to learn the programming languages. There are several programming languages, an individual should choose at least one among the following to learn and perfect:
- Data structures – Enhance the way to solve problems involving data, create an analysis of data more accurately so one can develop their own systems with minimum errors. Learn the different parts of programming languages, which will be useful in getting an understanding of data structures like stacks, linked lists, dictionaries, etc.
- Regression – Regression is very helpful for making predictions in real-time applications. It is very important to have good knowledge of the concepts of regression.
- Machine learning models – Gain knowledge on the various machine learning concepts, which include Decision trees, Random Forests, KNN, SVM, etc. Learn the ways to implement these by understanding the algorithms as they are quite helpful in solving the problems
Step-3: In this step, the artificial intelligence professionals must learn more in-depth concepts, which are a complex part of AI. If one master these concepts then they can excel in their career in the field of AI.
- Neural networks – It is a computer system modeled on the human brain and nervous system, which works by incorporating data through an algorithm it is developed on. The concepts of neural networks are the foundations for building AI machines, it is better to have a deep understanding of its functionalities.
There are different kinds of neural networks, which are used in various ways. Some of the common neural networks are:
- Multilayer perceptrons
- Recurrent neural network
- Sequence to sequence model
- Convolutional neural network
- Feedforward neural network
- Modular neural network
- Radial basis function neural network
- Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
- Domains of AI – After gaining knowledge about the concepts and different kinds of neural networks, learn about the various applications of the neural networks, it will be helpful to build one’s own applications. Every application in the AI field demands a different approach. The artificial intelligence professionals must start with a specific domain, and then can proceed further, to master all the fields of AI.
- Big data – Though it is not considered a crucial part of gaining expertise in AI, understanding the basic concepts of big data will be fruitful.
Step-4: This is the last step in the process of becoming an expert AI professional. Following things are required to be a master in the field of AI:
- Optimization techniques – By learning optimization of algorithms helps to maximize or minimize the error function. These functions are based on the models’ internal learnable parameters that play a key role in the accuracy and efficiency of results. Learning this will be helpful to apply optimization techniques and algorithms to model parameters, which are useful to attain optimum values and accuracy of such parameters.
- Publish research papers – One of the best ways to establish one’s own credibility in the field of AI is by going a step forward by reading research papers in this field and publish research papers. Start your own research and understand the cases that are in the process of developing.
- Develop algorithms – After completing the process of learning and research, start working on developing algorithms. You might bring a new revolution with the knowledge you have.
The aforementioned steps will ensure an individual sail through the learning path of AI. Undoubtedly, mastering all the skills can be a difficult task. But one can achieve it with hard work, continuous practice, and consistency.
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How to Make a Handprint Turkey
How to Make a Handprint Turkey. Your children can make these paper turkeys by tracing around their own hands. The thumb becomes the turkey's head, the other fingers become the feathers and the palm becomes the body. Let them make several to use as placemats for the children's table at Thanksgiving.
Things You'll Need
- White Paper Plates
- Black Felt-tip Pens
- Construction Paper
Cover a table or other flat surface with newspaper or an old bedsheet and use as a work space.
Have each child place his or her hand onto a piece of brown construction paper and trace around hand and in between fingers with a black felt-tip pen or black marker. Make sure that the fingers are spread out flat on the paper.
Cut out the hand print along the drawn lines.
Use a black marker or black crayon to draw in the turkey's eye and mouth on the thumb portion of the cutout.
Use crayons or markers to color the other finger portions of the cutout. You can also cut out four different colors of construction paper to make cutouts that fit each "feather." Glue these onto the cutout.
Cut out a small, red bit of construction paper to glue along the neckline of the turkey. This will make the part of the turkey's neck that hangs down.
- Help smaller children trace around their hands.
- Use white paper or a paper plate instead of brown construction paper. This will allow children to spend more time coloring their turkeys.
- Glue on beads for the turkey's eyes and glue on feathers to make the body of the turkey.
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A neti pot is a device to aid in nasal irrigation, a practice of using salt water to flush out the nose and sinus tissues along with excessive mucous, dust, debris, and pathogens. This practice can also reduce swelling of the sinuses and nasal passages.
While you can put water in your hands and sniff it up your nose, use a spoon, or use a bulb syringe, a net pot gives you more control and does not force water into sinuses – it merely flushes them.
To make your own saline solution, use 1 teaspoon of salt and 1/4 teaspoon of baking soda to 16 ounces (2 cups) of warm water.
- Distilled water or boiled water.
- Real salt. Sea salt is not a good choice because it might contain traces of algae. Make sure the salt is fine and has no additives (no iodine or flavorings).
- Baking soda without aluminum.
Heat the water until it is close to body temperature – around 98 degrees.
Irrigating the sinuses is a very old tradition of Ayurvedic medicine (2,000 – 3,000 years old), a daily practice for yogis. Though we do not recommend daily irrigation, the practice is very helpful at the onset of illness (along with gargling to reduce the number of pathogens in the throat) and throughout an illness if mucus is thick and is making breathing difficult.
To use the neti pot, simply lean over a sink, turn your face toward the hand holding the neti pot, place the spout in your upper nostril, and tilt the pot until the water runs in your nose. The water will run up your nostril and come out the lower nostril. You can direct the stream of water towards sinuses by how you tilt your head. Do both sides gently blowing your nose after each side is completed.
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It's well known that the Romans used Latin letters for writing numbers.
It is considered that the Roman numeral system is a classic example nonpositional numeral systems, i.e. the numeral systems in which the value of a figure is independent of its position.
We remind you that in Roman numeral system I is 1, V is 5, X is 10, L is 50, C is 100, D is 500, M is 1000.
For example, number 3, is written as III in Roman numerals.
Although, everything is not so simple and it's a nonpositional numeral system because there is an additional rule that modify the value of a digit according to its place.
That rule forbids the use of the same digit 3 times in a row. That's why 3 is III but 4 is IV and I(1) placed before the larger digit V(5) means subtraction so it's actually -1.
Anticipating the obvious question, we'll say that the largest number allowed in this numeral system is 3999 because there is no 5000 and 10000 and to write 4000 you have to use MMM which is forbidden. How did they count further - still a mystery.
Here is two calculators below - for numbers ranging from 1 to 3999 to roman conversion and vice versa.
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Face recognition is not a new technology, it was first introduced back in 2010 when their little known about the technology to make life simple for so many.
But recently, when Facebook finally unleashed Facial recognition and the previous auto tag, a lot complained about their privacy being infringed and how Facebook got their photos pixels information from their database without prior notification.
Some even said the Facial recognition used on the Facebook platform is race sentiment whey some fought and some are fighting against it.
When most people think no good of this technology, there has been some general benefits for using this new development in a real world other than on Facebook when it comes to using it.
However, Facebook deduced some benefits from the facial recognition technology and the reason to bring to the community what is used in real world, idealized it and make the community a great one. However, some physical benefits Facebook analyzed before jumping into bringing it into the community includes.
Face Recognition Benefits in Real World
Like I said earlier, Facebook found out that the new Facial recognition does more good than the harm.
1. Helping People Securely Unlock Their Mobile Devices
2. Log into Their Bank Accounts and Make Digital Payments
3. It Can Help People Organize Their Photos and Share Them With Friends
4. It’s Used to Find Missing and Kidnapped Children
5. To Officials Confirm Whether Travelers Have Authentic Passports.
These are few of the reasons why Facebook facial recognition plays more role in the community. All these features cannot be underestimated and it makes human community fully monitored and controlled by the learning machine. Having understudied these benefits, Facebook has more than enough reason to, however, introduced the facial recognition technology into the community to maximum enough security and build up a world-class privacy.
Facebook Adopt Facial Recognition But Why
In advance countries like in the US, Facebook has to prove why the use of Face recognition suddenly became part of the growing community. The US having over 200 million total population has proven to be part of the world leading countries in all ramification and as a result, everything is done according to the law under the nose of the government. However, the benefits Facebook discovered to introduce face recognition in photos and videos to the platform includes:
1. Facebook face recognition helps people tag photos with the names of their friends
2. Facebook face recognition helps to identify fake profile picture
3. The face recognition feature helps to identify people who are in a group picture and in a video shot when the feature is enabled.
4. It helps users to find themselves in a photo they are not tagged
5. Facebook users with vision impairments can now hear aloud who’s in the photos they come across on Facebook.
The benefits of the new technology are all round far greater than the demerit which can be curb but the benefits cannot be overlooked even in the area of using the new feature to find and identify one who impersonates with your photos.
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Understanding Axolotl care is a question that often arises when new aquarists lay eyes on these unusual amphibians for the first time. With their prehistoric appearance and charming expressions, Axolotls are great first amphibians that are in many ways a blend of the herpetology and aquarium worlds!
The Axolotl At a Glance
Let’s take a look at some of the things that make Axolotls such an interesting animal.
Origin of the Axolotl
Axolotls are a biological and conservation curiosity because as common as they are in captivity they are threatened with extinction in the wild. They are found only in the canals of former Lake Xochimilco, which was part of a series of lakes that have mostly been subsumed by Mexico City.
As Mexico City (formerly the Mexican capital of Tenochtitlan) grew over the centuries Lake Xochimilco and the others were drained to control flooding and create new places for urban development.
Axolotls are found only in this part of the world and nowhere else, making them an endemic species. While they have become something of a national symbol (including an official emoji of Mexico City) there are estimated to only be a few thousand left in nature.
They are as fascinating to scientists as they are to aquarists because they have several unusual traits. For one, their ability to regenerate lost limbs and even organs is highly unusual for vertebrates.
Also, the reason Axolotls look so strange is that they are a natural example of neoteny. Which, simply explained, means they never grow up!
Like all amphibians, Axolotls have an aquatic juvenile phase. But unlike any other amphibian, they never grow out of it – instead, they mature into an adult-sized larval form capable of breeding.
Axolotls can reach up to 18 inches in length, with 8 to 12 inches being more common captivity. And with a lifespan of up to 15 years when well cared for, Axolotls are a perfect pet for hobbyists looking for something unusual in appearance!
Cold-blooded creatures from a cold environment, Axolotls are by nature somewhat sluggish. They crawl along the bottom in slow motion hunting for moving prey to vacuum up in their broad mouths. Despite this, they will occasionally swim around explore their environment.
While Axolotls aren’t very social they can be kept together. Juveniles tend to nip at anything moving, including the limbs and fins of other Axolotls. However, adults will rarely bother one another.
Given their cuddly expressions and slow movement it’s tempting to want to pick up an Axolotl. However, you should avoid handling them except when absolutely necessary.
Like all amphibians, they have a mucus layer that protects their sensitive, extremely thin skin from infections and abrasions. While wetting your hands first helps your skin is far rougher and will strip some of this slime away, exposing their skin to potential injury.
The oils in our skin are also potentially problematic to them – and the skin secretions of many amphibians are irritating or even poisonous as a defensive measure against predators. It’s best to leave your Axolotl in the water at all times.
Tank Mates for Axolotls
While not aggressive they are opportunistic eaters, which means one has to choose their tank mates with some care. Axolotls are best kept either alone or with other Axolotls. Their fleshy, waving gills are too tempting a target for most fish.
Small fish like livebearers and tetras will eventually end up as a meal. Large, peaceful coldwater fish like Goldfish are ideal tank mates that get big enough not to be eaten.
However, they will suffer bites on occasion as they wander too close to the Axolotl and can lose chunks of fins and scales in the process. Goldfish will also greedily devour any pellets and dead food you try to offer to your Axolotls.
Shrimp, snails, and other aquatic invertebrates can work with young Axolotls but will also eventually be eaten as the salamander matures. Axolotls really should be kept in species tanks or by themselves.
Axolotl Habitat Needs
Before you actually go out and buy an axolotl make sure you do your research and get everything you will need. This includes the aquarium, filter, decor, substrate and water conditioners.
Choosing an Aquarium
While fairly large Axolotls aren’t too active and don’t need as much space as you might think. As a rule of thumb, each adult Axolotl should have 10 gallons of space each.
However, I recommend erring on the side of caution and keeping a full-grown adult at least a 20-gallon long aquarium. An adult Axolotl creates a lot of waste and the extra water volume (along with a powerful hang on the back or canister filter) will help keep ammonia and other toxic compounds from building to toxic levels too quickly.
When choosing lighting for your Axolotl tank aim for a subdued atmosphere. In nature, they are found in weed-choked waters with relatively little light. Their eyes do work but are lidless and need protection from harsh illumination.
Decorating an Aquarium
Driftwood, rocks and live or plastic plants go a long way in helping them feel comfortable. The more safe spaces they have the more likely they are to come out into the open.
Even as adults they are gentle on live plants and can coexist with established aquascapes so long as your plants can tolerate the water conditions Axolotls need to thrive.
Axolotls should only be kept on sand substrates; never gravel or bare-bottomed aquaria.
They don’t swim particularly well and do need a bit of grip when walking. And their method of feeding, essentially vacuuming up prey in a rapid sucking motion, often brings in detritus from the environment.
If they happen to swallow gravel along with their food it can get lodged in their intestines, blocking them and eventually killing the Axolotl. However sand will pass through with no issues!
Axolotl Water Conditions
As coldwater mountain lake creatures, Axolotls need specific conditions to thrive in. They can be kept in newly set up as well as cycled aquariums but not in conditions suitable for most tropical fish.
While they aren’t challenging conditions to maintain, keeping them in improper environments is the leading cause of death for captive Axolotls.
Ideal water conditions are as follows:
- Temperature: 60-68°F
- pH: 7.0-8.0
- Hardness levels: moderate to high
- Oxygenation: high to very high
Room temperature water is perfect for much of the world. Temperatures above 68°F cause stress as it accelerates their metabolisms and fosters the growth of bacteria.
Warm water also holds less oxygen compared to cold water. Oxygen levels need to be high because Axolotls breathe not only using their gills but also their skin (they also breathe using their throats and separate lungs as well)!
While filters provide some helpful surface agitation, live plants and aeration stones help keep oxygen levels high for Axolotls. These are preferred because Axolotls come from a shallow alpine lake and are poor swimmers: strong currents should be avoided as much as possible.
And given their carnivorous nature and large adult size, they create copious amounts of waste, making frequent water changes essential to good health. Unclean water will lead to gill and skin infections as well as reduced feeding responses.
While you don’t need to heat the water before adding it to your Axolotl aquarium you do need to condition it first. Municipal water treatment plants add chlorine and chloramine to tap water to kill off any remaining traces of bacteria and viruses harmful to public health.
Since both of these chemicals are toxic to Axolotls dechlorinators available at any pet supply store instantly purge water of chlorine and chloramine.
I also recommend adding a touch of Aquarium Salt (~ 1 tablespoon per 5 to 10 gallons). Ocean sourced aquarium salts contain calcium, magnesium, and other trace elements that help them thrive. Traces of salt also bolsters immunity and improves gill function in all aquatic animals!
Axolotl Food Requirements
As natural predators Axolotls prefer small live prey items for food. Feeder fish, live ghost shrimp, earthworms, crickets, mealworms, and other standard pet store live foods will all satisfy them.
They can also be trained to accept dead items (frozen brine shrimp cubes, slices of raw meat, etc) and even prepared foods like salamanders and fish pellets but not always. They are so motion-sensitive that they may not recognize pellets as food.
Flakes and small pellets should not be offered. They will only be ignored and will foul the water as they rot.
Any dead or prepared foods should first be soaked before offering to your Axolotl and actively picked up and wiggled in front of them to encourage a feeding response!
While generally hardy when kept in the right conditions Axolotls are prone to a few issues.
Poor Water Quality
Since they create so much waste ammonia, nitrite and nitrate can reach toxic levels quickly, especially when keeping them in smaller aquariums. Poor water quality also increases the chance of skin infections taking hold (see below).
Remember to also keep temperatures on the cool side for Axolotls (60-68°F) and conditions neutral to alkaline in chemistry. Acidic conditions increase the toxicity of ammonia and other waste products.
Lastly, low oxygenation can lead to reduced appetite and opening a route for infections. Axolotls have lungs for breathing air but preferentially breathe using their gills and skin so oxygen levels should be as high as possible.
As I mentioned earlier, Axolotls have thin, sensitive skin like all amphibians. Their skin is the first thing you should examine when looking to buy a new Axolotl because this is where most infections begin.
Bacterial infections often manifest as inflamed red blood vessels that eventually grow into red sores. This can be difficult to diagnose in albino Axolotls since they are naturally pale. But take the time to compare them with other Axolotls in the tank; patches of red sores are clear cases of bacterial infections.
Fungal infections show up as cottony growths and usually follow injuries like bites or abrasions from sharp gravel or rocks. Gills bitten by tank mates can also get infected by fungus.
Usually, fungal and bacterial diseases are caused by a combination of open wounds and poor water quality, especially when kept in groups in heated tropical tanks.
Skin infections can be difficult to treat because their sensitive skin means they can absorb too much medication, potentially poisoning them. However half doses may not be enough to kill off the infectious agent. Prevention is the best cure for any Axolotl disease!
Final Thoughts on Axolotl Care
Unique as they are I think any aquarist looking to try keeping an Axolotl has little to worry about! Simply keep them cold and clean, while offering them live (or dead but wiggling) food and you’ll have a guaranteed conversation starter for years to come!
Plus keeping them in captivity keeps the genetic line diverse and helps conservationists ensure they will be successfully reintroduced into their home lakes one day! Good luck doing your part preserving Axolotls for future generations to enjoy!
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Village of Deer Park
The History of Deer Park
There follows a history of the village of Deer Park, recorded according to the best of our knowledge and the research of a few interested individuals.
The first settler with a family in this part of St. Croix County was Otto Neitge, far better known as "the Dutch Hunter", who with his brother Reinhardt built a cabin in 1853 on the east side of what is now the Village of Deer Park (a little south of where William Thompson's buildings now stand).
A few years later, he settled in this vicinity (1858). Otto Neitge built a genuine "deer park" enclosing 160 acres with a fence nine feet high which was built by settling rows of twelve foot oak posts as close together as they could be placed in a trench 3 feet deep. Along the outside of this fence there were several "jumping off places" where deer could jump into the stockade from the outside but those deer that were inside could not jump out. There had been as many as 400 deer in the enclosure at one time, and although Mr. Neitge shot many of them and sold the meat in St. Paul (at that time a small military post) there were always many deer in the park because of the great number, in the nearby forests of those animals of which a considerable number were constantly caught in this giant deer trap. There was an abundance of water and pasture in the park thus allowing the deer to live very well.
Before the old North Wisonsin Railroad was built through this region (in 1874), there was no Village of Deer Park. There was, however, a community of farmers in this vicinity, and WEllington Gregory had a general store about three miles south of where the Village of Deer Park now stands. Mr. Gregory came to this community and began his store business about 1860. With the coming of the railroad, a village naturally arose in this comparatively well-settled community.
Deer Park has a population of 294. It has German Lutheran and Norwegian Methodist churches, a creamery, a meat market, and a variety of other local businesses.
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Business analyst can be seen as communication bridge between IT and the business stakeholders. Business analysts are good at these soft skills: “verbal and written communicators, tactful, diplomatic, problem solvers, thinkers and analyzers” . They engage stakeholders to understand their needs in rapidly changing business environments.
Business Analysis Is Comprised of Three Core Elements:
Business Strategy – Analyse the strategic profile of the organization and recommend policy changes.
Business Architecture – Analyse the current business functions by evaluating objectives, resources. Changes to the business architecture are made upon this analysis.
Business Systems – Analysis of the businesses information systems needs, defining required changes to information systems based upon this analysis.
Leave a Reply
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California Sea Lion
- Hearing is one of the most important senses for a California sea lion.
- Researchers believe that under water, a California sea lion can hear sounds in the range of 1 to 40 kHz, with a peak sensitivity of 15 to 30 kHz. California sea lions generally vocalize between 1 to 4 kHz. The average hearing range for humans is about 0.02 to 20 kHz.
- Hearing in water is probably acute, with good directional ability.
- In air, a California sea lion's hearing is probably slightly inferior to that of a human. California sea lions are more sensitive to airborne sounds than "true" seals (family Phocidae), but less sensitive than fur seals.
- There is no evidence to support theories that sea lions have the ability to echolocate.
- Underwater vision is acute. Like other pinnipeds, California sea lions have rounded lenses that allow their eyes to focus on light that is refracted upon entering water.
- On land, California sea lions have good discrimination of bold outlines and rapid movements. Humans approaching too quickly will cause an alarm reaction.
- A sea lion's eyes are very sensitive to changes in light intensities.
- The retina of the eye contains more light-gathering rod cells than cone cells, which discriminate color.
- California sea lions have a well-developed tapetum lucidum, a layer of reflecting plates behind the retina. These plates act as mirrors to reflect light back through the retina a second time, increasing the light-gathering ability of the rod cells. (The tapetum lucidum is the same structure that makes a cat's eyes appear to "glow" when reflecting light at night).
- In the water, a sea lion's eyes adapt easily to decreasing light levels; in the air, decreased light causes a dramatic decrease in visual acuity.
- Recent studies show that sea lions can discriminate color in the blue-green spectrum; this is probably an adaptation for their aquatic environment.
- California sea lions seek out physical contact with other sea lions. On land, California sea lions form groups, often touching and lying with each other.
California sea lions seek out physical contact with other sea lions.
- A sea lion uses its sensitive vibrissae to explore objects on land and in the water. A nerve network transmits tactile information from the vibrissae to the brain.
The sensitive vibrissae on sea lions' muzzles gives them
the ability to explore objects on land and in the water.
- Researchers believe that a sea lion's sense of taste is poorly developed.
- The olfactory lobes of the pinniped brain are generally small; however, on land, smell is important in female-pup recognition and male recognition of estrous females. Sea lions may be able to detect a human by smell from hundreds of meters away.
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For people with asthma, allergies or other respiratory problems, keeping the air inside your house clean is a never-ending task. Dust mites, stray allergens and other irritants can make your home feel like a battleground. But having the right tools by your side can save you from hours of cleaning frustration. Enter the HEPA vacuum.
To understand the health benefits of a HEPA vacuum cleaner, you need to understand what HEPA stands for. HEPA is an acronym. It stands for high efficiency particulate air filter. A HEPA filter traps very small dust and allergen particles, whereas a vacuum without a HEPA ends up just recirculating those tiny particles in the air. The U.S. Department of Energy sets the standards for a filter to be considered a HEPA filter. According to those standards, a filter must remove from the air that passes through the filter 99.97 percent of all particles larger than .3 micrometres. To put that in perspective, the average human hair is 100 micrometers wide. Take a look at a HEPA filter. Look at all the layers and the curvy contours. The allergens end up trapped in the various layers of those fibers.
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In the second part of the WWi series that compares technology offerings from manufacturers, we address the growing technology of Ultraviolet Treatment. We ask how manufacturers are keeping pace with micropollutants and emerging contaminants, which are making headlines globally.
UV-oxidation + RO systems treat harmful contaminants
Jennifer Muller, Vice president, global municipal sales, Trojan UV
Over the last century, UV light has played an increasingly key role in water disinfection. Disinfection without the addition of chemicals and their by-products, a small footprint and the ability to destroy chlorine-resistant microorganisms has contributed to its rapid adoption in recent years. It is also known that UV, either alone or in conjunction with an oxidant, can be used to treat chemical micropollutants, including but not limited to pesticides and pharmaceuticals which continue to be detected in water.
UV-oxidation is the combined action of UV light and an oxidant, such as hydrogen peroxide. The technology has emerged as a cost-effective option for treating difficult-to-remove contaminants, such as taste-and-odour compounds in drinking water or wastewater-derived contaminants in water reuse applications.
|The Groundwater Replenishment System, Orange County, California|
Here's how it works: First, UV light directly breaks down contaminants in a process called UV-photolysis. This process is the result of a micropollutant absorbing the high energy photons of UV light and subsequent breakdown of the contaminant. Some micropollutants, such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are preferentially treated through this mechanism. Other compounds that don't absorb UV light as readily can be degraded by a simultaneous process called UV-oxidation. The latter starts with the splitting of hydrogen peroxide into two hydroxyl radicals. These radicals react indiscriminately with micropollutants in water to destroy the target compound.
A large variety of micropollutants can be removed through the combination of these two processes. TrojanUV has performed extensive research to specifically evaluate how UV-oxidation systems treat harmful contaminants. For instance, agricultural run-off resulting from rainfall allows various pesticides and other chemicals used for crop maintenance to enter rivers and streams that provide source water to community water treatment plants.
Regulations globally place strict limits on the concentrations of contaminants – such as pesticides – that can enter the distribution system. UV-oxidation in water treatment systems is playing a key role in reducing the concentration of these harmful contaminants. The UV-oxidation process is also used for groundwater remediation, where harmful organic compounds such as tetrachloroethylene, 1,4-dioxane, and vinyl chloride are destroyed.
Today's changing climate is leading to water scarcity on a more widespread basis. Water stressed regions often use unconventional sources of drinking water in order to maintain a sustainable supply. For example, a number of communities globally treat wastewater to high levels of purity by removing the micropollutants that remain after secondary (biological wastewater) treatment. UV-oxidation, in combination with other treatment technologies such as reverse osmosis, works to remove micropollutants and generate water of the highest purity.
Trojan's UV-oxidation equipment is now used at numerous water treatment systems worldwide. For example, in the Netherlands, tens of thousands of cubic liters of drinking water are treated every hour to remove pesticides. In the US, the Orange County Water District (California) is operating the world's largest advanced wastewater treatment plant that employs the TrojanUVPhox UV-oxidation system to remove NDMA and 1,4-dioxane following secondary wastewater treatment. The high purity effluent from this plant is re-injected into the local aquifer and reused for drinking water. Other drought-impacted States also employ TrojanUV for potable wastewater reuse systems similar to Orange County, including installations in Texas and New Mexico. Further, in Australia, the Eastern Treatment Plant located in Melbourne uses the TrojanUVFlex for advanced wastewater treatment with effluent being reused for agricultural purposes.
Keeping O&M costs down
Stanley Shmia, UV product manager, Severn Trent Services
The use of ultraviolet light for drinking water disinfection has been in use in the United States for nearly a century. The use of UV disinfection increased rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s as municipalities looked for alternatives to chemical disinfectants, which had been shown to form carcinogenic by-products that are harmful to human health. Thousands of municipalities converted from chemical-based disinfection, such as chlorine gas, to UV due to the significant safety advantages.
Over time, however, owners of many UV systems expressed concerns about the overall expense of operating UV disinfection. Of specific concerns were the cost of lamp replacement, maintenance and the costs associated with keeping the system consistently operational. Conventional UV systems using electroded lamps fade over time, necessitating replacement every 12,000 operating hours, or about 15 months of continuous operation. In addition, as the UV lamps are cycled on and off, the wear and tear on the lamps is hastened. As lamps degrade or fail, operators must spend significant time making sure the UV systems are operating at peak performance, constantly motoring and replacing lamps.
Conventional systems also require wiper systems, often including chemicals, to keep the lamps sleeve clean and allow maximum UV light to penetrate into the water. These wiper systems add cost and complexity to the maintenance of the UV units themselves.
A key factor of UV water treatment is flow rate and precise water level control. If the flow is too high, water will pass through without enough UV exposure. If the flow is too low, heat may build up and damage the UV lamp. With the many benefits of UV disinfection, considerable research and development has been undertaken to develop new technologies that optimize the disinfection process while eliminating concerns about cost, system maintenance and reliability.
Earlier this year STS launched the MicroDynamics Series OCS721, a new microwave-powered, open channel, ultraviolet system for municipal wastewater disinfection and water reuse applications. Modules can be placed side by side in channels to reduce civil works requirements. The technology uses microwaves to energize low-pressure, high-output, electrodeless lamps to generate a UVC output of 254 nm, an optimal wave length for bacterial disinfection. The MicroDynamics OCS721 system meets dose, log reduction and water quality requirements for a variety of applications. The system features MicroPace flow pace technology that matches UV dose to operating conditions in real time, resulting in additional energy savings. STS says the bulb replacement and maintenance costs of MicroDynamics systems can be as little as half of competing UV technologies, primarily driven by the electrodeless lamps. These lamps are designed to have very low residual radiation of energy and thus an almost instant shut-off capability. Eliminating the need for electrical connections in the water produces greater operational safety.
UV technology developments are keeping abreast of both disinfection needs and the removal of micro-pollutants
Dr. Bertrand Dussert, Global UV business manager, Xylem Inc.
As analytical methods make us aware of newly discovered microorganisms and micropollutants, we need to ensure that our UV treatment technologies can successfully render these pathogens harmless - using a minimum amount of energy and requiring the lowest possible capital expenditure. Endocrine disrupting chemicals, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and waterborne pathogens such as Cryptosporidium and adenovirus are good examples of threats to our water supply which were discovered relatively recently.
As readers may be aware, Cryptosporidium is extremely resistant to chlorine and exhibits a strong resistance to other chemical disinfectants (ozone, chlorine dioxide), but is very readily inactivated by UV disinfection. In this way, the current challenge for the industry is to make this powerful and versatile technology more widely accessible by lowering operating and set up costs.
The challenge for the water industry and water technology companies specifically, is how to make these effective and powerful UV solutions as cost and energy efficient as possible. Within the area of UV oxidation technologies there is a move from medium pressure to low pressure UV systems which have a smaller carbon footprint as a result of incorporating more energy efficient UV lamps. More of this is exactly what we need. By making UV technologies more cost and energy efficient we can harness this powerful, environmentally sustainable tool to tackle newly discovered micro-organisms or micro-pollutants within our water supply.
Cost and energy efficient UV technologies will enable us to further develop water reuse capabilities globally and tackle the challenge of water scarcity.
Xylem's WEDECO Duron is a new, open channel UV disinfection system that delivers clean, safe treated wastewater using a minimum of energy. Designed for mid- and large-size wastewater treatment plants, the system is disinfection solution that eliminates the need for chemical-based disinfection. Using a low amount of mercury, WEDECO ECORAY UV lamps have a power of 600W and are arranged in a 45° vertical inclined geometry. This design is in place to optimize the hydraulics and performance efficiency. Furthermore, fewer lamps are needed thanks to enhanced ballast technology and thirdly a proven intelligent dose control minimizes the energy consumption at all operating conditions. UV lamps can be replaced without removing the modules from the water. If, occasionally modules need to be taken out of the channel this is done via an integrated compact, automatic lifting mechanism.
Preventing the use of antibiotics in water
Volker Adam, UV expert for water treatment, Heraeus Noblelight GmbH
A large number of applications such as drinking-water purification, process water in beverage and food production, fish farming and agricultural irrigation systems have the additional requirement that residue of drugs, hormones, pesticides and herbicides need to be decomposed.
For example, in fish farming, antibiotics are added to the water to reduce the growth and spread of pathogenic germs. The antibiotics are a threat to people when they eat fish. The purification of water with UV light often makes the use of antibiotics unnecessary. A resistance to antibiotics in the human body, which has a negative effect on health, is therefore prevented.
Advanced oxidation additionally uses the UV radiation in the range below 250 nanometres. The light with even higher energy destroys substances in the water which are difficult or impossible to decompose, and breaks up and inactivates chemical compounds. The process is used for example against the "chlorine smell" - so called chloramines, in public swimming pools. Chloramin formation happens in water when chlorine reacts with urea, creatinine and amino acids. Short-wave UV light can decompose these compounds.
The manufacturing process for the Heraeus UV lamps prevents the transmission loss of the quartz glass. The result is an almost constant disinfection effect over the entire service life of the lamp. Up to 90% of the UVC output power is achieved even after up to 16,000 hours of operation. In addition to this, the Longlife amalgam lamps achieve a UV power density of up to ten times more when compared to conventional mercury low-pressure lamps and can be used at higher ambient temperatures of up to 90°C. Moreover, amalgam lamps are less sensitive to temperature fluctuation.
Advance modelling tools
Tony Leigh, Technical sales director, atg UV Technology
Utilising UV disinfection to eliminate waterborne pathogens is increasing in popularity due to the increasing efficiency of the UV treatment systems and the increasing ability to match the treatment levels to the process requirement.
Advance modelling tools are allowing the designs of UV systems with more and more efficient application of UV energy. Third party testing and validation standards such as the US EPA and NWRI allow the performance of the equipment to be much better understood, tested and matched to the design tools giving users more confidence in the ability of the equipment to meet process disinfection requirements.
Research on the sensitivity to UV of new organisms can be conducted in the laboratory using collimated beam experiments and can be easily related to third party validated performance tests. Modelling tools allow system designs to be developed to treat up to increasingly high log reductions and also to treat more difficult to kill organisms providing much greater range and flexibility of treatment. New regulatory language is under development in many markets sectors and industries that will allow users and designers to specify UV equipment with more confidence by specifying validated performance requirements. New products have been developed to allow disinfection of organisms in very low transmission fluids such as liquid sugar, brines and milk, opening up more new processes to UV technology. More powerful lamps housed in much larger treatment systems are also improving the efficiency of treatment and reducing the size of civil structures required. These new advances have created products that can now be used for 'toilet to tap' projects, helping to conserve water in stressed areas across the USA.
atg UV's new line of NWRI Validated (Drinking Water & Water Re-use) 800 Watt UV reactors have been developed using the latest in amalgam lamp technology. The 800 Watt amalgam lamp technology will be incorporated into closed vessel 316L Stainless Steel UV reactors and will be targeted for use in a wide range of applications including drinking water, wastewater, reuse/recycled water and industrial process water.
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The horsemeat scandal and other food geographies
The recent revelation about horsemeat unknowingly making its way onto British plates has raised questions about where our food comes from and how exactly it reaches us. Indeed, many consumers have sought to develop a greater knowledge of their food, turning to local butchers that can trace their produce from ‘field to fork’
The worldwide supply of food has a complex geography and provides ample opportunities to examine the networks and flows of globalisation.
AQA – A2 level, unit 3 (Development and Globalisation) Provides case studies of TNCs and their spatial organisation
Edexcel – AS level, unit 1 (Going Global) Can be used to support teaching of ‘global networks’ and ‘global challenges for the future’
OCR – A2 level, unit F763 (Globalisation/Economic Issues) Allows for the study of global trade patterns and the impacts of these for LEDCs and MEDCs alike. Could also be used to teach the supply of resources.
WJEC – A2 level, unit G3 (Globalisation) Illustrates the processes globalisation, taking into account economic, environmental and political concepts.
In the Members' Area:
- The 2013 horsemeat scandal and production networks
- Follow the Things and commodity chains
- Drought in the USA and rising food prices
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A fossilised otter skull trawled from the bottom of the North Sea off the coast of the Netherlands last year is approximately 9000 years old. This otter fossil was found together with the remains of mammoths and other mammals dating from the ice age. 14C dating shows that this carnivore did not live between 50,000 and 30,000 years ago on the Mammoth Steppe in today’s North Sea basin alongside woolly mammoths, rhinos, steppe bison and giant deer, but much more recently amongst ‘modern’ man, European bison, red deer, elk, beavers and wild boar.
This emerges from the article written by Dick Mol and Hans van de Plicht that appears in the March edition of ‘Straatgras’, the journal published by the Natural History Museum Rotterdam. For many years there has been uncertainty as to how old fossilised otter remains from the North Sea basin actually are. The otter (Lutra lutra) is still extant in the Netherlands and Western Europe but is rare.
Mol and Van der Plicht examined a six-centimetre fragment of an otter skull that was trawled on 9 September 2011 by the Eurokotter BRA 7 at a depth of 25 meter in the sand extraction area of the Maasvlakte 2, about 15 kilometres west of the Hook of Holland. The skull was dated using the 14C method in the Center for Isotope Research of the University of Groningen.
Late last year during archaeological research at the site of the present Maasvlakte traces of human habitation dating from the same period as the otters, approximately 9,000 years ago, were found. Both finds confirm the theory that during this period the water and river delta, rich in fish, was teeming with life.
Fishing for fossils
Since 2009 fossil fishing trips to hunt for fossils and archaeological objects have been organised under the auspices of the Port of Rotterdam in the sand extraction area for the Maasvlakte 2, the land reclamation project for the port of Rotterdam. Thanks to the suction hopper dredgers that are opening up new and deeper parts of the sea floor, there have been some particularly spectacular fossil finds: about 350 top-quality mammal remains have been added to the collection of the Natural History Museum.
Three quarters of these come from the woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), including the longest mammoth thigh bone ever found, two virtually complete and exceptionally large pelvises, and a tusk. Other mammal species from the Late Pleistocene of which fossils have been fished out of the Maasvlakte 2 sand extraction area are reindeer, steppe wisent, giant deer, red deer, woolly rhino, harp seal and cave lion. In 2010 the nets pulled out a first: fossilised hyena dung. The otter skull fished out last year is one of the few finds from the recent geological period, the Early Holocene.
Dredging Today Staff, March 30, 2012; Images: portofrotterdam
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Stormwater is a poorer quality water source compared to roofwater and environmental approval may be required to divert stormwater. A stormwater harvesting system can deliver significantly greater water savings than a roofwater harvesting system as runoff is diverted from both roof and non-roof catchment areas.
A sites topography and drainage network dictate how stormwater can be diverted into a harvesting system and the diversion system can be a significant cost component. Storage is also a major cost component and optimising capacity is a focus of design.
The stormwater treatment process varies depending on raw water quality and end use requirements, however it typically involves media filtration and disinfection. A centralised control system with a network of wireless sensors allows harvesting systems to be fully automated with quick detection of performance issues and easy tracking of water savings.
Key engineering considerations for stormwater harvesting systems are summarised further below and in the attached brochure.
Key considerations:Diversion point and catchment area Diversion capacity System needed to divert stormwater without increasing flooding risks
The treatment process varies depending on the raw water quality and the end use, however it typically involves media filtration to reduce cloudiness and UV or chlorination disinfection.
Key considerations:Need for raw and treated water storage Storage and treatment facility location and capacity Pre-screening mechanism and aperture Level of filtration, disinfection and chemical adjustment needed to meet end use requirements
Key considerations:Delivery pump type and activation mechanism Need for and location of potable back-up
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Scientists Mimic Beetle’s Liquid Cannon
- 3:38 PM
- Categories: Uncategorized
The team led by Andy McIntosh, a professor of Thermodynamics and
Combustion Theory, built a model of the beetle’s firing physiology with a two centimeter chamber that can shoot liquids four meters.
For scale, that chamber’s about the size of this army man’s gun. As amazingly, the same apparatus can also create a mist with droplets as fine as two microns.
How does it work? The Professor says that "it’s a high-force steam cavitation explosion." Most bombardier species generate it by mixing hydroquinone, hydrogen peroxide, and some catalysts. When the juice hits air, "it volatizes instantly… generating a puff of ‘smoke’ and an audible popping sound."
No word on the exact mix that the commercial µMist (TM) nozzle will be using.
Andre 3000′s nerdy Scandinavian cousin the venture philanthropic organization, Swedish
Biomimetics 3000, which aims to promote the development of technologies that mimic nature, the research could have major applications in fuel injection, drug delivery, and agriculture as well as your mom’s allergy nose spray.
Though copying nature is nothing new (see: Kid Icarus), biomimetics has been riding a green wave since we first covered it many years ago. The field got a big push back in 1997 when Janine Benyus wrote Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature, which has been popular in environmental circles. Benyus’ Biomimicry Institute recently announced they’re developing a $10 million X-Prize-alike for biomimetic innovation, but few details are available.
Last, a quick disclaimer. McIntosh is a well-known creationist. Acknowledging that he’s created a cool beetle cannon is not an endorsement of his belief structure.
Our most recent biomimetics story:
To Build a Better Bridge Make Like a Conch
Among many others.
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There is now an approved treatment for Ebola, one of the world’s deadliest diseases.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced October 14 that Inmazeb, a cocktail of lab-made antibodies developed by the pharmaceutical company Regeneron, can be used to treat adult and pediatric patients with Ebola. The announcement comes less than a year after the FDA greenlit the first Ebola vaccine (SN: 12/20/19).
