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What is Domestic Violence & Abuse
What is domestic abuse?
Used with permission from Women’s Aid UK
Please note the phone numbers in this animation will not work in the Republic of Ireland
ChildLine in the Republic of Ireland’s freephone 24 hour listening service. 1800 666 666 All calls are free of charge and confidential. Text ‘list’ to 50101 (This is an automated free text support service)
- turn2me is a high-quality, safe, anonymous, and confidential space for you to gain support for your mental health online.
- The Citizens Information Service provides free information about all public services in Ireland. Lo-call 1890 777 121
- Child and Family Agency supports Family Resource Centres, marriage/ relationship, bereavement & child counselling services and operates the Family Mediation Service.
- The Family Resource Centre National Forum is a national representative body working with Family Resource Centres located in communities throughout Ireland.
- Teenfocus is a support service to teenagers 13–18yrs who are experiencing difficulties. It is run by the Irish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.
- SpunOut is an online interactive support and information service for young people. It covers a range of issues relevant to young peoples’ lives and provides useful signposts to support services available.
- Teen-Line Ireland is a confidential helpline service for teenagers, dealing with any problems or worries they are experiencing. Freephone helpline: 1800 833 634 8-11pm or Text ‘Teen’ to 50015
- Youth Information Centres are based in many towns and cities and provide a free, confidential, service to young people and to those who work with them, on wide range of subjects including careers, education, employment matters, rights and entitlements, leisure, sport, travel and european opportunities.
- The National Youth Council of Ireland is a representative body for voluntary national youth organisations. It can help you to find youth services in your area.
Domestic abuse (or fighting/hurting) is when abuse or violence is used by one person to hurt, bully, or control another person in a relationship.
- Domestic Abuse can happen in any relationship, Domestic abuse is more often used by men against women, but it can also be used by women against men. It can also happen in same sex relationships between gay or lesbian couples
- Domestic abuse can happen in relationships where couples are married, living together, going out with each other or even living apart.
- It is often a pattern that starts early in a relationship and gets worse over time.
- Domestic Abuse can take many forms
- Physical: A grown up may, hit, punch, push, hair-pull, shake, kick another grown up?
- Emotional: A grown up may put down, curse or criticise, call names or threaten another grown up?
- Financial: A grown up may not be allowed have any money or go to work?
- Sexual: If someone is being forced to have sex at times or in ways you do not want to, being raped.
- A grown up sending hundreds of text message wanting to know where another grown up is?
What Children Say
This was made by Children & Young People around Ireland who have lived with Domestic Violence & Abuse
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This illness is manifested by cramps, gas, bloating, and alternate bowel constipation and diarrhea. Any of these particular symptoms can be primary, in other words someone can have severe diarrhea or they could just have intestinal cramps with bloating and distension of their abdomen. The symptoms usually occur after meals, but in people who have sensitivities to common foods it may cycle irrespective of the recently eaten meals. This particular problem of irritable bowel disease can be more severe in its nature and typically people who begin with irritable bowel problems who have more severe reactions to the gut will end up with Crohn's disease, Colitis, or Ulcerative Colitis. We do not feel that these diseases are specific entities, but rather a continuum of severity of an intolerance to something common in the diet they are eating.
Some of the other gastro-intestinal problems that are very common are intestinal cramps with bloating, hyperacidity, duodenal and gastric ulcers, and acid reflux disease. The common term for gastro-intestinal reflux is GERD which can be controlled by identifying and removing the offending foods.
The tests multi-pathways to determine delayed food sensitivities causing gastro-intestinal problems. The harmful foods can be identified quickly and accurately. Eliminating these harmful foods from the diet can provide a resolution for the gastro-intestinal symptoms and improve health. The Complement Antigen Test has been extremely effective over 80 percent of the time. This high incidence of success and the outstanding consistency of this test continue to set the standard for delayed food sensitivity testing. Order today and return your body to a more healthy state, you will be glad you did.
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Introduction to iPad for Beginners will make navigating you iPad a piece of cake
The iPad, Apple’s tablet, is one of the most popular tablets on the market. Our Introduction to iPad for Beginners class is built around the device’s multi-touch screen, which includes a virtual keyboard. The iPad can shoot video, take photos, play music, and perform Internet functions such as web-browsing and emailing. Other functions—games, reference, social networking, etc.—can be enabled by downloading and installing apps.
In this Introduction to iPad class, you will learn the basics of how to use the iPad, including navigation techniques, working with apps, setting up email, managing contacts, and more. Perfect for individuals who have recently purchased an iPad and want to be more proficient at navigating and using it.
Upon successful completion of Introduction to iPad class, students will be able to:
- Navigate through the iPad operating system using the touchscreen
- Connect to Wi-Fi
- Protect data
- Restart/reset the device
- Add an email account
- Add and manage contacts
- Work with apps
- Use the camera app
- Target student: Beginner
- Class size limited
- Computer & software provided in class
* You may bring your own device
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The Green Desk
What are some ways to improve an outdoor learning environment without breaking the bank?
Built from locally sourced logs, branches, and sticks, Natural Playhouses are an affordable and creative alternative to the playhouses one normally purchases from catalogs.
Sturdy logs + branches + zip ties/rope/cording + a little ingenuity and skill = instant playhouse, puppet theater, or dramatic play.
Collaborate with tree removal companies to conserve tree branches before they grind them. Alternatively, work with the landscape crew of a local college campus or botanical garden to get tree donations and plant prunings. The playhouse illustrated here requires a moderate amount of skill and a few hand tools to assemble. The lifespan of a natural playhouse is probably four to five years, unless a sturdy timber frame is used to support the natural materials attached to it. Otherwise, consider rebuilding the playhouse each year as a fun, active learning project. Use fresh cut branches, not ones partially broken down from the forest floor.
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Diphenhydramine injection is an antihistamine used to treat life-threatening allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) along with epinephrine and other treatments. It is also used to relieve symptoms of household allergies, hay fever and the common cold when medication cannot be given by mouth. Common allergy symptoms relieved by antihistamines include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes/nose/throat, cough, runny nose and sneezing.
It is also used to treat nausea, vomiting and dizziness caused by motion sickness when medication cannot be given by mouth. Diphenhydramine works by blocking a certain natural substance (histamine) that your body makes during an allergic reaction. Its drying effects on such symptoms as watery eyes and runny nose are caused by blocking another natural substance made by your body (acetylcholine).
Diphenhydramine should not be used in newborns or premature infants because of an increased risk of side effects.
OTHER USES: This section contains uses of this drug that are not listed in the approved professional labeling for the drug but that may be prescribed by your health care professional. Use this drug for a condition that is listed in this section only if it has been so prescribed by your health care professional.
Diphenhydramine injection is also used alone or with other medications to treat shaking (tremor) and muscle stiffness caused by Parkinson's disease when medication cannot be given by mouth. It may also be used to treat side effects of certain psychiatric drugs such as involuntary movements and muscle stiffness (e.g., EPS). It works by blocking acetylcholine. (See also Uses section.)
This medication is injected into a vein (IV) no faster than 25 milligrams per minute, or deeply into a muscle as directed by your doctor. Be very careful to inject into a vein or muscle and not into the skin or just under the skin. If this medication is injected into or just under the skin, it can destroy the skin and tissues around the injection site (necrosis).
If you are giving this medication to yourself at home, learn all preparation and usage instructions from your health care professional. Before using, check this product visually for particles or discoloration. If either is present, do not use the liquid. Learn how to store and discard medical supplies safely.
Do not use this medication more often than prescribed. Your dosage is based on your medical condition and response to therapy. Inform your doctor if your condition does not improve or if it worsens.
Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, irritability, stomach upset, vision changes (e.g., blurred vision), decreased coordination, constipation, or dry mouth/nose/throat may occur. These effects may decrease as your body adjusts to the medication. If they persist or become bothersome, inform your doctor.
To relieve dry mouth, suck on (sugarless) hard candy or ice chips, chew (sugarless) gum, drink water or use a saliva substitute. Diphenhydramine can dry up and thicken the mucus in your lungs, making it more difficult to breathe and clear your lungs. To help prevent this effect, be sure to drink plenty of fluids unless otherwise directed by your physician.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Tell your doctor right away if you have any serious side effects, including: mental/mood changes (such as restlessness, confusion), pounding/irregular heartbeat, ringing in the ears, seizure, difficulty urinating.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is unlikely, but get medical help right away if it occurs. Symptoms of a serious allergic reaction may include: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
In the US -
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088.
In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
Before using diphenhydramine, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or to dimenhydrinate; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: breathing problems (e.g., asthma, emphysema), glaucoma, heart problems, high blood pressure, liver disease, mental/mood disorders, seizures, stomach problems (e.g., ulcers, obstruction), overactive thyroid, difficulty urinating (e.g., enlarged prostate, urinary retention).
This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy or cause blurred vision. Do not drive, use machinery, or do any activity that requires alertness or clear vision until you are sure you can perform such activities safely. Limit the use of alcohol and certain other medications that cause drowsiness. (See also Drug Interactions.)
To minimize dizziness and lightheadedness, get up slowly when rising from a seated or lying position.
Caution is advised when using this drug in children because they are more sensitive to the effects of antihistamines. This drug can often cause excitement in young children instead of drowsiness.
Older adults may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially drowsiness, dizziness, low blood pressure, confusion, constipation, or trouble urinating. Drowsiness, dizziness, and confusion can increase the risk of falling.
This medication should be used only when clearly needed during pregnancy. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant before using this medication.
Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.
Some products that may interact with this drug include: antihistamines applied to the skin (such as diphenhydramine cream, ointment, spray), antispasmodics (e.g., atropine, belladonna alkaloids), drugs for Parkinson's disease (e.g., anticholinergics such as benztropine, trihexyphenidyl), MAO inhibitors (isocarboxazid, linezolid, methylene blue, moclobemide, phenelzine, procarbazine, rasagiline, selegiline, tranylcypromine), tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline).
Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you also take drugs that cause drowsiness such as: certain antihistamines (e.g., dimenhydrinate), anti-seizure drugs (e.g., carbamazepine), medicine for sleep or anxiety (e.g., alprazolam, diazepam, zolpidem), muscle relaxants, narcotic pain relievers (e.g., codeine), psychiatric medicines (e.g., chlorpromazine, risperidone, amitriptyline, trazodone). Check the labels on all your medicines (e.g., cough-and-cold products) because they may contain drowsiness-causing ingredients. Ask your pharmacist about the safe use of those products.
If overdose is suspected, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include large pupils, flushing, fever, hallucinations, weakness, shaking (tremor), muscle twitching, loss of consciousness, and seizures. In children, excitement may occur first, and may be followed by loss of coordination, drowsiness, loss of consciousness, and seizures.
Do not take for several days before allergy testing. Test results can be affected.
Do not share this medication with others.
If you miss a dose, use it as soon you remember. If it is near the time of your next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
Store at room temperature away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medications away from children and pets.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company.
Information last revised April 2014. Copyright(c) 2014 First Databank, Inc.
Sorry. No images are available for this medication.
With WebMD's Medicine Cabinet, you can check interactions with drugs.Go to medicine cabinet
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Macular degeneration is a disease of the retina that affects the macula in the back of the eye. The macula is important for clear central vision, allowing an individual to see fine details. There are two types of macular degeneration, dry and wet. Dry macular degeneration is more common and is characterized by the thinning of the retina and drusen, small yellowish-white deposits that form within the retina. The dry form of macular degeneration is usually mild. Wet macular degeneration can happen more quickly and be more serious. It occurs when vessels under the retinal layer hemorrhage and cause the retinal cells to die creating blind spots or distorted vision in the central vision. The disease becomes increasingly common amongst people in each succeeding decade over 50.
Review Date: 8/11/2015
Reviewed By: Franklin W. Lusby, MD, ophthalmologist, Lusby Vision Institute, La Jolla, CA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Isla Ogilvie, PhD, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.
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Almost every recipe for jam seems to use the term "adjust caps" before processing in a boiling-water bath. What does "adjust caps" mean? —M.G., Lompoc, California
Recipes that use the term "adjust caps" or lids are referring to sealing the filled canning jars with metal lids and screw bands. To properly adjust lids, wipe the jar rims with a clean dampened dishcloth or paper towel. Place lids on jar rims with the gasket side down next to the glass. Screw metal bands evenly and firmly over lids just until resistance is met. Then process the jars according to the recipe directions.
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What is autoimmune disease? Rheumatologists specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. The purpose of the immune system is to fight off harmful substances in the body, such as infections. In order to do this, the immune system must be able to tell the difference between normal healthy parts of the body (self) and harmful intruders (non-self.), just as police officers try to distinguish “good guys” from “bad guys.”
The immune system has many complex mechanisms for achieving this. Every once in a while, something goes wrong. If the immune system incorrectly labels a normal healthy part of the body as being harmful, it might attack the healthy part just as if it were a harmful bacteria. This is called autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases are also commonly referred to as connective tissue diseases, because the connective tissue in the body is often the target.
The part of the body which is being attacked determines the type of autoimmune disease a person might have. For example, in rheumatoid arthritis the joints are attacked. In Lupus, the kidneys and skin can be attacked. In dermatomyositis, the skin and muscles can be attacked.
When is autoimmune disease suspected?
An auto-immune disease can affect virtually any part of the body, including the joints, muscles, kidneys, lungs, heart, and brain. An auto-immune disease can therefore manifest in countless ways. This can range from joint pain, muscle pain, and fatigue to fevers, rashes, and problems with organs such as kidneys and lungs.
If a patient has a particular symptom or problem that can not be explained by common conditions, a doctor might suspect an auto-immune disease as the cause, and refer the patient to a rheumatologist for further testing.
How are autoimmune diseases diagnosed?
The diagnosis of autoimmune diseases is not straightforward, and requires a history, physical exam, laboratory testing, radiography, and sometimes biopsies.
Blood tests can be helpful, but often do not hold the complete answer. The most common blood test first ordered when an autoimmune disease is suspected is the antinuclear antibody test, otherwise known as the ANA. There are dozens of other tests, most of which involve the immune system, that try to detect autoimmunity.
Blood tests are only part of the workup, and by themselves do not give a diagnosis. Many people have a positive ANA, but have no autoimmune disease (referred to as testing falsely positive.) Other patients might have conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, with normal blood work (referred to as testing falsely negative.)
Because of the high incidence of false positive and false negative blood test results, the diagnosis of autoimmune disease can be a process of careful history taking, examination, and observation over time.
How are autoimmune diseases treated?
Because autoimmune diseases involve abnormalities of the immune system, they are often treated with medications that alter the immune system. Such medications are called immuno-modulatory medications. There are many, and they are tailored to the specific manifestations of a particular disease.
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We were recently reading the 2017 Deloitte Global Human Capital Survey, and it offered interesting insights into how the nature of work is changing. The workplace is already looking different both in the United States and Canada and in other countries around the world. We like to think that it is because we live in the digital era, but it’s really more than that. The future of tech, which is already underway, is changing so much that we can’t keep up.
Jobs of the Future
A simple way to think of the jobs of the future is that they will be increasingly connected to the world of tech, which includes the evolution of more IoT-style digital and mobile apps. People will want to keep being connected to the Internet for their lifestyles, and that will extend to their work lives and personal lives. They will be doing jobs that don’t exist yet, whereas many of the jobs that people perform now will become extinct. What’s more, the career that any person will have with an organization, according to this human capital survey, is going to last about five years or less. Most workers will have multiple careers of a short span within their lifetime.
Examples of How Tech is Changing the Workplace
Here, we want to consider two ways that tech is changing the workplace. One way involves the kind of work that people do and how they learn. A second way involves the use of people in more flexible ways.
#1. Employee Learning
According to the 2017 survey by Deloitte, people will want to receive learning from their employer that will last them that length of time. Remember, the maximum career would be about five years. That being said, they would want it to be a quick form of learning, usually gained through a mobile app. They want to learn that skill because it will quickly be forgotten when they learn new skills. They don’t know when they learn the first skill what their future roles will look like in their organization. Deloitte gives the example that software developers must be able to learn entirely new skills every 12 to 15 months. https://www.pagerduty.com/features/post-mortems/
#2. Flexible Work Schemes
The survey also shows that workers will be increasingly mobile. They may not necessarily work as freelancers or consultants, but they will be telecommuting and participating more frequently in flexible work teams. This means that having access to an Internet connection and using a computer or a mobile device to perform tasks will become more important. Most people will be knowledge workers, and they will constantly learn how to use new technologies so they can do the jobs of the future. Artificial intelligence will continue to assume more of the jobs that employees do now, which will make current jobs obsolete. This means that flexible workers will also have to become better at interpreting information that AI software collects and then make decisions. They will be accountable for managing more information resources. Without constantly brushing up on skills from wherever they are, knowledge workers will not keep pace with the demand for humans who know tech.
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Landowners with farm ponds look at various options to control weeds in the pond. Another biological control option of some unwanted aquatic vegetation is the use of tilapia in the farm pond.
Tilapia consume aquatic vegetation species such as filamentous algae, duckweed and watermeal. Tilapia can be effective in controlling some species of aquatic vegetation. Their effectiveness can be reduced in ponds with a large population of bass due to intense predation.
Tilapia is a warm water species of fish. Tilapia cannot survive at water temperatures below 55 degrees. Because they are a warm water species, stocking of tilapia usually takes place mid-April or May. Recommended stocking rates for tilapia in farm ponds is 15 to 20 pounds of mixed sex adult Mozambique tilapia per surface acre. As our water temperature drops below 55 degrees in November and December, tilapia cannot tolerate these cold water temperatures.
In Texas, stocking of Mozambique tilapia does not require a permit from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Blue or Nile tilapia require an exotic species permit and are not to be used for recreational pond stocking.
Tilapia are shaped much like sunfish or crappie but can be easily identified by an interrupted lateral line characteristic of the Cichlid family of fish. They are laterally compressed and deep-bodied with long dorsal fins. The forward portion of the dorsal fin is heavily spined. The main cultured species of tilapia usually can be distinguished by different banding patterns on the caudal fin. Male Mozambique tilapia also has upturned snouts. Color patterns on the body and fins also may distinguish species.
Tilapia can survive in pH ranging from 5 to 10 but do best in a pH range of 6 to 9. The pH scale measures how acidic or alkaline a soil or water may be. Agriculture limestone may need to be applied to the newly renovated pond to help change the pH of the soil or water. Applying limestone directly to the bottom of the pond is acceptable as the limestone will begin to break down as we receive rainfall. Just like pastures, farm ponds have an optimum pH level that enhances fish growth and reproduction. The pH of a farm pond should range from 6.5 to 9.0.
Total alkalinity in farm ponds should be greater than 20 parts per million. Alkalinity is a measure of bases in the water. Bases react to neutralize acids and, therefore, directly influence pH. As bases react with the hydrogen ions present, they buffer or suppress pH changes.
Proper identification of the weed species in the farm pond is important to help determine a plan of action when choosing various control methods. A helpful website to do this ishttp://aquaplant.tamu.edu . This website shows photos of weeds offering biological, mechanical and chemical control of aquatic vegetation.
Educational programs of the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service are open to all people without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, genetic information or veteran status.
The Texas A&M University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating
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Online Bondar Challenge
Welcome to the Online Bondar Challenge! As we all spend more time indoors to keep each other safe during the COVID-19 pandemic, The Roberta Bondar Foundation is making resources from our signature program, the Bondar Challenge, open to the public for free. While we maintain physical distancing measures, we can still enjoy the wonders of nature and explore the ecological components that make up our local natural environments. Photography is a great tool to do this!
While the Bondar Challenge is normally geared towards youth, it’s a fun and engaging activity for all ages. It’s also a great way for families to explore nature together.
Our resources and activities are available at no cost but there is a fee to enter into our competition.
Whether you’re familiar with the Bondar Challenge or you’re learning about it for the first time, follow the steps below to get a sense of the program and our learning materials:
1. Get your camera!
A smartphone or tablet will work too. It’s good to practice handling and operating your device so that your photographs come out looking great.
2. Read our “Getting started with your camera” infographic
It gives a quick overview of how to handle and operate your camera, as well as a few photographic techniques to practice.
3. Try our activities
Our scavenger hunts, photo bingo and alphabet activity are fun ways to practice using your device and explore the natural environment around you.
PHOTO SCAVENGER HUNTS
4. Review our “Camera Tips” card deck
Dive deeper into photography! You can find more photographic techniques in this deck with examples using Dr. Bondar’s own photography. Practicing these techniques will help develop your photographic abilities and observation skills. It’s easy to fit in mathematic and artistic principles while practicing these techniques, such as the rule of thirds, patterns, repetition, lines and contrast.
5. Try our more challenging activities
We have a list of activities according to age/experience. These start from a beginner level and get more advanced and include inquiry-based learning. You can do the activities at your level or try them all!
6. Save your work. This is important!
Once you finish taking photos for the day, upload all of your work to a computer. Put them in a folder and name the folder with the current date. This will help you keep track of your work day by day and make it much easier to find specific photos.
7. Review your work
This is a good way to review your progress. Think about which photos you like best and why. Are there any techniques you want to work on, like lighting, focus or positioning of subjects? What were you feeling when you took each photograph? Why did you want to photograph the subjects you chose?
8. Optional: select your entry and complete a GEM card
If you would like to take part in our competition, select one photograph to submit for judging.
Note: a fee of $20.00 per submission is required to enter the competition.
In order for the photograph to be judged, you must complete a GEM card to accompany it. Our GEM cards are artist statement cards that summarize the details of your photograph, including how and why you photographed your subject and the conditions you photographed it in.
We have 4 categories of cards with their own level of difficulty. Emerald is our beginner level and is followed by Ruby, Sapphire, then Diamond, which is the most advanced level. You can select the level you wish to compete in and complete the corresponding GEM card online.
Instead of filling out a GEM card, you have the option of submitting a full written statement about your image. Photographs and written statements can be emailed to us.
You can find the competition Rules and Regulations here.
Take a look at our Judging Criteria to find out how our judges review and rank submissions:
Click the button below to make payment for your competition entry:
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I am going to compare and contrast the similaritie
This essay I am going to compare and contrast the similaritie has a total of 870 words and 3 pages.
I am going to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between dogs and cats. The similarities are innumerable, yet this holds true with the differences as well.
First, we shall discuss the similarities that these two creatures share. One of the most obvious similarities between these two animals is that they both have hair. When a creature has hair, it belongs to the mammal kingdom. This means that they give birth to their young. They also drink milk when they are babies. Another similarity that these animals share is that they are domesticated animals kept as pets. They also require love and affection from their owner. If you show love and affection toward these animals, they will show it back. Another thing that is the same in both of them is that when you pet them, not only does it relieve stress, it gets dog or cat hair every where. They both give birth to multiple offspring at one time, which must be very hard on the mother.
Now that I am finished with my explanation of ;the similarities between dogs and cats, I will now discuss with you the differences between these two majestic animals.
One of the main differences is that of their species. The cats belong to the family of felines. Dogs, on the other hand, are canines. Another difference is that dogs are pack animals, which means you should spend lots of time with your dog so that it doesn’t get lonely. Cats are loners, meaning they can spend allot of time alone without getting lonely. Another big difference is the sounds that they make. A dog goes woof, bark, growl, or howl. A cat, on the other hand, goes meow and purr. Another difference is their social status, and how they determine their ranks. Cats don’t have any. The determining factor in dogs is the tail. When a cat holds it’s tail up, it means it is happy, but in dogs, how high they hold their tail is how they determine ranks. If one dog meets another dog, and one holds it tail up, it is the one of the higher social class. Another difference is that cats are nocturnal, meaning they go out at night. Dogs, however, are day animals.
Another very obvious difference between dogs and cats is that dogs are usually bigger than cats. Cats are usually scared of dogs, and the dogs usually chase the cats. Dogs are also somewhat smarter than cats in the area of verbal command. For example, you can call your dog by name and usually it will come to you, unlike a cat. Also, you can train dogs to do tricks when commanded. Some of the most commonly seen tricks in dogs are role over, fetch, shake hands, sit down, lay down, and play dead. I have never seen a cat do any of these things, and I doubt that I ever will get an opportunity to see a cat preform even one of these tricks.
Another difference between cats and dogs is that cats hunt mice, birds, rabbits, and many other types of rodents. A dog will maybe catch a bird, but I have never seen a dog catch a rodent. Here is the reason most people have cats, other than the reason that they are cute, is to catch mice and other rodents. Cats and dogs also hunt in different ways. A dog hunt directly, and when it catches its prey, it kills it immediately. A cat, on the other hand, likes to play with its food, tease it is another way someone described a cat hunting. For example, when a cat sees a mouse, it will pounce on it, then usually claw or bite it, then let it go. It will then pounce on it again, and let it go. Cats will do this for about a half hour before it finally eats its prey. Another difference is their paws and claws. While both of their paws are padded, cats are padded so that they can be stealthy. Their claws are different in the are of sharpness, among other things. Another difference in claws is that a cats are retractable, while a dog’s aren’t. For example, when a dog is born, it’s claws are
Topics Related to I am going to compare and contrast the similaritie
Cat, Animal communication, Dog, Cats, Claw, Cat behavior, Dog anatomy
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I am going to compare and contrast the similaritieI am going to compare and contrast the similarities and differences between dogs and cats. The similarities are innumerable, yet this holds true with the differences as well. First, we shall discuss the similarities that these two creatures share. One of the most obvious similarities between these two animals is that they both have hair. When a creature has hair, it belongs to the mammal kingdom. This means that they give birth to their young. They also drink milk when they are babies. Another s
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Zwaagwesteinde, a village in the Dutch province of Friesland (coordinates: 53°15′19 N, 6° 2' E). Mennonites living here in the 17th and 18th centuries belonged to the Kollumerzwaag congregation. As more and more of the members moved to Zwaagwesteinde and because the meetinghouse at Kollumerzwaag was dilapidated, a new meetinghouse was built at Zwaagwesteinde, dedicated on 5 May 1816. The congregation was then generally called Zwaagwesteinde and Kollumerzwaag, or simply Zwaagwesteinde. After the death of the (untrained) preacher A. H. Bosma in 1838 the pulpit remained vacant, and in 1844 the few members who were left joined the neighboring Dantumawoude congregation. In 1897 S. D. A. Wartena, the pastor of Veenwouden, started catechetical instruction here, and in 1904 the 47 Mennonites living at Zwaagwesteinde, members of Veenwouden and Dantumawoude, organized a Kring (circle), which built a meetinghouse in the same year. Services were held at Zwaagwesteinde by the pastors of Veenwouden and Dantumawoude and others. In 1949 the Kring Zwaagwesteinde became an independent congregation. The membership in 1958 was 66, served by the pastor of Veenwouden. Church activities include a ladies' circle, youth group 18-25, Sunday school for children, and a choir.
Doopsgezinde Bijdragen (1903): 164-70, 187; (1905): 30, 192 f., 199.
Doopsgezind Jaarboekje (1949): 34.
|Author(s)||Nanne van der Zijpp|
Cite This Article
van der Zijpp, Nanne. "Zwaagwesteinde (Friesland, Netherlands)." Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. 1959. Web. 1 Aug 2014. http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Zwaagwesteinde_(Friesland,_Netherlands)&oldid=79103.
van der Zijpp, Nanne. (1959). Zwaagwesteinde (Friesland, Netherlands). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved 1 August 2014, from http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Zwaagwesteinde_(Friesland,_Netherlands)&oldid=79103.
Herald Press website.
©1996-2014 by the Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. All rights reserved.
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This newly updated workshop gives you in-depth information to help you understand class differences
and 10 actions you can implement the next day in the classroom to achieve impact. This workshop is
based on the book A Framework for Understanding Poverty by Ruby K. Payne, Ph.D.
After participating in this workshop, your teachers will:
Topics include: resources, relationships, hidden rules, mental models, family structure, updated case
studies, family dynamics, your personal experience with class, the role of language registers, discourse
patterns and story structure, and the importance of relationships.
- Leave the training with concrete actions that can be implemented easily the next day in their classroom or building.
- Better understand how economic class affects behaviors and mindsets.
- Develop stronger relationships with their students to impact behavior and achievement.
- Identify several key instructional strategies that meet the needs of the under-resourced learner.
- Understand the hidden rules of economic classes and how they apply to their classrooms.
- Reduce their discipline referrals.
- Use concrete strategies that impact the achievement of students from poverty.
Audience: Designed for elementary and secondary schools of any size, with adaptation and application for community, social service, and faith community
Audience Size: No limit to number of participants.
Needs/issues/problems addressed in this workshop:
- Achievement gap
- Understanding differences
- Economic class behaviors and mindsets
- Full-day workshop
- Two 1/2-day workshops
- Overview (2–4 hours)
Available as a workshop at your school, or check our
for seminars with this title.
Call (800) 424-9484 or email us with questions or to book this workshop.
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An adult is a person who is aged twenty one or more than twenty one years old. National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) ensures any adult to continue education at any stage by providing a quality education. Many universities and colleges offer educational loans to help you continue your adult education. But, very likely an adult education offering is shorter than courses of study at a high school, technical school, college or university.
With such blurred boundaries, reversed roles, and the premature crossing of adult lines, they may never get to bat as children, bypassing this crucial stage. To soothe the worries of these people, adult education programs were started. These adult education courses are available through local colleges and online institutions.
Most people prefer online classes since the flexibility they offer allows the student to better coordinate their school and work schedules. The number of languages on offer in adult education is expanding all the time to keep up with the demands of students. Adults returning to education programs offer you plenty of choices and features to study.
The first adult schools were started in England. Many educational providers invite adults to return to education after a formal break. Adult education is a noble work in which even students can take active part. Adult education programs not only provide basic education, they also guide their students towards higher education.
Fluency Instruction In Adults
They used to be referred to as “non-traditional students,” but adult students are the fastest growing group pursuing a college education. Many of these adults who were dropouts from the schools in their childhood yearn to continue their education at a later and more convenient time. Cermak, Timmin L,, M.D. “A Time to Heal: The Road to Recovery for Adult Children of Alcoholics.” Los Angeles: Jeremy P. Tarcher, Inc., 1988.
Dysfunctional at best, this strategy ensures the family’s loosely-knit cohesion and continuation, often prompting the misuse, if not altogether abuse, of the children, until they become what they are not-caretakers of parents who themselves should have assumed this role.
Often criticized, and ultimately internalizing negative self-feelings and beliefs because of it, adult children judge themselves harshly and without mercy-yet another manifestation-replaying the same critical parent tapes later in life and failing to acknowledge their positive qualities and strengths.
There is more emphasis on lifelong learning and adult education these days. Life planning, political issues, health and medical issues, life-style issues, how-to-do-it items, household management, business management, time management, physical self-care, philosophy, religious ideas, culture and the arts, and just about anything else can be included in fruitful adult education presentations.
When the government started these adult education programs, initially there was not a lot of response to such programs from most people. These adult education programs come as a boon to those adults looking to complete what education they’ve left incomplete.
They virtually assume the identity of their parents and often others as adults, gravitating to them like external leaches. Alcoholic parents, almost by definition, … Read More..
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by Erin Carlson Mast
For decades after the first U.S. wars, the military urged Congress to fund services for a growing population of disabled veterans. Notably, Major Robert Anderson, veteran of the Black Hawk war and son of a Revolutionary War veteran campaigned throughout the 1840s for a place to care for veterans. General Winfield Scott challenged the War Department and Congress by depositing $100,000 of tribute from the Mexican American War into an account “to the credit of the Army Asylum.” Despite their efforts, it wasn’t until Jefferson Davis, Democratic Senator from Mississippi—later the president of the Confederacy—introduced a bill in January 1851, that the long-awaited “Military Asylum” was established on March 3, 1851.
Ten years later, Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States. Continuing a tradition that began with President Buchanan, the Soldiers’ Home invited President Lincoln and his family to reside at the Home during the hot season in Washington.
Ms. Erin Mast is the curator at President Lincoln’s Cottage.
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Steel pipes are strong, tough, and durable. They can be round, square, rectangular, oval, D-shaped, and other special-shaped tubes that often incorporate different alloys such as iron, brass, copper, aluminum, manganese, titanium, and tungsten. The versatility of steel pipes lends them to a range of applications in different industries. However, advances in technology have allowed welded tubes to have sufficient strength to replace seamless pipes for many applications.
Round Steel Pipes
Most of the steel pipes are round in shape. Round pipes are stronger, more efficient, safer, and cheaper. Pipes with a circular cross-section can withstand high pressure, far higher than a rectangular or square pipe. The force of the water is distributed evenly along the whole pipe, meaning there are no weak spots. Liquid flows faster through round pipes compared to square or rectangular pipes. A pipe with angles requires more frictional resistance than a round pipe, and frictional resistance slows down flow and puts more stress on the pipe. Round pipes are the best for volume to surface area ratio, meaning the internal area of the pipe that is in contact with the liquid is less for round pipes than for other pipes. Slower-moving water in angled pipes can cause rusting of the section, which damages the pipe and can contaminate water. Less material is required to produce round pipes compared to square or rectangular pipes. Round pipes have the largest inside area to perimeter ratio of any other types of pipe; a round pipe requires less material compared to square or other pipes.
Uses of Round Pipes
In general, steel pipe casings are highly versatile. From protecting water lines, electrical power cables, natural gas lines, gas wells, sewer pipes, to even optical fiber lines – pipe casings are used widely. They are welded, threaded, and installed together to protect utility lines from getting damaged. Again, the durability of pipes shines once again in this structural application. In case of damage that can occur due to the elements of nature such as earthquakes or fires and other human activities, pipe casing will not succumb easily.
Scaffolding refers to a platform that elevates and supports workers during construction, repair, or cleaning. In other instances, workers also use it to transport heavy equipment and supplies. As a key provisional structure, scaffolding should offer safety and access suitable for workers to carry out their tasks. These structures are simple to erect and dismantle. The pipes are simply joined by steel fittings to create scaffolding. For most structures, steel pipes are considered a necessity because the weight of the scaffolding itself requires immense strength. It is common knowledge that steel pipes are immensely durable and fire-resistant.
Steel Pole and Pole Signage
Steel pipes are also commonly used as poles and signage. In major highways and roads, steel pipe poles carry electric power lines that distribute electricity from local substations to the homes of customers. On the other hand, steel pole signage is put in place to relay significant information that may include directions, highway limits, and driving rules. Often, these pipe signage support traffic lights around cities as well.
Another great example of steel pipes being used as a structural material is fencing. For one, these fences protect pedestrians on sidewalks by separating indicating how close the vehicles can be. They can also be used for working cattle pens and even entryways at homes and ranches. Pipe fences are created to be durable and impact-resistant. If a vehicle or an animal crashes into them, the pipes would absorb the shock. The fences add a layer of security.
Upon entering retail malls and other commercial establishments, pipe handrails can be seen almost immediately. These can be used on staircases, ramps, bathroom handrails, and even PWD handrails. In an industrial setting, the most common kind of pipe handrails is the two-rail pipe railing. It has a top and mid railing that serve as fall protection.
Square and Rectangular Tubes
Square and rectangular tubing are also known as HSS (hollow structural steel). Rectangle steel tube and steel square tubing products are also low in cost and offer a greater strength-to-weight ratio than other types of shaped metal products. In addition, rectangle steel tube and steel square tubing are regularly utilized throughout the world for their outstanding strength and rigidity.
Uses of Square & Rectangular Tubes
Many industries value the advantages of square tubing due to its versatility. Like many metal products, square tubes have proven valuable, largely attributed to their performance, durability, and long-lastingness. It’s no surprise that the uses of square tubes are incredibly wide in scope — from the simple architectural column to more intricate designs, such as decorative dividers or modern metal gates/entryways.
Square tubes are structural steel or metal products that can be used to form a network of building columns. This is one of its most suitable uses because square tubes have the necessary strength and rigidity needed to support structures. They are also cost-effective compared to other materials such as concrete.
Square tubing is often used to create frames for a wide range of equipment, including machinery and vehicles. The strong, sturdy nature of steel square tubing makes it ideal for creating strong, durable frames that can withstand heavy loads and resist deformation over time.
The versatility of square tubing lends itself well to creating furniture, especially outdoor furniture. Square tubing can be easily welded, shaped, and finished to create modern, sleek designs. It is a popular choice for patio furniture, tables, and chairs.
Square tubing can be used as structural supports in buildings, bridges, and other applications where high strength-to-weight ratios are critical. Its ability to resist bending and deflection under load makes it an ideal candidate for these types of projects.
Oval Steel Pipes
Oval steel pipes are a unique type of steel pipe that has an oval-shaped cross-section. They are used primarily in automotive, marine, and aerospace industries. The elliptical shape of oval pipes facilitates better airflow and fluid flow, making them ideal for use in exhaust systems, oil coolers, and piping systems. Oval pipes are also aesthetically pleasing, making them a popular choice for architectural applications.
D-Shaped Steel Pipes
D-shaped steel pipes are another specialized type of steel pipe that has a D-shaped cross-section. They are commonly used in construction, where they are used to create curved walls or other unique architectural features. D-shaped pipes can also be used in HVAC systems, where their shape allows for better airflow than traditional rectangular ducts.
In conclusion, steel pipes come in a variety of shapes and sizes, each with its unique advantages and applications. From round pipes to square and rectangular tubing, oval and D-shaped pipes, each type of steel pipe serves a specific purpose. They are versatile, durable, and cost-effective, making them an essential component in various industries, including construction, manufacturing, transportation, and more. If you are in need of different shapes of steel pipes, we will absolutely be your best choice.
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Here, we share Railroads & Fire, originally produced for KFAI radio’s MinneCulture series. This audio story features Steve Johnson from the Hinckley Fire Museum and Jim Weatherhead, former State Rail Program Coordinator for the Minnesota Department of Transportation. They offer a little perspective on this complicated relationship, past and present.
It’s an issue that warrants our attention. Advances in railroad equipment and management have reduced—but not eliminated—the potential for trains to spark wildfires. According to the Minnesota DNR’s Forestry Division, railroads are responsible for more wildfires than lightning. On a national level, a 2022 study published in the Fire Safety Journal found railroad operation and maintenance to be responsible for 3% of all human-caused wildfires. And while logging practices may have improved since the days of the infamous Hinckley fire, climate change is upping the ante. As University of Minnesota Forest Ecologist Lee Frelich notes, “Even with more rain, given the increase in extreme high temperatures, our analysis shows that evaporation is likely to outstrip increased precipitation; leading to a rainier, but drier climate. In addition, greater irregularity in temperature and precipitation could lead to longer dry periods, with most precipitation falling in a shorter period of time.”
Fans of native prairie can view train-sparked fires—at least, historically— in a positive light. For native prairies that once reached from western Minnesota across the great plains to the Rockies, train-lit fires (like lightning fires) were rejuvenating. Now, some of the last remnants of native prairie are still associated with railroad rights-of-way for a different reason: these narrow corridors often represent the only uncultivated, undeveloped land across large portions of the former tallgrass prairie landscape.
But even with an appreciation for fire-dependent natural communities like jack pine forests, oak savannah and prairie, these days it’s tough to find a circumstance where a train-sparked fire can be considered a good thing. Rail lines now crisscross the country through communities and neighborhoods, as well as pockets of wild lands where fire is best used only as a tool in carefully managed, prescribed burns. Minnesota alone has over 4,400 miles of track.
Smokey Bear doesn’t have much to say on the subject of trains and fire. (The U.S. Forest Service insists that his middle name is not “The” despite the song learned by a generation of children. Find Eddy Arnold’s great rendition on YouTube). The fire-prevention campaign slogan “Only you can prevent forest fires” was not aimed at the railroads. It’s understandable, to a degree, given the comparatively overwhelming percentage of fires caused by debris-burning and arson. But only to a degree. As we look to the skies and hope for rain, we’ll also want to keep an eye on the tracks.
“Wildfires are still part of the story of the railroads in Minnesota: since 1985, trains are reported to have caused over 2000 fires, around 4% of fires that required a response from the Department of Natural Resources, which does not include wildfires on tribal land or on federal lands, or the many smaller brush fires that local fire departments respond to.”
From Railroads & Fire
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No electricity grid in the US has added more renewable power over the past decade than the Texas grid has. Back in 2012, both California and the Midwest generated more power from wind, solar and other renewables than the Lone Star State. But in 2022, Texas was the winner. The future of the state’s grid is a study in supply, demand and uncertainty.
One thing that is certain: Most of Texas’ renewable generation today is from wind. Last year, wind projects in the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (Ercot, the grid that covers most of the state) generated more than 107,000 gigawatt-hours of electricity; solar generated 24,000, less than a quarter of what wind produced. But solar is growing rapidly, and generating most during the hottest months, when the grid is under the greatest strain to meet high demand.
Less certain, but still likely: Ercot expects only a slight expansion of the wind power fleet between now and 2025 while solar is expected to surge. Solar capacity could double from 2023 to 2025, if all projects with an interconnection agreement reach completion.
Still less certain: the weather. Texas had a punishingly hot summer last year. There were 61 days from the start of May to the end of September that were the hottest in the past five years. The grid set repeated peak demand records in the summer months of 2022, forcing Ercot to issue a so-called conservation appeal on July 11 and 13. Another very hot summer could push electricity demand up even further in 2023.
Research group BNEF also reached another important finding about last summer: Demand was higher than what record temperatures alone would suggest. There were other factors contributing to it — in particular, Bitcoin mining.
Bitcoin mines use electricity in such a quantity, and with such consistency, that we can express that in terms of electricity demand. Today there are 1.8 gigawatts of Bitcoin mines operating in Ercot, and BNEF tracks 10 gigawatts of potential projects. Not all of those will come online this year or next, but in BNEF’s base-case scenario, there will be 5.3 gigawatts of total demand from Bitcoin mining this year, and 5.9 gigawatts’ worth in 2024.
By Martin Peers
What a weekend! The term “everything everywhere all at once” seems a better description for the turmoil sparked by Friday’s failure of Silicon Valley Bank than for an incomprehensible movie that’s up for an Oscar tonight. The good news is that the worst-case scenarios some on Twitter were broadcasting the past few days seem increasingly unlikely. A report on Bloomberg this afternoon suggested the Fed was poised to take steps to ensure the SVB collapse doesn’t spark a cascade of bank failures, which would be catastrophic.
It’s unclear that the government will go as far as some people want, which would be to backstop all of SVB’s uninsured deposits. But that would look like a bailout, something Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen has ruled out. And it’s not clear that it’s necessary. There is a solid chance the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. will sell the bank quickly, helping the depositors get their money back. As we reported today, smaller regional banks are the most likely buyers, as regulators don’t want to sell SVB to one of the big institutions. Getting a deal done in the next couple of days would go a long way to restoring confidence. (See below for a full list of The Information’s SVB coverage in recent days.) The bottom line is that regulators seem likely to do what they should do: stopping the spread of a contagion but not bailing out SVB itself.
Of course, much of the panic over the past few days focuses on what startup customers of SVB do for cash. But as we and others have reported, various efforts are underway to ensure businesses affected by SVB’s failure can get money. Venture capitalists and others are arranging interest-free loans and Wall Street firms are offering to buy deposit claims at a discount. Some might say we’re looking at things through Lexapro-powered smart glasses—but we’re guessing a combination of those measures should help most startups cover payrolls in the coming days.
The timing of SVB’s failure is worth noting. It occurred almost exactly three years after Covid-19 lockdowns went into effect in the U.S., a calamity that led to the zero interest rate regime and stock market bubble of 2020 to 2021. That in turn led to last year’s financial hangover as interest rates surged, which in turn paved the way for SVB’s failure, among other things. With any luck, we’re now seeing the worst symptoms of that hangover. At least, let’s hope so.
Another symptom was the reversal of the 2021 hiring binge lots of tech companies engaged in. Firms far and wide have laid people off. This week Facebook’s owner, Meta Platforms, is expected to begin its second round of layoffs, following cuts of 11,000 in November. According to this report in The Wall Street Journal, the coming cuts would be of about the same magnitude as the last ones.
But even that kind of cut might not be enough given the revenue levels Meta has projected.
Consider this math: Meta’s headcount at the end of last September was 87,314. The first round should have reduced that to about 76,000. Another similar round would reduce it to about 65,000, taking the workforce back to where it was in the summer of 2021. But Meta has projected its first-quarter revenue will be “in the range of $26 [billion to] 28.5 billion.” While its quarterly revenue dipped a little below $28 billion a couple of times last year, it hasn’t been as low as $26 billion since the first quarter of 2021, when the company employed 60,654. To reduce expenses to match that level of revenue implies layoffs of 15,000 or more.
Sure, the bottom of the revenue projection is a worse-case scenario. Meta’s business may do better and it should eventually rebound. But if the company is as focused on efficiency as it claims, it could cut more than it apparently plans to.
No matter what happens in startup land this week, watch the crypto market for fallout from the SVB disaster. As we reported on Saturday, worries about USD Coin issuer Circle’s exposure to SVB sent USDC’s price tumbling to 88 cents at one point, below its $1 theoretical peg. USDC prices will be in the spotlight on Monday morning.
Yes, crypto is meant to be a 24/7 operation, but major crypto exchanges like Coinbase temporarily suspended processing USDC redemption requests over the weekend. The question on Monday will be whether Circle has enough cash available to handle the volume of redemption requests it gets. Circle said in a statement Saturday that “our teams are well prepared to handle significant volume, built on the strong liquidity and reserve assets.”
That’s a big promise. But it’s what underlies Circle’s business model: that USDC is backed 1:1 with U.S. dollars and that those dollars are always readily available. As roughly one-third of Circle’s $9.7 billion cash reserves are locked away in SVB, there has to be a question whether it can access enough dollars. Circle does have $32.4 billion in U.S. Treasury Bills, which it may need to lean on. On Monday, we’ll see what happens.—Akash Pasricha
Last year’s question about all those new miners was, “Will they crash the grid?” Ask the miners themselves and they will say they’re helping the grid because their load is “interruptible” — that is, it can turn on and off depending on demand. Some of the miners have registered as a “controllable load resource” that can respond to electricity system signals instead of just running flat-out. The state has also established an interim program that pays Bitcoin mines to reduce their peak power.
The answer is as complex as the question, but it hinges on an important idea: Bitcoin mines will only operate when the economics are favorable to do so. So if temperatures are lower than last year, and wind and solar generation is higher, power prices could be relatively lower and then miners might operate even during peak demand. But if there is less wind and solar, or higher temperatures, then Bitcoin mining might switch off due to higher power prices, keeping total demand lower.
This week on Zero, Bloomberg Green’s Akshat Rathi talks to Katie Rae, CEO of The Engine, an MIT-affiliated fund in Boston that invests in climate tech startups often led by scientists and engineers. Listen now to find out why she thinks that’s a better model than that of conventional entrepreneurs. Subscribe to Zero on Apple, Spotify or Google to get new episodes every Thursday.
And with Bitcoin running consistently during off-peak periods, prices could be higher at times when they historically have been lower, such as at 11 p.m., when there is no solar to offset Bitcoin.
One likely outcome for the Texas grid — factoring in renewables, weather and Bitcoin — is a significant change in “net load” profile. In the past, low wind speeds in the late afternoon meant that power was scarce during the hottest times of day and months of the year. Now with solar generating significantly at that time of day, the grid’s net load (the amount it requires after renewable generation) is falling. Not only that, the peak net load will likely shift to evening hours.
But there is another possibility too — the bear case. With lower temperatures, ample solar and less Bitcoin mining, Texas peak power demand might be little different than it was in 2022. In that event, the net load tops out at 62 gigawatts, almost 12% lower than in it was in 2018.
Rules govern markets, but uncertainties shape them. The one thing that is certain about the Texas power market? It is the US market to watch, a new postcard from the future of US electricity.
|OpenAI Rival Anthropic Raises Funding at $4.1 Billion Valuation|
By Kate Clark
Spark Capital is leading a $300 million investment in artificial intelligence startup Anthropic, one of the primary startup challengers to OpenAI, at a pre-investment valuation of $4.1 billion, according to two people familiar with the matter. The deal follows a $400 million investment in the startup by Google, one of the people said.
The valuation for the two-year-old company, which has made very little revenue, reflects the recent fervor in venture capital for stakes in generative AI companies fueled by the rise of OpenAI, the maker of chatbot ChatGPT. At the same time, bigger companies like Google and Microsoft are investing in AI startups either to gain access to cutting-edge technology or secure future customers of their cloud-server rental businesses.
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The history of humanity is inextricably linked with scientific and technical development.The accumulation of knowledge, the creation of various mechanisms, devices and systems as stimulating ideas used constantly striving to facilitate the hard physical and routine human labor.
Warning inquiring minds of inventors are not spared the problem of facilitating the complex mathematical calculations.If we consider the term "computer" in its original form (Eng. «Computer» - «calculator"), the search for the sources of its origin should be in ancient times.Not so surprising when one recalls the first computers, citing abacus of ancient Babylon (3000 BC), Chinese suanpan (500 BC) and Greek astronomical calculator, working with gears, itMore is known as the "Antikythera Mechanism" (87 BC).
