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Daring to Live Together
|In a “congregation of equals,” all Christians enjoy the right to speak and to develop corporately the formation of congregational life.||Out of the practice of faith-baptism arose within the Anabaptist movement a new image of church: Church is the fellowship of those who have voluntarily banded together, based on their faith-baptism. Recalling the original form of the church in the Acts of the Apostles, women and men fostered binding relationships and sustained one another. Individual groups such as the Hutterites even ventured into a common life together, which included community of goods.|
As “grassroots-churches,” they understood themselves to be autonomous local congregations, each responsible to regulate its own matters. Throughout the course of their history, this earlier practice, however, did not prevent Anabaptist congregations from creating hierarchies within their own fellowships which challenged equality for all. Moreover, an exclusive understanding of church could sometimes develop, bringing with it a restrictive separating from other church fellowships. Also, a rigid ban placed upon dissident believers by their own congregation resulted in painful separations and exclusions.
Challenges for today
|In the Theme-Year “Daring to Live Together,” the concern is whether, and how far, the church-models of the Anabaptists can give answers to the challenges of a pluralistic society. How can solidarity and personal responsibility in the new forms of with- and for-one-another be practiced? Which impulses of binding fellowship manifest themselves today as sustainable?||How do we deal, today, with the increasing variety of religious expressions, denominational confessions and various forms of spirituality – and what does this mean for the with-one-another in ecumenical Christianity?|
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BY SARAH BERMAN, VICE.COM
There are a million different ways to die, but only three ways to (legally) dispose of a body. You can be cremated, you can be buried, or you can donate your corpse to a medical school (the school will eventually cremate you, FYI).
With rare exceptions, those are the rules across Canada and the United States. But here on the West Coast, there’s talk of a brand new (and, let’s face it, totally granola) alternative. Katrina Spade is founder of a Seattle non-profit that wants to add human composting to the list of possibilities. Apparently the right combination of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and microbes can break down a dead person in about six weeks.
Spade’s project aims to solve the waste problems associated with conventional burial, but she understands the idea freaks a lot of people out. “For some people it doesn’t work, and that’s OK,” she told VICE. “I’m not trying to convince everybody in the world.”
Is composting as gross as embalming, though? In traditional burial, bodies are drained of blood, injected with preservatives, encased in massive wood and metal coffins, then lowered six feet into concrete-lined graves where they ever-so-slowly putrefy. Spade’s research shows 90,000 tonnes of steel, nine million metres of hardwood and 1.6 million tonnes of concrete get buried every year in the US alone. Cremation is better for the environment, she says, but it still puts a whole bunch of carbon into the atmosphere.
“To many people, conventional burial makes less and less sense,” she tells me. In addition to generating “nutrient-rich” gardening soil, Spade’s Urban Death Project also addresses an awkward space issue. Big cities aren’t making new cemeteries, which drives up the cost of plots. Composting is as affordable as it gets.
Spade first started thinking about dying while in architecture school a few years ago. At the time, she had two young kids and no religious identity to speak of: “I realized, like everybody else, I was going to die someday,” she recalls. “I started to wonder what they’d do with my body when I die.”
Spade says she decided to confront what she sees as a societal fear of decay, researching ways to turn people into soil faster, not slower.
At first she looked into natural burial—a method that skips the formaldehyde, trades a coffin for a light biodegradable fabric, and places bodies at shallower depths to allow faster decomposition. This form of burial is allowed in a few states. “It’s a beautiful idea, but more appropriate for a rural setting,” Spade says.
Then she discovered the practice of composting dead livestock. “I didn’t make up the idea of composting animals—luckily there’s a lot of research on that,” she explains. (Sure enough, you can find plenty of government literature on “livestock mortality management“). “We know we can technically compost a human—it’s not a mystery whether it will work at all.”
Spade is fine-tuning a three-storey compost design that puts six- to 12-foot layers of compost material between the dead. Ceremonies would allow families to “lay in” their loved ones and cover them with woodchips. The soil they get back weeks later could technically contain other people.
This multi-compost thing is a big red flag for Spade’s critics. “From my perspective, personally, human remains are deserving of a pretty high degree of respect,” says Stephen Olsen, director of Royal Oak cemetery in Victoria. BC laws only permit individual burial and cremation. “To do any form of collective disposition, I don’t think the public would find it acceptable.”