“This is a big development,” says Erica Ollmann Saphire, an immunologist at the La Jolla Institute for Immunology in San Diego, Calif. Ebola virus causes severe illness, including fever, vomiting, diarrhea and bleeding. Outbreaks of the disease, discovered in the 1970s, can kill 25 to 90 percent of those infected (SN: 2/11/19). Previously, people could only be helped by supportive therapies, like replacing lost fluids, Saphire says. “But this approval means Ebola is now a treatable disease.”
Inmazeb was evaluated along with three other experimental Ebola treatments in a clinical trial conducted in the Congo in 2018 and 2019 amid the second largest outbreak of the disease (SN: 8/12/19). During the trial, 33.8 percent of people treated with Inmazeb died after 28 days, compared with 51 percent of people who received a different treatment.
The drug consists of three different monoclonal antibodies, human-made antibodies designed to mimic those produced naturally during an immune response. One gums up structures on the Ebola virus that allow it to infiltrate human cells, while the other two recruit immune cells to clear out the virus and infected cells.
Saphire, who heads a research consortium focused on studying antibody treatments for Ebola, says that given the drug’s two-pronged approach to fighting the virus, “the Regeneron cocktail is exactly the sort of complementary approach our research predicted would be most efficacious.” (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals is a major financial supporter of the Society for Science & the Public, which publishes Science News.)
Inmazeb, which is delivered intravenously, has been used to treat patients in the ongoing Ebola outbreak in the Congo under compassionate use protocols. The new FDA approval will remove regulatory hurdles, Saphire says, allowing local doctors and medical aid groups like Doctors Without Borders to more easily obtain the drug from national stockpiles in the United States and deploy them in affected areas.
In July, Regeneron and the U.S. Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority announced an agreement whereby the company would produce Inmazeb for a national stockpile over the next six years.
#FDA #approved #treatment #Ebola
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Everybody encounters stress. It may occasionally aid in maintaining attention and completing the work at hand. But regular and severe stress can wear on your body and make it difficult for you to perform. To live properly, one must learn practical coping strategies.
How Stress Affects You
Stress affects your entire body, mentally as well as physically. Some common signs include:
- Trouble sleeping
- Jaw pain
- Changes in appetite
- Frequent mood swings
- Difficulty concentrating
- Feeling overwhelmed
Your brain is exposed to higher quantities of a hormone called cortisol while under prolonged stress. Your immune system is weakened as a result of this exposure, which makes getting sick easier. Your mental illness's symptoms may get worse due to stress. For instance, it can promote delusions and hallucinations in people with schizophrenia, while it can set off manic and depressive episodes in people with bipolar illness. To deal with this extremely common experience, the first step is to understand the circumstances that lead to it.
When You Are Most Vulnerable To Stress
People are most susceptible to stress when they are:
- Not getting enough sleep
- Not having a network of support
- Experiencing a major life change such as moving, the death of a loved one, starting a new job, having a child, or getting married
- Experiencing poor physical health
- Not eating well
Each person has a different threshold. Some things that might irritate you might not even cause one of your buddies to flinch. Large crowds and boisterous situations have an impact on certain people, while silence and free time have an impact on others.
Ways To Reduce Stress
You can manage your mental health condition and enhance your quality of life by creating a customized stress-reduction strategy. Try out different coping mechanisms once you've identified your triggers. Typical examples include:
- Accept your needs. Recognize what your triggers are. What situations make you feel physically and mentally agitated? Once you know this, you can avoid them when it's reasonable to, and cope when you can't.
- Manage your time. Prioritizing your activities can help you use your time well. Making a day-to-day schedule helps ensure you don't feel overwhelmed by everyday tasks and deadlines.
- Practice relaxation. Deep breathing, meditation, and progressive muscle relaxation are good ways to calm yourself. Taking a break to refocus can have benefits beyond the immediate moment.
- Exercise daily. Schedule time to walk outside, bike, or join a dance class. Whatever you do, make sure it's fun. Daily exercise naturally produces stress-relieving hormones in your body and improves your overall physical health.
- Set aside time for yourself. Schedule something that makes you feel good. It might be reading a book, going to the movies, getting a massage, or taking your dog for a walk.
- Eat well. Eating unprocessed foods, like whole grains, vegetables, and fresh fruit is the foundation for a healthy body and mind. Eating well can also help stabilize your mood.
- Get enough sleep. Symptoms of some mental health conditions, like mania in bipolar disorder, can be triggered by getting too little sleep.
- Avoid alcohol and drugs. They don't reduce stress: in fact, they often worsen it. If you're struggling with substance abuse, educate yourself and get help.
- Talk to someone. Whether to friends, family, a counselor, or a support group, airing out and talking can help.
If the steps you've taken aren't working, it may be time to share them with your mental health professional. He or she can help you pinpoint specific events that trigger you and help you create an action plan to change them.
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WebMD Health News
Louise Chang, MD
June 3, 2008 (Chicago) -- After Sen. Edward Kennedy recuperates from surgery
for brain cancer at Duke University
Medical Center he will begin targeted radiation and chemotherapy.
Kennedy, 76, has a type of brain tumor called a malignant
glioma. The standard treatment for glioblastoma, the most common form of
glioma, is the chemotherapy drug Temodar during and after radiation.
Studies have shown that half of people given the combination of radiation
and Temodar live nearly 15 months vs. 12 months for radiation alone. But the
range is variable, says Mark R. Gilbert, MD, professor and deputy chairman of
the department of neuro-oncology at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson
Cancer Center in Houston.
At the annual meeting of the American College of Society Oncology (ASCO)
here this week, Gilbert and other brain cancer specialists reported on some
experimental therapies that Kennedy and his doctors may also be looking
One possibility is experimental treatment with a cancer vaccine that
bolsters the patient's immune system to attack the tumor.
Patients given the vaccine, known as CDX-110, typically live twice as long
as those not given the vaccine, according to the results of two small
One study involved 23 patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma tumors who
had undergone surgery, radiation, and Temodar treatment.
Half of patients treated with the injectable vaccine lived an average of
33.1 months. In contrast, people receiving standard treatment typically live
for an average of 14 or 15 months, says John H. Sampson, MD, a neurosurgeon at
The study also showed the vaccine extended the time to tumor recurrence
after surgery. Tumors came back an average of 16.6 months later in the vaccine
group vs. the standard 6.4 months for patients given radiation and chemo,
The vaccine was generally well tolerated, with the most common side effect
being soreness at the site of injection he says.
In the second study, half of the 21 patients given the vaccine lived for 26
months, says Sampson.
The findings are promising enough that researchers plan to move to the next
stage -- a larger trial comparing patients given the vaccine to those who don't
get it. The trial will involve about 90 patients at more than 20 cancer centers
across North America.
"The data are very striking, but it's very preliminary," says Gilbert, who
participated in the research. He notes that to qualify for the study, there has
to be no signs of tumor regrowth on an imaging scan after surgery, radiation,
"The problem with glioblastoma is that some patients do very well and some
do very poorly. By definition, the patients in this study are good-prognosis
patients in that they had no signs of tumor growth after standard therapy. So
until the larger head-to-head comparison is done, we can't say with certainly
that the vaccine extends lives," he tells WebMD.
Another possibility is adding the targeted cancer drug Avastin to standard
Avastin prevents tumors from growing new blood vessels, thereby choking them
to death. It is approved to treat metastatic breast cancer as well as
metastatic colorectal cancer and advanced lung cancer.
A study revealed at the ASCO meeting this week involved 167 people with
glioblastoma who suffered a recurrence after standard treatment. They face a
worse prognosis than people with newly diagnosed brain cancer.
The study was funded by Genentech, which makes Avastin.
Results showed that the median overall survival time was 9.2 months in those
who received Avastin alone and 8.7 months in those who got Avastin plus the
chemo drug with Camptosar.
The most common severe side effects were high blood pressure and
convulsions, similar to those observed in other studies of Avastin.
"This is better than anything we have tried before for this group of
patients," says researcher Timothy Cloughesy, MD, director of the
neuro-oncology division at UCLA.
Based on the results, doctors hope to launch a study of Avastin in newly
diagnosed patients in the fall, Gilbert says.
But even before then, doctors can prescribe the drug "off-label" -- that is,
for purposes other than its FDA-approved uses -- for patients with newly
diagnosed brain cancer if they think it will help, doctors say.
Massachusetts General Hospital, where Kennedy is scheduled to have his
follow-up treatment, is participating in a study designed to see "whether
giving more Temodar over a longer period of time can make these cancers even
more treatable and further improve survival," Gilbert says.
It's already been proven that women undergoing chemotherapy for breast
cancer live longer and suffer fewer recurrences if the drugs are given more frequently
than had been standard practice, he explains.
And while there were worries that the regimen would prove more toxic, that
was not the case, researchers say.
"We've shown it works with breast cancer. Now we're hoping it will work in
brain cancer as well," Gilbert says.
The study is being conducted in newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients, he
Yet another possibility is treatment with a novel drug called talampanel.
The use of talampanel follows discovery that brain tumor cells release a lot of
a substance called glutamate. Talampanel may prevent brain tumor growth by
blocking the effect of glutamate.
Stuart Grossman, MD, at John Hopkins and colleagues studied 72 patients with
newly diagnosed glioblastoma. Patients were given talampanel in addition to
standard chemo and radiation.
The participants lived an average of 18 months, "which is striking," Gilbert
says. "This is a strategy well worth pursuing."
The researchers hope to start a larger long study pitting talampanel plus
chemotherapy and radiation vs. chemo and radiation alone in the near
SOURCES:44th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, Chicago,
May 30-June 3, 2008.Mark R. Gilbert, MD, professor and deputy chairman, department of
neuro-oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.John H. Sampson, MD, department of neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham,
N.C.Timothy Cloughesy, MD, director of the neuro-oncology division, UCLA.Stuart Grossman, MD, John Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore.Statement from Sen. Edward Kennedy, June 2, 2008.
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.
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The Skinny on … Water
Water is the best tool for being healthy.
Its common knowledge water is so important for our body but somehow we don’t remember to drink it. And for sure we don’t drink enough!
Water is one of the best tools for weight loss. Replace all those calorie drinks with no calorie water.
Water is also an appetite suppressant; drinking water 20 minutes before each meal can actually help consume fewer calories during your main meal. You will eat less by up to 75 calories.
Drink plenty to help with weight management too. Not enough water can cause dehydration. Dehydration can cause fatigue, headaches and it also can slow down the fat burning process. Toxins created while burning fat can be flushed out by simply drinking 8 to 10 glasses a day.
Caffeinated drinks like coffee, tea and soda causes the body to expel water. Alcohol has the same dehydrating effect on the body. It is important to consume more water to compensate for this.
Myth: Water causes bloating! The best way of getting rid of water retention is to give the body what it needs WATER, that’s when the stored water will be released.
Some tips on forming a habit of drinking water:
- Carry a refillable bottle of filtered water everywhere you go – keep it in your purse, car, backpack.
- Instead of drinking water only when you are thirsty, form a daily routine of drinking 2 glasses of water right when you wake up, a glass with each meal and in between.
- Set a timer on your phone to alert you to drink your water.
- Add some flavour by infusing it with frozen fruit juice cubes, squeeze of lemon, few mint leaves, cucumber.
Finally avoid drinking water at least an hour or two before bedtime to get your undisturbed beauty sleep.
(Picture of Neha drinking her 8-10)
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Newport News, Virginia — The American South (Mid-Atlantic)
In 1626, William Claiborne patented 500 acres along the Warwick River above Denbign. Captain Samuel Stevens acquired the estate, called Balthrope or Boldrup, in 1631. Stevens married Frances Culpeper who inherited the estate upon his death. Governor Sir William Berkeley married the wealthy widow and sold the 1,350-acre plantation to his close advisor Colonel William Cole in 1671.
William Cole (1638-1694) served as an attorney in Warwick County and commanded the countyís militia. He was a member of the Council of the State from 1674 until 1692. During Baconís Rebellion, Cole negotiated unsuccessfully with Nathaniel Bacon to end the conflict and later fled with Governor Berkley to the Eastern Shore. After Baconís death, Cole resumed his political career, serving as the colonial secretary of state from 1689 to 1692 and as a trustee for the College of William and Mary. He also acquired more land in York County, Elizabeth City County, and Warwick County. Cole left his heirs
Erected 2007 by Newport News Foundersí Trail.
Location. 37° 10.657′ N, 76° 34.55′ W. Marker is in Newport News, Virginia. Marker is on Enterprise Drive, on the left when traveling west. Touch for map. Marker is located in Skiffes Creek Historic Park. Marker is in this post office area: Newport News VA 23603, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within one mile of this marker, measured as the crow flies. Stanley Hundred (here, next to this marker); Skiffes Creek (a few steps from this marker); Mulberry Point (approx. 0.4 miles away); Fort Eustis (approx. 0.4 miles away); Leeís Mill Earthworks (approx. 0.9 miles away); Glebe Lands (approx. one mile away); Battle of Leeís Mill (approx. one mile away); Leeís Mill (approx. one mile away). Touch for a list and map of all markers in Newport News.
More about this marker.
Categories. • Colonial Era •
Credits. This page was last revised on June 16, 2016. This page originally submitted on November 29, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey. This page has been viewed 2,220 times since then and 83 times this year. Photos: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. submitted on November 29, 2008, by Bill Coughlin of North Arlington, New Jersey.
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Short answer why are sailors called squids: The term “squid” originated during World War II, when sailors were often referred to as such due to their work with ink-filled marking pens used for navigation. Over time, the label became more endearing and is still occasionally used today as a nickname within the Navy community.
Debunking myths: why do people think sailors are called squids because of their rubbery legs?
There is a common misconception out there that sailors are called “squids” because of their supposed rubbery legs. Some even believe that this is due to the fact that sailors spend so much time at sea that their legs become waterlogged and squishy.
However, the truth behind the origin of the term “squid” has nothing to do with sailors’ legs at all. In fact, it has more to do with an old-fashioned insult used to describe someone who was seen as weaker or less capable than others.
This insult dates back to at least the early 19th century, when Whalers used squid as bait while hunting whales in the open ocean. One theory suggests that the word might have come from a popular saying among sailors endorsing a strong preference for beef over grub; “Sailors live on beef and biscuit”, which if inverted could read “Biscuits make Jelly (or Squid) Fish”. Another possible origin story comes from old Italian slang-“squeedgi”-meaning ‘roughneck’.
When one whaleboat came up empty-handed whilst another brought in a great catch, those aboard would poke fun at their unlucky shipmates by comparing them unfavorably to squid-bait. Over time, this became shortened down into simply calling someone a “squid,” eventually evolving into more general application to low-level naval personnel -especially junior seamen-, where it became synonymous with being ‘clueless’, ‘lacking or slow-witted’.
So next time you hear someone falsely claim that sailors are known as squids due to their alleged rubbery legs, feel free to step in and debunk this myth once and for all. Instead share these intricate connecting dots from Whaling days or rough-neck influence showing how our colloquialisms have come together. Whether learning about language history is your fancy (or not), now you know better!
From the Navy to popular culture: how did the name squid become associated with sailors?
Squid – a creature that resides within the depths of the ocean, known for its elusive and secretive behavior. It is an odd choice to associate sailors with this particular sea creature, but somehow it became a popular nickname among Navy personnel.
There are several theories as to how “squid” became synonymous with sailors, one of which involves the squid’s ink. Sailors were notorious for getting into scuffles and tussles amongst themselves, so much so that their clothing was often stained with blood and other bodily fluids. This led to sailors being dubbed “ink-slingers,” as their uniforms would become covered in ink-like stains from all the altercations. As time went on, the term “ink-slinger” evolved into simply “squid.”
Another theory points to the difficult nature of capturing live squid out at sea. These clever creatures have a tendency to evade capture with their swift movements and slippery skin. Similarly, sailors in combat situations had to be just as evasive and quick-witted in order to survive – making them similar to their cephalopod counterparts.
However, despite its somewhat questionable origins, the term “squid” became widely used by US Navy personnel during World War II. Its popularity soared after author John Steinbeck published his novel “The Moon Is Down” which centred around a fictional village occupied by Nazi forces; In it he writes:
“They see us now as squid because we are not fighting back.”
This line from Steinbeck’s book referred specifically to Norwegian resistance soldiers who were struggling against Germany’s forces but its adoption within popular culture melded it with US Navy sailors struggle against Japan on both fronts: Pacific campaigns land or on ships.
It wasn’t long before civilians began using it too – in fact, “soldiers” were regularly called squids during the Cold War due largely – and amusingly – because of an anti-submarine weapon called Squid – which the Navy used to send a barrage of explosives into the water in order to create shock waves that would damage, if not destroy, enemy submarines.
More recently though, the term “squid” has become something of an affectionate moniker for US Navy sailors. There is now even a Kraken Rum brand that features squid on its label – proof maybe of how far popular association with squid-calling naval personnel has come.
Although there are some who may find it degrading or offensive—after all calling someone after a small stocky sea creature doesn’t necessarily sound like praise—at least its link to brave men and women serving their country prove there’s more than meets the tentacle!
Timeline of the evolution of sailor nicknames, including swabbie, Jack Tar, and salty dogs
Sailors have always had a rich culture of nicknames, and these names have evolved over time to reflect the changing nature of life at sea. From swabbie to Jack Tar to salty dog, each nickname carries with it a unique history and meaning.
Swabbie: This term was first used in the late 18th century to refer to sailors who were responsible for keeping the decks clean. They were known for their hard work and dedication, but also for their low status on board ship. Over time, however, swabbie came to be used more broadly to refer to all inexperienced sailors, regardless of their duties.
Jack Tar: In the early 19th century, sailors began referring to themselves as Jack Tars. The origins of this term are somewhat unclear—it may have been a corruption of “Jaeger” (the German word for hunter) or a reference to tar (which was used to waterproof ships). Whatever its origins, Jack Tar became widely recognized as an affectionate nickname for sailors.
Salty dog: This nickname emerged in the mid-20th century as a way of distinguishing seasoned sailors from newcomers. Salty dogs were those who had spent years at sea and had weathered countless storms and hardships. They were known for their skill and toughness, but also for their gruff demeanor and colorful language.
So why have sailor nicknames changed over time? As with any cultural phenomenon, there are likely many factors at play. One is simply the changing nature of seafaring itself—in past centuries, sailing was much more physically demanding than it is today, requiring a different set of skills and attitudes among crew members. Another factor is likely broader shifts in society—for example, the rise of industrialization in the 19th century led to changes in both maritime technology and social norms aboard ships.
Regardless of what has driven these changes over time, one thing remains constant: sailor nicknames continue to capture the spirit of life at sea, with all its challenges, camaraderie, and adventure. Whether you’re a swabbie, a Jack Tar, or a salty dog yourself, these nicknames serve as testament to the rich cultural history of sailors around the world.
Why are submarine crew members considered the ultimate squids in the Navy?
Submarine crew members are often referred to as the ultimate squids in the Navy, but have you ever wondered why? Is it their unique job that sets them apart from other sailors, or is there something else that makes submarine crews stand out?
First and foremost, it’s essential to understand what submarines are and how they operate. Essentially, submarines are underwater vessels that can travel long distances without needing to surface for air. These war machines are equipped with advanced technology and weapons systems, allowing them to move stealthily through the ocean depths undetected by enemy vessels.
Now, as impressive as this might sound – driving around deep-sea trenches like James Bond underwater is no easy task. Submarines require a highly trained and skilled crew to manage their equipment and maintain their mission readiness.
Submarine crew members train extensively on a wide range of technical skills required in running an operational submersible vessel. They must be proficient at navigating waters while deep beneath the waves without any natural light available while also being responsible for conducting maintenance tasks during long deployments away from homeport.
More than that — every single person on board has a responsibility for life-saving roles such as firefighting procedures, ballistic missile launching processes, and nuclear reactor engineering (what could possibly go wrong?)
The constant submersion into hostile environments comes ultimately with emotional strain second uknown anywhere else — everyone knows when there is conflict at home leaving little room for support groups or communication channels outside what tightly very close-knit onboard community provides.
But despite all these difficult challenges they face day after day – submarine crews still manage to fulfill their responsibilities out of pure dedication toward each other if not patriotism for homeland security sake alone!
One probable reason why Submarine Crews earn prideful ribbing ‘ultimate squid’ nickname owes attribution regarding some characteristics shared between them & their marine counterparts. The octopus shares similarities with Squid in terms of having eight tentacles used intelligently for more than one function such as camouflage, defense, or catching prey. Similarly, we can commend Submarine sailors for their adaptability in multitasking various subfunctionalities demanding skillsets across their technical & emergency response proficiencies.
In conclusion, Submarine Crew members are considered the ultimate squid in the navy due to their unparalleled skill and dedication. Their work is essential to national security and requires a unique combination of intellect, bravery, and endurance that most people could never handle. So next time you encounter a submarine crew member be sure to show them some respect – they’ve earned it!
Top 5 surprising facts about why sailors are called squids
It’s no secret that sailors are often referred to as “squids.” But have you ever wondered why? It turns out that the nickname has a rich history and some surprising origins. In this blog post, we’ll explore the top 5 facts about why sailors are called squids.
1. The Term Squid is Derived from “Squib”
The word “squid” is actually a variation of the term “squib,” which was used in the 1800s to describe unskilled sailors who were tasked with menial tasks such as scrubbing the deck or handling ropes. These sailors were often viewed as being weaker and less capable than their more seasoned counterparts, hence the comparison to a small explosive that fizzles out quickly.
2. Sailors Used to Eat Squid for Good Luck
During World War II, sailors began eating squid for good luck before going into battle. This tradition started because squid were considered to be good luck charms due to their ability to evade predators and survive in harsh environments. As a result, calling a sailor a “squid” became synonymous with wishing them good luck on their journey.
3. Squids Were Thought to Be Wily Creatures
Squids are known for their agility and cunning, which made them an ideal symbol for sailors who needed to rely on quick thinking and strategy while at sea. They also have a reputation for being elusive creatures who can slip away at a moment’s notice, much like how sailors would disappear into the night when laying low during times of war.
4. The Term Was Popularized by Soldiers During World War II
During World War II, soldiers began using the term “squid” as slang for Navy personnel in general. This was likely due to the fact that many naval ships had large tentacles painted on their hulls, giving them an unmistakably squidy appearance.
5. Some Sailors Wear Special ‘Squid Wings’
To this day, some Navy sailors are awarded a special designation known as “squid wings” after completing certain training or serving in a specific role. These wings feature the image of a squid and are worn on the uniform as a badge of honor.
All in all, the term “squid” has its roots in sailor slang, tradition, and admiration for an animal that embodies many of the qualities necessary for success at sea. Whether you’re a sailor or not, it’s safe to say that being called a squid is an affectionate nod to those who have braved the high seas throughout history.
The origin of the term “squid” is not entirely clear, but there are several theories that attempt to explain its usage in the naval circles.
One theory suggests that the term “squid” may have been derived from the idea that sailors resemble squid when they walk or move about on land. Sailors often wear baggy clothes and have to carry heavy equipment on board, making their movements look somewhat awkward and ungainly.
Another theory posits that “squid” may have been coined because of sailors’ penchant for ink. In olden days, sailors were required to keep official logs of their journeys, and they often used inkwells to write down details like wind speed, weather conditions etc. Hence, over time they became synonymous with ink-slinging creatures like squids.
Yet another theory links the term “squid” to submarine warfare. During World War II, submarines were called ‘pigs,’ while surface ships were referred to as ‘cows’. The name ‘squids’ was assigned to those sailors who hunted submarines because these sea creatures prey predominantly on pigfish!
Regardless of its origin story, the nickname “Squid” has endured through generations of Navy personnel as an affectionate (if sometimes sarcastic) term for sailors engaged in active duty at sea.
In fact, it wasn’t until 1972 when Admiral Elmo Zumwalt abolished nicknames altogether within his command structure during his tenure as Chief of Naval Operations. He argued that such terms fostered division and undermined team spirit among members of different occupational specialties.
Although “Squid” is still used colloquially (sometimes even proudly) by some seafarers today, it is important to remember that its origins may have been rooted in either affection or disdain, depending on who first uttered it.
All in all, it’s evident that the unique lifestyles and work conditions of sailors have inspired a wealth of colorful colloquialisms throughout history- and whether you find the term “Squid” amusing or not, there’s no denying the enduring allure of this nickname among those who choose to serve their country at sea.
Table with useful data:
|Reasons why sailors are called squids|
|1. Some believe it originated from the Royal Navy’s reference to a sailor’s ink tattoos as resembling a squid’s ink sac.|
|2. Another theory suggests that squids were seen as slippery and hard to catch, much like sailors who were difficult to capture in battle.|
|3. Sailors were often associated with the ocean and sea creatures, and squids are a common marine organism.|
|4. It may have also been used as a derogatory term by non-sailors to mock the perceived lower intelligence or lack of sophistication of sailors.|
Information from an expert:
As a naval historian, I can tell you that the term “squid” has been used for sailors for several reasons. One theory is that it comes from the old British Navy practice of serving calamari to sailors on Fridays as a cheaper alternative to meat. Another theory is that it comes from the term “squirting,” which was used to describe how sailors would tightly pack themselves into small spaces like sardines. Ultimately, the exact origin is still up for debate, but there’s no denying that the nickname has stuck around in naval culture.
Sailors were commonly called squids during the 19th century due to their practice of using ink to create tattoos on their bodies, similar to the way squids release ink as a defense mechanism.
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This article investigates environmental economics and ecological economics. Debates between these two branches of economics lay at the heart of the sustainability equation.
This article will investigate what their commonalities are, what their differences are and what the future holds. But first, a quick explanation of each of these economic niches is in order.
Environmental economics is a subset of economics that is based on a modified neoclassical economic model. This is a model where the environment is integrated into the economic system, as the image below shows.
It borrows a worldview and terminology from existing theories of economic growth and development. It fully integrates concepts such as welfare and capital from existing theories but applies them to environmental ends.
Environmental economics evaluates development as an accumulation of social capital and economic capital minus the reduction in environmental capital. With this understanding, development can be deemed to be sustainable where total capital stocks do not decline. This assumes a high level of substitutability and complementarity between these different forms of capital. In certain situations, when placed under the microscope, these assumptions can be called into question.
However, environmental economics has done much to raise the profile of the environment. It includes within it, workable out of the box solutions such as market based mechanisms to solve environmental problems.
Ecological economics is a subset of economics that is based on seeing the human economy as a subsystem of the global ecological system. As the image below shows, the economy and society are seen to be within the environmental sphere.
It boldly aims to insert the environment into economics and prioritise its management, in an area where it has been traditionally neglected.
One of the strengths of ecological economics is that it doesn’t try and integrate society and the environment into an economic framework where these aspects can be uncomfortable. Instead, ecological economics views material and income flows within an economy as part of the larger transfer of materials and energy within the biosphere.
This can be seen as ecological economics’ greatest strength but is also the source of its greatest vulnerabilities. By choosing to deviate so far from the norm and not make use of the current economic lexicon, ecological economics makes itself prone to isolation from influential decision makers.
Ecological economics evaluates sustainable development as being a condition where the scale of the economy doesn’t exceed the ultimate carrying capacity of the planet. As the recent news broke of Earth Overshoot Day 2017 falling earlier than it ever has, we are clearly a long way from this goal. For more information on Earth Overshoot Day, please visit the link below.
Earth Overshoot Day: Nature’s Budget For The Year Already Used, Study Says
This strong sustainability condition within ecological economics requires that there is no decline in natural capital. Societies can make use of non-renewable resources for economic purposes, provided that other renewable resource stocks rise to compensate for this loss. This is a simple story to convey.
Ecological economics does not regard economic, social and environmental capital as substitutable. Therefore a fall in environmental capital cannot be offset by rises in capital in other areas.
As we can see, ecological economics offers a bold and rigorous vision for what sustainability is and how it can be achieved.
What their commonalities are
Environmental economics and ecological economics try to show where economics and the environment can complement one another. This is evident in areas such as the the use of market based mechanisms and in the management of natural resources.
They can also be used to look for ways in which economic activity conflicts with the environment such as pollution for which the polluter pays no cost.
Environmental economics and ecological economics both provide a framework for identifying pathways that lead to environmental and social problems. They both also provide ways of looking for solutions to these problems.
Both environmental economics and ecological economics make clear the importance of incentives when designing solutions to environmental problems.
What their differences are
Taking a critical approach, it can be argued that ecological economics is more pluralist whereas environmental economics is based predominately on the thinking of neoclassical economics.
There are significant differences between the values that underpin these two schools of thought.
Ecological economics makes the environmental side of the equation more of a priority. It states that if the economy is to be integrated into the natural economy, it must obey the natural laws that govern the biosphere.
Environmental economics has a tendency to prioritise economic health in decision making. It assumes that if the economy is to be integrated into the natural economy, that the natural economy must be governed by the laws of the market system.
Both have their virtues and they make excellent critiques of one another.
What the future holds
Future societies will be faced with many problems. They will be confronted with high and possibly rising levels of pollutants. They will be confronted by resource scarcity as renewable and non-renewable resources are depleted and the world’s population expands. In light of this, environmental and ecological economics are set to grow in importance, possibly even becoming mainstream.
Economic analysis provides a valuable way of understanding human behaviour in the face of scarcity. The future of both of these branches of economics is bright, as societies look towards market based mechanisms to modify economic activity.
By harnessing the power of market forces and looking for the ways in which business interests and environmental interests align, business can play a leading role in the sustainability transition.
What you need to know
This article investigated environmental economics and ecological economics. The debates between these two branches of economics can be seen as a fault line within sustainability.
Environmental economics and ecological economics both try to illuminate where economics and the environment can work together to solve common problems. They both share similar goals, but are based upon different methodologies and frameworks.
These economic niches differ in the value judgements that they make when integrating the environment into economic decision making.
Both of these ideologies can look forward to a bright future and both have played intrinsic roles in shaping the sustainability debate.
The advantage that environmental economics has is that it is able to convey meaning in monetary terms. Money talks, it is the language of influential decision makers. This is a very considerable advantage.
However, one weakness that environmental economics has is that it is based on the neoclassical framework. It could be argued that it is this framework that is the source of many social, economic and environmental problems. Is this type of neoclassical thinking likely to be the fountain of solutions? This is an important critique.
The advantage of ecological economics is that it contains within it a simple and easy to understand story. That is, that a society can deplete non-renewable resources, provided they compensate for this loss with rises in other renewable resource stocks.
One weakness of ecological economics is its difficulty in passing on information using usual economic parlance. The language of ecological economics is markedly different from conventional economics.
Overall, deciding which framework is best comes down to personal preferences. Both make valuable contributions to building a better world, both offer better hope for the future than doing nothing or business as usual and both frameworks offer valuable critiques of one another.
Thank you for reading,
By Barnaby Nash
Please share your thoughts in the comments section below. It’s great to hear about other people’s experiences in taking sustainability forward.
Let’s stay connected
I can be reached on LinkedIn and on Twitter @FollowBarnaby
3 thoughts on “ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Vs ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS”
thank you so much… a concise and helpful description and distinction that i will continue to study further. well crafted and presented.
LikeLiked by 1 person
This was helpful distinction. It is difficult decision to decide which is a more effective field to study in order to generate substanciak change in behaviors and thinking.
LikeLiked by 1 person
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Harvey Milk Promenade Park and Equality Plaza is the first park in Long Beach, CA named after an openly gay person, and the first park in the nation named after civil rights leader Harvey Milk. The park and plaza beautified an empty paved area at the end of a pedestrian promenade between a busy street and a tall parking structure and provides a bit of inspiring open space in a crowded urban environment.
“Long Beach Recreation,” a historic Works Progress Administration (WPA) mosaic mural, located at the northern terminus of The Promenade had to be incorporated in the design. The monumental mosaic illustrates many local activities and pays homage to its original location at the former Municipal Auditorium (now home to the Convention & Entertainment Center). Originally installed in 1938, the mosaic was saved from demolition and installed at City Place in 1982.
The seating, chess tables, and planted areas provide a place to rest along the long Promenade walkway. California native plants including a small grove of orange trees provide environmentally sustainable landscaping.
A focal point of the park is Equality Plaza, an area dedicated to recognizing local area LGBT leaders and their contributions to Long Beach and the gay civil rights movement.
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September is National Suicide Prevention Awareness Month. Each year over 41,000 individuals die by suicide. The focus of National Suicide Prevention Awareness Month is to reach out to those who have lost loved ones to suicide and promote resources available to prevent suicide.
Children in foster care are at increased risk for suicide. They have commonly experienced abuse and/or neglect as well as multiple traumatic experiences including loss of family and other primary support systems, such as friends and schools.
According to the CDC, suicide rates have increased by 30% since 1999. In 2016 alone, the rate rose to 45,000.
It is important to recognize the warning signs. According to the National Association of Mental Illness, warning signs include:
- Threats or comments about killing themselves, also known as suicidal ideation, can begin with seemingly harmless thoughts like “I wish I wasn’t here” but can become more overt and dangerous
- Increased alcohol and drug use
- Aggressive behavior
- Social withdrawal from friends, family and the community
- Dramatic mood swings
- Talking, writing or thinking about death
- Impulsive or reckless behavior
In addition to your Foster Care Worker, child’s therapist or local mental health professionals, there are many resources available to help:
- If you or someone you know is in an emergency, call 911 immediately.
- If you are in crisis or are experiencing difficult or suicidal thoughts, call National Suicide Hotline at 1-800-273 TALK (8255).
- If you’re uncomfortable talking on the phone, you can also text NAMI to 741-741 to be connected to a free, trained crisis counselor on the Crisis Text Line.
Thank you to those who attended our annual Foster Family Retreat on August 25 in Leawood, KS. We had 140 adults and 177 children in attendance. Adults enjoyed trainings from multiple trainers as well as a nice lunch and many, many door prizes. The children enjoyed a variety of entertainment and activities, such as The Starlight Theatre Company, a bounce house, a large activity gym and indoor and outdoor play spaces. It was wonderful to see families engaging with one another for support, networking and learning new perspectives. The children and vounteers reported having a wonderful time, as well. We hope to see you all next year!
Kansas Care Providers of the Month
Kent and Kristine Coffey have been part of the TFI Family since May of 2018. Kent is a Major (Chaplain) in the US Army and his wife is a Captain in the US Army, both stationed at Fort Riley. Major and Captain Coffey moved to Kansas in June of 2017 and are a permanency resource for children from out of state. About two months ago, the Coffey’s presented the idea of hosting a monthly Foster Family Support Group at Victory Chapel on Fort Riley. The mission of the support group states: “A support group for current and future foster/adoptive families to network, learn and grow in their journey to a forever family.” Major and Captain Coffey not only facilitated this group, but they also brought together two agencies TFI and St. Francis Community Services, which is where the name of the group stemmed from “Side-by-Side”. The first meeting was held on September 5, 2018 and it was successful in that 33 people attended (18 adults representing 11 families, 3 SW’s, and 14 foster/adoptive/biological children) and nearly everyone who attended said they would spread the word about the support group, and stated they plan to attend next month. Major and Captain Coffey not only facilitated this meeting and brought together two agencies, they were also able to use funds from the chapel to cover all the food expenses. During this first meeting a newspaper reporter was present. The reporter interviewed both TFI and St. Francis as well as some of the foster parents. The reporter plans to write an article of the Support Group and advertise it in the Fort Riley Newspaper mid-September. This type of interagency collaboration as well as the Coffey’s drive and desire to put this together for the families who are caring for children in need really demonstrates what coming together as a community is all about. It was truly amazing to hear the stories being told by foster/adoptive parents, and it was just as amazing to see bonds being formed among group members.
TFI is very fortunate to have the Coffey family!
Please join Krysta Kaiser at our Kearney office on Friday, September 29 from 6:00 p.m. – 8:00 p.m. for training on “The Effects of Multiple Placements”.
Between Families Recruitment Moment
On August 25, we had our annual Foster Care retreat in Leawood, KS. I have to say that we have amazing staff that works very hard each year to put this together and execute it with professionalism and grace. I always feel honored and rewarded when it is over. The retreat has become, for me, an indicator that I have done my job well as a recruiter. That is the day where everything I have done over the past year or years comes to light. The retreat is fun for the children and educational for our foster parents. For me, it is smiling faces, hearing giggling children and watching the faces of all of you when a speaker says something that either reminded you of what you already knew or something you never thought of. Some of the speakers have amazing stories that will bring you joy or even a few tears. But there is something for all to take away from each of them.
I know there are a few of you out there that I either recruited or taught MAPP / Deciding Together class with. I love hearing the stories that you all tell of your lives and successes with the children you so humbly and graciously have given refuge to. There are even more of you out there that have recruited others to join our family in our mission to keep foster children healthy and happy. We appreciate more than words will ever convey what you all do day in and day out. We ask that you keep bringing us wonderful families to help. Remember that you are all ambassadors and there are great incentives that go along with your efforts for recruiting more families. If there is a group you would like us to share opportunities with or an event near you that you think would be a great place for us to be, let us know. Email your worker or myself. We all will be happy to help in any way we can.
As I was writing this, the following words of a song kept going through my head by Matthew West:
“If not us, then who
If not me and you
Right now, it’s time for us to do something, yeah
If not now, then when
Will we see an end
To all this pain
Oh, it’s not enough to do nothing
It’s time for us to do something”
Happy recruiting and remember our Foster Parent Ambassador Program for parents in all the states we sponsor. Let’s get those recruitment incentives rolling. Keep up the good work!
Libby Hayden, Community Liaison Coordinator
Reminder – Training hours are due at the end of December 2018. Get with your worker to confirm how many hours you have completed.
We are excited to welcome two new Foster Care Workers to TFI: Crystal Chillious-Allen (Lawton office) and Kendra Fountain (Oklahoma City office)!
Crystal Chillious-Allen is an Ohio native. She has her Bachelor’s degree in Sociology from CSU, and is currently finishing her Master’s degree in Psychology (Marriage & Family Counseling). She has worked in Social Services a total of 10 years, and says that child welfare has always been her passion. “I believe in a stable, loving and safe environment for children in the midst of a disrupted and often traumatizing situation,” stated Chillious-Allen. One of her favorite hobbies is skating. She is an advanced skater and has three pairs of customized roller skates.
Kendra Fountain graduated with her Master’s degree from the University of Central Oklahoma in May of 2018. She wanted to become a foster care worker because she cares deeply for children. “I want to see them get the care that they need. I want to help any way I can to make a difference in the life of a child,” Fountain stated. When Fountain has spare time she loves to work on cars and motorcycles.
Oklahoma Care Providers of the Month
Barry and Manuela Chronister were foster parents for eight years with DHS. Barry says they had approximately 30 placements during that time and still have contact with many of them. The Chronister family adopted one child during the time with DHS giving him a forever home. Barry and Manuela took about an eight year break. When they contacted DHS to open again, they were told to choose a private agency which led them to TFI. We are thankful to have the Chronister’s who have had 15 placements with TFI since beginning with us in 2014.
Barry and Manuela have three adult children and seven grandchildren. Barry is retired from the Pontotoc County DOT and Manuela has worked for DART for 35 years. Barry’s favorite hobby is 4-wheeling and Manuela enjoys swimming and camping. Together they enjoy traveling to Germany, where Manuela is from, every three years to visit her family.
Thank you for continuing to provide a safe and loving home for our foster children!
Due to the growth in Texas, the Denton office moved to a larger office with much more space and a conference room. Great work Texas!
Congratulations to Jazette Kissick. She moved from the preparation Specialist position to Case Manager on August 6, 2018. She is a great fit in Texas. Welcome to TFI, Jazette!
TFI in Texas wants to say “Great Work” and “Thank You” to our foster parents. Being a foster parent is not for everyone. It takes patience and dedication to do what you do. You dedicate your life to children who have been through more than most of us and provide them with a stable environment, something not everyone can do. So we say “Great Work”. We also want to say “Thank You”. Thank you for working with us. Thank you for waiting for us to call you back. Thank you for your dedication. And thank you for supporting us through those good times and those difficult times. It is working with people like you who makes us who we are and we say “Thank You” to all of you. We may not say it, but every one of you are appreciated!