Continuing the list of various countable mechanical devices, not to mention the 13-bit adder Leonardo da Vinci (1492), Russian ten-digit abacus sixteenth century, "few hours" Wilhelm Schickard (1623) and other wonders of technology at the time.
particularly noteworthy invention of Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801.He was able to learn to work the loom of a program recorded on a set of punched cards.With the advent of this miracle of technology mechanical device right up close to the modern definition of a computer as a device that is capable of accurately predetermined sequence of operations, working on the program.
Although mechanical computing devices are fully manifested all the basic elements of the definition of a computer, of course, we are interested in the first computers using electronic advances.Then they were in our country called a computer, and in the world they are known as the first-generation computers.
E lamp has become a major constituent element for the creation of full-fledged electronic systems.The first computers that were created in the middle of the last century, were extremely cumbersome, costly and energy efficient.All attempts to create a complete electronic computer laboratories on the enthusiasm came to an end only the advent of experimental development, which played an important role in preparing the theoretical platform for the future of the computer boom.
It so happened that the only area of production, which is not considered to any cost of its development - it's military-industrial sector.Obviously, for this reason, the first computers at once "put epaulets."
In early 1943, for the needs of the US Navy was created, and was successfully tested an electronic machine Mark I, it was created for the production of complex ballistic calculations.And at the end of the same year the British Colossus computer, special purpose began to decipher the German secret reports.We can say that the first computer in the world played an important role in the defeat of Nazi Germany.
Later in 1944 there was a fast car Z4, Konrad Zuse its creator not only perfected the instrument, but also became the first developer of high-level programming language plankalkül.
in 1946 on the basis of existing knowledge and development, there was the first mainframe ENIAC.Creating the first domestic computer was delayed until 1950.Only ten years after the successful development of our Western colleagues artist Lebedev, who worked in Kiev, I built the first Soviet electronic computers.
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FM 4331 Exam 1 Review
The exam will be 40 multiple choice questions worth 2 points along with 4 questions on excel
worth 5 points. Be prepared to answer math questions. You may bring a calculator or you can
use the calculator on the computer. Phone usage
Cohen argues that, unless racial categories are relevant to doing justice for particular
persons who have suffered particular harms, the state should be color blind.
Carl Cohen argues that we should not give a race more or less depending on the color of
Compare/contrast the New England, Middle, and Chesapeake regions. Are any characteristics similar to
I shall begin by describing individually New England, Middle, and Chesapeake regions and move
on to pointing out their differences and simi
The fossil record preserves information about the evolutionary history of life
on earth, showing how the earth's environment has changed over time.
Explain how the fossil record preserves information
about the struct
Oxygen and the
Interpret a diagram showing the function of a human lung.
Interpret a diagram showing the structure of the human circulatory system.
Describe the process of obtaining and distributing oxygen in a human.
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Most Hansen's disease patients today are treated with
Alternate medications, including ofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones, minocycline and clarithromycin, are also being used in select cases or drug trials.
In the past streptomycin, ethionamide, prothionamide, thiambutosine and thiacetazone were occasionally used. Their toxicity, limited effectiveness, and requirement for intramuscular administration have effectively eliminated them from consideration for therapy today.
Dapsone, rifampin, clofazimine, clarithromycin, ofloxacin and levofloxacin are Food and Drug Administration category C (risk cannot be ruled out for use in pregnancy) .
Minocycline, however, is category D (positive evidence of risk exists for use in pregnancy) . The use of dapsone, clofazimine and rifampin in treatment regimens throughout the world since the mid-1980's, however, suggests that they are probably safe in pregnancy.
Dapsone is inexpensive and relatively non-toxic in the doses used, although rare cases of the dapsone syndrome or agranulocytosis are reported. A shortened red cell survival is common with the drug, but severe hemolytic anemias are uncommon except in those with a severe glucose-6-phosphate- dehydrogenase deficiency. A dose of 100 mg daily is weakly bactericidal against M. leprae and such a dose exceeds the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration by a factor of about 500. Such doses will even inhibit the multiplication of M. leprae mutants with low tomoderate degrees of dapsone resistance. The maximum dosage should be used from the start and should not be reduced during lepra reactions.
Rifampin is the most bactericidal drug available for the treatment of HD. The standard U.S. dose is 600 mg daily, but even a single dose of 600 mg monthly as used in the World Health Organization regimens is highly bactericidal. Toxicity of the drug is relatively low but is related to the size of the dose and the interval between doses. The standard use for leprosy has proven relatively non-toxic despite occasional cases of liver dysfunction, renal failure, bone marrow suppression and “flu like” syndrome. Daily administration of rifampin has major effects on activity of the the liver cytochrome 3A4, and greatly affects other medications such as oral contraceptives, corticosteroids and HIV protease inhibitors.
In the standard dose of 50 mg daily clofazimine is virtually non-toxic. Pigmentation of the skin, particularly within skin lesions, is common, but it clears completely after treatment is discontinued. The higher doses of clofazimine are sometimes used for control of reactions, and may produce severe gastrointestinal side effects. Clofazimine is weakly bactericidal against M. leprae, but when given with dapsone the combination is much more bactericidal than either drug alone.
Although a large number of fluoroquinolones have been developed, some such as ciprofloxacin are not active against M. leprae. Of those which are active, most interest has centered on ofloxacin in a dose of 400 mg daily or in various investigational intermittent regimens. Like all fluoroquinolones, ofloxacin acts by interfering with bacterial DNA replication by inhibiting the A subunit of the enzyme DNA-gyrase. A single 400 mg dose demonstrates bactericidal activity although less than that demonstrated by a single dose of rifampin. Twenty-two doses have been found to be capable of killing 99.99 percent of viable M. leprae. Side-effects include nausea, diarrhea and other gastrointestinal complaints, and a variety of central nervous system complaints including insomnia, headaches, dizziness, nervousness and hallucinations. Serious problems are infrequent and only occasionally require discontinuing the drug. Levofloxacin, the active L-racemer of ofloxacin, has replaced ofloxacin in many U.S. formularies, but is not officially included in WHO recommendations. The World Health Organization (WHO) has included ofloxacin as a component of ROM therapy (Rifampin-Ofloxacin-Minocycline).
Recently the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended a simplified and convenient regimen called ROM (Rifampin 600 mg-Ofloxacin 400 mg-Minocycline 100 mg) which is given as a directly observed therapy. ROM has been officially recommended by WHO as a one-time dose for single lesion paucibacillary disease. An unofficial regimen for multibacillary disease, consisting of 24 doses of once-monthly ROM, is also given by WHO on their Web site.
This is the only member of the tetracycline group of antibiotics which demonstrates significant activity against M. leprae. This may be because of its lipophilic properties which allow it to penetrate cell walls. The standard dose is 100 mg daily. It is bactericidal for M. leprae to a somewhat greater degree than clarithromycin but much less so than rifampin. It was very effective clinically when tried as monotherapy in eight patients, but two months therapy was required before all footpad inoculations became negative.
Like the other tetracyclines it inhibits protein synthesis via a reversible binding at the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby blocking the binding of aminoacyl-transfer RNA to the messenger RNA ribosomal complex. Side effects include discoloration of infant's or children's teeth, occasional pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes, various gastrointestinal complaints and central nervous system toxicity including dizziness and unsteadiness. Its frequent prolonged use for the treatment of acne, however, indicates that in general it is relatively non-toxic.
Several members of this group including erythromycin have been evaluated. Clarithromycin shows significant promise at this time. The drug has potent bactericidal activity but it is clearly less bactericidal than rifampin. At a dose of 500 mgMacrolides (Clarithromycin) daily in Hansen's Disease (HD) patients, 99% of HD bacilli are killed in 28 days and 99.9% by 58 days.
The drug acts by inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis by linking to the 50S ribosomal subunit thereby preventing elongation of the protein chain. As a group, the macrolides are relatively non-toxic. Gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are the most common problems but they usually do not necessitate discontinuation of the drug.
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“Dark matter or invisible element?
You decide.” -Toba Beta
The dark matter wars rage on and on, with both sides — those in favor of modifying gravity and those in favor of adding an additional mass component to the Universe — claiming victories for their own side and defeat for the other. But one piece of evidence, hitherto elusive, might finally hold the key to distinguishing one from the other: early, young, less-evolved galaxies. Billions of years ago, not as much dark matter had fallen into the inner portions of galaxies, meaning that the outer portions of rotating spirals should display less dark matter in the past than they do today.
Instead of flat rotation curves, the galaxies in the distant Universe should exhibit falling rotation curves. In a series of new papers, a team was able to observe 101 distant galaxies at relatively high redshifts, and what they found presented compelling evidence for exactly this phenomenon. As always, more and better data is needed, as it’s only a three-sigma effect so far.
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One new article link has been added to our Related News page. Ars Technica published an article titled ComputerCOP: the dubious “Internet Safety Software” given to US families.
As official as it looks, ComputerCOP is actually just spyware, generally bought in bulk from a New York company that appears to do nothing but market this software to local government agencies using shady information.
The way ComputerCOP works is neither safe nor secure. It isn’t particularly effective either, except for generating positive PR for the law enforcement agencies distributing it. As security software goes, we observed a product with a keystroke-capturing function, also called a “keylogger,” that could place a family’s personal information at extreme risk by transmitting those keystoke logs over the Internet to third-party servers without encryption. That means many versions of ComputerCOP leave children (and their parents, guests, friends, and anyone using the affected computer) exposed to the same predators, identity thieves, and bullies that police claim the software protects against.
Source: Ars Technica
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Welcome to the Lancaster University Phosphorus Community blog!
We are a group of students, researchers and professors who are passionate about our environment and the role phosphorus takes in its quality, productivity and sustainability now and in the future. We meet every month eat cake, drink tea and discuss phosphorus! We will be posting the results of our meetings and our activities on our respective projects, we hope you enjoy following us!
So what is phosphorus and why is it important?
Phosphorus is an essential element for all forms of life.
It’s actually, and to quote astrobiologist Douglas Whittet here:
“The only biogenic element [out of the other five] present in the human body (and in biological tissue generally) at a concentration substantially above its solar abundance is P. If one were to attempt to place an upper limit on the total biomass present in the Universe at large, on the bases of cosmic abundances, then the critical element would be phosphorus.”
We are therefore inherently reliant on phosphorus to eat! Indeed ~90% of global phosphorus demand is for food production, that’s about 148 million tonnes of phosphate rock per year, that’s probably about 11 400 000 truck loads…
But food production must increase to feed our growing global population, so it is thought that phosphorus demand will increase 50-100% as a result! This demand isn’t equally distributed globally, here in the West (Europe and North America) for example we have a history of over application, resulting in issues such as ‘legacy’ phosphorus in soils and eutrophication in our water courses. Posing challenges for scientists, such as ourselves, to disentangle the mystery of the phosphorus continuum in order for farmers and utility companies to comply with policies at no economic cost.
Have a look here if you want to learn more about the phosphorus debate!
What do we do here at Lancaster?
There are a number of exciting projects running at Lancaster University relating to phosphorus, soil, water, plants and well the whole catchment system! But here are a few examples of what some of us do…
- The River Eden Demonstration Test Catchment (EdenDTC) is a Defra funded project which is part of a wider DTC consortium throughout the UK. It’s looking into how to mitigate diffuse pollution from agriculture whilst maintaining productivity.
- Estimating Nutrient Transport in Catchments until 2050 (NUTCAT2050) is a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Changing Water Cycles Programme (CWC) funded project. Here we are looking into how changing climate and land use will affect nutrient runoff into rivers and its subsequent effect on water quality.
- UK-China Sustainable Agricultural Innovation Network (SAIN) is a project looking at the cycling of nitrogen and phosphorus in crops and livestock systems in order to quantify stocks and fluxes.
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Flash has a lot of functions for creating and setting dates but you have to be careful using them. In fact it may be safer not to use them at all.
Consider this action script:
What about this code?
Answer is in the with the first date the date will always be correct, but with the second it will not be correct all of the time and even worse if it's correct will depend on what the current date is.
The issue is that new Date() sets the date to be the current date and setDay does a little more than you expect. If today was a month that had less than 31 days the brithdate would be set to the 1st, 2nd or 3rd of March (depending on the days in the month) not the 31st of March!
The setDay method acts as if it's adding a number of days to the start of the Month rather than setting the day of the Month. If the number of days exceed the number of days in the month it rolls the date over into the next month.
Here's some code to show this:
var birthdate:Date = new Date(1969,1,1,0,0,0,0); // date in Feb 1969
Mon Mar 3 12:00:00 GMT+1000 1969
Some Americans reading this might be asking why would you set the date first rather than the month? Here in Australia (and also in Europe) dates are written with the date first not the month first, so it would be not unusual to see code written like this.
So what if you set the month first ie call setMonth before setData?
In this case it does fix this issue. However you can still run into issues with other code involving dates because when you set the month the number of days are truncated if they exceed the number the month has.
The safest thing to do is to avoid the setMonth and setDay date methods and just set dates via the date constructor.
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Forests provide many different services to people, most of which we don’t pay for and therefore tend not to be aware of or to take them for granted.
Wildfires burning in important municipal and farm irrigation watersheds have awakened many to the true cost of unhealthy forests, when tens of millions of dollars must be invested to filter the water that nature previously filtered for us, rehabilitate a watershed to stabilize the soil, and clear sediment from reservoirs that filled after a wildfire.
This TedX presentation by Leigh Madeira demonstrates how using financial markets and private investment, water districts, cities and other entities can accelerate the restoration of watersheds after 100 years of fire suppression has created overly dense forests.
Madeira shows two photos from about 100 years apart and points out how the number of trees has increased dramatically. And how, as she says, more trees is not always better.
Then she offers a solution.
Madeira is among a group of financial and science experts, Blue Forest Conservation, who are working with the Forest Service, communities, utilities and private businesses to create coalitions that put together forest restoration projects that will restore healthy ecosystems and protect essential public resources like municipal watersheds.
The funding, in part, comes from a unique Forest Resilience Fund that is made available to private investors: large pension funds, insurance companies, special interest groups and the like. The investors have no say over the projects, but fund the bulk of the restoration work upfront. Then, over time, the project partners pay back the Forest Resilience Fund and the investors recoup their money.
Learn more about this unusual approach to forest restoration by watching Madeira’s full presentation, above. It’s excellent food for thought.
The use of Forest Resilience Funds “redefines forest restoration, not as a cost but as an investment opportunity,” Madeira says. “If you think of forest health as an investment opportunity, we can attract a fresh and vast source of capital to a problem that’s desperate for both.”
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Yo Ho Ho
donrosa at iglou.com
Tue Mar 23 15:42:46 CET 2004
> From: Cord Wiljes [mailto:cord at wiljes.de]
> Subject: Yo Yo it is
> Forces in all directions except up and down cancel out because
> the opposing forces are of equal value - as masses on both sides
> are equal. Only in the vertical direction is the distribution of
> mass not equal (except at the center of the earth). So the only
> force which can be measured is the gravitational force pointing
> At the center of the earth there the acceleration has dropped to
> Zero - but by then you have gained the speed of 30,000 km/h.
> If there is
> no friction (in vacuum) then this YoYo effect will continue until
> the end of the universe.
I can understand the fun of trying to figure this out (it's the sort of fun
I base lots of my stories on)... but why is everyone considering it only in
a vacuum environment? Because we're referring to people doing the falling
and they would be, as I've said, squished by air pressure? Why omit air
friction from the equation? Consider a falling bowling ball. (But even it
would be squished to dust by the titanic air pressure of an 8000 mile tall
pile of air!)
> To sum it up:
> Hole only to the center of the earth: duck would crash
> Hole all the way to the other side: duck would yoyo
But only in a vacuum which is impossible if the hole is open at the ends.
Wait. I'll just test these theories with a practical demonstration. I'll get
a shovel. Be back shortly.
More information about the DCML
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By Tina Hesman Saey Friday, May 22nd, 2009
Components of the H1N1 swine flu virus have been circulating undetected for years, but the virus combines the bits and pieces in a way never before seen, a detailed genetic analysis reveals.
The analysis, published online May 22 in Science, pinpoints the origins of each of the virus’s components. It suggests that current influenza vaccines probably won’t provide protection from the virus, but that the virus is susceptible to some antiviral drugs and will be amenable to new vaccine development. A separate study of the virus’s neuraminidase protein (the N in H1N1), published May 20 in Biology Direct, also shows that the virus is sensitive to some drugs but that parts of the protein important for vaccine development and antibody therapies are already changing.
Pigs are the likely origin of the virus, says Nancy Cox, chief of the influenza division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and a coauthor of the Science paper. But it is still unclear whether the virus jumped directly from pigs into humans or infected an intermediate host first.
In the United States, 6,552 probable and confirmed cases of H1N1 influenza, including nine deaths and more than 300 hospitalizations, have been reported to the CDC as of May 22, says Anne Schuchat, CDC’s interim deputy director for the science and public health program. But public health officials estimate that more than 100,000 Americans may have already been infected with the virus.
Overall the number of new cases in the United States is falling, Schuchat says, but the virus is still active in some pockets of the country and is expected to produce more new cases over the summer. “We don’t want people to think we’re out of the woods yet,” she says. “It could come back in the fall in the worst way.”
CDC is already testing two candidate vaccine viruses and expects to send the viruses to manufacturers by the end of May, Schuchat says.
Genetic analysis of the new H1N1 virus reveals that three of its genes, including the hemagglutinin gene (the H in H1N1), originally came from the 1918 Spanish influenza virus and have been present in pigs ever since. The genes have not changed much, likely because pigs do not live long enough to get reinfected with the same virus, Cox says. Reinfection would have favored changes that could have allowed the virus to evade the immune system. Now that the virus has entered humans, researchers expect it to mutate at the same rate as currently circulating seasonal influenzas.
The new virus does not contain the genetic changes thought to have helped the 1918 flu virus and the H5N1 virus (avian flu) adapt to humans, the researchers report. That means that other genetic components of the new virus must be responsible for its ability to pass from person to person.
Both studies find that the closest relative of H1N1’s neuraminidase gene is from a Eurasian swine flu virus that probably leaped from birds to pigs in about 1979.
The new virus differs in 21 of 387 amino acids from the H5N1 virus and the 1918 Spanish flu (also an H1N1 virus), researchers from Singapore’s Agency for Science and Technology Research report in the study in Biology Direct. Viruses isolated from patients during the first two weeks of the current outbreak already have changes on the outer surface on the neuraminidase protein that could interfere with antibodies against the virus or alter the effectiveness of future vaccines. But none of the changes have altered the parts of the protein targeted by antiviral drugs, such as Tamiflu or Relenza.
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06 Feb Tech for tots: Using toys to teach coding to 3-year-olds
Photos by Tequila Minsky
Code-A-Pillar is a caterpillar-shaped robot made up of interchangeable segments, each of which adds a different movement command to the overall contraption, allowing kids to program its behavior.
This Downtown prep school is turning rug rats into code monkeys!
Broad St.’s Léman Manhattan Prepatory School has filled a new learning space dubbed “The Wonder Lab” with a cornucopia of robots, video games, and other state-of-the-art gizmos to teach kids as young as 3-years-old the concepts of computer programing.
The curriculum may sound advanced, but that’s what it takes to prepare today’s youngsters for occupations that don’t yet exist in the tech-oriented job fields of tomorrow, according to the school’s headmaster.
“You see all these startups, people looking at what the needs of the world are and then creating businesses and jobs,” said Maria Castelluccio. “That’s what we want our students to do, to be creators of their own futures.”
Tots at Léman Prep are spending at least a half hour a day in the tech-filled Wonder Lab, where they’re unleashed to explore the digital marvels at their own pace.
Among the gadgets is Code-A-Pillar, a caterpillar-shaped robot comprised of interchangeable segments, each of which adds a different movement command to the overall contraption, allowing the stripling scholars to program its behavior as they work out a pattern that gets the bot from Point A to Point B.
Dash Robot has a color-coded xylophone that kids can program.
Dash Robot, another mechanical gizmo, is outfitted with a color-coded xylophone which is programmable through an easy-to-understand iPad interface that allows kids to prompt simple rhythms and melodies from the droid.
Many of the toys-turned-tutors, like Code-A-Pillar, don’t require any reading skills to interact with, thus allowing the kids to start programming the bots before the can even read, according to the school’s technology advisor.
“The beauty of something like Code-A-Pillar is that it’s a pre-reader and writer, so the kids don’t need to know how to read or write words in order to participate in coding,” said Brynn Turkish.
The curriculum doesn’t teach computer programing per se — not being able to read or write makes composing strings of code a bit beyond a 3-year-old — but the lab imparts the concept that all these wonderful gizmos require human direction, Turkish said.
“This is coding in the sense that that robot doesn’t know what to do unless you tell it what to do, so you get to be the brains that teaches that computer what to do,” she said. “They’re the brains behind the technology.”
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Resources are listed on the respective pages of the 7 Cross-Cutting Themes and Areas of Inquiry. Click the title below to visit that page.
Gender is a multi-dimensional issue in livestock systems, involving roles and relationships that may seem fixed and unchangeable. Women are often concentrated in the lower ends of the livestock value chains, frequently without access to the resources needed to be highly productive. The Gender Cross-Cutting Theme seeks to change gender dynamics by increasing equity and access across the livestock value chains through research and capacity development.
HICD efforts aim to develop the professional capacity of scientists and students and the capacity of institutions for efficient leadership and administration. This includes short-term training for value chain actors, long-term degree training for target-country students, and development of institutional capacity in areas such as curriculum enhancement, leadership, financial management, etc.
Livestock production affects nutrition by contributing to food production, income generation, and women’s empowerment. All activities of the Livestock Systems Innovation Lab should emphasize improving human health and nutrition via increased consumption of animal-source foods.
This AOI employs a multidisciplinary, integrated approach to develop location-appropriate nutrition, genetic, lactation, reproduction, management, health, and ASF processing or preservation technologies that will enhance livestock production and ASF consumption.
Supports, strengthens and expands existing One-Health research and training platforms and relevant projects to improve surveillance, reduce disease burdens, and increase ASF safety.
This AOI facilitates development and supports implementation of polices that enhance the production, marketing and consumption of ASF. Efforts focus on improved availability of quality livestock inputs, services, and markets as well as introducing or strengthening those aimed at risk management, disease surveillance, food safety, etc.
This AOI uses mechanistic models and analytical tools to examine how ASF production systems may be affected by emerging challenges or improved by introduced technologies. It particularly examines livestock system responses to proposed interventions in the context of changes in climate, demographics, agriculture, markets, and infrastructure.
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems
This work was funded in whole or part by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Bureau for Food Security under Agreement # AID-OAA-L-15-00003 as part of Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems. Additional funding was received from Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed here are those of the authors alone.
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Criminal Courts are established to impart justice to people and punish the offenders that go against the law. The hierarchy is established according to the rule book of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973
Supreme Court is the highest criminal court in India.
This is an important topic for IAS Exam aspirants.
What are the various classes of Criminal Courts in India?
The various classes of criminal courts in India are:
- Supreme Court
- High Courts
- The Courts of Session
- The Judicial Magistrates of the First Class, and, in any metropolitan area; the Metropolitan Magistrates.
- The Judicial Magistrates of the Second Class
- The Executive Magistrates
Describe in brief, the Jurisdiction of Subordinate criminal courts in India.
- The Sessions Court headed by the Sessions Judge is the highest Criminal Court in the district. As the District Judge also functions as the Sessions Judge, he is known as the District and Sessions Judge. It may pass any sentence authorized by provisions of law, but a death sentence, passed by it, has to be confirmed by the High Court.
- An Assistant Sessions Judge has the power to sentence a person to 10 years imprisonment.
- A First Class Magistrate can pass a sentence of imprisonment not exceeding five years or a fine not exceeding one thousand rupees.
- A Second Class Magistrate can pass a sentence of imprisonment up to one year or a fine of up to Rs. 1000/.
What is the difference between civil and criminal court?
Civil Courts in India deal with cases related to disputes between two parties related to the cases mentioned below.
- Marriage and children – such as divorce, child custody, child support, or guardianship
Criminal courts are established to solve serious crimes such as assault, robbery, murder, arson, rape and other kinds of crimes.
Aspirants can check the list of high courts in India, at the linked article.
|UPSC 2020 Calendar||UPSC Books|
|UPSC Syllabus||UPSC Notes|
|NCERT Notes For UPSC||UPSC Prelims|
|UPSC 2020||UPSC Current Affairs|
|Indian Judiciary||High Courts|
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Volume 57, Issue 1, 2010
Ve službě filosofii Na počest Jiřího Gabriela: In Service of Philosophy. In Honor of Jiří Gabriel
Josef Jungmann´s Memoirs
Josef Jungmann laid the foundation of literature and science written in Czech by his scientific activity. He was a leading figure of Czech national revival in the early 19th century. However, Jungmann’s reception in later Czech thought was rather mixed. Masaryk rejected his liberalism, Patočka his language conception of nation. From 1845, at the end of his life, Jungmann recorded his memories and especially opinions on a number of public and private themes. The records, published under the title Memoirs, play an important role in fully understanding Jungmann’s personality.
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There are many types of snakes that can slither into Canadian backyards, but while they may all terrify you, most aren't going to hurt you. The one exception to this rule is the massassauga rattlesnake, the only venomous snake in Ontario. Here are six things you need to know about this dangerous snake.
What do they look like?
Massassauga rattlesnakes are fairly small. Adult snakes can be anywhere between 50 and 80 centimetres long, but their bodies are thick and heavy which can make them look more menacing. Their heads are diamond-shaped and their eyes have vertical pupils, unlike other types of Canadian snakes.
There are lots of snakes that imitate the massasauga rattlesnake, like eastern milksnakes, fox snakes, and eastern hognose snakes. The way that you tell them apart is by looking at their tail. Massassauga rattlesnakes have a rattle on the end of their tails, while the lookalike snakes do not.
Where do you find them?
Massasauga rattlesnakes have a very limited range within Canada; they're only found in some parts of Ontario. Historically, they have been seen throughout southern, southwestern, and central Ontario, but now, their range is much smaller. This is because human settlements have expanded and pushed the snakes out of their habitat; also, because people are scared of these snakes and kill them.
Currently, most massassauga rattlesnake sightings are reported in the counties that surround Georgian Bay. The counties of Parry Sound, Muskoka, and Bruce contain most of these sightings, but massassauga rattlesnakes have also been reported in northern Simcoe County. Isolated sightings have also been reported in the Niagara and Windsor regions.
Are they dangerous?
Like other types of rattlesnakes, massassauga rattlesnakes have dangerous venom. Fortunately, bites from this type of snake are rare in Ontario and are usually not fatal. There have only been two reported snakebite fatalities in Ontario history, and neither of those happened in the last 40 years.
That said, it's still possible to get bitten, so you need to be careful. Most bites happen when people step on or near the snake, so watch where you're going when you walk around your backyard. At night, make sure to wear boots to protect your feet and legs since visibility is reduced. Other bites occur when people try to catch or kill the snakes, so if you see a massassauga rattlesnake in your backyard, don't get too close to it.
What attracts them to backyards?
These snakes are drawn to backyards for the easy access to food. Mice and rats tend to live around human habitations, and these rodents are a delicious meal for massassauga rattlesnakes. They're also drawn to hiding places which are easy to find in backyards. Your landscaping features like thick shrubs, decorative rocks, and logs provide a safe place for these snakes to hide.
How can you get rid of them?
These snakes are classified as threatened, and they are a protected species. The Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act specifies harsh penalties for people who kill these snakes. The maximum punishment is a $25,000 fine and/or one year in prison. If you see these snakes in your yard, you can hire a wildlife control company to safely transport the snake somewhere else, but you can't do it yourself.
How can you keep them from coming back?
Getting rid of their food and hiding places should keep these snakes from wanting to live in your backyard, but if that isn't enough, consider building a fence. Snake-proof fences need to be flush with the ground so that snakes can't slither underneath, and they should also be sloped outward to keep snakes from climbing over them.
Massassauga rattlesnakes are a protected species, but they're also dangerous and don't belong in your backyard. Try to make your backyard less appealing to them, and if that doesn't work, seek professional help from a wildlife control professional.Share
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| 0.970366 | 851 | 3.328125 | 3 |
The intent of this Position Statement is to confirm the role of registered professional nurses in the identification and care of organ and tissue donors and their families, as well as their role in public education and awareness.
Brain Death: Occurs when a person’s brain activity stops permanently. It is impossible to return to life after brain death (http://organdonor.gov/terms.htm).
Cardiac Death: Occurs when a person's heart stops and cannot be resuscitated. Just like brain death, there is no recovery from cardiac death (http://organdonor.gov/terms.htm).
Deceased Donor: A person who has been declared dead and whose organs and/or tissue have been donated to a transplant recipient (http://organdonor.gov/terms.htm).
First Person Consent Legislation: Legislation that allows donor designation to be indicated on a driver's license or an official signed donor document, which gives hospitals legal authority to proceed with organ procurement without consent from the family (http://www.unos.org/resources/glossary).
Informed Consent: The process of reaching an agreement based on a full disclosure and full understanding of what will take place. Informed consent has components of disclosure, comprehension, competence and voluntary response. Informed consent often refers to the process by which one makes decisions regarding medical procedures, including the decision to donate the organs of a loved one (http://organdonor.gov/terms.htm).
Living Donor: A person (unrelated or related to the transplant recipient) who donates a kidney or part of a lung or liver while they are still alive (http://organdonor.gov/terms.htm)
Transplantation: The transfer of cells (e.g. stem cells), tissue, or organs from one person to another or from one area of the body to another (http://organdonor.gov/terms.htm).
Waiting List (sometimes called a “wait list”): A national list that exists for all patients who are waiting for a transplant. It lists the total number of patients and the numbers of patients waiting for specific organs. It is used to locate the best recipient for a particular donated organ (http://organdonor.gov/terms.htm).
The New York State Nurses Association believes the registered professional nurse assumes an integral and valuable role in overcoming the shortage of suitable, viable organs and tissue for transplantation. Inherent in the role of clinician, educator and counselor, the registered nurse provides emotional support to the patient and significant others while facilitating the process of organ donation. In this role the registered professional nurse should:
Transplantation of living human organs and tissue has become an increasingly significant life-altering and life-saving therapy for thousands of people in the last several decades. The supply and demand for organs and tissues continues to be disproportionate and the equitable distribution of this scarce resource remains an ethical issue. Yearly, there are more than 90,000 of candidates waiting for donors and transplantation on the national waiting list and a significant number are from New York (www.optn.org, 2010). Every day, individuals receive an organ transplant; however hundreds will die waiting because there are not enough organs available (www.organdonor.gov, 2010). Many patients wait years for a suitable organ. There are complex reasons for the shortage of organs which include barriers to organ donation. Barriers that continue to be examined and addressed though research, healthcare continuing education, public awareness and education programs include but are not limited to:
At the NYSNA Convention of 2000, the voting body forwarded a Resolution on Organ and Tissue Donation to the American Nurses Association (ANA) House of Delegates (2000 Voting Body Actions). Subsequently, an ANA House of Delegates (HOD) Action in 2001 recommended that these barriers be addressed with organ donation and transplantation organizations. The ANA HOD agreed that ANA should advocate for and promote a more collaborative relationship between professional nurses and organ procurement teams (ANA House of Delegates, 2001).
In 2006, a series of seven bills to encourage increase organ, eye and tissue donation were signed into law which included creation of the New York State Organ and Tissue Donor Registry (Registry) to record an individual’s own legal consent to organ, eye and tissue donation upon their death (New York Organ Donor Network, 2010).
The Registry, managed through the New York State Department of Health, organizes and maintains the confidential listing of individuals who have enrolled. In 2008 the registry was fully implemented. In 2009, changes to law were made regarding the order of individuals who can make donation decisions. The health care agent becomes the highest authority unless language contained within the health care proxy states otherwise. The remaining hierarchy of adult child, parents, adult siblings, guardian and any other person authorized or under the obligation to dispose of the body remain unchanged (New York State Public Health Law, § 4301).
As research continues to examine additional barriers to organ donation, registered nurses must continue to advance their role as advocate and facilitate the coping of patients and their families and significant others as they approach the final stage of life. Ultimately, transplants enrich, prolong and save lives (www.alliancefordonation.org, 2010).
Registered professional nurses, in fulfillment of their roles, are intimately involved in all aspects of donation. As one who may be the first to recognize a potential donor, registered nurses must be knowledgeable regarding their facility policy on contacting the local Organ Procurement Organization (OPO). Recognition of the family’s right in opting for tissue or organ donation and advocating that this is offered, remain the two essential elements in improving the availability of organs (Norris & House as cited in NYSNA, 2010). More information on the registered nurses role in Organ Donation may be obtained from NYSNA’s eLeaRN course: Think, Care, Act: The Role of the Nurse in Organ and Tissue Donation at www.elearnonline.net
The registered professional nurse who is involved in the process of organ and tissue donation should:
Approved by the Board of Directors on September 18, 1996; September 15, 2004; September 15, 2010. Reviewed/revised by the Councils on Ethical Practice and Human Rights on August 27, 2004.
Reviewed/Revised by the Council on Ethics and Human Rights on June 10, 2010.
Note: The use of the term “patient” anywhere in this document is intended to be generic and refers to the recipient of nursing care.
American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of ethics for nurses with interpretive statements. Washington, DC: Author.
American Nurses Association. (2001). Professional nursing practice: End-of-life care and organ donation. In Summary of proceedings, American Nurses Association, 2001 House of Delegates (pp. 47-52). Washington, DC: Author.
American Nurses Association. (2001). Report of the New York State Nurses Association. 31 (10), 14.
DuBois, J., & Anderson, E. (2006). Attitudes toward death criteria and organ donation among healthcare personnel and the general public. Progress in Transplantation, 16(1), 65-73.
Molzahn, A., Starzomski, R., & McCormick, J. (2003). The supply of organs for transplantation: Issues and challenges. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 30(1), 17-28.
New York Organ Donor Network (2010) New & Events- New Releases. Who can consent to organ, eye and tissue donation in New York State? Retrieved from http://www.donatelifeny.org/news/20091123_01.html
N.Y. Public Health Law § 4301 (2010).
New York State Nurses Association. (2011). Think, Care, Act: The role of the nurse in organ and tissue donation. Retrieved from http://www.elearnonline.net/coursedesc.aspx?ClassID=190&s=66
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Office of Special Programs, Division of Transplantation. (2002). In Guidelines for donor registry development conference final report (pp. i-ix). Washington, DC: Author.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The organ donation breakthrough collaborative: Best practices final report. (2003). In Executive Summary (pp. ii-xi). ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/osp: Author.
(2010). www.alliancefordonation.org: The New York Alliance for Donation, Inc.
(2010). www.optn.org/latestdata: United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS).
(2010). www.organdonor.gov: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Zink, S. & Werlieb, S. (2006) A study of the presumptive approach to a consent for organ donation. Critical Care Nurse, 26(2), 129-136.
For more information on nursing practice, contact NYSNA's Education, Practice and Research Program at 518.782.9400, ext. 282 or by e-mail.
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As we know, Tolomato Cemetery was closed in 1884 because of fear of yellow fever. Meanwhile, on the other side of the Atlantic, a cemetery was opening because of another disease, cholera. The cemetery was the Cementerio de la Virgen de la Almudena, known popularly as La Almudena, in Madrid, Spain.
Plans were already underway to build a modern, 19th century cemetery that would be as big and grand as Pere Lachaise in Paris, the model for cemeteries at that time, or the famous cemeteries of Geneva and Viena. The city had decided to move all cemeteries outside of the walls, and the sudden need for burial space during the cholera epidemic of 1884 speeded things up significantly. While there are other cemeteries in Madrid, this one has grown over the years and is the biggest, with several million people buried in it. It also includes a Jewish cemetery.
Above we see the remarkable mortuary chapel, which is near the front gates of the cemetery (below).
The design of the cemetery is very complicated and consists of concentric rings surrounding the naturally existing hilly areas. The vaults are built into the walls of the rings, although there are also large free-standing family vaults built on top of the rings.
Like every 19th century cemetery, it is full of massive marble monuments, some adorned with statuary. The cemetery is still open and the custom of elaborate monuments still persists, as we see with this bullfighter.
There were many unusual markers, some quite elaborate. There were also some less formal but very touching tributes, such as this tiny ¨portal de Belén¨ (manger scene) placed at the foot of the vault of a man buried in 2010. Was he someone who liked to design and build these little works, or did his family simply miss him particularly at Christmas?
During the Spanish Civil War, Madrid´s cemeteries were used by the Republicans during their occupation of the city as a place to execute their civilian enemies, which included conservative journalists, priests and members of religious orders, both male and female. This was to ¨pasear¨ someone, that is, ¨take him for a walk.¨
After the war, the national government repaid the favor, trying and executing the people it perceived as enemies, also in the cemeteries.
But now it´s just another tranquil place, filled with these solid, bleached looking granite markers and dark, still cedar and madrone trees under the white-hot Madrid summer sun, and it´s hard to imagine that it was ever anything but.
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China's Shenzhou 9 spacecraft successfully completed a manual
docking procedure with its orbiting space lab Tiangong-1 on 24
June. It was the first manual docking of China's space
The Shenzhou 9 spacecraft started the day joined to Tiangong-1,
the two having achieved an automated rendez-vous on 18 June.
The three astronauts aboard, Jing Haipeng, the mission
commander, Liu Wang and Liu Yang entered into Shenzhou 9 the
morning of 24 June Beijing time, separated from Tiangong-1 and
moved to a distance of 400 metres. At 12.48 Beijing time Liu Wang
took the controls of Shenzhou 9 and operated the parallel
moving and attitude adjusting hand lever to control the spaceship
to approach the lab from the berthing point distance of 140
After a series of procedures of capturing, buffering and
correction, pulling back and locking the Shenzhou 9 spaceship and
Tiangong 1 were connected together once more. The process was
monitored by fellow astronauts Jing Haipeng and Liu Yang. The
process completed at 12.55 Beijing time.
The manual docking procedure took just 7 minutes, faster than
the automatic rendez-vous. China has now demonstrated both
automatic and manual docking procedures -- technology and
experience that will be important for China's ambitious space
Tiangong-1 and the attached Shenzhou 9 craft are orbiting
Earth at approximately 28,000 km per hour.
Zhou Jianping, chief engineer of China's manned space program,
said "The automated docking and manual docking are both essential
and they serve as a backup for each other." He added
that China has fully grasped space travel, space walk and
space rendezvous and docking technologies that are essential to
building a space station.
Wu Ping, a spokeswoman for China's manned space program, said
the manual space docking was "a complete success" and that the
astronauts had re-entered the space lab module to continue their
scientific experiments. The three astronauts have
almost completed the major tasks they set out to achieve
and will return to Earth within a week, advised Wu Ping.
launched in September 2011, and within a month of being placed
in orbit it was joined by the unmanned
Shenzhou 8 spacecraft. On 16 June
Shenzhou 9 launched and docked
automatically on 18 June with Tiangong-1, the first human
spaceflight docking of China's space program.
China plans to develop Tiangong into a space station over the
next few years -- the ability to launch crew and cargo to the
orbiter is therefore a key technological milestone in the process.
The Shenzhou-10 mission is planned for 2013.
China outlined its key
plans for space in a paper published in December 2011. The
plans include developing new Long March rockets and
developing BeiDou, the Chinese version of GPS. An
additional launch site, Hainan, is currently under
construction and will complement the Jiuquan spaceport in the
Gobi Desert, used to launch the current mission.
China also annouced, in two sections of the paper entitled
"Human spaceflight" and "Deep-space exploration", that "China
will conduct studies on the preliminary plan for a human lunar
The Deep Space Exploration section of the paper states that
"China will conduct special project demonstration in deep-space
exploration, and push forward its exploration of planets, asteroids
and the sun of the solar system".
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CEHD researchers, alums at forefront of closing reading achievement gap
As more data show the increasing need to address literacy issues for children across the state, CEHD researchers and alums are on the front lines with hands-on, innovative approaches. In a Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) story, recent alumna Maria Rios (B.S., family social science) is noted as one of about 800 AmeriCorps members in the Minnesota Reading Corps, which is providing tutoring to early readers this year in selected schools.
Among those Minnesota schools to intensely focus on teaching reading in the third grade is the Mississippi Creative Arts Magnet School in St. Paul, where 92 percent of students are from impoverished homes. Only a quarter of the students speak English as their first language. Still, the school's reading scores rose 6 percent this year.
Part of the credit, according to the MPR story, goes to the extra one-on-one help students receive from tutors like Rios (pictured).
Through an ongoing partnership with the Reading Corps, Minnesota Center for Reading Research faculty and graduate students are providing ongoing coaching and support over the next three years of Path to Reading Excellence in School Sites (PRESS), a Minneapolis Public Schools program developed by CEHD faculty. Aimed at preparing all students in Minneapolis to read by the third grade, PRESS is a research-based approach to literacy. The district announced its partnership last spring with Target Foundation, which is donating $6 million to district literacy programs over the next three years. See more on this story here.
Other faculty from the Department of Curriculum and Instruction have had success in improving reading tests scores among middle-school students in Minneapolis Public Schools. They have been working with literacy leaders, teachers, and literacy coaches at the grade 6-8 level for the past several years, helping to implement a formal reading program targeted at middle school students who were not performing up to grade level in reading. See their story here.
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1868 - The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland
In 1868, the parish of Monington contained the following places:
"MONINGTON, a parish in the hundred of Kemess, county Pembroke, 3 miles S.W. of Cardigan, its post town, and 7 from Newport. In the village, which is of small extent, is a long avenue called Monington Walk. The parish derives its name from a distinguished family who resided here. The living is a vicarage annexed to that of St. Dogmael's, in the diocese of St. David's. The church is dedicated to St. Nicholas."
[Transcribed from The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland 1868]
by Colin Hinson ©2018
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Today is a nation wide effort to help people become more prepared. There are several issues and ways people can help. I have choose to focus on wild fires. There are many links within the article that will take you to a different page, I recommend you right click on them and then select “open link in a new tap.” This will make reading the article a lot smoother. The below information comes from the official website: America’s PrepareAthon!
For more detailed information, download How to Prepare for a Wildfire, a hazard-specific guide, which provides information on the basics of each hazard, how to protect yourself and your property, and what steps to take now.
As more and more people make their homes in woodland settings, homeowners face the increasing danger of wildfire. Usually, lightning or an accident can trigger these events and often they begin unnoticed. Fires spread quickly igniting brush, trees, and homes. Homes that survive almost always do so because the homeowners were prepared. Before a wildfire strikes your area, be prepared to evacuate threatened areas on short notice; reduce sources of fuel near your property by ensuring it is well irrigated and free of highly flammable vegetation and landscaping; and review your homeowners or renters insurance policy.
Be Smart. Know Your Hazard
Wildfires can occur anywhere and can destroy homes, businesses, infrastructure, natural resources, and agriculture. For more information, download the How to Prepare for a Wildfire guide, which provides the basics of wildfires, explains how to protect yourself and your property, and details the steps to take now so that you can act quickly when you, your home, or your business is in danger.
- WHAT: A wildfire is an unplanned, unwanted fire burning in a natural area, such as a forest, grassland, or prairie. As building development expands into these areas, homes and businesses may be situated in or near areas susceptible to wildfires. This is called the wildland urban interface.
- WHEN: Wildfires can occur at any time throughout the year, but the potential is always higher during periods with little or no rainfall, which make brush, grass, and trees dry and burn more easily. High winds can also contribute to spreading the fire. Your community may have a designated wildfire season when the risk is particularly high.
- WHERE: Wildfires can occur anywhere in the country. They can start in remote wilderness areas, in national parks, or even in your back yard. Wildfires can start from natural causes, such as lightning, but most are caused by humans, either accidentally—from cigarettes, campfires, or outdoor burning—or intentionally.
Know the Risk
Do you want to have a better understanding of the wildfire risk you and your community face? Below is a map of the United States and the frequency of wildfires greater or equal to 300 acres in your county since 1994.
Map Information: This area is a map of the continental US, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii including states boundaries. It is entitled “Wildfire Activity by County 1994-2013”
It includes data from the USGS Federal Fire Occurrence Database, including U.S. Forest Service, Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Bureau of Land Management. This map displays the frequency of wildfires by county at three levels. In the first category, for counties that have had wildfires greater or equal to 300 acres, from 1994-2013, it displays the frequency of these wildfires for three levels of frequency; second, it displays the counties where the largest wildfires were less than 300 acres; and third, it displays the counties where no wildfires were reported.
In the first category of wildfires greater than 300 acres, the highest frequency of reported wildfires (101-1,308) occurred mainly in the states of Alaska, northern Washington, eastern Oregon, northern and southern California, central and southern Idaho, western Montano, northern Colorado, northern Nevada, northern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and southern Florida. The second highest frequency of wildfires (21-100) occurred in the same Western states, but more evenly distributed, with the addition of most of Wyoming and a few counties within North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Nebraska, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, Mississippi, Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, and Hawaii. The third highest frequency of wildfires (1-20) occurred primarily in the states already described with additional parts of Wisconsin, Michigan, Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia and eastern Maine.
In the second category of the states that include wildfires of less than 300 acres, the map identifies counties within almost every state but primarily counties in Northern, Southern and Mid-Atlantic states plus a few counties within Puerto Rico.
In the third category of the counties with no recorded wildfires, the map identifies central Texas, Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, northern Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, southern Michigan, Ohio, central Kentucky, central Tennessee, southern Alabama, southern Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and most of New England.
Federal Emergency Management Agency
ORR Mapping and Analysis Center, Washington, D.C., March 13, 2014. Sources: ESRI, USGS.
For more information on protecting yourself from a wildfire and protecting your property and belongings, download these helpful resources:
- Be Smart-Know Your Alerts and Warnings: The factsheet provides a brief summary of the various alerts and warnings available from Federal, state, local governments as well as the private sector that you can sign up for to stay informed and be ready to take action to be safe.
- Be Smart-Protect Critical Documents and Valuables: The checklist helps you to take an inventory of your household documents (e.g., financial and medical records), contacts, and valuables.
Take Part. Your Day of Action
Select the community sector below that best represents your organization and you will find a Playbook that explains the benefits of participating and suggests simple drills and exercises. Also included are step-by-step guides and resources to make implementation easy.
Prepare. Promotional Materials
Please review the America’s PrepareAthon! Resource Catalog to see all the print and digital materials available for download. Also provided are a Media Guide to help with outreach to media, including fill-in-the-blank templates, and a Communications Toolkit filled with social media tips, tools and templates.
- Resource Catalog - This Resource Catalog provides an overview and examples of the easy-to-use information resources, branding materials, and promotional materials that are available to download and use in implementing and promoting a day of action.
- Communications Toolkit - This guide provides key messaging as well as social media tips and tools that can be used to promote and support America’s PrepareAthon! activities.
- Media Event Planning Guide - This guide provides media planning and outreach guidelines, and includes fill-in-the-blank templates.
- Be Smart. Take Part. Prepare Your Organization for Disaster - This brochure presents organizations with a brief overview of America’s PrepareAthon! and explains how they can participate to build resiliency in their organizations.
- Promotional Package – Wildfire
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The beginnings of classical music in Brazil occurred with the arrival of the first settlers during the 1500s. Music, in those days, was connected to the church, where it served as part of the worship as a colony, Brazil was dependent on Portugal for everything, including the arts. Whatever music came to Brazil from Portugal, was filtered through the Portuguese court. With the coming of independence, Brazilians felt the need to seek their own identity. Music helped to make this possible, bringing together elements of several different cultures, which combined, assuming a distinctive Brazilian flavor.
Produced pursuant to a grant from the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Latin American and Iberian Institute, The University of New Mexico
The Brazilian Curriculum Guide Specialized Bibliography, Series II. Jon M. Tolman, General Editor
Brazilian Classical Music
Coelho, Tade. "Brazilian Classical Music." (1998). http://digitalrepository.unm.edu/laii_study_guides/5
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This reflection focuses on Leviticus as it spells out a very different vision than our current model for how we regulate our business affairs. The passage in today’s first reading describes the Jubilee Year, set aside after every forty-nine years to restore freedom for slaves and land to their original owners. The Jubilee Year, for me, follows the same theological principle as the sabbath year (one out of every seven years) and the sabbath (one out of every seven days) for the explicit acknowledgement of God’s sovereignty over our lives, our work and our possessions.