Spade disagrees. “I’m kind of forcing the collective issue. You don’t get back just your person—you’re going to get back a really beautiful material, something you can use to memorialize the person you miss,” she says. “We’re all part of a collective ecosystem anyway.”
In 2014, Spade received an $80,000 grant from a New York–based philanthropic organization to make the Urban Death Project a reality. She’s also launching a Kickstarter in a few weeks, which, depending on a few factors, could see a real-life human compost built by 2020. But before all that happens, Spade has to battle a few lawmakers. “It’ll be state-by-state, a lot of small campaigns,” she says of the work ahead. “It’s about telling people this is an option that works.”
Human compost is not likely to come to Canada anytime soon, but Olsen says there are a rare few places in Canada that do allow environment-friendly natural burials. “Canadian cemeteries have been a bit slow to react to the interest, but it’s coming.”
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In the garden
Helping to educate children
Nature can be easy to ignore, says Henrico Master Gardener Faye Derkits, especially when a young person has a demanding school and extracurricular schedule and also loves video games, texting, and television.
That’s why Derkits and co-chair Pat Baskind head up a group of about 25 Henrico Master Gardeners who last year taught more than 50 classes on garden topics to children in public, private, and home schools. They also set up activity tables at school fairs, led teacher workshops, and offered activities in school gardens.
Now, the Henrico Junior Master Gardener Committee chairs are setting up the schedule for this spring, working with educators north of the James River who invite them into their classroom.
“There’s a need to educate kids about the environment,” said Baskind. “Plus, the classes are usually a fun learning experience.”
The number of class sessions, times and length of classes, and topics depend on what teachers request. Past classes have focused on plant propagation, flowers, insects, birds, composting, soil, and bulbs.
One of the most popular classes involves vermicomposting, or composting with worms.
“Kids love worms,” said Derkits. “You may have to remind them that worms don’t have teeth and put the worms in cups, but kids always get interested when you have worms.”
“It also helps to show by example,” said Baskind. “When we put a worm in our own hand, kids are much more comfortable touching them themselves.”
The master gardeners have found that many children don’t have very much experience with nature. “So we focus on hands-on experiences rather than on handouts,” said Derkits. “We use handouts, but I like to help children see what is around them. I want them to actually stop and smell the roses.”
She advises parents to take their children for a walk to learn more about nature. “Don’t be in a hurry,” said Derkits. “Let your kids stop and smell, or stop and touch. Or better yet, carry a plastic jar, and let your kids see if there are things they want to collect.”
The master gardeners have worked with preschoolers through highschool-aged students. And, at fairs or plant sales, they often involve parents in the lessons.
“Parents often have as much fun as their children when they stop by our activity tables,” said Derkits. “They love making pinecone bird feeders or planting seedlings. And we hope that later, they continue the conversation about nature with their children.”
“Kids do learn from these activities,” added Baskind. “We know that’s happening, and hopefully, they become curious to know more.”
“Of course,” she added, “we do this because we like kids.”
To learn more or schedule a class, call the Henrico Extension Service at 501-5160.
Henrico's Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden is one of only 20 gardens in North America nominated for USA Today’s “10Best Reader’s Choice” contest for Best Public Garden.
The 20 public gardens nominated are:
• Bloedel Reserve, Bainbridge Island, Wash.
• Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, New York
• Buthcart Gardens, Victoria, B.C.
• Callaway Gardens, Pine Mountain, Ga. > Read more.
Photo by Patty Kruszewski/Henrico Citizen 02/24/2014
The Fifth Annual Henrico Police Athletic League (PAL) Award Banquet, held Feb. 6 at The Cultural Arts Center at Glen Allen, honored HPAL’s top volunteers and employees, including Morgan Lewis, Youth of the Year; Dale Alexander, Volunteer of the Year; Lowell Thomas, Employee of the Year, and Victor Williams, Board Member of the Year. Also honored for their support were Jim and Christi Dowd of Richmond BMW and Josh Davis of Henrico County Public Schools Pupil Transportation.