Don and Stacie Marquis
Todd and Ellen Bayless
Russell Jr. and Jennifer Joslin
In addition to pursuing many grants that will benefit our family of agencies, the Fund Development Department is excited to let you know about some of our upcoming events to raise money to benefit you – our foster families! Please take note of these special dates, and help share the events as they appear on social media – or better yet, come say “hi” to us at them. A more complete list of upcoming events for all of our agencies can be found at www.tfifamily.org/events.
September 14th, 2018 Tee off Fore Children Golf Tournament Topeka, KS
October 19th, 2018 TFI Golf Ball Drop (for KS and OK only)
*Hundreds of golf balls will be dropped from a helicopter in a “raffle” style contest. The 10 balls that go in to a golf hole, or closest to the pin will win great prizes. (ex. 5 day 4 night Cruise, $1,000 Cash, Special Event tickets, and more). To help us sell tickets, visit www.tfifamily.org/golfballdrop or text “golf” to 797979
November 17th, 2018 TFI Holiday Market at the MPEC Wichita Falls, TX
November 24th, 2018 Meet Santa’s Reindeer Tulsa, OK
December 5th, 2018 A Christmas Carol Production/Silent Auction Tulsa, OK
December 8th, 2018 Merry Grinchmas (meet the Grinch) Jenks, OK
December 10th, 2018 Meet Santa’s Reindeer (tentative) TBD, TX
December 16th, 2018 Meet Santa’s Reindeer Topeka, KS
If you have questions about any of these events, or would like to volunteer at one of them, please contact Jason Grewe at email@example.com.
Non Defensive Listening:
How to Listen to Understand
If I were to be completely honest with you, one of my biggest bugbears in life is people who are poor listeners. People who don’t listen to understand, but instead listen to respond, defend, or blame. These conversations can be frustrating, repetitive, upsetting, and sometimes just plain depressing – especially when they are with a loved one.
Nobody is perfect, and this certainly extends to communication skills. I personally have consciously focused on fine-tuning my communication skills and non-defensive listening skills over time (and I continue to work on them with each conversation). I’ve sure had my fair share of difficult conversations to practice them on in life – in both professional and personal contexts.
In this article, I’d like to share nine ways that you can improve your non-defensive and active listening skills – in the hope that it will help you with future communications too.
Non-defensive listening tip #1: Don’t interrupt
“Adults often listen to young children much more carefully than to other adults. We expect children to have trouble expressing themselves, so we give them the time they need; we hear them out. What’s more, we really try to understand how they are feeling, not just what they’re thinking. When we interrupt, it’s usually to help the youngster express himself, not to change the subject or control the direction of the conversation.” – Dr Jo-Ellan Dimitrius (Reading People: How to Understand People and Predict Their Behaviour – Anytime, Anyplace)
The first and most obvious tip for being a good listener is to resist the temptation to interrupt the person when they are speaking. Even if you perceive what they are saying as absurd, completely untrue, or way off track – let them finish. You can respond when they are finished, and when you have understood their point (regardless of whether you agree with it or not).
When you interrupt a person in conversation (particularly if you do so frequently), you might not only make them feel frustrated and unheard, but you will likely hijack the flow of the conversation, not always understand their complete central point, and may be reacting from a place of defensiveness rather than facilitating a constructive and forward moving conversation.
Non-defensive listening tip #2: Be empathetic
“Teresa Wiseman is a nursing scholar who studied very diverse professions where empathy is relevant and came up with four qualities of empathy: perspective taking, the ability to take the perspective of another person or recognise their perspective as their truth; staying out of judgement, not easy when you enjoy it as much as we do; recognising emotion in other people, and then communicating that. Empathy is feeling with people.” – Brene Browne (The Power of Vulnerability).
When you are communicating with people, try to remember that they are human beings with feelings, and treat them as such. Rather than criticise or insult them, put yourself ‘in their shoes’, let them express themselves, and truly try to understand how they are feeling and what they are expressing. Just because you’re being empathetic doesn’t mean you agree with them necessarily – but it does show that you care about them, feel for them, want to understand them, and want to help them feel better.
Not sure what the difference between empathy and sympathy is? See below for Brene Brown’s perspective:
Non-defensive listening tip #3: Watch your body language
“Where body language conflicts with the words that are being said, the body language will usually be more ‘truthful’ in the sense of revealing true feelings.” – Glen Wilson
Being aware of your body language can be a huge asset in communicating. If you are apologising to a loved one for hurting them, but in doing so, are shaking your head angrily and not looking at them, the misalignment of body language will likely aggravate the conversation further.
When communicating, give the person your full attention, show them through your body that you are listening, open, and interested in what they have to say. Face them, look at them when they are speaking, and make sure your body language matches your words (e.g., if you are telling them that you agree, ensure you’re not shaking your head indicating disagreement!).
Non-defensive listening tip #4: Don’t play ‘word games’
“Debate is the death of conversation.” – Kitty O’Neill Collins
Many people, especially when they are upset or stressed, struggle to articulate how they are feeling. Try to keep this in mind when you are communicating with them. Make a conscious effort to listen to understand what they are saying – rather than to criticise or prove false their word choices. This isn’t a school debate – it isn’t about having the last say or ‘chopping them up’ – it’s about an adult conversation where you are working together as a team to be heard and understood. Help them get across what they are trying to get across (e.g., “So I think you’re trying to say that you feel x because of y and that… etc) – show them that you really want to understand, even if you do suspect you disagree.
Non-defensive listening tip #5: Be aware of biases and perception filters
“I know how it is when someone disappoints you. It’s tempting to see things the way you wish they were instead of how they are.” – Enchanted
When we are having a conversation with someone who we have previously experienced conflict or difficulty with, our bias or perception of them can override our ability to actively listen. We search for things in what they are saying to ‘prove’ our perception of them, rather than openly listening without preconceived bias or judgement. For example, if they have been dishonest in the past, before they even open their mouths, we expect that they will be dishonest again, and do not truly listen to what they have to say, but instead search for lies.
In order to listen non-defensively, one needs to be self-aware of their biases or judgements and ensure that they do not allow them to hijack the conversation, and be open-minded to the content and feeling that the person is trying to articulate.
Non-defensive listening tip #6: Be self aware and watch your emotions
“Speak when you are angry and you will make the best speech that you will ever regret.” – Ambrose Bierce.
It is a good thing to feel emotion and to express emotion – but sometimes in difficult conversations, our emotions speak for us and we can say things that we don’t actually mean. It is also difficult to actively listen to another, if a powerful emotion like anger is overwhelming us.
In order to listen to understand, you need to be aware of your emotions. If you are listening and responding from a place of anger and defensiveness (without being aware of this), you are much less likely to hear or respond constructively in the conversation.
Non-defensive listening tip #7: Listen to understand, rather than to respond
“Most people do not listen with the intent to understand; they listen with the intent to reply.” – Stephen Covey.
The underlying point of this article is to listen to understand, rather than to listen to determine your response. Start to consciously focus on truly listening to others – not to find a counter-argument or to prove who is right or wrong, not to immediately jump in and share your own story – but to actually understand and go from there. Listening to understand is critical in effective communication, conflict resolution, and healthy relationships.
Non-defensive listening tip #8: Watch your expectations
“He said, ‘it was going to be different this time’. She said, ‘show me’.” – Sylvester McNutt
When someone has grown up communicating in a certain way, is not self aware, emotionally intelligent, or skilled at active listening – it is unlikely that they will become willing and empathetic listeners overnight. It takes practice – and it takes that person being willing to practice. If you find yourself going into a conversation with someone who is repeatably a defensive listener with the expectation that they will listen empathetically, you will no doubt leave feeling disappointed and hurt. So please, please, please, be aware of your expectations, introduce and manage boundaries, and be gentle and kind with yourself in the process.
Non-defensive listening tip #9: Practice
“I am determined to practice deep listening. I am determined to practice loving speech.” – Thich Nhat Hanh.
Finally, non defensive listening takes practice. Lot’s of practice. Especially if you have grown up in a household where no such thing exists, where it’s full on verbal combat, and every man for himself. Commit to yourself that you will keep practicing, and with self awareness and practice, I am sure you will get better and / or feel better during difficult conversations.
When we are having a conversation with someone who we have previously experienced conflict or difficulty with, our bias or perception of them can ________ our ability to ________ listen.
Interrupting a person in the conversation can lead to ___________ and can _______ the direction of the discussion.
Being empathetic and showing empathy means you agree with the person/situation. True or False
In order to listen non-defensively, one needs to be _______ of their biases or judgments and ensure that they do not allow them to hijack the conversation, and be __________ to the content and feeling that the person is trying to articulate.
If you are listening and responding from a place of anger and defensiveness you are much less likely to hear or respond constructively in the conversation. True or false
Frustration or anger, Hijack or change
Self-aware, Open Minded
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For the most part, folk arts in this instance means any creative activity that the participants would describe as folk; music, dance, song, poetry, storytelling and mumming will most likely form the bulk of the material for this project, but there may be others that we didn’t know were using digital tools and resources. Some people may describe these activities as ‘intangible heritage’ but we prefer ‘folk arts’ as it is clear enough for anyone to understand, but broad enough to include things we haven’t thought of yet!
We also recognise that some of the activities that we consider to be folk arts might be called something else by the people involved – for instance, Irish traditional music. However, we have opted to “keep it simple” by using “folk” as an umbrella term. And the conflation of these terms for ease of labelling already happen in England’s cultural landscape… Irish traditional music acts, for instance, have been a mainstay of England’s folk festivals for several decades.
Ultimately, we understand the fluidity and subjectivity of the concept of “folk”. Again, this is why folk festivals are important – they are events at which a large number of people gather with (presumably) some shared understanding of what the term might include.
If it helps, Simon has recently defined folk music for an encyclopaedia as:
A musical genre perceived by participants, audiences or commentators to be historically rooted (in repertory, aesthetic or connotation), often connected to a specific geographical area, and fundamentally vernacular in its origins. …
… but we know that’s only the start of it!
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What Is Atrial Septal Defect?
Atrial septal defect is a congenital heart defect in which blood flows between the atria (upper chambers) of the heart.
Normally, the atria are separated by a dividing wall, the interatrial septum.
If this septum is defective or absent, then oxygen-rich blood can flow directly from the left side of the heart to mix with the oxygen-poor blood in the right side of the heart, or vice versa.
This can lead to lower-than-normal oxygen levels in the arterial blood that supplies the brain, organs, and tissues.
An ASD may not produce noticeable signs or symptoms, especially if the defect is small. In contrast to this, large and long-standing atrial septal defects can damage the heart and lungs.
Atrial septal defects can be several types, including:
This is the most common type of ASD, and occurs in the middle of the wall between the atria (atrial septum).
This defect occurs in the lower part of the atrial septum, and may occur with other congenital heart problems.
- Sinus venosus.
This rare defect occurs in the upper part of the atrial septum.
- Coronary sinus.
In this rare defect, part of the wall between the coronary sinus — which is part of the vein system of the heart — and the left atrium is missing.
Causes Of Atrial Septal Defect:
Although the underlying cause of atrial septum defect is yet unknown, the following conditions have been linked to it:
- Down syndrome – patients with Down syndrome have higher rates of ASDs. As many as one half of Down syndrome patients have some type of septal defect.
- Ebstein’s anomaly – About 50% of individuals with Ebstein anomaly have an associated shunt between the right and left atria, either an atrial septal defect or a patent foramen ovale.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome– about one in four patients with fetal alcohol syndrome has either an ASD or a ventricular septal defect.
- Holt–Oram syndrome – Both the osteium secundum and osteum primum types of ASD are associated with Holt–Oram syndrome
- Lutembacher’s syndrome – the presence of a congenital ASD along with acquired mitral stenosis
Symptoms Of Atrial Septal Defect:
Atrial septal defect signs and symptoms may include:
- Shortness of breath, especially when exercising
- Swelling of legs, feet or abdomen
- Heart palpitations or skipped beats
- Frequent lung infections
- Heart murmur, a whooshing sound that can be heard through a stethoscope
Diagnosis Of Atrial Septal Defect:
The following tests and exams help confirm the diagnosis of ASD:
- Chest x-ray
- Cardiac catheterization
- CT scan
Treatment Of Atrial Septal Defect:
The following treatment options are available:
- Medical monitoring
Open heart surgery
By : Natural Health News
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The kids are both loving the latest counting books I picked up at the library; How Do Dinosaurs Count To Ten by Jane Yolen and One Potato by Diana Pomeroy.
One Potato has gorgeous potato-print illustrations of fruit and veggies, and instructions in the back of the book on how to do potato prints. Yolen's book is big fun with wonderful colors and dinosaurs doing things that kids would do, making for silly fun counting (plus learning dinosaur names)!
And, Ten Little Rabbits is from our own collection — from Gramma and Grampa's trip to Bryce National Park last summer. It's a gorgeous board book with illustrations that include Southwestern landscapes, and it depicts Native American traditions and includes rich vocabulary (i.e. anglers, nimble, festive, fleeing, mischief, and messengers) while teaching counting. Madeline especially loves the "Nine festive drummers beating on a drum."
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Follow Proxima Centauri
The nearest star to the Sun is a faint red dwarf in the constellation Centaurus known appropriately as "Proxima" Centauri -- the "near one". It was discovered in 1915, and no closer star has been found since then.
A color image of Proxima Centauri from our telescope in Australia.
We know the distance of Proxima from its parallax which is illustrated in this figure.
The farther away an object is from you, the less it seems to move when you change your position. You use it without thinking to judge distances -- it is the basis of depth perception. Yet even this nearest star is so far that if we move 1 astronomical unit through space, the average distance from the Sun to the Earth, the apparent direction to the star will change by less than an arcsecond!
Astronomers use the parsec to measure distances to stars because if a star were 1 parsec from us its parallax when the Earth moves 1 astronomical unit would be 1 arcsecond. A star 2 parsecs away would have a parallax of 1/2 arcsecond, 3 parsecs and it would be 1/3 ..., 10 parsecs 1/10th and so on.
A parsec is 3.26 light years, and Proxima Centauri is 1.3 parsecs. If we could watch it appear to move during the year, it would follow a little ellipse in the sky about 1/1.3 arcseconds in semimajor axis, that is about 2/1.3 arcseconds across. As you will see soon, this is a very very small angle.
Of course all stars in our Milky Way are orbiting around the galactic center. The speed of stars in their orbits depends on how far they are from the center and also on their past interactions with one another, and as a consequence stars pass by one another. In fact, it would be really unlikely that Proxima and the Sun shared the same motion through space. Since Proxima is moving relative to the Sun, we ought to be able to see it move with respect to the much more distant stars behind it. The steady apparent motion of a star against the background that sets the celestial coordinate reference is its proper motion.
You know these effects must be really small because when you watch stars night after night they always seem to have the same position relative to one another. Their changing position in the sky is a consequence of the Earth's rotation. If we watch year after year we can actually see the nearest ones move. The star with the largest proper motion is "Barnard's Star", another red dwarf only 6 light years, 1.8 parsecs, away. Typically nearby stars have large proper motions because the angle covered by a motion through the same distance is greater if they are closer.
Answer the questions that come up in the following material. When you are done, open the response section of the class website and enter your answers or upload a file. If you upload a file, please restate the question so that we will know what you are answering. Explain your answers well, and use the class forum to discuss the difficulties you have with one another.
Suppose, for example, a star 1 parsec away moved through space 10x the Earth's distance to the Sun, that is, 10 astronomical units. To us it would seem to move through an angle of 10 arcseconds. If it were 2 parsecs away the angle would be 10/2 arcseconds and so on.
1. How far through space would Proxima Centauri have to move for it to seem to us to change its position by 1 arcsecond?
We are going to help you look at images of Proxima Centauri recorded in 2007 and 2009 by our telescopes and also recorded in 1997 by a large survey telescope.
First, download and store locally these two images of Proxima Centauri:
* http://prancer.physics.louisville.edu/classes/108/topics/proxima/proxcen2007wcs.fits * http://prancer.physics.louisville.edu/classes/108/topics/proxima/proxcen2009wcs.fits
Next, either run Aladin in a browser, or download, install and run it locally on your computer from this page on our server: http://www.astro.louisville.edu/software/aladin
Aladin software requires that your browser be enabled for Java. There are instructions on the website if you run into difficulties.
After the software has started you should see a screen that looks like this one.
Proxima Centauri in Aladin
Proxima Centauri is at the cursor in this window.
Use the "File -> Open local file" menu and load the two images of Proxima Centauri to reproduce this view.
Notice that the images on this screen in two different "layers". You select the layer that is visible by clicking the little tick box for it on the right side. One of the images is from 2007, and the other is from 2009.
By the way, the images are black on white to make the stars easier to see. Black means brighter, white means dimmer. If you prefer a more realistic picture you can make a change in the menu for each image.
Image -> Pixel contrast and map -> Reverse
The one for 2009 will be selected automatically when you start. Notice that when you move the cursor around over the image the celestial coordinates under the arrow will be updated. You may select a function like Pan or Zoom from the menu on the right. You might want to experiment with these. You can always close out the browser and restart if you make a mistake and cannot figure out what to do.
The Pan function allows you to move around the image. The window on the lower right will show you which part of the image you are looking at. The Zoom function zooms in on each click. Hold the Shift key down to zoom out, or select the zoom level from the menu on the right side.
Zoom and Pan to get a good close look at Proxima Centauri in the 2009 image. Place the cursor over the center of the star. Read the Right Ascenscion and Declination from the window.
2. What were the celestial coordinates of Proxima Centauri in 2009?
Now tick off the 2007 image on the right and repeat the process.
3. What were the celestial coordinates of Proxima Centauri in 2007?
They should be slightly different. If you're having trouble identifying the star look at the sample screen above, or at the color image at the top of the unit. Proxima is the brightest star near the center of the images.
Each of these images is contained in data called a "FITS" file. The file has exactly the measured brightness at each pixel in the image, information about how the image was recorded, and a calibration that converts the position in the image to a position in Right Ascension and Declination on the sky.
To see how this works let's look at the FITS Headers for each of these images and find the the date and time of the observations. Select the image you want to examine with a left click on its layer on the right. Then
Edit -> Fits header ...
from the menu on the software (not the menu on your browser window).
You will see a new screen with lots of items. Look for "DATE-OBS". Make a note of the date and time for 2007 and for 2009.
4. What were the dates of these observations? You might see something like this in the header
which would mean that the image was recorded in 2010, March, on the 1st, at 19:10:05 Universal Time.
Let's try to find how far Proxima appeared to move between the two dates. You already have the two sets of coordinates and you can probably tell that it moved a few arcseconds in about 2 years. You can display two or images at the same timein Aladin by selecting "View" in the Aladin menu:
View -> 2 panels
At first you will only see an image in one of two panels, but now you can turn on two images by checking them in the layers shown on the right:
* Check Prox_Cen_2009 * Check Prox_Cen_2007
After you have checked off both, highlight the 2007 image so that Aladin is working on it. You will see both images and the operations apply to 2007.
Lastly, go back to "View" and check "Match scales and orientation":
View -> Match scales and orientation
In this mode if you zoom or pan in one image the other one will follow. Try to zoom in 2x. Watch the scaled down finder window on the lower right to see where in the main image you are looking, and center on Proxima Centauri in the 2007 window.
Select the distance tool that's marked "<-->" and labeled "dist". If you click with the left mouse button it will start an arrow that continues until you unclick. The arrow will show in both windows, and you can measure the separation of Proxima in images taken on two different dates. For this to work well in this case you will need to show the images zoomed in 2x or more so that you can tell when the point is centered on the star.
5. Through what angle in the sky did Proxima Centauri move between 2007 and 2009? The distance tool will label the plot in arcseconds. Note that at the bottom of the images there are arrows pointing East and North. Also, in what direction did Proxima move between these two dates?
When you looked at the records of the two exposures and found the date of the observations, you noted in your answer to 4 that they were in 2007 and 2009, about 2 years apart.
6. If we want to measure the motion of the star, why is it important to take exposures on nearly the same date each year? (Hint: What would be the effect of viewing the star from different places in Earth's orbit?)
Each day has 24 hours and there are 365 days in a calendar year.
7. About how many hours separated the two observations? Multiply this by 3600 and also find how many seconds elapsed between the two dates.
Since we know how far away Proxima is from us, and we know the angle it moved through between the two observations, we can calculate the distance that the star must have moved through to make it appear to cover that angle. It's very simple to do this in parsecs, because a star 1 parsec away would move 1 astronomical unit if it appeared to move 1 arcsec. Remember that the farther away the star, the smaller the angle it appears to go through for the same distance. Let the angle be A in arcseconds, and the distance to the star R in parsecs. Then the distance the star moves is S in astronomical units given by
S = R A
Proxima Centauri is 1.3 parsecs away.
8. Based on your measurement of the angle Proxima moved through, how far did it go in space over the two years between the dates of the two images? Give your answer in astronomical units, the average distance from the Sun to Earth. An astronomical unit is nearly 150,000,000 kilometers. How many kilometers did Proxima move through?
The speed of the star relative to us is the distance it moves divided by the time it takes to cover that distance
V = S / T
For example, the Earth on average moves 108,000 km/h as it orbits the Sun. One hour is 3600 seconds, and the Earth's speed in km/s is 108,000/3600 = 30 km/s.
9. What is Proxima Centauri's speed through space in km/s?
Aladin offers access to a Virtual Observatory of images taken by major international facilities. The Digital Sky Survey is a database of images that that includes photographs taken with a wide field camera at Palomar Observatory in California 50 years ago, and more recent ones taken with similar cameras at other sites. They provide the basis for pointing the Hubble Telescope, and a marvelous archive of the sky as it was when the images were recorded. The photographic materials have been digitized and calibrated and are available on line.
Let's add one to the images we have here. First, right click on the layer icon for the distance drawing you made, and drag down to the "delete" option to make it go away. Go up to the View menu and select 4 panels:
View -> 4 panels
Now you can add a new image in one of the empty panels by using the File menu:
* File -> Open * Select "DSS" from the folders on the left * Select "DSS from STScI (Baltimer/US - DSS.STScI) * Click SUBMIT
The new image will load from the Space Telescope Institute in Baltimore.
It will help to set the Zoom down to 1x now because this image was taken in 1997, 10 years before the 2007 image from our telescope you have studied.
Left click on the layer icon for the the STScI POSS image so that Aladin is working on it. Use the Pan tool to center Proxima Centauri, probably in the lower left of the four panels on display.
Let's link all the images together by again using
View -> Match scales and orientation
and select the Distance tool marked with "<--->" on the right menu. Point at Proxima in the 1997 image and draw across toward the 2007 position. Notice that you can continue on through 2007 to 2009. Proxima is moving along a straight line through space. It moved a few arcseconds between 2007 and 2009.
Your computer screen should look something like this:
Aladin with Proxima
10. How many arcseconds did it move between 1997 and 2007? There are 60 seconds of arc in a minute of arc, and 60 minutes of arc in a degree. That means there are 60 x 60 = 3600 arcseconds in a degree. How many years will it take for Proxima to move one degree across the sky?
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In early 2017, Scientific American published a symposium on the threat that ‘big nudging’ poses to democracy. Big Data is the phenomena whereby governments and corporations collect and analyse information provided by measuring sensors and internet searches. Nudging is the view that governments should build choice architectures that make it easier for people to pick, say, the more fuel-efficient car or the more sensible retirement plan. Big nudging is the combination of the two that enables public or private engineers to subtly influence the choices that people make, say, by autofilling internet searches in desirable ways. Big nudging is a ‘digital sceptre that allows one to govern the masses efficiently, without having to involve citizens in democratic processes’. The symposium’s authors take for granted that democracy – the political regime in which the people collectively determine its common way of life – is better than epistocracy, or rule by experts.
Remarkably, many social scientists today do not share the belief that democracy is better than epistocracy. On the contrary. In recent years, numerous political theorists and philosophers have argued that experts ought to be in charge of public policy and should manipulate, or contain, the policy preferences of the ignorant masses. This view has its roots Plato’s Republic, where philosophers who see the sun of truth should govern the masses who dwell in a cave of ignorance, and in Walter Lippmann’s Public Opinion (1922), where expert social scientists rule behind the scenes and control the population with propaganda. While there are differences between the views of Christopher H Achen and Larry Bartels in Democracy for Realists (2016), Jason Brennan in Against Democracy (2017), Alexander Guerrero here in Aeon, and Tom Nichols in The Death of Expertise (2017), these social scientists share in common an elitist antipathy towards participatory democratic politics.
In Democracy for Realists, for instance, the authors criticise what they call the ‘folk theory’ of democracy. This maintains that elected representatives should translate their constituents’ preferences into public policy. The problem, according to these political scientists, is that most voters lack the time, energy or ability to immerse themselves in the technicalities of public policy. Instead, people tend to vote based on group identification, or an impulse to align with one political faction rather than another.
In a memorable chapter of their book, Achen and Bartels show that politicians often suffer electoral defeat for events beyond their control. In the summer of 1916, for example, New Jersey’s beachgoers experienced a series of shark attacks. In that November’s election, the beach towns gave President Woodrow Wilson fewer votes than New Jersey’s non-beach towns. The voters, it seems, were punishing Wilson for the shark attacks. According to Achen and Bartels, voters’ ability ‘to make sensible judgments regarding credit and blame is highly circumscribed’. This is a polite way of saying that most voters are not smart enough to realise that presidents are not responsible for shark attacks.
Achen and Bartels ostensibly defend a conception of democracy. But the force of their argument, and spirit of their book, heaps ridicule on the ‘Romantic’ or ‘quixotic’ notion that the people should rule. They compare ‘the ideal of popular sovereignty’ – a cornerstone of modern democratic political theory – to the medieval notion of a ‘divine right of kings’. A more realistic view is that ‘policymaking is a job for specialists’.
Many political actors around the world, similarly, think that epistocrats should rule and try to gain the emotional support of the population. Consider the slogan of the Democratic Party in the 2016 US election: ‘I’m with her.’ The Democrats were telling their own version of Plato’s salutary myth, or simple story meant to induce people to identify with a political cause.
Democracy, instead, requires treating people as citizens – that is, as adults capable of thoughtful decisions and moral actions, rather than as children who need to be manipulated. One way to treat people as citizens is to entrust them with meaningful opportunities to participate in the political process, rather than just as beings who might show up to vote for leaders every few years.
Democrats acknowledge that some people know more than others. However, democrats believe that people, entrusted with meaningful decision-making power, can handle power responsibly. Furthermore, people feel satisfaction when they have a hand in charting a common future. Democrats from Thomas Jefferson and Alexis de Tocqueville to the political theorist Carole Pateman at the University of California in Los Angeles advocate dispersing power as widely as possible among the people. The democratic faith is that participating in politics educates and ennobles people. For democrats, the pressing task today is to protect and expand possibilities for political action, not to limit them or shut them down in the name of expert rule.
Every day, people demonstrate that they are capable of learning. People master new languages, earn degrees, move to new cities, train for jobs, and navigate the complexities of modern life. It is true that people tend to be ignorant of things that do not touch their lives. Think of how well you know the geography of where you live and work; now, think about how much you know about the geography of a place on the other side of the globe that you’ve never visited. People study things that they care about and where knowledge helps them to accomplish things.
People also show every day that they can take an interest in other people’s lives. Last summer, I served on a grand jury in Westchester County in New York State. The county randomly called upon 23 eligible adults to hear evidence to determine whether the district attorney could move forward with criminal indictments. Everyone in the jury took their responsibilities seriously, following the district attorney’s directions, asking questions of witnesses, participating in the deliberations, and voting. Before grand jury service, many of us had little knowledge of criminal law or standards of legal evidence; afterwards, most of us did. We learned by doing.
The ‘best and the brightest’ led the US into the Iraq War: the track record of epistocracy is, at best, mixed
Pateman gives other examples of ways to involve more people in the policymaking process, including citizens’ assemblies to review the electoral system in Canadian provinces, or participatory budgeting in the city of Porto Alegre in Brazil. In these instances, citizens assembled in mini-publics and, given time for discussion and research, became knowledgeable about public matters. Just as importantly, ‘the empirical evidence from mini-publics shows that citizens both welcome and enjoy the opportunity to take part and to deliberate, and that they take their duties seriously’.
It is misleading to say that most people are too ignorant or apathetic to participate in political affairs. In the right circumstances, many people perform civic functions well. Citizens must consult with experts and are liable to cognitive biases, but this holds true for whoever holds a leadership position in the modern world. Realists criticise most people’s understanding of political affairs, but the democratic response is that people who have no real power lack a reason to study public policy.
In The Death of Expertise, Nichols contends that it is ‘ignorant narcissism for laypeople to believe that they can maintain a large and advanced nation without listening to the voices of those more educated and experienced than themselves’. Of course, the ‘best and the brightest’ led the US into the Iraq War, the subprime mortgage crisis, and a raft of bad education policies; the track record of epistocracy in recent years is, at best, mixed. Furthermore, the elitist stance clashes with the fact that many people demand a say in how we lead our personal and collective lives. Many people today value autonomy, or self-governance, and suffer when it is denied.
One reason why is because of a certain progression in the history of ideas. In The Invention of Autonomy (1997), Jerome B Schneewind shows how the idea of autonomy developed from an intimation in Paul’s Letter to the Romans, to Jean Jacques Rousseau’s conception of freedom as following a law that one gives oneself as a member of the general will, to Immanuel Kant’s practical philosophy that makes freedom its keystone. Other historians have continued this work up to the present, showing how the ideal of autonomy informs modern thinking about economics, race, gender and so forth. Many people share the sentiment of the international disability movement: ‘Nothing about us without us.’
Technological developments have also accustomed people to having some control over their individual and collective lives. Cars, for instance, make it possible for individuals to choose where they want to go; cars cultivate the sense of individual autonomy. At the same time, there is no natural order of cars, and human beings can decide together such questions as whether to create high occupancy vehicle lanes on highways or make it illegal to text on one’s phone while driving. In the medieval world, people might have felt like they were locked into a certain place in their society, but in the modern world they demand a say in the ordering of things. That is why liberalism – a political doctrine that extols individual freedom – and democracy – a political doctrine that valorises collective freedom – are so often intertwined in modern political thought.
Modern people hate to be told: ‘Do it because I say so.’ Alienation from the political process often leads people to identify with strong leaders who claim to represent the silent majority. Across the world, we see political battles between technocrats and populists, experts who claim authority because of their knowledge versus leaders who fight against elites on behalf of the ‘real people’. A third option is democracy, or the notion that flesh-and-blood people can and ought to exercise meaningful power in the governing of common affairs.
Some scholars take a kind of Machiavellian glee in debunking democratic idealism; others extol the ‘wisdom of the crowd’. But the wisdom-of-the-crowd advocates often do not actually call for allotting more political power to most citizens, as in Guerrero’s proposal for lottocracy.
Democracy means people exerting power, not choosing from a menu made by elites and their agents
Guerrero, a philosopher at the University of Pennsylvania, thinks that direct democracy cannot work because most people lack the time and ability to understand the complexities of modern public policy. Democrats have responded to this situation by creating a system of representative democracy where people vote for politicians who act as our agents in the halls of power. The problem is that most people cannot pay sufficient attention to hold their representatives accountable. Citizens are ‘ignorant about what our representatives are doing, ignorant about the details of complex political issues, and ignorant about whether what our representative is doing is good for us or for the world’. To make matters worse, powerful economic interests have the knowledge and resources to capture representatives and make them serve the rich.
The time for electoral representative democracy has passed, argues Guerrero. Rather than waste people’s votes in elections, political systems should create a lottocracy that randomly selects adults who can perform modified versions of the jobs that elected politicians presently do. Right now, US congresspersons are predominantly white, male, millionaires; a lottocracy could instantly raise the number of women, minorities and lower-income people in the legislature, and take advantage of each group’s epistemic contributions to policy debates.
Guerrero envisions single-issue legislatures whose members are chosen by lottery and serve three-year staggered terms. At the beginning of the legislative session, experts set the agenda and bring the legislators up to speed on the topic, then the legislators draft, revise and vote on legislation. Guerrero dismisses the possibility that experts ‘would convince us to buy the same corporate-sponsored policy we’re currently getting’.
On the contrary, the wealthy and powerful could easily manipulate a lottocracy. Think tanks and lobbyists, funded by economic elites, would welcome the opportunity to educate lottery-chosen legislators. Those who set the agenda make the most important decisions. This is the democratic critique of plans that tightly regulate the ways that people may participate in politics. Democracy means people exerting power, not choosing from a menu made by elites and their agents.
The remedy for our democracy deficit is to devolve as much power as possible to the local level. Many problems can be addressed only on the state, federal and international level, but the idea is that participating in local politics teaches citizens how to speak in public, negotiate with others, research policy issues, and learn about their community and the larger circles in which it is embedded. Like any other skill, the way to become a better citizen is to practise citizenship.
Jefferson articulated the democratic faith in a remarkable series of letters in the early 19th century. He first denounces the idea, shared by fellow American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton and the French philosophes, that elites should govern from the capital. Concentrating power in this way enervates citizens, and opens the door to aristocracy or autocracy. Jefferson envisions a system of ward republics that empower people to handle local affairs, including care of the poor, roads, police, elections, courts, schools and militia. Jefferson sees a role for counties, states and the federal government, but he wants substantial political power to be dispersed to every corner of the country. When people participate ‘in the government of affairs, not merely at an election one day in the year, but every day’, Jefferson explains, they will protect their rights and fight the accession of a Caesar or a Bonaparte.
A few decades later, the French political scientist Tocqueville argued in Democracy in America (1835-40) that Americans have shown what democracy in the modern world might look like. In France, when people want something done, they petition the centralised government. In the US, by contrast, people form democratic associations to accomplish their shared goals:
Americans of all ages, all conditions, and all dispositions constantly form associations … The Americans make associations to give entertainments, to found seminaries, to build inns, to construct churches, to diffuse books, to send missionaries to the antipodes; in this manner they found hospitals, prisons, and schools.
The brilliance of US democracy, for Tocqueville, is that it resides in civil society as well as formal governmental structures.
A few years ago, I saw an example of democracy in action when my local school district had a heated debate about the salary of the superintendent. A group of people in the district sent out an email protesting the school board’s approval of a raise for the superintendent who was already one of the most highly paid officials in the state. At the next school board meeting, the district meeting space was filled to capacity and people were sitting on the floor, in the doorways and outside the room. When it was time to discuss the issue, one person stood up and said why she thought that the superintendent was overcompensated, and that resources could be better spent elsewhere. Then, a school board member explained that if the district was going to remain successful, it needed to compensate its leader on a par with other successful executives. The debate was about one person’s salary, but it was also a conversation about what kind of education we envisioned for our children. Many people shared their thoughts and learned what others had to say.
In an epistocracy, a few make all the crucial decisions; everyone else might as well stay at home and watch TV
The discussion about the superintendent’s salary grew heated. People raised their voices, insulted others, and threatened litigation. Tocqueville counsels his readers to see the value of democratic participation that spills outside of the bounds of calm discourse: ‘Such evils are doubtless great, but they are transient; whereas the benefits which attend them remain.’ Because our voices mattered, many parents attended the meeting, voiced their concerns, and heard from others. In a large, centralised school system, each parent has a negligible share of power; but in a small school district, each parent is able to experience the exhilarating feeling of speaking on one’s feet in public about a matter of common concern. Neighbours meet one another, and reaffirm their commitment to making their collective life better.
In an epistocracy, a few people make all the crucial decisions, and everyone else might as well stay at home and watch television. In a participatory democracy, people exercise their civic muscles and become more thoughtful, involved in community affairs, and passionate about making the world a better place. In Against Democracy, Brennan argues that democracy is the site of ‘hobbits’, ‘hooligans’ and ‘vulcans’: this scheme misrepresents the citizens I have met at the grand jury, the school-board meeting, or political demonstrations acting together to solve a common problem.
In modern democracies, expert rule has returned in the form of ‘big nudging’. Maybe not all epistocrats favour this particular technology, but they open the door to it with their critique of the intellectual capabilities of the masses and their advocacy of elite rule.
Scientific American notes that big nudging can lead to a new form of dictatorship based on ‘technocratic behavioural and social control’. Most of the recommendations to combat this threat, however, rely on modifying computer use, including enabling user-controlled information filters, improving interoperability of computer systems, and promoting digital literacy. These measures all miss the essential point: democracy requires empowering people to participate in the political process. There is no algorithm that can replace entrusting people to do the hard work of running community affairs.
The way to learn how to walk is to walk; the way to become a citizen is to exert some kind of power in the government or civil society. There is no technological quick fix to make our society more democratic. To learn what Tocqueville called ‘the art of being free’, people must have a hand in the governance of common affairs.
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World Resource Institute: The top 20 water-stressed countries with the most average solar energy potential are in the Middle East and North African region; the rest are from Asia and Pacific, Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. The list includes countries at all economic stages: three are developed (Australia, Israel and Saudi Arabia), four are some of the least developed (Afghanistan, Eritrea, Timor-Leste and Yemen), and the rest are from emerging or developing markets.
Yemen has the highest average solar energy potential in terms of global horizontal irradiance (GHI), a proxy of the strength and concentration of solar energy hitting a PV panel. It’s also one of the world’s most water-stressed and least developed countries. The World Bank just invested $50 million in solar PV projects to restore electricity to more than one million Yemenis. However, with the ongoing civil war in the country, renewables development could still be challenging.
Eritrea and Saudi Arabia have the second- and third-highest average solar energy potential, but very different economic power. It is more challenging for countries with constrained financial resources to adopt renewable technologies at a large scale. However, as the cost for solar and wind energy continues to decline, these options are becoming more attractive. Even oil-rich countries like Saudi Arabia are investing heavily in solar energy for domestic consumption, with a target of 9.5 gigawatts (GW) of solar and wind by 2023.
A full list of all countries with high water stress and their average solar energy potentials can be found at the bottom of this post.
Image credit: https://www.watershortagesa.com/
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In public consciousness, there are many misconceptions about autism and ASD (autism spectrum disorder). Because autism is both prevalent and complex in nature, it is especially important that the myths be parsed out from the facts.
Though autism research has gained momentum, much remains to be learned about ASD and the individuals it affects. In the mean time, there are various misconceptions we can confidently debunk to prevent the spread of faulty information.
Knowing the facts is the first step to providing great care and support for loved ones and neighbors on the autism spectrum. Those living with autism will benefit from your knowledge, empathy, and encouragement. Here are five discredited myths to help you understand what is true about autism, and what is unequivocally false.
Myth 1: Autism is a mental health disorder
It’s a common misconception that autism is a mental health disorder, or even an emotional or behavioral disorder. This is false: autism is a neurological disorder involving abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitter levels, the cause of which is rooted in gene mutations.
That said, autism does impact behavior, emotion and cognitive ability: this is a developmental issuethat manifests early in childhood. Mental health disorders, on the other hand, are not genetically predetermined and may come about at any stage in life for any number of reasons unrelated to DNA.
Though autism is not a mental health disorder, individuals with autism may be prone to conditions like anxiety or ADHD. Treatment for autism can also be similar to that of mental health treatment: both may benefit from behavioral(ABA) and psychological therapy.
Myth 2: People with autism can’t understand or express emotion
People with autism may have difficulty with social interaction, but they feel emotions just like you and me. Autistic people can fall in love, have families, friends, pets and children. Because the autism spectrum is a wide one, each individual is bound to experience, express and sense emotions differently.
Emotions aren’t absent, but an autistic person may have trouble communicating and regulating them, and experience difficulty reading them from indirect social cues alone. Autistic individuals don’t lack the motivation for friendship, love, and emotional connection, but they may initially lack the social tools to relate and therefore appear awkward or aloof.