While the focus is on land, crops and labor which comprise the livelihoods of ancient Israel, this vision also speaks to us today in terms of how the people of God can think about our laws, conduct and goals if we attribute all that we possess to the bounty and the ownership of God intended for all to use. The Jubilee Year presumes that there are economic activities including unfortunate outcomes which lead some to have to sell their ancestral land, or borrow, or default, or labor for others. The principle that land cannot be sold permanently is to protect future generations from being penalized for the failures of their ancestors; that land belongs to God, not people; that no one should be precluded from having access to the means of production and the fruits of their labor. In essence, all sales of land are leases which last till the next Jubilee Year. The practice, if implemented, prevents the mass accumulation of land by a few people, provides a fresh start for every household to make a go of their ancestral land given by God, and precludes sustained inequality over time.
These principles are certainly not the legal foundation for property rights in our country. But before we completely rule these out, note that we have seen occasional illustrations as in the Jubilee debt relief in 2000 for certain debt-burdened countries, and the practice of estate gifts to charities. Would Pope Francis have to write Laudato Si had we grasped and lived by these principles?
Copyright 2017 Carolyn Woo
About the author: Dr. Carolyn Y. Woo is the Distinguished President’s Fellow for Global Development at Purdue University and the former President & CEO of Catholic Relief Services.
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New world record in solar cell efficiency
A new solar cell structure has measured an efficiency rating of 44.7 percent, edging out the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s previous record of 43.5 percent. Efficiency ratings reflect the percent of the sun spectrum’s energy, from ultraviolet to the infrared spectrum, that is converted into usable energy. Typical home solar panels’ efficiency rates measure between 20 percent and 30 percent.
A group of French and German researchers, including partners from The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Soitec, CEA-Leti and the Helmholtz Center Berlin, achieved these efficiency rates through a method that stacks cells with a variety of semiconductors that allow the panels to absorb a more diverse range of wavelengths.
“We are incredibly proud of our team, which has been working now for three years on this four-junction solar cell,” Frank Dimroth, department head and project leader in charge of the development work at Fraunhofer ISE, said in a press release. “This four-junction solar cell contains our collected expertise in this area over many years. With this technology, we are able to connect two semiconductor crystals, which otherwise cannot be grown on top of each other with high crystal quality. In this way we can produce the optimal semiconductor combination to create the highest efficiency solar cells.”
— Zak Weinberg
Permaculture workshop hosted in Boulder
Local permaculture experts Regenerative Lifestyles and Madelife, a Boulder company that looks to promote and support local artists and entrepreneurs, are teaming up to provide a variety of permaculture workshops Oct. 4-6. Topics revolve around permaculture, a design science based on the observation of nature, and a play on words that embodies both “permanent culture,” or “perennial culture,” and “permanent agriculture.”
“Basically permaculture is a set of protocols based off of designs in nature,” says Mike Wird, biotech expert and co-founder of Denver Earthship, who will be speaking at the event. “We use those patterns in design to make decisions and solve problems. These lessons of design principles originated in the garden, but they’re applicable to any aspect of life, whether financial, social or environmental.”
Courses offered as part of Permaculture: Perennial Culture Part 1 dive into mycology (the study of fungi), soil ecology, mulching, composting, grey water systems, aquaponics and sustainable design techniques, including earthship building.
Tickets for the entire weekend cost $150 and can be purchased online at www.madelife.com.
— Zak Weinberg Respond: email@example.com
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Not so long ago when an industrial plant operator needed to redirect flows or even start and stop a procedure, it was often times a long and arduous process of turning valves, painstaking sequences, and long trips from area to area within a plant or facility with a handheld radio. While there are still facilities that might require this type of manual operation, the landscape has significantly changed, with the introduction of supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA).
While all of this control and operational stability has benefitted the global industrial process as a whole, what happens when the control and data are compromised or even lost? Will we have the ability and the sheer manpower to physically achieve and complete the many steps and processes within industrial facilities or plants that have now been taken over and controlled by the massive computer systems designed to control and acquire data through a system such as SCADA? Therein lays the question or perhaps the difficulty.
Photo 1. The QATAR National Control Center is a highly sophisticated example of how SCADA can be used for control of systems and the data acquisition from those systems as well.
In this article we will look at how this relatively new control technology has changed the industry forever, and has placed the control and data of many complex processes at the operator’s fingertips. We will visit the NEC and see what guidance it has for us and the requirements we need to adhere to when considering and installing SCADA systems. And we will look at what’s on the horizon with regard to Homeland Security, Article 708 – Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS), the overall security of SCADA systems, and how it is all integrated into the mix.
A Little History
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems have become a critical part of the landscape of late, silently and methodically marching forward, providing the vital infrastructure for a new industrial revolution. Not only have these systems been proven to save time and to provide economic benefits, the new operational flexibility that is now gained by SCADA can have enormous benefits when it comes to safe control of systems and data that can be viewed about any process instantaneously.
Long gone are the days when industrial plant operators jumped in golf carts and were aided by maps of industrial pipeline drawings to figure out which valve to open or close and at what stage of the process. Not only was this dangerous, it was very inefficient and costly, requiring many men and a lot of time.
While the process world grew and perfected these systems, additional elements were born, digital control systems (DCS) and programmable logic controllers (PLC), to further enhance this supervisory control and data acquisition. With this trifecta, if you will, we now have all the control we need to speed up, and safely conduct these processes and increase production to supply the demand of goods and products for a hungry nation.
Can we use these requirements?
The requirements for SCADA systems reside in the informative annexes of the NEC, in Annex G.
Photo 2. SCADA today is a complex system of computers, PLCs, and high-speed communication to accomplish the many tasks that are necessary for safety and efficiency.
While it is not part of the requirements of the NEC, it has been included for informational purposes, as well as adoption. Conversely, if an informative annex is referenced in the body of the NEC, such as Annex C – Tables, then it becomes part of the NEC by reference.
SCADA, the NEC, and Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS)
The requirements for SCADA systems have incorporated Homeland Security requirements by the integration of Article 708 – Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS) into Informative Annex G.
This provision among others is to ensure that a SCADA system for the COPS loads is completely separate from the building management SCADA system.
Informative Annex G – (A)(2) General – requires that when a SCADA system is employed "no single point failure should be able to disable the SCADA system.”
We also see in Informative Annex G – (A)(3) General – what the SCADA system is permitted to control. This section indicates that the SCADA system cannot only control and monitor mission critical electrical and mechanical systems, but other systems as well. These systems include but are not limited to (a) the fire alarm system, (b) the security system, (c) power distribution, (d) HVAC and ventilation [damper position, airflow speed and direction], (f) load shedding, and (g) fuel levels or hours of operation.
Planning and the NEC
Before the installation or deployment of a SCADA system, proper planning needs to be done. Informative Annex G – (A)(4) General – requires that an operation and maintenance analysis, as well as a risk assessment be completed to provide maintenance parameter data, prior to installation.
One should also notice that if a redundant system is provided for backup, there are also requirements.
Informative Annex G – (A)(5) General – indicates that if a redundant system is employed, it shall be in either warm or hot standby mode at all times.
When a SCADA system is employed not only does the NEC tell us in Informative Annex G – (A)(6)that the controller must be a programmable logic control (PLC) , Informative Annex G – (A)(7) requires that the SCADA system must utilize open, not proprietary, protocols.
Damage Assessment and Graphical User Interface
In the unfortunate event of a system failure or problem, Informative Annex G – (A)(8) General – informs us that the SCADA system is required to not only assess the damage to the facility, but to also determine system integrity after an event.
The actual monitor display itself is required to have a graphical user interface that will allow the user to readily recognize all major components that are being monitored as well as controlled by the SCADA system, with easily discerned color schemes as identified by Informative Annex G – (A)(9) General.
Storage of Critical System Parameters
Photo 3. SCADA real time automation controller (RTAC)
To round out the general requirements for SCADA it is indicated in Informative Annex G – (A)(10) General – that the system shall have the capability to provide storage of critical system parameters for at least 15 minutes or more, if an out-of-limit condition exists anywhere within the system. This data is also to be stored off site at a separate secure data storage facility located off site.
SCADA systems and the Power Supply
Informative Annex G – (B) Power Supply – lays out the requirements in the NEC to ensure that the power that is being provided to the SCADA system itself is well-protected, not subject to failure. In addition to the regular power supply, a direct-current station battery system, rated between 24 and 125 volts dc, and capable of 72 hours of sustainment is the very minimum allowed.
All of the batteries supplying the SCADA system will be required to be completely separated from batteries of other electrical systems.
All SCADA system power supplies are required to have a properly installed surge protection device (SPD) at its terminals with a direct low-impedance path to earth, as well-protected and unprotected circuits are required to employ physical barriers to prevent coupling.
Security and SCADA
Informative Annex G – (C) Security against Hazards has six criteria that are required to be adhered to in the effort to prevent the SCADA system from becoming adversely affected.
Controlled physical access by authorized personnel to only the system operational controls and software is to be provided.
The SCADA systems and its components are required to be protected against dust, dirt, water, and other contaminants by appropriate encloses for the environment served.
Conduit or EMT cannot violate the integrity of the SCADA system enclosure.
The SCADA systems are required to be located in the same secured locations as the systems that they are monitoring.
The SCADA system is required to be provided with a dry agent fire protection system or double interlocked pre action system using cross zoned detection, to minimize the threat of accidental water discharge into the unprotected equipment. The fire protection system is also required to be monitored in accordance with NFPA-72 The National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code
SCADA systems are not to be connected to other network communication systems outside the secure location without encryption or the use of fiber optics.
Are we safe yet?
While we hope that these new provisions in the NEC, born from the Homeland Security Act, are enough to at least fend off threats to our national infrastructure, there are those who work tirelessly to develop the means to cripple us with devices such as electromagnetic pulse (EMP) and high-powered microwave (HPM) that can adversely affect SCADA systems and create havoc in a moment’s notice.
Maintenance and Testing of SCADA systems
For any system to work properly maintenance is required. Informative Annex G – (D) Maintenance tells us that a documented preventative maintenance program is required to allow the testing, troubleshooting, repair, and/or replacement of a component or subsystem, while redundant components or subsystems are actually serving the load.
SCADA systems require periodic testing under actual and / or simulated contingency conditions. The reader can find the testing requirements and intervals in NFPA 70B Recommended Practice for Electrical Equipment Maintenance.
What have we learned?
Not only have we visited the industrial facility process and have seen how SCADA systems have revolutionized the industry across the board, we have seen that the NEC has many very important requirements that need to be adhered to that will ensure the safe, efficient and long-term operation of a SCADA system. We have also looked at the added security and system processes that are now required to avoid the possibility of our vital national infrastructure from coming under attack from those who would promote chaos and civil unrest.
The accelerating penetration of SCADA systems, along with their electronic cousins, digital control systems (DCS) and programmable logic controllers (PLC), as critical elements in every aspect of every critical infrastructure in the Nation, is both inevitable and inexorable. While conferring economic benefit and enormous new operational agility, the growing dependence of our infrastructures on these omnipresent control systems represents a new vector of vulnerability in the evolving digital age of the 21st century, such as cyber security.
Read more by Jonathan Cadd
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After the Ice Age: How Calendar-keeping shaped Early Social Structuring
Michael Hudson (UMKC) in Paul G. Bahn, ed., An Enquiring Mind: Studies in Honor of Alexander Marshack (American school of prehistoric research monograph series, Oxford and Oakville: Oxbow Books, 2009):149-53.
I first met Alex Marshack in 1982 at a lecture he gave in New York City, where we both lived. That evening he described the Paleolithic “time-factored” notational systems and monuments that traced the rhythms of the moon and sun, and how Neolithic calendars governed the rhythms of planting and harvesting, as well as the rites of passage and social integration via festivals that were occasions for gift exchange and intermarriage. After the talk I introduced myself to him, and more than twenty years of friendship followed.
I was writing a history of interest-bearing debt and debt-annulment practices (“clean slates”), and was just beginning to trace the genesis of interest-bearing debt and how early societies dealt with the problems it caused. This led me to note the calendrical timing of early debt payments, along with the standardization of money and interest rates as a byproduct of weights and measures calendrically based for periodic distribution by Mesopotamia’s temples and palaces. Alex saw immediately the convergence between my research, working backward from classical antiquity to the Early Bronze Age, with his own studies going forward from the Paleolithic. He introduced me to the Peabody Museum’s director, Carl Lamberg-Karlovsky, who later helped me organize a group of assyriologists and archaeologists to publish what are now five colloquia on the genesis of money, account-keeping, debt, urbanization, land tenure and public employment.
At our second colloquium, held at New York University in 1996 on urban development in the ancient Near East, Alex summarized his views on how the time-keeping practices that began in the Paleolithic laid the foundations for civilization in the Near East and Europe. Using many of the slides from the lecture I had heard him give fourteen years earlier, he described the calendrical orientation of early ceremonial sites, reflecting their role as seasonal gathering places. The literal meaning of orientation, after all, refers to the east where the sun rises, as if to sanctify temples and other monuments of rulership by grounding them in the heavenly cosmos, “on earth, as it is in heaven.” The videotape operator became so fascinated as soon as Alex took the podium that she forgot to press the “on” button on her machine.
The fact that Neolithic agriculture was dependent on the seasons, Alex explained, made the calendar the key to post-Paleolithic social organization, shaping “the way in which archaic communities structured their modes of cultural complexity” inasmuch as agriculture “increasingly requires ‘time-factored’ divisions of labor and skill, allotted times and places for specialized activities, and calendrically precise times for ritual, aggregation, and exchange.” The same may be said of trade. Sea commerce depended on the annual winds, and even war-making traditionally was waged after the harvest was in.
Calendrical rhythms determined the times when sparse populations came together in the seasonal gatherings that were the occasions for exchange – of family members as well as gifts. These ritual sites typically were on rivers, often near distinguishing natural features such as caves. The most famous sites were orientated to the rising or setting of the sun at the four major points of the year, the solstices and equinoxes. Their calendrical character was further reflected in the art whose calendrical reference Alex showed to reflect the seasonality of fish mating, deer molting and vegetation sprouting.
Based on the spread of artifacts reflecting a diversity of notational systems – signs that had been viewed simply as decorative markings prior to his 1972 article on the Blanchard bone’s lunar notations c. 28,000 BC – he postulated a worldview extending from the Atlantic to the Russian plain. “Long-distance movements and a dispersal of cultural influences were clearly present during this [Magdalenian] period.” “On the Russian plain … there were summer and winter sites along [the network of rivers that flow toward the Black Sea], including riverside sites that were specialized for seasonal resource exploitation and for seasonal symbolic performance and production.”
Alex concluded that rather than trying to explain “the rise of agriculture in the essentially material and materialistic terms of regional resources, changes in climate and demography, technology, and modes of harvesting and storage, or in terms of the self-domestication of plants and cereals through periodic harvesting,” archaeologists and prehistorians “may now also have to consider the long and incremental cognitive and conceptual preparation that made these other processes viable.” He traced this cognitive development largely to the development of calendrical observation and its associated social structuring. “The well-known urban tapestries of temples, records, astronomies, and regional calendars, day-and-night hours, scheduled debts, and debt amnesties, and the increasing specialization of skills and the times and places for their use, all required a developing, increasingly precise, and carefully monitored calendar.”
This paper was the closest he came to publishing his long durée synthesis. Alex often spoke of writing a sequel to The Roots of Civilization describing how classical social structuring, myth and ritual preserved traces of Paleolithic cosmology. And what makes the Ice Age so relevant, after all, is how its time-structuring led to subsequent social practice – the civilization dimension of his book. Archaic calendrical regularities led to practices that survived even into the Bronze Age and classical antiquity. But he concentrated so much effort on defending his interpretation of Ice Age notational systems that he never got around to further elaborating his view of the Paleolithic as the matrix out of which subsequent thought evolved.
What he did elaborate was how time-factored notation evolved into arithmetic. Alex emphasized that tracing lunar patterns did not have to involve mathematical calculation. Paleolithic calendar keeping was pre-mathematical, predating actual arithmetic in the sense of counting in the abstract. It represented sequence (as do the alphabet and the musical scale) but not numbering as such. But it was the matrix out of which counting systems developed, inasmuch as the first phenomena to be counted seem to have been the rhythms of the moon and sun, not one’s fingers. The key number 28, for instance, evidently was derived from the days of visibility in the lunar month, to which Alex attributed the prominent role of the number 7 as its divisor. This suggested that the first phenomena being counted were calendrical, and special significance came to be given to number in an increasingly abstract sense. Some New Guinea and Indonesian counting systems started from the fingers and went up across the arm and neck and down the opposing arm, up to 28 points.
It was in the Neolithic, he believed, when some individuals began to count everything and developed more abstract mathematics, searching for a clue to the order of nature, as expressed first in its calendrical rhythms and then in natural musical and more abstract cosmological proportions. This search for order was the inspiration for science, as well as for myth and ritual.
Some people seem to have found remarkable parallels between calendrical fractions and those of tuning the musical scale. The 12 months of the year found their counterpart in the 12 tones of the musical scale, and the “Pythagorean comma” found its analogue in the gap between the solar and lunar years. These parallels fascinated Alex, and he arranged for us to meet with music historians. But he realized how speculative it was to infer how far archaic individuals had gone along these lines. How could we know whether we were being anachronistic? We had found these parallels, but the dangerously speculative waters of reconstructing archaic awareness dissuaded us from publishing until we could make a more thorough case.
One nonetheless can deem the pattern-seeking individuals who embedded these proportions in ancient mythology to have been proto-scientific, given their power of abstraction and ability to find connections. Myth and ritual, religion and social structuring sought ordering in nature, and also social equity. In a sense Alex himself was like a shaman in seeking to re-create the cosmological template that led chieftains to organize social rhythms to coincide with calendrical cycles.
The problem in trying to re-create the archaic mental template, of course, is that surviving tools, inscribed bones, art and burials, monuments and buildings were only a shadow. There are suggestive inferential phenomena, but the only conclusive facts that could prove Alex’s reconstructions would be written narratives. Recognizing that artifacts have little conclusive to say about the social structures that produced them, he scoured the anthropological literature for studies about what chieftains did, and also shamans, to whom he looked as kindred spirits. To suggest the ways of thought that inspired Paleolithic calendar-keepers and civilization’s cognitive takeoff, he compiled a library ranging from archaeoastronomy to classical myth and ritual, seeking clues in the practices chieftains among the Native Americans and other surviving tribal enclaves. But only in classical antiquity did writers begin to explain the logic behind their policies. All that one finds earlier are records of what was done, not why, so there is no way in which the grand schema that Alex postulated can be more than inferential.
The line of analysis that he initiated did not fit into any academic box in the sense of a discipline and departmental definition. That was his strong point. But it also made it hard to fit his discoveries into the curriculum, even that of anthropology or archaeology, quite apart from the fact that his background as a science writer did not include the PhD that has become the union card for modern professorship.
I have been no bolder in publishing my own ideas along the lines we discussed over the years. As a coda to my reminiscences of our discussions, I may briefly sketch the train of effects on which we agreed on how the calendar shaped the development of urban centers, weights and measures, and political divisions into calendrical tribes (thirds, fourths and twelfths). Of particular importance was the shift from lunar to solar calendars, and how early societies handled the disparity between the 356-day lunar year and the 365¼-day solar year, with a New Year interregnum of chaos, after which order was restored to start the new year in balance.
Early weights and measures were divided into calendrical fractions for distribution on a monthly basis. This required the standardization of months, and hence the creation of a solar year with artificially standardized 30-day months. The mina’s fractional division into 60 shekels mode of in turn determined the rate of interest – 1/60th per month, doubling the principal in five years. Rome adopted a 12-fold division, and its rate of interest was 1/12th.
Serving as a cosmological model for social organization, the calendar found its spatial analogue as the template for early walled cities, which typically had four gates (sometimes as many as twelve) reflecting the cardinal points of the year (or months). Major streets often were aligned to the rising or setting sun, except where adjusted for wind factors.
Greek city-states divided society into calendrical tribal fractions (halves, thirds, fourths or twelfths) as a means of rotating administration of their ceremonial and increasingly political center. It seems that each city-state sought to do so in its own way as a sign of distinction, but shared a common denominator in changing the calendar and tribal divisions together as new tribes were added. Each tribe was assigned its proportional period of rotating control of the center on a seasonal basis (for “four-square” tribal divisions) or monthly basis for twelve-tribe nations. When the calendar was changed, so were the tribal divisions.
Alex and I often spoke of how such social structures imitated astronomical rhythms to create what must have been perceived as early social science, aiming to establish regularities in earthly structures to reflect those of the heavens in a kind of “sympathetic logic.” This ran the danger of becoming magical, e.g. in astrology, much medical philosophy and other associative logic associated with early societies. But the attempt to create an ancient “general field theory” of society and nature also provided the intellectual impetus for what has become civilization.
Alexander Marshack, “Space and Time in Pre-agricultural Europe and the Near East: The Evidence for Early Structural Complexity,” in Michael Hudson and Baruch A. Levine, eds., Urbanization and Land Ownership in the Ancient Near East (Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 1999:19-63), pp. 19 and 53.
Ibid., pp. 40 and 32.
Ibid., p. 57.
Ibid., p. 53.
See for instance Aletta Biersack, The Logic of Misplaced Concreteness: Paiela Body Counting and the Nature of the Primitive Mind, American Anthropological Association, January 1982.
I have traced the calendrical basis for the payment of debts, weights and measures in “How Interest Rates Were Set, 2500 BC – 1000 AD:PRIVATE Máš, tokos and fænus as metaphors for interest accruals,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 43 (Spring 2000):132-161; “Reconstructing the Origins of Interest-Bearing Debt and the Logic of Clean Slates,” in Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop, eds., Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East (CDL Press, Bethesda, 2002):7-58; and “The Development of Money-of-Account in Sumer’s Temples,” in Michael Hudson and Cornelia Wunsch, ed., Creating Economic Order: Record-Keeping, Standardization and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East (CDL Press, Bethesda, 2004):303-329.
I elaborated this idea in my own contribution to Urbanization and Land Use in the Ancient Near East, “From Sacred Enclave to Temple to City.”
When the Athenian Cleisthenes changed the number of tribes from 12 to 10 late in the 6th century BC, for example, he adjusted the public prytany calendar accordingly, from a 12‑month to a 10‑month basis.
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- U.S. territory organized 1854, admitted as a state 1867, from a native Siouan name for the Platte River, either Omaha ni braska or Oto ni brathge, both literally "water flat." The modern river name is from French rivière platte, which means "flat river." Related: Nebraskan.
Bug eaters, a term applied derisively to the inhabitants of Nebraska by travellers on account of the poverty-stricken appearance of many parts of the State. If one living there were to refuse to eat bugs, he would, like Polonius, soon be "not where he eats but where he is eaten." [Walsh, 1892]
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1470 - Henry VI of England returns to the throne after Earl of Warwick defeats Yorkists in battle.
1831 - In Southampton County, Virginia, escaped slave Nat Turner is captured and arrested for leading the bloodiest slave revolt in United States history.
1864 - Second war of Schleswig ends: Duke Frederick and the Danish Crown recognize Prussia's and Austria's annexation of Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg.
1864 - Helena, Montana is founded after four prospectors discover gold at "Last Chance Gulch."
1905 - Tsar Nicholas II of Russia grants Russia's first constitution, creating a legislative assembly.
1925 - John Logie Baird creates Great Britain's first television transmitter.
1938 - Orson Welles broadcasts his radio play of H. G. Wells's The War of the Worlds, causing a nationwide panic.
1941 - World War II: Franklin Delano Roosevelt approves US$1 billion in Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.
1953 - Cold War: US President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally approves the top secret document National Security Council Paper No. 162/2, which states that the United States' arsenal of nuclear weapons must be maintained and expanded to counter the communist threat.
1961 - Nuclear testing: The Soviet Union detonates a 58 megaton yield hydrogen bomb over Novaya Zemlya (this is still the largest nuclear device to ever be detonated).
1965 - Vietnam War: Just miles from Da Nang, United States Marines repel an intense attack by wave after wave of Viet Cong forces, killing 56 guerrillas. Among the dead, a sketch of Marine positions was found on the body of a 13-year-old Vietnamese boy who sold drinks to the Marines the day before.
1968 - The film The Lion in Winter, starring Katharine Hepburn, debuts.
1970 - In Vietnam, the worst monsoon to hit the area in six years causes large floods, kills 293, leaves 200,000 homeless and virtually halts the Vietnam War.
1972 - US President Richard Nixon approves legislation to increase Social Security spending by US$5.3 billion.
1974 - "The Rumble in The Jungle": Muhammad Ali knocks out George Foreman in Kinshasa, Zaire to regain the World Heavyweight Boxing championship.
1975 - Prince Juan Carlos becomes King of Spain after dictator Francisco Franco concedes that he is too ill to govern.
1980 - El Salvador and Honduras sign a peace treaty to put the border dispute fought over in 1969's Football War before the International Court of Justice.
1983 - The first democratic elections in Argentina after seven years of military rule are held.
1987 - In Japan, NEC releases the first 16-bit home entertainment system, the PC-Engine.
1988 - Philip Morris buys Kraft Foods for US$13.1 billion.
1995 - Quebec separatists narrowly lose a referendum for a mandate to negotiate independence from Canada (vote was 50.6 % to 49.4 %).
1997 - British au pair Louise Woodward is found guilty of the baby-shaking death of 8-month-old Matthew Eappen.
2001 - Michael Jordan returns to the National Basketball Association with the Washington Wizards after 3 1/2 years (the Wizards lose 93-91 to the New York Knicks).
1735 - John Adams, American revolutionary leader and President of the United States († 1826)
1751 - Richard Sheridan, playwright († 1816)
1839 - Alfred Sisley, artist († 1899)
1844 - Harvey W. Wiley, American chemist († 1930)
1861 - Antoine Bourdelle, sculptor († 1929)
1871 - Paul Valery,Franch, poet,(† 1945)
1882 - Guenter von Kluge, German, Field Marshal,(† 1944)
1882 - William Halsey, Jr, American admiral († 1959)
1885 - Ezra Pound, American poet († 1972)
1893 - Charles Atlas, bodybuilder († 1972)
1893 - Roland Freisler, German Nazi politician († 1945)
1896 - Ruth Gordon, American actress († 1985)
1915 - Fred Friendly, journalist († 1998)
1916 - Leon Day, baseballer († 1995)
1930 - Nestor Almendros, cinematographer († 1992)
1932 - Louis Malle, director († 1995)
1937 - Claude Lelouche, director
1939 - Grace Slick, singer with Jefferson Airplane
1941 - Otis Williams, singer
1945 - Henry Winkler, actor
1951 - Harry Hamlin, actor
1956 - Juliet Stevenson, actress
1960 - Diego Maradona, Argentinian football player
1967 - Gavin Rossdale, musician
1816 - Frederick I of Württemberg
1842 - Allan Cunningham, poet and author (* 1784)
1883 - Robert Volkmann, composer
1893 - John Joseph Caldwell Abbott, third prime minister of Canada
1910 - Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross
1912 - James S. Sherman, Vice President of the United States
1915 - Charles Tupper, sixth prime minister of Canada
1918 - Egon Schiele, Austrian painter
1968 - Rose Wilder Lane, author
1968 - Ramon Novarro, actor
1978 - Edgar Bergen, American ventriloquist
1988 - John Houseman, actor, director, teacher
2000 - Steve Allen, comedian, author, and composer
2001 - Matthias Seefelder, chemist, BASF CEO
2002 - Juan Antonio Bardem, movie director
2002 - Jam Master Jay, Rap and Hip Hop musician
Devil's Night also known as Angel's Night
October 29 - October 31 - November 30 - September 30 - more historical anniversaries
See Also: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December
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Middle school general Music lesson plans
Learn how to get better acquainted with your intermediate and middle school general music students on their first day of Music class. Here you will find attention-grabbing music activities that will peak their interests from day one!
Keeping a Musical Interest
The hardest thing I find about teaching music to intermediate (grades 4-6) and middle (grades 7-8) school students is keeping their interest in class and being able to get them to actively participate and appreciate its worth. Often times, many of these students will find music class "silly" and "babyish" (in their words) and to prevent this way of thinking, we as teachers must take into account the fact that they want to be treated as young adults.
So what comes to mind when I am trying to compile a lesson plan for the first day of music class? What music activities can I present to them that will help me to get to know them better...who they are, what they like, something about their culture etc?
A good way to get my intermediate and middle school general Music students to “open up" is by taking a Music survey on their interests where I present them with a worksheet of a list of questions about various aspects in/of Music and their exposure to it prior to this class. Here is the list of questions they have to write a brief response for:
- Do you play any musical instruments or sing? If yes, which ones and for how long?
- Do you take music lessons right now? If not, have you in the past and what type?
- Do you perform in a musical ensemble right now?
- Would you rather perform on your instrument or sing for the class solo or with a classmate?
- List 3-5 live music concerts you have been to in the past year.
- Name your favorite musical style (s) to listen to.
- Name your 3 favorite musicians or musical groups.
- List suggestions, if any, of songs you would like us to sing in music class at school (reasonable suggestions only-please exclude profane lyrics)
- If you had to select a music profession, what would it be and why?
- If you had to select a country to study music from for one year, which would you choose and why?
There have been occasions in my teaching where some of the students will immediately frown upon having to write so I usually let them work on their questions quietly together in small groups.
When the students are finished with their answers, I will ask for volunteers to share their responses and I will ask them to write some on the board. They really enjoy this and like learning what their peers listen to and what their fellow interests are. I then will take home their responses and take some of the more popular answers and put them on poster board to hang up for the school year.
During free music time, which may happen at the end of some lessons, I will often let my middle school students listen to some of their favorite selections or suggestions. I always try to take their interests to heart and modify some of my lessons to incorporate their suggestions and cultural backgrounds for I know this will encourage them to want to continuously learn and grow through music.
- Author's own music teaching experience.
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> INTRODUCTION > Organization > Members
- Anyone aged 19 or older has the right to vote in an election of the National Assembly, and anyone aged 25 or older is eligible to stand for election
- All members serve a four-year term
- The Assembly is composed of 300 members, 253 elected by a plurality of votes from electoral districts and 47 through proportional representation system where seats are distributed to parties based on the percentage of total votes they garnered.
Privilege of Exemption from Apprehension
- Except in case of flagrante delicto, an assemblyman shall not be apprehended or detained without the consent of the National Assembly when the National Assembly is in session.
Privilege of Exemption from Liability for One’s Speech in the National Assembly
- An assemblyman is exempt from liability for speeches or votes related to his/her duties in the National Assembly.
Duties prescribed in the Constitution
- An assemblyman may not concurrently hold any other office prescribed by law; shall have duty of integrity; shall give priority to national interests, and shall not abuse his or her office.
Duties prescribed in the National Assembly Act
- An assemblyman shall maintain proper dignity as an assemblyman; shall attend the Plenary Session and committee meetings; and shall comply with legislation and regulations regarding the proceedings.
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We most likely all have a very decent instinctive idea of what a game is. The overall term “game” incorporates prepackaged games like chess and Syndication, games like poker and blackjack, club games like roulette and gambling machines, military conflict games, PC games, different sorts of play among kids, and the rundown goes on. In scholarly community we here and there talk about game hypothesis, in which various specialists select methodologies and strategies to expand their benefits inside the structure of a distinct arrangement of game standards. At the point when utilized with regards to support or PC based amusement, “game” as a rule invokes pictures of a three-layered virtual world including a humanoid, creature or vehicle as the fundamental person under player control. (Or on the other hand for the old geezers among us, maybe it infers pictures of two-layered works of art like Pong, Pac-Man, or Jackass Kong.) In his brilliant book, A Hypothesis of Good times for Game Plan, Raph Koster characterizes a game to be an intuitive encounter that gives the player an inexorably difficult arrangement of examples which the person learns and at last bosses. Koster’s asser-tion is that the exercises of learning and dominating are at the core of what we call “fun,” similarly as a joke becomes amusing right now we “get it” by perceiving the example.
Computer games as Delicate Constant Recreations
Generally two-and three-layered computer games are instances of PC researchers’ idea of delicate constant intelligent specialist based virtual experiences. How about we separate this expression to more readily comprehend what it implies. In most computer games, some subset of this present reality – or a conjured up universe is displayed numerically so it very well may be controlled by a PC. The model is an estimation to and an improvement of the real world (regardless of whether it’s a nonexistent reality), since it is obviously unfeasible to incorporate everything about to the degree of particles or quarks. Consequently, the numerical model is a recreation of the genuine or envisioned game world. Estimation and disentanglement are two of the game engineer’s most incredible assets. When utilized handily, even a significantly improved on model can in some cases be practically undefined from the real world and much more tomfoolery.
A specialist based reproduction is one in which various unmistakable elements known as “specialists” connect. This fits the depiction of most three-layered PC games quite well, where the specialists are vehicles, characters, fireballs, power specks, etc. Given the specialist based nature of most games, it ought to shock no one that most games these days are executed in an item arranged, or if nothing else freely object-based, programming language.
All intelligent computer games are fleeting reproductions, implying that the vir-tual game world model is dynamic-the condition of the game world changes over the long run as the game’s situation and story transpire. A computer game must likewise answer eccentric contributions from its human player(s)- along these lines intuitive transient reenactments. At last, most computer games present their accounts and answer player input continuously, making them intelligent constant reproductions.
One remarkable special case is in the classification of turn-based games like modernized chess or non-ongoing methodology games. In any case, even these sorts of games as a rule furnish the client with some type of ongoing graphical UI.
What Is a Game Motor?
The expression “game motor” emerged during the 1990s regarding first-individual shooter (FPS) games like the madly well known Destruction by id Programming. Destruction was architected with a sensibly clear cut division between its center programming parts, (for example, the three-layered designs delivering framework, the impact location framework or the sound framework) and the workmanship resources, game universes and decides of play that included the player’s gaming experience. The worth of this partition became obvious as designers started authorizing games and retooling them into new items by making new craftsmanship, world formats, weapons, characters, vehicles and game principles with just insignificant changes to the “motor” programming. This obvious the introduction of the “mod local area”- a gathering of individual gamers and little autonomous studios that constructed new games by adjusting existing games, utilizing free tool stash supportive of vided by the first engineers. Towards the finish of the 1990s, a few 918kiss games like Tremor III Field and Unbelievable were planned with reuse and “modding” as a top priority. Motors were made profoundly adjustable through prearranging dialects like id’s Tremor C, and motor authorizing started to be a reasonable auxiliary income stream for the engineers who made them. Today, game designers can permit a game motor and reuse critical bits of its key programming parts to assemble games. While this training actually includes significant interest in custom programming, it tends to be substantially more affordable than fostering all of the center motor parts in-house. The line between a game and its motor is frequently foggy.
A few motors make a sensibly clear differentiation, while others make practically no endeavor to isolate the two. In one game, the delivering code may “know” specifi-cally how to draw an orc. In another game, the delivering motor could give broadly useful material and concealing offices, and “orc-ness” may be characterized totally in information. No studio makes a completely clear detachment between the game and the motor, which is reasonable thinking about that the meanings of these two parts frequently shift as the game’s plan cements.
Ostensibly an information driven engineering separates a game motor from a piece of programming that is a game yet not a motor. Whenever a game contains hard-coded rationale or game guidelines, or utilizes extraordinary case code to deliver explicit kinds of game items, it becomes troublesome or difficult to reuse that product to make an alternate game. We ought to likely hold the expression “game motor” for programming that is extensible and can be utilized as the establishment for various games without significant change.
Obviously this is definitely not a highly contrasting differentiation. We can imagine a range of reusability onto which each motor falls. One would feel that a game motor could be an associated thing to Apple QuickTime or Microsoft Windows Media Player-a broadly useful piece of programming fit for playing practically any game substance possible. Be that as it may, this ideal has not yet been accomplished (and may never be). Most game motors are painstakingly created and tweaked to run a specific game on a specific equipment stage. And, surprisingly, the most broadly useful multiplatform motors are truly just appropriate for building games in a single specific sort, like first-individual shooters or dashing games. Most would agree that the more universally useful a game motor or middleware part is, the less ideal it is for running a specific game on a specific stage.
This peculiarity happens in light of the fact that planning any productive piece of programming constantly involves making compromises, and those compromises depend on suspicions about how the product will be utilized as well as about the objective equipment on which it will run. For instance, a delivering motor that was intended to deal with close indoor conditions likely won’t be truly adept at delivering tremendous outside conditions. The indoor motor could utilize a double space parceling (BSP) tree or entryway framework to guarantee that no calculation is drawn that is being impeded by dividers or items that are nearer to the camera. The open air motor, then again, could utilize a less-precise impediment system, or none by any means, yet it likely utilizes level-of-detail (LOD) procedures to guarantee that far off objects are delivered with a base number of triangles, while utilizing high-goal triangle networks for geome-attempt that is near the camera.
The appearance of ever-quicker PC equipment and specific illustrations cards, alongside always proficient delivering calculations and information structures, is starting to mellow the distinctions between the designs motors of various sorts. It is currently conceivable to utilize a first-individual shooter motor to fabricate a continuous procedure game, for instance. In any case, the compromise among over-simplification optimality actually exists. A game can generally be made more noteworthy by calibrating the motor to the particular prerequisites and requirements of a specific game and additionally equipment stage.
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Runge's Color Sphere
Like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe the German painter Philipp Otto Runge dealt with abstract questions concerning colors as well. Runge developed his own three-dimensional model of the color space known as the Farbkugel, the Color Sphere.
As shown in the picture, Runge arranged the three primary colors (I) red, yellow and blue around the equator of a sphere. Between two of these colors, he placed the respective combination color (II) orange, green, and violet. Towards both poles of the sphere, Runge added the respective shadings towards black and white.
You can turn the sphere when dragging the mouse with the primary mouse button pressed. The zoom factor can be changed by dragging it with the secondary button pressed.
Your runtime environment must support version 1.5 or later to view this applet!
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National Centre of Biotechnology Information - USA
NCBI creates public databases, conducts research in computational biology, develops software tools for analyzing genome data, and disseminates biomedical information, for the better understanding of molecular processes affecting human health & disease.
An education and information initiative for consumers and the media on the subject of crop biotechnology.
Comprehensive information on combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening. Includes symposia, published papers, journals, books, jobs, supplier index and online products.
The Genosphere Project
A citizen's guide to resources for getting a handle on the biotechnology revolution.
Natural Journals - Biotechnology
Looking at how biotechnology can be implemented into the laws of nature and possible medicinal, environmental and pharmaceutical implications.
Council for Biotechnology Information
Founded by biotechnology companies to create a public dialogue and share information about scientific research, independent expert opinion and peer-reviewed published reports.
Information-driven internet platform for the life sciences community focusing on all aspects and areas of modern biotechnology and related fields.
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture
web site of the Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Including news and events, an e-mail forum, national biotechnology policy documents, a database on biotechnology products/techniques in use in developing countries, and documents.
An online biotechnology portal containing informative biotech articles. Also provides a platform for people to publish their research work online for free.
Directory of websites with relevant info about the scope of biotechnology organized in categories covering most aspects of this discipline.
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ONE of the most philosophical statements from Max Müller is to this effect: "Whatever we know of early religion, we always see that it presupposes vast periods of an earlier development." This is exhibited in the history of all peoples that have progressed in civilization, though we may have to travel far back on the track of history to notice transformations of thought or belief. When the late Dr. Birch told us that a pyramid, several hundreds of years older than the Great Pyramid, contained the name of Osiris, we knew that at least the Osirian part of Egyptian mythology was honoured some six or seven thousand years ago What the earlier development of religion there was, or how the conception of a dying and risen Osiris arose, at so remote a period, may well excite our wonder.
Professor Jebb writes--"There was a time when they (early man) began to speak of the natural powers as persons, and yet had not forgotten that they were really natural, powers, and that the persons' names were merely signs? Yet this goes on the assumption that religion--or rather dogmas thereof--sprang from reflections upon natural phenomena. In this way, the French author of Sirius satisfied himself, particularly on philological grounds, that the idea, of God sprang from an association with thunder and the barking of a dog.
We are assured by Max Müller, that religion is a word that has changed from century to century, and that "the word rose to the surface thousands of years ago." Taking religion to imply an inward feeling of reverence toward the unseen, and a desire to act in obedience to the inward law of right, religion has existed as long as humanity itself. What is commonly assumed by the word religion, by writers in general, is dogma or belief.
The importance of this subject was well put forth by the great Sanscrit scholar in the phrase, "The real history of man is the history of religion." This conviction lends interest and weight to any investigations into the ancient religion of Ireland; though Plowden held that" few histories are so charged with fables as the annals of Ireland."
It was Herder who finely said, "Our earth owes the seeds of all higher culture to a religious tradition, whether literary or oral." In proportion as the so-called supernatural gained an ascendancy, so was man really advancing from the materialism and brutishness of savagedom. Lecky notes "the disposition of man in certain stages of society towards the miraculous." But was Buckle quite correct in maintaining that "all nature conspired to increase the authority of the imaginative faculties, and weaken the authority of the reasoning ones"?
It is not to be forgotten in our inquiry that, as faiths rose in the East, science has exerted its force in the West.
Fetishism can hardly be regarded as the origin of religion. As to those writers who see in the former the deification of natural objects, Max Müller remarks, "They might as well speak of primitive men mummifying their dead bodies Before they had wax to embalm them with."
Myth has been styled the basis of religion not less than of history; but how was it begotten?
Butler, in English, Irish, and Scottish Churches, writes--
"To separate the fabulous from the probable, and the probable from the true, will require no ordinary share of penetration and persevering industry." We have certainly to remember, as one has said, that "mythic history, mythic theology, mythic science, are alike records, not of facts, but beliefs." Andrew Lang properly calls our attention to language, as embodying thought,, being so liable to misconception and misinterpretation. Names, connected with myths, have been so variously read and explained by scholars, that outsiders may well be puzzled.
How rapidly a myth grows, and is greedily accepted, because of the wish it may be true, is exemplified in the pretty story, immortalized by music, of Jessie of Lucknow, who, in the siege, heard her deliverers, in the remote distance, playing "The Campbells are coming." There never was, however, a Jessie Brown there at that time; and, as one adds, Jessie has herself "been sent to join William Tell and the other dethroned gods and goddesses."
In the Hibbert Lectures, Professor Rhys observes, "The Greek myth, which distressed the thoughtful and pious minds, like that of Socrates, was a survival, like the other scandalous tales about the gods, from the time when the ancestors of the Greeks were savages." May it not rather have been derived by Homer, through the trading Phnicians, from the older mythologies of India and Egypt, with altered names and scenes to suit the poet's day and clime?
It would scarcely do to say with Thierry, "In legend alone rests real history--for legend is living tradition, and three times out of four it is truer than what we call History." According to Froude, "Legends grew as nursery tales grow now.--There is reason to believe that religious theogonies and heroic tales of every nation that has left a record of itself, are but practical accounts of the first
impressions produced upon mankind by the phenomena of day and night, morning and evening, winter and summer."
Such may be a partial explanation; but it may be also assumed that they were placed on record by the scientific holders of esoteric wisdom, as problems or studies for elucidation by disciples.
The anthropological works of Sir John Lubbock and Dr. Tylor can be consulted with profit upon this subject of primitive religious thought.
Hayes O'Grady brings us back to Ireland, saying, "Who shall thoroughly discern the truth from the fiction with which it is everywhere entwined, and in many places altogether overlaid?--There was at one time a vast amount of zeal, ingenuity, and research expended on the elucidation and confirming of these fables; which, if properly applied, would have done Irish history and archaeology good service, instead of making their very names synonymous among strangers with fancy and delusion."
After this we can proceed with the Irish legends and myths, the introduction to this inquiry being a direction to the current superstitions of the race.
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Agricultural biodiversity plays a huge role in maintaining resilient local economies, balanced diets and balanced ecosystems. The rapid disappearance of agricultural biodiversity and the lack of measures to protect it are therefore great causes of concern.
Mainstream agricultural policies, which generally promote monoculture agriculture, Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and Intellectual Property Rights threaten such agricultural biodiversity, having an impact on agricultural landscapes, species, varieties, breeds, the wild relatives of crops and livestock, pollinators, micro-organisms and genes. These policies and practices lead to the disappearance of plant and animal species, and the knowledge embedded in their management and use.
The good news is that in recent years many promising initiatives have been launched around the world that aim to preserve and manage agricultural biodiversity. Small-scale family farmers often play a central role in these, acting as custodians of biodiversity. But other actors and institutions also play important roles. Producers, public and…
View original post 208 more words
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Over the course of six weeks at the Barrington Public Library, 4-H Program Manager Kristen Landau and volunteer Kayley Cedrone supported a group of ten middle school students, ranging from fifth to eighth grade in their engineering challenge: to build a mousetrap powered car. This was a special interest project (SPIN) involving hands on learning and critical thinking facilitated by 4-H and sponsored by the library. The group of students paired up into five groups of two and began to brainstorm where to start with building the base of their cars, which seems simple, but is anything but when there is no blueprint and no "right" design. They were first introduced to the engineering design process: initiate, ask, imagine, plan, create, and improve. Next, the students were given limited materials to begin building such as two pieces of cardboard, four CD’s, four faucet washers, two dowels, two straws, zip ties, tape, and hot glue.
Kristen and Kayley gave limited directions on where to begin with the building process, allowing the students to think outside their comfort zone and get creative. At each weekly meeting, they would stop the students to facilitate a discussion on what was working with their engineering process and what was not working. This allowed the students to reflect on what they had created successfully and where they needed to improve their design. Slowly, their cars were coming together piece by piece each week and the students became eager to jump right into working on their cars. They were becoming tinker masters.
Once the students had a successful and sturdy base for their car, Kristen and Kayley finally gave them the mousetrap, dowel, and string to attach onto the car. The mousetrap was used to act as an engine to fully power the car in a forward motion. This step of the process put the student's cars to the ultimate test. Some of them realized that they needed to go back and improve the base of their car in order for the mouse trap to power the car successfully, while others had to spend time correctly attaching the mousetrap to the car. When everyone had finished their cars the students were allowed to race against each other in hopes to have their car go the longest distance and win a prize.
Overall, this SPIN created a collaborative and enthusiastic environment for the students to engage in a new challenge. The program noticeably helped students with the confidence of their ideas and familiarity with the engineering design process. At the end of the program, students were able to see what worked well with their cars and what they could of done differently to make it go further and faster.
Strafford County 4-H will he hosting a Mousetrap Powered Car Distance Challenge on April 7, 2018 at the Barrington Middle School. Please follow us on social media at https://www.facebook.com/StraffordCounty4H to get upcoming details. Contact Kristen.Landau@unh.edu if your child wants to take part in our Distance Challenge!
Co-authored with Kayley Cedrone, UNH Business Undergrad
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With many forms of cancer out there, it is common that awareness months are often shared between types. September is a big month for Cancer Awareness. It is a month that spreads awareness of the two most common and potentially dangerous cancers that affect many thousands of lives per year.
DID YOU KNOW:
Prostate Cancer Awareness
September’s Prostate Cancer Awareness month is also Prostate Health Month.
In the US alone, over 160,000 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer each year. While research is doing its best to steam ahead with innovative and effective new treatments, the awareness campaign alone is responsible for saving countless lives by encouraging men to seek medical help and increasing the rates of early detection.
Each year congress introduces Congressional Resolutions and the President issues a proclamation that recognizes Prostrate Cancer Awareness Month. Click here for more information about the Presidential Proclamation and Prostrate Cancer Awareness.
National Childhood Cancer Awareness
Childhood cancer awareness is an issue close to all our hearts. September also marks a time to lend our thoughts and support to the thousands of children and their families who have been affected by childhood cancer of any type.
One of the biggest obstacles faced by cancer support and treatment groups is a lack of awareness, especially regarding childhood cancer. Roughly 43 children receive a cancer diagnosis each day in the US, and currently, only 4% of National Cancer Institute funding goes to pediatric cancer.
Therefore, we all must recognize the true reality of childhood cancer, and give gratitude for the efforts and achievements of pediatric researchers so far. But the battle is far from over, and awareness is not enough. For more information about National Childhood Cancer Awareness, or to donate or get involved, please visit our website at: www.natcaf.org.
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Dawes Battery From an Early Parish Map
"Dawes Point is a prominent landmark in Sydney Harbour, terminating the western arm of Sydney Cove. ... .... The first known building on the site was Dawes' observatory built in early 1788. A powder magazine was constructed in 1789 followed by the Battery in 1791. It was expanded substantially in 1819. Further buildings were constructed in the 1850s and at the end of the century..... All buildings were levelled between 1925 and 1932 during the construction of the Sydney Harbour Bridge."
(Source: Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Heritage Register - Dawes Point Battery remains)
David Collin's An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales provides some additional information about the powder magazine at Dawes (Dawes's) Point, then known as Point Maskelyne:
"Mr. Reid, the carpenter of the Supply, now undertook the construction of a boat-house on the east side, for the purpose of building, with the timber of this country, a launch or hoy, capable of being employed in conveying provisions to Rose Hill, and for other useful and necessary purposes. The working convicts were employed on Saturdays, until ten o'clock in the forenoon, in forming a landing-place on the east side of the cove. At the point on the west side, a magazine was marked out, to be constructed of stone, and large enough to contain fifty or sixty barrels of powder."