Keynote speaker for the banquet was Tim Hightower, a University of Richmond alumnus and former NFL running back. Hightower was introduced by Billy McMullen, former NFL player and a Henrico PAL board member. > Read more.
The Pocahontas Chapter of the National Society Daughters of the American Colonists, based in western Henrico, last year donated more than $1.3 million worth of manufacturers coupons to U.S. military personnel overseas. Throughout 2013, members and friends of the chapter clipped 952,349 manufacturers’ coupons valued at $1,350,630, which Program Chairman Carole Featherston shipped to U.S. military bases abroad. Military personnel can use the coupons when shopping in base stores.
The National Society Daughters of American Colonists is a women’s genealogical and patriotic society whose members are descended from a man or woman who rendered civil or military service in any of the American colonies prior to July 4, 1776. > Read more.
If you’re looking for a date night with someone special, Henrico is the place to be! Check out a classic 90s movie, “My Girl,” at Henrico Theatre; Circa, an innovative circus from Australia, will dazzle at the University of Richmond; and celebrate TGIF at Keagan’s Restaurant where the PJ Bottoms Band is performing. For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
Abstract paintings of Inge Strack (pictured) are on display through March 9 at the Gumenick Family Gallery at The Cultural Arts Center at Glen Allen. Strack, a Chestefield painter of German origin, often paints in bold colors with a deep sense of emotion, focusing on brushstrokes, texture and form to find a balance. Strack’s painting is routed in the European tradition of expressionism but has found its own, unique language in following the American dream.
“I am not attempting to abstract the physical world," she said. "I draw my subject matter from inside of myself hoping to create a constant conversation between the viewer and the painting, especially since abstracts do not seem to answer but ask.” > Read more.
Do you play pickleball? Learn more about this oddly-named but fun-to-play sport tomorrow! Though it’s still pretty chilly outside, you can get a jump start on spring at the Richmond Home and Garden Show or at a workshop on raised bed gardening at Lavender Fields Herb Farm. For all our top picks this weekend in Henrico, click here! > Read more.
- More Henrico News
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Bruce Arnold – A FANATIC’S GUIDE TO EAR TRAINING AND SIGHT SINGING
Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing our best selling singing method.
The idea of singing sound based on a “key center” as opposed to singing an “interval” really began a revolution in the way musicians perceive sound. When a seasoned musician sings a melody, they are not thinking the distance between each note they are hearing, they are singing pitches within a “key center.” Seasoned musicians sing this way naturally after years of playing and singing but with Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing a student can fast forward their learning so that they can experience 30 years of ear training in a fraction of the time.
A complete transformation of musical perception with this ear training concept.
You will see from reading the reviews that this system of ear training has changed many musicians’ careers. Even students that are just beginning with music have found that it completely transforms the way they hear and sing music.
If you are only now acquainting yourself with this idea of “hearing within a key center” let’s look at a little history of ear training for musicians
The “Interval” method of Ear Training has been taught in music schools for literally hundreds of years and rarely been questioned. This method is based on singing the distance between each note with no regard to a key center. The problem with this approach is pretty simple. It just doesn’t work when you are trying to sing a melody. Some of the most common problems with singing by interval are:
- A tendency to sing sharp or flat
- Not being able to find the first note of the melody when you start singing a song.
- Inability to maintain your own part when singing within groups or choirs
If you are experiencing any of these problems then you need to get Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing and start working towards hearing music based by “key center.”
Why doesn’t interval training work?
If you are trying to sing each note as it flows by in music, there is no way that you can calculate the distance between each note even at a slow tempo much less the usual speed that notes flow by in real time. The only way to instantly know what notes are being played is to ingrain in your mind the sound of each note within a key center so that you know the sounds you are singing in the same way that you see the color blue and know it’s blue.
Our minds can’t process interval relationships at the speed needed to sing notes accurately.
Maybe you have no problem in the classroom when the teacher plays a note and asks you to sing a Major 6th above it, but if you are trying to do this in time as you are actually singing a piece of real music, it becomes problematic, and the problem is compounded the more complicated the music becomes. In the real world, when music is being played in real time, as a musician, your mind just cannot calculate the intervals and analyze what you need to know in order to react properly right away. This isn’t about intellectual ability, it’s about the reality of TIME. So how do musicians identify the sounds they are singing instantaneously?