It’s important that this difference in emotional intelligence is understood correctly, because individuals on the spectrum can be incredibly sensitive and empathetic. They just need help bridging the gap between feeling and expression. Social Group Therapy sessions are a great place to practice proper socialization in a controlled and supervised environment.
Myth 3: Autism is curable
The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) consists of many types of autism, therefore, even if one or two were curable, there is not an overall cure and likely never will be. Though autism is often a lifelong condition, there have been some cases of young children receiving early intervention servicesimproving enough to “test out” of the diagnosis.
The most effective treatment appears to be behavioral (ABA) therapy that equips autistic individuals with the social and communication tools they need to live happy and healthy lives. With the appropriate services, many individuals on the spectrum go on to have successful lives and careers as high functioning members of society.
Be wary, because there have also been many products touted as cures, like the Miracle Mineral Solution and Chelation therapy. The FDA warns that such products and therapies are not only unproven, but can be incredibly dangerous.
Myth 4: People with autism all have “special” abilities
Not all individuals with autism have special abilities as seen in Rain Man, but some truly do. Around 10 percent of autistic people exhibit savant abilities like photographic memory, extraordinary math talent or advanced creativity (for comparison, only 1 percent of the non-autistic population exhibit such tendencies). Many people on the autism spectrum also have abnormally high intellect in specific areas that interest them.
Autistic individuals often display keen attention to detail and precise technological skills. Savant abilities are certainly not the norm, but their existence has been puzzling to scientists for many decades. Some researchers believe the manifestation of such abilities could have to do with heavy concentration on particular talents making up for other cognitive or social deficits.
Myth 5: Autism is the result of bad parenting
Uninformed people love to blame parents of children with autism, whether it be for their vaccination choices or child-rearing environment. The myth of parent wrongdoing dates back to the mid-20th century idea of “cold mothers,” whose unloving treatment (in theory) caused children to withdraw socially and become unresponsive. This notion emerged around 1950 and has since been widely debunked.
Though parents are no longer blamed for their frigidness, other scapegoats have emerged in recent years — especially in light of a recent surge in autism diagnoses. One persistent misconception is the claim that vaccines cause autism, even though the study that linked the two was retracted, and the doctor’s medical license revoked. On the other hand, credible studies have linked prenatal factors like parent age and chemical exposure to an increased risk.
Though the genetics are complex and not well understood, there is a medical consensus that autism has a strong genetic basis. Bad parenting simply does not cause autism, but good parenting is an incredible asset in helping those on the spectrum cope with their condition and the world.
Featured image: Gisella Klein via Flickr.
This post was originally published on IhabShahawi.com
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Late winter to early spring is the ideal time to prune deciduous shrubs before new growth begins. Although it’s easy to neglect these garden workhorses, view pruning as important to growing a healthy shrub that will set off the rest of your garden efforts.
Start by assessing the condition of your shrubs which is easy to do when they are without leaves. Are they crowded with many stems at the base? Full of thick stems that develop few leaves and flowers at the tips?
Removing 1/4 to 1/3 of the thickest stems of a shrub every year is the best way to maintain vigor, flowering, and avoid disease and insect problems. Prune at the ground and take out whole stems rather than pruning tips. Tip pruning is fine for the occasional stem that has grown out of bounds but should not be the only effort you make to maintain your shrub.
Cut stems with a lopper or pruning saw using care to avoid nicking stems you want to remain. Certain shrubs can also be “rejuvenated” if overgrown by cutting all stems 6 inches from the ground. Check first to see if your shrub species will handle this drastic step and rejuvenate no more frequently than every 5 to 10 years.
Make shrub pruning one of the first action steps to come out of the spring gardening “itch” as you dream about what you want your garden to be this season.
Join Carl at the Gardens to discover in more detail how to keep your shrubs healthy and thriving with this class, How to Prune Shrubs, taking place on Saturday, February 15 (1-3 p.m.) and Wednesday, March 12 (6-8 p.m.).
GUEST BLOGGER: CARL WILSON
Carl Wilson is a garden writer and retired horticulturist from CSU Extension who regularly teaches classes at Denver Botanic Gardens. For more information check his Front Range Food Gardener blog.
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Everyone knows the saying – as a freshman, you will gain 15 pounds! But, does that have to be the case? Obesity is a major health issue in Canada. In 2004, the Canadian Community Health Survey: Nutrition (CCHS) reported that over 50% of Canadians were overweight. Furthermore, 23% of Canadians were considered to be obese (defined as a body mass index of 30 or more), a dramatic increase over the 13.8% rate that was reported in 1978/79. This trend has been observed worldwide and while the rates in Canada lag behind those in the USA, overweight individuals are at greater risk for developing diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure and osteoarthritis.
Obesity is less common in young adults but some of the greatest increases in the rates of obesity have been observed in young children and teenagers. Childhood eating habits and life styles are often maintained throughout life. Dieting generally has short term benefits. So good eating habits, developed at a young age, are essential in order to maintain weight in a healthy range.
University life is often not conducive to healthy eating and exercise. On the other hand, simple lifestyle and eating modifications might make a difference. For instance, researchers in the CCHS study found that individuals who consumed 5 or more servings of fruit and vegetables each day were less likely to be obese. Similarly, those who were physically active were less likely to be obese.
What can you do? The Canada Food Guide recommends foods that are high in calories, fat, sugar or salt be limited. These include donuts and muffins, candies and chocolate, French fries, nachos and potato chips, alcohol and sports, energy and soft drinks. Hmm… seem like that eliminates most of the foods in your diet? There are alternatives which are healthier choices. For instance, choose low fat, high fiber muffins and bagels. Try unsalted plain popcorn instead of nachos and chips. Despite the advertising, sports and energy drinks offer little benefit and are high in sugar. Water is a better alternative. Add a lime or lemon wedge for taste! Eat low fat yogurt and fruit instead of desserts and ice cream.
Living on a budget and not having time to cook often leads to consumption of high fat, high caloric food. Cheap foods from fast food outlets lead the list of foods to avoid. Consider buying bulk foods such as cereals and keep them on hand to eat at breakfast and for snacks. Consider preparing food on the weekend and freezing it. Studies have shown that families who eat together have lower rates of obesity. If families eat home cooked food instead of purchased food, they have even lower rates of obesity. These same observations probably are true for university students.
Then there are all those things that your mother has been telling you: eat a good breakfast, don’t snack before bedtime, get some exercise and of course, don’t drink alcohol (yeah, right, Mum!).
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Noccalula Falls Cave... is it
Legendary Caves at
Throughout Lookout Mountain are many
mysterious caves in which all sort of legends are connected. For
instance, confederate soldiers entered and staggered out days
later at another distant location. Then there are those caves
that served as a shelter for the Indians, for a hospital, moon
shining operations as well as mining for gunpowder. If this is
not enough, recently found Lookout Mountain caves have proven to
stagger the soul as being some of the world’s tallest and
Lookout Mountain is located in one of the world's richest
regions for caves due to its makeup. How is this so? The
mountain is topped with a sandstone cap composed of varying
hardness. This stone absorbs and holds water like a sponge.
Water cannot dissolve sandstone but simply passes through. Under
this sandstone cap is a limestone base which water will dissolve
if it finds a crack to pass through. Eventually this crack
dissolves into a larger passageway until it emerges as a cave.
This explains why it is almost impossible to find a real cave on
top of the mountain. Wherever a big stream emerges from the
mountain a considerable cave can be found, although the entrance
is usually blocked by a breakdown.
There is one legend involving confederate soldiers going into a
and coming out at
Noccalula Falls. Is this possible? Some geologists have
pointed out that such a cave system extending both ends of
Lookout Mountain is indeed possible.
It is well known most of the mountain has a synclinal “fault" as
well as a limestone base containing water table levels. During
Lookout’s early forming, the east and west side rose higher
which left a low area in the middle. Other mountains with
synclines and limestone are known to carry a network of caverns.
The most famous of the
cave was the one which natural entrance is located at the
foot of Lookout Mountain on the banks of the
Tennessee River. It was known for centuries, first used
as a campsite by American Indians, later a hideout for outlaws,
and a Civil War Hospital. Many visitors left their traces and
there is even a signature of
who also visited the cave.
Tales of this cave’s huge chambers and winding passages have
long been passed down from one generation to the next. There
were many reports of explorers traveling deep into this cave, as
far as 12 miles without reaching the end.
In 1905 the cave was intersected by a railroad tunnel through
the mountain and the entrance was sealed. To access the cave, a
400’ shaft was excavated in 1928 and 1929. During this
excavation, a second cave,
Ruby Falls , was discovered at the 260-foot level. For a
short time both caves were shown commercially, but extensive
deposits of soot from the railroad tunnel have accumulated in
the original lower cave, and it was closed in 1935 to tourists.
In recent times, the management of
allowed researchers to take the elevator down to the lower cave
by prior arrangement. This access resulted in the findings of
new passageways. It also resulted in the discovery of
prehistoric bones dating back to the last Ice Age (Pleistocene
Age). Many old names and dates in this cave are of great
interest to historians. Unfortunately, in 2005, the
State of Tennessee 's elevator inspectors required the
Ruby Falls operators to seal the portion of the
elevator shaft below
Ruby Falls and the cave is now totally inaccessible.
Down in Alabama during 1888 Fort Payne was going through a boom
time. Manitou Cave , located in the side of Lookout Mountain ,
was developed by
Fort Payne Coal and Iron Co. as an attraction. Bridges
and winding stairways were built leading to the huge ballroom,
where dancers could watch the reflections of hundreds of candles
glitter from the stalactites of the walls and ceiling. Later
electricity was installed inside the cave and a public park
created near the entrance. It became a favorite social meeting
place. The cave was closed in the early 1900's, reopened in 1963
by the Walter B. Raymond, Sr. family, who operated it as a
tourist attraction for 12 years. It is currently closed to the
Georgia, Lookout Mountain branches off in an extension
Pigeon Mountain. On top is a wildlife management area and
underneath is the Ellisons Cave system. The cave was known to
early settlers as early as 1837 but exploration past the first
thousand feet of known cave began in 1969.
Ellison is the deepest cave in the United States at 1,067 feet
total depth and one of the longest with over 12 miles of
pathways. Multiple entrances actually allow a “through the
mountain” trip which means a caver can enter on the east side of
the mountain and exit on the west.
Within Ellison are numerous vertical shafts attractive to the
experienced caver. The most well known are Fantastic Pit at 620
feet deep, followed by Incredible Pit at 440 feet.
Fantastic Pit is the deepest known cave pit in the continental
United States. It is big enough to hold the
Washington Monument (555'). Photos cannot give this place
justice as to how huge it is! It is a truly fantastic rappel and
it takes 8 seconds for a rock to hit the bottom!
Lookout, most cave temperatures are a constant 57 to 590
F. Except for big wide open entrance areas, the Indians
generally stayed out of caves. Archaeological sites, although
not unknown, are relatively rare. The Indians stayed out with
reason; despite popular belief, caves are very uncomfortable
places to live.
The question now arrives. Did soldiers from the Civil War enter
a cave in
Chattanooga and came staggering out 2 weeks later at
Louie Hart, the manager of the well-known Bellevue Hotel, before
1912, went beneath Noccalula Falls and crawled back two hundred
feet in a cave. He reported the opening at the back narrowed to
a tree that was as large as he was. He said that this tree
evidently was washed down from some great cavern farther back.
During the year 1859, a survey map for C. R. Smith Company was
drawn of Noccalula Falls by a man whose last name was Faxon. He
also beautifully carved his name and date on the wall behind the
waterfall. On this panoramic survey map was drawn a cave to the
side of the Falls that was called “ Keener Cave ”.
Up through the 1930's there were many cases and incidents of
supposed individuals entering a cave at Keener or Fort Payne and
exiting at Noccalula Falls . There is a cave at Keener located
at the old Keener Springs on the side of Lookout Mountain . This
cave is now flooded with water but many individuals still living
say its passageway runs deep into Lookout Mountain . Recent
spelunkers have stated that so far it was the longest survey
cave in Etowah County and it could be longer if they could get
beyond an area that was flooded.
Controversy of the old cave at Noccalula Falls has been
exchanged among old timers for many years. One such person said
his granddaddy, as a child, would remember men going down below
the gorge and later come back up acting strange as if
intoxicated. Many of the old timers not only said this but said
that the cave was dynamited over the entrance.
A book written around 1888, Caves of Northern Alabama,
spoke of Confederate soldiers entering a cave near
Chattanooga during the war and coming out at
Noccalula Falls . Before their exit from the cave they reported
a huge chamber filled with flying swallows. In the book, the
entrance was said to be about 50’ down the creek and 150’ over
to the right. It also stated the cave's entrance was dynamited
in 1870 due to moon shining.
Still not convinced this never happened? Take the stairways to
underneath the Falls. As you reach the point under the statue of
the Indian princess, you will see a cave-like area hollowed out.
In the very back are a few limestone stalactites. Above the
roof, on the wall, are stress marks and cracks that could only
have been made by dynamites.
For today, it is a good story. For every story, there are some
truths. Perhaps someday, more evident will prove or disprove
this wonderful legend at Noccalula Falls
To become a member of the Etowah Historical
print & mail
membership form is in PDF format. You will need Acrobat Reader
to view it. You can
download Adobe Acrobat Reader
free of charge from Adobe's website.
historical interest. Current programs of
history in the making.
Markers - Markings of historical homes,
cemeteries, schools, rivers, trails, public buildings
ignificant Preservations -
Preservation of historical
buildings, homes & landmarks
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Abortion is a very controversial topic that has been around for decades in the United States of America. There are two sides to this argument, which include people who are pro-choice, who believe that each person is the source of their own moral authority and has the right to choose life or death, and people against abortion (pro-life), who believe that by moral authority, abortion is wrong. For readers who don't know, abortion means the termination of pregnancy by removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo prior to being capable of normal growth. Every year, hundreds of thousands of women are raped and are left with a choice on whether to keep the child or terminate it. The article, “The Pro-Choice Movement Cares More about Abortion than Choice” by Alexandra Desanctis, informs the audience on reasons why abortion should be legal and it is backed up with statistical proof. Similarly, the article “The Women the Abortion War Leaves Out” by Michelle Oberman, informs the audience on supporting abortion and unplanned pregnancies. Abortion should be legal because women are entitled to decide what to do with their own bodies, without being shamed, judged, or punished; access to legal, professionally - performed abortions reduces maternal injury and death caused by unsafe, illegal abortions, which prevents maternal deaths; women who receive abortions are less likely to suffer mental health problems than women denied an abortion, which helps reduce lasting health issues such as infertility and mental health.
Women should be entitled to decide what to do with their own bodies. Abortion should be a woman's choice. Some fetuses have such severe disorders that death is guaranteed before or slightly after birth. Since abortion is such a controversial topic in America, women often times feel ashamed or judged if they plan on having an abortion, which forces them to have the child. In Alexandra Desanctis's article, she writes “Nearly 75 percent of women surveyed said their decision to abort was subject to at least subtle pressure from others. Even more distressing, more than 58 percent of the women reported aborting their baby to make others happy, and almost 30 percent said they aborted out of fear of losing their partner if they did not” (Desanctis.) Giving away, let alone terminating a baby is very hard on women. Men are allowed to be upset over a situation regarding abortion, but women have to carry the unborn child. The effect takes on females can be very significant. Pro-life supporters do not see the situation, reasons, and benefits of abortions. They are ignorant of the reason why women choose to make the decision they do. With abortion being legal, females would not have to feel ashamed of themselves for making the right decision regarding their situation.
Maternal injuries and deaths caused by illegal abortions need to be stopped. Thousands of women do not have the resources to get a professional abortion done, so they take it into their own hands. Whether that is constructing a tool to rip the fetus out of the female reproductive part, or just taking pills to terminate the fetus, this causes immense damage to the woman's body. With abortion being legal, insurance companies will have to cover the cost of getting an abortion. This would prevent females from endangering themselves. In Michelle Oberman's article, she writes “ I was grateful, if surprised, to be invited to spend a day at Birth Choice of Oklahoma, a so-called crisis pregnancy center. Such centers, some of which are currently the subject of the Supreme Court litigation, typically are faith-based counseling offices working to persuade women not to have abortions” (Oberman 120. ) Coercing a woman with counseling to not have an abortion is morally wrong. Some of these females who go into these counseling facilities have gone through a lot, such as being raped. No one wants to have the child of a rapist. Therefore, maternal injuries and deaths caused by illegal abortions need to be looked at thoroughly.
Abortions are more likely to benefit women rather than traumatize them, such as females who are denied abortions. Hundreds of thousands of women suffer mental health-related problems when they are denied getting an abortion. People think having an abortion is not the worst thing in the world. However, the toll it takes on women is incomparable to anything. In Michelle Oberman’s article, she writes, “One of the largest research studies on the question of why women choose abortion surveyed about 1,200 abortion patients and found 73 percent said they could not afford the baby at the time” (Oberman 121- 122.) As mentioned earlier, if abortion was legal in all states, insurance companies would pay for the termination of the fetus. What stands out the most is that 73 percent is a very large amount of women who can not afford a baby due to their situation. In recent times, many people have not been able to have a child due to the expense of raising a kid.
Everyone has the right to do whatever they want with their own bodies, most importantly, women. Even though people preach women are treated equally to men, this is false. However, the right women have is to control what happens with their bodies. Men are allowed to voice their opinions, but at the end of the day, a woman is the one who has to carry the baby, and if she does not want to, it is her full-fledged right to get an abortion. The problem is, that many states in The United States of America have introduced banning abortion. For example, some states include; Kentucky, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Utah. These states have already banned abortion. Thousands of women are affected by this law every day. Whether they are a rape victim, or they just simply can not afford to have a child, women are left with no choice other than to either perform a dangerous self-abortion themselves or to have the child which they can not care for, leaving the child in an unhealthy situation. A scholarly source states “ In 2013, however, the North Dakota legislature passed House Bill 1456, a bill that would have banned abortion once a fetal heartbeat has been detected” ( State Abortion Laws 1429.) Clearly, people who voted to pass the law do not see the issue. If a woman is not ready to have a child and can not get an abortion, this only leads them to black-market abortion clinics that charge hefty prices and do not guarantee the proper cleanliness as a normal abortion clinic would. This further endangers women, putting them at risk of disease, infections, and possibly death.
States that are banning abortion, strongly believe abortion is a crime. Killing an innocent fetus is considered murder under these state laws. But, what they fail to understand is that women are being mistreated and abused, often times being sexually harassed, which leads them to become pregnant. This often happens and in most situations, it is against the woman's will to continue carrying the child in their uterus. An article by Mary Ziegler states, “Before and immediately after Roe v. Wade, like most pro-life activists, pro-life feminists were part of a decentralized, most state-level to block the liberalization of abortion laws” (Ziegler 237.) These activists fail to understand that a woman's health is most important. Some of these women who are forced to have kids due to their state laws, end up being emotionally unstable. This often leads them to not being able to provide for their newborn, which they did not want in the first place, which reflects on them as being a bad parent. Furthermore, groups of feminists are supporting pro-life, which is understandable, but being a feminist, one would think they would not raise the question of another woman's authority of wanting to have a child or not. One would think they would support their fellow females, but this is not the case. Everyone woman is in a different situation and only she should be allowed to determine whether or not to have the child.
Women's rights, most importantly, abortion in America have been a huge issue for decades. With states passing laws to ban abortion, women are left hopeless. This gives women two options, either go to a black-market abortion clinic where a female's life could be in jeopardy or perform an abortion themselves by constructing tools and pulling the fetus out of their uterus. Either way, maternal health is not important to these states as they continue to pass laws, making getting an abortion even more difficult or impossible. Therefore, abortion should be legal because women are entitled to decide what to do with their own bodies, without being shamed, judged, or punished; access to legal, professionally - performed abortions reduces maternal injury and death caused by unsafe, illegal abortions, which prevents maternal deaths; women who receive abortions are less likely to suffer mental health problems than women denied an abortion, which helps reduce lasting health issues such as infertility and mental health.
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Illegal dumping is a significant problem for local governments, as much as it is a public health issue, it is a threat to the environment, contaminating soil and nearby waterways. Also, it costs taxpayers millions to prevent, monitor, and clean.
Geometa provides a cost-effective approach to monitor, remove and deter illegal dumping, ensuring cities are safe and clean.
Until recently, on the island of Sakhalin the issue of illegal waste dumps was very relevant.
The solution: in addition to the construction of solid waste disposal facilities, operational monitoring of the newly appeared waste dumps and automatic display of them on the interactive map was organized. In the search for waste dumps, both images from drones and messages from residents are used. Any resident can send a message about the problem via an online portal and social media.
Information about the location, status (valid, overdue), and the date of waste collection is automatically displayed on the map in Geometa. If the deadline is delayed, the checkbox that marks the placement of illegal waste dump turns red. The process of removing illegal waste dumps becomes transparent and can be easily controlled.
The result: During the year, 2,486 waste dumps were removed. Now there are about 370 current ones and operational work is underway on them.
But the best option is to deter the illegal dumping, reducing the cost of cleanup, preventing the toxins from entering the groundwater. Here are the main steps to help deter illegal dumping:
- Educate the residents about the dangers caused by illegal dumping.
- Create safe, public-friendly waste disposal options and advertise them.
- Create laws that impose stiff fines for the perpetrators .
- Use social media for the residents to report a crime.
- Organize a rapid process to clean up the area.
By providing cities with the smart solution to automate monitoring and enforcement of illegal waste dumps, Geometa helps keep cities cleaner and livable.
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The Nile is the world’s largest river. Name of this river is derived from the Greek word ‘Neilos” which means valley. This river is located in Africa and flows in Kenya, Eritrea, Congo, Burundi, Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda, Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia. The length of this river is approximately 4,135 miles. The Nile Delta is in Northern Egypt and around 40 million people live in the Nile Delta region.
Fast facts: –
- There are two branches of the Nile River, the White Nile and the Blue Nile.
- Two major resources of the river are Lake Victoria and Lake Tana which feed the White Nile and the Blue Nile branch respectively.
- This river flows in to the Mediterranean Sea.
- The average discharge of this river is more than 685,000 gallons per second.
- First of all, the White Nile Expedition navigated the entire length of the Nile River in 2004.
- This river originates in Burundi.
- Ripon falls are thought to be the opening of Nile River.
- The area of Nile River is called Black Land.
- Flood can be controlled in the Nile River after constructing the Aswan High Dam in 1970.
- The Nile River has been a major source of water, food and travelling for Egyptians.
- June and September are the months of flood in the river. Egyptians call this season Akhet.
- Hapi was the Nile god.
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Tornadoes will be the target as researchers set out from Huntsville, Alabama, to collect data as part of VORTEX-Southeast, a research project coordinated by NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory. The goal is to understand how environmental factors in the southeastern United States affect the formation, intensity, structure, and path of tornadoes, as well as determine the best methods for communicating forecast uncertainty to the public..
The VORTEX-SE field study, set to run March 1 through April 30, will involve 40 physical and social science researchers from 20 research entities, many based in the southeast. They will deploy and operate approximately 13 vehicles, three mobile radars and one fixed radar.
VORTEX-SE is intended to help improve the quality of warnings from NOAA’s National Weather Service and enhance the Forecasting a Continuum of Environmental Threats (FACETS) research project. This will have substantial impact on the NOAA mission of protecting life and property.
For the full article click here.
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Henry Ford was the industrialist founder of the Ford Motor Company, and innovator of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. He was born in the American state of Michigan to William and Mary Ford.
He was not the inventor of automobile, which is generally accredited wrongly to him. However, he manufactured an affordable automobile for many middle-class Americans. He and his company famously introduced the ‘Model T’ automobile, which revolutionized American industry and transportation.
“In 1931, Adolf Hitler called Ford an ‘inspiration, ’ publicly.”
Here are that will inspire you to do some things that might make a difference to the world.
1. The Ford Motor Company made Henry Ford one of the richest and well-known people of his time.
2. He is considered to be the inventor of mass production. He made use of this concept in his motor company, which drastically brought down the cost of automobile ownership in America at the time.
3. Ford was gifted a pocket watch by his father during his early teens. During that time, he dismantled and reassembled the watch, as well as the watches of several of his friends and relatives. Through these efforts, he gained quite a reputation as a watch repairman.
4. After the sad loss of his mother in 1876, his father wanted Henry to take responsibility and work on the farm. However, Henry disapproved of this and said that he was not interested in farm work. In his earlier years, he was willing to perform farm work due to the fact that his mother was present. However, he had no interest in the farm apart from his mother.
5. He disliked working on the farm, but turned to farming at the age of 25, once he was married. He had to do it to support his family.
Note: read 10 life changing quotes by Henry Ford after fact no. 28.
6. In 1891, Ford joined Edison Illuminating Company and got promoted as a Chief Engineer in 1893. At this time, he had enough money and time to pursue his curiosity and talent, and started working on gasoline engines.
7. He was inspired by Edison to build cars. In 1896, Ford had a meeting with Thomas Edison, where Edison approved of his automobile experimentation.
8. In 1918, Ford was convinced by President Woodrow Wilson to compete for the seat of senate as a Democrat. However, he disapproved of spending money for the election campaigns and lost by only 4500 votes, which was still a remarkable achievement.
9. In 1928, during an interview with the Detroit Times, Ford revealed that the source of his inspiration and the work he had done was somewhat mysterious. He dedicated his brilliance to a ‘Master Mind’. He further stated that: “Somewhere is a Master Mind sending brain wave messages to us. There is a Great Spirit. I never did anything by my own volition. I was pushed by invisible forces within and without me.”
10. Ford also founded the Ford Airline Company during World War I due to his interest in the aviation industry. However, lackluster sales prevented the company from becoming successful.
11. Henry ford did not just build cars. He performed various jobs before eventually pioneering the automobile industry. He was a farmer, a watch repairman and a race car driver.
12. Ford’s third automobile company eventually bought success to him. His other two automobile companies were the Detroit Automobile Company and the Henry Ford Company.
13. Ford has 161 unique patents to his name. He was fascinated by science and inventions, in particular. And he never stopped being a scientist; as an inventor, he believed could have a significant impact on the world.
14. Ford attempted to build a city in the middle of the Amazon, but got defeated in his efforts. The concept was to build an entire city to obtain a supply of rubber. It was called Fordlandia, and the town is still empty to this day.
15. Ford worked relentlessly to bring industrial production costs down and improve efficiency. He established the first moving assembly line in 1913.
Related: Interesting facts about Sir Isaac Newton
16. Ford dominated the U.S. automobile market in the early 1900s with half of all automobiles produced.
17. Ford was a promoter of peace, and embarked on a peace mission in 1915. Taking a sea route to Europe, his ship was dubbed the “Ship of Fools” by the media.
18. Ford believed in the potential of his working staff and offered them handsome salaries. His idea was to keep the workers satisfied and content with their jobs by paying them handsome wages. At that time, he was paying almost double the standard wages, which attracted a lot of talent and skill to his company. This leveraged the production and quality of the overall work performed at the company, making it hugely successful.
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It’s not unusual for people to feel a little bit wary of the word ‘technology’, especially as we live in a world where there seems to be something new and ‘wonderful’ coming to the market every day. It’s difficult to keep up.
It would also be easy to be sceptical of the idea that technology is something that can help and support older people, including those living with dementia, to stay connected, yet independent and able to live in their own home safely and for as long as is possible.
But what do we mean by technology? Yes, some of it sounds complex but some ‘technology’ is simply adaptations of things we use in our daily lives.
To start with some quite sophisticated examples, recent news reports tell us about technology that is developing to help people living with dementia, such as PARO, the robot seal from Japan. PARO is said to have potential to be a companion and empower people to be more socially interactive.
Robear is a nursing robot touted as a gentle bear that is also strong enough to lift an elderly person.
Developed in Sweden, ‘Giraff’ is a human-sized, mobile telepresence robot that enables people outside the home (or care home) to interact virtually with people they know but who are not physically present.
Closer to home, the virtual reality (VR) social enterprise Viarama uses VR to help care home residents enjoy experiences they would not otherwise be able to participate in, such as exploring under the ocean or climbing a mountain. Connecting Communities’ ‘Windows to the World’ project uses linked, interactive screens to connect dementia friendly communities across the Highlands so that, together and separately, they can access a range of creative pursuits and therapeutic interventions.
These are examples of relatively complex technology, yet they are reported to be having enormous benefits for people living with dementia.
Of course, there are more simple examples, and these are the things that more people could be taking advantage of, as many of them are adapted from items we use in everyday life.
Many of us know about Tele-care for use in the home such as GPS trackers that enable people to get out and about, talking clocks, motion sensors, call blockers, ipads, MP3 players (Playlist for Life) – and the list goes on.
Ron Coleman, who has mild cognitive impairment and lives in the Western Isles, has found Amazon’s Alexa to be immensely helpful. So much so, that he is writing a peer-to-peer resource – ‘Alexa and Me’ – to assist people living with dementia so they can benefit from Alexa too (due to be published by the Trust later this year).
Yet there are still many families living with dementia who are in the dark about the benefits – and ethical implications – inherent in these increasing opportunities to use technology to improve lives.
In 2019, the Life Changes Trust published a ‘Dementia and Technology’ report, commissioned and funded by the William Grant Foundation. The purpose of this report was to a) publish findings on the evidence base for assistive technology for people with dementia and their families living in the community; and b) provide feedback from focus groups with people with dementia and unpaid carers on how they are using technology and what the perceived barriers might be. The full report is available here.
The report found that the academic evidence base is weak, partly due to the number of studies and partly to the sample sizes. Unsurprisingly, the focus group research showed that no two people with dementia had the same technological needs. Participants had both positive and negative views about assistive devices and overall the groups were very open to the idea of using technology.
However, several barriers to uptake were identified: lack of knowledge and familiarity with technology; stage of dementia; cost; lack of time; denial of dementia symptoms; complexity; confidence in abilities; lack of support; and past technology engagement.
The most prominent reasons for non-engagement with technology were lack of information about the available products and lack of support. People wanted to be shown what to do and supported longer term with the product. As one carer said:
“…it’s incredibly difficult if you’re on the phone trying to discuss a technological problem. It’s very, very difficult. You really need to sit down with somebody and hold the piece of technology…”.
Dementia Circle is an excellent project funded by Alzheimer Scotland which supports people to test products and report on their experience. This has led to the development of a product list of recommended products and apps.
Scotland’s Technology Charter for People Living with Dementia is clear that technology should augment, but not replace, human intervention. Many people are concerned that ‘PARO’, ‘Giraff’ and similar technological solutions are a substitute for much-needed face-to-face interaction.
Scottish Care has led work developing a human rights-based Charter for Technology and Digital in Social Care. This is important and very necessary work as we grapple with the ethics of technology. The hope is that human-rights-based principles can provide some definition in a world that is becoming increasingly blurry in respect of privacy, choice and human relationships.
The work – which included developers and designers, providers and practitioners, residents and citizens who use social care supports – resulted in the recently published Guidance Document for Human Rights Charter for Technology and Digital in Social Care. This Guidance outlines 17 human-rights-based statements and suggests how they can be used to support the human rights of individuals and communities in the use of technology and digital in social care. They have been designed to foster discussion and to promote further reflection.
Following the publication of the ‘Dementia and Technology’ report, the Life Changes Trust and the William Grant Foundation are holding a conference in Glasgow in partnership with Alzheimer Scotland and Scottish Care. If the matters outlined in this short blog are of interest to you, then please sign up for this free conference where you will have the opportunity to further explore and consider them. This event is delivered in collaboration with William Grant Foundation, Alzheimer Scotland and HammondCare,
The conference will comprise of a number of short plenary presentations and practical workshops. There will be plenty of time to explore exhibits and at the end of the day a technology competition, funded by the William Grant Foundation, will be launched.
Anna Buchanan, CEO, Life Changes Trust
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The Fauna of Atlantis as described by Plato has done little to pinpoint its location and is clearly a subject for further investigation. However, pinpointing is the wrong word since Atlantis stretched from North Africa as far north as central Italy, so there is probably a wide geographical spread to the fauna noted by Plato.
In Critias he refers to ‘flocks’ (111c) implying sheep and/or goats; bees (111c), elephants (114e); horses (117b); bulls (119d). He also mentions sable clothing (120b) but these were possibly imported.
The most problematic of these is the reference to elephants, a term that could be loosely applied to a number of related species including mastodons, mammoths, the Indian, the African and dwarf elephants. The habitat of the latter diminutive creatures stretched from Siberia as far south as the equator. The remains of dwarf elephants have been found on the islands of the Mediterranean from Sardinia to Cyprus.
Pygmy elephant is the term applied to some species found today in parts of Asia and Africa. However ‘pygmy’ or ‘dwarf’ elephants could hardly be described as “largest and most voracious” of animals (Critias 115a).
However, there is general acceptance that the North African Elephant inhabited the Atlas Mountains until they became extinct in Roman times(b)(e). Atlantis sceptic, Ronald H. Fritze, an Atlantis sceptic, acknowledges[709.25] the existence of elephants in North Africa until the Romans.
The species of elephant used by Hannibal has been a source of debate for years(c). The Numidians of North Africa (202 BC–46 BC) also used local elephants in warfare (d). It would seem to me that the North African Elephant, rather than the Asian or African species, would have been more suited to the trek across the Alps. Needless to say the Atlas Mountains were part of the Atlantean sphere of influence (Timaeus 25a-b).
Eckart Kahlhofer believes that the elephants referred to by Plato were in fact deer, claiming that a scribal error resulted in the Greek word elaphos (deer) being transcribed as elephas (elephant).
R. Cedric Leonard has written an interesting paper(a) on the early domestication of animals and its possible connection with Atlantis.
Meropes, according to Ignatius Donnelly, was the name applied by the classical writer Theopompus to the inhabitants of Atlantis. This reference is to be found in the works of Aelian (Bk III, Chap. XVIII) that in fact does not mention Atlantis but refers to a huge distant continent that may in fact, as some speculate, have been an early reference to America. Peter James also supports[047.293] this view of Meropes being ‘an oblique reference to Atlantis’ .
The Greek historian Strabo wrote (Book VII) of an island with an advanced culture called Meropis and its inhabitants Meropes. He also supported the reality of Plato’s Atlantis story.
Jean Gattefossé contended that the Atlas Mountains of North Africa were also known as the Meros. He believed that these mountains had previously bounded a large inland sea that has been referred to as both the Meropic and Atlantic Sea.
*Frank Joseph has speculated that “Merope was probably the name of an allied kingdom or colony of the Atlantean Empire in coastal North Africa, perhaps, occupying the southern half of present-day Morocco” [104.186].
In 1898, the American novelist, H.H. Buckman (1858-1914), published Merope or The Destruction of Atlantis , which uses a fictional account of the final days of Atlantis as a backdrop to what is classified by some to be an early example of science fiction.*
Meropes is also an ancient name for the inhabitants of the Greek island of Kos.
Jean-Baptiste Izouard Delisle de Sales (1741-1816) was a French philosopher who ventured into the dangerous waters of speculative atlantology with the idea that Atlantis had been originally situated in the Caucasus. In volume 3 of his multi-volume work, Histoire nouvelle de tous les peuples du monde ou Histoire des homes, he hypothesized that following a catastrophic flood in that region, refugees migrated east and west. Some ended up in the Atlas Mountains from where they got their name. Delisle de Sales believed that the Atlantis of Plato was situated between Italy and Carthage. This view was a consequence of identifying Homer’s Ogygia, the island of Calypso, with Atlantis. He then assumed that Sardinia was a remnant of this island.This led to his identification of the Gulf of Tunis as the location of the Pillars of Heracles. The original French text of Book III, which relates to Atlantis can be read online(a).
Delisle de Sales, writing in the 18th century cited an anonymous source who placed Atlantis in Taprobane, considered at the time to be a reference to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), not Dhani Irwanto’s Indonesian Kilmantan.
Michael Hissmann (1752-1784) who translated the first book of Delisle de Sales’ Histoire into German added his own commentary that supported an Atlantic location for Atlantis.
It is worth noting that Delisle de Sales included Fabre d’Olivet, the occultist, in his social circle.
Cro–Magnon Man, who emerged around 37,000 years ago, is often described as having a dome-shaped cranium and broad forehead and a brain capacity of 1,600 cc, which is greater than modern man. His skull has thick eyebrow projections and a bony protrusion at the back that is characteristic of both Neanderthal man and Homo erectus. Blavatsky(c), Sepehr(d) along with a number of investigators(e) have suggested that they may have been the original Atlanteans. They have pointed to the physical traits listed above together with blood grouping and linguistic similarities to be found in the same regions of Western Europe and North Africa.
Robert John Langdon also claims that “Cro-Magnon/Atlanteans colonised America” based on a study of blood group distribution(b).
Physical anthropology has identified the modern remnants of Cro-Magnon Man in the Berbers and Tuaregs of North Africa, the Basques of Northern Spain together with small population pockets in the Dordogne Valley and Brittany in France. The highest incidence of Rhesus-negative blood in the world is to be found among the Basques. Similar high levels of Rhesus-negative blood are to be found among the inhabitants of the Canaries and the Atlas Mountains of Morocco; areas where Cro-Magnons lived. This fact is seen as evidence for claiming that the Basques are directly descended from Cro-Magnon Man.
On the basis of skull shape, William Howells and Bertil Lundman have supported this view. The regions that were home to Cro-Magnon Man, in Upper Paleolithic times, were comparable with those occupied by their latter-day successors such as the now extinct Guanches of the Canaries and the Basques.
R. Cedric Leonard is probably the best known modern proponent of the Atlantean Cro-Magnon idea(f), refers to the work of Oliviera Martins, who in the 1930’s, pointed out that many of the Cro-Magnon people have given themselves distinguishing names with the suffix ’tani’ from the Mauritani of North Africa to the Bretani of Brittany and Britain. Leonard also insists that an analysis of the languages of these groups of people points to a relationship with each other, while being quite different to the other languages of Europe or the Near East. He thinks that it is quite possible that these ancient languages date back to the cultures of the Ice Age. Leonard also refers to what he calls “an anomalous Cro-Magnon/Atlantis outpost” in northern Palestine(a).
*Alexander Marshack (1918-2004) was an American journalist turned archaeologist, who, in the 1970’s, offered evidence that markings on a number of bones from the Upper Paleolithic were used as lunar calendars to mark the passage of time. Similar markings have been identified on the painted walls of the famous Cro-Magnon Lascaux caves in France(g).*
This combination of date, geographical spread, language and physical similarities offers a reasonable basis for postulating the idea of a coherent civilisation along the European and North African Atlantic seaboards and in the Atlantic itself, at the end of the last Ice Age that could be accommodated by one interpretation of Plato’s Atlantis. Lewis Spence was a supporter of this possibility.
(a) http://www.atlantisquest.com/Outpost.html (offline March 2018) See Archive 2260
The Atlas Mountains stretch for over 1,500 miles across the Maghreb of North-West Africa, from Morocco through Algeria to Tunisia. The origin of the name is unclear but seems to be generally accepted as having been named after the Titan.
Herodotus states (The Histories, Book IV. 42-43) that the inhabitants of ancient Mauretania (modern Morocco) were known as Atlantes and took their name from the nearby mount Atlas. Jean Gattefosse believed that the Atlas Mountains were also known as the Meros and that a large inland sea bounded by the range had been known as both the Meropic and the Atlantic Sea. Furthermore, he contended that Nysa had been a seaport on this inland sea.
*The Maghreb, or parts of it, have been identified as the location of Atlantis by a number of commentators. One, Ulrich Hofmann concluded his presentation to the 2005 Atlantis Conference with the comment that “based on Plato’s detailed description it can be concluded that Atlantis was most likely identical with the Maghreb.”[629.377] Furthermore, he has proposed that the Algerian Chott-el-Hodna has a ring structure deserving investigation.*
Gulf of Gabés on the eastern coast of Tunisia was formerly known as Syrtis Minor. Today is contains the Tunisian oil reserves and has the distinction of having one of the few significant tidal ranges (max. 8 feet) in the Mediterranean, which exposes extensive sandbanks at low tides(b).