"14th. The magazine at the Point being now completed, the powder belonging to the settlement was lodged safely within its walls."
"During this month a gang of convicts were employed at Sydney in forming a convenient road from the hospital to the magazine and observatory on the point; and a small hut, for the reception of a corporal's guard at the hospital, was erected."
"During one or two hot days in this month the shrubs and brushwood about the west point of the cove caught fire, and burnt within a few yards of the magazine. On its being extinguished, the powder was removed for a few days on board the Supply, until some security against any future accident of that kind could be thrown up round the building."
"The battery on Point Maskelyne was nearly completed in this month. A few carpenters were employed in laying a floor in Government House, and other repairs; but several of the public works were nearly at a stand, many of the sawyers being in the hospital. The powder magazine having been found upon examination to be in a very insecure and dangerous state, the powder was taken out and sent on board the Supply. This removal was the more necessary, as an attempt had been made to open the door of the magazine in the night. The weather was bad; and it was supposed that the sentinel, whose box was thrown down and broken, had endeavoured to shelter himself in the magazine."
"Among other public and necessary works which were in hand at this time, must be noticed the construction of a new powder magazine. The former building had been placed at too great a distance from the principal battery, in a dangerous and insecure situation. The foundation of the new one was now dug in a more eligible spot, and where it could be much better secured; which had been rendered necessary from the turbulent disposition of the people lately arrived from Ireland."
The construction of the replacement magazine is also mentioned in a despatch from Governor Hunter to Under Secretary King titled "RETURN of public buildings erected in New South Wales since 1 October, 1796, exclusive of many others completely repaired or enlarged":
"...Prepared the foundation for a powder magazine, the other being unsafe. ..."
A number of published sources claim that the 1789 magazine was incorporated into Dawes Battery. For example, the Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority Heritage Register says that:
"The archaeological excavations revealed that the 1789 magazine was incorporated into the guardhouse. The former magazine became the basement to the guardhouse which was constructed on an artificial mound. This is evidenced by the finding of a foundation stone dated 1789 in the lower room of Greenway's Guardhouse during its demolition for the Bridge. The initials "RR" inscribed in the stone are probably those of Major Robert Ross, the stone is held by the Mitchell Library and on display in The Rocks Discovery Museum."
The conclusion that the 1789 magazine was incorporated into Dawes Battery is inconsistent with Collin's testimony, quoted above, that the 1789 magazine was "at too great a distance from the principal battery" and was replaced by a new magazine in 1800. At this time (1800-1801) Dawes (West) Battery was the principal battery, mounting 12 guns to 4 at Bennelong Point (East) Battery, 4 on Windmill Hill and 2 on Garden Island. (State of the Batteries and Return of Ordnance at Port Jackson, NSW, 21 August 1801 - referenced in Peter Oppenheim, The Fragile Forts, 2004, p. 10). Possibly the 1789 foundation stone was relocated to the new magazine in 1800, and it is the latter magazine that was incorporated into Dawes Battery.
Dawes Battery was in use as the office of the Ordnance Storekeeper by at least 1827. An account of military buildings sent to the Colonial Secretary in that year says that:
"...At the west end of the Guard Room are the Quarters allotted to the Ordnance Storekeeper, consisting of three Rooms...The whole requires to be put in good repair" (Peter Oppenheim, The Fragile Forts, 2004, p.25)
It's unclear as to whether the magazine at Dawes Battery was ever used for storage of merchant's powder in addition to that required by the gunners stationed there. However as late as 1887 the mess-room of the Battery was being used for storage of 40 Whitehead torpedoes that had been purchased by the Government from Messrs Schwartzkopf and Co of Berlin, although whether this included the explosives isn't known. (Sydney Morning Herald, 17 January 1889)
Material on this page may be copied for personal use. If you intend to republish any substantial part of the page in any manner, please acknowledge the source and provide the URL of the page.
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In today’s English lesson you will learn some of the key vocabulary we use in English when we talk about elections.
Elections are an important part of many countries around the world. Sometimes they are fair, sometimes they are not but their outcome may affect many people.
I first voted when I was 18 years old. I was excited to exercise my democratic right for the first time.
Down to the local polling booth I went – in Australia it’s normally a school – and voted for the party that I thought best represented my ideas.
Australia holds federal elections every three years. We also have local and state elections too.
Voting is compulsory in Australia so if you are over 18 years of age, you have to vote. If you don’t, you get a fine.
You decide who you want to vote for, then you put your ballot in the ballot box.
In other countries voting is not obligatory so not everyone goes to vote. The voter turnout is low.
Some people would argue that this is bad for democracy.
In Australia, the country is divided into electorates for election purposes. Each electorate is represented by a member of parliament.
During an election candidates from other political parties challenge the sitting member.
The main parties in Australia are the Liberal Party, the Labor Party, the Greens, the National Country Party, and the One Nation Party.
If the Liberal Party wins the election they normally form a coalition with the National Country Party.
We hope that elections are honest and fair but in some countries they are not.
When an election is not fair we call it a rigged election.
How often do you have to vote in your country?
Here are some of my English courses on curious.com
Want to study more English? Click here.
Leave a Reply
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Table of Contents
Promethean Boards are a category of technology being integrated into classrooms more rapidly. A Promethean Board is an interactive whiteboard that allows you to project an image from a laptop or computer. You can also interact with the board through touch or specialized pens. Anything that can be done on a computer monitor can be replicated on this interactive whiteboard, which then becomes viewable by an entire classroom. In other words, it would only take Bart just one written sentence, a copy, and paste, and nine more clicks to replicate the above assignment.
According to the NEA, “research has repeatedly demonstrated that students learn better when they are fully engaged, and that multi-sensory, hands-on learning is the best way to engage them, a new emphasis on developing twenty-first-century skills for students, the requirement for educator proficiency in technology, and research documenting increased learning with the use of interactive whiteboards have spurred (their) adoption.”
A Promethean Board is actually a strangely useful piece of technology you might find in your classroom today. To put it simply, a Promethean Board is a specific brand of an interactive whiteboard that allows you to project an image from a laptop or a computer, as well as interact with the board through touch or special pens. There are many brands of interactive whiteboards and studies show that their use substantially improves learning. Let’s go through some of its advantages in more detail.
Classroom applications for using interactive whiteboards include:
- Multimedia lessons and presentations including audio and video
- Collaborative question solving
- Showcasing student projects and presentations
- Virtual field tours
- Recorded lessons that can be used by substitute teachers, and
- Documentation of student achievement
Through an attachment to a laptop computer or tablet, whatever is represented on the device will be made bigger and shown on the blank Promethean Board. This way, you can show your class videos or websites, maybe take them on a Google tour of the Amazon.
The Promethean Board can also come with a peripheral device that resembles an overhead camera. This is useful for working on a page in a workbook or textbook together with the whole class or displaying an image that would be impractical if held up in front of the students.
The Promethean Board, while useful as a projector when connected to a computer or the external camera, really shows its versatility when used as an interactive whiteboard. The interactive condition of the Promethean Board means that it can use a pen-like device or even a finger to draw on top of what is projected. Either you, as the teacher, or students can write or draw on the Promethean Board (digitally, of course).
ActiveInspire: The Software
ActivInspire is the program that comes with Promethean boards. With it, you can create flipcharts. Flipcharts are similar to interactive PowerPoint presentations. Within a flipchart, you or your students can use the pens that come with the board to finish activities at the board, like drag and drop images or objects, write notes, play a game, etc. The options are endless.
For example, in an elementary classroom or a classroom for students with special needs, mornings often initiate with a specific routine. Students will take a look at the calendar, the weather, the days of the week, etc. This type of routine is a perfect opportunity to incorporate flipcharts from ActivInspire.
The flipchart can have a calendar page for students to color in the date, click on a link to the weather, identify the sight word of the day, drag and drop the day of the week it is, and so many more possibilities. This allows students a chance to interact with the routine by coming up to the board and demonstrating their own knowledge.
You can also find already made flipcharts on Promethean Planet on the internet. Most of the pre-made flipcharts are free to download and use in your classroom. You can also gain ideas about how other teachers have used flipcharts to then create your own.
ActiveInspire also allows you the option to annotate over the desktop instead of using a flipchart. This means that you can pull up any website or page and use the ActiveInspire tools (pens, highlighters, etc.) on the Promethean board to identify key concepts or add tips that you want your students to see and remember. This tool is great to use when you have a PowerPoint presentation that you have already been using and want to be able to interact with it.
When you first set up your Promethean board, you will receive a remote along with a couple of pens. The remote has several functions, but the most frequently used are the ‘on-off’ button, the ‘freeze’ button, and the ‘blank screen’.
The freeze button is great to use when you have a screen you need your students to use, but you would like to pull up something else on your computer. For example, you could use this function when you have a bell ringer on the board for your students to work on, but you also need to take attendance or enter grades using the computer. When you use the freeze function, students will only be able to see what you have frozen on the Promethean board and not what you are working with on your computer.
Models and Cost of Promethean Boards
The list below contains the types of board offered by Promethean, a brief summary of their features, and a range of cost for each based on available web data. Of course, prices will fluctuate over time.
Types of Display Sizes: HD: 55in, 65in, 70in/4K Ultra HD: 84in
Features: – Interactive software
– Works by touch and pen
– Built-in speakers
Cost Range: $3,000 to $13,000
Types or Sizes: 102in/135in
Features: -Dividable workspace
– Instant Whiteboard
– Web search
– Multi-touch and Multi-Pen
Cost Range: Price not yet available via casual search
- ActivBoard Touch
Types or Sizes: 78in/88in
Features: – Multiple users possible depending on the software used
– Three options for projector
– USB power source
– 5-year warranty
Cost Range: $1,000 to $4,000
- ActivBoard 500 Pro
Types or Sizes: 78in/87in/95in
Features: – Interactive lessons
– Two simultaneous users
– Built-in speakers
– Access to free classroom resources
Cost Range: $3,000 to $7,000
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PANDAS / PANS
PANDAS stands for Paediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorder Associated with Streptococcal Infections. PANS stands for Paediatric Acute Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome. PANS and PANDAS are neuroimmune disorders. The immune system attacks part of the brain called the Basal Ganglia that is responsible for behaviours, movements, cognition and emotional regulation. When this part of the brain is attacked it becomes inflamed, leading to the onset of complex neurological and psychiatric symptoms. PANS / PANDAS is said to have a relapsing-remitting course, meaning that people have symptom flares when exposed to a trigger such as getting an infection and symptoms may come on very suddenly after not having major symptoms for some time, in each flare, people may develop new symptoms that they didn't display in a previous flare. For example, someone who had OCD, tics, rages and sensory issues in a previous flare may develop anorexia, depression, psychosis and loss of coordination in another flare. PANDAS is a diagnosis published in the ICD-11 and is recognised by the World health organisation, it is under the code 8E4A.0 . PANDAS is also in the ICD-10 under the code D89.89.
The diagnostic criteria for PANDAS is as follows:
1) Significant OCD symptoms and / or motor / vocal tics
2) Sudden onset of symptoms or a relapsing-remitting course of symptoms.
3) Onset before puberty (although there have been cases where the onset has been reported to occur after puberty)
4) Association with another neurological symptom
5) Association with a streptococcal infection.
The diagnostic guidelines for PANS include:
1) The individual has OCD and / or food restriction
2) The individual had a severe and acute onset with at least 2 out of the 7 associated concurrent symptoms which include...
- Anxiety (including separation anxiety, school avoidance, social anxiety, panic attacks, newly developed phobias, excessive worrying etc)
- Emotional lability (extreme mood swings and pseudobulbar affect) or Irritability, aggression and severely oppositional behaviours which can include serious rages.
- Behavioural / developmental regression (eg, using baby talk, liking things that younger kids would usually like, acting younger than the chronological age, losing the ability to do things)
- Deterioration in school performance (especially related to maths, handwriting, executive dysfunction, memory issues, ADHD like symptoms, brain fog and creative decline)
- Sensory and motor changes (such as tics, sensory processing issues, hallucinations, loss of coordination, loss of sensation etc.)
- Somatic signs (such as sleep disturbances, dilated pupils, joint pain, enuresis and increase in urinary frequency)
Symptoms cannot be better explained by another condition such as Tourette Syndrome, classic OCD, Sydenham's chorea, other forms of autoimmune encephalitis, early onset psychosis etc.
PANDAS is triggered by group A streptococcal infections. Some people get a throat swab to check but this may miss out on strep in other places such as impetigo, perianal strep, penile strep, intranasal strep and even strep in the gut. Some people get their ASO titre checked, or get the Anti-DNase B blood test, the latter can usually detect strep in the system for longer.
PANS can be triggered by other infectious agents such as mycoplasma pneumoniae, Lyme disease, influenza and more. Anything that triggers an immune response has the potential to trigger symptoms. Other factors can play a role such as mould exposure, metabolic disturbances and psychosocial stress as an infectious trigger doesn't always have to be present as PANS is a clinical diagnosis but it helps treatment if one is identified. The trigger for the initial onset is not always the same as the trigger for subsequent symptom flares, as people can have a multitude of different triggers.
The main things to look out for are severe OCD, tics or a new onset eating disorder that wasn't like that before. PANDAS / PANS can be debilitating to both the individual and the family. The family is often shocked at such a change. Early intervention is vital so that people can get the treatment they need in order to knock out the infection, reduce inflammation, support the immune system and manage neurological and psychiatric symptoms that arise. However many doctors misunderstand PANS and PANDAS, meaning that many people are misdiagnosed with conditions such as Tourette Syndrome, classic OCD, Autism, ADHD, Bipolar disorder, Anorexia, Anxiety, SPD (sensory processing disorder) , ODD (oppositional defiance disorder) or schizophrenia. This is harmful as people aren't given the treatment they need to effectively reduce symptoms and have a better quality of life.
PANDAS / PANS is said to be defined by its sudden onset, however for some people, they may have a more gradual build up or may have micro-flares but then one day it explodes and many PANDAS / PANS associated symptoms arise.
The National Institute of Mental Health lifted the age restriction for PANS, as people can develop it in adulthood, and children with untreated PANS / PANDAS can have symptoms that persist into adulthood, and if someone is exposed to a trigger in adulthood they may have a flare.
In each flare people may experience an exacerbation of symptoms. The future flares may be worse than the flare before and could be a longer duration unless treated as soon as possible, but thankfully there are ways to manage it if you know about the condition. This is why awareness is vital, so that people can receive the correct diagnosis, effective treatment and support.
Eating Disorders: The food restriction can be linked to Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder or Anorexia that comes on almost overnight, some people may be afraid of eating due to OCD worries, some people may have sensory issues that prevent them eating certain things and some people may fear choking, fear getting ill from what they have eaten or fear that the food in contaminated. Some people may obsess over certain ingredients or worry about weight. 2
Anxiety: Separation anxiety (struggle to sleep in a room on their own, fear of being away from caregivers, perceived as ‘clingy’), generalised anxiety and excessive worry, intense fear for seemingly no reason, new development of random fears and phobias - can be a fear of buttons, old things, forks, hair bands etc, panic attacks and fight or flight mode, being hypervigilant, school refusal due to extreme anxiety.
Emotional Lability & Depression: People may have episodes of uncontrollable crying or laughter in inappropriate situations or not in proportion to the trigger (pseudobulbar affect) people may have mood swings that cycle frequently, and at times may appear ‘manic’ and have intense euphoria, people who were once optimistic and positive may become severely depressed overnight and be burdened with intense shame, excessive guilt, lose motivation to do the things they love, not see the point in doing things, begin to hate themselves and other symptoms of depression, this can be accompanied by suicidal ideation very suddenly.
Aggression, Irritability, Oppositional Behaviour: The sweetest, kindest individual may develop oppositional defiance, personality changes and ‘antagonising behaviours’ very suddenly. They may refuse to do simple things such as taking care of themselves or fulfilling their responsibilities, they may appear stubborn and refuse to do things, they may name call and say horrible things, they may become irritated at the slightest little thing and families say that they are ‘walking on eggshells’, people may have severe rage attacks where they hit, kick, scream, shout and swear and throw and break things, these can put immense strain on the entire family and in one of these rages an individual loses control of their rational thinking and actions and can feel furious for no reason or due to a slight trigger, people may have to be restrained. It is vital to note that although this looks behavioural and although many people are accused of doing it deliberately or being ‘badly behaved’, this is not what it is. People do not want to act this way and sometimes these rage attacks can be described as ‘seizure like’ as people can sometimes feel them building up. The insults and name calling can be due to the personality changes, and people may also struggle with emotional regulation because they are so anxious, irritated, scared or consumed by intrusive thoughts and they are in fight or flight mode so may ‘act out’ without being able to regulate their emotions or control their reactions. Discipline or behavioural charts do not reduce the rage attacks or meltdowns, as they are the result of the basal ganglia being attacked by the immune system, leading to a loss of control of behaviour, emotion and thought.
Behavioural/Developmental Regression: Loss of abilities, stuttering, word mix ups, some people go nonverbal, some people are clingy and do not display age appropriate behaviours, some people may begin to drool, some people may have interests typical for those younger than them, loss of emotional regulation.
Deterioration of learning abilities: ADHD symptoms that can be extreme, include inability to stay still, needing stimulation to function, executive functioning issues, disorganisation, excessive daydreaming, making mistakes etc - some people also have intense restlessness, brain fog where it feels like you are in a hazy state and cannot recall things and feel as if you ‘aren't really there’ and may be trapped in your mind and unable to do things such as even write a sentence, rigid thinking where it is difficult to comprehend anything - can take things literally and appear ‘stubborn’ due to black and white thinking, decline in handwriting, work presentation and maths ability, loss of creativity, memory decline, incoherent stream of thoughts, cognitive decline.
Sensory & Motor Abnormalities: Motor and Vocal tics which can look identical to Tourette’s (around 70% of people with PANS / PANDAS develop tics) 3, Phantom and sensory tics, Loss of fine and gross motor coordination ( some people may struggle to do up buttons, tie shoelaces or write, and some people have gross motor coordination issues so severe that they cannot feed themselves properly or hold a fork, they may struggle to move voluntarily unless they place all of their focus on that part of the body and can only physically move one part of their body at a time, people may struggle to touch their nose and their limbs may feel incredibly heavy, loss of balance, loss of sensation where some parts of the body may go numb or tingly, and sometimes a person’s entire body can feel numb and they may not feel things touching their skin, some people may have bizarre sensations or tactile hallucinations. Since the basal ganglia is linked to our ability to swallow, some people may lose this ability, sometimes only temporarily. Sensory processing issues are common including sensitivity to touch, sound , light ,textures, taste, smell etc, people may have visual processing issues where they may read something and struggle to comprehend it or things might look different as people can have slight visual distortions, some people may have under sensitive proprioception meaning that they struggle to feel where their body is in terms of space and may be unable to stop moving around and may be uncomfortable or seem agitated due to this, some people may have self -stimulatory behaviours to cope with the sensory issues. Some people have difficulty walking, especially in the mornings. Some people have visual and auditory hallucinations.
Somatic Signs: sleep disturbances such as insomnia (difficulty falling or staying asleep - can be debilitating) , REM behaviour disorder (people may act out their dreams), night terrors and nightmares, delayed sleep phase disorder (where people’s body clock is changed) , hearing thoughts in sleep, enuresis where an individual may suffer from bedwetting, daytime wetting, or urinating in strange places, many people have an increase in urinary frequency - not related to OCD, where they need the bathroom constantly and go many, many times because they do genuinely need it and it can feel very urgent.
Other Symptoms: Other symptoms can include catatonia - Some people become catatonic and unresponsive to their surroundings and be in a stupor and other people may have to wash, bathe and dress them. Some people may experience fatigue and lack of cognitive and mental stamina, some people may have severe brain fog and may be in a trance like state where they are unaware of what is going on around them. Many people have dilated pupils or may seem zoned out, some people experience pain, joints may ache due to the inflammation, some people may become dissociated and some people have seizures. Some people also have the loss of ability to swallow.
Management for PANDAS/PANS:
Antibiotics: Antibiotics can eradicate the triggering infection, such as a group A streptococcal infection in PANDAS. Some people can see symptom improvement quickly, within a few hours or days of taking them, but for some people, improvement is seen after a few weeks. Some people see a dramatic reduction in the neurological and psychiatric symptoms whilst on antibiotics.
Some people are kept on long term antibiotics if necessary to prevent an infection which could exacerbate symptoms or trigger a symptom flare, and some people are prescribed antibiotics when having dentistry work done to prevent a symptom exacerbation.
Anti-inflammatories: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications such as Ibuprofen can decrease symptoms for some people when they are experiencing a symptom flare. It's also said that for some people, the anti-inflammatories may shorten a flare for some people. Some people may find natural anti-inflammatory methods helpful as well.
Plasmapheresis: Plasmapheresis is where an individuals blood is removed from the body through a intravenous catheter. The blood is then processed by a machine which separates the plasma from the other parts of the blood. The plasma is then replaced with albumin, and then put back into the persons body through another IV catheter. Multiple procedures often need to be done due to the amount of blood that needs to be processed. Plasmapheresis is said to decrease the antibodies circulating in the blood, therefore reducing the symptoms as the immune system is not attacking the brain with such intensity.
IVIG: IVIG stands for Intravenous Immunoglobulin and is where people get an infusion of antibodies pooled together from many donors. IVIG is said to 'reset' the immune system, and is used in a host of inflammatory diseases.
IVIG is said to be used in severe cases of the condition. IVIG is not currently available on the NHS in the UK for PANDAS / PANS, but people in countries such as America use it with success.
In the USA, IVIG is not always covered by insurance and can be highly expensive, but many people say it is worth it.
Diet: Some people with PANDAS / PANS have food sensitivities that trigger neuroinflammation. Food sensitivities are different from food allergies as sensitivities involve Immunoglobulin G, IgM and IgA, whereas allergies only involve IgE antibodies. For this reason, food sensitivities may not be detected by traditional allergy testing so more specialist test would be needed that detect the correct antibodies. Common food sensitivities that trigger neurological symptoms include dairy, gluten, food dyes, citrus fruits, sweeteners, corn, nightshade vegetables, salicylates, MSG, sugar, cocoa and more. Everyone has different food sensitivities, and different foods can trigger different symptoms. It is important to be mindful of what an individual is consuming outside of the house as the tiniest bit of a trigger food can trigger severe symptoms. Some people may need a specific diet such as a low-histamine diet or a diet where inflammatory foods such as sugar and gluten are removed, or an anti-inflammatory diet.
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- Learning and Behavior
- Human Sexuality
- Research Design & Methods
- Research Design
- Research Design Lab
Dr. Doerflinger is a psychobiologist interested in the physiological and behavioral mechanisms underlying food intake. She is particularly interested in the development of feeding behaviors, and how children (and other little animals!) learn to seek out food, develop food preferences and eating habits that set the stage for body weight regulation throughout the lifespan.
Dr. Doerflinger has published research in The International Journal of Obesity, Hormones & Behavior, Developmental Psychobiology, Physiology & Behavior, and Appetite. Additionally, she has presented at a variety of international conferences (Society for Neuroscience, Society for the Study of Ingestive Behavior, Society for Developmental Psychobiology).
Dr. Doerflinger began teaching at Marietta College in 2007, instructing in the areas of Introductory Psychology, Physiological Psychology, Learning and Behavior, Human Sexuality, and Graduate courses in Learning and Behavioral Neuroscience.
Dr. Doerflinger's research program investigates the effects of commonly used food additives such as artificial sweeteners, caloric sweeteners, and caffeine on food intake and body weight regulation in children and animal models (mice).
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Continuing through the alphabet of common and obscure names given the local roads and streets over the past century and a half:
There are a number of roads in El Dorado County that contain the word Madrone in their name. This is a reference to the Madrone (Arbutus menziesii), a native tree with a cinnamon colored, peeling bark and bright green leaves. These trees are often found in groups or as single individuals, above the 1000 foot elevation.
Maidu Road is named in honor of the Maidu tribe of Native Americans that occupied much of El Dorado County and land to the north.
Malachite Way refers to the common green ore of copper by that name.
Manzanita, a name that often shows up in road names, is one of more common native plants (genus Arctostaphylos) which is found at nearly all elevations in El Dorado County. Some species grow as tall as 22 feet, while others form a ground mat no higher than a few inches.
Maraposite Lane is named for the green rock by that name which is found in association with gold bearing quartz, especially in the Mother Lode Fault, which runs north and south through the mid-section of our county. A block of maraposite was cut and shipped to Washington D.C. to represent California as a part of the “Rock Across America” event several years ago.
Markham Road and Markham School are named for Charles Edwin Markham, the world renown poet, who was elected to the office of Superintendent of El Dorado County Public Schools in 1879. He was married to the daughter of Roger and Margaret Nicholls Cox, early settlers in the Coloma area.
Marshall is probably the most common person’s name found on roads and businesses in El Dorado County. James Wilson Marshall was, of course, the early immigrant who in partnership with John Sutter, set out to construct a sawmill in the Culloma (Coloma) Valley. It was he who, on January 24, 1848 while checking the millrace, stooped and picked up a flake of gold thereby starting the California Gold Rush. In spite of the riches he led people to, he died a pauper.
Martinez Creek Road refers to the creek that starts east of Diamond Springs and flows to the southwest, ultimately connecting with the Cosumnes River. No one is sure for whom it is named, but it did pass by a large unnamed camp of several thousand Mexican miners to the south of the town of El Dorado, near what was the Union Mine landfill site.
Meder Road in Shingle Springs and Cameron Park is named in memory of John Meder, who arrived in California from Germany in 1854. After trying his hand at mining for a while, he decided to settle down and married Fredolina Fretman in 1861. The two of them raised a family of seven children on a 410 acre ranch they purchased in 1869, in what was then known as the White Oak Township. On the ranch were about 4,000 grape vines and a few fruit trees, along with the remains of the chimney and other relics of the former home of Peter Wimmer, who was at the gold discovery with Marshall in 1848.
Mewuk Drive is a common misspelling of the word Miwok, the tribe of Native Americans that occupied the southern part of El Dorado County before the arrival of the white man.
Missouri Flat Road is named for an early settlement by that name, which was north of Highway 50. It was there that some early miners from Missouri found gold around the year 1856.
Modoc Court and Modoc Way refer to the Modoc Tribe of Native Americans who lived on the California/Oregon border, to the east of the Cascade Range. The last of the major “Indian Wars” was fought there around the turn of the century between the forces of the United States and a group of Native Americans led by a chief named Captain Jack. In and around Lava Beds National Monument (a great place to take children) are remnants and reminders of this “war.”
Monitor Road and Monitor Court refer to the large water cannons used to free gold from the gravel of ancient river beds. Hydraulic mining, which washed away literally mountains (drive Big Cut Road south from Placerville), was banned in the late 1800s because of political pressure from the farmers in the valleys who claimed the process was silting up the rivers.
Monument Drive, in Coloma, leads to the grave of James Wilson Marshall, on which sets a large monument erected in 1890 The road is one-half mile long and has a sign stating it is State Route 153 and the shortest State Highway in California. However, in 1970 a portion of Highway 101 in Humboldt County was made into State Route 283 and is shorter. It is so short that it doesn’t have any signs indicating that it is a State Route (sounds a bit fishy to me).
Mormon Emigrant Trail, once known as Iron Mountain Road, follows the approximate route a large group of Mormon settlers took in 1848 on their way from Pleasant Valley to Salt Lake City. Since they were emigrating from El Dorado County, not immigrating into it, the road is properly called an emigrant trail.
Mosquito Road leads from Placerville to a historic mining camp on the north side of the South Fork of the American River called Mosquito (also Mosquito Valley). The road passes over one of the most picturesque bridges in El Dorado County, the famous cable and wood, “swinging bridge”. Because of a subdivision first developed in the late 1960s, Mosquito is often referred to as Swansboro County.
Sources for this story include: “Atlas of California,” by Donley, Allan, Caro and Patton (1979); “California Gold Camps,” by Erwin Gudde (1975); “California Place Names,” by Erwin Gudde, 3rd Edition (1974); “History of El Dorado County,” by Paolo Sioli (1883), reprinted and indexed by the El Dorado Friends of the Library (1998); the Mountain Democrat, 1854-present; the Empire County Argus (Coloma), 1853-1856; the Californian (Monterey), 1846-47; the California Star (1847-48) and the Alta California (San Francisco), 1849-1850.
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The Heart of Copyright for Authors
I am grateful to Professor David Vaver, who holds the Chair in Intellectual Property Law, Oxford University, for drawing to my attention the speech of delivered in the House of Commons on the 5th of February 1841. Professor writes that this is the best piece on copyright term still is Macaulay's first speech to the Commons in 1861 when Talfourd moved to have a copyright term of life plus 60.
In the case of copyright, the questions are many. A central issue is the duration of the copyright. How many years should an author and his heirs hold a copyright to a book? Macaulay’s speech is one that should be read not only for its elegance and insight but for the rational, logical assembly of law, history and culture to make an argument that carried the day in the House of Commons. One wonders if there are modern day Macaulays, and if so, why such people no longer stand for election.
“The advantages arising from a system of copyright are obvious. It is desirable that we should have a supply of good books; we cannot have such a supply unless men of letters are liberally remunerated; and the least objectionable way of remunerating them is by means of copyright. You cannot depend for literary instruction and amusement on the leisure of men occupied in the pursuits of active life. Such men may occasionally produce compositions of great merit. But you must not look to such men for works which require deep meditation and long research. Works of that kind you can expect only from persons who make literature the business of their lives. Of these persons few will be found among the rich and the noble. The rich and the noble are not impelled to intellectual exertion by necessity. They may be impelled to intellectual exertion by the desire of distinguishing themselves, or by the desire of benefiting the community. But it is generally within these walls that they seek to signalize themselves and to serve their fellow-creatures. Both their ambition and their public spirit, in a country like this, naturally take a political turn. It is then on men whose profession is literature, and whose private means are not ample, that you must rely for a supply of valuable books. Such men must be remunerated for their literary labour. And there are only two ways in which they can be remunerated. One of those ways is patronage; the other is copyright.”
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Programming Languages/Object-oriented Languages< Programming Languages
- Smalltalk has closures, based on Lisp and Simula67. Squeak is the modern implementation
- Modern OOPLs are Java, C# (both inspired by C++), Dylan (inspired by CLOS), and Python (inspired by Smalltalk).
- Ruby more than Python is an example of a modern OOPL, also Squeak.
- Some common examples
- Smalltalk, Java, C#, Ruby
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On this day in economic and financial history...
Construction of the Pentagon was completed on Jan. 15, 1943 in Arlington, Va. It had taken a year and a half to build, required millions of cubic yards of earth and nearly 700,000 tons of sand, and cost the federal government $83 million. Upon its dedication, the Pentagon became the largest office building in the world, a status it retains and which befits its role as the headquarters of the world's most powerful military force. More than 23,000 people work in the Pentagon in offices that take up 3.7 million square feet.
Ground was first broken at the Pentagon before the Pearl Harbor attack, but that attack spurred the construction process as America geared for war. Between the Pentagon's groundbreaking and its completion, the national defense budget soared from $6.4 billion to $66.7 billion. By the end of the war, defense outlays reached $83 billion, which would be just more than $1 trillion in real terms -- or a whopping 36% of the entire national GDP.
The Pentagon oversaw the greatest national wartime production effort in history. By the end of World War II, the United States had produced:
Nearly 300,000 aircraft.
More than 10 million rifles.
More than 100,000 tanks.
More than 700,000 trucks and other transports.
Nearly 80,000 seaborne landing craft.
48 cruisers, 26 light cruisers 349 destroyers, 508 destroyer escorts, 203 submarines, and eight battleships.
Many of the contractors that lead American military production today were similarly positioned during World War II. Boeing was the military's prime bomber supplier, manufacturing more than 16,600 B-17s and B-29s. Boeing later acquired several of World War II's other principal aircraft manufacturers, including North American Aviation (absorbed by Rockwell International) and Douglas (later McDonnell-Douglas). Lockheed Martin was responsible for building nearly 15,000 attack aircraft of both bomber and fighter types, and Northrop Grumman produced more than 20,000 carrier-based fighters. Ford and Chrysler manufactured thousands of tanks and tank engines apiece.
The Pentagon remains the focal point of the American military-industrial complex today. Four of the country's 25 largest domestic defense contractors -- Boeing, United Technologies, General Electric, and Hewlett-Packard -- are current members of the Dow Jones Industrial Average . The country's 2012 defense budget, at $711 billion, is smaller than 1945's budget both in real terms and in terms of its proportion to GDP. However, because America has no present-day enemies as belligerent or powerful as the Axis powers or Japan, it's worth asking whether or not these tremendous outlays -- at nearly 5% of U.S. GDP -- are truly justifiable in light of persistently deep budget deficits.
Are you ready for some football?
The very first Super Bowl was played in Los Angeles on Jan. 15, 1967 between the Kansas City Chiefs and the Green Bay Packers. It was the first championship game held following the AFL-NFL merger the year before, and it started a tradition that is today among the most notable events on the American calendar. Both NBC and CBS broadcast the game, which the Packers won -- the only time two networks carried the game in Super Bowl history.
The most recent Super Bowl, numbered XLVII (or 47), will continue that tradition, with more than 100 million viewers expected to tune in. CBS broadcasts that contest thanks to its joint contract with the NFL, which costs CBS, NBC, and News Corp's Fox network a combined $3 billion a year. CBS has paid $1 billion for its share of the broadcasting rights, which in 2013 includes the Super Bowl broadcast, and has charged advertisers nearly $3.8 million for each 30-second ad spot. Those ads are frequently as big a draw as the game itself, which is unique to the Super Bowl on the American television landscape. Who will have the best commercial this year? We'll find out in a few weeks!
I'll look it up on Wikipedia
Wikipedia, the massively popular online information database, got its start on Jan. 15, 2001. I know this thanks to Wikipedia's article on itself. The site now has more than 24 million articles -- more than 4.1 million in English -- and receives nearly 3 billion monthly page views from more than 365 million readers around the world. Whatever your opinion might be on the site's accuracy or reliability, Wikipedia has undoubtedly had a huge impact on the spread of knowledge in the Internet age.
Now that's a pop
On Jan. 15, 1999, Marketwatch.com went public. It had priced shares at $17 each, but by the end of its first day, Marketwatch had risen to $97.50 for a first-day gain of 474%. This was the first super-pop of 1999, which turned out to be by far the best year in market history for institutional investors to ride small, speculative tech ventures to ridiculous gains. Marketwatch finished its first day valued at $1 billion. The company's 1998 revenue of $7 million (and no profit) gave it a price-to-sales ratio of 143.
Marketwatch was acquired by Dow Jones & Company, the steward of the eponymous index, for $530 million in 2005, and Dow Jones would be absorbed by News Corp in 2007. By this standard, it was a success story of the dot-com bubble; within two years, 20% of the class of 1999 had ceased trading on major exchanges, and half of the remainder had lost more than half of their first-day closing value.
With great opportunity comes great responsibility. For Boeing, which is a major player in a multitrillion-dollar market, the opportunity is massive. However, the company's execution problems and emerging competitors have investors wondering whether Boeing will live up to its shareholder responsibilities. In this premium research report, two of The Fool's best industrial-sector minds have collaborated to provide investors with the must-know info on Boeing. They'll update the report as key news hits, so be sure to claim a copy today by clicking here now.
The article Building the Heart of the Military-Industrial Complex originally appeared on Fool.com.
Fool contributor Alex Planes holds no financial position in any company mentioned here. Add him on Google+ or follow him on Twitter @TMFBiggles for more news and insights.The Motley Fool recommends Ford. The Motley Fool owns shares of Ford, General Electric Company, Lockheed Martin, and Northrop Grumman. Try any of our Foolish newsletter services free for 30 days. We Fools may not all hold the same opinions, but we all believe that considering a diverse range of insights makes us better investors. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
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Section 2: Tuesday and Thursday 11:00-12:15 PM
Professor: JoAnne Ruvoli
“Harmony and Clash”: English 206 is an introduction to the nature and interpretation of literary works and to reading and writing critically about literature. We will use the course to examine how novels, stories, poetry, and memoirs have used music as subject and form in literature. Evaluation will be based on quizzes, two short papers, a midterm and a final exam.
Possible Texts: Accordion Crimes; Going to Meet the Man; Reservation Blues; Wish You Were Here; Bel Canto; in addition to essays, poems, and song lyrics
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- Services Directive. As early as 1957 the six founder members of the European Economic Community envisaged the creation of an internal market comprising the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services
As early as 1957 the six founder members of the European Economic Community envisaged the creation of an internal market comprising the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services.
In 1985 Jacques Delors , President of the European Commission launched the internal market. Today, of the four fundamental freedoms, only those concerning persons (safeguard clause, time-frame) and services have not yet become reality.
The services directive on the freedom of establishment for service providers and the free circulation of services in the internal market is one of the European Parliament’s projects for its 2004-2009 term of office.
Key elements : The aim of this directive is to establish a system of regulation which eliminates obstacles to the freedom of establishment for service providers, the freedom to provide services and the free circulation of services in EU Member States (...). This aim concerns the completion of the four fundamental freedoms of the internal market: the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services.
The Commission’s initial proposal contained two essential points: the country of origin principle (COP) and its scope.
Country of origin principle : The basis of this innovative principle was that an undertaking from any Member State should be able to provide a service in a Member State other than that in which it was established in accordance with the rules of its own country of origin. This principle therefore posed a problem for competition between the different social systems, since there are no joint rules between the individual Member States (consumer protection, health rules, etc.). A service might be provided under different conditions with no respect for the law or social practices of the host state in the case of a service performed by a service provider from another Member State, since these standards are for the most part governed by collective agreements.
Scope : The Commission’s initial text covered almost all economic areas of services provided for consumers and undertakings. It provided for the exclusion of financial services, electronic communications services and networks, transport services controlled by other community bodies and fiscal matters.
What is at stake for us, the Socialist Group in the European Parliament ?
The Socialist Group in the European Parliament considers that the Council/European Parliament codecision procedure on the Commission’s initial proposal made it possible to use the European Parliament as a political area for imposing the values of solidarity and improved social cohesion within the European Union.
The first success for the Socialist Group in the European Parliament was the appointment in January 2005 of Evelyne Gebhardt , a German Social Democrat and member of the Socialist Group since 1994, as rapporteur and coordinator for the text adopted in 2004 by the European Commission. This appointment thus placed the European Socialists at the heart of the debate on the ‘Bolkestein’ directive.
The debate was a tough one: the fundamental issue for the European Socialists was to see that rules were followed which were not detrimental to workers and which did not contribute to job losses. This technical and very specific text was the subject of a media frenzy which was unexpected, since these features made the debate difficult both within the EP and outside it, amongst citizens, workers and businesses.
In the context of the adoption of a services directive in the internal market, the Socialist Group campaigned to steer the directive towards ‘increased competitiveness’ but also ‘increased social cohesion’ within the European Union.
Mobilisation in the political sphere in particular, but also at the level of the unions and citizens, focussed on the dangers inherent in the country of origin principle to prevent it from becoming the basis for the internal services market and also on clarification of the scope of the directive.
The other points on which our group fought included:
- providing more effective control in order to guarantee a better quality of services for European consumers.
Our Group’s second success was to persuade the European right and the liberals to change their position on the amendments which were important to us socialists, when they had initially rejected them as a whole; those amendments were:
- the rejection of the country of origin principle whilst dealing with the question of obstacles to the setting up of an internal services market and allowing the host Member State to continue to apply specific conditions for reasons of public policy, public security, public health and environmental protection ,
- consumer protection so that consumers always enjoy the protection afforded to them by the consumer protection legislation in force in their own Member State,
- exclusion from the scope of the directive of health services, audiovisual services (the entire audiovisual sector), social services (social housing, childcare and family services), temporary employment agencies, security services, transport services (whether or not controlled by community bodies), port services, gambling, casinos and professions concerned with the exercise of public legal authority (notaries, bailiffs),
- maintaining high-quality public services and their exclusion from the scope of ‘services of general interest (SGI)’,
- exclusion of labour law (legal or contractual provisions) from the directive,
- insertion of the ‘Monti clause’ to ensure that the Commission’s proposal does not adversely affect the exercise of fundamental rights as recognised in the Member States and the rights enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union,
- deletion of Articles 24 and 25 on the posting of workers.
The procedure illustrated the development of the role of the European Parliament , which was able, together with the Council, to take up an alternative position on a Commission proposal, which reflected the fight put up by the Socialist Group in the European Parliament. As Evelyne Gebhardt pointed out: ‘We also expect the Commission to take full account of the compromise whose provisions include the primacy over the “Services” Directive of sectoral Directives such as the Directive on employee postings and the Regulation on individual contracts ’.
To this effect the Socialist Group in the European Parliament was involved in major negotiations between September and November 2006, which made it possible to reach agreements, in particular with the EPP, which was blocking two crucial points concerning the directive – its scope and the country of origin principle (COP).
During the final vote on second reading (on 15 November 2006) Evelyne Gebhardt stressed that, thanks to that text, human beings had been placed at the heart of the economy and workers’ rights had been saved from unhealthy competition, which illustrated the symbiosis between workers’ and consumers’ interests and those of the service providers.
At the same time, the Group received strong support from the
European Trade Union Confederation , which had been active at all stages of the procedure, in particular in February 2006, during the vote on first reading in the Strasbourg plenary.
Martin Schulz, Chairman of the Socialist Group, suggested to the European People’s Party (EPP) taking practical action at all stages of the procedure concerning revision of the controversial directive. He proposed that an ‘informal group’ should be set up to monitor the procedure.
Despite the different approaches to the directive taken by the EPP and the Socialist Group, Martin Schulz managed to obtain a qualified majority in particular by rallying the moderate wing of the EPP and some socialist members from the new Member States to a Group joint position on the key amendments, such as rejecting the COP and excluding certain services from the scope of the directive.
In this way, by proposing a different approach from that taken by the Commission, the Group, by rejecting the COP and deleting certain areas from the scope, managed to preserve both workers’ and consumers’ rights, avoiding any levelling down of agreed standards within the European Union .
socialists involved in the procedure :
Evelyne GEBHARDT (rapporteur and coordinator )
Anne Van Lancker (as a member of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs )
Robert Goebbels (Vice-Chairman of the Socialist Group and Chairman of the Working Group )
Hannes SWOBODA (Vice-Chairman of the Socialist Group )
Harlem Désir (Vice-Chairman of the Socialist Group )
Richard FALBR (as a member of the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs ).
What stage of the procedure have we reached ?
- 16 February 2006 : the European Parliament gives its opinion on first reading (adopted by 391 votes to 213, with 34 abstentions).
- 29 May 2006 : the Council follows the European Parliament’s amendments and gives its political approval in the Competitiveness Council .
- 4 September 2006 : second reading in the European Parliament at the plenary session in Strasbourg. The Finnish Presidency and Parliament’s rapporteur, the Social Democrat Evelyne Gebhardt, aim to ensure that the directive is adopted by the end of November 2006. Approximately 90% of our amendments are incorporated in the Council’s common position.
15 November 2006 : the European Parliament adopts the Council’s common position on the Directive on Services in the Internal Market at second reading. Thanks to the Socialist Group, Parliament obtains legal clarification on the exclusion of labour law, criminal law, social rights and harmonisation. "The process of transforming the initial proposal from Liberal former commissioner Bolkestein into a “Services” directive that upholds labour law and reinforces social protection marks a huge success for the whole of the Socialist Group in the European Parliament, declared Martin Schulz, President of the Socialist Group in the EuropeanParliament", at a press conference in Strasbourg on 14/11/2006. "The European Parliament text on the “Services” directive, to be voted on at second reading during the plenary on Wednesday 15 November, also provides companies with the business flexibility they need within this sector and promises the creation of new jobs", the PSE Group’s president added.
"It is also important to stress that the Union’s other institutions (Council and Commission) have aligned themselves with the European Parliament’s position on the final text of the “Services” directive – a text which has been radically transformed with the decisive backing of the Socialist Group", concluded president Schulz.
After a procedure lasting almost three years, the internal services market is being opened up to cross-border competition , whilst at the same time, the European social model is being preserved. The Council had already approved the text on first reading when the compromise was negotiated with Parliament in February 2006.
The European Parliament is thus following the rapporteur Evelyne GEBHARDT who, as a member of the Socialist Group in the European Parliament and in her role as coordinator, recommended supporting the Council’s common position, thus retaining the acquis of the text at first reading.
Finally, the text adopted will enter into force the day after it is published in the Official Journal. The Member States will be required to transpose the provisions of the directive within a maximum of three years and, at the latest, by 2010.
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"We will always tend to fulfill our own expectation of ourselves” – Brian Tracy
As we know, UP is a direction. More importantly, it is a direction that we want to go. The first step in moving UP is to set our sights beyond our current circumstances. Inherent in the definition of UP is that it never stops. There is always one more rung on the ladder, one more battle to fight, one more person to help, and one more analogy to make. So, wherever we are today, we have room to improve.
What’s holding us back? One of the main things keeping us from achieving more is that our expectations are set too low. When an expectation is set, our minds are so powerful and complex that our actions immediately begin to line up with that expectation. Robert K. Merton coined the phrase “self-fulfilling prophecy” to describe this phenomenon in his 1957 book Social Theory and Social Structure. Wikipedia defines a self-fulfilling prophecy as “a prediction that, in being made, actually causes itself to become true”.
My Fair Lady. In George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion, Eliza Doolittle is transformed from a Cockney flower girl to a lady. What made the difference? The image that she had of herself changed when others treated her differently. Colonel Pickering called her “Miss Doolittle,” which Liza says began to teach her self-respect. She explained to Colonel Pickering, “The difference between a lady and a flower girl is not how she behaves, but how she’s treated. I shall always be a flower girl to Professor Higgins, because he always treated me as a flower girl, and always will, but I know I can be a lady to you because you always treat me as a lady, and always will.”
We See It Every Day. Most of us have observed the power of expectations with a familiar example. A co-worker mentions to us late in the day that they think that they’re coming down with a cold. We may respond with something like, “I’ve heard there’s something going around”. We could even say, “You look all right to me”. It really doesn’t matter what we say at that point as the person really expects to get sick. Sure enough, the next day, they call into work sounding just awful announcing that there is no possible way they could work today.
"You have to expect things of yourself before you can do them." - Michael Jordan
"Believe that life is worth living and your belief will help create the fact." - William James
Who Cares? Who cares enough about us to impose expectations upon us? The obvious answer is friends and family. Often, these expecations are normal and positive. For example, if our spouse expects us to be home to have dinner with the family, this could be a wonderful norm. Since we care about our friends and family, they have more power than anyone else to influence our own opinion of our ability. Frequently, well-meaning relatives will deter someone from pursuing their true life purpose.
One of the ways that this happens is by planting doubt. Let's say we truly believe that we have an ability to write. We also have a desire to pursue writing as a career. In subtle ways, some of our friends and family begin to plant doubts about our skills or the opportunities in this career path. They may think that they are protecting us; however, sometimes, the result is that we choose another path that we perceive to be less risky.
What About Me? That's right, we are the most important person in our lives in determining our place in this world. We are constantly comparing ourselves to others. We hear our own voice more than any other. So, what are we saying to ourselves? If we are saying that we can do it, we are much more likely to dismiss evidence to the contrary. Take one of the most famous historical examples, how successful would David have been against Goliath if he were talking defeat to himself? It's possible that he would have been unsuccessful if he had not been rehearsing his past successes in killing the lion and the bear with his bare hands.
Aside from the people in our inner circle of influence, there are others that have the ability to set expectations for us, if we give them the power. We just need to be aware that this occurs. Sometimes, we are more likely to change our opinion of ourselves because someone that we respect has a different viewpoint. Instead of taking their word for it, we must evaluate their opinion as objectively as possible. We don't want to close ourselves off from change, however, we do want to make sure that any change is a conscious choice.
When Did I Choose? Unfortunately for many, the past controls the present. For others, concerns about the future significantly impact their current view. If the past is controlling us, it is generally in the form of guilt. In the case of guilt, we don't feel worthy of success because of what we've done or haven't done. As hard as it may be, we must let go of our feelings of unworthiness. Additionally, we must forgive anyone for anything that is eating away at us. Unforgiveness doesn't affect the other person as much as it affects us. In fact, we would be shocked to find out how little time people think about us.
If the future is controlling us, it is generally in the form of anxiety. The Bible tells us with good reason in Philippians 4:6, "Do not be anxious about anything, but in everything, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God." Fear of the future has the ability to immobilize us in the present. More than causing us to be ineffective, guilt and anxiety have been linked to many health risks including heart disease, ulcers, and degraded immune system.