Key Center is the “KEY”
Here’s how they do it: They use the “key center” of a song and internalize the sound of all 12 notes within that key center. Quite simply when they sing the 3rd they are not thinking that the note is four half steps above the root or in relation to any other note -they are recognizing the sound of a 3rd because they have memorized that sound within a “key center.”
Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing teaches you the “Key Center” process
In most cases we recommend you first work with Contextual Ear Training before moving on to Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing .
By working with the audio files in the Contextual Ear Training over time, you gain the ability to sing the sound of all 12 notes within a “key center.” For some students this will be a quick and painless rebooting of the way they hear sound; for others it can be a frustrating path with many possible pitfalls.
You have multiple singing method books. Which should I use first?
Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing and Contextual Ear Training differences.
Contextual Ear Training and Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing are two closely related books. The first and probably most important exercise for a beginner in the Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing is the “One Note” exercise. This “One Note” exercise develops the ability to instantly sing any of the 12 pitches over a “key center.” Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing requires you to work with a CD and check answers with an instrument to do this exercise. Contextual Ear Training allows you to do this exercise anywhere because the answer is supplied within the audio files, and it is much more portable. Therefore you will improve more quickly if you use the Contextual Ear Training “One Note” exercise because you can do it anywhere that you can take an MP3 player.
Which book should I get or should I get both?
We do occasionally recommend both Contextual Ear Training and Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing to students that are working in a choir or other places where they are reading music. With Contextual Ear Training you are not singing notes from a page. It will help you to sing notes from a page once you gain the ability to hear all 12 notes of a “key center,” but it does not build your sight reading skills. Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing does contain many exercises that require you to sing notes from a musical staff. So if you are a singer who needs to work on both aspects of your musicianship we recommend both books.
Practicing Ear Training from two different perspectives is the best way to improve.
With this in mind we have created a whole series of books that develop these two aspects of ear training. They basically boil down to listening exercises and singing exercises. For someone just starting our method we recommend: Contextual Ear Training and Ear Training One Note Complete.
Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing and Ear Training One Note Complete together make a great ear training program.
Listening exercises found in Ear Training One Note Complete teach you to identify the sounds from external sources such as another band member or a song that you are hearing on your MP3 player. Singing exercises found in Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing help you identify the sounds you hear inside you when you are singing, improvising or composing. You need both sides of ear training to become a great musician. The good news is they complement each other so the more you work on one, the more it will the help the other.
Bruce Arnold is here to help you through the process.
Some students can fly through this ear training with no problem. But many musicians have problems and need personal help. But have no fear, Mr. Arnold offers email support for students as they work through this process! So rest assured as you enter this ear training method, that you are not alone, and you can get expert help if you run into problems.
Helping musician for almost two decades!
This method has been transforming musicians for almost 20 years now. It’s one of the best selling Ear Training systems on the market. Simply put: It is successful because it works! BUT the secret weapon is Bruce Arnold. He is only an email away to help you. If you are a beginning or an advanced student seeking to perfect your skills, you can call on Bruce to help you through this process.
Where should you start?
First let’s talk about how you will be doing this ear training. We have found that the best way to do this ear training is with an MP3 player. It allows for many more ways to organize the audio files and is most portable. We do offer physical books and CDs with with some of our ear training products but we HIGHLY recommend you not take this path with our ear training method. Why? Because digital downloads are a much better way to study this ear training as MP3s are much less expensive, easier to organize, more easily portable and cost half as much as physical books with CDs. We also have many ear training products that are ONLY available as digital downloads so it just makes more sense to go the digital route. So unless you REALLY can only use a CD player we sincerely recommend that you buy digital downloads of our ear training products.
Recommended order of books.
For singing we most commonly recommend students start with Contextual Ear Training. and then move on to Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing . Also with Fanatic’s Guide to Sight Singing and Ear Trainingwe recommend you work with Ear Training One Note Complete.
Where do I go after I finish Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing ?
Once you have worked through the exercises in Fanatic’s Guide to Ear Training and Sight Singing we recommend you move on to Key Retention Builder.