Inland from the Gulf are the salt marshes or chotts that originally constituted an inland sea, possibly Lake Tritonis, connected with the Mediterranean but due to a seismic upheaval a ridge was created separating them from the outer sea. A comparable event was the 2011 Fukushima earthquake which moved the seafloor 16 meters vertically and 50 metres laterally(a).
In the 19th century François Roudaire proposed the cutting of a channel from the Gulf of Gabés to the chotts, recreating the former inland sea(c).
His plan was supported by Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805-1894), who developed the Suez Canal. However, when Roudaire surveyed the chott nearest the sea, Chott el-Djerid, he discovered that it was in fact lying significantly above sea level. This forced him to revise the scale of the plan, which in turn began the erosion of support for the project, which was eventually abandoned.
It is interesting that the idea of creating a vast inland sea in the Sahara has been been raised again(d) in the context of the current climate change, which, if unchecked, will raise sea levels dramatically. The objective of this new inland sea would be to partly offset this sea level rise.
Férréol Butavand was one of the first to locate Atlantis in the Gulf of Gabés. In 1929 Dr. Paul Borchardt, the German geographer, claimed to have located Atlantis between the chotts and the Gulf. Dr. Anton Mifsud has drawn attention to the writings of the Greek author, Palefatus of Paros, who stated (cap. 32) that the Columns of Heracles were located close to the island of Kerkenna at the western end of Syrtis Minor.
Alberto Arecchi has built on the earlier work of Butavand and places Atlantis firmly in the Gulf(e) when sea levels were much lower as a result of an isthmus separating Eastern from Western Mediterranean.
George Sarantitis delivered three papers to the 2008 Atlantis Conference also locating the Pillars of Heracles in the Gulf of Gabés, which led to the ‘Atlantic Sea in modern Tunisia and Algeria, south of the Atlas Mountains and the site of Atlantis.
(d) Emancipatory Oceanic Macro-engineering Richard B. Cathcart (See Archive 5079)
Carl Friedrich Baër was Swedish, but lived in Paris where he was pastor at the Lutheran chapel in the Swedish embassy (1742-1784). He believed that Plato’s Atlantis story was a corruption of Bible history and that in fact Atlantis was located in the Holy Land. He went further and attempted to link the twelve tribes of Israel with the ten kings of the Atlantean federation. On one of the maps in his book, first published in 1762, he placed the Atlas Mountains in modern Yemen and has the Red Sea named as Mare Atlanticum, presaging the more recent work of Jaime Manuschevich. Furthermore, Baër links the destruction of Atlantis with the biblical story of the demise of Sodom and Gomorrah.
His book, in French, can now be read or downloaded online(a).
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Cycles of democracy?
August 6, 2011 - Harry Eagar
Many years ago, while reading Allan Nevins' histories of the period after the Civil War, I was startled by his suggestion that the war might have been avoided had the voters not elected four consecutive bums as president in the years before 1860.
Now, the streak of bums started just about 60 years after elections began, and while I did not think of it at the time, 60 years after Lincoln, voters returned another string of bums, starting with Harding, that culminated in another disaster, the Depression, and the election of another of your best presidents.
When I was reading Nevins, in the early '70s, we hzd not yet gotten 60 years past FDR, but you know what happened when we did: another string of bums, starting with Reagan and leading to another calamity – several, in fact, including a humiliating defeat in Iraq and another disastrous economic crash. But, not, this time, followed by the election of a great national leader supported by a committed Congress.
Well, it might be too early in the brief history of democracy to declare that there is a 60-year cycle of what amounts to a nervous breakdown in the electorate, but it makes you think, doesn't it?
The breakdown doesn't happen just in the national elections. In these low episodes there seems to be a matching outbreak of crackpottery in the states, from Robert Rhett in what we might call Bad Decade I, to Ma Ferguson in Bad Decade II, to Jesse Ventura in Bad Decade III.
Bad Decade III is turning into something akin to Bad Generation. BG is not, so far, as bad as the Civil War or the Great Depression, but it is notable that BG was introduced by and in the name of unbridled property rights and small and unreactive government.
Not even a Lincoln or a Roosevelt was able to restore political order; the most either could do was mitigate the excesses of wealthy antidemocrats.
Congress is as incompetent and corrupt as it was in the 1850s or 1920s, and in 2012, American voters are going to be presented with, at least, a disaster overseas as Iran reaps the rewards of Incurious George's failed foreign wars, and, perhaps, a disaster at home as the Tea Party succeeds in its goal of kneecapping government and wrecking the private economy beyond hope of repair.
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Undertaking research can sometimes be difficult, you might not know where to start, or you might have run out of places to look for information.
Here you will be able to find out where to locate useful documents that cover the Lincolnshire Wolds area for your research.
Your local library will have a certain amount of information and documents that may be of use to your research. Unlike the archives you often do not need to book and you can view these materials on the day you want to go.
The first and usually most comprehensive ports of call when researching is the County Records Office and Archives in Lincoln. Don't forget you will have to call and book with the archives before you go along. If you are in North East Lincolnshire, you will have to visit the North East Lincolnshire Archives, which is based at the Town Hall in Grimsby
Volume II of the Victoria County History of Lincolnshire is also available online. This contains information of the religious houses and parishes in the Medieval period.
There is a vast array of historical information about the Lincolnshire Wolds on the internet. Books such as Arthur Young's General View of the Agriculture of Lincolnshire (1799), or the Review of the Corrected Agricultural Survey of Lincolnshire (1799) by Thomas Stone have been uploaded to Google Books and are free to view in their full extent.
Heritage Lincolnshire has a wealth of learning resources on their website Heritage Lincolnshire
Other sites have searchable, online versions of White's and Kelly's Directories from the 19th and 20th centuries. White's and Kelly's directories are comprehensive accounts of each village, town and city in the county and were done across the country. They are sorted alphabetically and date back to 1808. They contained information such as what day the postman would be coming, who the local Vicar was, how many public houses there were and how many people lived there.
Excerpts from travel writers who have passed through Lincolnshire and old maps can be found online at the A Vision of Britain site. You can also find various old maps including the First Edition OS Maps, as well as War Office Maps
Slightly more difficult to find, but out there none the less are these older maps of Lincolnshire for example the Gough Map that dates to the Medieval period and has been digitized by Oxford University. A range of maps from 1610 through to 1922 can also be found here.
Heritage Spotters' Handbook! Is a quick and easy guide produced by Down Your Wold (DYW) project:
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Although many people aim to avoid pesticides in their produce, the line between “safe” and “unsafe” foods is anything but clear. The Environmental Working Group (EWG) is striving to help consumers find that line with the 2018 Shopper’s Guide to Pesticides in Produce. Grounded in the belief that most people should be eating better fruits and vegetables, the guide will help you choose the foods that put you at the lowest risk of pesticide contamination.
The EWG tested thousands of produce samples, discovering 230 different pesticides and trace agricultural chemicals, and dramatic differences in the toxin loads of different fruits and vegetables. For instance, more than 98 percent of the sampled strawberries, cherries, and apples tested positive for at least one kind of pesticide, but less than 1 percent of avocados and sweet corn samples were contaminated. Spinach is also surprisingly loaded with pesticides; samples showed it contained almost twice the pesticide residue per weight as other crops.
This year’s publication also addresses the assumption that washing or peeling conventionally grown produce eliminates all traces of pesticide residue. In fact, over 70 percent of the sampled produce remained contaminated after washing or peeling.
While some readers might see these findings as a reason to avoid eating fresh fruits and vegetables altogether, the EWG guide offers a better solution. It defines the “Dirty Dozen” products that are best bought organic, and the “Clean Fifteen” crops that rarely have detectable pesticide residues. Shoppers can use the guide to fill up on produce in the healthiest ways that are realistic for their lifestyles.
The EWG has produced consumer guidelines since 1995, in light of increasing understanding of the dangers pesticides pose to health. A landmark report from the National Academy of Sciences, published in 1993, drew attention to the risks of children being exposed to agricultural pesticides through their diets. While researchers agree that parents shouldn’t prevent children from eating fresh produce, prolonged exposure to these chemicals was found to lead to later health risks. For instance, chlorpyrifos, an insecticide applied to apples, peaches, peppers, and other produce, is a known neurotoxin that can harm developing brains and nervous systems.
Other studies have confirmed these concerns about pesticides. A report from the Harvard School of Public Health identified an association between tainted produce and fertility issues. Women who consumed two or more servings of contaminated produce each day were 25 percent less likely to have a successful pregnancy, and men who ate similar amounts had lower-quality sperm. Studies such as these raise concerns about other health conditions that might be linked to pesticide residue in our foods.
The EWG encourages shoppers to educate themselves so they can make smart decisions about the chemicals they consume. Because it appears that even trace amounts of pesticides can cause problems over time for human bodies, it’s never been more important to be informed.
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The first law of motion
It was during a sermon that the pastor briefly mentioned Sir Isaac Newton and his laws of motion. Immediately, my thoughts took a detour and I started thinking about the implications on children’s ministry. (Missed a few minutes of the sermon, but I did get back on track.) Newton’s Laws of Motion made a connection that I think can help us retain some important concepts. Let’s look at what Isaac Newton has to say about children’s ministry.
Newton’s first law of motion: An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an outside force. And, an object in motion will continue in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an outside force.
An object, such as a rock, is content to stay right where it is. Likewise, people are content to stay right where they are. Seems that we have a lot in common with rocks! They’re both at rest and are perfectly fine with it. According to Newton, the only way to get them (the rock or the person) to start moving is to apply a little outside force. You can kick the rock, pick it up and throw it, or hit it with a stick. You could also do that to a person to get them to physically move, but I wouldn’t suggest it. But, in order to get children’s ministry volunteers (or professionals, for that matter) to move out of their place of rest, some kind of outside force needs to be applied; otherwise, they’ll be content to stay right where they are, doing exactly what they’re doing.
So, if your ministry is at rest, what are some of the “outside forces” we can apply to prevent it from remaining at rest?
A Fresh Vision. “Do I have to draw you a picture?” is usually a question accompanying frustration, but it’s a critical step to get the ministry that finds itself at rest out of that state of rest and into a state of motion. Draw your volunteers a picture. Help them see what you see. Help them envision the potential. Describe what you picture your children’s ministry and your church looking like in six months … a year … 3 years.
You can do this with descriptive words, but using actual pictures, visuals, charts, and designs is like moving from a little megaphone to a state-of-the-art sound system. Your vision and message come across loud and clear. We all basically think in pictures, not words. When you think about an experience you’ve had, you don’t recall the caption in the photo album; you recall the picture. When you’re planning a vacation, you don’t see the brochure description in your mind; you think about the pictures of the beach, museum, and scenery.
Draw a new picture … present a fresh vision … and the ministry at rest will move.
Communicate the Importance of What They are Doing. After years in children’s ministry, you’re fully aware of how important investing in kids is. But, the average person, your new volunteer, has no idea. They don’t realize that the majority of people make life decisions to follow Christ when they’re children. They don’t realize that moral foundations and belief systems are being set for life before a child moves into the youth group. They don’t realize that preschoolers 3-years-old through 5-years-old take in more information in that 3-year period than during any other time in their lives. They don’t realize that this is far beyond child care; real worship, real learning, real life-change is happening in children’s ministry. Continually communicate the importance of seriously investing in children and what was at rest will take on motion.
Education. We’re way too guilty of recruiting a wonderful volunteer and then handing them a curriculum packet, walking away, without giving them any explanation. More than likely, this is someone who has never worked with a curriculum … and believe it or not, it’s not like casually reading a magazine.
Excitedly walk through a curriculum with a new volunteer, pointing out wonderful opportunities to have fun with the kids and build relationships. Show them how they can do both of those things while taking the kids deep into God’s Word and introducing them to the importance of living a life of obedience to the Lord. You’ve just provided an outside force that will move your children’s ministry to a new level.
Create a Team Environment. Just because you have a good number of people volunteering in children’s ministry doesn’t mean you have created a team environment. You could simply have a lot of separate people doing their thing without any knowledge of what others are doing or without a relationship with them. Individuals working as an island tend to stay at rest. After all, isn’t resting what you do on an island? Teams tend to make it happen. Teams create motion.
Teams feed off one another. They share ideas. They talk through ways to handle difficult situations or challenging students. They pray for one another and have relationships that go beyond their position of leading a specific group of kids. They inspire one another to be better teachers. They hold one another accountable. And, they can’t do any of that without actually being together.
Find ways for your volunteers to “be” together. Get to know one another more than a surface “Good morning” … become a team … and you’ll have that outside force that will take a group of people from rest to motion.
Provide New Resources and a Fresh Environment. So often, the children’s ministry has the worst carpeting, the same “Sunday School green” walls from the 1950s, broken equipment, and cluttered cabinets containing odds and ends that have been there for 30 years. Don’t deny it … you know what I’m talking about! That environment doesn’t provide a whole lot of motivation. It doesn’t say that the church values kids or their leaders.
Recently, I witnessed a small church that was in the aforementioned state get a new young lead pastor who valued children’s ministry. Immediately upon taking the position, he insisted that the children’s area be refreshed. A few simple changes were made—one wall was removed, rooms were painted, clutter removed by the dumpster load, monitors installed, and carpet squares put down. It so motivated the people who volunteered in children’s ministry that you’d hardly recognize it’s the same group. Freshening up the environment took a children’s ministry that was at rest and became the outside force that moved it into motion.
There are other things that can help cause movement, but let’s look at the other half of that first law of motion: things that are in motion tend to stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force. You see, it goes both ways. Basically, objects want to continue doing whatever it is that they’re doing. If they’re resting, they want to keep resting. If they’re moving, they want to keep moving. It’s the outside forces that determine what happens. It’s the same with ministries and the people who make them up. If a ministry has always been done this way, and there’s little effort to maintain that, then everybody’s happy. But, if it’s moving and affecting children and their families, then no one’s happy unless it continues to do that. Both can be changed by an outside force.
When you throw a rock, it would like to keep soring through the air … on and on and on. But, other forces act upon it and keep it from continuing in the direction it was headed. The air slows it down. A tree gets in the way. It hits a window! And so it is with children’s ministry. Everything can be in place. Children are excited about being at church and are inviting their friends. You’re seeing kids make life-changing commitments and anxious to grow in their faith. Volunteers are happy and motivated. Parents are realizing that they are the spiritual leaders of their children. All is well with the ministry world … until a tree gets in the way. Until tension arises between some parents. Until several key leaders have job changes and move away suddenly. Until funds are drastically cut. Until church staff changes. Until someone gets a bad attitude.
The role of the leader is to be on the lookout for those outside forces that will try to change the forward movement. Here are a few ways you can prevent outside forces from altering the ministry motion.
Constantly Recruit. Never feel like you have arrived and that you have every position filled. You are never done. You will only be comfortable for a week … maybe two. If you’re constantly recruiting, then the moment someone has to step down, for whatever reason, you have trained and available people in the bullpen. A situation that is potentially an outside force that will change the forward motion has been eliminated.
Address Conflict Immediately. Too often, we think if we just leave it alone, it will go away. Usually doesn’t. Avoiding a situation is a risky thing to do. Something fans the flames more often than it dying down. When you approach someone with an attitude and admission that you’re sensing some tension and want to make sure that everything is okay, you provide a healthy outlet for them to present their grievances and talk through the issue. When something gets infected, you want to get on it quick; otherwise, the doctor’s visits aren’t pleasant. Leaders are anxious to resolve conflict and get that outside force out of the way so forward motion can continue.
Don’t Allow Yourself to Be Drawn In. When discouragement comes because of lagging church finances or staffing changes, don’t allow yourself to take on a let-down attitude the church may be experiencing. Speak words of encouragement. Turn up the dial on your creativity and think of ways that the same caliber of ministry can take place with a smaller budget. Be the one who still sees the vision in spite of the obstacles. Push aside that outside force that may be trying to impede your movement.
Newton knew physics and really had no clue about children’s ministry. Thinking about his laws of motion, though, and contemplating their implications for a healthy children’s ministry can be enlightening.
Some speak of God as an “outside force”, but I’m so glad that He isn’t. I’m glad that the Holy Spirit is personal and intimate. But, I’m also glad that through prayer and obedience, the Holy Spirit can kick us in the pants when we need to stop resting and also be the One who can move obstacles out of the way that threaten the work for the Kingdom.
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What is calcium?
Calcium is an essential mineral that is also one of the most abundant minerals in the natural world. This mineral molecule is found attached to other chemical elements, depending on where it is sourced. Calcium is absorbed in the intestine with the help of vitamin D.1
Why is calcium so important?
Just like in the natural environment where calcium is found in hard materials such as shells and coral, calcium in the human body helps to give strength and structure to body tissues, especially bones and teeth.
Calcium is also an electrolyte - electrolytes are responsible for making sure the muscles and nerves maintain a healthy function, among many other roles.2
Getting enough calcium, along with a healthy diet and exercise, has been shown to reduce the risk of developing osteoporosis (bone loss) later in life.3
When it comes to how you get your calcium, bioavailability is the biggest factor. Calcium may be available as a high-dose supplement but is often attached to poor-quality compounds that prevent its absorption in the digestive tract.
Eimele’s source of calcium is the naturally occurring calcium carbonate. Calcium carbonate contains the highest amount of elemental calcium, as well as a higher bioavailability than many other forms of calcium on the market.4
It’s important to take into account your individual needs (i.e. diet, health conditions or risks, medications, etc) when considering how much calcium you should be getting.4 Unfortunately, since it’s difficult to get an accurate test result for calcium deficiency, many people aren’t aware their calcium levels may be dropping.
The recommended daily intake (RDI) below is a good guideline - aim for this amount or higher through eating calcium-rich foods and including a supplement where necessary.
Men 19-70 years 1,000mg/day
Men 70+ years 1,300mg/day
Women 19-50 years 1,000mg/day
Women 51-70 years 1,300mg/day
Women 70+ years 1,300mg/day
Pregnancy & lactation 1,000mg/day
Why do you need to supplement calcium?
As an essential mineral, calcium needs to be regularly replaced through dietary sources. However, unlike some other essential minerals, the body does store calcium. Calcium stores can be pulled from the bones and used for other needs if dietary calcium intake is low. Eventually, this will lead to a clinical calcium deficiency, resulting in symptoms such as weak bones and teeth.5
Calcium can be found in a range of animal and plant sources. As a large molecule, however, calcium can be difficult to digest. A number of factors can impact calcium absorption - including health conditions involving the digestive tract, high caffeine consumption, certain medications, and low serum vitamin D levels.1,4,5
Interesting facts about calcium
- The average human body contains around 1kg of calcium - 99% of that is stored in the skeleton.6
- Calcium is abundant in plant sources, but with another hurdle to absorption - two compounds also found in plants called oxalic acid and phytic acid. These plant compounds or ‘anti-nutrients’ block the absorption of minerals such as calcium, iron and zinc.7
- Zhang, R. & Naughton, D.P. (2010). Vitamin D in health and disease: current perspectives. Nutrition Journal, 9(65).
- Shrimanker, I. & Bhattarai, S. Electrolytes. Updated July 2021 in Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
- National Health and Medical Research Council. Calcium. Updated April 2014, accessed July 2022 from https://www.nrv.gov.au/nutrients/calcium
- Harvard School of Public Health. Calcium. Accessed July 2022 from https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/calcium
- Medline Plus. Calcium and bones. Accessed July 2022 from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002062.htm
- Pu, F., Chen, N. & Xue, S. (2016). Calcium intake, calcium homeostasis and health. Food Science and Human Wellness, 5(1):8-16.
- Akter, S., Netzel, M., Tinggi, U., Fletcher, M., Osbourne, S., et al. (2020). Interactions between phytochemicals and minerals in Terminalia ferdinandiana and implications for mineral bioavailability. Front Nutr, 7:598219.
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Our junior high newspaper called him the “founder of love,” but I wouldn’t go that far — though, perhaps more than most, he practiced what he preached.
We celebrate his day next week on Feb. 14.
Valentinus, known to all as Saint Valentine, lived during the third century way back in the 200s. His name is associated with the tradition of courtly love.
St. Valentine was a priest and later bishop. He was born and raised in Interamna. As it turned out his life would end there as well.
He loved God and His people. He was an advocate of the three magic words asked of us: “love one another.” He was eager to hear and support anyone who was in love.
During the reign of Claudius II, known as Claudius Gothicus, Valentine ran into trouble. In those days, it was illegal to profess Christianity at all.
Valentine, not following governmental instruction, was put into the custody of an aristocrat named Asterius. Legend says that Asterius made the mistake of letting the preacher talk. Valentine went on about the light of Christ and Asterius listened intently as he had a daughter who was blind.
Asterius made a deal with Valentine — if Valentine could cure his daughter of blindness, he would convert to Christianity.
Valentine put his hands over the girl’s eyes and chanted, “Lord Jesus Christ, enlighten your handmaid, because you are God, the True Light.”
The child could see. Asterius and his family were baptized. But the Emperor ordered them to be executed.
Valentine went even further and as a pastor performed wedding ceremonies — which were also illegal. At the time, the emperor proclaimed that there would be no romantic love going on because it weakened the Roman warriors. Thus, no weddings.
This was an odd way to promote military service, especially building the next generation, but I digress.
Valentine ran afoul of these laws and not only preached the Gospel, he actively performed the Sacrament of Marriage for couples who wanted to get hitched. This brought him into direct conflict with government authorities. He was arrested, jailed and tortured.
Claudius took a liking to this prisoner at first — until Valentinus tried to convert the Emperor. Infuriated, the priest was condemned to death.
He was beaten with clubs and stones. When that failed to kill him, he was beheaded outside the Flaminian Gate (Via Flaminia) on Feb. 14, 269 A.D.
There are relics that survive to this day. In 1836, renowned Irish priest Fr. John Spratt was given a small vessel tinged with Valentine’s blood by Pope Gregory XVI. This reliquary can be seen today in Whitefriar Street Church in Dublin, Ireland.
Other relics of Valentine may be found at Roquemaure in France; Stephansdom in Vienna; Balzan in Malta; and Glasgow, Scotland. His corpse is located at a church in Birmingham, England.
St. Valentine gave his life so others could love — that is a story that should sound very familiar to anyone who has studied Christianity.
Happy Valentine’s Day!
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What Are Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs?
Hallucinogens are a class of drugs that cause hallucinations—profound distortions in a person’s perceptions of reality. Hallucinogens can be found in some plants and mushrooms (or their extracts) or can be man-made, and they are commonly divided into two broad categories: classic hallucinogens (such as LSD) and dissociative drugs (such as PCP). When under the influence of either type of drug, people often report experiencing rapid, intense emotional swings and seeing images, hearing sounds, and feeling sensations that seem real but are not.
While the exact mechanisms by which hallucinogens and dissociative drugs cause their effects are not yet clearly understood, research suggests that they work at least partially by temporarily disrupting communication between neurotransmitter systems throughout the brain and spinal cord that regulate mood, sensory perception, sleep, hunger, body temperature, sexual behavior, and muscle control.
Cite this article
AP style citation
National Institute of Drug Abuse (2014). What Are Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs?. In Hallucinogens and Dissociative Drugs. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/hallucinogens-dissociative-drugs/what-are-hallucinogens
This series of reports simplifies the science of research findings for the educated lay public, legislators, educational groups, and practitioners. The series reports on research findings of national interest.
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1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data Complete the truth table for the following http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/image_cache/httpwww.freeimagehosting.netuploadsd537e2dd9a.jpg [Broken] 2. Relevant equations JK Flip Flop Characteristic Table D Flip Flop Characteristic Table 3. The attempt at a solution I understand how to make truth tables for logic circuits and I know the characteristic tables. But what is really stumping me is the AND gate that go to the JK Flip flop. It seems to me that whenever x and A are put together in the AND gate, it will always be zero except for the two entries where A and X are equal to one. I have the solutions manual and my answer is incorrect. It has 1's in row 2 and 4 but I have absolutely no idea how. Here is what I have down just for the A column. A B X A(t+1) B(t+1) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Any help and/or explanation would be very much appreciated, my final is on Wednesday and I want to get this topic rock solid in my head.
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From a very early age, children need to develop their creativity. They need to exercise all of their muscles and use all of their senses. Their brains need to make neurological connections. By doing these things they will learn language faster and develop intelligence. They’ll begin to understand social skills and hand-eye coordination. These are all things they need to grow into a healthy adult.
Nowadays, children are too often sat in front of screens. TVs, laptops and tablets equire only a small percentage of brain capacity and exercise very few muscles. There are some excellent virtual games out there that help children to develop. However, it’s no substitution for getting the kids outside in the open. Here are a few tricks you can use to help.
Create Imaginary Games
Pull them away from virtual games and into real life games. Kids love to use their imagination and they’ll thrive with imaginary quests and stories. Their brains will develop faster if they create the story, rather than following a pre-set structure on a video game. You can give them the first concept and then let them run away with it.
Maybe you’re a pirate and they are Peter Pan. They have to chase you over the seven seas (the garden lawn). Perhaps the patio is the moon and you’ve travelled to space together. Set the scene and let them create the story. This isn’t limited to younger children, encourage your teens to sit outside with a book.
Toys and Props
No imaginary game is complete without props or toys. Keep a box of toys for the garden use only. You can have an indoor toy box too. Keep them separate so if they want to play pirates with the pirate hat, they have to go outside. For younger children have a variety of small toys they can play with. They don’t have to be complex, young children can become obsessed with any small objects as they figure out how to hold and move it around. It helps them develop their motor skills.
TVs are good in moderation. So why not have one outside rather than inside. They can watch their favourite shows, but still breathe in the outdoor air. It’ll get them more accustomed to the outdoors. If you make it a treat for the end of the day, they’ll much rather stay outside than go in. Make sure you get a weatherproof enclosure at thetvshield.com/enclosures.
Take Them On Walks
Take advantage of your local area. Walk to the shops or the library with them. Don’t use the car unless you have to. Let them enjoy the outdoors, chase leaves and pigeons. Let them create games and ask questions. They won’t learn anything about nature from the back seat. Take a picnic to the park. A change of scenery will really stimulate your child as long as you keep them entertained.
Don’t be afraid of the outdoors. Kids will grow stronger and healthier the more they are exposed to it. They will develop neurological connections faster which will increase their intelligence. The outdoors is a better environment for their imagination. Encourage it, and limit the laptop and tablet time.
Thanks to barclakj for the image.
This article was provided by Kayaking Plus Blog
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- Seed sunflowers directly outside in the full sun spot in your garden 2 weeks before the last frost danger in your area.
- Water seedlings periodically, once a week is good enough.
- Fertilize plants with organic fertilizer every 2-3 weeks. Sunflowers grow very fast and reach 5-6 feet height - they will require lots of nutrition from soil.
- Other than the above steps, sunflowers require no special care and grow happily by themselves. They attract many natural pollinators (bees, butterflies, humming birds) to your garden, so you may find that other vegetables and fruits produce more harvest when they have sunflowers grow nearby.
- You will know when your sunflowers are ripe: the head stops moving around following the Sun - now they always look downwards, and the head becomes yellow or brown. Check the flower head - the seeds start forming and getting fuller. If you grow sunflower to eat seeds yourself, then you better protect them from birds and squirrels - they love sunflower seeds too. You can put any kind of mesh around the sunflower head - they can stand like that until frost and only become better.
- Harvest sunflower seed: cut the plant's head off the stem. Seeds will easily get out of their seats if you just gently rub your hand over them.
- Sunflower seeds contain lots of good healthy stuff, and are yummy if you dry them first, then roast a bit on a dry frying pan for several minutes.
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What is Deflation and What Causes it to Occur?
Defining Inflation and Deflation
Webster's says, "Inflation is an increase in the volume of money and credit relative to available goods," and "Deflation is a contraction in the volume of money and credit relative to available goods." To understand inflation and deflation, we have to understand the terms money and credit. Defining Money and Credit Money is a socially accepted medium of exchange, value storage and final payment. A specified amount of that medium also serves as a unit of account.
According to its two financial definitions, credit may be summarized as a right to access money. Credit can be held by the owner of the money, in the form of a warehouse receipt for a money deposit, which today is a checking account at a bank. Credit can also be transferred by the owner or by the owner's custodial institution to a borrower in exchange for a fee or fees - called interest - as specified in a repayment contract called a bond, note, bill or just plain IOU, which is debt. In today's economy, most credit is lent, so people often use the terms "credit" and "debt" interchangeably, as money lent by one entity is simultaneously money borrowed by another.
Price Effects of Inflation and Deflation
When the volume of money and credit rises relative to the volume of goods available, the relative value of each unit of money falls, making prices for goods generally rise. When the volume of money and credit falls relative to the volume of goods available, the relative value of each unit of money rises, making prices of goods generally fall. Though many people find it difficult to do, the proper way to conceive of these changes is that the value of units of money are rising and falling, not the values of goods.
The most common misunderstanding about inflation and deflation - echoed even by some renowned economists - is the idea that inflation is rising prices and deflation is falling prices. General price changes, though, are simply effects.
The price effects of inflation can occur in goods, which most people recognize as relating to inflation, or in investment assets, which people do not generally recognize as relating to inflation. The inflation of the 1970s induced dramatic price rises in gold, silver and commodities. The inflation of the 1980s and 1990s induced dramatic price rises in stock certificates and real estate. This difference in effect is due to differences in the social psychology that accompanies inflation and disinflation, respectively.
The price effects of deflation are simpler. They tend to occur across the board, in goods and investment assets simultaneously.
The Primary Precondition of Deflation
Deflation requires a precondition: a major societal buildup in the extension of credit (and its flip side, the assumption of debt). Austrian economists Ludwig von Mises and Friedrich Hayek warned of the consequences of credit expansion, as have a handful of other economists, who today are mostly ignored. Bank credit and Elliott wave expert Hamilton Bolton, in a 1957 letter, summarized his observations this way:
In reading a history of major depressions in the U.S. from 1830 on, I was impressed with the following:
(a) All were set off by a deflation of excess credit. This was the one factor in common.
(b) Sometimes the excess-of-credit situation seemed to last years before the bubble broke.
(c) Some outside event, such as a major failure, brought the thing to a head, but the signs were visible many months, and in some cases years, in advance.
(d) None was ever quite like the last, so that the public was always fooled thereby.
(e) Some panics occurred under great government surpluses of revenue (1837, for instance) and some under great government deficits.
(f) Credit is credit, whether non-self-liquidating or self-liquidating.
(g) Deflation of non-self-liquidating credit usually produces the greater slumps.
Self-liquidating credit is a loan that is paid back, with interest, in a moderately short time from production. Production facilitated by the loan - for business start-up or expansion, for example - generates the financial return that makes repayment possible. The full transaction adds value to the economy.
Non-self-liquidating credit is a loan that is not tied to production and tends to stay in the system. When financial institutions lend for consumer purchases such as cars, boats or homes, or for speculations such as the purchase of stock certificates, no production effort is tied to the loan. Interest payments on such loans stress some other source of income. Contrary to nearly ubiquitous belief, such lending is almost always counter-productive; it adds costs to the economy, not value. If someone needs a cheap car to get to work, then a loan to buy it adds value to the economy; if someone wants a new SUV to consume, then a loan to buy it does not add value to the economy. Advocates claim that such loans "stimulate production," but they ignore the cost of the required debt service, which burdens production. They also ignore the subtle deterioration in the quality of spending choices due to the shift of buying power from people who have demonstrated a superior ability to invest or produce (creditors) to those who have demonstrated primarily a superior ability to consume (debtors). Near the end of a major expansion, few creditors expect default, which is why they lend freely to weak borrowers. Few borrowers expect their fortunes to change, which is why they borrow freely. Deflation involves a substantial amount of involuntary debt liquidation because almost no one expects deflation before it starts.
What Triggers the Change to Deflation?
A trend of credit expansion has two components: the general willingness to lend and borrow and the general ability of borrowers to pay interest and principal. These components depend respectively upon (1) the trend of people’s confidence, i.e., whether both creditors and debtors think that debtors will be able to pay, and (2) the trend of production, which makes it either easier or harder in actuality for debtors to pay. So as long as confidence and production increase, the supply of credit tends to expand. The expansion of credit ends when the desire or ability to sustain the trend can no longer be maintained. As confidence and production decrease, the supply of credit contracts.
The psychological aspect of deflation and depression cannot be overstated. When the social mood trend changes from optimism to pessimism, creditors, debtors, producers and consumers change their primary orientation from expansion to conservation. As creditors become more conservative, they slow their lending. As debtors and potential debtors become more conservative, they borrow less or not at all. As producers become more conservative, they reduce expansion plans. As consumers become more conservative, they save more and spend less. These behaviors reduce the "velocity" of money, i.e., the speed with which it circulates to make purchases, thus putting downside pressure on prices. These forces reverse the former trend.
The structural aspect of deflation and depression is also crucial. The ability of the financial system to sustain increasing levels of credit rests upon a vibrant economy. At some point, a rising debt level requires so much energy to sustain - in terms of meeting interest payments, monitoring credit ratings, chasing delinquent borrowers and writing off bad loans - that it slows overall economic performance. A high-debt situation becomes unsustainable when the rate of economic growth falls beneath the prevailing rate of interest on money owed and creditors refuse to underwrite the interest payments with more credit.
When the burden becomes too great for the economy to support and the trend reverses, reductions in lending, spending and production cause debtors to earn less money with which to pay off their debts, so defaults rise. Default and fear of default exacerbate the new trend in psychology, which in turn causes creditors to reduce lending further. A downward " spiral" begins, feeding on pessimism just as the previous boom fed on optimism. The resulting cascade of debt liquidation is a deflationary crash. Debts are retired by paying them off, " restructuring" or default. In the first case, no value is lost; in the second, some value; in the third, all value. In desperately trying to raise cash to pay off loans, borrowers bring all kinds of assets to market, including stocks, bonds, commodities and real estate, causing their prices to plummet. The process ends only after the supply of credit falls to a level at which it is collateralized acceptably to the surviving creditors.
Who benefits from Deflation?
Obviously creditors benefit. They loaned money and are getting paid back with dollars that have a greater purchasing power. This scenario is distasteful to those with a "Robin Hood" mentality i.e. steal from the rich and give to the poor.
But Deflation (falling prices) also benefits low debt consumers and those on fixed incomes, because they receive a fixed number of dollars but can buy more with each dollar .
The periods in our history with the lowest inflation have also been when our Gross Domestic Product has grown the fastest in terms of "Real Dollars". (Real Dollars are measured after prices are adjusted for inflation or deflation).
In addition to encouraging fiscal responsibility on the part of consumers, low but stable inflation (or even deflation) is also good for the long term economy, because it allows producers to know their costs. This predictability allows producers to generate reliable profits which will eventually result in a strong healthy economy.
Inflation is bad for the economy because economies built upon debt and encouraging consumers to go further into debt eventually crumble of their own weight. As more and more consumers get over burdened by debt, they declare bankruptcy, introducing uncertainty to the creditors and robbing them of their rightful income.
Somehow it is difficult to feel compassion for the "rich creditors" but everyone with a bank account is a creditor. How would you like it if someone who owed you money failed to pay you back? Or you were never sure if you would be able to take your money out of the bank? What would this uncertainty do? You would probably be less likely to put money in. Banks feel the same way, if the chances of being repaid decrease they are less likely to make loans and that decreases the health of the overall economy.
Rapidly falling or rising inflation is usually a sign of a suffering economy with high unemployment and a lack of spending power (i.e. recession/ depression). But it is the change that is the problem not the altitude (or lack of it).
The Historical Inflation Rates show that even when we have had price deflation (falling prices) the country has been prosperous if the reason for the falling prices is that goods are being produced so economically that prices can fall and producers can still make a profit. This generally occurs after major productivity enhancements like the invention of the assembly line or the completion of the transcontinental railroad.
Disinflationary pressures in the late 1990s and early 2000s were most likely the result of cheap productive capacity in China and other former communist countries coupled with the deflationary forces of the 9/11 attack and the stock market crash.
Why Deflationary Crashes and Depressions Go Together
A deflationary crash is characterized in part by a persistent, sustained, deep, general decline in people's desire and ability to lend and borrow. A depression is characterized in part by a persistent, sustained, deep, general decline in production. Since a decline in production reduces debtors' means to repay and service debt, a depression supports deflation. Since a decline in credit reduces new investment in economic activity, deflation supports depression. Because both credit and production support prices for investment assets, their prices fall in a deflationary depression. As asset prices fall, people lose wealth, which reduces their ability to offer credit, service debt and support production. This mix of forces is self-reinforcing.
The U.S. has experienced two major deflationary depressions, which lasted from 1835 to 1842 and from 1929 to 1932 respectively. Each one followed a period of substantial credit expansion. Credit expansion schemes have always ended in bust. The credit expansion scheme fostered by worldwide central banking (see Chapter 10) is the greatest ever. The bust, however long it takes, will be commensurate. If my outlook is correct, the deflationary crash that lies ahead will be even bigger than the two largest such episodes of the past 200 years.
Financial Values Can Disappear
People seem to take for granted that financial values can be created endlessly seemingly out of nowhere and pile up to the moon. Turn the direction around and mention that financial values can disappear into nowhere, and they insist that it is not possible. "The money has to go somewhere...It just moves from stocks to bonds to money funds...It never goes away...For every buyer, there is a seller, so the money just changes hands." That is true of the money, just as it was all the way up, but it's not true of the values, which changed all the way up. Asset prices rise not because of "buying" per se, because indeed for every buyer, there is a seller. They rise because those transacting agree that their prices should be higher. All that everyone else - including those who own some of that asset and those who do not - need do is nothing. Conversely, for prices of assets to fall, it takes only one seller and one buyer who agree that the former value of an asset was too high. If no other bids are competing with that buyer's, then the value of the asset falls, and it falls for everyone who owns it. If a million other people own it, then their net worth goes down even though they did nothing. Two investors made it happen by transacting, and the rest of the investors made it happen by choosing not to disagree with their price. Financial values can disappear through a decrease in prices for any type of investment asset, including bonds, stocks and land.
Anyone who watches the stock or commodity markets closely has seen this phenomenon on a small scale many times. Whenever a market "gaps" up or down on an opening, it simply registers a new value on the first trade, which can be conducted by as few as two people. It did not take everyone's action to make it happen, just most people's inaction on the other side. In financial market "explosions" and panics, there are prices at which assets do not trade at all as they cascade from one trade to the next in great leaps.
A similar dynamic holds in the creation and destruction of credit. Let's suppose that a lender starts with a million dollars and the borrower starts with zero. Upon extending the loan, the borrower possesses the million dollars, yet the lender feels that he still owns the million dollars that he lent out. If anyone asks the lender what he is worth, he says, "a million dollars," and shows the note to prove it. Because of this conviction, there is, in the minds of the debtor and the creditor combined, two million dollars worth of value where before there was only one. When the lender calls in the debt and the borrower pays it, he gets back his million dollars. If the borrower can't pay it, the value of the note goes to zero. Either way, the extra value disappears. If the original lender sold his note for cash, then someone else down the line loses. In an actively traded bond market, the result of a sudden default is like a game of "hot potato": whoever holds it last loses. When the volume of credit is large, investors can perceive vast sums of money and value where in fact there are only repayment contracts, which are financial assets dependent upon consensus valuation and the ability of debtors to pay. IOUs can be issued indefinitely, but they have value only as long as their debtors can live up to them and only to the extent that people believe that they will.