From this, we surmise that the only appropriate time to set our expectations is in the present. While we must consider our experiences and education from the past as well as our dreams and goals for the future, the only time that we can actually take action is now. The great news in looking up from where we are is that we can change where we're going.
"We must learn to reawaken and keep ourselves awake . . . by an infinite expectation of the dawn, which does not forsake us in our soundest sleep. I know of no more encouraging fact than the unquestionable ability of man to elevate his life by a conscious endeavor. - Henry David Thoreau, Walden, from "Where I Lived, and What I Lived For"
Bubble UP! is dedicated to helping you make better choices. Choices are the currency that converts the present to the future. Bubble UP! creates tools that Think Like You Do! www.BubblePlanner.com
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"As Howard Zinn suggested, if students don't know their history, then they are "ready meat" for those who will supply the carving knives of war. Fortunately, more and more teachers around the country recognize the importance of teaching outside the textbook, of joining heroes like Dan Ellsberg to ask questions, to challenge official stories."
Bill Bigelow (pictured on the right) taught high school social studies in Portland, Ore. for almost 30 years. He is the curriculum editor of Rethinking Schools and the co-director of the Zinn Education Project. This project offers free materials to teach people's history and an "If We Knew Our History" article series. Bigelow is author or co-editor of numerous books, including A People's History for the Classroom and The Line Between Us: Teaching About the Border and Mexican Immigration.
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MK2/3 cascade plays a role in synaptic plasticity and cognition.
Scientists at the University of Warwick have provided the first evidence that the lack of a naturally occurring protein is linked to early signs of dementia.
Published in Nature Communications, the research found that the absence of the protein MK2/3 promotes structural and physiological changes to cells in the nervous system. These changes were shown to have a significant correlation with early signs of dementia, including restricted learning and memory formation capabilities.
An absence of MK2/3, in spite of the brain cells (neurons) having significant structural abnormalities, did not prevent memories being formed, but did prevent these memories from being altered.
The results have led the researchers to call for greater attention to be paid to studying MK2/3.
Lead researcher and author Dr Sonia Corrêa says that “Understanding how the brain functions from the sub-cellular to systems level is vital if we are to be able to develop ways to counteract changes that occur with ageing.
“By demonstrating for the first time that the MK2/3 protein, which is essential for neuron communication, is required to fine-tune memory formation this study provides new insight into how molecular mechanisms regulate cognition”.
Neurons can adapt memories and make them more relevant to current situations by changing the way they communicate with other cells.
Information in the brain is transferred between neurons at synapses using chemicals (neurotransmitters) released from one (presynaptic) neuron which then act on receptors in the next (postsynaptic) neuron in the chain.
MK2/3 regulates the shape of spines in properly functioning postsynaptic neurons. Postsynaptic neurons with MK2/3 feature wider, shorter spines than those without.
The researchers found that change, caused by MK2/3’s absence, in the spine’s shape restricts the ability of neurons to communicate with each other, leading to alterations in the ability to acquire new memories.
“Deterioration of brain function commonly occurs as we get older but, as result of dementia or other neurodegenerative diseases, it can occur earlier in people’s lives”, says Dr Corrêa. “For those who develop the early signs of dementia it becomes more difficult for them to adapt to changes in their life, including performing routine tasks.
“For example, washing the dishes; if you have washed them by hand your whole life and then buy a dishwasher it can be difficult for those people who are older or have dementia to acquire the new memories necessary to learn how to use the machine and mentally replace the old method of washing dishes with the new. The change in shape of the postsynaptic neuron due to absence of MK2/3 is strongly correlated with this inability to acquire the new memories”.
Dr Corrêa argues that “Given their vital role in memory formation, MK2/3 pathways are important potential pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with ageing and dementia.”
Notes about this neuroscience research
The research was supported by the BBSRC.
Contact: Dr Sonia Corrêa – University of Warwick
Source: University of Warwick press release
Image Source: The images are credited to University of Warwick and are adapted from the press release
Original Research: Full open access research for “The MK2/3 cascade regulates AMPAR trafficking and cognitive flexibility” by Katherine L. Eales, Oleg Palygin, Thomas O’Loughlin, Seyed Rasooli-Nejad, Matthias Gaestel, Jürgen Müller, Dawn R. Collins, Yuriy Pankratov and Sonia A.L. Corrêa in Nature Communications. Published online August 19 2014 doi:10.1038/ncomms5701
The MK2/3 cascade regulates AMPAR trafficking and cognitive flexibility
The interplay between long-term potentiation and long-term depression (LTD) is thought to be involved in learning and memory formation. One form of LTD expressed in the hippocampus is initiated by the activation of the group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Importantly, mGluRs have been shown to be critical for acquisition of new memories and for reversal learning, processes that are thought to be crucial for cognitive flexibility. Here we provide evidence that MAPK-activated protein kinases 2 and 3 (MK2/3) regulate neuronal spine morphology, synaptic transmission and plasticity. Furthermore, mGluR-LTD is impaired in the hippocampus of MK2/3 double knockout (DKO) mice, an observation that is mirrored by deficits in endocytosis of GluA1 subunits. Consistent with compromised mGluR-LTD, MK2/3 DKO mice have distinctive deficits in hippocampal-dependent spatial reversal learning. These novel findings demonstrate that the MK2/3 cascade plays a strategic role in controlling synaptic plasticity and cognition.
“The MK2/3 cascade regulates AMPAR trafficking and cognitive flexibility” by Katherine L. Eales, Oleg Palygin, Thomas O’Loughlin, Seyed Rasooli-Nejad, Matthias Gaestel, Jürgen Müller, Dawn R. Collins, Yuriy Pankratov and Sonia A.L. Corrêa in Nature Communications, August 19 2014 doi:10.1038/ncomms5701.
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Internet via satellite providers offer a reliable and secure way to access the internet from virtually anywhere in the world. With the help of satellites, these providers are able to provide high-speed internet access to remote areas that may not have access to traditional broadband services. Satellite internet is also ideal for those who need to stay connected while traveling or living in rural areas. This type of service is becoming increasingly popular as more people look for ways to stay connected without relying on traditional wired connections. In this article, we will discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using an internet via satellite provider.
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The internet has revolutionized the way we communicate, work, and live. With the advent of satellite technology, the internet is now more accessible than ever before. This article will explore the latest technology in internet via satellite and how it can benefit businesses and individuals alike.
Satellite internet is a type of broadband connection that uses satellites to transmit data from one point to another. It is an ideal solution for those who live in remote areas or have limited access to traditional wired internet services. Satellite internet offers high-speed connections with speeds up to 25 Mbps, making it suitable for streaming video, downloading large files, and other activities that require a fast connection.
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What to Look for When Choosing an Internet Via Satellite Provider
When choosing an Internet via satellite provider, it is important to consider a number of factors. First and foremost, you should look for a provider that offers reliable service with high speeds and low latency. It is also important to ensure that the provider has a good reputation for customer service and technical support. Additionally, you should check to see what type of equipment is required for installation and whether or not the provider offers any discounts or promotions. Finally, you should compare the cost of the service with other providers in order to get the best value for your money. By taking the time to research and compare different providers, you can be sure to find the right one for your needs.
The Pros and Cons of Using Internet Via Satellite
The use of internet via satellite has become increasingly popular in recent years, as it offers a reliable and cost-effective way to access the internet from remote locations. However, there are both advantages and disadvantages associated with this technology that should be considered before making a decision to use it.
• Reliability: Satellite internet is highly reliable, as it is not affected by weather conditions or other environmental factors. This makes it an ideal choice for those who live in rural areas or other remote locations where traditional broadband services may not be available.
• Cost-effectiveness: Satellite internet is often more affordable than other types of internet access, such as DSL or cable. This makes it a great option for those on a budget.
• Speed: Satellite internet can provide speeds of up to 25 Mbps, which is comparable to many other types of internet access.
• Latency: Satellite internet is subject to latency, which is the delay between when data is sent and received. This can cause problems with streaming video or online gaming.
• Data caps: Many satellite internet providers impose data caps, which limit the amount of data you can download each month. This can be problematic if you need to download large files or stream a lot of video.
• Installation costs: Installing a satellite dish and modem can be expensive, and some providers may require you to pay an installation fee.
In conclusion, satellite internet can be a great option for those who need reliable and cost-effective internet access in remote locations. However, it is important to consider the pros and cons before making a decision to use it.
How to Maximize Your Internet Via Satellite Connection
Satellite internet connections are becoming increasingly popular as a way to access the internet in remote areas. While satellite internet can provide a reliable connection, there are some steps you can take to maximize your connection and ensure that you get the most out of it.
1. Check Your Equipment: Make sure all of your equipment is up-to-date and functioning properly. This includes your modem, router, and satellite dish. If any of these components are not working correctly, it could be causing your connection to be slower than it should be.
2. Use a Wired Connection: Wireless connections can be convenient, but they are often slower than wired connections. If possible, connect your computer directly to your modem or router with an Ethernet cable for the fastest speeds.
3. Optimize Your Settings: Many satellite internet providers offer settings that can help optimize your connection. These settings may include options such as data compression, which can help reduce the amount of data being sent over the connection.
4. Monitor Your Usage: If you are using a limited data plan, make sure to monitor your usage to avoid going over your limit. You can also set up alerts to notify you when you are approaching your data limit.
5. Upgrade Your Plan: If you find that your current plan is not meeting your needs, consider upgrading to a higher speed or larger data plan. This will allow you to take advantage of faster speeds and more data.
By following these tips, you can maximize your satellite internet connection and ensure that you are getting the most out of it.
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Breathing is something that we are born knowing how to do; however, when we are nervous for a big game or during a game, it can be easy to “forget” to breath.
The earlier we learn how to develop good breathing techniques when playing sport, the more likely we are to master these techniques at an early age and thereby prevent poor habits, such as slouching (which causes shallow breathing) from developing.
Shallow breathing causes an increased heart rate, tensed muscles and our bodys’ response mechanism to stress is activated.
Learning how to breathe correctly can:
- Decrease muscle tension.
- Decrease stress.
- Calm pre-match nerves.
- Heighten sense of focus.
- Decrease negative or distracting thoughts.
- Reduce tiredness.
- Increase energy.
But how does a parent teach their son to breathe when they haven’t learnt this practice themselves? The answer is simple, learn with your son by doing breathing exercises, like the ones below, before matches. After all, what parent isn’t nervous when their son has a big match ahead of him?
Here’s a breathing exercise to practice with your son ahead of his next rugby game to calm his anxiety.
- Find a calm, quiet place to stand or sit.
- Place one hand on your chest.
- Place your other hand on your stomach.
- Take a deep breath, inhaling slowly through your nose.
- Let your chest fill with air, until you can’t take any more air in. Your lungs should feel like they are stretching slightly.
- Exhale slowly. Take your time in releasing the air from your lungs.
- Repeat five times.
- Your son should feel much more at ease.
Keep calm and play sport!
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After meeting with Prof LP, there is a few question that I would need to find out to make my project direction clearer:
- Why do I use devices?
Because device is tangible object, its a physical thing that we can interact with. Although screens is also an object but the interaction are display it did not provide a physical, touchable and tangible interaction.
- Why am I doing this?
Capture different kind of reaction by different kind of people.
Experiment or study of human behaviour?
- What I am going to do with the photos?
Create a conversation?
Making it into gif? Showing each authentic reaction of individuals.
Process of Action[device] —> Reaction [Viewer’s reaction]
- Am I getting reaction or expression?
After looking into the words, I realise reaction is more towards an instant responds while express was describing the look on someone face that convey an emotions. The direction I am going for are more towards reaction, the instant respond of the viewer. Even it is a slight raise of eye brow are also a reaction respond.
- Why reaction?
I was actually quite stuck with my idea and I begin to research some research paper.
- Some emotional state may be displayed by different expressive action such as facial gestures or body posture.
- Unintentional Transmission of affects across individuals highlight the intimate correspondence between perception of emotion and expressive motor reaction.
[unseen facial and bodily expression trigger fast emotional reaction 2009]
- Emotions are intense, relatively short-term affective reaction to a specific environmental stimulus.
[The Ripple Effect: Emotional Contagion and Its Influence on Group Behavior 2002]
- Behaviours and ideas are spread by copying and imitation.
[Evolution & Social behaviour philosophy of biology 2014]
- Newton’s Third Law: For every action, there is an equal & opposite reaction
After all these, I felt i should narrow down to the core of my project and brunch out and strengthen it along the way. I would put aside the part where taking photograph of the view and concentrate on the reaction:
Using devices to create reaction from the viewer.
When the viewer interact with my devices and when they have reaction = they are in the present, being there with me. They might not realise it but by giving reaction they are living in the present and changing themselves from a viewer into a participant.
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A persecuted minority in France during most of the period from the early 1500s until 1789, Huguenots was the name given in the time of the Reformation to the French Protestants. The word may come from the German word Eidgenossen, or "confederates," a term once applied to Swiss Protestants.
In their struggles for religious freedom, the Huguenots were driven to become a political party and even a "state within the state," headed by some of the greatest French nobles. By the middle of the 16th century, the Huguenots by their numbers and influence had aroused the fears of the Catholic party and the powerful family of Guise*.
Eight seperate religious wars followed. The first war began with an attack by the Duke of Guise and his followers on a congregation of Huguenots assembled for worship in a barn. A period of peace that followed the third war was broken in 1572 by the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, the most dreadful of the many crimes that marked this era of religious and civil warfare.
The Huguenot wars ended in 1598, when Henry IV - who had been a Huguenot but who had agreed to conform to the Roman Catholic church - issued the Edict of Nantes. The edict gave the French Protestants political rights, religious freedom, and the possession of certain fortified towns. Their fortresses were lost with the capture of La Rochelle in 1628. Although the Edicts of Nantes was in other respects confirmed, the Huguenots were still harassed and persecuted from time to time.
When Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685, all protection of law was withdrawn from the Huguenots. Although they were forbidden to leave France, hundreds of thousands fled. They carried French arts, manufactures, and culture to England, Germany, the Netherlands, and the British colonies of North America.
The famous opera 'Les Huguenots' by Giacomo Meyerbeer uses the tragic times of the Huguenot persecutions for its plot. Its hero and heroine are killed in the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day.
*GUISE, French ducal family, branch of house of Lorraine, whose heads led extreme Catholic party and aspired to snatch crown from House of Bourbon.
The Huguenots in America
Huguenots in Sixteenth-Century Paris
How They Kept the Faith
The Huguenots During the Sixteenth Century
Looking for info on TEGETTE BATES, born about 1860 in OK or AR, died in
AR; on December 24, 1878, married WILLIAM M. SCOTT, born about 1856.
Please write to Sound.Doctrine@juno.com
HATFIELD, Jonas, b. in Whales came to PA. when 9. Moved to KY. m Rachel
LLWELLYN JANNY, a widow abt. 1865. They had 8 children lived in OH., IN.,
then back to KY. where he died abt. 1865. Please contact JSuman@aol.com
I'am searching for Thomas B. BRANTON born 3/26/1845 pl. unknown m. Josephine RUSSELL born 9/15/1847 pl.unknown. Anyone with any information Please e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.org
Will exchange information on descendants of Wm. CAMPBELL of NJ, Simon BAXTER of CT, any McEVOY of NJ, SUGHRUE, QUINN, FAHEY, CLIFFORD of Ireland, and CAHILL of Co. Sligo Ireland. Reply to email@example.com
STAMPS Family information, the connection, William Stamps married Lucinda Farrar Davis Nov 3, 1797. Stamps family at that time in and around Louisiana, Mississippi. Contact me at firstname.lastname@example.org
Seeking parents/siblings of Margaret Couch b. 1808 Guernsey Co, OH, d. 14 Dec 1878 Harrison County, OH m. 18 Sep 1834 Freeport, Harrison Co, OH, to Alexander Denning (1809-1851), son of William and Elizabeth Denning. email@example.com
Searching the following surnames: GLAZE, TALIAFERRO, EBNER, MEEKS,
McMICKEN, HOLLAN and THRIFT. Any help appreciated. firstname.lastname@example.org
I am researching these names: WEISSENBERGER, SPITZ, FERRING, GANDER,
BUCHMANN, KRACHEELS, KAUTH, KEFFELER. Any information would be greatly
KRAAIJEVELD / KRAAYEVELD - all known people with this name are of interest - email@example.com
United States Passport Applications
Finding Marriage Records
Heraldry - What is that?
The Genealogy Lady established the "Genealogy Today" newsletter in
April 1997. She answers questions online at New-Jerusalem.com, and
sells books at her Genealogy Book Store.
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July 29, 2009
Decreasing Salt Intake Can Lower Blood Pressure
Adults who use less salt in their diet can experience a slight reduction in their blood pressure in the medium term. However, whether in the long term this can also reduce the risk of late complications in people with sustained high blood pressure, otherwise known as essential hypertension, and whether in the long term their anti-hypertensive medication can be reduced remains unresolved. This is the conclusion of the Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG) in its final report published in the form of a rapid report on 20 July 2009.
This rapid report is part of a package commissioned by the Federal Joint Committee (G-BA), in which the benefit of various non-drug treatment strategies for high blood pressure are to be assessed. Stress management and more physical activity are also included, as well as giving up smoking and cutting down alcohol consumption. IQWiG has already completed a report on the effect of weight reduction on blood pressure.
Assessment was based on secondary literature
IQWiG's benefit assessments are generally based on systematic searches and analysis of clinical trials, in other words, primary literature. However, this rapid report was prepared on the basis of secondary literature. In principle, this can be done - and is included in IQWiG's General Methods - if current, high quality systematic reviews are already available on a given topic. This was the case with reducing salt intake in hypertension, as IQWiG's preliminary search revealed.
IQWiG searched for systematic reviews (these basically provide an analysis of studies in summary) that compared the following patients with hypertension: an intervention group, which was to follow a low-salt diet over a long period, versus a control group, which either did not have this target or whose salt reduction was not so great as in the intervention group. The minimum duration of the studies had to be 4 weeks. In order not to overlook any current and potentially relevant studies, IQWiG also conducted an update search of recently published primary studies.
IQWiG was able to include in its assessment 7 reviews, in which the results of between 520 and 3391 participants from a total of 62 randomized controlled trials were analysed together.
No conclusions on cardiovascular disease or mortality possible
IQWiG found that no conclusions on late complications could be drawn from the available data. The reason for this is that none of the studies had the primary goal of investigating the effects of a low-salt diet on cardiovascular disease or all-cause mortality. Moreover, most of the studies were only of a few months' duration and had low numbers of participants, which meant that possible differences in late complications might not have been detected with certainty.
Uncertainty whether the reduction in blood pressure is sustainable
However, the investigations consistently show that a reduction in salt intake can assist in lowering blood pressure: over a period of up to one year, there was a mean drop of 3.6 to 8 mmHg in systolic values and a mean drop of approximately 2 to 3 mmHg in diastolic values. This applied primarily to patients who did not take any additional anti-hypertensive drugs.
The sustainability of this effect, however, remains unclear. The authors of at least one review report that the observed advantage disappears when the analysis is restricted to studies of a longer duration (at least 6 months).
None of the reviews solely considered patients who were simultaneously taking anti-hypertensive drugs or separately analysed data for participants on concomitant medication. The additional blood pressure-lowering effect of a low-salt diet in these patients is therefore uncertain.
Basically, it is still not known whether people with essential hypertension can reduce their drug dosage through less salt intake.
Report preparation procedure
Rapid reports are intended to offer timely information on a current topic. They are not designed for G-BA guideline decisions. In order to guarantee a shorter delivery time, the report preparation procedure differs primarily in two ways from that of the other reports: working documents, report plans or preliminary reports are not published, nor is there a submission of comments procedure. Furthermore, the assessment is generally based on information already published, i.e. IQWiG is not concerned with obtaining unpublished study data from drug manufacturers, for example.
The report was produced in collaboration with external experts. A preliminary version was reviewed by a further independent research group and the final version was despatched to the G-BA on 22 June 2009.
On The Net:
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There are several natural phenomena that occur naturally for us to witness and photograph. One such phenomenon is the “Alpenglow” that most of us would be familiar with. Even if you are not familiar with this term, here we will take a look at what Alpenglow is, what causes it, of course how to photograph the Alpenglow as well as some stunning images of Alpenglow for inspiration – everything you need to get out and photograph them.
In this article, we are not going to go into too much detail nor the arguments around the cause of Alpenglow, but we have explained the discrepancies out there on what causes it. Either way, as photographers, when nature presents this natural phenomenon, we shouldn't miss it. Or maybe you could just chase Alpenglow and photograph them from various locations – what a fun project.
So, What Is Alpenglow?
Alpenglow is an optical phenomenon that causes a pinkish-red horizontal glowing band opposite the horizon of the rising or setting sun. It makes the summit of the mountains, clouds and the sky glow in reddish or rosy hues and this phenomenon occurs just before sunrise or after sunset. You can witness these especially on taller mountains and is more prominent if the mountains are snow-covered.
Usually, just after the sun has set if you look towards the east, or just before sunrise if you look towards the west, you can see the horizon, clouds, mountain summits and other tall structures, have a soft purplish/pinkish glow provided conditions are favourable in the atmosphere. Sometimes even the low lands and buildings glow at this time and this phenomenon occurs for quite a while before sunrise or after sunset.
What Causes Alpenglow?
There are discrepancies about what causes Alpenglow – direct or indirect sunlight?
Most of the argument is that Alpenglow is caused by indirect sunlight, but depending on altitude, for one observer the sun may have set whereas for another observer at a higher altitude, the sun may not have set.
Let us look into this in detail below! I have created graphics to illustrate the two cases below.
Note: These are just illustrations to help understand the phenomenon easily and in no way represent any realistic scale or distances.
Case 1: Direct Sunlight
Consider an observer who is standing at ground level with no obstructions to the horizon where the sun is setting and from this observer's point of view, the sun has set and is below the horizon, but they can still see sunlight on the mountain peaks.
If another observer was standing on top of a tall mountain at the same time as the observer at sea level, in the same location, during the time the sun set below the horizon for the observer on the ground, the observer on the mountain would still be able to see the sun above the horizon. Here is a rough illustration of this!
So, in this case, the light that makes the peaks glow red or pink is direct light from the sun (this could be nearby or distant peaks). Since this light travels a huge distance through the earth's atmosphere, the shorter wavelengths like blue, are scattered and only the longer wavelengths at the red end of the spectrum reach the earth. It is this red light that gives a pinkish glow to the mountains and the glow caused due to direct sunlight will cast well-defined shadows. This occurs during the golden hour.
Just to make the above fact clear, when we are at sea level, the sun rises above or sets below the horizon at a different time compared to when you are at a higher altitude at the same time in the same location – for example on top of a tall mountain or a very tall building or on an aeroplane.
Note: Sunrise is a minute earlier or sunset is a minute later for every 1.5 km (4921.3 feet) of height above sea level.
Case 2: Indirect Sunlight
In case of glow caused by indirect sunlight, the sun has set for both the observers – the one on the ground at sea level and the one on top of the mountain. You may still be able to see a glow on the mountain peaks provided the conditions are favourable at that time. You will also be able to see stunning colours close to the horizon. These are seen in the west before sunrise or in the east after sunset.
How does this happen or what causes this glow?
The sunlight, in this case, is no longer directly falling on the mountain peaks but is reflected off the particles (for example water particles in the air, ice crystals and other atmospheric particles) in the earth's atmosphere.
The glow, in this case, is very subtle but stunningly beautiful. The colours can range from deep pink to purple and the shadows are very few and if any, they are subtle shadows unlike the well-defined ones when the light hits directly.
Since the sunlight in this case as well travels through large areas of the atmosphere, the light is red or reddish-pink.
You may have witnessed that even a long time after the sun has set (or well early before sunrise), you will be able to see brilliant red, pink, purple hues in the sky for quite a long time that is, during the blue hour or twilight. These colours are caused due to Alpenglow. Even in landscapes or cityscapes, if you look closely or make long exposure images, you can see a pinkish-purple glow during this time.
So, the question is often asked whether it is the direct or indirect sunlight that causes Alpenglow, here is what I personally think.
- When it comes to direct light illuminating the mountain peaks, it is perceived as Alpenglow by some people, because when the sun has set for someone at sea level, the sun is still above the horizon for someone at a very high altitude. In this case, an observer witnessing the glow from sea level sees the direct sunlight hitting the tallest peaks and perceives it as Alpenglow because for them the sun has set.
- After sunset (that is during twilight) you can still see mountains glowing with a pinkish-purple tint and this glow is due to indirect sunlight. This can be seen before sunrise and after sunset.
There are discrepancies over what causes Alpenglow and I think it is caused due to indirect sunlight.
What do you think causes Alpenglow? Please leave your thoughts in the comments section below!
When Is The Best Time To View Alpenglow?
The best season for Alpenglow is usually the summer season when you do not have much cloud cover and the atmospheric particles are quite stable to help with the reflection of sunlight back to the mountains. But, Alpenglow in winter can be the most brilliant when the mountains are snowcapped!
This does not mean that other seasons are not recommended. As long as the conditions are favourable, like enough clouds and atmospheric particles, Alpenglow can be witnessed at all seasons.
Mountains are the best subjects to reflect off this glow and for stunning photography. So if you live close to a mountain or can drive up there really early or stay late after sunset, by all means, do it. Tall mountains across the world are the best locations for witnessing and photographing the Alpenglow.
Make sure the landscape you are going to photograph is facing the sunrise or sunset because Alpenglow is caused when sunlight is reflected off atmospheric particles to the opposite side of the sunrise or sunset.
Time of the Day:
The best time of the day is during the blue hour, before sunrise and after sunset. You can see the glow quite early before sunrise where you can capture the deep blues turning to purplish pink, red and then orange and vice versa in the evening quite late after sunset.
As mentioned earlier, Alpenglow is not light from sunrise or sunset, but the first light (before sunrise) or last light (after sunset) of the sun that gets reflected off the particles in the atmosphere. So, be there in the location well ahead of sunrise – at least an hour and a half before sunrise and in the evening stay back late after sunset if possible.
If you ask me, I would always recommend early in the morning as everything is quiet, calm, clean and magical in the morning. Moreover, mornings can yield beautiful skies and rolling fog to add to the landscape you will be photographing. You can just soak in the experience, get your gear ready and photograph the beauty that unfolds in front of you.
How To Photograph Alpenglow?
There is no special technique or settings required to photograph the Alpenglow. You need to use the gear and settings that you would normally use when photographing the blue hour or when photographing landscapes during the golden hour. In scenarios when the glow is a bit intense at a particular point, you will need to use the correct metering mode to get the exposure right.
We will still quickly run through the basic gear and camera settings required to photograph the Alpenglow.
- You need a camera that will let you shoot in manual mode.
- Have at least 2 lenses in hand – a wide-angle (somewhere between 14 to 24mm) and a telephoto lens (between 200 to 400mm) so you get to photograph a wider vista of the magical landscape and closer details of the peaks glowing. If you have 2 cameras, have the 2 lenses on 2 cameras so you can quickly get all the shots you need or, change lenses quickly to get the shot as you have very little time when the Alpenglow puts on its show!
- You will need a lens with wider apertures (preferably f/2.8) because Alpenglow itself is faint and you want more light to get into the camera without increasing the ISO too much especially if you are handholding.
- You will need a sturdy tripod that can hold your camera/lens combination and withstand breezy or windy conditions if any. Using a tripod will let you shoot at lower ISO values with longer exposure times/slower shutter speeds so you can let more light in.
- Use a cable release or the timer delay to avoid blur due to camera shake.
2. Camera Settings:
- Mount your camera on the tripod
- Set your camera on manual mode as this gives you more control over the settings.
- Use spot metering if the light at a point is very intense compared to the other areas, so you do not blow out the details in the illuminated area.
- Keep an eye on your histogram for correct exposure so you get the shadow and highlight details perfect.
- Set your white balance to the desired values. Usually, 4000-5000K should work, but if you are doubtful, shoot raw using Auto White Balance (AWB) so you can later make adjustments while post-processing.
- Set your ISO to the lowest possible unless you are shooting handheld and are tied in with a particular shutter speed.
- In order to get crisp landscape shots, it is better to shoot at narrow aperture values so you get sharp details of the entire scene. Find your lens' sweet spot or shoot between f/11 and f/16 so you get all the elements in the frame in focus.
- Calculate the shutter speed based on the above ISO and aperture values. Usually, for Alpenglow, the shutter speed will be slower for the above settings as the light will be very faint.
- Use the mirror lockup feature if you are using a DSLR to avoid camera shake due to mirror movements.
- Use a cable release to release the shutter.
- If you are shooting handheld for some reason, by all means, open up the aperture and increase the ISO, so you get the required shot.
- Use hyperfocal distance or focus one third into the scene for wider landscape shots so you get all the elements in the frame in perfect focus.
3. Post Processing:
Here are some basic things to look out for when post-processing the images that you captured.
- Make sure that you shoot raw all the time so you have a detailed file to work with, to bring out all the brilliant colours and details in the image.
- Crop your image to the desired composition.
- If you did not get the white balance right in camera, make sure you adjust it when post-processing.
- Make basic adjustments in your image to get your exposure, contrast, highlights, shadows details right. If using Lightroom, use the “Dehaze” tool to get rid of any haziness in the image and add slight clarity if required. Do not go high on both dehaze and clarity sliders.
- Use the vibrance slider to add pop to less vibrant colours if necessary. As it is, images of Alpenglow are usually rich in colours, so you will not have to add too much pop while post-processing.
- Use the HSL panel to bring out any specific colours in the scene if you do not see the colours that you witnessed.
- Play with the tone curve to give some pop and contrast to the image.
- If you need to apply Lens profile corrections apply it before cropping.
- Used a gradient filter or brush tool and add or fine-tune adjustments in the sky if there are not enough details/colours.
4. Some Important Tips:
- Be prepared during the journey as you will be travelling through dark zones and sometimes hiking through trails in the dark. Take headlamps, flashlights and anything else needed to protect and safeguard yourself. Take someone with you if possible or inform someone about your whereabouts.
- Early mornings and late evenings in the mountains can be quite cold. So make sure you wear warm clothing and take warm drinks with you.
- Make use of apps like Photopills or The Photographer's Ephemeris to plan and be prepared for the location you will be shooting.
- This beautiful phenomenon does not last for a long time. So be prepared with the camera settings and make use of the few minutes (usually between 5 to 10 minutes and sometimes longer or shorter) when you can see the glow. This time may vary between locations, atmospheric conditions and seasons.
- Look for areas with reflections or other features if possible in the scene so you can create images with brilliant compositions.
- Try long exposure images if possible, especially if there are rolling fog or water features in the frame.
- Try a panorama of the scene if it is too wide or if you want a very wide frame. Try shooting the panorama in portrait orientation, so you get a lot of the scene in the frame.
- Try various compositions, orientations and focal lengths to get all the shots that you possibly can.
- If the weather is too cold, make sure you protect the gear with something that will avoid lens fogging up.
- Most importantly, Alpenglow is a breathtaking phenomenon to watch. So do not get lost in the camera and its settings, but also make sure you take time to experience it with your own eyes.
- Visit the location on different days and different seasons because each day will bring a different but beautiful surprise for you!
Here are some Stunning Images of Alpenglow:
The images below are a combination of glow that is a result of direct and indirect sunlight.
What are your thoughts on the Alpenglow and what causes it? Please leave your thoughts in the comments section below.
- How to Photograph the Blue Hours With Amazing Results
- What Are The Golden And Blue Hours and How Do They Help Photographers?
- 5 Tips for Capturing The Magic of Golden Hour Photography
- What Is Alpenglow?
- Challenging The Traditional Definition of Alpenglow
- 5 Tips for Capturing Successful Alpenglow Shots
We here at Light Stalking have gathered together a fantastic resource page just on Landscape Photography. We think all these resources in one place will ensure you to become a great landscape photographer. So take a look!
If you are looking to cement your landscape photography skills, then check out Kent DuFault's The Complete Landscape Photography Guide.
It is a comprehensive guide with illustrations that give you the visuals to help you grasp the concepts of great landscape photography. Also, there are assignments that will help you put your learnings into practice. We think it is great
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Set your desired dimension then copy the code below to your blog/website.
Trials on the impact of flash pasteurization on beer quality showed that higher pasteurization
temperatures with shorter holding times are favourable for beer quality. However, the killing
effect in the temperature range up to 90°C has not been elucidated so far. Pasteurization
temperatures of 50°; 60°; 72°; 84° and 90°C and pasteurization units of 0; 15; 80 and 500 PU were
used. The associated residence times were calculated according to Del Vecchio et al.'s formula.
Tfte experiments with beer-relevant yeasts and bacteria showed that Saccharomyces yeasts are
much easier to inactivate than Lactobacilli and Pediococci. Furthermore, it can be stated that
the commonly used PU calculation according to Del Vecchio reflects the actual killing
characteristics in the temperature range from 60° to 72°C quite precisely. Although flash
pasteurization with low PU figures at temperatures higher than 72°C and with very high
amounts of bacteria may be insufficient, because the real inactivation effect is lower than
indicated, there is no need to increase the PU load when changing to higher pasteurization
temperatures and shorter holding times in practical application.
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A record label or record company is a brand or trademark associated with the marketing of music recordings and music videos. Sometimes, a record label is also a publishing company that manages such brands and trademarks, coordinates the production, manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of copyright for sound recordings and music videos; also conducting talent scouting and development of new artists ("artists and repertoire" or "A&R"); and maintains contracts with recording artists and their managers. The term "record label" derives from the circular label in the center of a vinyl record which prominently displays the manufacturer's name, along with other information.
Within the mainstream music industry, recording artists have traditionally been reliant upon record labels to broaden their consumer base, market their albums, and be both promoted and heard on music streaming services, radio, and television. Record labels provide publicists, who assist performers in gaining positive media coverage, and arrange for their merchandise to be available via stores and other media outlets.
But an increasing number of artists have sought to avoid costs and gain new audiences via the Internet, often with the help of videos. Combined with the decline in album sales and rapid growth in free content available online, this has changed the way the industry works dramatically since the beginning of the 21st century. It has caused record labels to seek new sources of profit, in particular via "360" deals (see below, under "new label strategies").
Major versus independent record labelsEdit
Record labels may be small, localized and "independent" ("indie"), or they may be part of a large international media group, or somewhere in between. As of 2012, there are only three labels that can be referred to as "major labels" (Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, and Warner Music Group). A "sublabel" is a label that is part of a larger record company but trades under a different name.
When a label is strictly a trademark or brand, not a company, then it is usually called an "imprint", a term used for the same concept in publishing. An imprint is sometimes marketed as being a "project", "unit", or "division" of a record label company, even though there is no legal business structure associated with the imprint.
Record companies and music publishers that are not under the control of the big three are generally considered to be independent (indie), even if they are large corporations with complex structures. The term indie label is sometimes used to refer to only those independent labels that adhere to independent criteria of corporate structure and size, and some consider an indie label to be almost any label that releases non-mainstream music, regardless of its corporate structure.
Independent labels are often considered more artist-friendly. Though they may have less financial clout, indie labels typically offer larger artist royalty with 50% profit-share agreement, aka 50-50 deal, not uncommon.
Music collectors often use the term sublabel to refer to either an imprint or a subordinate label company (such as those within a group). For example, in the 1980s and 1990s, "4th & B'way" was a trademarked brand owned by Island Records Ltd. in the UK and by a subordinate branch, Island Records, Inc., in the United States. The center label on a 4th & Broadway record marketed in the United States would typically bear a 4th & B'way logo and would state in the fine print, "4th & B'way™, an Island Records, Inc. company". Collectors discussing labels as brands would say that 4th & B'way is a sublabel or imprint of just "Island" or "Island Records". Similarly, collectors who choose to treat corporations and trademarks as equivalent might say 4th & B'way is an imprint and/or sublabel of both Island Records, Ltd. and that company's sublabel, Island Records, Inc. However, such definitions are complicated by the corporate mergers that occurred in 1989 (when Island was sold to PolyGram) and 1998 (when PolyGram merged with Universal). Island remained registered as corporations in both the United States and UK, but control of its brands changed hands multiple times as new companies were formed, diminishing the corporation's distinction as the "parent" of any sublabels.
Vanity labels are labels that bear an imprint that gives the impression of an artist's ownership or control, but in fact represent a standard artist/label relationship. In such an arrangement, the artist will control nothing more than the usage of the name on the label, but may enjoy a greater say in the packaging of his or her work. An example of such a label is the Neutron label owned by ABC while at Phonogram Inc. in the UK. At one point artist Lizzie Tear (under contract with ABC themselves) appeared on the imprint, but it was devoted almost entirely to ABC's offerings and is still used for their re-releases (though Phonogram owns the masters of all the work issued on the label).
However, not all labels dedicated to particular artists are completely superficial in origin. Many artists, early in their careers, create their own labels which are later bought out by a bigger company. If this is the case it can sometimes give the artist greater freedom than if they were signed directly to the big label. There are many examples of this kind of label, such as Nothing Records, owned by Trent Reznor of Nine Inch Nails; and Morning Records, owned by the Cooper Temple Clause, who were releasing EPs for years before the company was bought by RCA.
Relationship with artistsEdit
A label typically enters into an exclusive recording contract with an artist to market the artist's recordings in return for royalties on the selling price of the recordings. Contracts may extend over short or long durations, and may or may not refer to specific recordings. Established, successful artists tend to be able to renegotiate their contracts to get terms more favorable to them, but Prince's much-publicized 1994–1996 feud with Warner Bros. provides a strong counterexample, as does Roger McGuinn's claim, made in July 2000 before a US Senate committee, that the Byrds never received any of the royalties they had been promised for their biggest hits, "Mr. Tambourine Man" and "Turn! Turn!, Turn!".
A contract either provides for the artist to deliver completed recordings to the label, or for the label to undertake the recording with the artist. For artists without a recording history, the label is often involved in selecting producers, recording studios, additional musicians, and songs to be recorded, and may supervise the output of recording sessions. For established artists, a label is usually less involved in the recording process.
The relationship between record labels and artists can be a difficult one. Many artists have had albums altered or censored in some way by the labels before they are released—songs being edited, artwork or titles being changed, etc. Record labels generally do this because they believe that the album will sell better if the changes are made. Often the record label's decisions are prudent ones from a commercial perspective, but this typically frustrates the artists who feels that their art is being diminished or misrepresented by such actions.
In the early days of the recording industry, recording labels were absolutely necessary for the success of any artist. The first goal of any new artist or band was to get signed to a contract as soon as possible. In the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s, many artists were so desperate to sign a contract with a record company that they sometimes ended up signing agreements in which they sold the rights to their recordings to the record label in perpetuity. Entertainment lawyers are usually employed by artists to discuss contract terms.
Through the advances of the Internet the role of labels is becoming increasingly changed, as artists are able to freely distribute their own material through web radio, peer to peer file sharing such as BitTorrent, and other services, for little or no cost but with little financial return. Established artists, such as Nine Inch Nails, whose career was developed with major label backing, announced an end to their major label contracts, citing that the uncooperative nature of the recording industry with these new trends are hurting musicians, fans and the industry as a whole. Nine Inch Nails later returned to working with a major label, admitting that they needed the international marketing and promotional reach that a major label can provide. Radiohead also cited similar motives with the end of their contract with EMI when their album In Rainbows was released as a "pay what you want" sales model as an online download, but they also returned to a label for a conventional release. Research shows that record labels still control most access to distribution.
Throughout time, artists have had clashes between themselves and their record labels. The clashes come about from things such as: album releases per year, desire to terminate or change contracts, royalties, and limitations on artist expression. Prince stirred much conflict between himself and his record label Warner Brothers. Prince was constantly creating music, and he wanted all of it to be released to his fans, regardless of what his record label suggested. Another example is the artist Kesha. She alleged that she was raped by producer, Dr. Luke, when she was intoxicated by a substance. She went to court to free herself from her contract, and while the trial was in progress she received much support from fans and other artists such as Lorde, Lady Gaga, Kelly Clarkson, and Ariana Grande.
New label strategiesEdit
With the advancement of the computer and technology such as the Internet, leading to an increase in file sharing and direct-to-fan digital distribution, combined with music sales plummeting in recent years, labels and organizations have had to change their strategies and the way they work with artists. New types of deals are being made with artists called "multiple rights" or "360" deals with artists. These types of pacts give labels rights and percentages to artist's touring, merchandising, and endorsements. In exchange for these rights, labels usually give higher advance payments to artists, have more patience with artist development, and pay higher percentages of CD sales. These 360 deals are most effective when the artist is established and has a loyal fan base. For that reason, labels now have to be more relaxed with the development of artists because longevity is the key to these types of pacts. Several artists such as Paramore, Maino, and even Madonna have signed such types of deals.
A look at an actual 360 deal offered by Atlantic Records to an artist shows a variation of the structure. Atlantic's document offers a conventional cash advance to sign the artist, who would receive a royalty for sales after expenses were recouped. With the release of the artist's first album, however, the label has an option to pay an additional $200,000 in exchange for 30 percent of the net income from all touring, merchandise, endorsements, and fan-club fees. Atlantic would also have the right to approve the act's tour schedule, and the salaries of certain tour and merchandise sales employees hired by the artist. But the label also offers the artist a 30 percent cut of the label's album profits—if any—which represents an improvement from the typical industry royalty of 15 percent.
In the 1970s and 1980s, there was a phase of consolidation in the record industry that led to almost all major labels being owned by a very few multinational companies. CDs still flow through a handful of sources, with the majority of the sales going through the "big three" record labels.
Resurgence of independent labelsEdit
In the 1990s, as a result of the widespread use of home studios, consumer recording technology, and the Internet, independent labels began to become more commonplace. Independent labels are often artist-owned (although not always), with a stated intent often being to control the quality of the artist's output. Independent labels usually do not enjoy the resources available to the "big three" and as such will often lag behind them in market shares. Often independent artists manage a return by recording for a much smaller production cost of a typical big label release. Sometimes they are able to recoup their initial advance even with much lower sales numbers.
On occasion, established artists, once their record contract has finished, move to an independent label. This often gives the combined advantage of name recognition and more control over one's music along with a larger portion of royalty profits. Artists such as Dolly Parton, Aimee Mann, Prince, Public Enemy, BKBravo (Kua and Rafi), among others, have done this. Historically, companies started in this manner have been re-absorbed into the major labels (two examples are American singer Frank Sinatra's Reprise Records, which has been owned by Warner Music Group for some time now, and musician Herb Alpert's A&M Records, now owned by Universal Music Group). Similarly, Madonna's Maverick Records (started by Madonna with her manager and another partner) was to come under control of Warner Music when Madonna divested herself of controlling shares in the company.
There are many independent labels such as folk singer Ani DiFranco's Righteous Babe Records. The singer turned down lucrative contracts from several top-name labels in order to establish her own New York-based company. Constant touring resulted in noteworthy success for an act without significant major funding. DiFranco and others from the company have spoken on several occasions about their business model in the hope of encouraging others.
Some independent labels become successful enough that major record companies negotiate contracts to either distribute music for the label or in some cases, purchase the label completely.
On the punk rock scene, the DIY ethic encourages bands to self-publish and self-distribute. This approach evolved out of necessity around since the early 1980s, due to the major labels' aversion to signing the punk rock bands that spawned after the initial wave in the mid-70s. Such labels have a reputation for being fiercely uncompromising and especially unwilling to cooperate with the big record labels at all. One of the most notable and influential labels of the Do-It-Yourself attitude was SST Records, created by the band Black Flag. No labels wanted to release their material, so they simply created their own label to release not only their own material but the material of many other influential underground bands all over the country. Ian MacKaye's Dischord is often cited as a model of success in the DIY community, having survived for over thirty years with less than twelve employees at any one time.
Internet and digital labelsEdit
With the Internet now being a viable source for obtaining music, netlabels have emerged. Depending on the ideals of the net label, music files from the artists may be downloaded free of charge or for a fee that is paid via PayPal or other online payment system. Some of these labels also offer hard copy CDs in addition to direct download. Digital Labels are the latest version of a 'net' label. Whereas 'net' labels were started as a free site, digital labels are more competition for the major record labels.
Publishers as labelsEdit
In the mid-2000s, some music publishing companies began undertaking the work traditionally done by labels. The publisher Sony/ATV Music, for example, leveraged its connections within the Sony family to produce, record, distribute, and promote Elliott Yamin's debut album under a dormant Sony-owned imprint, rather than waiting for a deal with a proper label.
Major labels 1988–1999 (Big Six)Edit
- Warner Music Group
- Sony Music (known as CBS Records until January 1991 then known as Sony Music thereafter)
- Universal Music Group
Major labels 1999–2004 (Big Five)Edit
Major labels 2004–2012 (Big Four)Edit
- Universal Music Group
- Sony BMG (The Sony and BMG joint-venture label. Traded as Sony Music Entertainment after 2008 merger)
- Warner Music Group
Major labels since 2012 (Big Three)Edit
- Universal Music Group (most of EMI's recorded music division absorbed into UMG)
- Sony Music (EMI Music Publishing absorbed into Sony/ATV Music Publishing)
- Warner Music Group (EMI's Parlophone and EMI/Virgin Classics labels absorbed into WMG on 1 July 2013)
Record labels are often under the control of a corporate umbrella organization called a "music group". A music group is typically owned by an international conglomerate "holding company", which often has non-music divisions as well. A music group controls and consists of music publishing companies, record (sound recording) manufacturers, record distributors, and record labels. As of 2007, the "big four" music groups control about 70% of the world music market, and about 80% of the United States music market. Record companies (manufacturers, distributors, and labels) may also constitute a "record group" which is, in turn, controlled by a music group. The constituent companies in a music group or record group are sometimes marketed as being "divisions" of the group.
- Klein, Allison. "How Record Labels Work". HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- "The big 3 major music labels". Slideshare.net. 28 January 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- "Top Five Lessons Learned from Indie Record Labels". Musicians.about.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- "CNN Transcript – Special Event: Lars Ulrich, Roger McGuinn Testify Before Senate Judiciary Committee on Downloading Music on the Internet". Transcripts.cnn.com. 11 July 2000. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- "Nine inch nails = independent". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- "Trent Reznor on Nine Inch Nails' Columbia Signing: ‘I'm Not a Major Label Apologist'". Spin.com. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- "Radiohead sign 'conventional' record deal". Nme.com. 31 October 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- D Arditi. "iTunes: Breaking Barriers and Building Walls". Popular Music & Society. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- Newman, Melinda. "Inside Prince's Career-Long Battle to Master His Artistic Destiny". Billboard. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- Johnston, Maura. "Kesha and Dr. Luke: Everything You Need to Know to Understand the Case". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- Covert, Adrian (25 April 2013). "A decade of iTunes singles killed the music industry - Apr. 25, 2013". Money.cnn.com. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
- Leeds, Jeff (11 November 2004). "The New Deal: Band as Brand". Nytimes.com.
- Suhr, Cecilia (November 2011). [EBSCOhost, library.se.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=91544625&site=eds-live. "Understanding the Hegemonic Struggle between Mainstream Vs. Independent Forces: The Music Industry and Musicians in the Age of Social Media"] Check
|url=value (help). International Journal of Technology, Knowledge & Society. 7: 123–136. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- Butler, Susan (31 March 2007), "Publisher = Label? – Sony/ATV Music releases; Elliott Yamin's record", Billboard
- Joshua R. Wueller, Mergers of Majors: Applying the Failing Firm Doctrine in the Recorded Music Industry, 7 Brook. J. Corp. Fin. & Com. L. 589, 601–04 (2013).
- "Copyright Law, Treaties and Advice". Copynot.org. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
- Archived 28 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Record labels.|
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IT’S 3 p.m. My knees hurt. My back aches. Little pools of sweat form on my glasses, but my eyes never leave the trowel as I scrape the brownish-red earth.
Scrape after scrape turns up nothing as I scratch deeper and deeper into the excavation pit that a Parks Canada archeologist has assigned to me and two others. That archeologist, Charles Burke, is leading a public dig on a ridge on the Nova Scotia side of the New Brunswick border where the Acadian village of Beaubassin once stood.
Another scrape, another and another. Nothing. I stretch my tired hand forward to scrape yet again when the soil before me bursts in a miniature explosion. When the earth settles, a gleaming white tubular object is revealed.
Of course, there's this: Two pits over, Camilla Vautour is carefully scraping around a large stone that has broken through the surface as a result of her digging. The St. Ignace, N.B., resident is here for two reasons — she believes she was an archeologist in a previous life. . .
Too late in the day to make a lame joke.
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Your pet’s curious nature often gets him into trouble, causing him to explore weed thickets, storage containers, and open fields where he can come into contact with any number of substances, including toxic plants. Particularly as the weather warms and more and more people are allowing their dogs and cats outside for a bit of fresh air, the possibility of ingesting poisonous plants increases.