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Some parts of brain essential for memory are highly vulnerable to aging. With increasing age, brain losses its nerve cells and becomes less efficient. Brain aging can be accelerated with exposure to poisons, tobacco, alcohol. Studies have shown that memory problems older people can be lessened with physical and mental stimulations to improve mental performance. DHA is highly researched as an important fatty acids that support brain function and reduce aging decline.
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What to do about gender neutrality?
It was so easy when I was growing up. We were taught that “he” referred to all humans, of either sex, and we believed it.
In fact it didn’t and, as an excellent analysis I just came across points out, throughout history it hardly ever has. (Carolyn Jacobson, the University of Pennsylvania graduate assistant who wrote the piece I just linked to back in 1995, uses this wonderfully oddball example to prove that we don’t read “he” as referring to both men and women: “The average American needs the small routines of getting ready for work. As he shaves or blow-dries his hair or pulls on his pantyhose, he is easing himself by small stages into the demands of the day.”)
In fact, the use of “man” and male pronouns to refer to human beings reflects a society in which men are the only beings considered fully human. As the second wave of feminism came along to spread this news, we looked for alternatives. It was relatively simple to substitute “human” for “man” and “humanity” (or even “people”) for “men.” But the problem of singular pronouns—what to do about “he” and “his”—was a much greater one. The problem first arose sometime in the 1970s. Forty-plus years later, we still haven’t figured out how to deal with it.
What to do about gender neutrality?
First, some ground rules. Some folks are still on the fence about this. Hold-outs continue to use “he” as a universal pronoun. But every major stylebook advises against it, and I, personally, think it is inexcusable.
“He” and “him” refer to a man, a boy, or a male animal. Period. You can no more use “he” to refer to people of both sexes than you can use “boy” to refer to a grown African-American man. This is not something anyone should have a choice about anymore–it is part of the evolution of our understanding about human rights and the role language plays in creating—or shutting down—change.
Beyond that, however, you have some choices. Sadly, none of them is very good:
1. You can replace he with “he or she” and him with “him or her.” He or she who hesitates is lost.
2. You can skip the “or” and say “he/she,” “him/her,” or opt for a slimmed down look and say “s/he” (which, however, begs the question of what to do about “him” and “her”). S/he who hesitates is lost.
3. You can try to re-write the sentence completely to leave out pronouns: The person who hesitates is lost.
4. You can turn every problematic singular sentence into a plural one: Those who hesitate are lost.
5. In certain contained circumstances, you can alternate the use of “he” and “she:”
A person who isn’t quite sure what to do next has several choices:
- She can consider her options carefully, and make a thoughtful decision..
- He can ask others for advice.
- She can hesitate, and be lost.
The problem is, solutions like these are cumbersome at best, unworkable at worst. “He or she,” which is more clear than alternating the use of “he” and “she,” and just slightly more professional and formal than “s/he,” can result in impossibly convoluted language, especially when it involves other pronoun forms. Consider:
“Every employee should talk to his or her manager about what he or she needs to do in order to complete his or her project.” It’s enough to make the writer gag and the reader jump off his or her ledge.
Option four, re-writing a sentence to turn it from singular to plural, is the one I see recommended most often, but it works better in some cases than in others. “Employees should talk to their managers about what they need to do in order to complete their projects,” is not too bad, except for the possible confusion about whether individual employees each have multiple managers or projects or just one apiece. But compare these alternatives:
Every man must listen to his conscience, following the voice in his head.
All people must listen to their consciences, following the voices in their heads.
Not only does the original sentence lose quite a bit of poetic (if clichéd) punch in the pluralized version, it veers dangerously close to a prescription for mass schizophrenia.
Reader, there is a fifth option. It’s in common use informally, but represents a radical step for formal grammar and is far from universally accepted. Nonetheless, it is out there, being debated and approved by even some among the grammatical establishment. It’s the use of the singular “they.”
The fact is, as grammarians will point out, the singular “they” (if a person hesitates, they are lost) has been around for a long time. As Arnold notes in the link above, it can be found in the works of Shakespeare, Austen and Dickens, among others. The arguments against its use seem to have originated in the same misguided attempts to mold English around Latin that led to the now-abandoned argument against splitting infinitives.