The dynamics of value expansion and contraction explain why a bear market can bankrupt millions of people. At the peak of a credit expansion or a bull market, assets have been valued upward, and all participants are wealthy - both the people who sold the assets and the people who hold the assets. The latter group is far larger than the former, because the total supply of money has been relatively stable while the total value of financial assets has ballooned. When the market turns down, the dynamic goes into reverse. Only a very few owners of a collapsing financial asset trade it for money at 90 percent of peak value. Some others may get out at 80 percent, 50 percent or 30 percent of peak value. In each case, sellers are simply transforming the remaining future value losses to someone else. In a bear market, the vast, vast majority does nothing and gets stuck holding assets with low or non-existent valuations. The "million dollars" that a wealthy investor might have thought he had in his bond portfolio or at a stock's peak value can quite rapidly become $50,000 or $5000 or $50. The rest of it just disappears. You see, he never really had a million dollars; all he had was IOUs or stock certificates. The idea that it had a certain financial value was in his head and the heads of others who agreed. When the point of agreement changed, so did the value. Poof! Gone in a flash of aggregated neurons. This is exactly what happens to most investment assets in a period of deflation.
It would seem obvious that low inflation is good for consumers, because costs are not rising faster than their paychecks. But recently commentators have been saying that "Low inflation introduces uncertainty". This is nonsense.
During the high inflation "Eighties" I remember commentators saying "High Inflation introduces uncertainty". This is not quite true either. The truth is that steady inflation, if it can be relied upon to remain steady, does not introduce uncertainty. Changing (fluctuating) inflation rates is what introduces uncertainty.
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Indiana Epidemiology Newsletter
Jean Svendsen, RN
Chief Nurse Consultant
Tracy Powell, MPH
Advanced Analysis Epidemiologist
Staphylococcus aureus, or “staph”, is a common bacterium that lives on the human skin (armpit, groin, and genital areas) and in the nasal passageways of many people. Although staph bacteria are usually harmless, they can cause skin and soft tissue infections, such as pimples, boils, and cellulitis. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections in the U.S.
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is a strain of staph that is resistant to methicillin and other related antibiotics. The first reported U.S. outbreak of MRSA occurred in 1968 in a Boston hospital, seven years after the first reported case. Since MRSA can be resistant to several different antibiotics, infections can be difficult to treat.1
MRSA is most commonly associated with hospitalized patients, long-term care facilities, and healthcare workers (healthcare acquired or HA-MRSA). HA-MRSA infections have risen sharply in recent years. In the U.S. in 1972, HA-MRSA accounted for only 2 percent of all healthcare-acquired infections. reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Recent data show that HA-MRSA now accounts for 50-70 percent of healthcare-acquired infections.2
In the past several years, MRSA has emerged into the community, where its incidence has greatly increased.3 The CDC defines community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) as MRSA infections that are acquired by individuals who have not been hospitalized within the last year or had a medical procedure. Most CA-MRSA infections are seen as skin and soft tissue infections such as pimples, boils, abscesses, and cellulitis and occur in otherwise healthy people. MRSA skin infections often appear red, swollen, painful, and have a pus-like discharge. More serious infections may cause pneumonia and bone, bloodstream, or surgical wound infections.
In Indiana, most CA-MRSA cases originate in correctional facilities and competitive sports teams4 in high schools and colleges. Infections have been associated with direct skin-to-skin contact through cuts and abrasions and indirect contact, such as sharing contaminated sports equipment, towels, and clothing as well as crowded living conditions, and poor hygiene. Individual cases of MRSA are not reportable in Indiana, because the infection is so common. However, any suspected clusters or outbreaks are immediately reportable to local health departments for investigation.
As with any infectious disease, prevention is key. The CDC recommends the following practices to help prevent spreading staph or MRSA skin infections:
Clean your hands. Hand hygiene plays a vital role in reducing the transmission of infection. Wash hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after changing bandages or touching an infected wound.
Cover your wounds. Wounds that are draining or have pus should be covered with clean, dry bandages. Follow your healthcare provider’s instructions on proper wound care. Pus from infected wounds can contain staph and MRSA, so keeping the infection covered will help prevent the spread to others. Bandages or tape can be discarded in the regular trash.
Do not share personal items. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, washcloths, razors, clothing, or uniforms that may have had contact with infected wounds or bandages. Use hot water and laundry detergent to wash soiled sheets, towels, and clothing. Dry items in a clothes dryer on the hottest setting possible, rather than air-dry, to help kill bacteria.
Talk to your healthcare provider. Tell your healthcare providers who treat you that you have or have had a staph or MRSA skin infection. See your healthcare provider promptly if you have wounds that do not heal or appear red, swollen, draining, or painful.
You can learn more about MRSA by visiting the following Web sites:
ISDH MRSA Quick Facts
Barrett FF, McGehee RF Jr, Finland M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Boston City Hospital: bacteriologic and epidemiologic observation. New England Journal of Medicine 1968; 279:441-448.
Siegel JD, Rhinehart E, Jackson M, Chiarello L; Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Management of multi-drug resistant organisms in healthcare settings, 2006. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf (accessed September 19, 2007)
Chambers HF. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus? Emerging Infectious Disease 2001;7:178-82. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol7no2/chambers.htm (accessed September 19, 2007)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among competitive sports participants—Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000-2003. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2003;52:793-5. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5233a4.htm (accessed September 19, 2007)
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Think of a gene with two alleles, A or B. In diploid populations consisting of N individuals there are 2N copies of each gene. An individual can have two copies of the same allele or two different alleles. We can call the frequency of one allele p and the frequency of the other q. The Wright–Fisher model (named after Sewall ...
D) It tends to be reduced by the processes involved when diploid organisms produce gametes. ... Members of a population tend to be genetically more similar to each other than to members of other populations. 5. .... The outcome of the conflict between bacteria and bacteriophage at any point in time results from
Continued gene flow tends to decrease the diversity among populations, causing gene pools to become similar. Reduction or restriction of gene flow between populations is essential for the development of new species. ... Migration into or out of a population can breakdown genetic differences between populations.
Concept 23.1 Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution ... These discoveries helped reconcile Darwin's and Mendel's ideas and led to the birth of population genetics, the study of how populations change genetically over time. ..... Gene flow tends to reduce differences between populations.
Gene flow between isolated populations slows down their genetic drift from each other and reduces the power of natural selection to promote divergence between them. When there is a great deal of gene flow between populations, they tend to be similar; in this way, gene flow has a homogenizing effect. The opposite also ...
Mechanisms of evolution correspond to violations of different Hardy-Weinberg assumptions. They are: mutation .... [What is the difference between allele and genotype frequency?] .... Instead, populations tend to evolve: the allele frequencies of at least some of their genes change from one generation to the next. In fact ...
Genetic drift can have major effects when a population is sharply reduced in size by a natural disaster (bottleneck effect) or when a small group splits off from the main population to found a colony (founder effect). ... Although genetic drift happens in populations of all sizes, its effects tend to be stronger in small populations.
reproductive success across all populations tend to become fixed; therefore there is no local adaptation .... genetic drift or by variation of selection pressure with distance. Evidence for a migration load comes from ..... they have to differ between habitats to reduce gene flow (one- versus two-allele mechanisms ). For.
Ponderosa pine in Southeastern Arizona and Northern Mexico could be considered a single population. Individual pines in Arizona live at high altitudes, but not in desert surrounding the mountains. If there is only rare migration (pollen dispersal) between groups in different mountain ranges, each mountain range.
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Smaller begets bigger.
Such is often the case for galaxies, at least: the first galaxies were small, then eventually merged together to form the behemoths we see in the present universe.
Those smaller galaxies produced stars at a modest rate; only later--when the universe was a couple of billion years old--did the vast majority of larger galaxies begin to form and accumulate enough gas and dust to become prolific star factories. Indeed, astronomers have observed that these star factories--called starburst galaxies--became prevalent a couple of billion years after the Big Bang.
But now a team of astronomers, which includes several from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), has discovered a dust-filled, massive galaxy churning out stars when the cosmos was a mere 880 million years old--making it the earliest starburst galaxy ever observed.
The galaxy is about as massive as our Milky Way, but produces stars at a rate 2,000 times greater, which is a rate as high as any galaxy in the universe. Generating the mass equivalent of 2,900 suns per year, the galaxy is especially prodigious--prompting the team to call it a "maximum-starburst" galaxy.
"Massive, intense starburst galaxies are expected to only appear at later cosmic times," says Dominik Riechers, who led the research while a senior research fellow at Caltech. "Yet, we have discovered this colossal starburst just 880 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe was at little more than 6 percent of its current age." Now an assistant professor at Cornell, Riechers is the first author of the paper describing the findings in the April 18 issue of the journal Nature.
While the discovery of this single galaxy isn't enough to overturn current theories of galaxy formation, finding more galaxies like this one could challenge those theories, the astronomers say. At the very least, theories will have to be modified to explain how this galaxy, dubbed HFLS3, formed, Riechers says.
"This galaxy is just one spectacular example, but it's telling us that extremely vigorous star formation was possible early in the universe," says Jamie Bock, professor of physics at Caltech and a coauthor of the paper.
The astronomers found HFLS3 chock full of molecules such as carbon monoxide, ammonia, hydroxide, and even water. Because most of the elements in the universe--other than hydrogen and helium--are fused in the nuclear furnaces of stars, such a rich and diverse chemical composition is indicative of active star formation. And indeed, Bock says, the chemical composition of HFLS3 is similar to those of other known starburst galaxies that existed later in cosmic history.
Last month, a Caltech-led team of astronomers--a few of whom are also authors on this newer work--discovered dozens of similar galaxies that were producing stars as early as 1.5 billion years after the Big Bang. But none of them existed as early as HFLS3, which has been studied in much greater detail.
Those previous observations were made possible by gravitational lensing, in which large foreground galaxies act as cosmic magnifying glasses, bending the light of the starburst galaxies and making their detection easier. HFLS3, however, is only weakly lensed, if at all. The fact that it was detectable without the help of lensing means that it is intrinsically a bright galaxy in far-infrared light--nearly 30 trillion times as luminous as the sun and 2,000 times more luminous than the Milky Way.
Because the galaxy is enshrouded in dust, it's very faint in visible light. The galaxy's stars, however, heat up the dust, causing it to radiate in infrared wavelengths. The astronomers were able to find HFLS3 as they sifted through data taken by the European Space Agency's Herschel Space Observatory, which studies the infrared universe. The data was part of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES), an effort co-coordinated by Bock to observe a large patch of the sky (roughly 1,300 times the size of the moon) with Herschel.
Amid the thousands of galaxies detected in the survey, HFLS3 appeared as just a faint dot--but a particularly red one. That caught the attention of Darren Dowell, a visiting associate at Caltech who was analyzing the HerMES data. The object's redness meant that its light was being substantially stretched toward longer (and redder) wavelengths by the expansion of the universe. The more distant an object, the more its light is stretched, and so a very red source would be very far away. The only other possibility would be that--because cooler objects emit light at longer wavelengths--the object might be unusually cold; the astronomers' analysis, however, ruled out that possibility. Because it takes the light billions of years to travel across space, seeing such a distant object is equivalent to looking deep into the past. "We were hoping to find a massive starburst galaxy at vast distances, but we did not expect that one would even exist that early in the universe," Riechers says.
To study HFLS3 further, the astronomers zoomed in with several other telescopes. Using the Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-Wave Astronomy (CARMA)--a series of telescope dishes that Caltech helps operate in the Inyo Mountains of California--as well as the Z-Spec instrument on the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory on Mauna Kea in Hawaii, the team was able to study the chemical composition of the galaxy in detail--in particular, the presence of water and carbon monoxide--and measure its distance. The researchers also used the 10-meter telescope at the W. M. Keck Observatory on Mauna Kea to determine to what extent HFLS3 was gravitationally lensed.
This galaxy is the first such object in the HerMES survey to be analyzed in detail. This type of galaxy is rare, the astronomers say, but to determine just how rare, they will pursue more follow-up studies to see if they can find more of them lurking in the HerMES data. These results also hint at what may soon be discovered with larger infrared observatories, such as the new Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile and the planned Cerro Chajnantor Atacama Telescope (CCAT), of which Caltech is a partner institution.
The title of the Nature paper is "A Dust-Obscured Massive Maximum-Starburst Galaxy at a Redshift of 6.34." In addition to Riechers, Bock, and Dowell, the other Caltech authors of the paper are visiting associates in physics Matt Bradford, Asantha Cooray, and Hien Nguyen; postdoctoral scholars Carrie Bridge, Attila Kovacs, Joaquin Vieira, Marco Viero, and Michael Zemcov; staff research scientist Eric Murphy; and Jonas Zmuidzinas, the Merle Kingsley Professor of Physics and the Chief Technologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). There are a total of 64 authors. Bock, Dowell, and Nguyen helped build the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) instrument on Herschel.
Herschel is a European Space Agency cornerstone mission, with science instruments provided by consortia of European institutes and with important participation by NASA. NASA's Herschel Project Office is based at JPL in Pasadena, California. JPL contributed mission-enabling technology for two of Herschel's three science instruments. The NASA Herschel Science Center, part of the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at Caltech in Pasadena, supports the U.S. astronomical community. Caltech manages JPL for NASA.
The W. M. Keck Observatory operates the largest, most scientifically productive telescopes on Earth. The two 10-meter optical/infrared telescopes on the summit of Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii feature a suite of advanced instruments including imagers, multi-object spectrographs, high-resolution spectrographs, integral-field spectroscopy and a world-leading laser guide-star adaptive optics system. The observatory is operated by a private 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization and is a scientific partnership of the California Institute of Technology, the University of California, and NASA.
Written by Marcus Woo
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AbstractPrehydrolysis was used as the first treatment of bamboo materials for producing high dissolving pulp for textile applications. In this paper, green bamboo (Dendrocalamopsis oldhami)was hydrolyzed in water, and the hydrolysis process was optimized. The morphology and super-molecular structures of the raw material and prehydrolyzed material were studied by SEM and XRD, respectively. Based on the optimum conditions, a study of the kinetics and mechanism showed that pentosan dissolution during the hydrolysis process was a first order reaction. When cooking temperature was 150 oC, 160 oC, 170 oC, and 180 oC, the corresponding reaction rate constants were 0.00411h-1, 0.00495h-1, 0.00730h-1, and 0.00925h-1, respectively. The activation energy was 44.94 kJ/mol based on the Arrhenius empirical equation. SEM results revealed that after the pre-hydrolysis process, the bamboo structure became loose because of hemicellulose dissolution, which created a favorable environment for chemical penetration in the subsequent treatment. Furthermore, the degree of crystallinity was increased from 45.43% to 57.06% during the prehydrolysis. Both the treated and the untreated fibers were assumed to be cellulose I.
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https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/resources/preparation-of-bamboo-dissolving-pulp-for-textile-production-part-1-study-on-prehydrolysis-of-green-bamboo-for-producing-dissolving-pulp/
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| 0.961214 | 285 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When 3,300 information-technology professionals were asked about cyber security, they said malicious code attacks accounted for the main type of cyber attack their organizations suffered during the past year, although "internal unintentional actions" by well-meaning insiders also wreaked havoc.
While about three-quarters of respondents to the "2011 State of Security Survey" sponsored by Symantec said cyber attack incidents were minimal, 21 percent said they happened "on a regular basis," and 6 percent indicated they have suffered "a large number" during the past year.
[ Prevent corporate data leaks with Roger Grimes' "Data Loss Prevention Deep Dive" PDF expert guide, only from InfoWorld. ]
BY THE NUMBERS: Corporate cyber crime costs skyrocket
When cyber attacks occurred, the main costs incurred were related to "downtime of our environment" and "lost productivity," according to IT professionals in the financial, manufacturing, high-tech, healthcare, real estate, and energy, and other sectors who answered the survey conducted by Applied Research.
The survey's respondents also indicated they considered "targeted attacks," "hackers" and "industrial espionage" to be significant security threats to their organizations, although "well-meaning insiders" who inadvertently cause security problems also got much mention.
That's because one of the biggest headaches right now is a rise in social engineering attacks on employees via social-networking sites that involve tricking the employees into downloading malicious code, says Ashish Mohindroo, senior director of product marketing at Symantec.
The survey reports that the average mean productivity loss in the past 12 months was $915,303. When it was determined that a cyber attack led to loss of customer trust or damaged customer relationships, the amount was $1.14 million over the course of the past year, and loss of sensitive data racked up a $1.71 million loss.
When asked to rate the effectiveness of safeguards in curbing cyber attacks, the most effective method was seen as "keeping patches and definition files current," and "perimeter security," which only goes to show: The more things change, the more they stay the same.
Read more about wide area network in Network World's Wide Area Network section.
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| 0.969806 | 451 | 2.640625 | 3 |
New York’s children and youth who are placed into foster care have the right to live in a safe, nurturing, healthy, and suitable residence where they are treated fairly and with respect. This principle was reaffirmed when the New York State Office of Children and Family Services (OCFS) released the “Bill of Rights for Children and Youth in Foster Care” in December 2014. The majority of these children and youth are cared for by foster parents, including kinship foster parents, who are the key to making this “right” a reality. (See Appendix 1-1: Bill of Rights for Children and Youth in Foster Care.)
Foster parents take the responsibility to care for children who are abused, neglected, and traumatized. They are often the first step in helping children heal and cope with the new reality of their lives. In turn, local social services districts (local districts) and voluntary agencies are responsible for recruiting, training, and supporting foster parents. The system is expected to provide a pool of qualified foster parents who are able to accommodate the needs of children and youth in placement.
To meet that expectation, each agency must have a robust recruitment and retention program for foster/adoptive families.
Based on data and anecdotal evidence from service providers, there is a gap between the number of foster/adoptive families available and the needs of children coming into foster care. Many children coming into care have experienced repeated and longterm trauma in their young lives, resulting in a range of difficult behaviors and developmental problems. The needs of these children require that agency staff have the tools they need to serve children, foster families, and birth families. The system must be more strategic and innovative in its approach to recruitment and retention of foster/adoptive families.
Children of color continue to be disproportionately represented in the foster care system. Disproportionality rates show varying improvement in the United States, but troubling gaps remain. According to one report, “[Children of color] wait far longer than Caucasian children for adoption, and are at far greater risk of never experiencing an adoptive home (National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, May 2014).” The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 (MEPA) and its associated amendments require that a pool of foster/adoptive homes be available to decrease the length of time children wait to be adopted. It requires that states must diligently recruit foster and adoptive parents who reflect the racial and ethnic diversity of children who need homes. It is the basis for New York State’s requirement that local districts and voluntary agencies involved in recruiting foster/adoptive parents provide periodic recruitment and retention plans to OCFS.
Needs for specific types of foster homes vary among jurisdictions and fluctuate over time. It is important for local districts and voluntary agencies to collect and analyze data frequently to identify trends and reassess needs related to the availability of foster/adoptive homes for children with specific cultural and ethnic backgrounds, older youth, sibling groups, and children with special physical and behavioral needs.
This resource offers strategies for child welfare professionals in New York State and elsewhere who are looking for more effective ways to find and keep foster/adoptive families. It is a compilation of research, publications, and practice models that may be helpful in the process of reimagining recruitment and retention programs at the local level.
These summaries were prepared with the understanding that there is no one size-fits-all model for agencies across the state. There are, however, promising practices that have resulted in successful outcomes, and a range of resource materials based on research and experience.
In general, the most successful programs use more targeted and child-focused recruitment strategies, with less focus on general strategies, such as public service announcements and billboards. These approaches require new techniques such as data analysis, social media, and “case mining” in order to succeed. However, they also emphasize long-held principles such as:
Other characteristics of successful programs include:
Effective recruitment and retention practices are agency-wide responsibilities and they should be agency-wide priorities. Everyone on staff, from the receptionist to the agency director, should be committed to supporting prospective and current foster/adoptive families, and responding quickly and appropriately to their needs.
A significant message that emerges from many of these resources is that good retention leads to good recruitment. Foster/adoptive and kinship parents who feel respected and valued for their work with children are more likely to stay in the program. Experienced, well-supported foster/adoptive parents become natural recruiters in their communities. The ultimate benefit is high-quality, appropriate, and consistent care for children and youth in need.
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| 0.959308 | 961 | 2.875 | 3 |
January 19, 2018
Most kinder and first grade teachers will agree a class group where the majority of students are boys will call for a much different approach to instruction, management, and student outcomes. But when it comes to what states and districts require for boys and girls to do by the end of the school year, no such differences exist.
As a mama bear of two boys and a little girl, the developmental differences and readiness of my own children seemed apparent at a very young age. I was extremely concerned that my oldest son, the one who would only take naps when I would go for a run with him in the jogger and the kid who could throw a baseball perfectly before the age of two would struggle in school, and struggle he did.
Most traditional kindergarten schools emphasize less play and more seat work. My son had difficulty sitting in his seat and staying focused with teacher-directed instruction (despite the years of preschool and library story time). This was not a surprise to me, but what did surprise me was his inability to focus during class time did not transfer to his ability to focus at home (this is one of the criteria for ADD diagnosis). He was playing chess at age 5 and had mastered the game of Risk and Monopoly by first grade. His inability to focus was not apparent when he was fully engaged and interested in what he was learning about. So although he might appear to the classroom teacher as "Attention Deficit Disorder" this was not true when he came home.
The idea that traditional schooling methods fail to support boys developmental needs and interests is highlighted in the book Boys Adrift by Dr. Leondard Sax. Any teachers or parents looking for factors and solutions as to why boys fail should certainly consider his work which is grounded in a solid research-based explanation. Dr. Sax identifies 5 factors that is driving the decline of boys:
The long-term effect of these factors can result in boys being turned off from schooling, obsession with video gaming and a "failure to launch" result when it comes to boys transition to an adult life. As noted in the Washington Post "According to the Census Bureau, fully one-third of young men ages 22 to 34 are still living at home with their parents -- a roughly 100 percent increase in the past 20 years. No such change has occurred with regard to young women. Why?" (Sax, 2006).
As mother, educator, and citizen of the United States, what is happening to our boys is a concern that is not only professional but personal. Dr. Sax's work has given us much to consider when it comes to the decline in boy's performance and what are the driving factors.
As a teacher educator and mother here are my recommendations for teachers and parents when it comes to boys,
As for me a few things I have done as a parent/teacher with my boys is be patient with their learning process. My kindergarten son who was not reading fluently by the end of the second grade is now reading above grade level. I have limited video game use at our home and we have "electronic free days" every week which includes NO MEDIA and there is no devices at all allowed in their rooms. I also have enrolled both my boys in private music lessons with male teachers. I think this is especially important as there is only ONE male teacher at their elementary school. And I have made participation in sports activity a rule and not a choice. Each season the boys must select a sports activity.
What is your best practice for supporting boys as a parent or teacher?
This guest post was originally published on www.TeacherPrepTech.com. For more upcoming articles on Social Emotional Learning, follow her blog!
Dr. Patricia Dickenson has taught grades K-9 she currently works with pre-service teacher candidates. She has three school aged children and loves to create curriculum.
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| 0.985632 | 788 | 3.09375 | 3 |
It's an impressive piece of detective work to take a fragment of a fossil and learn something about the behavior of dinosaurs. This is a fossil that consists of only the pelvic region of an oviraptor, which also happens to have a pair of large eggs nestled inside it. This poor female was pregnant at the time of her death, and was just about ready to lay these eggs.
It doesn't sound like much, but here's what we learn from it:
- -Oviraptors had two functional oviducts, like modern crocodiles. They laid their eggs in pairs.
- -These are large eggs, and the animal didn't have a lot of room in there—so it only laid a few at a time. It wasn't like modern sea turtles, dumping a load of eggs in a nest all at once.
- -Oviraptor nests have been found, and they contain many eggs. This had to have been done by repeated visits and multiple egg-laying sessions, suggesting a fair amount of parental investment in the nest.
- -The pointed end of the egg is pointed caudally. In oviraptor nests, the eggs are all in circular rings, with the pointed end outward. From this we can infer that the mother oviraptor stood in the center of the nest when laying the eggs.
Isn't it cool where a little evidence and logic will take you?
(See a larger image on Pharyngula)
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| 0.980179 | 307 | 3.875 | 4 |
South African Lycaenid
stable isotope studies
To investigate the feeding habits of South African lycaenids, I spent nine months in South Africa collecting data to conduct the first multi-species study of Lepidopteran stable isotope analyses. I surveyed 33 sites and collected over 600 specimens of plants, ants, Hemiptera and butterflies.
I then performed 15N and 13C stable isotope analyses determine the diets of the nearly 150 species of South African lycaenids and conducted controlled feeding trials to determine fractionation levels likely to occur during metabolism and metamorphosis.
My analyses showed that 13C values reflected C3, CAM, C4 and lichen food plants. And 15N values provided a useful index of the spread from herbivorous and insectivorous diets. While neither 13C nor 15N by themselves had enough signal to separate butterflies by herbivorous, insectivorous or lichen feeding diets, when combined they could.
photo by Ada Kaliszewska
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| 0.863238 | 206 | 2.71875 | 3 |
William C Tripp, Architect, AIA
University of Oregon, Portland Campus email@example.com
In this workshop we will make a huge drawing, covering an entire wall. This drawing will emerge from our imagination, both individually and collectively. Drawing at such a large scale allows us to access stored experience, the muscle memory, of our whole body, not just of our hands and minds. While working individually, this will be a truly collaborative experience. Individual marks and gestures are related to, and sometimes overlay, previous marks, and might themselves be eventually covered. The work evolves through the discovery of shared experience, spatial concepts, and gestures. We work with great intention without being at all precious.
Drawing is the essential method of understanding for architects; it is our language. Architects must be able to draw freely and without fear, drawing to see, to understand, to imagine, to design and to communicate, all points on a continuum. Yet most architects are afraid to draw.
The purpose of architecture after all, is to create space which embodies human experience. The space, and often the experiences themselves, originate in the imagination of the architect. The most direct link between our imagination and the articulation of space is through the body, through the eyes, and through the hand.
Drawing as a daily practice connects us to the realm of our intuition. Through drawing we come to know the landscape of our imagination. We learn its features, and how to navigate freely among them. Drawing can be a casual affair, done on cocktail napkins, or it can be done while in a deep meditative state of mind. Either way, drawing is essential; it is our breath.
Fear of Drawing – Almost all students and architects are afraid to draw. They worry about the finished drawing being good enough; they worry about getting it right; or they don’t know what to draw. There is an almost universal hidden assumption that drawings document something already known, be it a schematic design, analytical principle, or construction detail. But in most cases the opposite is true. Drawing is an act of exploration and discovery. The most powerful drawings are the footprint of this process.
It is useful to ask ourselves why we don’t draw as freely as we speak. When we talk we aren’t expecting to say something so important that others will want to write it down. Why then do we expect every drawing to be worthy of keeping?
When we think of how children learn to talk we realize that they talk all the time; they begin with gibberish; they imitate what they hear; they make stuff up; and they see what works.
Translating that process to drawing means that we should draw every day; scribble a lot; draw stuff we see; draw stuff we like; draw from our imagination; and see what works.
To compound the problem, a state of anxiety inhibits the ability to draw, so freedom from fear and anxiety while drawing is crucial. The key to success in drawing is to make a lot of drawings! Quantity is really the most important factor in success, akin to practicing music or an athletic skill.
Drawing from Imagination – Drawing from one’s imagination is the easiest way to overcome fear and to achieve complete freedom in drawing so that you can draw every day. Scribbling is vastly under-rated. It is a form of play that allows us to draw without purpose. Far from being a waste of time, it puts us in touch with our intuition and imagination.
Drawing imaginary faces is easy since they are made up and you don’t have to struggle with getting the features right. This is key to eliminating anxiety of course, but it also teaches you how to draw actual faces. When you make random marks until a face emerges, the features are imaginary but the emotions expressed on that face are real. Connections are forged between mark-making and facial features and emotional expression. You build up a “library” that you can draw upon when drawing “real” faces from life or from a photograph.
The same is true with drawing space. Practice making random marks, following where your hand leads you, until you “recognize” some kind of space emerging. The particulars are imaginary but the spatial experience is real. This process forges connections between mark-making and spatial qualities. You are building up a vast spatial library that you can draw upon any time in the future. Every space you conceive of goes into the library. When designing a new project you can draw upon that vast resource of spatial types. You will be covering familiar ground.
Drawing in this way you will also discover your “default settings”, the schematic and spatial types you return to again and again. For each design you will be able to recognize if the scheme is unique to that project or just your default scheme.
By keeping a daily sketchbook and visiting compelling spaces you begin to understand the relationship between the spaces you document in your sketchbook and the spaces you imagine.
The link between spatial experience and spatial imagination is forged through your hand.
A Daily Practice – It is important for each of us to have a daily drawing practice to continue to learn and grow. I have changed my practice many times in the past. The latest change began a couple of years ago when I decided to post a drawing a day on Instagram. It wasn’t long before I realized that my archive only had so many drawings and I would have to come up with a way of actually making a drawing a day. I hit on a solution: I would draw on cocktail napkins, for all the obvious reasons, and because it is easy, fun and the drawings aren’t at all precious. It’s both practice and play, it helps me overcome my fear of drawing, and it exercises my imagination.
But also I also discovered that drawing with a pen on a napkin is a one-way ticket (there’s no erasing) so I have to commit to each and every mark. If I mess up the drawing, I can just throw it out and start over. This combination of decisiveness and ease has led to significant improvement in my mark-making. It doesn’t really matter how you manage it, whether it is playful and casual or whether it is deep and meditative, a daily drawing practice is essential.
Case Study/Workshop Activity
The workshop is a group drawing exercise during which 10 to 15 (or more) people contribute to a large drawing covering an entire wall. In this drawing we will create a large scale space, part landscape and part architecture, add openings or portals, and occupy the space with figures all while pursuing a transcendent spatial quality.
Photo backdrop paper (9 feet tall and 36 feet long) is attached to a wall and participants draw using charcoal, sidewalk chalk, conte crayon, graphite sticks and perhaps paint. Chairs, step stools or a step ladder or two are used to utilize the entire surface. Music is used to help shed rational intention and connect to intuition and imagination.
After a very short introduction and drawing warm-up, I begin by making marks to create an overall spatial structure. For example I might draw a horizon, distant hills, rolling terrain, a line of poles or a fence flowing across the landscape into the distance. Individuals engage with the drawing as the mood strikes them, waiting for an opening. They draw as long as the mark making impulse is fresh. I will change the music or make other mid-course corrections as needed. The emphasis is on responding to the drawing as a “space” and adding to it only when and where that space can be made stronger, richer, or more transcendent.
By drawing in a group setting on a huge surface one discovers the content not only of one’s own imagination, but that of the entire group. This shared consciousness will produce a wonderful drawing, but more importantly perhaps, help forge a strong and cohesive community bond.
Juhani Pallasmaa. The Thinking Hand, (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 2009)
David Ross Scheer. The Death of Drawing, (New York, NY: Routledge, 2014)
Sample Drawings (by author)
Imagined Space Early Spatial Concept – Residence
Imagined Face Manon Flokstra
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| 0.945669 | 1,747 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Author: Robert P. Friedlaender, M.D.
Definition: What is Glaucoma?
The term glaucoma refers to a group of eye diseases, all of which result in damage to the optic nerve, also known as “Cranial Nerve II”. The mechanism for this optic nerve damage, which is usually slow and progressive, is not completely understood. However, in most cases, elevated intraocular pressure is a prominent finding, and a major contributing factor to optic nerve destruction. The effect of the optic nerve damage is the partial or complete loss of visual field in the affected eye.
The beginning of the optic nerve is represented by a structure called the “optic disc”. The principal target location for the damage in glaucoma is actually this optic disc. The optic disc is a round pink disc of tissue. The optic disc actually represents 1 to 1.2 million nerve cells, extending from the retina to the brain. The optic disc resembles the saucer for a tea cup, with a shallow central depression, where the tea cup would sit, called the “physiologic cup”. In glaucoma, the damage to the optic disc usually involves thinning and degeneration of the outer rim, and increase in the size and depth of the physiologic cup in the middle of the optic disc.
POAG – The Most Common Form of Glaucoma
The most common form of glaucoma is “Primary Open Angle Glaucoma” (“POAG”). The “open angle” refers to fact that the angular space between the iris and cornea (“drainage angle”), in the front chamber of the eye (“anterior chamber”) appears open or unblocked, and thus, anatomically normal. By contrast, there is another less common form of glaucoma, known as “Closed Angle Glaucoma”, in which the drainage angle appears “closed” or blocked, by the the iris, and forward movement of the eye’s natural lens.
The drainage angle, located in the periphery of the anterior chamber, contains the outflow tract for fluid produced inside the eye, called “aqueous”. The aqueous is a clear fluid, and is produced by a body of tissue known as the “ciliary body”. Aqueous flows through the pupil, and exits through a filtering mechanism within the drainage angle, which can be thought of as a 360 degree, circular gutter or canal.
Most of the aqueous (85 to 90%) exits the eye through a sieve-like filter, composed of spongy tissue, within the drainage angle, called the “trabecular meshwork”, and proceeds to enter the blood stream. Study of the trabecular meshwork in POAG eyes, with the electron microscope, has revealed a decrease in the population of cells, with the presence of many tiny extracellular deposits, or extracellular plaques. The overall effect of the abnormal anatomy and physiology of the trabecular meshwork, is a reduction of both the amount and rate of aqueous leaving the eye, and resultant elevation of pressure within the eye. Also, elevated IOP may also be partly contributed to by over production of aqueous by the ciliary body, essentially causing over inflation of the eye ball, or “globe”.
Possible Causes of POAG
The exact cause of POAG is not clearly established, although elevated IOP is usually present. Some of the proposed causes include:
- direct mechanical compression of the optic nerve, due to increased IOP;
- abnormal circulation, with decreased tissue perfusion
- abnormal ganglion cell metabolism;
- toxicity to ganglion cells and their axons, from chemicals and waste products of metabolism.
Occurrence – Who Gets POAG?
In developed countries, glaucoma is probably the third most common cause of irreversible vision loss, after age related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinal disease. The incidence of glaucoma increases with age. POAG is found in 1.3 % to 2.1% of the general population over age 40. African Americans are 4 to 5 times more likely to develop POAG than Caucasians. POAG is found in 1 in 10 elderly African Americans, and 1 in 50 elderly Caucasians. There is a genetic predisposition to many types of glaucoma, especially POAG. However, inheritance is not directly dominant, and probably requires the presence of more than one gene (“polygenetic”). About 25 % of patients with POAG have a “first degree relative” (i.e., mother, father, sister, brother) with a history of POAG.
Risk factors for POAG
Aside from elevated IOP family history and racial background, additional risk factors include, thin central cornea corneal thickness (CCT), myopia (or “near sightedness”), diabetes, and the prolonged use of steroid medications, taken either locally (as eye drops or gels), or systemically. There is also a light increased risk associated with the presence of high blood pressure. Since both diabetes and smoking have a negative effect on the body’s smallest vessels (the “micro-circulation“), it would not seem surprising that they could reduce blood flow to the optic disc, adding to glaucoma damage.
Stay tuned for our next posting from Dr. Friedlaender, Primary Open Angle Glaucoma, Part II, which will discuss signs and symptoms, exam findings, and visual field defects.
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This post includes information on using 192.168.1.1 IP address. Yow will discover detailed information regarding accessing the router admin panel from the continuation of the content.
As you could possibly by now know, each machine linked to a pc network that makes use of the online market place Protocol for interaction is assigned a numerical label, a web Protocol address, or IP address for short. An IP address identifies the machine an establishes a path to it. Although not all IP addresses is usually reached through the public Online, and 192.168.1.1 is among them. This default IP address of most routers is inside the sixteen bit block of the private IPv4 address House.
Personal IP addresses are used for area location networks (LAN), they usually were being described in an effort to delay IPv4 address exhaustion. Simply because private IP addresses may be used without approval from the regional Net registry, they permit anybody from person home users to corporations to easily deploy internet-connected devices working with Community Address Translation (NAT), a method of assigning a public address to a pc inside of A non-public community.
Suppliers of home routers use personal IP addresses, including 192.168.1.1, given that the default gateway, allowing for users to style http://192.168.1.1 right into a World-wide-web browser to accessibility the router admin panel and alter router options.
How to Login to 192.168.1.1 Router Admin Panel?
There are actually a handful of explanations why you may want to accessibility a router working with 192.168.1.1. Perhaps you’ve just bought a router and you might want to obtain the router set up wizard to really make it function. Or possibly you’ve got utilized NetSpot, an easy however strong application for Windows and macOS computer systems which will help you take care of your wireless networks, and learned that you should swap to a different wi-fi channel.
In spite of what your reason behind desirous to find out how to obtain routers from applying 192.168.1.1 is, the steps you will need to acquire are generally precisely the same:
- Switch on your own router and link it for your computer with an ethernet cable. Some routers allow you to connect to them wirelessly, but some routers have this element disabled by default for stability motives.
- Open up your Net browser and type “http://192.168.1.1” into your address bar.
- Enter the router default router username and password mixture. If you don’t know your username and password, You should use the listing underneath.
- If You can’t login using these approaches, you could click on the “Access Router Panel” button at the bottom. After clicking the button, anticipate the method to detect the IP address of your respective router. This might consider a while.
192.168.l.l IP Address Login Admin
Be certain that the IP address you are typing is from the IPv4 structure and is totally correct. For the reason that these IP addresses tend to be confused. 192.168.1.1 is often written improperly as 192.168.l.l. Additionally, there are other kinds of misspelling: 19216811, 168.192.l.l
192.168.1.1 Default Username and Password List
When you have not modified your router’s username and password. The next list supplies the default qualifications. Simply click your router from your list under:
How to proceed If I Forgot Router IP Address?
It can be quite common to forget about the default username and password of your respective router. Individuals also fail to remember the IP address in their router, and even this prevents them from login in the admin web page from the 192.168.1.1 IP address. But there’s no must panic because there are many strategies to take care of this concern which We have now talked about underneath:
How to Find Router’s IP Address?
Locating the default IP address of your respective router is not so complicated a task since it is accessible at several different locations. Yow will discover all the required information regarding your router at the subsequent locations:
- The user handbook of your router is an important booklet which has a lot of information regarding your router. It has all the knowledge relevant to your router, so you should preserve it Risk-free. Consequently, you can easily utilize the guide to discover the default username, IP address, and password of your respective router.
- The companies also deliver a lot of the critical info on the sticker at the conclusion of the router in order that even if you shed the user manual, you can get entry to that details. Such details consists of the default username, default IP address as well as default password of the router, along with the product amount of the system. Consequently, You should use this details to log in on the admin site of 192.168.1.1 IP address.
Reset Router to Factory Settings
When you’ve got neglected the username and password of the router, then resetting is the best approach to realize access to the 192.168.l.l admin site of the 192.168.1.1 IP address. But, you must don’t forget something. Soon after making use of this technique, you might want to reconfigure your router and its devices ideal from scratch.
Consequently, finest approach to factory reset your router would be to make use of the pinhole button specified at the back of your router. You will need to push and hold down that button for approximately 20 – 30 seconds to reset the router. And then it will restart then accept the default username and password.
In the following paragraphs, we made a detailed statement about 192.168.1.1 router login admin. If the relationship complications persist, you’ll be able to browse by way of other IP address manuals or Speak to us.
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Overweight and obesity can be caused by lifestyle. However, you can also be overweight or obese due to genetics or some other objective reasons. Let’s take a look at some objective reasons for overweight and obesity with easyhealthylive.com.
Obesity is one of the biggest health problems in the world. It is associated with a number of health conditions, collectively known as metabolic syndrome. These include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and poor blood lipids.
People with metabolic syndrome have a much higher risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes than people of normal weight. Over the past decades, many studies have focused on the causes of obesity and how to prevent or treat obesity.
Many people think that weight gain and obesity are caused by a lack of willpower. That is not entirely true. Although most weight gain is the result of eating behavior and lifestyle, some people are at a disadvantage when it comes to controlling their eating habits.
Some overeat are influenced by various biological factors such as genetics and hormones. Some people simply have a tendency to gain weight.
Here are the top 10 contributors to weight gain, obesity, and metabolic disease, many of which have nothing to do with willpower.
1. Due to family factors
If parents are obese, children are also more likely to be obese. Many studies show that overweight and obese cases have the presence of inherited genes.