The great variety of potentially poisonous plants, shrubs, and grasses can make identification of a toxic substance difficult, unless you have actually seen your dog or cat mouthing or ingesting a particular plant. Both outdoor and indoor plants can be harmful to your pet, with some parts of certain plants being more toxic than others.
Ingesting a poisonous plant can cause a variety of symptoms in your pet including drooling, mouth and gum inflammation, swelling of the trachea and/or esophagus, vomiting and diarrhea, hallucinations, tremors, seizure, coma and death. Some plants will only cause a skin rash, a fairly non-threatening problem, while others, known for their medicinal properties, can induce symptoms similar to a drug overdose, with kidney, cardiac, and respiratory failure.
If you suspect your cat or dog has eaten all or part of a poisonous plant, call your veterinarian immediately or contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at (888) 426-4435.
The following tables of toxic plants, shrubs and trees are included for reference. You can find more information on each plant species by going to Merck Veterinary Manual websites at:
Toxic Outdoor Plants
Water hemlock, Dogbanes, Nightshades, Jerusalem cherry, Potato stems and leaves, Horse nettle, Buffalo bur, Rattlebox, Purple sesbane, Bladderpod ,Coffeebean, Corn cockle, Milkweed, Day-blooming jessamine, Night-blooming hemlock, Jimson weed, Thorn apple, Yellow jessamine, Evening trumpet flower, Carolina laurel, Ivybush, Lambkill, Oleander, Castor bean, Sorghum, Sudan grass, Kafir, Durra, Schrock, Japanese and English yew, Milo, Broom-corn.
Poisonous House Plants and Ornamentals
American aloe, Chinese evergreen, Barbados aloe, Yesterday-today-and-tomorrow, Caladium, Marijuana, Chili pepper, Spider plant, Crocus, Lily-of-the-valley, Cyclamen, Dumbcane, Foxglove, Dragon tree, Poinsettia, Hyacinths, English holly, Kalanchoe, Easter lily, Daffodils, Avocado pear, Philodendron, Mistletoe, Azalea, Mother-in-law’s tongue, Schefflera, Florida arrowroot.
Many items that we use every day in our homes can be dangerous and poisonous to our furry companions. Without knowing what they are, we can be putting our pets in danger of severe illness, even death. The following is a partial list of substances that should be kept far from the reach of our dogs, cats and other neighborhood animals.
Antifreeze, containing ethylene glycol, produces increased thirst and urination, vomiting and diarrhea, seizures, panting, loss of appetite, acute kidney failure and possibly death. As little as 2 ounces of anti-freeze can prove fatal to a medium-sized dog within 24 to 48 hours. Smaller felines are even more quickly susceptible to fatal doses of antifreeze. If you suspect your pet has lapped up any antifreeze at all, consider this a veterinary emergency and get her to your veterinarian immediately.
Because of the theobromine, a type of stimulant found in cacao shells, cocoa bean mulch can be toxic to your dog or cat if ingested. It results in restlessness, hyperactivity, panting, vomiting and diarrhea, irregular heartbeat, seizures, coma and eventual death if enough is eaten. While cats are less likely to ingest cocoa bean mulch due to its taste, the toxic symptoms are the same as for dogs.
DEET, or N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide, found in insect repellents, was originally developed by the US Army as a pesticide to use during jungle warfare. It can cause tremors, over-excitement, vomiting, and seizures if your dog or cat eats any of it. It can also cause skin irritation if it gets on your pet’s coat and skin.
Acids and alkalis, such as those found in bleach, drain cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and batteries, can result in burns on your pet’s tongue and gums, drooling, holes in the esophagus, stomach, and intestinal tract, severe abdominal pain, sepsis, and eventual death. You need to keep these products locked safely away from both pets and children.
Citrus oils, such as linalool and limonene – found in candles, mosquito deterrents, and room fresheners – produce weakness, drooling, tremors, depression, ataxia (the inability to walk correctly), low blood pressure, fevers and possible death.
Human pain medications, including aspirin, acetaminophen and ibuprofen, should never be fed to dogs, unless recommended by a veterinarian. Cats, in particular, are highly susceptible to ibuprofen toxicity and have been known to die from it. This includes products containing those medicines, such as stomach gas reducers and certain antacids. These medicines trigger loss of appetite, bloody vomit, drooling, stomach ulcers, intense pain and drunken behavior.
Petroleum products, including gas, motor oil, kerosene, turpentine, paint thinner, and lighter fluid, result in tremors, breathing problems, coma, seizures, vomiting, respiratory failure and even death if not treated promptly after your pet ingests them. The old farmer’s remedy of treating mange with motor oil has long been proven ineffective, and can also kill your pet.
Mothballs, containing the chemicals naphthalene and dichlorobenene, are toxic to your cat or dog, and if ingested, cause serious illness. Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, damage to the liver, blood cells, and kidneys, brain swelling, seizures, coma, and even death. If your pet eats mothballs, you should consider this a veterinary emergency and seek immediate veterinary care.
Other toxins found in your home that can make you pet ill or even cause death include lawn fertilizers, the lead found in paint and golf balls (also responsible for intestinal obstructions in dogs), pine oils found in cleaning products, poisonous pest baits manufactured with arsenic, warfarin, and strychnine, and pennies made after 1982 that contain large amounts of zinc.
Note: If you suspect your pet has eaten any of these plants, products or chemicals, please note the amount ingested and contact your veterinarian or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center at (888) 426-4435.
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The recent outbreak of the traditionally “rare” infection in the inner west of Sydney has left many owners concerned for their dog’s safety. Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection which can result in vague signs of fever, vomiting, dehydration, loss of appetite and bloody stool or progress to kidney and liver disease and sadly sometimes death!
Luckily, we can vaccinate against one of the common strains of this disease and strongly recommend this preventative action if your pup is at risk of exposure to rats, pigs, cattle or stagnant water. Initially, your dog requires two injections two to four weeks apart in order to build protective immunity. After that, the vaccine will be administered as a part of their annual health checks. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease, meaning you are also at risk of contracting the disease should your dog be infected.
If you think your furry friend may risk exposure, speak to Uni Vets Camden today to book a vaccination.
Written by Sara Orpin – Final Year Veterinary Student, The University of Sydney
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Senator Klobuchar Visits Mississippi Headwaters
Minnesota is known for its beautiful lakes and waterways, but these waters are threatened by the spread of aquatic invasive species. U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar and members of several agencies met at the Mississippi Headwaters today to celebrate a step forward in the battle against one non-native species in particular, asian carp.
Senator Klobuchar authored a bipartisan bill recently signed into law that will ban these species from coming up the Mississippi river by closing a lock. The new federal law will close the upper St. Anthony falls lock in one year to keep the invasive carp from spreading upstream. Senator Klobuchar says the lock in downtown Minneapolis is good point to stop the carp, because it doesn’t have as much traffic.
Fishing and boating industries contribute over $4 billion to Minnesota’s economy each year, and Senator Klobuchar says closing this lock will help stop invasive carp from having a devastating impact on our fisheries and tourism. Legislators hope to ultimately find a permanent solution by funding more research programs at the University of Minnesota to find a way to kill the carp without harming other native species.
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Knowing a second language is very rewarding and a sought after skill to have.
In general, it's easier for children to learn another language as their brains are still developing, so it's really a great time to start. You don't have to be completely fluent to reap the benefits because even the process of learning the basics has many surprising health benefits, including improved memory and attention span.
Your kids could also find themselves many steps ahead when they go to their first compulsory French class at school making the classes a lot less demanding. Lots of people will associate learning a language with being quite a boring and lengthy activity but, even though the learning process requires perseverance and patience, nowadays there are a lot more resources that make the learning process much more fun and easy!
In this article, we give some ideas and learning resources for kids to make it easier and more enjoyable for your little one to learn a language at home. This includes Netflix shows, books, free learning apps and online courses to learn German, French, Spanish or Sign Language.
Which Language Should My Little One Learn?
Firstly though, you might be asking yourself what language should you choose, and although there's no right or wrong answer to this question, we wanted to give you some facts that might help you make your decision.
Languages come in different difficulties for English speakers. For example, languages like French, Spanish and German that are similar to English are easier to learn than Arabic, Cantonese and Mandarin. Though we certainly don't discourage learning these brilliant languages!
Then there's the matter of how many speak the language. The top most-spoken in order are Mandarin (Chinese), Spanish, English and Hindi.
You might also have personal reasons for learning a language such as a friend or a family member whose first language is not English. You might also choose to learn one if it is a part of your family heritage.
Whichever one you decide on, leaning a language is a fantastic thing to do!
Try The Brilliant Language Learning App Duolingo!
Language learning apps weren't around when we were at school, and we wish they were! Duolingo is probably the most popular of all the language learning apps and can be used to learn almost any well-known language including French, German, Spanish, Chinese, Hindi, Indonesian, Hebrew, Korean and many more. If your little ones are Star Trek fans, they can even learn how to speak Klingon! The app starts you off as a beginner and you take fun tests to earn points and progress. You can track your progress and learn any topic you like, from greetings to animals. This app is perfect for learning the basics and would recommend for kids over the age of 10.
Stories By Gus On The Go
Another great language learning app tailored specifically for kids is 'Stories By Gus On The Go'. The difference to Duolingo is that this app is suited to younger children from age 3-7. It teaches you your chosen language by reading some classic stories such as The Three Little Pigs and Goldilocks and the Three Bears.
Netflix Shows Are Perfect For Your Little Ones
Netflix has lots of brilliant and educational shows for kids. One surprisingly useful method of learning a language is to, once in a while, watch some videos in another language. There's a setting on Netflix to change the language of a TV show which is a really useful feature. Netflix shows like Word Party are perfect for toddlers and beginners to learn a language and is available in Spanish, French, German, and Mandarin.
Flashcards Are Fab
Flashcards are also a great way to teach your children new languages. These can be hand made to tailor your own level so are great for all children, from toddlers and teens! All you need for this is some card and pens and on one side have some phrases and words in English and the other in French, German or Spanish. Use bright colours to really help the learning process.
Play Some Games
Whilst you're creating flashcards, you can also make some great games at the same time! These activities help you learn in a more fun way so your children are less likely to get bored. Similarly to the flashcards, you'll only need some card and pens. Create lots of cards with English words and phrases on and create matching cards with the French, German or Spanish translations. Then turn all the cards over and, just like the game Pairs, you have to match the English words and phrases to the French, German or Spanish. You can also use these cards to play other games like Snap!
YouTube Channels = Great Online Courses
There are some fantastic YouTube videos available to help your kids learn through games and activities. These completely free videos start at a beginner level and explore a whole range of topics from the alphabet to visiting the doctor's office. Your kids can use these videos as revision material to study for their GCSEs or just to learn for fun during lockdown. There are lots of different channels tailored for lots of different languages. So once your kids have chosen which language they want to learn, we recommend that you get onto YouTube and search for lessons in your chosen language as there are lots of useful videos for your kids to explore.
Books Are As Valuable As Ever
Although we are spoilt for choice in terms of online language learning resources, books are still invaluable resources for your kids to learn a language. There are endless language learning books for kids available for all ages; this can sometimes make it difficult to choose the right one for your little one. Online reviews and comments make it easier to distinguish the good from the bad but to make it even easier, we've listed some of our favourite language learning books below with an age it is more suited for.
- Usborne First Thousand Words Books - You might know these famous books as the 'find the duck books' as you have to find a small yellow duck on each page. These classics come in 70 different languages and are perfect for beginners. Suitable for 3-6-year-old children.
- The Everything Kids Learning Spanish Book - This Spanish exercise book allows kids to learn Spanish by completing fun puzzles! It is aimed at 7-12-year-old children and is a fun way to start learning Spanish. Exercise books are a perfect way to blend learning into fun games and activities so we definitely recommend these kinds of books.
- Am I small? Je suis petite, moi? - This highly rated picture book is a perfect way for children to start getting used to French grammar and phrases. There are no lessons, just a cute simple story to help teach your little one the basics of French. This book is perfect for children under 5.
At Kidadl we pride ourselves on offering families original ideas to make the most of time spent together at home or out and about, wherever you are in the world. We strive to recommend the very best things, that are suggested by our community and are things we would do ourselves - our aim is to be the trusted friend to parents.
We try our very best, but cannot guarantee perfection. We will always aim to give you accurate information at the date of publication - however, information does change, so it's important you do your own research, double-check and make the decision that is right for your family.
Kidadl provides inspiration for everything from family days out to online classes, arts, crafts and science experiments. We recognise that not all activities and ideas are appropriate and suitable for all children and families or in all circumstances. Our recommended activities are based on age but these are a guide. We recommend that these ideas are used as inspiration, that ideas are undertaken with appropriate adult supervision, and that each adult uses their own discretion and knowledge of their children to consider the safety and suitability.
Kidadl cannot accept liability for the execution of these ideas, and parental supervision is advised at all times, as safety is paramount. Anyone using the information provided by Kidadl does so at their own risk and we can not accept liability if things go wrong.
We also link to other websites, but are not responsible for their content.
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Agriculture: European scale
Length and intensity of Europe's thermal growing season
The agricultural potential and suitable conditions for forest growth in a certain part of the world can be expressed by two measures that describe the growing conditions for crops and trees in the summer season: the length and intensity of the so-called thermal growing season. Thermal growing season is the length of the growing season for crops and trees. It is defined to start when the daily mean temperature rises above a selected threshold in spring, and end as the mean temperature falls below that level in autumn. The intensity of the thermal growing season is represented by the effective temperature sum, also termed temperature accumulation or the growing degree day sum; this sum is calculated by summing the daily mean temperature excesses above the threshold during this season (41).
The commonly used base temperature for the thermal growing season is 5°C in boreal and temperate climate conditions (42) and 10°C in warmer climate zones (43).
Global warming leads to a prolongation and intensification of the thermal growing season. Prolongation and warming of this season has already been noticed in many regions: in northern Europe thermal growing season has lengthened by about 1week between 1951 and 2000 (44). The intensity of this season (expressed as growing degree day sum) has increased all over Europe after 2000 (45).
Projections of future changes have been calculated for Europe for the end of the 21st century, based on 22 - 23 global climate models under a moderate and high-end scenario of global warming, respectively (the so-called RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios). According to these results, in most of Europe the thermal growing season will last 1.5 - 2 months longer in 2100 compared to the reference period 1971 – 2000 for the high-end scenario of climate change, and 20 - 40 days longer for the moderate scenario of climate change; results are similar for the 5°C and 10°C baseline. Lengthening is anticipated to be slightest in southeastern European Russia and largest in coastal areas and central Europe (41).
For the high-end scenario the intensity of the thermal growing season with respect to the 5°C baseline (growing degree day sum) will be 60 - 100% higher in 2100; the increase is somewhat smaller for the moderate scenario. In absolute terms, the increase of the intensity of this season is largest in the south. In relative terms, however, the increase is largest in cold areas (41).
The prolongation and intensification of the thermal growing season is beneficial for especially northern Europe. It enables the introduction of new species and cultivars in agriculture (46), allows a more extensive utilization of double-crop rotation (47) and enhances timber growth in forests (48). Besides, the mildness of the dark season facilitates the overwintering of fruit trees and other vulnerable perennial plants (49), and high autumn and winter temperatures accelerate the decomposition of litter and the release of nutrients in boreal forest, a factor that may already have enhanced timber growth (48).
On the other hand, long growing seasons and mild winters also favour pests and fungi in arable lands and forests, and higher temperatures in late autumn are of little use for plant photosynthesis in northern Europe due to the scantiness of the light. Also, annual cereal crops are harvested in early autumn and thus do not benefit from the autumn lengthening of the thermal growing season. In late autumn, the harvesting conditions would in any case be unfavourable owing to high moisture, even more so as precipitation is projected to increase and the low amount of solar radiation can no longer alone dry the harvest crop (41).
To conclude, the prolongation and intensification of the thermal growing season offers several benefits for northern European forestry and agriculture, but adaptation (plant breeding and pest control) is still necessary. In southern Europe, negative impacts dominate, particularly as a result of excessive heat and the reduced availability of water (41).
Effects of climate extremes on global yields
Climate extremes, such as droughts or heat waves, will occur more often, last longer and become more intense. It is important to understand how this impacts crop yields on a global scale so the resilience of the global food system can be enhanced. The vulnerability of crop yields on a global scale has been assessed for the period 1961 to 2008, and for the four major food crops maize, soybeans, rice, and (winter and spring) wheat. According to the authors, their study is the first global study on climate extremes impacts on crop yields based on yield data at sub-national scale (129).
Their results show that almost half of the variability in global maize (49%) and spring wheat (46%) yields can be explained by climate variability and climate extremes during the growing season. For the variability in rice and soybean yields this is about one quarter (rice: 28%) to one fifth (soybeans: 20%). More than half of this explained yield variability for maize, rice and soybeans, and nearly half of it for spring wheat can be related to climate extremes. The variability that cannot be related to climate variations is due to several other factors, such as soil properties, management decisions (irrigation rate, fertiliser use) and market factors (129).
For winter wheat the observed variations in yields can be explained only for a minor part by climate variability and climate extremes. This is likely due to the comparatively long growing season spanning several seasons (129).
Variations in temperature are more important as a driver of yield variations than variations in precipitation (such as extreme precipitation or drought). Possibly, droughts only influence yields if they occur at larger spatial and temporal scales than the ones in this study, or droughts should be defined differently (as hydrological or agricultural droughts) than the definition used in this study (meteorological droughts). Anyway, the negative yield effects of high temperatures are intertwined with water stress and can be mitigated by irrigation (129).
Hotspot regions that are critical for global food production and particularly susceptible to the effects of climate extremes include North America for maize, spring wheat and soy production, Asia in the case of maize and rice production, and Europe for spring wheat production (129).
Risks of simultaneous global breadbasket failure
Heat extremes with negative impacts on crop yields can occur simultaneously in different parts of the northern hemisphere. This is due to the dynamics of the waves in the jet stream and its interaction with cyclones and anticyclones. This dynamics connects weather patterns in far-away regions. Climate change may influence this dynamics such that the risk of concurrent heat waves in major breadbasket regionsof North America, Europe and Asia is enhanced (132).
On a global scale, the probability of multiple global breadbasket failures, in different main agricultural regions of the world at the same time, has increased substantially for wheat, maize, and soybean. This has decreased for rice. This was concluded from analyses over the period 1967-1990 compared with 1991-2012. These breadbaskets are the main agricultural regions within the highest crop-producing countries (the United States, Argentina, Europe, Russia/Ukraine, China, India, Australia, Indonesia and Brazil). For wheat, maize, soybean and rice, these breadbaskets account for 56%, 56%, 73% and 38% of the total global production in 2012, respectively. The annual probability of all breadbaskets experiencing climate risks simultaneously increased from 0.3% to 1.2% for wheat, from 0.8% to 1.1% for maize and from 1.7% to 2% for soybean. For rice, it decreased from 21.2% to 11.8% between the two periods. In general, the risks of extreme temperature simultaneously hitting yield in multiple breadbaskets have increased more than risks of unfavourable precipitation (133).
Vulnerabilities and opportunities - global yields
Maize, rice, soy and wheat are the four crops that make up a major part of the scientific literature on climate impacts on crops. These crops collectively account for approximately 20% of the value of global agricultural production, 65% of harvested crop area, and just under 50% of calories directly consumed (63).
Crop production losses due to climate change so far
Technological improvements have increased crop yields during the last half-century. Climate change, however, has slowed down the increasing yield trends compared to the yields we would have had without global warming. The impacts so far of climate change on the global average yields of maize, rice, wheat and soybeans has been estimated in a study focused on two situations: the yields for the actual conditions in the period 1981 - 2010, and a counterfactual simulation representing a preindustrial climate without human influences on the global climate (104). These estimates include both yields under rainfed and irrigated conditions. In this study, a single combination of a climate model and a crop model was used.
Negative impact on crop yields: The model simulations suggest that without climate change, current global mean yields of maize, wheat and soybeans would have been 4.1, 1.8 and 4.5% higher, respectively. For rice, no significant impacts were detected. The uncertainties in these estimated yield impacts are large, however. For maize, the 90% probability interval is -8.5 to +0.5% (- indicating a yield loss, + an increase). For wheat and soybeans these intervals are -7.5 to +4.3%, and -8.4 to -0.5%, respectively. These estimates include the uncertainties related to the positive impact of higher concentrations of CO2 on crop yields (104).
Economic production losses: The estimated yield impacts were converted into economic production losses. This was done for the period 2005 – 2009. The estimated annual global production loss so far due to global warming is largest for maize: -22.3 Billion US$. Estimated annual production losses for wheat and soybeans are -13.6 and -6.5 Billion US$, respectively. Again, the uncertainties in these estimates are large, reflecting the uncertainties in the yield impacts (104).
Geographical variation: On a global scale, global warming so far seems to have increased crop yields at the mid and high latitudes, and decreased at the low latitudes. This pattern was observed for all of the crops. In the low latitudes current temperatures are already high, and warming has led more crops to be exposed to physiologically critical temperatures (105). In the high latitudes, where low temperatures and snow cover are the primary limiting factors for crop production, the warming has benefited crop growth. The mid-latitudes are in the transition zone between the changes that have occurred in the low and high latitudes. The role of temperature change on yield impacts seems to dominate over that of precipitation change, consistent with earlier studies (106). In Europe, precipitation changes (more droughts) are very important in the Mediterranean, however.
Global warming so far has had a negative impact on recent yields in 31% of the global areas where maize is being grown today, according to this study. For wheat and soybeans these numbers are 14 and 25%, respectively. By contrast, in 5 - 9% of the harvested area worldwide crop yields have benefitted from climate change (104).
Still, yields are increasing: The aforementioned negative impacts of climate change do not imply that crop yields have actually decreased over the last decades. On the contrary, crop yields have increased globally during the last half-century, driven by technological improvements. A negative yield impact as a result of global warming implies that the increasing yield trends have slowed down compared to the yields we would have had without global warming (104).
Overview published results (including IPCC) wheat, maize, rice and soybean
There is medium confidence that climate trends have negatively affected wheat and maize production for many regions; there is also medium confidence for negative impacts on global aggregate production of wheat and maize. Changes in temperature caused reduction in global yields of maize and wheat by 3.8 and 5.5% respectively from 1980 to 2008 relative to a counterfactual without climate change, which offset in some countries some of the gains from improved agricultural technology (32). Effects on rice and soybean yields have been small in major production regions and globally (31). There is limited direct evidence that unambiguously links climate change to impacts on food security (31).
Global yield impacts of climate change and adaptation have been evaluated by analysing a data set of more than 1,700 published simulations for three crops: wheat, rice and maize (21). This is the largest pool of data from diverse modelling studies ever used for a global synthesis of this kind; the results have contributed to the food security and food production systems chapter of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCC (22,31). The results show that without adaptation, losses in aggregate production are expected for wheat, rice and maize in both temperate and tropical regions by 2°C of local warming. The results also show that crop-level adaptations increase simulated yields by an average of 7-15%, with adaptations being more effective for wheat and rice than maize. Yield losses are greater in magnitude for the second half of the century than for the first. Even moderate warming may reduce temperate crop yields in many locations.
For around 1-3°C warming, the data show both positive and negative yield responses, whereas the previous Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) had primarily positive responses at these temperature changes. For all three temperate crops the new data set shows a greater risk of yield reductions at moderate warming than AR4. The results show that adaptation provides clear benefits for wheat and rice: the central tendencies indicate that most yield loss in wheat may be avoided, or even reversed, in tropical regions up to 2-3°C of local warming and in temperate regions across a broad range of warming (21).
In the more than 1,700 published simulations there is a majority consensus that yield changes will be negative from the 2030s onwards. More than 70% of projections indicate yield decreases for the 2040s and 2050s, and more than 45% of all projections for the second half of the century indicate yield decreases greater than 10%. The magnitude of the yield impact generally increases with time. These projections include simulations with adaptation, suggesting that farmer adaptation earlier in the twenty-first century can ameliorate some, but not all, risk of yield reductions. It looks like increases in yield variability become increasingly likely as the century progresses (21).
There are a number of limitations with respect to this meta-analysis, however, such as: the lack of simulation of pests, weeds and diseases, the frequent assumption of water availability into the future despite ongoing changes in many regions, inaccuracies in representing adaptations, and structural, parameter and bias correction uncertainty in both crop and climate models (21).
Global potato yields
Global projections based on 5 global climate models indicate potato crop yield reductions for the temperate regions of North America, Eastern Europe, and Asia, and a yield increase for Western Europe. This geospatial pattern of yield change due to climate change was found for 2055 under an intermediate (RCP 4.5) and high-end scenario of climate change (RCP 8.5), and for 2085 under the intermediate scenario of climate change. Yields declined for most of the world by 2085 for the high-end scenario of climate change. Under the intermediate scenario, global potato yields are projected to decline by 2.1% and 1.8% by 2055 and 2085, respectively. For the high-end scenario, the projections indicate a global yield decline of 5.6% and 25.8% by 2055 and 2085, respectively (108).
The impact of ozone versus global warming
Global demand for food is expected to increase by at least 50% from 2010 to 2050 mainly as a result of population growth and a shift towards a more `westernized' diet in developing regions (28). Both temperature extremes and surface ozone, formed through the photochemistry of precursor gases mainly arising from human activities, are detrimental to crop yields (27). The impact of global warming and surface ozone concentration has been projected for 2050 compared with 2010 for two greenhouse gasses emission scenarios: an intermediate pathway with a global reduction in surface ozone due to pollution control measures worldwide (RCP4.5) and a more `pessimistic', energy-intensive pathway with a worldwide increase in ozone except in the US and around Japan (RCP8.5) (27). According to these projections, more severe ozone pollution (scenario RCP8.5) leads to substantial crop damage on a global scale, reducing global total crop production by 3.6%. In this scenario, ozone pollution and climate change combine to reduce global crop production by 15% between 2010 and 2050. Aggressive pollution control worldwide, however, (scenario RCP4.5) leads to an overall 3.1% increase in global production. According to these results, ozone pollution control (scenario RCP4.5) has the potential to partially offset the negative impact of climate change, leading to a smaller combined global crop production decrease of 9.0%.
Cereal yield reduction from ozone could reach 6 and 10% in 2030 for the European Union with the B1 and A2 scenarios, respectively (33).
Vulnerabilities and opportunities - global impacts under 1.5 °C and 2 °C warming
Paris Agreement: Crop productivity changes at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming
Following the adoption of the Paris Agreement, there has been an increasing interest in quantifying impacts at global mean temperature increase of 1.5°C and 2°C above pre-industrial levels. The results of a global study on the four major staple crops wheat, maize, rice, and soybean indicates that impacts of warming on crop production will be consistently higher at 2°C compared to 1.5°C (78). However, uncertainties related to potentially positive effects of increasing CO2 fertilization on crop productivity are found to dominate over this warming increment. Thus, changes in temperature alone are insufficient to characterize impacts of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions on crop productivity (78).
While some high latitude regions like Northern Europe see some benefits under future warming up to 1.5°C, warming benefits beyond 1.5°C remain limited. Tropical and sub-tropical regions are affected most strongly, with median reductions in total crop productivity of 3%-5% projected for regions such as Central America and the Caribbean, the Sahel or East Africa. Rice productivity is particularly affected in water-scarce regions such as the Mediterranean or West Asia (78). These findings of consistently reduced productivity under scenarios of increased warming align well with existing literature estimating the impacts of warming on crop productivity (79). For instance, a recent study found warming to reduce global yields of wheat by 6.0 ± 2.9%, rice by 3.2 ± 3.7%, maize by 7.4 ± 4.5% and soybean by 3.1% ± 5% per °C global mean temperature increase (80).
Wheat, with about a 2.1 million km2 total harvested area, is the most abundant crop in the world: it is the first rain-fed crop after maize and the second irrigated crop after rice (65). It contributes to about the 20% of the total dietary calories and proteins worldwide (66).
Higher than optimal temperatures during the growing season generally
- accelerate the progress of the plant phenological stages and reduce the final yield (67),
- increase the atmospheric demand for water and reduce the crop water-use efficiency (68), and
- leads to plant damages by inducing perturbations in cellular structures and metabolic processes (69).
Besides, isolated occurrences of extreme high temperatures around a sensitive stage of crop development, such as flowering and grain filling, can reduce grain yield considerably (70), while a prolonged period of extreme high temperatures might result in almost total yield loss (71). The detrimental effect of the heat stress on wheat yield may worsen when coinciding with drought (72). On the other hand, extreme amounts of precipitation and water excess in the soil can also be responsible for wheat loss due to proliferation of pests and diseases, leakage of nutrients, inhibition of oxygen uptake by roots, and interference with agronomical practices (e.g waterlogging during harvest) (64).
Global wheat production approximately doubled from 1970 to 2015, and increased by about 50% in the period 1980–2010 (64). This increase was mostly due to improved management and higher yielding crop varieties (64). Without these adjustments, changes in temperature and precipitation in this period would have led to a 5.5% reduction of global wheat production (73).
With respect to the impacts of extreme events on wheat yield anomalies, heat stress is often the most important predictor, in general as important as drought. As a prominent exception, in the Mediterranean countries drought carries a larger detrimental effect on wheat yield than heat stress. Wheat yield is sensitive to water excess, rather than to drought, in especially tropical regions and in some regions of the mid/high latitudes. While heat stress globally remains the most important factor determining the yield anomalies, water stress, and in particular water excess, is essential to explain yield anomalies of important wheat producers such as China and India (64).
Maize and soybean
Maize and soybean are among the most important food crops worldwide. 10 countries represent 84 % and 94 % of the world’s maize and soybean production respectively. This includes 4 European countries: France, Romania, Italy and Ukraine (38). A modeling study has shown that global warming results in reduced growing season lengths and ultimately reduced yields for both crops, with maize being more negatively impacted than soybean (37).
Even a small increase in temperature of about 0.5 °C (compared to the period 1961 - 1990) will have negative impacts on global maize yield, the severity of which will increase with increasing temperature. For maize, under no adaptation, large (>30 %) reductions in national average yield were simulated for all the major producing countries under +4 degree warming, and for most under +2 degree warming. The results indicate a global yield reduction of 10 - 20 % for every 1 °C increase in temperature without adaptation. These impacts are stronger than previous estimates of a yield reduction of 3 - 8 % for every 1 °C increase in temperature (39).
Use of farmer-instigated adaptation strategies through changing planting date and crop variety may alleviate the effects of a 0.5 °C warming for maize yields; however, temperatures greater than 1 °C will negatively affect yield in most countries. The response to adaptation strategies is country-specific: of these 10 countries adaptation seems to be most effective for France, demonstrating no decrease in yield under a 4 °C increase in temperature with adaptation measures (37).
Small temperature increases of 0.5 °C had no effect on soybean yield, although yield decreased as temperature increased. These negative effects, however, were partly compensated for by the implementation of adaptation strategies including planting earlier in the season and changing variety. For soybean, adaptation can be effective at temperatures up to 4 °C but that response is country-dependent (37).
Paris Agreement: Crop productivity changes versus biofuel expansion at 1.5°C and 2°C global warming
1.5° to +2°C global warming, the Paris targets, will impact crop yields and food prices. The impact of a mitigation policy where croplands are being used for bioenergy crops may be stronger, however.
Possible implications of +1.5° and +2°C global warming for global food production have been assessed for yields of maize, wheat, rice, and soy (99). Crop yield changes were quantified and compared with the reference situation (1980-2009). Several global climate models and crop models were combined, and a range of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations was included. Four crops were studied: maize, wheat, rice, and soy. The distinction between maize on the one hand, and wheat, rice, and soy on the other is particularly relevant since these crops have different photosynthetic carbon cycles. Hence, they respond differently to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
Rainfed crop yields in a +1.5°C World: Maize yields decline in most areas in a +1.5°C World. Wheat yields also decline (<5%) in major wheat belts of the North American Great Plains and Europe. Larger losses are evident in the northern Murray-Darling Basin of Australia, eastern South Africa, and northern Argentina, while western Asia and the North China Plain see substantial yield increases.
Rice yield changes are small over the major production regions in Asia, while increases are projected over tropical Africa and South America. Soy yields are projected to improve over much of Eastern Europe and northwestern Asia, and slightly decrease over the interior of North America and equatorward portions of South America and East Asia.
Rainfed crop yields in a +2°C World: When global warming moves from +1.5° to +2°C, maize yields decline further (median model results: -5%), compared with the current situation. Wheat and rice yields increase slightly (median of +1 to +2%), and soybean yields increase more substantially (median of + 8%).
Irrigated crop yields: Irrigated crops respond in much the same way as rainfed crops. In both the + 1.5° and + 2°C Worlds, irrigated maize losses are large over much of North America, China, and southern Europe, while yields are reduced for the irrigated wheat basket of South Asia.
The benefits of higher CO2 concentrations: CO2 effects are widely understood to be positive even as the magnitude of this benefit is uncertain (100). Overall there is strong agreement that crops like wheat, rice, and soy benefit more from higher CO2-levels than crops like maize.
Without CO2 effects, the production of all four crops would be lower in a + 2°C World compared with the current situation. Thanks to the CO2 effects, however, wheat, rice, and soy yields improve in the + 2°C World: in nearly all world regions the CO2 fertilization effect largely overcomes negative impacts of temperature and precipitation (101). For maize yields, this beneficial CO2 effect is much lower and yields decline further as temperatures rise to the +2°C World.
Global market responses: In the +1.5°C World, reductions in maize and rice production drive up their prices, increasing cropped area to make up for production gaps. Wheat prices and area also increase despite nearly flat global production levels, likely carried upward by pressure on maize and rice. Increases in soy production may lead to declining area and lower prices.
Maize production declines further in the +2°C World. The production of wheat, rice, and soy increases, however, compared to a future without climate change. This results in continued upward pressure on maize prices and area whilst prices and area for wheat, rice, and soy may decline.
Disturbing effects of mitigation policy: The implications of stabilizing global warming at +1.5° and +2°C go beyond the direct impacts of changes in temperature and precipitations, and the response to higher CO2-levels. Ambitious mitigation policy to achieve this climate stabilization may lead to croplands being used for bioenergy crops. This may affect food production and disturb food prices. In fact, bioenergy expansion may be more disruptive to land use and crop prices than the climate change impacts alone. This would require substantial intensification in remaining agricultural systems to meet food demands.
Land use competition from bioenergy crops may lead to higher food crop prices compared with a no-mitigation scenario. Thus, the costs of mitigation to achieve + 1.5° and + 2°C Worlds may likely exceed the costs of adaptation to those new climate conditions (102). This may also lead to a corresponding increase in hungry populations and food insecurity (103) compared to climate change alone.
Paris Agreement: Economic and biophysical impacts on agriculture under 1.5°C and 2°C global warming
Agriculture is affected by climate change in different ways. First, there is an impact of changes in temperature and precipitation. Second, crops respond to increasing levels of CO2 in the atmosphere in different ways, where in general a higher concentration of CO2 has a ‘fertilizing effect’ on crops. And there are additional impacts, including extreme heat, flood events, pests and disease, and ozone damages, which would be increasingly important at higher levels of climate change.
In addition to these climate and biophysical effects there is economics: the economic response where agricultural production is stimulated in regions that are relatively well-off, and trade flows of imports and exports change between these regions and regions with significant crop yield declines. Trade responsiveness will influence the difference in agricultural impacts between 2°C and 1.5°C global warming, and therefore must be included in an assessment on the benefits of achieving the Paris Agreement targets for global food production. This was done in a recent study on the combined effects of higher temperatures, higher atmospheric CO2 levels and trade effects (107). Focus was on seven crop types: temperate corn, soybean, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, tropical corn, and tropical soybean.
In this global study, the scientists concluded they were unable to distinguish the regional agricultural impacts occurring with 1.5°C warming from those occurring with 2°C warming. The uncertainties in the contributing impacts of climate, CO2 and trade, and how they counteract or reinforce one another are simply too large. Especially the uncertainty in the effect of CO2 fertilization on crop yield dominates the results. Without these effects, the agricultural sector is generally worse off in the 2°C scenario than in the 1.5°C scenario, but the associated higher CO2 levels may increase yields through its fertilizing effect. As a result, due to the CO2 fertilization effects on crop yield, economic impacts may be worse in the 1.5°C scenario than they are in the 2°C scenario (107).
Thus, when all of these uncertainties are included, it cannot be concluded whether 1.5°C is better or worse than 2°C warming in terms of global agricultural impacts (107).
Vulnerabilities and opportunities - global yield potential under sustainable irrigation
Closing the gap between actual and maximum crop yield
Global crop production depends on water received both as precipitation (or ‘green water’) and irrigation (or ‘blue water’) from surface water bodies and aquifers. The actual yield that a farmer currently achieves is often less than the potential yield he could achieve if the circumstances for a crop cultivar were optimal, that is, a situation with non-limiting water and nutrient supplies, and with pests, weeds, and diseases effectively controlled. The difference between this potential yield and the actual yield is called the crop yield gap. Additional irrigation will be needed in many places in order to close the yield gap and to maximize food production (94).
Closing this gap with sustainable water use
In some regions, the development of irrigation is limited by the availability of blue water resources. In other places, more water is needed for irrigation than can be replenished on rainy days. Using this water for irrigation may not be sustainable: too little water may be left to sustain aquatic habitats (95) and groundwater resources may be depleted (96).
For the world’s existing croplands, the irrigation water demand under current and maximized crop production has been quantified (93). This was done for 16 major crops that account for 73% of the planet’s cultivated areas and 70% of global crop production. These numbers were compared to local renewable freshwater availability, accounting for the volumes of water that are needed to sustain aquatic habitats, the so-called ‘environmental flows’. Thus, world regions could be identified where irrigation can be expanded into currently rainfed croplands without threatening freshwater ecosystems. The results are hopeful.
Hopeful results: an additional 2.8 billion people can be fed sustainably
Global water consumption for irrigation could sustainably increase by 48%, the results show. Thus, 37% more calories could be produced, enough to feed an additional 2.8 billion people. If current unsustainable blue water consumption practices were eliminated, a sustainable irrigation expansion and intensification would still enable a 24% increase in calorie production. Collectively, these results show that the sustainable expansion and intensification of irrigation in selected croplands could contribute substantially to achieving food security and environmental goals in tandem in the coming decades (93).
The results are hopeful for many regions where food security is under pressure. Sustainable irrigation could increase national food self-sufficiency in many countries that today meet large fractions of their domestic food demand through international trade (97). According to this study, China has the greatest potential to sustainably increase crop production by intensifying and expanding irrigation, thereby feeding an additional 382 million people. Africa currently produces enough calories to feed 400 million people, making it the continent with the largest gap between crop production and demand (98). An increase in yields through investments in irrigation expansion could sustainably feed an additional 450 million people and substantially reduce the continent’s dependence on food imports (93).
What needs to be done
Adequate and informed investments in irrigation infrastructure can help to feed billions more people, avoid agricultural expansion into natural habitats, and safeguard local boundaries of freshwater allocation for human and natural systems. More needs to be done than just installing more irrigation infrastructure, however. In addition, nutrient (fertilizer) supply needs to be improved, crop switching or increased cropping frequencies may be needed, and rainwater should be stored for its use during the dry seasons.
Vulnerabilities and opportunities - European yields according to review studies
Review Knox et al. (2016)
Climate impacts in Europe are not necessarily all negative. They could be beneficial for many crops and areas of production. This message was sent by the authors of a recent study in which they combined results of 41 scientific publications (59). Their study confirms that climate change is likely to increase the yield of Europe’s major agricultural cropping systems, with more favourable impacts in northern and central Europe.
The projected impacts of climate change on the yield of seven major crop types have been assessed. These crops are wheat, barley, maize, potato, sugar beet, rice and rye. Compared with the period 1961-1990, the projected change in average yield in Europe for these seven crops by the 2050s is a yield increase by 8%. Only for maize a reduction by 6% is projected. For wheat and sugar beet, projected average yield increase is highest: 14% and 15%, respectively. These increases are largely due to rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations, enhancing both crop productivity and resource use efficiency. Evidence of climate impacts on yield was extensive for wheat, maize, sugar beet and potato, but very limited for barley, rice and rye (59).
The findings of this study show strong regional differences with average crop impacts by the 2050s in northern Europe being higher (+14%) and more variable compared to central (+6%) and southern (+5) Europe (59).
Projections for northern Europe show significant higher average yields for maize and potato in the 2050s (+12% and +18%, respectively) and 2080s (+19% and +14%, respectively), compared with the reference period 1961-1990. Positive impacts for most crops apart from maize were also reported for central and southern Europe. The project decrease in average yield for maize in central Europe is 9% for the 2020s and 15% by the 2080s. Maize is projected to suffer the largest mean decrease in southern Europe, up to 28% by the 2080s (59).
The findings of this study corroborate other studies that show how crop productivity impacts in higher-latitude temperate regions, such as northern Europe, are generally expected to be less severe than in lower-latitude more tropical regions (60). The findings also illustrate that a lot of knowledge is available on projected crop yield changes for wheat and maize, but far less so for climate impacts on important crops such as barley, rice and rye. In addition, the study confirms there is extensive evidence on climate impacts on crop production for northern and central Europe, but much fewer studies for southern Europe (59).
Review Iglesias et al. (2012)
Recently, Iglesias et al. inventorized the overall impact of climate change on farming across agro-climatic zones in Europe within a time-frame of 2050 to 2080, based on 300 references that have been published in the period 1995 - 2010 (1). Their subdivision in agro-climatic zones is shown in figure 1. The risks and opportunities according to their inventory are summarized in figure 2. The text below is based on their paper unless stated otherwise.
The effects of climate change and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide are expected to lead, overall, to small increases in European crop productivity at moderate warming (2). On a regional scale, impacts on crop yields are expected to vary across Europe due not only to changes in the mean of climate variables but also due to the increase in climate variability or extreme events.
Figure 1. Agro-climatic regions considered by Iglesias et al. (2012).
Figure 2. Summary of risks and opportunities in the agro-climatic areas of Europe (from Iglesias et al., 2012).
Increased temperatures may increase both the cultivable area and crop yields within the entire zone, as well as provide opportunities for increased livestock production. However, the soil types in this zone may limit the potential for increased agricultural production. In addition, increased rainfall may lead to increased waterlogging, flooding risk and perhaps also a decrease in water quality.
There is potential for increased agricultural production in the Atlantic north region, especially in the livestock sector, but soil type may limit this potential. Measures need to be introduced to enable adaptation to drier summers, as currently summer rainfall usually enables unrestricted growth of crops and forage.
Particularly vulnerable to flooding from rising sea levels is the Atlantic central region and attention needs to be given to measures that will reduce this risk. Some increases in agricultural production are possible from increased yields of cereals and the introduction of new crops. However, it may be difficult to maintain the yields of more moisture- or temperature-sensitive crops if summer rainfall decreases and insufficient water is available for irrigation.
The priority for the Atlantic south region will be to conserve water to reduce the risk of decreases in crop yields and to avoid conflict with other water users. There may also be opportunities to grow crops more tolerant to heat and drought.
In the Continental north region the increase in the northern range of crops and longer growing season offers the potential for increased crop and livestock production. However water stress in summer and infertile soils may limit this potential. Flooding is also a serious risk. Priority needs to be given to manage water supplies to reduce the risk of flooding and to conserve water to increase availability for agriculture.
Agriculture in the Continental south region is likely to be adversely affected by hotter drier summers with yields of crops such as potatoes, sugar beet and forage crops most likely to be reduced. Priority needs to be given to ensuring water supplies for agriculture and also promoting the growth of crops, such as soya, that could replace vulnerable crops.
Changes in precipitation pattern and increased frequency of extreme events appear to pose the greatest risks in the Alpine region. There may be opportunities for increased production of both crops and livestock but the realisation of these opportunities will depend upon the continued availability of water at critical periods of crop growth. However, changes in precipitation pose some of the greatest risks in this zone, together with an increased risk of extreme weather events. There may be benefits from a longer growing season and the ability to grow some crops at higher altitudes, but this potential may not be realised due to soil limitations.
In the Mediterranean north region the forecast risks greatly outweigh any potential benefits. Forecast decreases in total annual rainfall make water conservation a priority and careful attention needs to be given to avoiding conflicts over water use.
For the Mediterranean south region eight of the risks are considered to be high priority. The main risks directly concern the consequences of potential reductions in total precipitation. Hence strategies need to be considered to conserve as much water as possible over winter to maintain supply during the summer. The risk of reduced yields was also assessed as high and strategies need to be developed to adopt cultivars or crops better suited to reduced water availability and heat stress. No significant opportunities were identified in this zone, which is not well placed to benefit from the forecast changes in climate. The impacts of climate change are forecast to be so serious that it may lead to land abandonment.
Vulnerabilities and opportunities - European yields other sources
European wheat production
With 25% of the global wheat area and 29% of global wheat production (24), Europe is the largest producer of wheat. The increased occurrence and magnitude of adverse and extreme agroclimatic events are considered a major threat for wheat production. A recent study (25) showed that, by 2030, we should expect a twofold increase in the global wheat-growing area threatened by extremely high temperatures during critical developmental stages in a typical year, and a more than threefold increase of the area at risk by 2050.
From climate change projections (based on the relative extreme high-end scenario RCP8.5) it was shown that the occurrence of adverse conditions for the main European wheat-growing areas might substantially increase by 2060 compared to the present (1981–2010), which is likely to result in more frequent crop failure across Europe. This would have profound repercussions given the importance of European wheat production in the global food trade (23). The adverse agroclimatic conditions that have been studied are: severe winter frost without snow cover, late frost, excessive soil moisture with water logging from sowing to anthesis, high precipitation event with the possibility of widespread lodging, severely dry growing season (sowing–maturity), severe drought event between sowing and anthesis, severe drought event between anthesis and maturity, heat stress at anthesis, heat stress during grain filling, adverse conditions during sowing, adverse conditions during harvest. The climate projections indicate that sowing dates will move forward on average by 15 +/- 7 days in 2060 compared to the present, whereas anthesis and maturity dates will be two weeks earlier (23).
For winter wheat growth duration is reduced, because any changes in sowing date in autumn would have little effect on duration of the vegetative and reproductive phases in the following spring and summer. This response concurs well with observed response of winter wheat yields in Denmark, where the largest reductions were related to high temperatures during the grain-filling phase (54).
Climate change is likely to increase cereal yields in Northern Europe but decrease yields in Southern Europe (31).
Northward expansion crops
Arable farming in the Northern region of Europe is projected to be the main winner in the course of this century under both low-end and high-end climate change as higher temperatures increase the growing season and the options for growing a wider range of arable crops. Increases in arable land and food production are also projected for the Alpine region under high-end climate scenarios. This was concluded from an assessment study focused on differences in impacts between low-end (RCP 2.6) and high-end (RCP 8.5) climate change scenarios on Europe for six sectors (agriculture, forestry, biodiversity, water, coastal and urban) and their cross-sectoral interactions (128). Intensive farmers in Southern and Atlantic regions of Europe lose as food production and arable land is projected to decrease under both low-end and high-end climate change due to more productive agriculture moving northwards where greater yields are possible per unit of land area (128).
Warming has already caused a northward expansion of the area of silage maize in northern Europe into southern parts of Scandinavia, where the system of grass and silage maize for intensive dairy production has largely replaced the traditional fodder production systems (50). Very recently grain maize has started to be grown in southern parts of Denmark, reflecting the warming trends (51). Analyses of the effects of observed climate change on yield potential in Europe have shown positive effects for maize and sugar beet, which have benefited from the longer growing season for these crops (52). Yield benefits have been greatest in northern Europe. The warming may also have contributed to higher potato yields in northern regions of Europe. In contrast, warmer and more variable climatic conditions with increased occurrence of drought have reduced crop yields in parts of central Europe (53).
The projections for a range of SRES climate change scenarios show a 30 to 50% increase in suitable area for grain maize production in Europe by the end of the 21st century, including Ireland, Scotland, southern Sweden and Finland (4). Moreover, by 2050, energy crops show a northward expansion in potential cropping area, but a reduction in suitability in southern Europe (5).
Although human population growth and increased affluence in some regions, along with changing diets, will lead to higher demand for food products, crop, fish and livestock yields are projected to decline in many areas due to climatic and other stress factors. In addition to the effects of drought, extreme events such as heat waves, frost or heavy rainfall during critical phenological stages may bring unexpected losses due to crop diseases, yield reductions and increased yield variability (109,110).
In some crops, yield increases may occur, due to CO2-fertilization effects that could increase water- use efficiency and biomass productivity (109). These yield increases are expected to be combined with decreased quality (for example, lower protein content in cereals (111). Pests and diseases, as well as mycotoxins, could also represent a serious threat under unfavourable climate conditions (112).