The singular “they” allows us to put away convoluted attempts to neutralize gender in one swift move, no muss, no fuss. Although it can sound odd, I have gradually come to the conclusion that it is the most elegant solution we English-speakers have to this problem-that-will-not-die.
That doesn’t mean I use it. Most of my work involves writing communications for others and I know usage of the singular “they” in formal writing is still unacceptable to most. Even in my own work, it still often sounds awkward and grating, and I find myself re-writing sentences to avoid it.
But having decided it is, ultimately, the best solution, I have vowed to start using it more. It’s a matter of conscience for me, because ultimately, it’s about removing the language’s built-in bigotry. As for you, you’ll have to decide for yourself. Everyone must listen to their conscience, and do what they think is right.
Enjoying this blog? Follow me and get it delivered directly to your inbox, whenever I manage to eke out a new one. And while you’re waiting, check out the archives for practical writing tips and more.
Need help with a writing project? I’m your human. Contact me and let’s set up a time to talk.
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When it comes to your indoor air quality, Halloween isn’t the only time of year it can be spooky. Everyday items in your home give off dangerous chemicals in the form of indoor air pollutants which are harmful to your health and wellness.
In the spirit of Halloween, take this opportunity to learn about how you can ward off scary indoor air pollution with these tips!
VOC’s, short for volatile organic compounds, are more common than you think. Found in many household items, dangerous chemicals are emitted and can cause short and long-term adverse health problems. Symptoms include dizziness, headaches, worsening asthma symptoms and even more serious conditions like cancer and nervous system damage.
Examples of where you can find VOCs are in cleaning supplies, candles, craft supplies like glue and adhesives, printers and office supplies and paint and candles. VOCs are commonly found indoors and can be up to ten times more concentrated than when found outdoors.
A few simple solutions to cutting your exposure to VOCs include switching to non-toxic, all-natural household cleaners, choosing low VOC paint and only burning candles that are paraffin-free.
Radon — an odorless, colorless, naturally occurring radioactive gas is the second-leading cause of lung cancer and is found in many homes across the country. This is one Halloween fright we could all do without. Radon forms when uranium found in water, rocks, and soil breaks down, releasing the gas into the dirt. It can then enter your home through cracks and leaks in your walls, flooring and even through fireplaces.
Because radon is found naturally outdoors, everyone has been exposed to it at some point. It is however more dangerous indoors because of confinement and concentration.
Because it is commonly found in homes (roughly one in 15), radon testing is available. Most hardware stores have at-home kits that can test radon levels. More in-depth tests are also available through professional services.
If your home is tested and exceeds the limit of 4 picocuries per liter (pCiL), it’s important to immediately take the necessary steps towards reducing the radon levels. Contact a radon specialist to help resolve the situation.
Another nasty chemical that can be dangerous when inhaled, formaldehyde is also found in many common household items. Newly manufactured products often contain high levels of formaldehyde like permanent press fabrics (drapes or curtains), pressed wood like cabinets, laminate flooring and particle board.
Newer homes that are better insulated can be more dangerous for higher concentrations of formaldehyde exposure, due to less airflow and ventilation. While energy efficiency is sought after in new building construction, it can often lead to less ventilation and poor indoor air quality.
To reduce the amount of formaldehyde found in your home, ventilation is the key. Open windows and install exhaust fans for more airflow. Choose products that are made without urea-formaldehyde glues and that are labeled No VOC/Low VOC.
Make this Halloween the Halloween you or a loved one quit smoking. The dangerous consequences of smoking cigarettes, cigars and other tobacco products are well known.
As the most preventable cause of lung cancer, eliminating tobacco smoke from inside your home is a critical step to reducing indoor air pollution and improving your overall health and wellness.
If you must be around someone who smokes, ask them to only do it outdoors and away from doors or windows that are open. Exposure to tobacco smoke will be less dangerous to your breathing, but secondhand smoke is still a major concern. According to the EPA, secondhand smoke can still cause lung cancer in adults who do not smoke.
Causing allergic reactions in adults and children, mold is a common pollutant found in homes all across the country, particularly humid climates.
While irritation of the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs are typical symptoms of mold exposure, those who are asthmatic can experience worsened symptoms.