Family lifestyle is also one of the causes of overweight and obesity in children. Regularly letting children use electronic devices, being sedentary also makes children’s weight increase quickly and difficult to control.
2. Excessive consumption of processed foods
Highly processed foods are often less than refined ingredients mixed with additives. These products are designed with low cost, long shelf life and irresistible delicious taste.
Processed foods high in unsaturated fats are one of the common causes of obesity
By making food as delicious as possible, food manufacturers are trying to increase sales. But they also promote overeating.
3. Food addiction
Many sugary, high-fat snacks stimulate the reward centers in your brain. In fact, these foods are often compared to commonly abused drugs like alcohol, cocaine, nicotine, and marijuana.
Junk food can be addictive in sensitive people. These people lose control of their eating behavior, similar to people struggling with alcoholism losing control of their drinking behavior.
4. Influence from advertising
Junk food manufacturers are very active marketers. Food manufacturers spend a lot of money marketing junk food, sometimes specifically targeting children, who don’t have the knowledge and experience to realize they’re being scammed.
In today’s world, children are becoming obese, diabetic and addicted to junk food long before they are old enough to make informed decisions about these things.
Insulin is a very important hormone that helps regulate energy storage. One of its functions is to command fat cells to store fat and retain the fat they have carried.
The Western diet promotes insulin resistance in many overweight and obese people. This increases insulin levels throughout the body, causing energy to be stored in fat cells instead of being available for use.
Some studies suggest that high insulin levels play a role in the development of obesity.
One of the best ways to lower insulin is to cut back on refined or simple carbohydrates while increasing fiber intake. This often results in automatic calorie reduction and easy weight loss – no need for calorie counting or portion control.
6. Effects of drugs
Some medications can promote weight gain by reducing the number of calories burned or increasing appetite. Many medications can cause weight gain as a side effect.
For example, antidepressants have been linked to weight gain over time. Other examples include antidiabetic drugs and antipsychotics. These drugs do not decrease your willpower but change the function of your body and brain, lowering your metabolic rate or increasing your appetite.
In addition to the therapeutic effect, some drugs have side effects that also affect weight
7. Leptin resistance
Leptin is another hormone that plays an important role in obesity. It is produced by fat cells and its blood concentration increases as fat mass is higher. For this reason, leptin levels are especially high in people with obesity.
In healthy people, high leptin intake is associated with decreased appetite. When it’s working properly, it tells your brain how much fat you’ve stored.
The problem is that leptin doesn’t work as it should in many obese people, because for some reason it can’t cross the blood-brain barrier. This condition is known as leptin resistance and is thought to be a leading factor in the pathogenesis of obesity.
8. The appearance of convenience stores
Another factor that significantly affects people’s waistlines is the availability of food, which has increased massively over the past few centuries.
Food, especially junk food, is everywhere. Stores display mouth-watering dishes where they are most likely to grab your attention.
Another problem is that junk food is often cheaper than whole, healthy food. Some people don’t even have the option to buy real foods, like fresh fruits and vegetables. Convenience stores in these areas only sell soft drinks, candies, and packaged snacks. And these are all bad things for your weight.
Added sugars are possibly the worst aspect of the modern diet. Sugar alters your body’s hormones and biochemistry when consumed in excess. This contributes to weight gain.
Loading too much sugar in your diet every day also makes you quickly overweight and obese
Sugar is half glucose, half fructose. People get glucose from a variety of foods, including starches, but most of the fructose comes from added sugars.
Consuming too much fructose can cause insulin resistance and increase insulin levels. It also doesn’t promote satiety in the same way that glucose does. For all these reasons, sugar contributes to increased energy storage and ultimately to obesity.
People around the world are being misunderstood about health and nutrition. There are many reasons for this, but the problem largely depends on where people get their information from.
For example, many websites convey inaccurate or even inaccurate information about health and nutrition. Some news outlets also oversimplify or misinterpret the results of scientific studies, and the results are often taken out of context. Other information may be simply out of date or based on theories that have never been fully proven.
Food companies also play a role. Some advertise products, such as weight loss supplements, that don’t work.
10 Leading Causes of Weight Gain and Obesity https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/10-causes-of-weight-gain Accessed: October 29, 2020
John Alen was born in 1971 and is a doctor in the healthcare and psychology fields with many years of experience. He is currently working at easyhealthylive.com, a leading health and psychology blog. Having studied at Y1 National Medical University named after IM Sechenov, John Alen is using his knowledge and experience to help improve the physical and mental health of people in the United States.
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Eritrea, or "Africa's North Korea", is a horrifyingly corrupt, impoverished, and oppressive East African country, demolished by decades of conflict with Ethiopia. Located in the northern Horn of Africa, it has a long southern border with Ethiopia, a nation which it had historically been a part of, before Italy purchased the region from a local Sultan and turned it into a colony. Ethiopia got it back after World War II, but by then ethnic Eritreans were longing for independence. Ethiopia's annexation of the region would trigger a three decade war for independence. After Eritrea successfully won this war and held a referendum, they gained national sovereignty under a heavily authoritarian single-party state. Five years later, a border clash would lead to the Eritrean-Ethiopian War, which settled nothing and only resulted in two of the world's poorest countries wasting money and lives. Since then, Ethiopia has become a highly corrupt, de-facto one-party state, and Eritrea is still a sovereign, totalitarian military dictatorship.
Political and civil rights
Eritrea is just an all-around terrible place to live, and even a cursory internet search will bring up dozens of articles from a variety of sources all describing in graphic detail why this is the case. There's a reason the very first line in this article compares Eritrea to North Korea. It's that bad. Political and civil freedom in the nation is dismal in just about every metric, especially the ones listed below.
Elections and the democratic process
Haha, made you look!
There are no elections.
This is not an exaggeration. There has not been one single election since the Eritrean independence referendum of 1993. The International Foundation for Electoral Systems has a very strikingly blank page for displaying the results of past Eritrean elections. For comparison, here's the page for North Korea.
President Isaias Afwerki has been around since 1993, when he was appointed by the National Assembly, which was itself in a transitional phase where it was almost entirely comprised of old Eritrean People's Liberation Front leaders. Of course, the constitution they ratified mandated that free and open elections by secret ballot would be held once the country had been stabilized. Those elections were scheduled for December 2001. Needless to say, they never happened. Currently, the only party allowed to be within sniffing range of power is the totalitarian nationalist People's Front for Democracy and Justice. Note the similar name to the EPLF.
Sadly, there isn't much hope for any elections in the future, either. President Afwerki has rather transparently been using the constant threat of Ethiopia to justify his postponement of national elections. Naturally, another violently hostile border dispute popped up in 2008, this time with Djibouti, just in case Ethiopia wasn't enough.
The point is, that IFES Election Guide page for Eritrea will likely stay blank for a long time.
Freedom of religion
Eritrea officially recognizes the Roman Catholic Church, the Coptic Orthodox Church, Sunni Islam, and the Evangelical Church of Eritrea as valid religions. Unregistered faiths, particularly Jehovah's Witnesses and Pentecostals, face brutal persecution, including routine beatings and imprisonment in deliberately harsh environments such as shipping containers. Religious gatherings are banned for unregistered faiths, and the punishment often involves prolonged and arbitrary prison sentences without trial. As of 2013, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom estimates that Eritrea has roughly 3,000 people imprisoned due to their religious beliefs, with many survivors reporting being tortured.
Of course, you can't sleep easy if you're a member of a recognized religion either. The Eritrean government is more than happy to interfere in the internal affairs of these religions as well for the purpose of controlling their populace and purging dissenters.
You didn't expect Eritrea to have a free press, did you?
Let's start with the big one: The Committee to Protect Journalists rated Eritrea as the most censored nation in the world in 2012. They cite the nation's disturbing willingness to arrest journalists for almost no reason, and the President's even more disturbing refusal to account for the whereabouts, health, or legal status of the prisoners.
Much of this activity occurs under the 1996 Press Proclamation Law, which mandates that all publications must be approved by the Information Ministry before release, and also bans reprinting material from banned publications, of which there are many. Foreign journalists are also not permitted to enter the country.
All of this began with a ban on independent media on September 18th, 2001, when the government banned all private publications, arrested eleven people, and ordered all printing houses in the country to stop printing everything including wedding invitations and nightclub posters. After this, President Afwerki successfully centralized the entire national press under his control, with the consequence of reducing the nation's newspapers to little more than vehicles for ads and obituaries.
Sexual intercourse between members of the same gender is illegal in Eritrea which can lead to jail time from 10 days to 3 years. There are also reports of suspected gay individuals being rounded up for imprisonment or death, although the general environment in the country makes these reports difficult to confirm. There are also no legal protections for gay or transgender individuals against any form of discrimination, and changing gender is illegal. Discourse in Eritrea is so suppressed that the very existence of sexual minorities is probably unknown to much of the nation's population.
There may be some hope, however. Although Eritrean Penal Code Article 600 bans homosexual activity (referring to "unnatural carnal offenses"), the constitution the nation adopted in 1997 likely protects the legal rights of homosexual individuals. This was found by the British case of YF Eritrea v Secretary of State for the Home Department (2003), where British legal experts reviewed the Eritrean constitution and concluded that, if it were ever to be implemented, the document would legalize homosexuality. The problem is, of course, the fact that President Afwerki has kept the constitution suspended ever since its adoption.
Crimes against humanity
Given the indefinite suspension of Eritrea's constitution for more than twenty years, it's hardly surprising that the nation has no real rule of law. Its lack of a judiciary, a real national assembly, or any kind of democratic institution has created a climate where the government is completely free to brutalize its citizens with absolute impunity. Nothing and no one can hold Eritrea's president accountable, which is, of course, the point.
A United Nations press release, as well as many other NGOs, have repeatedly exposed a multitude of crimes against humanity committed by the Eritrean government in its detention facilities, its military camps, and other locations. These crimes include slavery, torture, political murder, judicial rape, indefinite national service, and arbitrary detention.
The compulsory military service is 18 months, but in reality those drafted by it often spend the rest of their lives in government slave labor completely unrelated to the military. They really have no reason to still have the draft going on, as they aren't in conflict with anyone right now. Eritrean children are forced to become child soldiers, usually when they are in their last year of school.
As can be expected with such horrific conditions, more than 400,000 (try to) flee Eritrea, making them one of the biggest sources of refugees in 2001-2010. Unfortunately, Eritrea has some draconian laws, forcing citizens to pay income tax even while living abroad (the US is the only other country to do this) and allegedly employs spies to intimidate Eritrean refugees. Similarly Ethiopians or Somalians who flee to Europe but fear of their applications for refugee status being rejected quite often pretend to be Eritrean as Eritrean applications are more likely to be accepted.
Denmark has tactics for deterring Eritrean asylum seekers. Danish Immigration Service used to, in November 2014, state that Eritrean asylum seekers don't face persecution for illegally leaving Eritrea. They hastily switched their position in December 2014 after the HRW and UN complained. In 2016, Denmark legalized police taking money and expensive personal possessions from asylum seekers in searches.
Britain's asylum officials had an increase in rejected Eritrean asylum seekers, who led in an increase of successful appeals. The waiting process to officially claim asylum is long; asylum seekers may have to wait for years.
- See the Wikipedia article on Eritrea.
- Eritrea country profile
- Eritrea | World | Africa | Human Rights Watch
- Eritrea profile - overview BBC
- See the Wikipedia article on Kingdom of Aksum.
- Text of Encyclopedia Britannica 1911.
- History of Eritrea Historyworld.net
- Ethiopia and Eritrea Global Policy Forum
- Ethiopia needs a multi-party democracy to end the crushing impact of corruption Asayehgn Desta. The Conversation. April 17, 2017.
- Eritrea Smartraveller
- Eritrea Travel Warning U.S. Passports & International Travel
- Elections in Eritrea Last Updated: 23 January 2011
- IFES Election Guide State of Eritrea
- IFES Election Guide Democratic People's Republic of Korea
- Freedom House Report|Eritrea 2001
- Eritrea country profile BBC
- Isaias Afwerki Encyclopedia Britannica
- What is behind tension between Eritrea and Djibouti? BBC 20 June 2017
- Religious persecution in Eritrea BBC Jonah Fisher, 17 September, 2004
- The country that's never had an election Tiffany Lynch, Foreign Policy. Nov 6, 2013
- US Commission on International Religious Freedom "Eritrea Annual Reports: Key Findings"
- Attacks on the Press: Eritrea The Committee to Protect Journalists
- Eritrea Freedom House 2015.
- Remembering the day the Eritrean press died Al Jazeera SEP.18.17
- Homosexuality "against Eritrean values" afrol News
- Crimes against humanity committed in Eritrea, warns UN group UN News 8 June 2016
- UN Inquiry finds crimes against humanity in Eritrea UN Human Rights: Office of the High Commissioner 8 June 2016
- Eritrea: events of 2016 HRW
- EU accused of funding project in Eritrea using 'forced labour' BBC
- It's not at war, but up to 3% of its people have fled. What is going on in Eritrea? by Patrick Kingsley The Guardian
- UNHCR Glocal Trends 2010
- Eritrea "intimidates emigrants into paying tax" afrol News
- How Eritrea controls its exiles by Daniel Campos i24NEWS
- "Make Their Lives Miserable" HRW
- Dispatches: Denmark’s Deterrence Tactics on Refugees HRW
- Danish parliament approves plan to seize assets from refugees by David Crouch and Patrick Kingsley The Guardian
- Young Eritreans are victims of poor decision making by British asylum officials by Jo Wilding The Conversation
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Definition of Regional integration
Get Babylon's Dictionary & Translation Software Free Download Now!
Regional integration Definition from Encyclopedia Dictionaries & Glossaries
English Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia
Regional integration is a process in which neighboring states enter into an agreement in order to upgrade cooperation through common institutions and rules. The objectives of the agreement could range from economic to political to environmental, although it has typically taken the form of a political economy initiative where commercial interests are the focus for achieving broader socio-political and security objectives, as defined by national governments. Regional integration has been organized either via supranational institutional structures or through intergovernmental decision-making, or a combination of both.
|See more at Wikipedia.org...|
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Cutting estrogen could lead to fewer women undergoing preventative mastectomy
By Kyle Matchett, Queen’s University Belfast
Angelina Jolie made the decision to have a double mastectomy after discovering she carried a faulty copy of the hereditary gene BRCA1 and was told she had an 87% chance of developing breast cancer. Jolie was a high-profile case, but many other women face this very difficult dilemma.
Women who inherit a faulty copy of the breast cancer gene BRCA1 have a 55-65% lifetime chance of developing breast cancer, compared with about 7% in average women in the developing world. The risk of ovarian cancer is also increased by about 40%.
Although a damaged copy of BRCA1 only accounts for about one in 50 of the breast cancer diagnoses each year, women who have this genetic fault often face a decision: whether or not to have surgery to remove their breasts and/or ovaries. Many factors will be considered such as her age, whether there is a family history of hereditary cancer and whether she is planning to have children, but for many who don’t want to run the risk of developing cancer, surgery is currently the only treatment available.
DNA damage caused by oestrogen
Although women with inherited BRCA1 faults have this mistake in every cell in their body, they mainly develop breast and ovarian cancers. This has been of major interest to researchers since BRCA1 was discovered in 1994. In a recent study, published in Cancer Research, we found evidence that oestrogen is the driving factor behind these cancers and our finding could pave the way for a new therapy that leads to fewer preventative surgeries.
We found that oestrogen and oestrogen metabolites (created when natural oestrogen breaks down) cause a severe type of damage to DNA called double strand breaks. The accumulation of this type of damage often leads to genetic mutations and cancer. It is interesting because although oestrogen caused these breaks in both normal and defective BRCA1 cells, it was the defective cells that couldn’t fix the damage.
It is already known that BRCA1 is very important in the repair of double strand breaks. But the damage driven by the oestrogen metabolites was so severe to the faulty BRCA1 cells that it caused dangerous changes in the cell’s chromosomes (DNA bundles), which often leads to cancer development over time.
In addition to this, we also discovered that BRCA1 regulates the levels of some key enzymes that convert oestrogen into the toxic oestrogen metabolites. Cells with faulty BRCA1 had lost the control of these enzymes, meaning their level was increased and more oestrogen metabolites were being produced. This led to more damage that wasn’t being repaired in these BRCA1 faulty cells.
Taken together, the research suggests that exposure to oestrogen and its subsequent metabolism in defective BRCA1 breast cells can drive DNA damage and instability, an early event in breast cancer development.
Potential in reversible drugs
Our research also suggests that suppression of oestrogen production may be an exciting therapeutic option. One US trial is currently enrolling postmenopausal women for treatment with an aromatase inhibitor, a drug which inhibits production, to prevent breast cancer in patients carrying a BRCA1 mistake. The trial is also testing this for faults in another gene called BRCA2 which carries a 45% risk of developing breast cancer and 15% risk of developing ovarian cancer.
Our results would support this approach. However, these inhibitor drugs would not be suitable for premenopausal women, in whom most BRCA1-linked cancers develop, because in these women oestrogen is produced in the ovaries in a process that doesn’t involve aromatase – a key enzyme that helps the body produce oestrogen. There is, however, a group of drugs called luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists, which cause a reversible suppression of oestrogen production in the ovaries and which are currently used to treat women with other oestrogen-dependent premenopausal cancers. These drugs could be effective in premenopausal women with the faulty BRCA1 gene who have chosen not to undergo preventative surgery.
This could be an opportunity because instead of major surgery, we could use drugs that are already available to chemically reduce oestrogen production in women. It also has the potential to “pause” treatment for women to have children, if desired, before resuming treatment. Our group plans to launch a clinical in the next 12 months to test this approach as a novel, reversible treatment.
Kyle Matchett received funding from Cancer Research UK
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Health Care News & Discussion
Modern Espionage May Not Be Recognizable
07/12/2020 10:57 PM
DEL MEYER, MD
Modern information technology (IT) is sometimes not well understood. It may be employed in such a way that its use can be hidden. It may be well hidden for such a long time that national damage may have been done and its perpetrators can no longer be apprehended. While we may remember how spies operated in the cold war which commenced after the Second World War, the nature of the current damage may not yet be apparent. The genre of spy stories written around the mid twentieth century well displayed the risks of passing information physically and physically receiving monies subsequently. Today’s perpetrators, however, may be living normal lives amongst us and have escaped detection, prosecution and punishment.
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, a married couple convicted of charge of conspiracy to commit espionage in 1951, were put to death in the electric chair. The execution marked the dramatic finale of the most controversial espionage case of the Cold War.
Julius was arrested in July 1950, and Ethel in August of that same year. Specifically, they were accused of heading a spy ring that passed top-secret information concerning the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. The Rosenbergs vigorously protested their innocence, but after a brief trial in March 1951 they were convicted. On April 5, 1951, a judge sentenced them to death. The pair was taken to Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York, to await execution since the federal government had no electric chair. During the next two years, the couple became the subject of both national and international debate.
Many people believed that the Rosenbergs were the victims of a surge of hysterical anticommunist feeling in the United States, and protested that the death sentence handed down was cruel and unusual punishment. Most Americans, however, believed that the Rosenbergs had been dealt with justly. President Dwight D. Eisenhower spoke for many Americans when he issued a statement declining to invoke executive clemency for the pair. He stated, “I can only say that, by immeasurably increasing the chances of atomic war, the Rosenbergs may have condemned to death tens of millions of innocent people all over the world. The execution of two human beings is a grave matter. But even graver is the thought of the millions of dead whose deaths may be directly attributable to what these spies have done.”
Julius Rosenberg was the first to be executed, at about 8 p.m. on June 19, 1953. Just a few minutes after his body was removed from the chamber containing the electric chair, Ethel Rosenberg was led in and strapped to the chair. She was pronounced dead at 8:16 p.m. Both refused to admit any wrongdoing and proclaimed their innocence right up to the time of their deaths. Two sons, Michael and Robert, survived them.
The Rosenbergs were convicted and sentenced to death by Judge Kaufman under Section 2 of the Espionage Act of 1917, 50 U.S. Code 32 (now 18U.S. Code 794), which was passed shortly after the U.S. entry into World War I. It was intended to prevent the support of United States enemies during wartime by prohibiting transmitting or attempting to transmit to foreign government information “relating to the national defense”. Prosecutor Roy Cohn, who would play a major role assisting Joseph McCarthy with his hearings as his chief counsel, later claimed that his influence led to both Kaufman and Irving Saypol, the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York, being appointed to the case, and that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on Cohn’s personal recommendation.
In imposing the death penalty, Kaufman noted that he held the Rosenbergs responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the Korean War:
“I consider your crime worse than murder… I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-Bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. Indeed, by your betrayal you undoubtedly have altered the course of history to the disadvantage of our country. No one can say that we do not live in a constant state of tension. We have evidence of your treachery all around us every day for the civilian defense activities throughout the nation are aimed at preparing us for an atom bomb attack.”
No one in this day and age would physically transfer top secret classified information to a spy in return for money physically handed over. It may take another generation to fully appreciate how this transfer occurs in our technologically sophisticated society. But those of us, who work in government, appreciate the rigors we go through to ensure our email is fully protected and secure. Working in the VA, I’m interrupted at least 20 to 30 times a day to enter my password or my signature before my email is sent or an email is received. We are daily monitored as we work in this environment.
It is incredible that Hillary Clinton, an attorney, was able to circumvent this secret and secure environment by simply making secret and classified information available in a personal data base with the probable knowledge that our enemies in Russian and China (and possibly Iran and North Korea) were surreptitiously obtaining this information directly from her inbox in which case she didn’t have to make a deal for payment from our foes that could be discoverable. Did she get paid by a seemingly unrelated venture?
She and her husband, Bill Clinton, developed a foundation to store the huge wealth they were extracting from a number of countries, some of which were not our allies, for non-tainted information given in speeches. Mr Clinton has received up to three quarter million dollars for a speech of one hour. This calculates to more than $10,000 per minute speaking. This is not consistent with a market price even for a speech of extreme importance. The available information does not indicate that. It had to include something else of value in return.
Mrs. Clinton was indicted by the head of the FBI as being “careless.” But what if she may have been extremely careful and shrewd in order to make Top Secret information available that didn’t appear to be lawless—just careless? The FBI Director apparently felt he didn’t want to take the risk of prosecution. However, he did state that some of the email that were hacked were top secret. Does that make him guilty of collusion?
The Russians and the Chinese and possibly North Korea and Iran were able to access these secret and classified documents, (similar to what the Rosenbergs did in transferring physical documents), by modern sophisticated information technology, simply by hacking into the Clinton inboxes. Didn’t Clinton commit the same crime of espionage and treason that the Rosenbergs did? Why weren’t we allowed to see these messages before the hard discs and computers were destroyed? Aren’t the Clintons a team similar to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg? Haven’t they [i]hoodwinked our Nation? Shouldn’t they be prosecuted for the same crime as Julius and Ethyl Rosenberg? If found guilty, shouldn’t they receive the same sentence?
Mrs. Clinton was recently interviewed on CNN. She admitted that she has been running for the presidency for more than 12 years but still could not render an opinion as to why she wanted to be president. If she had been able to capture the White House being guilty of espionage, would we have then found out the reason why? Would America feel comfortable with having a traitor at its helm? Would the world have become more peaceful? Or would we be heading towards our own Armageddon?
We should be thankful that the elections and the Electoral College spared us this scenario.
Del Meyer, MD
Documents/Writing/Modern Espionage May not be Recognizable-F
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Act For Peace are calling for people to sign their petition to end mandatory detention. Click on the link below to add your voice.
Petition to end mandatory detention
World Wide Statistics (UNHCR, 2008):
• There are an estimated 15.2 million refugees, 26 million IDPs and 827,000 asylum seekers waiting to be processed, worldwide. 6.6 million people are considered stateless; that is, they have no country that recognises them as citizens. The UN refers to these people as ‘people of concern’.
• Only 10.5 million refugees and 4.4 million IDPs received assistance and protection from UNHCR. This leaves 16.2 million refugees and IDPs with no access to assistance or protection from the UN.
• Developing countries, who have the least money available, host 80% of the world’s refugees. This is equivalent to 12.2 million refugees.
• Most of the world’s refugees currently come from Afghanistan and Iraq as a result of the conflict and violence.
• At least half of the world’s ‘people of concern’ are women and girls; 44% of these people are under the age of 18 yrs. Australian Statistics (Refugee Council, 2009):
• Over the last 65 years, Australia has resettled over 700,000 refugees.
• Of all the people arriving in Australian waters by boat, over 90% of them have been recognised as genuine refugees.
• In 2008, Australia resettled 13,500 refugees (0.09% of the world’s refugees).
• Australia is a signatory of the UN Refugee Convention and therefore has the responsibility to offer protection and services to refugees through its Humanitarian Program.
• In countries that are not signatories to the convention – such as India and Indonesia – there is the potential for denying the recognition of refugee status and thus refugees’ rights, leaving them more exposed to human rights abuses.
• Australia has a policy of mandatory detention for all asylum seekers entering Australia without documentation. If refugees have had to flee their country due to persecution, it is often impossible for them to get the necessary documents.
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'Dreamliner,' Not Even Flown Yet, Is Boeing's Most Popular New Plane
Download MP3 (Right-click or option-click the link.)
This is SCIENCE IN THE NEWS in VOA Special English. I'm Barbara Klein. And I'm Steve Ember. On our program this week, we will tell about a new airplane from the American company Boeing. We will also tell about warning signs for ovarian cancer. And, we tell about a television performer who invented science shows for children.
The Boeing Company presented its newest jet airplane earlier this month to a crowd of employees and invited visitors. About fifteen thousand people attended the presentation on July eighth at Boeing's factory in Everett, Washington.
The company is calling its new plane the Seven Eighty-Seven Dreamliner. The plane is Boeing's first new jet since nineteen ninety-five.
The Seven Eighty-Seven is designed to travel great distances. It can carry between two hundred ten and three hundred thirty people.
Boeing says the plane will be made mostly of carbon-fiber composite material instead of aluminum. A plane made of carbon-fiber weighs less than a metal plane. As a result, it requires less fuel to do the same job.
Boeing says the Seven Eighty-Seven will use twenty percent less fuel per passenger than similarly sized planes. It also says the plane will make less noise taking off and landing. And it will produce less carbon dioxide than traditional jets. Studies have linked rising temperatures on Earth to human production of gases like carbon dioxide.
The new jet plane has yet to leave the ground. Boeing says the first Dreamliner will be completed in the factory in Everett. The Seven Eighty-Seven still needs flight test and other equipment to be added. The first flight is expected in late August or September. Boeing officials say they expect the plane to start carrying passengers in May, two thousand eight.
The company says the Dreamliner is Boeing's most successful new plane. By July eighth, Boeing had already received six hundred seventy-seven orders from forty-seven buyers. The orders are worth more than one hundred ten billion dollars.
Ovarian cancer is known as a silent killer because it is usually discovered too late to save a woman's life. But three cancer groups in the United States have now agreed on a list of possible early signs of the disease.
The statement is the first of its kind to recognize what ovarian cancer survivors have long believed: that there are common signs. Researchers have found that these symptoms are more likely to happen in women with ovarian cancer than women in general.
One symptom is expansion of the lower chest or abdomen. Pain in the abdomen or the pelvis can be another symptom. Researchers also say women with an early form of ovarian cancer may release waste fluids more often or with greater urgency. And they say another common symptom is difficulty eating or feeling full quickly. Women who have these symptoms almost daily for more than a few weeks are advised to see a doctor.
The cancer can affect one or both ovaries, the organs that produce eggs. Doctors say the main ways to find the disease early are recognizing the symptoms and getting a combination pelvic and rectal examination.
Ovarian cancer kills more than one hundred thousand women around the world each year. In the United States, cancer experts estimate that at least fifteen thousand women will die of it this year. And more than twenty-two thousand new cases will be found. Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths in women.
The Gynecologic Cancer Foundation led the effort for the statement on common symptoms. The American Cancer Society and the Society of Gynecologic Oncologists also were involved. Other cancer groups have expressed support for the statement.
Doctor Barbara Goff at the University of Washington in Seattle was a lead investigator of several studies that gave support to the new list. She says most of the time a woman with these symptoms will not have ovarian cancer. But the disease can spread quickly to nearby organs.
A few months can mean life or death. Doctor Goff notes that the disease is ninety percent curable when found in its earliest form.
Telemedicine uses technology to provide medical information and services. It involves satellite technology, wireless telephones, and computers. Telemedicine could be as simple as two doctors using a telephone to discuss a case. Another example might be health care providers studying x-rays of patients who might be thousands of kilometers away.
Many telemedicine programs operate through hospitals, home care agencies or university medical centers.
Recently, Temple University in the American city of Philadelphia began a four-year study. Temple is using an Internet-based system is to study the prevention and treatment of obesity in high-risk populations. Researchers are working with religious centers to test whether telemedicine can help overweight African Americans in the Philadelphia area.
Temple University's Center for Obesity Research and Education gave one computer to each church. Those taking part in the study attend weekly meetings at a church with a trained organizer. Each group has eight to twelve members. They are learning how to use the Internet, including electronic mail and what are called chat rooms. They share ideas on how to prepare healthy foods and they plan their next meetings. Through technology, the members continue to support their families, friends and each other in their health care.
Telemedicine has been useful in places where there are not enough doctors. Health care experts in Africa say the continent faces the problem of too much disease with too few doctors.
Maurice Mars works on telehealth issues at the University of Kwazalu-Natal in South Africa. Doctor Mars says southern Africa has fewer than ten doctors for every one hundred thousand people.
Telemedicine is still new to Africa. It has only a few successful programs that can treat people in distant areas. The technology remains costly. Doctor Mars says that kind of spending in not possible for developing countries. He says many countries cannot pay for even Internet services.
Last month, the United States House of Representatives passed a resolution honoring the television performer Don Herbert. To many Americans, he was better known as Mr. Wizard.
Don Herbert died of cancer on June twelfth. He was eighty-nine years old. But his television shows and their influence live on.
Don Herbert started appearing on the children's show "Watch Mr. Wizard" in March, nineteen fifty-one. He appeared as a scientist who liked to perform scientific experiments in his home.
The show always involved a boy or girl as his assistant. Mr. Wizard always had a small experiment prepared or a scientific question to investigate. For example, in one show, he taught a girl about sound and what gives musical instruments their different noise levels. In another show, he showed a boy how to make a small volcano. His weekly program was broadcast for fifteen years.
Don Herbert later taught science to a new generation of Americans on a show called "Mr. Wizard's World." This show started in nineteen eighty. It was broadcast three times a week for seven years. You could watch Mr. Wizard and a child perform experiments like turning a clear liquid black or making foods explode using a simple chemical reaction.
Don Herbert's television shows taught young people that science could be educational, but also fun and exciting. His experiments were simple and direct. He used everyday objects from around the home. They were also interesting enough for parents to watch.
Congressman Vernon Ehlers helped to create the resolution to honor the man known as Mr. Wizard. He said Don Herbert invented the business of young people watching fun science shows on television. The Congressman said Mr. Herbert was a good guy who did a good job.
This SCIENCE IN THE NEWS program was written by Lawan Davis, Dana Demange, George Grow and Caty Weaver. Brianna Blake was our producer. I'm Steve Ember. And I'm Barbara Klein. You can read and listen to this program on our Web site, voaspecialenglish.com. Join us again next week for more news about science in Special English on the Voice of America.
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The cold weather in the winter months can take a toll on your skin, caused by extreme temperatures and lack of humidity in the atmosphere. Nobody wants cracked and parched skin. By following a correct regimen, and making a few crucial adjustments to your routine will help keep your skin stay smooth and hydrated.
Winters adds complexity because the humidity is lower both indoors and the outside and the moisture content of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) appears to mirror the humidity surrounding it. Thankfully, there are many easy and convenient measures you could be doing to ease extremely dry skin, also recognized as winter itch.
Why does our skin dry?
Dry skin is a very frequent symptom caused by a loss of adequate water in the most delicate surface of the epidermis, the outer layer. Although dry skin continues to affect most men and women fairly, elderly people appear to become much more vulnerable to dry skin.
Regular hand-washing and scrubbing induce evaporation. Dryness can also be a consequence of antibiotics or a by-product of other skin conditions. The skin is primarily made up of protein and fat. The fat part of the epidermal cells, along with complex epidermal proteins, prevents dehydration of the skin. If proteins and/or lipids are insufficient, the moisture of the skin can evaporate more quickly.
If the skin becomes dry, it can also become more susceptible and vulnerable to rashes and skin breakdown. Xerosis is the medical term for dry skin. Easy prevention and recovery steps are very useful for the treatment of dry skin. The simple measures to combat dry skin include avoiding harsh soaps and chemical cleansers.
Bathing and showering send signals to the skin, and the evaporation of the water during the immersion period results in dry skin. Skin that feels too tight after bathing can signify excessive elimination of water and natural skin oils.
Among the most likely reasons for dry skin is the repeated use of harsh soaps. Such soaps can have a significant effect on your skin. Soap is an emulsifier that eliminates oils from the body. The more frequently your skin is scrubbed with soap, the more moisture is lost, resulting in drier skin. Too much use of soaps can cause excessive dryness.
Although, dry skin can continue or even escalate if you don't use moisturizers properly, or even choose an improper moisturizer. Often, various clothing fabrics can also cause dry skin. Other materials, such as wool or synthetic fibers, tend to aggravate the skin and intensify dry skin.
The best antidote for dry skin is regular moisturization. Because most dryness is dependent on many variables, natural products such as creams and lotions can be used and the skin condition can be effectively handled. Dry skin can even be improved by applying a gentle moisturizer.
When all factors of dry skin have been eliminated, the main objective of remedies is to relieve itching, deter water loss, and regain oxygenation to the skin. Dry skin can be aided by taking lukewarm showers or baths and minimizing excess products. Hot water and aggressive rubbing will strip away the natural oils that protect your skin, making the body all the drier.
The use of skin-friendly cleansers like Suds can prevent dryness and itching. These handcrafted natural soaps, restore balance in the skin, and keep it supple.
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The first picture postcards were published for the 1889 Paris Exposition, celebrating the completion of the Eiffel Tower. In America, the first picture postcards were printed for the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago – making Illinois the birthplace of the American picture postcard. An early mention of postcards is in the 1870 diary of a Welsh curate, who called them a happy invention.
In 2016, the world’s largest public collection of postcards and related materials, the Curt Teich Postcard Archives, was given to the Newberry Library by the Lake County Forest Preserve District. Katherine Hamilton-Smith, the founding curator of the Teich Archives, presents a look at the documentary power and significance of picture postcards. She touches on the Curt Teich Company of Chicago, the role Illinois played in the history and development of postcards, and on the picture postcard as a cultural icon.
This program is presented by a grant from Illinois Humanities. Illinois Humanities is supported in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Illinois General Assembly through the Illinois Arts Council Agency, as well as by contributions from individuals, foundations and corporations.
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Architect of Alaska Statehood
Author: Eric Gislason
Berton, Pierre, The Klondike Fever: The Life and Death of the Last Great Gold Rush. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1958.
Driscoll, Joseph. War Discovers Alaska. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1943.
Ferber, Edna. Ice Palace. New York: Doubleday, 1958.
Gilbert, Julie Goldsmith. Ferber. New York: Doubleday, 1978.
Gruening, Ernest. The Battle for Alaska Statehood. College, Alaska: Univ. of Alaska Press, 1967.
---------. The State of Alaska. Rev. ed. New York: Random House, 1968.
Michener, James. Alaska. New York: Random House, 1988.
Naske, Claus-M. A History of Alaska Statehood. Rev. ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1985.
Nichols, Jeannette Paddock. Alaska: A History of Its Administration, Exploitation, and Industrial Development During the First Half Century under the Rule of the United States. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1924.
Noggle, Burl. Teapot Dome: Oil and Politics in the 1920s. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1962.
Pomeroy, Earl S. The Territories and the United States 1861-1890: Studies in Colonial Administration. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1947.
Return to Home Page
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ASA Scouting Plan for Cover Crop Success
“We have an infiltration problem, not a runoff problem.” This Ray Archuleta quote was much discussed on third and final installment in the American Society of Agronomy’s 2017 webinar series “Cover Crops – Looking Beyond the Basics.” The webinar, which took place on February 9, featured Anne Verhallen, a soil scientist from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, and Dave Brandt, a farmer from Ohio, describing their scouting strategies for cover crops, and how these practices help them get to the root of production challenges on their farm.
A farmer scouts any time he or she goes out into the field and takes data on environmental and crop conditions. Taking data can mean many things from taking pictures to performing simple tests and recording the outcomes. For example, in order to determine if you have an infiltration problem — which as Archuleta reminds us, is really the source of runoff — Anne suggests performing an infiltration test, driving a plumbing pipe or coffee can with the bottom removed into the soil and then timing how long it take 1 inch of water to infiltrate until the surface is just glistening. Results will vary based upon soil type, but you ideally want to measure an inch of infiltration in minutes rather than hours. Anne says, “The soil needs pores from earth worms or cover crop roots to open space for infiltration. If it crusts then you’re going to start seeing erosion and loss of soil.”
When Anne sets out into the field to scout she always carries some basic tools: flags or flagging tape, trowel shovel or pocket knife, hand lens, collection containers, and a camera (or these days, a smart phone). She uses these tools to explore the many layers of what her cover crop is telling her. One basic practice she swears by is taking plant counts and biomass by placing a frame on the ground, counting the number of species and plants inside it, and then snipping off the plants at their base (see photo below and left) and drying them in a microwave, oven, or tobacco kiln to obtain dry weight. For the frame, she uses a square meter (we’d use a square foot or two in the U.S.), but says you can even use a hula hoop, so long as you do the math to make your units consistent from year to year.
When she takes these biomass readings and looks at her records from management decisions that year she can then tell if, say, a manure application had an impact on cover crop growth or if her increased seeding rate resulted in more plants per foot. Then Anne would use this information to determine if and when to apply manure and what seeding rate maximizes her return on investment. She says, “Visualize your perfect cover crop and then go out with your square foot or meter and count to see if the stand reflects what you want.”
Dave Brant, a veteran farmer who has been using cover crops on his farm since 1978, uses scouting to determine soil moisture and tell him when it’s time to plant. “Rye can draw out 1 inch of moisture per day in the rapid growth stage. We use it to dry our heavy clay soils in the spring and then plant soybeans straight into green rye. But on sandier, drier soils you would want to terminate several days ahead of planting,” he says. “Take your shovel out to scout. Dig the soil up, feel it. If it’s damp and cold stay out of it. If it’s warm and dry and when you crush the soil in your fist and release it falls back apart instead of staying in a ball – it’s time to get the corn planter out.”
Anne says that she takes records of all of the following to give her the full picture of what’s going on:
- previous crop, herbicide, and fertility
- Cover crop stand/establishment
- % cover – spring & fall
- Growth stage when assessed
- Pests – weeds, insects, slugs, & disease
- Succeeding crop growth and yield
In addition to discussing scouting for water infiltration and cover crop biomass, the presenters discussed scouting for pests, beneficial insects, soil microbial activity, cover crop rooting depth, nutrient availability, and nitrogen fixing. You can look over Anne’s presentation here and Dave’s here.
To listen to the recorded webinar, visit the ASA classroom, make a new account or log in to your existing one and then “purchase” webinars. There is no cost, but you must check out in order to access streaming for the webinar. Look for more blogs on PFI’s website about the ASA webinars: Cover Crops and Pest Management and Cover Crops 2.0 or visit PFI’s Cover Crop Page for more resources on growing and managing cover crops.
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Despite having a $2.9 trillion economy, California has a very serious health concern brewing in Los Angeles.
The bubonic plague is a deadly scourge that wiped out half of Europe during the Middle Ages but it still surfaces around the globe, primarily in Third World countries like the Congo, where it has sickened 10,000 people over the late decade. It has been quite rare to see it appear in the Western world – until now.