Barley is an important cereal crop for the arid and semi-arid Mediterranean environments. Europe produces about 63% of the world’s barley with most of it under rainfed conditions (124). Future climate projections show that Mediterranean countries will get drier and hotter. Depending on the climate projection, the impacts of changing agronomic practices might offset the negative impacts of climate change. This was studied for 9 locations across the Mediterranean focused on 2050, by using the output of a large number of climate models (GCMs) based on a moderate scenario of climate change (RCP 4.5). Overall, model results indicate a 9% reduction in grain yield under climate change in 2050. It was concluded that the impact of future climate on barley yield in the Mediterranean is negative; some locations will be less affected than others, however (123).
Chilling and forcing: cold and heat requirements olive orchards
Olive production in Europe is concentrated in the Mediterranean countries Spain (53% of total production in Europe), Italy (24%), Greece (15%) and Portugal (7%) (114). There are usually two main thermal factors influencing plant development: cold (chilling) and heat (forcing) requirements (115). Chilling refers to an extended accumulation of cold weather, which enables plants to leave the dormancy stage and allowing them to properly set buds and produce fruit when warmer temperatures arise. Following this stage, heat accumulation plays a major role, forcing plant phenological development and growth. A certain accumulation of warm temperatures is indeed necessary for plants to achieve a proper ripening. Higher winter temperatures may be detrimental, as insufficient chilling may cause delayed budding and foliation, resulting in low fruit set/yields (116). Additionally, increased temperatures during the growing season may result in faster and unbalanced fruit ripening, which may lead to implications in fruit quality, fruit set and yields (113).
For olive trees, chilling plays an important role for flowering and fruit set (117). Although olive trees exposed to insufficient chilling may indeed flower, it tends to result in low fruit set percentage (118). The projected future reduction in chilling in the Mediterranean region may threaten this crop; flowering and fruit set may be reduced due to insufficient chilling (119). This was concluded from simulations with a large number of models based on a moderate and high-end scenario of climate change (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios) (113). Projected higher thermal (heat) forcing may also lead to advances in the timing of each phenological stage, affecting fruit yields and quality (120). Certain varieties of olive trees are more resilient to the negative impacts of the changes in heat and chill conditions, however (121).
Pests and diseases
Between 10 and 16% of global crop production is lost to pests, with similar losses postharvest (10). From an analysis of published observations of 612 crop pests and pathogens it was concluded that the average poleward shift in recorded incidences of these pests and pathogens since 1960 is 2.2 ± 0.8 km/year for the Northern Hemisphere and 1.7 ± 1.7 km/year for the Southern Hemisphere (11). The results indicate significant positive latitudinal shifts for many important groups of crop pests and pathogens. Overall, there has been a significant trend of increasing numbers of pest and pathogen observations at higher latitudes, globally and in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. For all pests combined, the mean latitudinal shifts were not significant, however, but this seemed to be due to large variability among pest groups. Although recent climate change is implicated as an important driver of these observations, other factors could bias the results. For instance, new crop varieties and agricultural technologies have extended the agricultural margin northward in the USA, and deforestation has increased production in the tropics, thus providing new opportunities for pest invasions at high and low latitudes (11).
Global increase at 2°C global warming
Insect pests damage crop yields directly from pest infestations and indirectly from pesticides applied to reduce pest damage (91). Global warming will change the impacts of pest species on crop yields. These impacts have been estimated for the major grain crops maize, rice, and wheat, which together account for 42% of direct calories consumed by humans worldwide. These estimates are based on simulations with several climate models fed by a high-end scenario of climate change (RCP8.5) (90).
There are two ways in which the impacts of insect pests will change in a warmer climate: (1) an individual insect’s metabolic rate accelerates with temperature, and an insect’s rate of food consumption must rise accordingly (92), and (2) the number of insects will change, because population growth rates of insects also vary with temperature. In the estimates, these two effects are combined (90).
The results show that crop production losses to pests increase globally with rising temperatures. When average global surface temperatures increase by 2°C, the median increase in yield losses owing to pest pressure is 46, 19, and 31% for wheat, rice, and maize, respectively. The impact for wheat is relatively high: wheat is typically grown in relatively cool climates where warming will increase pest population growth and overwinter survival rates, leading to large population increases in the growing season. The impact for rice is relatively low: rice is grown in relatively warm tropical environments where warming reduces insect population growth rates because current temperatures there are already near optimal. The impact for maize is in between wheat and rice: this crop is grown in some regions where insect population rates will increase and in other regions where population rates will decline, in nearly equal measure (90).
In temperate regions, warming increases both the size of insect populations and their per capita metabolic rate. As a result, the increase in pest-related crop loss is consistently larger than in tropical regions, where the increasing metabolic rate is offset by declining population growth rates, resulting in a smaller overall rise in crop damages. This broad geographic pattern holds across all three crops. France, the United States, and China, countries that produce most of the world’s maize, are also among the countries projected to experience the largest increases in pest-related crop losses. In addition, France and China are responsible for a considerable fraction of global wheat and rice production, respectively, and are projected to suffer large increases in yield loss of these grains owing to climate impacts on pests (90).
Future irrigation water demand
Crop irrigation is responsible for 70% of humanity’s water demand. Globally, the area equipped for irrigation grew six fold to nearly the size of India between 1900 and 2005 (13). This expansion occurred rapidly at a rate of nearly 5% per year during the period 1950s–1980s, but it has slowed down since the late 1990s when the growth rate decreased to <1% per year. For the coming decades, the global area of irrigated land is not expected to expand dramatically due to limited land and water available (14).
For Europe, by the end of the century (2080s: mean of 2069-2099), compared to the present (2000s: mean of 1980-2010), irrigation water demand is projected to decrease for Eastern Europe under scenarios for moderate climate change (12). Under more severe climate change scenarios irrigation water demand in Europe is projected to increase substantially (>20%) (15); according to the IPCC (31) there is high confidence that irrigation demand will increase by more than 40% across Europe. Future irrigation water demand, however, will also be determined strongly by the growing world population and altering lifestyles and dietary habits (15).
Future yield estimates for changes in climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration and technological development
From an analysis of a global data base of yield impact studies compiled for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (62) it was concluded that CO2 fertilization fully offsets negative impacts of warming up to 1-2° for the global average yield effect for both maize, wheat, and rice (61).
The impact of projected changes in climate, atmospheric CO2 concentration and technological development on crop yield has been studied for 25 EU countries for the period 2041–2064 compared with the period 1983–2006. This has been done for grain maize, potatoes, sugar beet, winter barley and winter wheat, and for a selection of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and three emission scenarios (SRES B1, A1B and A2) that span the range of changes in temperature and precipitation by the mid-21st century (16).
The results suggest that in these countries the negative effects of climate change on crop yields range between 12% and 34% depending on the crop and region. Climate change effects are less pronounced for winter cereals (barley and wheat) as compared to tuber crops (potatoes and sugar beet) or other spring crops (maize). One possible explanation, still subject of further investigation, is the longer vegetative period for winter crops which may allow the winter crops to better cope with extreme events such as drought spells in spring. Also, changes in growing season length due to temperature increase will be relatively smaller in winter as compared to spring crops. The simulations with the driest scenario A1B resulted in the strongest negative influence on yields (16).
The results also suggest that increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration stimulate yields in wheat, barley, sugar beet and potatoes by 14%, 11%, 14% and 7%, respectively. However, most substantial yield changes were projected when considering the effect of technology development. The yield decreasing effect of climate change was compensated and partially superseded when atmospheric [CO2] elevation and technology development were taken into account which is in good agreement with earlier research (17).
For the winter cereals yield increases of 30% and more are projected compared to the baseline for most European regions under the combined impacts of climate change, increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and technology development. There are small areas on the Iberian and Italic peninsulas were yield decreases are projected compared to the baseline. These declines are mainly due to the pronounced negative climate change effect which could not be compensated for by the positive effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentration and technology. For potatoes and sugar beet yield increases are also simulated for most regions in Europe except for some areas in Southern Europe (Italy, Greece and Spain), and few regions in Poland and Finland, but in most of the cases the decreases do not surpass 10% in relation to the baseline period. For grain maize the spatial variability in yield changes ranges between <−30% to >30%. Yield increases are highest in South-western Europe and yield declines are mainly projected for Eastern Europe (16).
For a site in Austria, representative for confined livestock buildings for growing-fattening pigs in Central Europe, the impact of global warming on the thermal conditions inside confined livestock buildings for growing-fattening pigs was estimated. This was done by calculating heat stress over the period 1981 – 2017. It was shown that heat stress has increased over this period, stressing the need for adaptation measures (122).
Wetter winters and an increased likelihood of fields remaining waterlogged into spring mean that the housing period of ruminant livestock may need to be increased, with the animals remaining inside for longer in the spring. Hotter summers forecasted may also mean that ruminants need to be housed in summer to reduce problems from heat stress or because pastures may not remain productive during the summer months. The grazing season may be lengthened in autumn and into the early winter period, and therefore may at least partially compensate for the reduced grazing opportunities in early spring and late summer.
Increased temperatures and decreased rainfall in summer are also likely to reduce forage yields, especially on pastures grazed during summer (3). Adaptation measures include growing a new range of forage crops, such as soya, or making increasing use of forage grown during early spring and late autumn. Reduced yields of current forages could also be compensated for by the introduction of more drought and heat resistant forage varieties (3,77).
The longer growing season, greater grass production and warmer temperatures all mean that livestock housing costs could be reduced. For ruminants this will be due to a longer growing season, which will enable livestock to graze longer. For carnivores, the reduction in housing costs will be due to a reduced need for heating over winter. A further cost reduction may accrue from the increased potential to grow forage legumes.
The spread of bluetongue virus in sheep across Europe has been partly attributed to climate change (34) through increased seasonal activity of the Culicoides vector (35).
Adaptation measures - Overview
Zoning and crop productivity
Changing planting dates, optimisation of crop varieties and planting schedules, improving cultivar tolerance to high temperature, irrigation optimisation and diversification of activities are climate adaptation options for cropping systems summarized by the IPCC (31).
Some predictions foresee a greater potential for overall crop productivity from a longer growing season in some parts of the EU, a northward shift in the cultivable zone, and increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Increased average temperatures and a longer growing season may offer the opportunity to grow a wider range of crops over a greater area.
Changing crop sowing days may ensure that maturation occurs before peak temperatures and thus reduce possible negative effects on productivity. Growing the most heat resistant cultivars or those that become more suitable for the specific climate— present new opportunities for farmers (31). While a warmer climate poses a risk to some traditional fruit growing practices, opportunities will also be presented to grow new types of fruit.
Farm-level actions are needed to improve soil drainage to reduce waterlogging and the consequent impacts on stock health. However, improving drainage from fields, by increasing the rate at which water is discharged to streams and rivers may increase the risk of flooding downstream. In consequence adaptation to this risk should focus on disseminating information on minimising the adverse impacts of waterlogging and on recommending farmers move stock from those fields vulnerable to waterlogging.
The majority of adaptation measures proposed would be implemented at the farm level and range from improving soil structure to contour ploughing. Providing ‘breaks’ such as hedges and increasing the area of undrained farm woodlands would help to buffer peak rainfall events, slowing the movement of water from soil to watercourse. This will help balance the increase in water transfer from soils to watercourses brought about by improved drainage.
Improved on-farm management alone may not fully adapt to the risk; infrastructural adaptation including ‘hard’ defences and drainage systems is likely needed.
Drought, Water Scarcity and Irrigation
Farm level actions such as changing land use in areas that are more susceptible to drought, changing cropping by switching to less water intensive crops, and investing in rain water harvesting equipment are needed. Measures to adapt to the expected decrease in water availability and drought risk may include measures to increase the water-holding capacity of soils (increasing the organic matter content of soils); measures that increase the collection of rainwater over winter to increase the supply for subsequent irrigation; measures to improve the efficiency with which irrigation water is applied.
Earlier sowing, of both Autumn and Spring-sown crops, will result in the maturation phase occurring earlier and before the occurrence of peak temperatures in the summer. Also, crops may be shifted to areas where the climate is more suitable for their cultivation.
If the agriculture industry aims to adapt by increasing irrigation, the water resources necessary may need to be supplied from within the farm. This may be achieved by on-farm rainwater harvesting and establishing small-scale water reservoirs on farmland while improving the efficiency with which irrigation water is used. Irrigation may be used more efficiently by a range of approaches from irrigating at night to use of trickle irrigation.
Government agencies and regulators may provide an incentive for farmers to take action by re-negotiating water abstraction licenses and/or introducing charging/tradable permit schemes to promote efficient use of reduced water resources.
Crop husbandry adaptation measures include intercropping (where available space between rows is used by different crops to allow maximum use of the soil moisture); altering row and plant spacing (to increase root access to available soil moisture); and introducing or changing fallow and mulching practices to retain soil moisture and organic matter (Iglesias et al. 2006). In response to forest fires during summer drought, the introduction and maintenance of firebreaks (where areas are cleared or burnt under controlled conditions) with access to water for fire fighting, will limit fire spread and damage.
Water quality may be polluted by fertilizers through increased point-source and diffusive pollution (more runoff). Fertilizer efficiency and application methods need to be improved and farmers should be made aware of best practices regarding the application of manures and fertilizers and the control of soil erosion. The use of buffer strips (hedgerows, vegetative rows) beside water courses can be effective in reducing nutrient leaching.
Glaciers and permafrost
Mountain communities that depend upon melt waters for their domestic and agricultural supply will need to invest in water capture and storage systems to compensate for the projected changes in seasonal water availability that will affect these regions.
The threat from rising sea levels is the one that most requires an infrastructural approach. National governments will need to decide the balance between constructing ‘hard’ flood defences and allowing land to be abandoned to inundation.
Pests and diseases
The introduction of resistant or less-susceptible varieties is one approach. To deal with new crop pests a sustainable integrated pesticides strategy should be developed. The use of new pesticides needs to be carefully evaluated with respect to the potential impacts on water quality. Within greenhouses the use of thermostats and rapid cooling may be used to reduce pest and disease infestation. Livestock disease adaptation measures include vaccination of both the domestic and wild populations (31). An increased use of pesticides is expected due to climate change (36).
Adaptation potential - Global
Global climate change impacts on crop yields up to the 2050s can be small (but negative) for rice and wheat, and modest for maize, provided farmers adopt practices and technologies such as improved varieties, planting at optimal times, and improved water and fertilizer management. This conclusion was drawn from a review of 157 studies from across the world (125).
Over the last decades, a large number of scientific studies have been carried out on climate change impacts on crop yields. In a review study, the results of 157 of these studies from across the world, published in the period 1984 to 2016, were combined to assess climate change impacts on the yields of three major crops: wheat, maize and rice. In addition to potential impacts, also the effects of different adaptation strategies to mitigate these impacts were studied. This was done for every country across the world (125).
No adaptation, high yield losses
Without adaptation, losses in crop yields due to climate change are high and increase with time. Mean global wheat and rice yield losses increase from 6% in the 2020s to 12% - 15% by 2080s, compared with the reference period of 1960-1990. Similarly, for maize, the combination of 157 studies shows an increase from 9% losses in the 2020s to 20% in the 2080s. Low latitudes generally show higher yield losses except for wheat, which shows only a small reduction until the 2050s (125).
Mitigation through adaptation
Adaptation can significantly mitigate these impacts. After considering farmers’ adaptation, climate change yield losses are relatively small, especially for wheat and rice. For wheat, global yield losses are 1 ± 0.03% in the 2020s and 4 ± 0.16% in the 2080s. For rice and maize global yield losses are 3 ± 0.08% (2020s) to 6 ± 0.23% (2080s), and 6 ± 0.24% (2020s) to 13 ± 0.6% (2080s), respectively. With adaptation, climate change impacts are not major issues for the production of wheat, rice and maize for many countries until the 2050s (125).
Several previous studies have shown that food security under climate change is less vulnerable in temperate, high-income countries than in tropical, low-income countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America (126). The global assessment of these 157 studies shows that such differences may not necessarily be large or significant across political, economic and climatic regions if the right adaptation measures are implemented. Adaptation can help to reduce inter-regional differences. Out of the assessed adaptation measures, the most effective are dynamic nutrient and irrigation application. These measures can largely reduce climate change impacts on maize, rice and wheat yields. Other measures, such as changing planting dates and cultivars, are less effective (125).
Strongest impacts in Middle East and Africa
There will still be food production gaps (supply rates lower than projected demand) in the future, according to the assessments; for wheat in top-producing countries in Europe and Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, and North America, and for rice in a few Central Asian countries. For wheat and rice, the additional impact of climate change, after adaptation, is small however. For maize, many countries of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia are primary hotspots where the production gap may increase due to climate change. For all crops combined, yields in the Middle East and Africa will be significantly more impacted compared to other regions (125).
Good news, with a side note
The good news is that with adaptation, climate change doesn't have to add significantly to the challenge of food production for the majority of countries except for some potential hotspots distributed around the world. Especially in vulnerable, low-latitude countries there is considerable scope for increasing yields. However, massive investment, policy, and institutional support will be needed to facilitate adoption and scaling-out of such practices, and to address climatic variability. The economic costs and institutional support for these adaptation strategies could be a constraint for many lower-income countries (125).
Adaptation potential - Europe
The adaptation potential of European agriculture in response to climate change has been assessed for a number of crops (29). It was shown that adaptation potential is high for maize and (to a lesser extent) sugar beet and oilseed, and limited for wheat and barley. For instance, maize yields are projected to decline by 9% in 2040 relative to 1975 without adaptation but adaptation has the potential to cut this to just over 1%. Barley yields, on the other hand, are projected to decline by 22% in this period but this loss could be cut to 15% with adaptation.
Under climate change, average farm profits across Europe would increase modestly (1.5%) with adaptation but could decline by 2.3% without adaptation (29). However, warmer regions in southern France, Spain, Italy, Greece and Portugal already beyond the temperature optimum of 16°C could see substantial residual damages from climate change of over 10% even after adaptation. Without adaptation even cooler regions in central France and Germany could see declines in profitability due to warming by 2040. In agreement with several previous studies, the authors found that projected temperature changes are more important than precipitation changes in determining the impacts of climate change over the next few decades (30). They found that the impact of mean temperature change on yield is around 5-10 times larger than the impact of precipitation by 2040; projected precipitation changes tend to be small compared with projected temperature changes. It should be noted, however, that these estimates do not include a number of moderating influences that may limit climate change impacts such as potential yield gains in southern Scandinavia or the CO2 fertilization effect (29).
Autonomous vs planned
Two types of adaptation are generally discriminated (8):
- autonomous adaptation often occurs at short time-scales and small spatial scales (e.g. farms). Autonomous means that no other sectors (e.g. policy, research) are needed in their development and implementation. Examples of such adjustments are changes in varieties, sowing dates and fertilizer and pesticide use. In particular, in southern Europe, autonomous adaptations may include changes in crop species (e.g. replacing winter with spring wheat, (6)), changes in cultivars and sowing dates (e.g. for winter crops, sowing the same cultivar earlier or choosing cultivars with longer crop cycle; for summer irrigated crops, earlier sowing for preventing yield reductions or reducing water demand) (8). In northern Europe, new crops and varieties may be introduced only if improved varieties will be introduced to respond to specific characteristics of the growing seasons (e.g. length of the day) (4).
- planned adaptation refers to major structural changes to overcome adversity caused by climate change. This involves changes in land allocation and farming systems, breeding of crop varieties, new land management techniques, etc. It requires longer time than autonomous adaptation and often concerns regions or nations. A different allocation of European agricultural land use seems to represent one of the major planned adaptation strategies available (8).
From an analysis of a global database of yield impact studies compiled for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (62) it was concluded that there is little evidence in the existing literature that farm-level adaptations will substantially reduce the negative impacts of climate change on yields. The potential for within-crop, farm-level adaptations that improve yields in the future climate more than in the present climate appears limited, at least as currently represented within the studies included in the meta-analysis (61).
The ability to adapt agricultural practices is strongly influenced by social and economic factors. Farmers who have been historically exposed to variable climatic conditions, such as in the Mediterranean region, tend to be more prepared to cope with climatic change. Adaptive decisions ought to occur at the farm level in response to local conditions, which makes it impossible to prescribe a single strategy at global level (9).
The world’s cereal producing regions have been identified that are likely to become vulnerable to climate change over the 21st century by identifying those regions that will be [a] exposed to climatic stress and [b] have a limited capacity to adapt (8). Model projections on available soil moisture were made to identify regions likely to be exposed to drought under the SRES A1B and B2 emissions scenarios for the 2050s and 2080s. These regions were compared with model projections of adaptive capacity based on agricultural, meteorological and socio-economic data. These projections were compared with the baseline period of 1990–2005. “Vulnerability hotspots” were identified for wheat and maize, a vulnerability hotspot being defined as a region where both a decline in adaptive capacity and in available soil moisture is projected. The results suggest there are perhaps five wheat and three maize growing regions likely to be both exposed to worse droughts and a reduced capacity to adapt. The “vulnerability hotspots” for wheat are: southeastern USA, southeastern South America, the northeastern Mediterranean, and parts of central Asia. For maize, the suggested vulnerability hotspots are: southeastern South America, parts of southern Africa, and the northeastern Mediterranean. This analysis did not consider the effects of available ground water on adaptive capacity, however (8).
Differences between Eastern and Western Europe
The same scenario of climate change will have different effects on agriculture in Eastern and Western Europe. These differences arise because today agriculture in Eastern Europe is not at the same high level as agriculture in Western Europe, and because the options to adapt to future climate change are not the same in these two regions (55). The big difference of agriculture today between Eastern and Western Europe is illustrated by the difference in agricultural labour productivity: between 2011 and 2013 this productivity in Eastern Europe was only 19% of productivity in Western Europe (56). This is despite investment of approximately 20 billion euro of European Union (EU) and national funds to modernize Eastern European agriculture between 2000 and 2012 (57). Apparently, transition of agriculture in Eastern Europe is a slow process.
Due to these big differences, Eastern and Western Europe do not have the same adaptive capacity or climate response, and thus face different climate change impacts. A farmer in Eastern Europe that is faced with a negative impact on a certain crop, for instance, has fewer options to adapt than a farmer in Western Europe facing the same impact for the same crop. Farmers will continue to adapt to changing circumstances to maximize their profit. This profit-maximization has different outcomes for Eastern and Western Europe. This hypothesis has been tested for changes in temperature and precipitation between now and 2071-2100 under scenarios of a moderate change in climate (55). For this test two assumptions have been assessed:
- What if Eastern and Western European regions were to adapt in isolation, not being able to benefit from adaptation options the other region might offer? If agriculture in Eastern and Western Europe were to adapt in isolation, and thus farmers in Eastern and Western Europe could only benefit from adaptation options in their respective regions, this would negatively affect farmers in Eastern Europe. After all, the number of potential adaptation options is smaller in Eastern than in Western Europe: the variation in Eastern European farms is smaller, and agriculture is less developed, modernized, and capital-intensive than in Western Europe (55).
- What if farmers in both regions have full access to adaptive capacity in the other region? The results show that if farmers in Eastern Europe have full and easy access to the adaptive capacity of Western Europe, Eastern Europe will respond more positively to changes in climate. Vice versa, having full access to the adaptive capacity of Eastern Europe does not increase the adaptive capacity of Western Europe (55).
Both extremes are not realistic at this moment, however. Adaptation will not take place in isolation. There is an exchange of knowledge and expertise that strengthens adaptation capacity in Eastern Europe. Eastern European countries are continuing to re-adjust their institutions according to Western European templates, and Eastern European farmers have access to EU farm subsidies. The other end of the spectrum, where Eastern Europe gains access to the same level and quantity of adaptation options as Western Europe, is also unrealistic at this moment. Complex behavioural, technical, societal and institutional costs and adjustments at all levels of the society are required to make this happen (58). Even though market principles are now predominant all over the European Union, and Eastern Europe has made a lot of progress to close the gaps, the countries in this region continue to face significant socio-economic setbacks that decrease the countries’ options to respond to the current and future climate (55).
Assessments of future impacts of climate change show that the region with the lowest adaptive capacity, Eastern Europe, suffers the most from climate change. This is because Eastern Europe cannot fully apply the same adaptation options as Western Europe. Autonomous adaptation will not bridge the existing adaptation gap. Planned adaptation in Eastern Europe is needed. The European Union, national governments, and regional policy must attempt to overcome the barriers to adaptation in Eastern Europe and increase Eastern European adaptive capacity by providing more information on adaptation opportunities and climate change, by enlarging the adaptation options and resource inventory and by creating a favourable implementation and management environment, by encouraging knowledge and skills transfer between all European farmers, and by guiding farmers in making efficient adaptation decisions (55).
Adaptation measures – Risk management policies
Risk management instruments in agriculture, such as crop insurance and disaster assistance programme, and especially how they are designed, will affect incentives to adapt (19). Three types of crop production insurance are: individual yield, area-yield and weather index insurance. In addition to these insurance schemes governments may decide to assist farmers financially after climate extremes that caused a lot of damage to their yields (ex post assistance) (18):
- Traditional individual-yield crop insurance makes an indemnity payment when the farm incurs a yield loss. This can help to manage production risk but it is known to be expensive and will diminish incentives to adapt to climate change (18).
- Area-yield crop insurance is a crop insurance scheme in which both indemnities and premiums are based on the aggregate yield of a geographical area. The indemnity equals the difference in value, if positive, between the area yield and some predetermined critical yield level. Participating producers in a given area would receive the same indemnity per insured unit of land, regardless of their own crop yield, and all would pay the same premium rate (20). Under changing climate conditions, area yield insurance would have the advantage of maintaining incentives to adapt (18).
- Weather index insurance is an insurance scheme where a threshold in the proxy variable marks the point at which payments begin. Once the threshold is reached, the payment increases incrementally as the value of the index worsens. The payment rate is independent of the actual loss incurred by a policyholder (18).
- Ex post payments are highly variable and can be extremely high in some years (18).
Weather index insurance or area yield insurance, which do not require on-farm verification, can help keep administrative costs down as compared to individual yield insurance, and they do not discourage adaptation since indemnities are paid independently of actual loss incurred by a policyholder. However, they are not a means for structural adaptation. Farmers will incorporate any insurance subsidies or ex post disaster payments to their production decisions, which may favour insurance over crop diversification or other risk management and adaptation strategies (18).
European wheat production
From a study on adverse weather conditions for European wheat production (23) it was concluded that the adaptation strategies must be a compromise between using early-ripening cultivars to avoid stress as much as possible and maintaining a growing season length with the highest possible effective global radiation to sustain current yields or minimize yield decrease. With early-ripening cultivars adverse condition risk can be reduced; shortening the growing season, however, reduces the effective global radiation and therefore yield potential. The authors from this study stress the importance of regionalization of adaptation strategies: in Northern Europe, by using late-ripening cultivars the growing season is longer without the penalty of increased exposure to adverse agroclimatic conditions; in central Europe, by switching to late-maturing cultivars the risk of adverse event frequency significantly increases. They state that diversity of wheat varieties for different regions and season-specific threats should be promoted to enhance climate resilience (26).
In addition to changes in planting dates, cultivar use, and planting locations, farmers will need to make changes such as introducing new crop rotations, to maintain yields in the face of rising insect pest pressure. Without wider attention to how climate warming will affect crop breeding and sustainable pest management strategies, insect-driven yield losses will result in reduced global grain supplies and higher staple food prices (90).
Adaptation measures – Specified for the Boreal zone
In the Boreal zone, farming will mainly need to adapt to increased rainfall. The rapid removal of water from agricultural land, by increasing stream flow, may increase the risk of flooding downstream, however. Hence there will need to be an assessment of the impacts of any programme to improve farm drainage on the requirement for hard flood defences in vulnerable zones (1).
The opportunities in the Boreal zone (including the greater area of land available for a range of crops, longer growing seasons and increased temperatures) offer the potential to improve the productivity and/or profitability of all agricultural sectors. Farmers will need access to information on new cultivars and their husbandry in order to maximise those opportunities. Careful consideration also needs to be given to the potential impacts that increasing agricultural production may have on biodiversity and the overall landscape quality (1).
Adaptation measures – Specified for the Atlantic zone
The whole Atlantic zone presents improvements on land availability, longer growing season and higher temperatures. Farmers will need access to information on new farming techniques and species to benefit from those opportunities. Nevertheless, farming in the Atlantic zones will have to adapt to the risks of intensification of winter rainfall as well as reduced summer rainfall and, under warmer conditions, the likely introduction of new pests and disease. Farm-level measures are needed to allow rainwater harvesting and improve drainage to reduce waterlogging while improving crop growth and stock health and reducing the risk of pollution from run-off and fertilizer leaching (1).
The risk of sea level rise is more pronounced in the Atlantic Central zone where measures will need to be put in place to give up or protect land from salt water intrusion and to improve drainage. The impacts of improved farm drainage and the need for hard flood defences from sea and rainwater flooding in vulnerable zones will have to be assessed (1).
In the Atlantic South zone adaptations need to prioritise efficiency in the water supply. Improving water supplies, introducing less water-demanding crops and screening fruit and orchard crops from direct sunlight are possible farm-level measures. Potential risks (heat waves) and opportunities (rise of forage productivity) can be anticipated for livestock and more shade and shelter will be needed to avoid heat stress. Using woodland for this will provide co-benefits by increasing rainfall retention in soils and therefore help reduce the risk of winter flooding and run-off (1).
Adaptation measures – Specified for the Continental zone
Adaptation to winter flooding and summer drought by the agricultural sector is a top priority in the Continental North zone. Farm level measures to capture additional winter rainfall will reduce flood and water quality risk and allow farmers to respond to summer drought. Changing to new cultivars and different crop varieties at farm level will allow farmers to make the most of increasing temperatures and CO2.
The greatest risks in the Continental South zone are likely to be a decrease in water supply due to a decline in annual rainfall, reduced crop yields and increased heat stress to livestock. The priorities for adaptation measures will be to identify suitable new crops and new cultivars that can be grown in place, or in combination with, those currently cultivated. Priority should be given, by farmers, to conserving water on their farms to provide a source for irrigation and to apply efficient irrigation schemes (1).
Adaptation measures – Specified for the Alpine zone
Farming will need to adapt to an intensification of winter rainfall and altered hydrological cycles in rivers, as well as flash floods and summer drought. Farm level measures are needed to improve natural buffering to reduce erosion and landslides. Drainage to reduce waterlogging is also an important measure. Flood prevention plans may need to be put in place along with the appropriate infrastructure. Win-win measures include the collection of winter rainfall for summer irrigation. Again, in this area, longer growing season and higher temperature offer the possibility to improve the productivity and profitability of agriculture (1).
Adaptation measures – Specified for the Mediterranean zone
Adaptation strategies in irrigated agriculture have been inventoried for the Mediterranean region, including southern Europe and parts of northern Africa and the Middle East. 5 main categories have been identified (130):
- Farm production practices (39% of the cases). These practices are characterized by all adjustments farmers make to existing practices, to increase the flexibility of the production process and potentially reduce exposure to risks. Strategies include crop choice, rotation, and diversification. Adaptations in this category were the most frequently reported (39%) and are implemented all over the area. Strategies from this category are often combined with strategies from water management.
- Water management (28% of the cases). This includes changes in irrigation methods, use of different water resources, storage, and harvesting of rainwater. Water management was the second most reported category of adaptation strategies in irrigated agriculture (28%). They are implemented throughout the area. Strategies include switching to more efficient irrigation methods (mostly drip) and adjusting irrigation scheduling.
- Farm management (14% of the cases). These strategies include financial and administrative practices, such as insurance and knowledge building and sharing. Strategies in this category were reported in 14% of the cases, with the most common adaptation being diversification of household income.
- Sustainable resource management (10% of the cases). These more nature- based strategies lower the impact of farming on the environment. Adaptations in this category were reported in 10% of the cases. Strategies include a (partial or full) shift towards organic farming, using groundcover to control soil erosion, growing cover crops to attract pollinators or other insects that naturally control pests, and implementing agroforestry. Interestingly, adaptations from this category were only reported in EU countries.
- Technological developments (9% of the cases). These strategies include weather and climate monitoring and forecasting systems, and using renewable energy sources or (further) mechanization of farm production practices. Adaptations in this category were reported in 9% of the cases throughout the study area.
It is essential to improve irrigation efficiency to adapt to future climate and socioeconomic change globally and in major arid regions (89). One of these regions is the Mediterranean, spanning over southern Europe, Northern Africa, and the Middle East. Strategies have been evaluated to adapt the Mediterranean’s water and land management in view of future change (81). This was done for 2050 compared with 2010, for a large number of downscaled global climate model projections driven by an intermediate scenario of climate change (the RCP 4.5 scenario). Population projections were derived from the so-called Shared Socioeconomic Pathways SSP2 scenario. The Mediterranean is densely populated, water stress is high, and food production strongly depends on irrigation (82). Irrigation amounts to 69% of total water withdrawal in this region (83). Climate change will probably increase aridity and decrease freshwater resources, thus impacting future crop production (84).
- Irrigation efficiency needs to improve. The evaluation shows that the efficiency of the irrigation systems in the Mediterranean region needs to be improved substantially in order to continue satisfying the region’s future food demand with irrigated crops. Still, this would not allow for expanding irrigated cropland in areas where there is no cropland today, or where cropland is being managed with low intensity. After all, water withdrawal for irrigation most likely needs to be reduced, because the availability of water resources will reduce under climate change whilst water stress is already a major issue in this region. In fact, the share of irrigated cropland in future crop production needs to be considerably lower, despite improvements in irrigation efficiency (81).
- Rain-fed cropland yields need to increase. As a result, and in addition to improving irrigation efficiency, the productivity of existing rain-fed cropland systems needs to be improved. The less progress is made in improving irrigation efficiency, the more difficult it will be to successfully increase rain-fed crop yields. Low improvements to irrigation efficiency require extremely high increases in crop production in rain-fed land systems. Such increases seem unrealistic, considering projected climate change and variability in precipitation (81).
- Current multifunctional land use is effective. Maintaining multifunctional mosaic land systems, as well as introducing additional activities to low intensity croplands can be considered as an additional adaptation strategy to scarce water resources. These systems are mostly satisfying the increased demand for livestock and partially for crops. Such traditional systems may play a significant role in mitigating and preventing other negative consequences of intensive agriculture, such as soil erosion (85) or biodiversity loss (86), and are particularly adapted to the hilly areas with high variability in environmental conditions. Increasing and maintaining the extent of such land systems will be difficult. Local studies demonstrate that these areas are subject to abandonment and loss due to intensification (87). Moreover, future climate change might reduce the crop and livestock productivity of these systems (88).
Adaptation measures - Irrigation to offset heat stress crops
A study based on observations in Kansas (USA) has shown that dryland wheat yields decrease about eight percent for every one-degree Celsius increase in temperature, yet irrigation completely offsets this negative impact (76). According to this study, precipitation does not provide the same reduction in heat stress as irrigation. Water scarcity not only reduces crop yields through water-deficit stress, but also amplifies the negative effects of heat stress. A caveat to these results is that future increases in CO2 concentrations might limit plant transpiration, thereby reducing the plant’s ability to cool itself and the efficacy of irrigation in reducing heat stress.
Adaptation measures - Livestock
Livestock production systems are of major economic, environmental and cultural importance to the EU, producing outputs worth EUR 168 billion in 2014 and accounting for 28 % of land use (75). Livestock production systems are many and varied. In the EU in 2014, there were 355 million livestock, consisting of pigs (42 %), cattle (25 %), sheep (28 %) and goats (4 %) (74).
There is much uncertainty about the response of livestock production to climate change. Some of the climate effects, their impacts on livestock, and adaptation options are summarized below for (A) intensified livestock systems and (B) wide-value systems (from (74)).
(A) Intensified livestock systems (reduced or zero grazing)
1. Climate effect: Increased temperatures and temperature extremes
- Challenge: Housed animals are protected from extremes, but higher productivity animals are more susceptible to heat stress; extra heat is also produced from animals being in close proximity.
- Adaptation: Improve ventilation and housing conditions; genetic approaches for breeds that have better resilience against heat stress.
2. Climate effect: Spread and increased incidence of pathogens and pathogen vectors
- Challenge: Housed animals avoid many pathogens, but large numbers of animals kept in close proximity to each other increases potential hazards
- Adaptation: Use of antibiotics (but limited by increasing resistance); new medical interventions, including use of feeds and supplements; monitoring of health status; genetic approaches for resilient breeds
3. Climate effect: Increased pressure on water supplies
- Challenge: Intensive systems use large amounts of water, increasing use of feed concentrates increases water demand
- Adaptation: More efficient collection, storage and transport of water; regulation to minimise water demand; improve water governance
(B) Wide-value systems (grazing)
1. Climate effect: Increased temperatures and temperature extremes
- Challenge: Grazing animals are exposed to temperature extremes, but lower productivity animals are more resilient to heat stress; droughts will have effects on pasture productivity
- Adaptation: Provision of shaded areas in pasture; trees for shade can also improve the resilience of swards to extremes; genetic approaches for breeds that have better resilience against heat stress
2. Climate effect: Spread and increased incidence of pathogens and pathogen vectors
- Challenge: Grazing animals expected to be more susceptible to liver-fluke and other pathogens under climate change (increased risk), but smaller herd sizes and more diversity reduce hazards
- Adaptation: Use of antibiotics (limited by resistance); new medical interventions; monitoring of health status; genetic approaches for resilient breeds; land management to reduce pathogen impact
3. Climate effect: Increased pressure on water supplies
- Challenge: Provision of water in the field may be difficult and inefficient; drought may reduce grassland productivity
- Adaptation: Provision of shade can reduce water demand; more efficient storage and transport of water; improve water governance.
It is not likely that the breeds of cattle present in the temperate climate zone can adapt to significant changes in climate. It is widely assumed that breeds that evolved in the tropical zone are adapted to warm conditions. It was not shown that warm climate breeds are likely to reach the performance of temperate climate cattle. The productivity of cattle in temperate countries will decline due to heat stress unless counteracting steps are adopted. Measures should focus on increasing convective heat loss by structure design and forced air flow by fans. Convective heat loss diminishes with increasing air temperatures. Evaporative heat loss remains the alternative. Evaporative cooling of the ambient requires partial enclosing of the space surrounding the animals and is limited by the humidity in ambient air. An alternative was developed of coupling forced ventilation with wetting of animal surface. The exchange of ambient air flowing on animal surface makes the evaporation practically independent of air humidity and the loss of heat from animal surface practically independent of the surface to air temperature gradient. The coupling of forced ventilation with wetting combination may be attained in various parts of the dairy farm, the holding area of the milking parlour, the feeding trip and the resting area (127).
Confined livestock in buildings
Global warming has negatively impacted livestock kept in confined buildings during the last three decades and will do so in the future. By the use of adaptive measures, heat stress can be reduced, and resilience can be increased. Adaptation measures can be divided into two groups (131).
- The first group modifies the sensible and latent heat balance of the building by cooling the inlet air, reducing the sensible and latent heat release, and modifying the thermal properties of the building.
- The second group influences the immediate thermal vicinity of the animals. Examples for such measures are floor cooling, higher air velocity at the animal level to increase the convective heat release (wind-chill effect) (e.g., by tunnel ventilation, booster fans, and hybrid ventilation systems), radiative cooling by a cooled cover of the laying zone, cooled drinking water, or water baths.
The efficacy of these measures was quantified for a typical livestock building for fattening pigs for Central Europe for 1800 heads, divided into 9 sections, with 200 animals each. The results show that energy-saving air preparation devices especially can reduce heat stress in the range up to 100%. The efficacy of these adaptation measures is great enough to mitigate the increase of heat stress that occurs due to global warming. Other measures for adaptation, such as the reduction of the stocking density and the shift of the activity pattern of the animals to night time, are less effective (131).
The references below are cited in full in a separate map 'References'. Please click here if you are looking for the full references for Europe.
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- Ren et al. (2018)
- Raymundo et al. (2018)
- Deryng et al. (2016), in: Cramer et al. (2018)
- Giannakopoulos et al. (2009), in: Cramer et al. (2018)
- Fernando et al. (2015), in: Cramer et al. (2018)
- Miraglia et al. (2009), in: Cramer et al. (2018)
- Fraga et al. (2019)
- OIV (2017), in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- Benmoussa et al. (2017); Ruiz et al. (2007), both in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- Campoy et al. (2011), in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- Orlandi et al. (2005), in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- Ramos et al. (2018), in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- Torres et al. (2017), in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- Bonofiglio et al. (2009); Garcia-Mozo et al. (2008); Osborne et al. (2000), all in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- De Melo-Abreu et al. (2004), in: Fraga et al. (2019)
- Mikovits et al. (2019)
- Cammarano et al. (2019)
- FAOSTAT (2018), in: Cammarano et al. (2019)
- Aggarwal et al. (2019)
- Cline (2007); Nelson (2009); Morgan and Mellon (2011); Deryng et al. (2014), all in: Aggarwal et al. (2019)
- Berman (2019)
- Harrison et al. (2019)
- Vogel et al. (2019)
- Harmanny and Malek (2019)
- Schauberger et al. (2019)
- Kornhuber et al. (2020)
- Gaupp et al. (2020)
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Gustav klimt's painting ‘Portrait of a Lady’ is displayed during a press conference in Piacenza.
In October last year, a long-lost painting by the Italian artist Cimabue that was found in the kitchen of an elderly French woman was sold for 24 million euros. The woman mistook the artwork for a Greek icon.
Now, over 20 years after a creation by Austrian painter Gustav Klimt went missing, it was found stashed inside a wall at an Italian museum. The artwork "Portrait of a Lady" was stolen.
The century-old painting was discovered concealed in an external wall by gardeners at the Ricci Oddi Gallery of Modern Art in Piacenza, northeast Italy, last month.
The museum estimates that the 55-by-65-centimetre (21-by-26-inch) expressionist work could be worth between 60 and 100 million euros ($67-111 million), but notes the difficulty in estimating the work as it has never been sold on the market.
"It is with no small emotion that I can tell you the work is authentic," prosecutor Ornella Chicca told reporters.
Museum officials had initially said they could not immediately determine whether the painting was indeed the stolen Klimt until scientific tests were undertaken.
Painted in 1916-1917, the expressionist work depicts the face and torso of a young woman with brown hair, over an emerald green background.
The painting went missing in February 1997 while the museum was closed for work.
Wrapped in a bin bag
In December, gardeners removing ivy from a wall found a small ventilation space and discovered the painting inside, without a frame and wrapped in a black garbage bag.
The ivy covering the space had not been cut back for almost a decade.
Chicca said further tests would determine whether the painting had been lingering inside the wall space since it was stolen, or whether it had been hidden there at a later date.
"At the moment, we can't say whether it has been there all along," the prosecutor said.
Once those tests were completed, the painting will hopefully be returned to the gallery's walls, she said.
Art expert Guido Cauzzi studied the work under infrared and ultraviolet light, comparing images to those taken during tests performed in 1996.
The Ricci Oddi Gallery of Modern Art takes its name from a rich art collector originally from Piacenza, some 70 kilometres (45 miles) from Milan, who entrusted a collection of 450 mostly 19th-century paintings to the municipality in 1931.
The museum's president Massimo Ferrari had told AFP, after the lost painting was first discovered in the wall in December, that there were "positive signs" that this was the genuine Klimt.
At a Beirut cultural centre, Lebanese film buff Abboudi Abu Jawdeh is exhibiting vintage film posters from his collection that show off a lost art, but also offer insight into decades of Western cliches of the Arab world.
The Louvre has assembled more than 160 paintings, sculptures, letters and drawings from the Renaissance era in an exhibition to mark the 500th anniversary of the Italian master's death.
As the Louvre museum prepares to unveil a blockbuster exhibition of works by Leonardo da Vinci on Thursday, mystery surrounds whether the show will include the world's most expensive painting Salvator Mundi, attributed to the master painter.
The Boston Pops announced on Wednesday that they would be paying a special tribute to Lockhart in its 2020 season.
The Shah Rukh Khan La Trobe University PhD Scholarship was presented to Gopika Kottantharayil Bhasi from Thrissur (Kerala), working on farming practices through animal science, ecology and molecular studies.
Cussler was the prolific writer of more than 80 books, mainly fast-paced action thrillers such as "Sahara" and "Raise the Titanic!” which collectively sold tens of millions of copies.
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What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
It is a term that encompasses autism, Asperger's syndrome, Pervasive Developmental Disorder/Not Otherwise Specified, and Rett Syndrome.
What are the characteristics of these conditions?
While there are some commonalities there are significant differences between each of them.
Children with autism have differences in the areas of communication and social. There may also be unique differences in movement, objects, and routines.
Children with Asperger's syndrome have no delays in language, cognitive development, or adaptive behavior. However, there are differences in social interactions, patterns of behavior, and interests and activities.
PDD/NOS is diagnosed with the criteria for autism or Asperger's is not met but there are similar differences as students that have those conditions.
Rett syndrome shares some similar characteristics but is often see in girls and is characterized by stereo-typed hand movements.
What are the needs of students with autism spectrum disorder? How can educators help students with Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Opportunities for active and collaborative learning
- Lessons and examples with plenty of visuals, examples, demonstrations, manipulatives, and models
- Stable routines
- Organized spaces
- Help with tasks requiring motor planning such as writing, shoe tying, and playing certain sports or games
- Respect for sensory differences
- Opportunities to make choices and have some control over their environment, learning, materials, schedules, and/or activities
- Avoidance of power struggles, debating and long verbal explanations
- Opportunities to take a break when things become overwhelming
- Warnings and preparation about changes to schedules
- Reinforcement of appropriate behaviors
- Modeled expectations
- Graphic organizers
- Chunking tasks into smaller pieces
- Visual cues and social stories to model appropriate social behaviors
- If available, provide quiet study areas
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When money made its appearance, the well-being of the people went away.
Moldo Klych, akyn
Kyrgyz nomadic society is traditionally organised into various clans and tribes, with clan leadership coming from a bai (or manap), a chief who makes decisions following consultation with a council of aksakals that represent each village (or ail - collection of yurts) within the clan. An aksakal, quite literally, means a 'white beard', ie: an aged and presumably wise, village elder. The bai is not elected but usually earns his position by being the most senior of the aksakals, a role in which respect has to be earned for the bai's decisions to carry any weight.
Sometimes the position is hereditary but the son would always be required to earn the respect of the clan members, lest his position be usurped by a rival. Any petty tyranny by the bai would be to the chief's detriment as the various ails that constitute the clan are always free, as nomads not tied to a particular location, to join another tribal group with a less autocratic leader. But by the end of the 19th century, Kyrgyz society was already weakened and cultural ties dilluted. The growth of mining and trading under the Russians, and an increased reliance on bazaars, meant the traditional Kyrgyz economy of self-sufficiency and barter was being dismantled.
At the same time the social structure was dislocated: the bi (most senior head of family group) were drawn into the Russian administration, away from their traditional role, and increasing land ownership weakened tribal and kinship ties. The authority of the bi was challenged by the Russian courts, whose rulings were biased, arbitrary and generally ignored by the Kyrgyz. Social harmony came under pressure as the gap between rich and poor widened.
Although in traditional Kyrgyz society women have rarely held positions of power, there have been exceptions. The most notable of these was Kurmanjan Datka, who took on the leadership of the southern Kyrgyz tribes when her husband, Alymbek Datka, died - there is a statue of her in the centre of Osh. Kurmanjan Datka's place in Kyrgyz history is perhaps the exception that proves the rule, as women in patriarchal Kyrgyz society generally have little influence on decision making other than within the home, and only 4% of the members of Kyrgyzstan's parliament are women.
In the pre-Soviet period, women had a subordinate status that depended exclusively on their fathers, until the time came for a potential husband to offer a dowry or kalym for them to become a wife. In some cases, the ritual of bride kidnapping took place and there are well-documented accounts that these incidents continue to occur quite frequently even in recent times. The kalym was, and still is, usually paid in livestock and is viewed as promoting both financial and social ties between the would-be groom and the family of his prospective wife. On some occasions, in order to raise the necessary capital for the kalym, a young man will work for his prospective father-in- law for a specified period of time, thus cementing the social bond between the two families even further.
In standard jailoo life, everyday tasks are shared between men and women while domestic duties like cooking, cleaning and milking are always performed by women. However, given the liberating nature of the nomadic Kyrgyz lifestyle, women are usually equal partners in practice, even if they are not in status in the eyes of Kyrgyz society.
Determined to create 'Soviet Man', the Soviet authorities mounted a multi-layered assault on local cultures and beliefs. After the trauma of collectivisation and the horrors of Stalin's purges, in which the revered song-storytellers were all but wiped out, the Kyrgyz adopted a dual life, outwardly complying with the Soviet system while continuing many of their old practices in private.