The best way to deal with mold is to prevent it from becoming a problem in the first place. The best way to do this is to control humidity levels. Increasing ventilation, using air conditioners and dehumidifiers work well against humid environments that encourage mold growth.
Maintaining a healthy level of humidity with a self-regulating humidifier like the Venta Airwasher guarantees your indoor environment is getting the moisture it needs without over-humidifying. Venta’s patented Cold Evaporation system ensures your air only takes the moisture it needs from the unit. You’ll never find over-humidification or unhealthy mold growth when using the Airwasher, even if you’re already in a humid climate.
Whenever the combustion of fuels occurs, carbon monoxide is produced. This happens inside your home everyday with clothes dryers, water heaters, fireplaces, gas stoves and ovens, motor vehicles (garages) and water heaters. This colorless and odorless gas is extremely dangerous, particularly because our bodies cannot detect it. Symptoms of carbon monoxide exposure can be similar to the flu, so victims often times ignore the early signs of poisoning.
Carbon monoxide poisoning is a scare fit for Halloween, but it is, unfortunately, a serious matter that should be considered year-round. The CDC estimates that approximately 400 people die from unintentional carbon monoxide exposure in the United States every year. Thankfully, most states require it by law to have a carbon monoxide alarm installed in homes.
Knowledge of what appliances in your home are fuel-burning can help keep you conscious of the potential risks of carbon monoxide exposure. Be sure to properly vent rooms that have these appliances and maintain the appliances to premium operation ability.
Halloween should be fun rather than scary with more treats and fewer tricks. With that being said, these tips should help you to take control of the scary air pollutants that may be lurking about in your home.
We know the air you breathe indoors can be more polluted than outdoor air, which is why it’s our mission to make the air you breathe cleaner. With our Airwashers, we’re leading the indoor air revolution.
While you’re enjoying delicious treats in spooky costumes with friends and family, from all of us at Venta, we would like to wish our Venta Community a safe and Happy Halloween!
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Scuba instructors, no matter where they might dive, usually hear a certain question just before entering the water. The funny thing is, the same question can mean two different things, depending on how it’s asked—here are both versions:
“Are we going to see sharks on this dive?” (Excited, maybe wants to get a good picture…)
“Are we going to see SHARKS on this dive?!” (Terrified, and just sat through “Shark Week” on the Discovery Channel.)
As you might guess, the first quote is from an experienced diver, the second from one who’s never been in the water before. And let’s face it: if the only experience with sharks you have is the movie JAWS and footage of “feeding frenzies”… well, you might be a little nervous seeing one swim by. But in reality, sharks pose very little danger to SCUBA divers, provided a diver uses the same caution one would use with any wild animal, and takes no action to instigate defensive behavior. Most sharks we see are just passing by, or else (as in the case of our white tip reef shark population) resting or sleeping on the bottom. Far from being something to worry about, as divers gain more experience with them, shark encounters can become the highlight of a dive.This is not to say we as divers should not exercise caution, and we should always be alert for aggressive or disturbed behavior from any wild animal, sharks included. But sharks are NOT the “constant danger” they’re sometimes made out to be. In fact—now it seems the sharks are the ones in danger. Due to practices like long lining and shark fining, worldwide shark populations are in a steep decline. Coinciding with this decline is the recent discovery that what are now called apex predators (like sharks) are absolutely necessary for a healthy ecosystem. We need our big predators, and they’re disappearing. Sharks grow slowly and reproduce slowly, and so it’s very difficult for a diminished population to recover. As divers, we’re uniquely placed to observe and share the importance of all the life in the ocean as never before, and fortunately that’s beginning to have an effect. The Bahamas, Palau, and many other areas have now banned shark fishing all together. The Maldives and Costa Rica have established protected zones for sharks. But there’s a lot more work to be done. We want people to be asking us “Are we going to see sharks on this dive?” for a long time yet, and we want to be able to say “Yes”.