On Friday, Dr. Drew Pinsky told Dilbert cartoonist Scott Adams, who has become a popular political pundit with a daily live audience of thousands of people, that there is an imminent outbreak of bubonic plague in Los Angeles because of the out of control homeless population coupled with the failure of government officials to deal with rodent problems.
Dr. Drew also outlines how the city has managed to deal with an influx of over 800,000 migrants, who have not contributed to the homeless problem, but isn’t able to handle homelessness among its own citizens.
Los Angeles is one of the only cities in the country, Dr. Drew said, that has no rodent control plan. “And if you look at the pictures of Los Angeles, you will see that the homeless encampments are surrounded by dumps. People defecate there, they throw their trash there, and the rats just proliferate there.”
Moreover, he said, homeless people were defecating directly into city drains, which flowed to the Pacific Ocean. “We have the sewage of 60,000 people hitting the ocean every day,” he said.
Though there were adequate financial resources, Dr. Drew said, homelessness would not be solved by building more housing, because the fundamental problems were mental illness and drug addictions, which created an “attachment to this lifestyle” on the streets.
The city had been successful at absorbing hundreds of thousands of “undocumented immigrants,” Dr. Drew observed, which showed that the focus on housing was a “hoax.”
But changes in mental health policy — partly as a result of public reactions to films like One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, which was harshly critical of mental health institutions — had made it much more difficult to commit people to institutional care.
Dr. also said that prison reform initiatives, such as Proposition 47 of 2014– which reduced sentences, but without improvements to rehabilitation — had also played a role by letting more criminals out on the street, some of whom joined the homeless population.
And efforts at relocating the homeless — either to treatment or to prison — ran into lawsuits from the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), whom Dr. Drew described as “do-gooders” without any idea about how to solve the underlying problem.
“How many people must die before you change your philosophy?” Dr. Drew asked, rhetorically.
Pinsky commented that typhus, which broke out in the city last year, will likely return. In May, Fox News reported how a Los Angeles police officer contracted typhoid fever, which infects fewer than 350 Americans each year.
“This is unbelievable. I can’t believe I live in a city where this is not Third World. This is medieval,” Pinsky said. “Third World countries are insulted if they are accused of being like this. No city on Earth tolerates this. The entire population is at risk.”
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Congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repair is surgery to correct an opening or space in a baby's diaphragm. This opening is called a hernia. It is a rare type of birth defect. Congenital means the problem is present at birth.
Diaphragmatic hernia - surgery
Before the surgery is done, nearly all infants need a breathing device to improve their oxygen levels.
The surgery is done while your child is under general anesthesia (asleep and not able to feel pain). The surgeon usually makes a cut (incision) in the belly under the upper ribs. This allows the organs in the area to be reached. The surgeon gently pulls these organs down into place through the opening in the diaphragm and into the abdominal cavity.
In less severe cases, the surgery can be done using smaller incisions in the chest. A small video camera called a thoracoscope is placed through one of the incisions. This allows the surgeon to view inside the chest. Instruments to repair the hole in the diaphragm are placed through the other incisions.
In either type of operation, the surgeon repairs the hole in the diaphragm. If the hole is small, it may be repaired with stitches. Or, a piece of plastic patch is used to cover the hole.
Why the Procedure Is Performed
The diaphragm is a muscle. It is important for breathing. It separates the chest cavity (where the heart and lungs are) from the belly area.
In a child with CDH, the diaphragm muscle is not completely formed. The CDH opening allows organs from the belly (stomach, spleen, liver, and intestines) to go up into the chest cavity where the lungs are. The lungs do not grow normally and stay too small for babies to breathe on their own when they are born. The blood vessels in the lungs also develop abnormally. This results in not enough oxygen getting into the baby's body.
A diaphragmatic hernia can be life threatening and most babies with CDH are very ill. Surgery to repair CDH must be done as early as possible after the baby is born.
Risks for this surgery include:
Before the Procedure
Babies born with CDH are admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). It may be days or weeks before the baby is stable enough for surgery. Because the condition is life threatening and transporting a very ill newborn is risky, babies who are known to have CDH should be delivered in a center with pediatric surgeons and neonatologists.
- In the NICU, your baby will probably need a breathing machine (mechanical ventilator) before the surgery. This helps the baby breathe.
- If your child is very sick, a heart-lung bypass machine (extracorporeal membrane oxygenator, or ECMO) may be needed to do the work of the heart and lungs.
- Before surgery, your baby will have x-rays and regular blood tests to see how well the lungs are working. A light sensor (called a pulse oximeter) is taped to baby's skin to monitor the oxygen level in the blood.
- Your baby may be given medicines to control blood pressure and stay comfortable.
Your baby will have tubes placed:
- From the mouth or nose to the stomach to keep air out of the stomach
- In an artery to monitor blood pressure
- In a vein to deliver nutrients and medicines
After the Procedure
Your baby will be on a breathing machine after the surgery and will stay in the hospital for several weeks. Once taken off the breathing machine, your baby may still need oxygen and medicines for a while.
Feedings will start after your baby's bowels start working. Feedings are usually given through a small, soft feeding tube from the mouth or nose into the stomach or small intestine until your baby can take milk by mouth.
Nearly all infants with CDH have reflux when they eat. This means the food or acid in their stomach moves up into their esophagus, the tube that leads from the throat to the stomach. This can be uncomfortable. It also leads to frequent spitting up and vomiting, which makes feedings more difficult once your baby is taking food by mouth. Reflux increases the risk for pneumonia if babies inhale milk into their lungs. It can also make it challenging for babies to take in enough calories to grow.
The nurses and feeding specialists will teach you ways to hold and feed your baby to prevent reflux. Some babies need to be on a feeding tube for a long time to help them get enough calories to grow.
The outcome of this surgery depends on how well your baby's lungs have developed. Some babies have other medical problems, especially with the heart, brain, muscles, and joints, which often affect how well the baby does.
Usually the outlook is good for infants who have well-developed lung tissue and no other problems. Even so, most babies who are born with a diaphragmatic hernia are very ill and will stay in the hospital for a long time. With advances in medicine, the outlook for these infants is improving.
All babies who have had CDH repairs will need to be watched closely to make sure the hole in their diaphragm does not open up again as they grow.
Babies who had a large opening or defect in the diaphragm, or who had more problems with their lungs after birth, may have lung disease after they leave the hospital. They may need oxygen, medicines, and a feeding tube for months or years.
Some babies will have problems crawling, walking, talking, and eating. They will need to see physical or occupational therapists to help them develop muscles and strength.
Carlo WA, Ambalavanan N. Respiratory tract disorders. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St. Geme JW, Schor NF, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016:chap 101.
Hollinger LE, Harting MT, Lally KP. Long-term follow-up of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2017;26(3):178-184. PMID: 28641757 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28641757.
Keller BA, Hirose S, Farmer DL. Surgical disorders of the chest and airways. In: Gleason CA, Juul SE, eds. Avery's Diseases of the Newborn. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2018:chap 49.
Tsao KJ, Lally KP. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and eventration. In: Holcomb GW, Murphy JP, Ostlie DJ, eds. Ashcraft's Pediatric Surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2014:chap 24.
Reviewed By: Kimberly G. Lee, MD, MSc, IBCLC, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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I don’t know why the words came into my mind, maybe I saw some pip squeak on television talking about some political matter. Many politicians are pip squeaks. You may want to send in your favorite one.
Anyway when I looked up the word I found an interesting link to a Second World War device described below.
We saw the movie Dunkirk last night and it was pretty good but I dont go to the movies that often anymore, too much effort and two of the lead actors we had seen in Netflix, Wallender and Peeky Blinders lead actors were in the movie.
Pip-squeak was a simple radio navigation system used by the British Royal Air Force during the early part of World War II. Pip-squeak used an aircraft’s voice radio set to periodically send out a 1 kHz tone which was picked up by ground-based high-frequency direction finding (HFDF, “huff-duff”) receivers. Using three HFDF measurements, observers could determine the location of friendly aircraft using triangulation.
Pip-squeak was used by fighter aircraft during the Battle of Britain as part of the Dowding system, where it provided the primary means of locating friendly forces, and indirectly providing identification friend or foe (IFF). At the time, radar systems were sited on the shore and did not provide coverage over the inland areas, so IFF systems that produced unique radar images were not always useful for directing interceptions. Pip-squeak was added to provide coverage in these areas. As more radar stations were added and over-land areas became widely covered, pip-squeak was replaced by IFF systems of increasing sophistication.
Pip-squeak gets its name from a contemporary comic strip, Pip, Squeak and Wilfred. It was first implemented in the TR.9D radio. The system was also used by the USAAF, where the equipment was known as RC-96A.
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Translation will always be a tricky business, but two rules of thumb remain: 1) Make it readable for modern audiences, without 2) Losing the flavor of the original. Nigel Bryant’s The History of William Marshal hits this mark admirably. He translates the original poem into prose, but preserves the period’s idiomatic way of speaking. I confess a great fondness for medieval diction which perhaps runs in literature from Beowulf through Shakespeare. Part of this comes simply from seeing new phrases that inject life into staid platitudes. So, one can smile at the fact that they use the word “nanny-goat” in place of “chicken” for a coward. But more to the point–the medievals combined high-flown sentiment with an earthy directness that we lack today.
A few examples . . .
- “Sir Thomas Coulances added his two ounces of salt. Making sauces was all he was good for. In sum, five got involved in this mustard” [i.e., they ‘stirred up trouble’].
- “The Marshall grabbed a stick and gave him such a whack across the brow that the rogue had made his last blink with that eye–it went flying from his head. Well, they do say, ‘an appropriate feast day for such a saint'” [said ironically–the ‘rogue’ in question had stolen a horse. Normally the feast day of a saint would occur on the day of his martyrdom/death, though in this case the Marshall actually prevented the thief’s death by hanging and let him go–missing an eye].
And my favorite:
- Sir Richard foolishly inserted himself–he should never have goaded the ass [i.e., he should have “let sleeping dogs lie”–“ass” here refers to a donkey and not the grumpy personage].
My admiration for Bryant increased as I read the introduction. The History of William Marshall author remains unknown but may have been his son. Some treat the book as pure literature and leave aside any historical value, thinking it an “obvious panegyric” to Marshall and not to be trusted. Bryant affirms the historical value of the work, pointing out that most of the books’s audience knew the famous man in England and France. Perhaps it contains exaggerations in places but its basic foundation remains, like stories you might tell about a relative at Thanksgiving dinner. Change the tale too much and you get called out.
Primary sources, if one willingly dives in, can give great insight into how those at the time viewed the world. In other medieval or Elizabethan texts one readily comes across such phrases as “God’s eyes!” or “God’s blood!” as vows or mark’s of irritation and (righteous?) anger, i.e., “By God’s blood I’ll do no such thing,” or, “God’s eyes, I’ll have him out!” upon hearing that some dastardly earl has seized a castle of the king. Never before have I seen the phrase “God’s legs!” as it used in The History of William Marshall, though the author uses it in a similar manner as the above phrases. Seeing this new idiom helped me think about this whole phenomena anew. What could they have meant by such expressions? We do have phrases for “stirring up trouble,” for example, but not anything like “God’s teeth!”
An easy explanation might sound like
- This shows the “top-heavy” nature of medieval society. Sure, you have some brilliant theologians and marvelous architecture, but the bulk of the masses were ignorant of such things and descended into blasphemous superstition at the drop of a hat.
This view, however, violates one of my cardinal rules: we should never assume the ignorance of others in the past. People might be wrong about things, but that doesn’t mean they lack good reasons for being wrong. A better explanation might sound like,
- These phrases show the “low” of the “high” and “low” dichotomy in the medieval period, ably expounded by brilliant commentators such as the author of the blog “astickinthemud.com.” Phrases such as “God’s legs!” simply give evidence that this tension could not always be maintained coherently–i.e., sometimes the “low” went a bit too low.
Still, I don’t buy it. Numerous examples exist of the “high” and “low” existing in the same person throughout the medieval period, such as Boccaccio, Chaucer, Dante, Marguerite of Navarre, etc. So, we should entertain the idea that such phrases do not betray the medieval synthesis but rather give witness to it.*
Does God have a body?
In one very important sense obviously of course He does. In the incarnation Christ assumed the fullness of human nature. He did not simply “appear” as a man, He was a fully human man with a real human body. Christ remains both God and glorified Man. And being Man, this means that He has arms, legs, etc. just as we do, or if you prefer–just as we will in the resurrection.
In another sense God has no body. All orthodox theologians tell us that He is “simple” and not composed of parts. Having arms, legs, etc. seems to imply parts to God. But we must be careful with the meaning of “parts.” Divine simplicity at its root might mean something along the lines of, “God is not divided from Himself,” or perhaps that no separation exists between God and His attributes. The “justice” or “mercy” of God is simply God Himself. But I am no theologian and will leave off the exact meaning of “divine simplicity.”
Even before the Incarnation it seems that God has a “body.” He walks in the Garden, He has “eyes” (Ps. 119:18, etc.), and a “right hand” (Is. 41:10, etc.). “Ahh,” we say, “but that is anthropomorphic language.” Well, maybe not.**
We assume that the Bible speaks of God as having arms, eyes, etc. as a concession to our understanding and language. God obviously has no physical body of flesh and bone. In this sense certainly God is bodiless as are the angels. Orthodox testimony unanimously speaks to the immaterial nature of God, and the “simplicity” of God. God has no parts:
Far removed is the Father of all from those things which operate among men, the affections and passions. He is simple, not composed of parts, without structure, altogether like and equal to himself alone. He is all mind, all spirit, all thought, all intelligence, all reason.St. Irenaeus, Against Heresies, 2.13.3
God, however, being without parts, is Father of the Son without division and without being acted upon. For neither is there an effluence from that which is incorporeal, nor is there anything flowering into him from without, as in the case of men. Being simple in nature, he is the Father of one only Son.St. Athanasius, Letter on the Council of Nicea, 11
These are just two examples. Nothing in what follows is meant to contradict this in any way. But we should understand that God the Father begets a Son (eternally), and that our begetting is a shadow of His begetting, and not vice-versa. We are made in His image, not vice-versa. God’s eyes do not see like our eyes, our eyes see, however dimly, like His. But of course, God does not have squishy white things just below His forehead, rods, cones, and so on.
Perhaps, then, we can understand that the concept of “body” should not be understood in an anthropocentric way. We have, unfortunately, significantly bought into anthropocentric thought when it comes to the ancient and medieval world. The Greeks thought Zeus threw thunderbolts because they did not know about electricity, or Poseidon caused earthquakes because they had no knowledge of tectonic plates. We really should give the Greeks–and others in the past–more credit than that. So with bodies–maybe we should not think of bodies as an assemblage of physically moving parts, but as a “nexus of potentiality,” to quote Father Stephen de Young. God’s being contains all true potential. He sees but needs no organ called “eyes” to do so. He moves but has no need of physical legs to make that happen. We lack the “simplicity” of God and so we need bones, tissue, etc. to enact such impulses as the desire to move or perceive.
It seems to me that the medievals nearly always tended to think in a top-down manner. One sees this in their bestiary’s, where it is not so much the physical lion that is seen, but a kingly symbol. Their desire to know particulars of the lion were not as strong as their desire to “scale up” the lion and integrate with God’s existence. Perhaps they thought similarly about the body itself. In the 3rd century AD Origen wrote,
The apostle Paul teaches us that the invisible things of God may be known through the visible, and that which is not seen may be known by what is seen. The Earth contains patterns of the heavenly, so that we may rise from lower to higher things.
As a certain likeness of these, the Creator has given us a likeness of creatures on earth, by which the differences might be gathered and perceived. And perhaps just as God made man in His own image and likeness, so also did He make remaining creatures after certain other heavenly images as a likeness. And perhaps every single thing on earth has something of an image or likeness to heavenly things, to such a degree that even the grain of mustard, which is the smallest of seeds, may have something of an image and likeness in heaven.
Perhaps this can explain medieval explications such as “God’s legs!” I say perhaps–it may be that I read too much into this and have strayed too near the wind. But I will stretch things a bit and declare that rather than see such statements as departures from the piety of the age, we should see them as part of their intertwined view of the world that saw all categories of being flowing down from Heaven to Earth.
*I leave off the question of whether or not acclamations of this sort violate Christ’s words in Matthew 5 about oaths, etc. My answer is “no” or at least “not necessarily” but I give no defense for that here.
**In what follows I am enormously indebted to the 1/15/21 episode of the “Lord of Spirits” podcast from Ancient Faith Radio.
[…] so that we may live. So eating mirrors Christ’s life, death, and resurrection. I talked in a recent post about adopting a theopomorphic view of our experience with the concept of bodies, and we should […]
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What is Rate?
Rate means the speed and can have many different units.
Measuring the rate of reaction
You can measure the rate of reaction by measuring the time taken for the metal to react.
The longer it takes the slower the reaction must be
How to measure the rate of reaction?
1. Measure the volume of gas made over a period of time. You have to measure how much is producted in a deligated time.
To get a clear indication of how much gas is being producted you need to use a gas syringe.
2. Measure the loss in mass over a period of time. All reaction that produce gass get lighter, as the gass escapes into the air.
Whats Activation energy?
The minimal amount of energy needed when materials collide together causing them to brake their old bonds and then form new ones.
What can you change to alter the rate of reaction?
- The Temperature
- The concentration
- The surface area
- Use a catalyst
Changing the surface area to alter the rate of rea
- The surface area is the area on the outside of the solid
- To make the reaction faster us smaller particles because there is a larger surface area, if you want to make the reaction slower us larger lumps of solid because there is a smaller surface area.
- Small particles mean a greater surface area.
- More collisions between particles and the other chemicals in the same amount of time
- More chance of a successful collision, increasing the rate
Changing the temperature to alter the rate of reac
The temperature measures how hot or cold the reaction is.
- Increase the temperature the particles have more energy
- They move quicker and collide more
- more collisions, more chance of successful collisions increasing the rate of reaction
Changing the concentration to alter the rate of re
The concentration states how much of the chemical is in a solution.
- the number of particles in a certain amount of space
- increasing the concentration of a chemical reaction means there are more particles in the same amount of time
- meaning more collision
- increase the rate of reaction
Using a catalyst to alter the rate of reaction
A catalyst is a chemical that speeds up a chemical reaction without being changed or used up itself.
- They are specific ( they only work for one reaction )
- different reactions need different catalysts
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A fair number of obesity researchers reject the notion that people can become addicted to food, and indeed food addiction was not included as a diagnosis in the upcoming version of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders. Dissenters argue that we are all “addicted” to food to the extent that we need to eat or we die—which is not true for substances like nicotine or illegal drugs. And they argue that even if we’re drawn to highly palatable fare like cheeseburgers, cupcakes and ice cream, and perhaps even prefer those foods over healthier choices, not eating them doesn’t produce the horrific withdrawal symptoms that coming off cocaine or heroin does.
David Katz, MD, director of Yale University’s Prevention Research Center, contends that such distinctions, while valid, are ultimately moot. “For all intents and purposes, we crave foods rich in sugar, salt, fat and calories, and they are now in bountiful supply,” he says. “That combination of intense craving and bountiful supply produces considerable harm for people and society, so it doesn’t matter if it’s a true, formal addiction or not. The effects are much the same.”
Read: Are You a Food Addict?
Want MORE? Sign up for our weekly newsletter.
Photo courtesy of mhatzapa/Shutterstock.com
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Updated charts to compare the forecast to what was observed in June 2009- March 2010
An El Nino Advisory has been posted for the El Nino conditions that developed this summer and should persist into this winter season. This means that ocean waters along the Equator in the tropical Pacific Ocean are warmer than normal. The last two winters have featured the opposite, with colder than normal waters in that area and La Nina conditions.
What does this all mean for southern Wisconsin? Let's take a look at history and see if we can find some answers.
Looking back through 1950, we looked for La Nina conditions one winter that were followed the next winter by El Nino conditions. Six years were identified: 1951, 1957, 1963, 1965, 1972, and 1976. We then looked at the average temperatures, precipitation, and snowfall at Madison and Milwaukee in those six years and compared it to the normal values. The dataset is rather small, but the results did show some signals for the period of June through March.
1) Temperatures were colder than normal, especially in December
2) It tended to be drier than normal, especially in the summer and again around November
3) There was less snow than normal, especially in January and February
The following are graphics that compare the Madison and Milwaukee 30 year normal values to the average of the observed conditions during those 6 years when La Nina winters were followed by El Nino winters the next season. The time period covered starts during the summer between those winters and the El Nino winter, which is what we expect to happen for the 2009-2010 winter season.
Courtney Obergfell, Student Meteorologist (SCEP)
Jeff Craven, Science and Operations Officer
NWS Milwaukee/Sullivan WI
Updated Apr. 7 CEO
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Giant Prehistoric Penguins Stood Nearly 5 Feet Tall
- 2:30 PM
- Categories: Animals
By Katie Scott, Wired UK
Paleontologists have constructed a model of a prehistoric penguin that stood almost 4 feet 6 inches tall when it lived in what is now New Zealand, approximately 25 million years ago.University of Otago.
The bones drew the attention of Dan Ksepka from North Carolina State University because of the unusual shape of the body. “Kairuku was an elegant bird by penguin standards, with a slender body and long flippers, but short, thick legs and feet,” said Ksepka in a press release. “If we had done a reconstruction by extrapolating from the length of its flippers, it would have stood over six-feet tall. In reality, Kairuku was around four feet-and-two-inches tall or so.”
Aided by North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences colleague Paul Brinkman, Ksepka built the physical model of the bird using two separate fossils and the skeleton of an existing king penguin. The resultant reconstruction revealed a penguin that would have been the largest of the five species known to have lived in New Zealand during the Oligocene period. Said Ksepka in the release: “The location was great for penguins in terms of both food and safety. Most of New Zealand was underwater at that time, leaving isolated, rocky land masses that kept the penguins safe from potential predators and provided them with a plentiful food supply.”
The results, which have been published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, are hoped will aid the research into the entire prehistoric penguin population in this area. “This species gives us a more complete picture of these giant penguins generally, and may help us to determine how great their range was during the Oligocene period,” says Ksepka.
Image: Two Kairuku penguins come ashore, passing a stranded Waipatia dolphin. (Chris Gaskin/Geology Museum, University of Otago) [high-resolution]
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Big cats require big home ranges. In February 2016, a young male Indochinese tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) walked from Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary in western Thailand to Kayin state in Myanmar.
After crossing mountains, rivers, roads and national borders over the course of its 170-kilometer (105-mile) journey, he ventured out of the forest into a wetland, where he was shot dead following conflict with people.
The tragic tiger’s journey highlights how the arbitrary lines of national borders are nonexistent for wildlife. It also underscores that the fate of wildlife in the region ultimately depends on conservation actions on both sides of the border: in Thailand, where remaining tracts of natural forest are safeguarded through formalized protected areas; and in Myanmar, where a history of armed conflict and contested land rights have left many forested areas vulnerable and unprotected, and where a Feb. 1 military coup threw conservation plans further into question.
Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, where the tiger’s ill-fated journey began, is part of Thailand’s Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM), a 1.87-million-hectare (4.62-million-acre) network of 17 national parks and wildlife sanctuaries that borders Myanmar.
The complex harbors Southeast Asia’s largest breeding population of tigers as well as six other cat species, including Indochinese leopards (Panthera pardus delacouri) and clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa). It is a critical stronghold for big cats, from which individuals can disperse to replenish threatened populations in neighboring regions.
Conservationists now recognize that large, wide-ranging species need more than isolated protected areas to maintain genetically viable breeding populations. Species like tigers require connected networks of safe forests that allow them to move and disperse across landscapes, maximizing populations’ genetic diversity and adaptability to climate change and other ecological disturbances.
In other words, the long-term survival of tigers and other big cat species in Thailand and Myanmar depends on their ability to travel safely outside of breeding strongholds like WEFCOM.
WEFCOM lies within a much larger forested ecoregion called the Dawna Tenasserim Landscape (DTL), which encompasses 18 million hectares (44.5 million acres) between Thailand and Myanmar. It is the intersection of four different biogeographic zones and consequently supports rich species diversity. According to WWF, six of the seven cat species present in WEFCOM were recorded in the Myanmar part of the DTL during mid-2019 camera-trapping studies. Maintaining forest connectivity throughout the DTL is a now primary conservation focus in the region.
However, the remaining intact forests in the DTL are spread out on both sides of the border, and potential corridors that zigzag between them are being eroded by piecemeal infrastructure projects and land clearance for agriculture. Big cats also face the ever-present threat of poaching for the illegal wildlife trade and prey depletion by human hunting.
According to Tim Redford, program director at Freeland, an NGO that has been studying big cats in the region for more than two decades, “the biodiversity of the Dawna Tenasserim Landscape is absolutely incredible.” He says that since tigers require vast expanses of intact forest, measures taken to protect tigers would also benefit countless other species.
“The Indochinese tiger has been declining rapidly, having been lost in Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam over the last couple of years or so,” Redford says. The Myanmar tiger population is vulnerable, and action is needed now to ensure that it doesn’t go extinct there too. Figures released by the Myanmar government in 2019 estimate the number of remaining tigers at 22 individuals, based on surveys in just 8% of potential tiger habitat across the country. Even though this figure is likely an underestimate of the total population, experts agree that the situation for Myanmar’s tigers is precarious.
“In parts of Myanmar with no current breeding evidence of tigers, populations are on a knife-edge,” says Demelza Stokes, project manager at Wildlife Asia, an Australian NGO that coordinates the Karen Wildlife Conservation Initiative (KWCI). “If important forest corridors get severed, then the chances of tigers rebounding in these areas will plummet.”
Dispersal from strongholds
Work is now underway to understand and address the factors that limit the size of big cat populations and their dispersal out of strongholds like WEFCOM.
A recent study in the Journal for Nature Conservation reported that tiger prey species — large wild ungulates such as sambar deer (Rusa unicolor) and banteng (Bos javanicus) and gaur (Bos gaurus) wild cattle — have been depleted by poaching and habitat fragmentation in WEFCOM. Occupancy models showed that gaur and sambar are present in just 28% and 50% of suitable habitat respectively, and banteng, in line with trends across Southeast Asia, have been extirpated from all areas outside of Huai Kha Khaeng World Heritage Site. The study suggests that even in areas of WEFCOM with well-protected intact forest, the tiger population can grow no further due to lack of prey.
To boost big cat prey populations within WEFCOM, local NGOs are engaging communities to alleviate pressures on large ungulates, and the Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP) is piloting the reintroduction of banteng in several wildlife reserves.
Poaching of big cats in Thailand’s protected areas is comparatively rare, according to Regan Pairojmahakij, Dawna Tenasserim transboundary landscape manager at WWF. She attributes this to the SMART patrol efforts of the DNP. “Thailand has done an excellent job with protected area complexes which allow the scope of land required for maintaining populations of big cats,” she says.
Nonetheless, outside of Thailand’s formal protected areas, land has been widely converted from natural forest to agriculture, infrastructure and residences. Therefore, crucial habitat corridors between protected area complexes are fragmented, impeding dispersal of big cats out of breeding strongholds like WEFCOM into other intact forests. This can result in under-population of prime forest habitats. For example, Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex, home to Thailand’s largest national park, has very few tigers despite being just 75 km (47 mi) south of WEFCOM.
Such intense land use outside of protected areas in Thailand means efforts to preserve forest connectivity can only go so far. In some cases, remaining safe forest corridors traverse the international border into Myanmar. A study published in Global Ecology and Conservation in December 2020 found that clouded leopard strongholds in Thailand’s protected areas — the Western Forest Complex, Kaeng Krachan National Park, and Khlong Saeng-Khao Sok Forest Complex — are only connected to one another via vulnerable forest corridors on the Myanmar side of the border. According to the authors, urgent action is required to improve Myanmar’s protected area networks so that such wildlife corridors are preserved.
However, intact forest landscapes in Myanmar are disintegrating under the pressure of a development boom. Conservationists are particularly concerned about a slew of pipelines and roads, some of which are transboundary, that threaten to carve up the landscape. A primary concern is construction of a 138-km (86-mi) highway to link the special economic zone in southeast Myanmar’s port city of Dawei with southwest Thailand. The highway will bisect the important ecological corridor that connects WEFCOM with big cat habitats to the south, including Kaeng Krachan Forest Complex.
“[The highway] will form a solid linear barrier that will be impossible for wildlife to cross,” says Redford from Freeland. “Gradually over the next two to three years as these roads are built, there will be just chunks of the Dawna Tenasserim left, and it’s well documented how fragmentation hastens extinction.”
A 2019 report from WWF underscores what is at stake if the Dawei road bisects the ecological corridor without paying heed to mitigation measures. Camera-trap surveys recorded less wildlife near the highway route, where access road construction has begun, and picked up more encounters with hunters and dogs. The report suggests that “the road is likely to facilitate illegal hunting of wildlife by improving access to high-quality forest habitat.” According to WWF, prior work that outlined key wildlife crossing sites along the highway route to guide planning and mitigation measures has been incorporated into the road design. It remains to be seen whether the measures will be implemented.
Forest corridors along the Myanmar-Thailand border are also rapidly being eroded by corn farming. “What we are seeing increasingly is the loss of connectivity between key tiger heartlands on either side of the border as maize production fragments these zones,” Pairojmahakij says. “Often it is core forest that is being lost.”
Forests need better protection
The need for effective forest protection in Myanmar is clear. Not only are the threats to long-term survival of big cat populations transboundary in nature, but dispersal routes into the DTL and between Thailand’s protected areas depend on forest continuity on both sides of the border. Nonetheless, while Thailand’s national forest policy calls for restoration — at least on paper — deforestation continues in Myanmar at one of the highest rates in Southeast Asia.
Myanmar had around 40.1 million hectares (99 million acres) of natural forest in 2010, occupying 61% of its land area, according to Global Forest Watch. Between 2002 and 2019, more than 577,000 hectares (1.4 million acres) of primary forest were lost, primarily due to agriculture, logging and other human activities. This represents a 4% decrease in primary forest cover in 18 years.
The protected area system in Myanmar lags behind those of neighboring countries. This is largely attributable to reduced institutional capacity following decades of armed conflict. Prior to the Feb. 1 military takeover, the civilian-led government had taken steps toward democratic reforms, but state-driven policies continued to suffer from lack of appropriate engagement with ethnic groups and civil society. The re-imposition of direct military rule threatens to complicate conservation efforts further.
In southeast Myanmar, the regions bordering Thailand’s WEFCOM are populated largely by Karen Indigenous communities, hundreds of thousands of whom were displaced to camps along the Thai border during the civil war. Long-standing conflict rendered large tracts of Karen forests inaccessible for many years, providing refuge for diverse wildlife. Surveys by KWCI in Karen (Kayin) state in 2017 found 31 species of mammals, including tigers, Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), Phayre’s langurs (Trachypithecus phayrei) and dholes (Cuon alpinus).
Community empowerment boosts forest protection
If conservation in the Dawna Tenasserim Landscape is to succeed, the authorities need to be able to engage with communities living in the area, experts say.
“Community empowerment is vitally important to implementing sustainable conservation projects,” says Stokes from Wildlife Asia. “Local communities are the best stewards of their environment when they are empowered and included in steering initiatives from the beginning. In Myanmar, access to and respect for basic human rights, including land rights, is just a starting point for protecting people and wildlife from exploitation and industrial expansion. The Salween Peace Park is an amazing example of this.”
Launched in December 2018, the Salween Peace Park is a Karen-led protected area encompassing 546,000 hectares (1.35 million acres) of largely intact teak forest west of the Salween River in southeast Kayin state. It is the culmination of several decades of community-driven approaches to conservation, such as the establishment of community forests, the enforcement of fish conservation zones and the demarcation of Kaw (traditional Indigenous lands). A total of 348 villages are included, comprising 27 community forests and three wildlife sanctuaries that are managed through Indigenous practices. The peace park initiative is driven by the Forestry Department of the Karen National Union (KFD) together with local Karen communities and the Karen Environmental and Social Action Network (KESAN).
Paul Sein Twa, co-founder of KESAN, was recently awarded the 2020 Goldman Environmental Prize for his work to establish the park, which adjoins the Salween Forest Complex across the border in Thailand. “The long-term goal of the Salween Peace Park goes beyond just wildlife conservation to include preservation of culture and a vision for peace and self-determination of indigenous people over our territory,” he told Mongabay on Jan. 18, shortly before the coup. “We have to preserve our heritage for future generations.”
KESAN supports communities in the Salween Peace Park to live in balance with nature in line with Karen animist beliefs. “Many endangered species, including tigers, are considered guardian spirits of the forest and are protected from hunting or killing by traditional taboos and prohibitions,” Sein Twa says. Raising awareness of such traditional hunting practices and cracking down on poaching through ranger patrols and community engagement are central to big cat protection in the park.
Preliminary surveys confirm the presence of several big cat species within the park. According to Evan Greenspan, science and research manager at KWCI, there is “evidence of breeding leopard populations among a number of recently surveyed forested areas. Given their rarity and population declines throughout much of the rest of Southeast Asia, the Salween Peace Park may host one of the last remaining healthy populations anywhere in the world.” Now, the KFD and KWCI are mapping important big cat forest corridors that maintain connectivity between the park and protected areas in western Thailand to inform habitat protection plans that incorporate Karen customary land practices and beliefs.
Sein Twa says he hopes the Salween Peace Park’s success will inspire a transition from top-down approaches to conservation. In the past, state-governed protected areas risked serious violations of Indigenous people’s rights; the Salween Peace Park offers a grassroots alternative that is garnering attention from like-minded communities in Myanmar.
According to Sein Twa, the most effective way to protect and conserve big cats across the wider landscape between Myanmar and Thailand is a combination of approaches that span grassroots to governmental levels. The Indigenous-led conservation model showcased in the Salween Peace Park can be rolled out to neighboring areas to create continuity with state-governed protected areas in both countries.
Advocates say they hope that tigers and other big cats can become a galvanizing force in this politically complex region. “Everybody has an interest in seeing the preservation of tigers in the landscape — nobody wants to lose them,” says WWF’s Pairojmahakij. “Whereas it would normally be difficult to bring stakeholders round the table to discuss issues such as transboundary conservation, tiger conservation could provide a catalyst to cooperation.”
This article by Carolyn Cowan was first published on Mongabay.com on 3 February 2021. Lead Image: Indochinese tiger photographed by a camera trap in the Dawna Tenasserim landscape. Photo ©Freeland/DNP.
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EreIamJH brings news about a commercial geostationary satellite that was launched last month. Due to a launch failure, the satellite did not reach the orbit required to perform its function. The satellite's owner, SES Americom, looked for a way to salvage the satellite, but ran into an unexpected hurdle; a Boeing patent on the lunar flyby process that would be used to correct the satellite's orbit. If another company doesn't purchase the satellite, it is likely to become another piece of space junk. The European Space Agency has posted a gallery of the maps they have put together for man-made debris in orbit around the earth.
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Almost half of all low-income and non-Hispanic Black adults have tooth decay that has gone without treatment. Kids are in pain and getting behind at school, low-income families and people of color are suffering. Too many families either don’t have coverage or can’t afford to pay for dental care because it takes money away from everyday survival. These social determinants are very real for the nearly 60 million Americans who don’t have access to dental care.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines social determinants of health as “conditions in the places where people live, learn, work, and play that affect a wide range of health and quality-of life-risks and outcomes.” Put simply: where you live often determines how healthy you are.
There is no doubt that there is a massive oral health equity issue in America. And we know that poor oral health leads to poor overall health. This oral health divide further deepens the overall health disparities in our nation.
While there are several answers to a lack of dental care in underserved communities -–temporary fixes such as free dental care days and toothbrush distributions do not address the lack of access long-term.
There is a sustainable solution gaining steam in the United States: dental therapists.
Dental therapists started in the U.S. more than 15 years ago, when Alaskan Native/American Indian leaders established a dental therapy program to provide needed care to their communities. Since then, the Commission on Dental Accreditation (the same group that certifies dentists’ programs) has approved three education programs and the first dental therapist on the East Coast started work in Maine in 2020.
Dental therapists are licensed dental providers who work under the supervision of a dentist to give routine care. Part of a dental therapist’s training includes working in all kinds of settings. This training makes them nimble, and able to get to remote areas and give care. This flexibility doesn’t just mean they can provide routine dental care in remote or rural areas. It means dental therapists can effectively address dental care shortages in any community. They are also cost effective and open access to good wage jobs. Since programs can be established in community colleges, the cost of a dental therapy education is affordable, turning out professionals with lower debt. Dental therapy is an access to care solution and job creator all in one.
Establishing affordable programs is key to opening the field to people from low-income backgrounds and developing a community-based workforce. Providers who share culture, language, and values with their patients often have more success building trust and providing effective care.
Twelve states, including a first step here in Connecticut, have authorized dental therapists in some form and about a dozen other states are exploring dental therapy options. As we bring awareness to health inequities across Connecticut during Health Equity Week (April 4-10), we cannot forget the critical role oral health care plays in our overall health and the deep racial, ethnic, and socio-economic divides that continue to fester in our nation. Dental therapists are a proven way to address this divide and it’s our hope that they become a common addition to the dental care team.
Pareesa Charmchi Goodwin is the Executive Director of the Connecticut Oral Health Initiative, Inc (COHI). COHI is a nonprofit oral health advocacy organization with the mission of increasing access to oral health services for all Connecticut residents.
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Easy step by step drawing tutorial for kids. Now draw some curves on the face as shown below.
Week Ivthoughts In Motion Lion Face Drawing Lion Drawing Simple Lion Head Drawing
Two straight lines will give the nose depth.
How to draw a lion face. At the back draw a curve and a long curvy line for tail guideline. How to draw a lion face step by step for kidsplease subscribe our channel to get newest and latest. Draw a curvy rectangular shape below the mouth.
Anytime the tops of the pupils are flattened under straight brows, the eyes will tend to have an angry look. Draw an angeled big oval for the body, above that little left draw a circle for the head. Add more details to the face of the lion.
Outline the needed parts and apply the suitable hues after. No, simply fold the paper in half twice, both ways, make a crease, and unfold. Let’s start drawing the jawline.
Notice how the skin gets wrinkled over the muscle pulling the whiskers back. This will add to the angry expression of the lion. And now, on to our lion drawing project.
Detail the lion’s face by sketching the texture of the fur around the lion’s mouth. The final step in learning how to make a lion face step by step is to create the rest of the features of this animal. If you use the lowercase word “lion” you can learn with this tutorial on how to draw a lion’s face.
This tutorial shows the sketching and drawing steps from start to finish. How to draw lion face head step by step best tattoos dieren tekenen leeuw schets leeuw tekening. Mark out the eyes of the lion.
In the head draw a line for the center of the face and 4 lines below the. Draw a circle with a dot in the middle of each eye shape. Preview of step by step lion face drawing tutorial.
Create the short lines for the facial hair of the animal. Use multiple curved lines to create the nose. Draw the nose of the lion.
Mark out the hairs of the lion. To do this, you will need the black and white head drawing, some fine point markers, and a few soft cloth tips. Keeping the brow lines straight and the pupils tucked up under will always give them a serious look, whether you are drawing an animal or even a human.
How do you draw a lion face side. That is the final straw of the online lesson how to draw a lion face. Draw the lines of the lion’s mane.
How to draw a lion's face step by step, learn drawing by this tutorial for kids and adults. It’s fun and easy and once done you can show it to your artist’s friends, so they also learn it. Draw c curves in the eyes.
How to draw a lion face. How to turn the word “lion” into a cartoon lion : Keep the eye wide open—this is.
Draw two curved lines for the eyes. Create three curved lines in order to make the mouth. See more ideas about lion face drawing, face drawing, lion face.
How to draw a realistic lion step 1. Draw the details of the face. Make the lines on the face of your art drawing image.
Start by drawing the lion’s eyes, mouth, and its two front paws. Attach the body and neck with a line forming the neck of it. The beauty is that by the time the drawing is done and colored in, the creases made for these guidelines will disappear.
Thanks for watching our channel. How to draw a realistic lion.
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