Bride price, designated a 'crime against the state' (along with polygamy and marriage below the age of 18) dwindled in popularity but was still paid. (In 1928 it averaged one horse and 30 sheep, though livestock was gradually being replaced by cash.) Weddings still took place, now mostly in autumn, women travelling by truck instead of horse. Dowries were given, though now in the shape of European style furniture-the new status symbol. It seems almost miraculous that so much of the Kyrgyz culture survived.
Nowadays the average age for marriage between Kyrgyz is around 25 for men and 22 for women. Providing that he is not planning to commit ala kachuu (bride kidnapping), when a man decides to marry he goes with his family to visit the home of his prospective bride, where his intention is made known and negotiations begin regarding the kalym (bride price) required to marry the girl.
Traditionally, once the kalym has been agreed between the groom and the bride's family, the groom gives a present of golden earrings to his future bride and they are considered to be engaged. The wedding takes place as soon as possible afterwards, although it is normally traditional for older brothers to marry before their younger siblings, and a younger brother may have to wait for his older brothers to marry before he can get wed himself.
On the day of the wedding, the bride's female relatives erect a white yurt from which the bride is collected by the groom's party. A ritual called arkan tosuu is frequently performed before the ceremony takes place, in which a rope is strung across the road and a ransom demanded for the bride, accompanied by wailing from the bride's female relatives and friends. The ceremony itself usually takes place at a registry office or a wedding palace - a secular inheritance of Soviet times - after which the couple may go to the mosque for a blessing, although sometimes a mullah is invited to the wedding itself in order to bless the union. The ceremony is normally followed by a group promenade in which frequent stops are made for photographs at scenic or historically important spots like war memorials or sculpture parks. The party then proceeds to the reception where everyone present takes turns in expressing their good wishes to the newly-wed couple.
After the ceremonial proceedings are completed the groom's family bless the bride by placing a scarf over her head. The bride customarily spends three days with her new family, a period in which she receives visits from well-wishers. Following this, the married couple move to their own home, apart from occasions where it is a youngest son who has married, in which case they will stay with his parents because, as the most junior male offspring, it is his responsibility to care for his parents in old age. The bride herself is not permitted to visit her own parents on her own until a preliminary visit has been made, in which she is accompanied by her new in-laws who offer a present to the bride's mother as recompense for the trouble she went to raising the daughter. After marriage, a daughter-in-law is expected to be subservient to her new family and serve her new parents as dutifully as her husband.
In Soviet days the Kyrgyz excelled in finding ways to circumvent the regulations. Within the collective farms (kolkhoz) a small number of animals were allowed for private ownership. The Kyrgyz took this so much to heart that, in 1961, one farm counted 560 kolkhoz-owned and 10,470 privately-owned goats.
In the 1960s, Nikita Khrushchev decided that the nomadic lifestyle was, after all, an efficient means of farming steppe and mountain, and that the Kyrgyz and Kazakhs showed considerable skill in this field, so a semi-nomadic life re-emerged in which the family groups of the collective farms took to the mountains in the summer months. Mobile adult education units were set up in so-called 'Red Yurts' to ensure the 'correct thinking' of the nomads.
In this turbulent time the only traditional craft to survive truly intact was felt making, although artificial dyes introduced new colours and harsher tones. Silverwork skills were lost and traditional embroidery was replaced by Russian, Uzbek or Ukrainian designs.
While the Kyrgyz have undoubtedly absorbed Russian elements into their lives, many of their non-traditional accoutrements are foreign, not just Russian. Bread only started to appear on a Kyrgyz 'dastorkon' (table) in the late 19th century, but as Uzbek nan rather than Russian khleb, the Kyrgyz adopted Russian samovars, but only at the same time that tea was adopted from China.
Although nomadic life is firmly a thing of the past, the yurt still holds a fond place in people's hearts. Those who can afford a yurt put one up in the garden every summer, while many rural people are still semi-nomadic, spending the summer months in yurts on the high pastures with their livestock. However, ask them if they would like to go back to living in a yurt full-time and the response is a resounding 'No! It's damp, there's no heating and no TV!' A Kyrgyz journalist recently summed up 20th century changes thus:
Now, looking back at our paradoxical past, with all our hatred of the socialist-type command administration system, we nevertheless should do justice to it, first of all for the excellently exercised policy of transition from a nomadic to a more settled life.
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Menopause and midlife
We look at the key issues for women who experience migraine during the onset of their menopause
At least 90% of people with migraine start having attacks before the age of 40. Most people have their first attack during their teens or early twenties. It is rare for migraine to start later in life. Typically, migraine becomes less severe and frequent, and may even disappear, by around the age of 50. For some women this is associated with their menopause, for others it may be retirement or reduced stress.
The impact of the menstrual cycle
Around 50% of women with migraine say their menstrual cycle directly affects this. The whole menstrual cycle, not just your period, is associated with biological changes in your body, both physical and psychological. Sex hormones, oestrogen and progesterone, and the physical and chemical processes that go towards producing them, all have a widespread effect on your body.
It has long been recognised that there is a close relationship between female sex hormones and migraine, and that some women are more sensitive to the fluctuations within the menstrual cycle such as the time just before your period when, studies suggest, migraine attacks can be the result of falling oestrogen levels in the later phase of the menstrual cycle. Factors such as prostaglandin (a naturally occurring fatty acid that acts in a similar way to a hormone) release may also be implicated at this time.
The onset of the menopause
From about the age of 40 onwards, you become less fertile as your ovaries gradually stop producing eggs each month. The time from when your periods become irregular until they stop is called the peri-menopause. The menopause marks the time when your periods stop completely. This process can last as long as twenty years. The average age for the menopause is between 51 and 52 years with a range of 40 to 60 years.
You may find that your migraine attacks are linked to your periods during the peri-menopause. The ovaries produce less oestrogen and changes in your hormone levels can make your migraine attacks become more severe or happen more often.
In the few studies that have been conducted it is suggested that the menopause makes migraine worse for up to 45% of women, 30-45% do not notice a difference and 15% notice an improvement. Some women find their attacks continue to follow a cyclical pattern years after the menopause and the reason for this is unclear.
It is recognised that the hormonal cycle can continue for some years after the last menstrual period, although the hormone changes are not sufficient to result in menstruation but could still provoke migraine. In these cases, hormones as a trigger factor for migraine should settle within 2 to 5 years after the menopause.
However, cyclical migraine can occur for reasons other than the menstrual cycle – our bodies run on a whole system of different hormonal “clocks”, which could also play a role in migraine.
Other non-hormonal triggers may become more obvious after your menopause, as well as additional ones that develop such as neck tension.
These may provoke attacks in a cyclical pattern. This works on the pattern of an individual having a “threshold” to migraine and different factors building up over time to cross the threshold and trigger migraine.
The menopause can be a difficult time for women with migraine. The irregularity of your periods can make it harder to cope with your migraine as they may be more difficult to predict. Typically the problems that can be experienced at the menopause (hot flushes and night sweats) result in disturbed sleep, adding to your stress levels and therefore increasing the likelihood of you experiencing a migraine.
Keeping a diary
Keeping a diary for three months is a helpful way to see if there is any link between your migraine, your periods and your menopausal symptoms. After three months you can review your diary and see if your migraine can be managed better. It is helpful to take your diary to show your GP so that you can discuss the best course of action to manage your migraine and your menopause.
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
HRT is given to women to treat symptoms of the menopause such as hot flushes and night sweats.
There is little research evidence to be found on the effects of HRT on migraine in women. It can help some women but may aggravate it for others. HRT is not suitable or necessary for every woman, nor is it a problem free treatment. If you decided to try HRT it is important to try it for three months to give your body the time to find its balance. Being a woman with migraine is not in itself a reason to avoid HRT although other health issues may need to be considered such as the incidence of breast cancer in your family.
HRT if taken in a way that suits you with the right dose can often help peri-menopausal migraine.
If you need HRT for menopausal symptoms but develop headaches as a result of the treatment managing your headaches can be difficult. It is not, however, impossible. You will need to work with your medical practitioner to find the right dose and the right hormone balance. Also, by trying different methods of taking HRT you can help to find the best course of treatment for you.
There are many different types of HRT available and the effect on migraine can vary depending on the type used. So, for example, you may find that switching from pills to patches improves your headaches. Non-oral forms of HRT provide the most stable levels of hormone and are usually better for women with migraine. These can be in the form of a skin patch or gel which you rub on your skin.
If one type does not suit you, it is well worth trying another. HRT containing the lowest dose of oestrogen that will effectively control your menopausal symptoms and produce the most stable levels of oestrogen should be used if your migraine becomes worse following HRT.
What are the risks of HRT for women with migraine?
There is no research based evidence to suggest that women who have migraine and are using HRT have an increased risk of having a stroke (ischemic CVA).
Most doctors recommend that you start HRT around the time of the menopause and take it only for a few years. It can have the benefit of reducing the risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.
- Clonidine (dixarit) is a drug sometimes prescribed for the management of high blood pressure (hypertension). It is licensed for menopausal hot flushes and migraine prophylaxis (prevention). However, it is not commonly used for migraine prevention because of its limited effectiveness. It can sometimes be helpful if you are experiencing menopausal hot flushes and migraine and cannot or do not wish to take HRT. You should not take Clonidine if you have a history of serious depression as this can be made worse.
Non drug treatments
If you are experiencing menopausal symptoms which are distressing it is worth remembering that these and your migraine can be helped by regular gentle exercise and a healthy diet. This can also help protect you against other diseases such as heart disease and osteoporosis.
- Herbal medicines
Whilst, there is still little scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of complementary medicine, there are a wide variety of complementary and alternative treatments available to help relieve menopausal symptoms.
It is important to remember that both conventional and herbal medicines can have side effects and may interact with other herbs and conventional medicines. You should therefore tell your doctor if are using a herbal medicine and equally, you should tell your herbalist if you are taking any prescribed or over the counter medication so they can advise you on any possible problems.
The most common complementary treatments for the menopause are:
- Agnus castus also known as Monks Pepper or Chasteberry extract is available as a tincture or in tablet form. It may help the peri- menopausal phase to settle hormone fluctuations.
- Isoflavones are plant oestrogens, often called phytoestrogens and can be helpful for flushes and sweats. Two common sources are soy and red clover. Studies using isoflavone supplements of 40 to 80 mg a day are recommended but it can take several weeks before any benefit is seen. Side effects are few.
- Evening primrose oil is thought to be useful for breast pain, mood swings and in some women, for hot flushes. Again it can have side effects including headache, skin rashes and nausea.
Menopause brought on by surgery does not usually improve migraine and it may even make it worse, especially if the ovaries are removed as well as the womb (hysterectomy). If a hysterectomy is required for other medical reasons, the effects may sometimes be reduced by oestrogen replacement therapy.
You should let your doctor know if you start to get migraine later in life or if you experience any change in the typical pattern of migraine symptoms or develop new symptoms. It may be that your doctor would like to give you a check-up and perhaps modify the management of your migraine.
Try and keep drug treatments to a minimum as your body may not tolerate drugs as well as you get older, especially if you are taking drugs for other medical conditions. In addition, any other co-existing medical condition can become another trigger for migraine.
Although a few women continue to have regular attacks after their menopause, for most women the end of a natural menopause can be a time of significant improvement in migraine.
Women’s Health Concern, 4-6 Eton Place, Marlow, SL7 2QA. Website: www.womens-health-concern.org
Did you find this information helpful?
Your support could help make sure everyone with migraine gets the information they need. Click here to support The Migraine Trust.
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Diabetes and ADICOL
Diabetes is as old as mankind itself. Descriptions of a disease with symptoms typical for diabetes were found in the Papyrus Ebers (1500 B.C.) of Ancient Egyptians. In the first century A.C. Arataeus of Cappadocia gave the disease its name. "Diabetes" derives from the Greek word "diabainein" which means "passing through". It describes the passage of large amounts of urine and intense thirst.
The sweet taste of urine was first mentioned by the ancient Hindus in Ayur Veda. They noticed ants congregating around the urine of certain patients and associated this with certain diseases. In 1775 M. Dobson proved that the sweet taste of diabetic urine was due to sugar. He made the crucial observation of the excess of sugar in blood. In 1788 T. Cawley observed that the pancreas of a patient who had died of diabetes showed stones and tissue damage. C. Bernard (1813-1878) discovered that the liver stored glycogen and secreted sugary substances into the blood. He assumed that it was an excess of this secretion which caused diabetes. In 1879 it was discovered that removing the pancreas caused diabetes. In 1901 E. Lindsay Opie, found that an alteration of the islets of Langerhans was connected with diabetes which later lead to the idea that the antidiabetic substance might come from this tissue. Sir F. Grant Banting, could obtain insulin by chemical methods of extraction in 1921: For the first time levels of blood glucose were lowered and a fatal disease had been controlled. Before the discovery of insulin, successful pregnancy in diabetic woman was a rarity and diabetic pregnancy became one of the most successful chapters in the story of diabetes care. The earlier insulin preparations were crude and impure. The first patients had to endure injections of 5-10 ml intramuscularly. In 1936 the important biochemical differences between the insulin sensitivity in type 1 and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes was demonstrated.
Since the eighties self monitoring of blood glucose revolutionised life for diabetic patients. One of the most effective ways to control the glucose concentration is the intensified treatment. It leads to a better metabolic control that can significantly reduce the onset and progressing of the microvascular and neuropathic complications of insulin-dependent diabetes. With insulin pumps the injection of insulin is more physiological. By trying to close the loop between a continuous measurement of blood glucose and thereafter the infusion of insulin with a pump ADICOL aims to become a further attainment in diabetes treatment.
Under the scientific leadership of the Swiss Disetronic Medical Systems AG the ADICOL Consortium comprises 7 groups from all over Europe. The financial lead of the project lies with Fraunhofer Institut fir Siliziumtechnologie ISiT. Disetronic is responsible for the dosing system. The two partners ISiT and SensLab work on biosensors. Medical expertise is represented by the University of Perugia as well as by the University of Graz. The Modelling software will be developed by the City University and the company Judex Datasystems A/S.
Definition of diabetes
An international Committee (Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus), working under the sponsorship of the American Diabetes Association (ADA), was established in May 1995 to review the scientific literature since 1979 and finally published a document to define and to classify diabetes, of which you will find an extract below.
For the entire definition please consult: The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, Clinical Practice Recommendations 2000, Diabetes Care, Vol. 23, Sup. 1.]
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The chronic hyperglycaemia of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels.
Several pathogenic processes are involved in the development of diabetes. These range from autoimmune destruction of the beta-cells of the pancreas with consequent insulin deficiency to abnormalities that result in resistance to insulin action. The basis of the abnormalities in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in diabetes is deficient action of insulin on target tissues. Deficient insulin action results from inadequate insulin secretion and/or diminished tissue responses to insulin at one or more points in the complex pathways of hormone action. Impairment of insulin secretion and defects in insulin action frequently coexist in the same patient, and it is often unclear which abnormality, if either alone, is the primary cause of the hyperglycaemia.
Symptoms of marked hyperglycaemia include polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, sometimes with polyphagia, and blurred vision. Impairment of growth and susceptibility to certain infections may also accompany chronic hyperglycaemia. Acute, life-threatening consequences of diabetes are hyperglycaemia with ketoacidosis or the nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome.
Long-term complications of diabetes include retinopathy with potential loss of vision; nephropathy leading to renal failure; peripheral neuropathy with risk of foot ulcers, amputation, and Charcot joints; and autonomic neuropathy causing gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and cardiovascular symptoms and sexual dysfunction. Glycosylation of tissue proteins and other macromolecules and excess production of polyol compounds from glucose are among the mechanisms thought to produce tissue damage from chronic hyperglycaemia. Patients with diabetes have an increased incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular, peripheral vascular, and cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension, abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism, and periodontal disease are often found in people with diabetes. The emotional and social impact of diabetes and the demands of therapy may cause significant psychosocial dysfunction in patients and their families.
The vast majority of cases of diabetes fall into two broad etiopathogenetic categories. In one category (type 1 diabetes), the cause is an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. Individuals at increased risk of developing this type of diabetes can often be identified by serological evidence of an autoimmune pathologic process occurring in the pancreatic islets and by genetic markers. In the other, much more prevalent category (type 2 diabetes), the cause is a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. In the latter category, a degree of hyperglycaemia sufficient to cause pathologic and functional changes in various target tissues, but without clinical symptoms, may be present for a long period of time before diabetes is detected. During this asymptomatic period, it is possible to demonstrate an abnormality in carbohydrate metabolism by measurement of plasma glucose in the fasting state or after a challenge with an oral glucose load.
Funding Diabetes Treatment
Conventional means of healthcare financing in the developed world are collective and treatment is typically provided free at the point of consumption or via insurance schemes. Costs and indebtedness incurred as a result of medical treatment can sometimes be recouped from insurers post-treatment but it is most often better to check beforehand unless in the event of a diabetic emergency. Orthodox treatments will typically be covered, but novel and new medical methods sometimes fall outside the remit of what insurers are prepared to pay.
Diabetes, Health Risks and Computer Use
We all know that getting too little exercise and spending too much time in front of our PCs is bad for our health, but it isn't just diabetes that we risk. Vision problems, chronic pain and obesity are all highly correlated with a sedentary lifestyle, but since Adicol is a project dedicated to the investigation and study of diabetes we thought we'd share a few facts with you first.
The risk of developing type 2 diabetes multiplies when one spends too much time sitting or in an otherwise sedentary position. Even current sufferers can improve their prognosis by embarking on a more active health regimen. This is because our bodies can learn to better utilise insulin through regular exercise. It is important to note, however, that the effect of exercise on improved insulin usage lasts just 48 hours and thereafter it is vital to sustain a regular routine. The good news is jumping out of your chair and getting active for just 30 minutes a day can dramatically offset these risks and improve your health prospects!
Try out our factsheet for more information on the diabetic and wider health risks associated with computer use.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.adicol.org/
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en
| 0.932842 | 1,740 | 3.265625 | 3 |
This program does canonical analysis of principal
coordinates (canonical correlation analysis or
canonical discriminant analysis) based on any
distance measure as described by Anderson and
Robinson (2003) and Anderson and Willis (2003). The
test is done by permutation (using the trace and first
canonical root statistics) and canonical axes for
ordination are also given in the output.
1. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors from the principal
coordinate analysis. The latter are the PCO axes
that can be used to plot an unconstrained
(metric MDS) of the data.
2. Canonical correlations and squared canonical
3. Canonical axes scores (position of multivariate
points on the canonical axes to be used for
4. Correlations of each of the original variables
with each of the canonical axes.
5. Correlations of each X variable with each of the
canonical axes (if a canonical correlation is done).
6. Diagnostics used to determine the appropriate value
for the choice of m. The criterion used is either the
value of m resulting in the minimum
misclassification error (in the case of groups) or the
minimum residual sum of squares (in the case of X
containing one or more quantitative variables).
Also, m must not exceed p or N and is chosen so that
the proportion of the variability explained by the first
m PCO axes is more than 60%and less than 100% of
the total variability in the original dissimilarity
7. In the case of groups, a table of results for the
“leave-one-out” classification of individual
observations to groups is given, along with the
misclassification error for the choice of m used.
8. If requested, the results of a permutation test using
the two different test statistics, (trace and largest
The program offers essentially two options: one can
either ask for a forward selection of individual
variables, or for a forward selection of sets of
variables. The first is useful in the general case, e.g.
for fitting individual environmental variables
sequentially in the linear model. The second is useful
for the situation where one wishes to fit a sequential
model of whole sets of variables. For example, in the
paper by Anderson et al. (2004), there were seven sets
of environmental variables of interest.
1. Ambient sediment grain size variables (GS1 – GS4),
2. Depositional environment classification (contrasts
between High, Medium and Low depositional
environments, labeled HvML and MvL).
3. Trapped sediment characteristics (Sdep, gt125, Perfin)
4. Erosion variables (bed height movement, labeled BH and
5. Distance from the mouth of the estuary (D and D2).
6. Chlorophyll a (Chla) and
7. Organics (Ora)
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<urn:uuid:2ae41240-d044-4ae2-a43d-24e126c81d8c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://www.slideshare.net/sasmaripo/ingles-5573503
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|
en
| 0.829398 | 632 | 2.65625 | 3 |
With the ebb and flow in the fortunes of the nation’s sports teams, commentators frequently assert that children ought to be involved at grassroots level – for the good of sport. And while there is much truth in that, it’s also true that getting kids into different sports from a young age is just as important for their personal development, if not more so.
Primary school children are particularly liable to benefit from the opportunity to take part in organised sport. With qualified, enthusiastic, patient staff and readily available equipment from a stockist such as Hope Education, you’ll see children come on leaps and bounds in the following areas.
Playing with peers is a big draw, and is often the factor that motivates children to try a new sport in the first place. It means kids can spend time with their friends in safe surroundings, working together towards a common goal. They’ll develop the social skills that will help them through school and into adulthood, such as overcoming conflicts and barriers, learning to be assertive without being aggressive and communicating with one another. They’ll also get into the healthy habit of being active for prolonged periods.
There are many positives associated with being competitive, and it doesn’t need to spill over into being a sore loser. Competition is everywhere, like it or not, but teaching kids how to adapt and succeed in dealing with it through sport is to teach them the basics without them realising it. Participating in sport helps children to cope with competition in a friendly environment, and also keeps boisterous, over-competitive rivals in check. The skills they learn through team play will serve them for the rest of their lives.
Handling winning and losing is yet another crucial life skill that sport can help instil at an early age. It helps to create a balanced outlook: success and failure will each visit us many times through our lifetime, and if children can absorb that fact and be settled with it, they’ll have a strong character for most of their lives. They’ll also co-operate better with others and use better judgement when it comes to decision-making.
Also, being able to assess why they came up short and make necessary adjustments is another useful facet of sporting behaviour. Not enough power in that penalty? You know what to do next time then. Mastering personal improvement is a great foundation to becoming a hard-working, conscientious adult.
Or, in other words, taking responsibility. When a child has the ball at their feet or in their hands, the rest of the team is waiting on their decision. In that split second, they must weigh up the options available to them and then act upon their choice as effectively as possible. Leadership doesn’t necessarily mean telling others what to do – although voicing opinions is a valid aspect of it – but showing others that you are willing to step up.
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<urn:uuid:d40bc547-25ab-4c3e-8e2a-ca27305523d2>
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CC-MAIN-2020-29
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http://www.footiequiz.co.uk/blog/2015/11/
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| 0.972868 | 589 | 3 | 3 |
This 2-pager was authored by Jessica Li. PDF version here.
As schools respond to COVID-19 on their campuses, some have shared student information with state and local health agencies, often to aid in contact tracing or to provide services to students. Federal and state student privacy laws, however, do not necessarily permit that sharing, and schools should seek to protect both student health and student privacy.
How Are Schools Sharing COVID-Related Student Data?
When it comes to sharing student data, schools’ practices vary widely. For example, the New York City Department of Education provides a consent form for sharing COVID-related student data. Other schools do not have consent forms, but instead share COVID-related data as required by local or state health agencies. For instance, Orange County Public Schools in Florida assists the local health agency in contact tracing by collecting information such as students’ names and dates of birth. Some districts, such as the Dallas Independent School District in Texas, report positive cases to the county, but do not publicly specify what information is reported. Many schools, however, do not publicly disclose their collection and sharing of COVID-related student data.
How Do Current Practices Comply with FERPA’s “Health or Safety Emergency” Exception?
Student health information maintained by a school, such as a COVID-19 test result, is likely protected as personally identifiable information (PII) from education records under the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). Sharing that information would require parental consent or the use of an exception to FERPA’s parental consent requirement – most likely the “health or safety emergency” exception – to share with health agencies.
The “health or safety emergency” exception requires schools to make a reasonable determination that there is an articulable and significant threat to the health or safety of a student or other individuals. However, the U.S. Department of Education has said that a state can make this determination if state regulations require schools to report cases of communicable diseases as emergencies to health agencies, such as by requiring “immediate reporting” of COVID-19 cases. Many states, including California and New York, have determined by regulation that COVID-19 requires emergency reporting to health agencies.
The exception also requires schools to disclose information only to appropriate parties, that any information disclosed be necessary to address the emergency, and that schools record the basis for disclosures. Consequently, districts that report student cases to local health agencies should ensure they share only information that is necessary for the agencies to address the outbreak. Most schools have not publicly disclosed their policies or practices for recording disclosures.
How Do Current Practices Comply with State Student Data Privacy Laws?
In addition to complying with FERPA, schools must comply with state student privacy laws. While some, such as California, have exceptions that largely parallel FERPA’s health and safety emergency exception, others may include additional restrictions. For example, schools in Louisiana cannot share PII with external entities unless it is done with written consent, for auditing or education services, or authorized by the Superintendent. Illinois requires more detailed information on disclosures to be recorded in student records than FERPA, including the name of the individual who released the information and the date of the disclosure.
Recommendations for School Administrators
Ensuring compliance with state and federal laws
- Pursuant to FERPA’s health and safety emergency exception, determine if an emergency exists and share information only with appropriate parties to address the emergency.
- Ensure compliance with your state’s student privacy laws.
- If state health regulations deem COVID-19 an emergency and require schools to immediately report cases to state or local health agencies, that determination may be sufficient for FERPA’s health or safety emergency exception.
Minimize information that is collected and shared
- Ensure information is only shared with parties that can address the emergency, such as public health agencies.
- Define the elements of information that may be shared and ensure that their disclosure is necessary for the appropriate parties to address the emergency.
- Enter into written data sharing agreements with health agency partners if possible.
- Ensure there are restrictions on permitted uses, access, and redisclosure of PII.
- Involve students and families in decision-making about how health data is collected and shared.
- Establish procedures for recording disclosures of PII in student records that describe the threat that formed the basis for disclosure and the parties to whom PII was disclosed.
This two-pager is one of a series designed to give practitioners clear, actionable guidance on how to most responsibly use technology in support of students. Find out more at cdt.org/student-privacy.
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<urn:uuid:84516e47-9bd9-4f68-a31e-c321a290865c>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://cdt.org/insights/sharing-student-health-data-with-health-agencies-considerations-and-recommendations/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506329.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922034112-20230922064112-00000.warc.gz
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| 0.944432 | 987 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Jump blocks are representations of block inputs and outputs that the user can place at many locations throughout the algorithm in order to avoid cluttering up the canvas with edges. There are two components of a Jump block: the anchor Jump block (green arrow) which represents the output of a block, and one or more destination Jump blocks (pink arrow) which represent the input of another block. The pair can replace a direct edge between two blocks.
Note TT recommends that you use Jump blocks when creating an algo. They help to keep your algo organized and clean looking on the canvas, while also make it easier to follow the block logic pathways.
Jump blocks are commonly used for two purposes:
To connect blocks on opposite sides of the algo so you don't have edges running across large portions of an algo
Example Using a Jump block to route a discrete event message to another block
To make it easier to see the values that go into blocks without having to trace crossing edges
Example Using Jump blocks to improve readability
The following rules govern the behavior of Jump blocks:
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://library.tradingtechnologies.com/adl/jb-overview.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251801423.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200129164403-20200129193403-00405.warc.gz
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en
| 0.912891 | 219 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Inventory, lb : 0
Yellow muskmelons usually weigh between 5 and 8 pounds and have an oval shape with blunted ends. Their thick exterior rind matures from green to a rich golden yellow when fully ripe and has a gently rippled texture. The peachy-orange flesh surrounds a hollow center containing loose seeds and fibers, similar to that of a cantaloupe. The sweet aroma that often permeates outside the melon is floral and fruity, conveying a high sugar content and succulent texture. Fully ripe Yellow muskmelons will feel weighty for their size and are best consumed within a few weeks of harvesting.
Yellow muskmelons are available in the summer and early fall.
Muskmelons are botanically classified as Cucumis melo and most likely originated in Western Asia, specifically Persia. Although there are many different botanical varieties, on a whole they are all thick-walled with hollow centers containing a loose fibrous seed bank. Melons are relatives of cucumbers, squash, pumpkin, and watermelon, all of which are members of the Cucurbitaceae family.
Someone spotted Yellow Muskmelon using the Specialty Produce app for iPhone and Android.
Produce Spotting allows you to share your produce discoveries with your neighbors and the world! Is your market carrying green dragon apples? Is a chef doing things with shaved fennel that are out of this world? Pinpoint your location annonymously through the Specialty Produce App and let others know about unique flavors that are around them.
Mercato del pesce-Fish market
About 28 days ago, 5/29/17
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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http://www.specialtyproduce.com/produce/Yellow_Muskmelon_12729.php
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en
| 0.914399 | 348 | 2.625 | 3 |
Habitat & Species
Sedge Warblers and Reed Buntings breed here at the Midleton Estuary in summer and Little Egrets can be seen for much of the year. In the winter months, you can see Lapwing and Redshank waders.
About the Area
Looking out over the water and Dwyer’s Road, which named after William Dwyer, founder of Midleton Worsted Mills. The road was originally called Boreen Oatencake and is said to have taken its name from the generosity of a local inhabitant who fed the poor with oat cakes during the Great Famine (1845-1850).
Please see opposite an image of a Mallard, which may be seen here at Midleton Estuary.
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<urn:uuid:a2bd33b0-b6e2-48b1-850c-0d0c650e3d28>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.ringofcork.ie/birdtrail/midleton-estuary/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250590107.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117180950-20200117204950-00151.warc.gz
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en
| 0.965244 | 157 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Line Must Be Drawn Here, This Far, No Farther
There is an incredibly, well-acted scene in the movie Star Trek First Contact, when Sloane (Alfre Woodard) is arguing with Captain Picard (Patrick Stewart) regarding his erratic behavior with the Borg (the feared alien race). She accuses him of acting out of revenge, much like Captain Ahab in the book Moby-Dick. Picard dismisses this revenge concept, explaining to Sloane the history of the Borg and the human race. Humans have had a continual series of retreats with these aliens. They have never really stood up to the Borg advances and taken a stand in battle.
Then, Picard passionately utters one of the best movie captain lines of all times, “The line must be drawn here, this far, no farther.” Picard meant business with the Borg this time around. He was drawing a line and taking a stand. There would be no retreat in this battle. It was “do or die” time in the captain’s mind.
You can check out a short 1:00 version of this scene, here:
Too Many Compromises, Too Many Retreats
Just like the alien Borg in the Star Trek Next Generation series, I believe, in life, we tend to allow people, financial companies, and governments to take over our lives, financially. We have sold our souls to the alien debt monster. We have made way too many compromises and way too many retreats when it comes to being in control of our money.
We have allowed people, circumstances, and credit card companies to sell us on the supposed benefits of using lines of credit to move us faster into the lifestyle we want.
We have allowed politicians and government agencies to convince us that the United States government debt load is not really as bad as it might look. They tell us that it’s all scalable and sustainable. Don’t worry about the numbers. Everything will be okay.
But, what has happened as a result of all these compromises and retreats on debt? American families are carrying an average debt load of over $15,000. This is a modest number, too; it’s probably way more than this when you factor in student loans . The United States government has a national debt load approaching $17 Trillion. There are hushed rumors that America is on the brink of financial collapse. Nothing good has come of debt in our governments, businesses, churches, or homes.
Drawing The Line On Debt
Once an individual, a married couple, a business man, a church leader, or a politician has that “aha moment” regarding the curse of debt, they tend to draw the line on debt.
Proverbs 22:7 tells us, “The rich rule over the poor, and the borrower is slave to the lender.”
With a little planning ahead, I believe most people could avoid the majority of debt problems, especially credit cards, car loans, and student loans. But, everybody gets in a hurry to raise their lifestyle. Gotta have the cool car, best college degree, and fancy house in the best neighborhood. Debt helps you get there faster on the front end, but it has a nasty bite on the back-end.
My advice is to draw a line in the sand on debt as early and as quickly as possible. Get a financial plan together and dig your way out of your debt mess before it’s too late and you’re forced into a bankruptcy or foreclosure.
Questions: Have you ever had that “aha moment” when you finally understood what debt was doing to you and your family? Have you ever drawn the official line on debt and said enough is enough? Are you working your debt snowball? Are you debt free?
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.lawrencewjones.com/drawing-a-line-and-taking-a-stand-on-debt/
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| 0.964109 | 790 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Olympic Games are a set of international sports competitions that occur every four years for winter and spring sports, or every two years overall. Each competition is held in a different city in a different country, with the potential possibility to repeat a location. As the world economy and tourism expanded in the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, there has been some debate as to whether the Olympics is an overall good or bad experience for a host country.
The Olympic Games are an overall good for their host city
The Olympic Games stand for both international camaraderie and competition. To be a host is to step into the international spotlight in a favorable way and present the best of one’s city and country. It is a phenomenal opportunity for host countries, cities, and citizens to announce to the international community that their city is a place ripe for appreciation. The Olympics Games can stoke the local economy, increase prestige, and even benefit communities long after they are over.
The Olympics are an excellent tourism opportunity
Tourism brought by the Games creates an influx of visitors during a host year and often maintains a trickle-down effect in the years to come.
Hosting the Olympic Games is a phenomenal opportunity to announce to the international community that a country is prepared for increased participation on a global scale as well as the scrutiny that accompanies it.
The Olympic Games are an overall bad for their host city
The Olympic Games are an antiquated form of international competition that comes with imagined prestige for the hosts. The sheer scale of construction required to host the Olympics Games can overwhelm an unprepared economy, as well as cause damage to already vulnerable citizens. While hosting the games can bring a city and country into the international eye, the intangible alleged benefits are doing so are vastly outweighed by the literal, negative, and concrete impacts on a city.
Olympics debts can plague a city for decades
Disastrous for both international reputation and individual citizens, the economic burden created by hosting the Olympic Games is simply not worth any imaginable prestige.
While they may seem incredible for the weeks that a site is used, more often, “host cities are often left with specialized sports infrastructure that has little use beyond the Games” with cities forced to bear the brunt of maintaining them.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.parlia.com/c/are-olympics-overall-good-or-bad-for-cities-where
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| 0.95812 | 458 | 2.890625 | 3 |
Human beings have been altering their surroundings since the dawn of civilization. But in the last few centuries, the pace of change has accelerated dramatically, and with it, the impact on the global environment.
While the population per se does not cause environmental damage, the human activities associated with it, such as land conversion, resource use, and pollution release, do.
As long as we don’t learn to manage the growing number of people and population density, these activities will continue to degrade the environment.
In this article, we will take a closer look at how population affects the environment. We will discuss the environmental consequences of population growth and what can be done to mitigate these effects.
- Human activities associated with population growth, such as land conversion, resource use, and pollution release, cause environmental damage.
- Population growth puts increasing pressure on the environment, leading to deforestation and land conversion, water scarcity, air pollution and global warming, and loss of biodiversity.
- Population growth puts a strain on resources, leading to resource depletion in land use, water use, energy use, food demand and agricultural practices, and extraction of minerals and non-renewable resources.
- Mitigation strategies for the impact of population growth on the environment include sustainable land use practices, renewable energy sources, sustainable transportation, responsible agriculture, sustainable food production, food waste reduction, resource conservation, and circular economies.
- Individuals and governments need to work together to find solutions to the environmental impact of population growth through actions such as investing in sustainable solutions and promoting responsible consumption and production.
Environmental Consequences of Population Growth
A growing population puts increasing pressure on the environment. Below, we examine the various aspects of this relationship.
Deforestation and Land Conversion
The use of land for agriculture (for growing crops, grazing cattle, and producing oil, among other activities) has dramatically impacted our environment.
Forests and grasslands have been cleared to make room for farmland, resulting in the loss of habitat for many plant species, animals as well as native peoples. The clearing has also caused major changes in soil composition and erosion rates.
Additionally, the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides has polluted streams, rivers, lakes, and oceans.
The rainforests are called “the lungs of the Earth” for a reason − they produce vast amounts of oxygen and are a large repository for carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases.
All these factors have upset the delicate balance that exists between our species and nature.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, in the last 30 years, our planet lost more than 420 million hectares or about a billion acres of forest.
What’s worrying is the fact that deforestation isn’t slowing down; on the contrary, it jumped by 21% in 2020. If this trend continues, we are looking at potentially catastrophic environmental consequences.
The adverse effects of population growth on our environment are not limited to land and forest; they also include water bodies.
Water scarcity is a serious global issue, with many countries struggling to provide clean drinking water for all their citizens.
As stated by UNICEF and WHO, 1 in 3 people worldwide have no access to safe drinking water, and WWF estimates that by 2025, two-thirds of the population may suffer due to water shortages.
Population-driven pollution, such as industrial waste dumping into the waterways, has further aggravated this issue. Water shortages lead to conflict over scarce resources, which in turn leads to even more environmental
Air Pollution and Global Warming
Population growth has had an even more serious effect on air quality.
As the number of people increases, so does the production and consumption of energy sources like oil, coal, and natural gas.
Burning these fuels releases carbon dioxide (CO2), a powerful greenhouse gas that traps heat in our atmosphere, leading to global warming – one of humanity’s greatest challenges right now.
The United Nations estimates that fossil fuels are responsible for 76% of all greenhouse gas emissions and almost 90% of all carbon dioxide emissions.
Furthermore, air pollution does not just affect our climate; it is also a major public health issue linked to premature death and illnesses like lung cancer, asthma, and heart disease. According to WHO, 7 million people die prematurely every year due to poor outdoor air quality.
Loss of Biodiversity
A growing population means more people competing for resources, leading to increased stress on ecosystems. This can cause species extinction: the gradual elimination of plants and animals from an area due to human activities such as deforestation or water pollution.
The loss of biodiversity has had severe consequences; it disrupts food production, affects natural habitats, and weakens soil fertility.
As stated by the WWF, we have lost 60% of global wildlife in just over 40 years – a shocking statistic that should serve as a wake-up call for everyone.
How Population Affects Resources
Population growth puts pressure on resources, leading to resource depletion. This means fewer resources are available for people to use and/or produce goods.
- Land Use: As the population grows, more land is needed for housing, industry, and agriculture. This can lead to deforestation, destruction of habitats, and soil degradation.
- Water Use: Population growth leads to an increase in water demand. This results in a greater need for irrigation (which has its own environmental impacts), as well as drilling into deeper aquifers that are difficult or impossible to replenish naturally.
- Energy Use: More people mean more energy consumption – from electricity production to heating and cooling homes and workplaces. The increased use of fossil fuels contributes significantly to climate change and air pollution issues, both locally and globally. It also increases the risk of dangerous accidents due to human error or natural disasters like oil spills or nuclear meltdowns.
- Food Demand and Agricultural Practices: The population increase leads to increased food demand. To meet this need, farmers must adopt intensive agricultural practices, such as using chemical fertilizers and insecticides, which can lead to soil pollution and water contamination.
- Extraction of Minerals and Non-Renewable Resources: The increased demand for non-renewable resources, such as oil and coal, has caused more extraction of these resources from the ground. This often leads to land degradation and can even cause sinkholes.
Mitigation Strategies for the Impact of Population on the Environment
The effects of population growth on the environment can be mitigated with a number of strategies. These include:
Sustainable Land Use Practices
Sustainable land use practices aim to use land for agricultural purposes without over-exploiting it. This involves implementing conservation methods, such as no-till farming and crop rotation.
It also requires limiting the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to reduce water pollution. Sustainable land use also means preserving forests and grasslands, as these ecosystems are a major source of biodiversity. Reforestation is one of the best ways to offset deforestation and land destruction.
Renewable Energy Sources
Switching from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, could drastically reduce air pollution associated with population growth.
Additionally, investing in green technologies like electric vehicles or smart grids for managing electricity consumption can also help reduce the use of non-renewable resources. This way, we can minimize our carbon footprint and positively contribute to the environment.
The increased demand for transportation due to population growth has caused air pollution and traffic congestion.
To reduce this, governments and local authorities can invest in public transport systems such as metros, buses, and bike lanes. This way, more people will be encouraged to use sustainable means of transportation instead of relying on cars. Carpooling is also a more sustainable option.
Moreover, buses and cars can be powered by renewable energy sources, such as biofuels or hydrogen. This will further reduce our reliance on non-renewable resources.
Population growth puts a strain on resources and the environment, especially in developing countries.
To mitigate this, governments must invest in sustainable agriculture practices such as efficient irrigation systems, soil conservation techniques, and integrated pest management (IPM).
These approaches reduce synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which can cause water pollution. They also help to conserve soil fertility and increase crop yields with minimal harm to the environment.
Sustainable Food Production and Food Waste Reduction
The increased demand for food due to population growth has caused an increase in unsustainable food production practices, such as mono-cropping and factory farming.
To reduce the environmental impact of these techniques, governments must invest in sustainable agriculture and livestock management. This includes using organic fertilizers (such as compost) instead of synthetic ones, promoting crop rotation and intercropping, and investing in animal welfare standards.
We can also reduce our ecological footprint by reducing household food waste. For example, buying only what we need at the grocery store or eating leftovers can help us cut down on unnecessary consumption.
Resource Conservation and Circular Economy
The increased demand for resources due to population growth has strained our ecosystems. To reduce this, we need to shift from linear production and consumption models towards circular ones.
Circular economies promote reusing and recycling materials in products and packaging instead of relying solely on virgin materials or synthetic inputs. This helps conserve resources while also reducing the environmental impact of production by eliminating waste at every step – from raw material extraction all the way up to disposal. With a circular economy, the materials used to make something can be reused again and again.
The Bottom Line
Population growth has seriously affected our environment – from deforestation to water scarcity, air pollution, and global warming; it affects us all in some way or another.
It is vital that we understand these impacts and work together to find solutions.
Sustainable land use, renewable energy sources, sustainable transportation, responsible agriculture and food production practices, as well as resource conservation and circular economies, can all help us mitigate the environmental impact of population growth.
Remember that change begins with each of us, but we should also pressure our governments to take action and invest in sustainable solutions.
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12 Nov Regenerative Medicine: Harnessing the Power of Human Cells
How Biotech Innovations Are Remodelling the Medical Field
Man’s evolution from a single-cell organism to his current form is neither a stroke of luck nor an act of divine benevolence. Cells have the power to repair and renew themselves because that is how life on earth is designed. Humans, with their superior intelligence, have understood the power of cell regeneration and are now taking concerted steps to exploit it. This has resulted in creating a market that not only ensures economic benefits, but can also become a harbinger of change in public health.
The Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom defines regenerative medicine as “a therapeutic intervention that replaces or regenerates human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function”. The Council published a report wherein it has been noted that regenerative medicine involves the use of biological products, cell-based therapies, small molecule drugs, and medical devices. Regenerative medicine is a revolutionary advancement in medicinal research and was first predicted by Leland Kaiser, a leading name in the field of health administration, in 1992. He believed that tissue rebuilding would become a landmark achievement in the treatment of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases are known to cause disruption in normal functioning of organs, ultimately resulting in organ failure. For example, in case of diabetes, high blood sugar levels damage the tiny filters in kidneys, causing kidney failure over time. With increasing incidence of chronic diseases, as underscored by the Global Burden of Disease Report 2017, and with very few preventive measures in sight, regenerative medicine technology has emerged as the proverbial messiah for these ills.
Greater and deeper research into this burgeoning technology has given birth to some crucial sub-divisions within this field. These divisions include gene therapy that attempts to fight, or even cure, chronic conditions such as cancer through modification or introduction of new genes in the body; genome editing that involves alteration of DNA at specific locations of the human genome to treat inherited disorders, HIV, and cancer; cell therapy that refers to introduction of purified cells to replace or repair tissue damage caused by disease; and tissue engineering that is basically tissue reconstruction using cells or biologically active molecules.
A Plethora of Growth Opportunities Await Players
According to a renowned market research firm, Fortune Business Insights, the regenerative medicine market will reach USD 151,949.5 million by 2026. This is testament to the fact that this market is rapidly rising as a formidable economic entity, one that holds a wide spectrum of business opportunities for those interested in playing the field. Moreover, not just private companies, but public and academic organizations are also making great strides in taking this technology forward. Let us look at some of the recent innovations that are reshaping the contours of the field of medicine.
- In October 2019, researchers at the Medicine by Design at University of Toronto came out with their Microfluidic Cell Sorting (MICS) device that uses magnetic labelling to sort one billion cells per hour according to their molecular make up. This is achieved by pairing the magnetic cell sorting technique with CRISPR-based gene editing technology, wherein miniscule magnets are engineered to bind to the targeted proteins, with cells ending up in a collection channel. The researchers are aiming to further develop the technology to do multiple screenings and identify new areas for cancer therapeutic drugs and drug proteins involved in progression of tumors in the body.
- Kanazawa-based Shibuya Corporation is making outstanding headway into regenerative medicine technology. In 2015, the company collaborated with researchers at Saga University to develop a 3-dimensional bio-printer, which can replicate and produce 3D structures of cells without the use of a scaffold. This machine is capable of regenerating bone, nerve, cartilage, and other tissues. Seven years before this, Shibuya had created the world’s first robotic cell structure system, which can be programmed to perform functions of cells. This innovation is a landmark feat in the field of regenerative medicine.
- Kymriah, a CAR T-cell therapy, was developed by Novartis AG and became the first of its kind to receive US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. Since its introduction, the therapy has made its mark in the market with its high effectivity and accuracy of treatment. In August 2017, it received clearance to treat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in young adults. The following year, it got cleared to treat B-cell lymphoma in adults. The development of the therapy was a result of heavy investment made by the company in its R&D activities and launching innovative products in the market.
- French biotechnology firm, TxCell, specialises in T-cell therapy through manufacturing of T-cells using its ASTrIA and ENTrIA platforms for the purpose. The company designs its therapies specially for inflammatory diseases such as bullous pemphigoid and autoimmune diseases such as Lupus. Currently, the firm is partnering with Ospedale San Raffaele (Italy), University of British Columbia (Canada), and Lubeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (Germany) to develop 10 new CAR T-cell programs.
From the above examples, it is clear that there is an abundance of lucrative opportunities that will spawn intense competition among players. Going by the current situation, companies seem to be lapping up these opportunities with growing appetency.
Regenerative Medicine in the Developing World
While regenerative medicine is a technological marvel forged in the crucible of western research, it is still virtually inaccessible to the poorest of poor nations and their people. However, bright spots in this dark scenario are China and India that are making staggering progress in innovating this technology further to make it more affordable.
China has been nothing less than a pioneer in advancing the cause of regenerative medicine through extensive research in stem cells, gene therapy, tissue engineering, and active molecules. In fact, the country has made astounding progress in stem cell therapy since the 1980s, catching the attention of world media. The Chinese Academy of Sciences established a specialized lab for stem cell research in 2001 and later, built a research network comprising members from different institutes such as the Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health and the Kunming Zoology Institute. Since then, China has continued to astonish the world with its discoveries and innovations. For example, a study published in the peer-reviewed journal, Natural Cell Biology, by Chinese researchers revealed that they had successfully isolated and cultured reproductive stem cell strains that could self-renew over the long-term. Thus, regenerative medicine in China is a well-established field of study and business, with its core lying in intensive and extensive research.
In India, the scenario is different as the field is still in its nascent stages of development. But, a progressive outlook by the government has enhanced the potential of the market for regenerative medicine in the past couple of decades. Recognizing the need for scientific research in the then rising field of biotechnology, the Indian government set up the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under the Ministry of Science and Technology in 1986. Since its inception, the DBT is spearheading biotech research in the country. In last few years, biotech research has grown by leaps and bounds in India. For instance, the DBT has recently launched a major study to analyse dominant blood and brain disorders among Indians using genetic and stem cell technology. The study is part of the Indo-Japan collaborative programme on stem cell and general biotechnology research. Furthermore, under this joint venture, Indian researchers and faculties will be given the opportunity to train and learn at the Centre or iPSc research and applications (CiRA) at Kyoto University in Japan. However, apart from a few private sector entities such as Serum Institute, the market for regenerative medicine is yet to gain traction in the private sector in India.
The regenerative medicine market is a dynamic one, witnessing fleeting advancements at breakneck speed. While developments in the West are being primarily led by private players, government-backed initiatives and funding are putting the research wheel in motion in South and East Asia. Thus, it may be right to say that the market is a promising one and leading companies in the medical and pharmaceutical industries are trying to make hay while the sun shines. Fortunately for them, the sun will be shining on this market for a very long time, with diseases and disorders becoming more and more commonplace around the globe.
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Nine African nations have signed a Memorandum of Understanding in Oyo, Republic of the Congo, to reduce global warming and improve local economies through a fund called Congo Basin Blue Fund. The nine nations include Angola, Chad, Morocco, Burundi, Central African Republic, Rwanda, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo.
The Republic of the Congo first introduced this concept at COP 22 in partnership with the Brazzaville Foundation. The Fund will concentrate on shifting Congo Basin economies from forestry to more sustainable renewable water resources of the Congo and its tributaries. The Fund will finance initiatives such as renewable energy, eco-tourism, river transport, infrastructure, etc.
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