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Canada’s economic growth has been relatively concrete and better than in most other OECD countries since the start of the recession in 2007. Overall, no Canadian bank was acquired, nationalized, required a government recapitalization or declared bankrupt and there were no government bailouts of insolvent companies during this period. Canada was the only G-7 country able to escape a financial crisis, and its downturn was more moderate than Europe countries and U.S.. Canadian financial institutions are inclined to be more rigorous monitored, with larger capital requirements, greater restrictions and fewer off balance sheet activities. Also, the recent stress tests conducted by International Monetary Fund (IMF) show the resilience of Canada's economy and its major banks for contagion risks. A number of factors played a role in this positive outcome. According to recent economic review, Canada has an economy characterized by some strengths: responsible fiscal policy, strong and resilient financial system, sound monetary policy and institutions that produce reforms to encourage growth.
Canada’s Financial System: Well Managed and Well Regulated
(see also the Canada’s financial system among federal regulation and economic crisis. Strengths and vulnerabilities)
During the global economic crisis of 2007-09, the financial systems of some countries responded better than others. The crisis crippled or brought down financial institutions and forced bailouts of banks as well as countries. In contrast, Canada’s financial system has been relatively less affected by the global crisis than those of other industrialized countries. In fact, the performance of the Canadian banking system during this period was relatively strong. For the last six years, the World Economic Forum has ranked Canada first among more than 140 countries for banking stability because it has almost totally avoided systemic troubles. At the same time, in 2014, according to the Global Financial Magazine ranking, the first four positions in the ranking of the strongest banks, there are four Canadians banks.
Moreover, the regulatory framework for Canada’s financial sector is more prudent compared to U.S., for example, Canadian banks were less active in the subprime lending and securitization activities that are at the trigger of the existing financial crisis.
Actually, the Canadian banking system is characterized by five key elements:
- Supervision is focused and proactive
- Efforts to promote financial stability are coordinated
- Clear and credible recovery and resolution mechanisms
- Bank capital regulation is prudent
- Entire financial framework is regularly reviewed and updated
In particular, in Canada there is financial stability strengthened for adequate informal cooperation between federal and provincial authorities, about level of supervision and regulation. Supervisory responsibility for the financial sector in Canada is divided among the federal government, among the provincial governments, and among a group of agencies within the federal government. The Canada's approach is the shared responsibility among the Department of Finance and other federal financial regulatory authorities, including the Bank of Canada, the Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OSFI) and the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation (CDIC). Ultimately, it is the Minister of Finance who is responsible for the sound stewardship of the financial system. Moreover, heavy regulation and tight restrictions on entry led to a highly concentrated banking system dominated by only five competitors (Royal Bank of Canada, TD Canada Trust, Bank of Nova Scotia, Bank of Montreal, and Canadian Imperial Bank). While this system made the sector less competitive, it also made the sector easier to regulate. Monitoring has been made more feasible by the fact that its system includes only a small number of institutions. The results are that Canada’s compliance with international standards for regulation and supervision of banks and insurers is strong.
Another important factor is that, overall, risk-management practices at the major Canadian banks remained prudent during the lead-up to the global financial crisis, and likely helped them to weather the subsequent effects better than many other banks. In Canada, strong risk-management practices are recognized to a traditionally conservative business culture. In fact, the IMF results indicate that Canada’s banks had a less-aggressive business model, a more-robust funding model, and stronger balance-sheet liquidity. The IMF’s 2014 Financial Sector Assessment Programme (FSAP) review explained that Canada’s major financial institutions were sufficiently well capitalized to withstand the credit, liquidity and contagion issues of a quick shock.
The reason for the construction of strong regulatory framework was financial system stress that has occurred in the past, including the failure of some small Canadian banks and upheaval in the domestic housing and commercial real estate markets in the 1980s and again in the early 1990s. These cases show that the Canadian financial system is not immune to issues, and they contributed to an improved framework governing behaviour in Canada’s financial system, including adoption of better risk-management practices for banks. These events encouraged the reaction of Canadian authorities in order to create a situation of prudent risk-taking and improved crisis response. Put differently, Canadian banks strong performance during the 2007…09 financial crisis is seen as having benefited from the lessons from past periods of financial system stress in Canada, and the subsequent changes put in place, in terms of regulation, supervision and banks’ own risk-management practices, following these events.
Another positive effect was the clear and credible recovery and resolution mechanisms through the establishment of clear mandates, incentives and communication structures for all of the domestic government institutions that operate to financial stability. For example, Canada’s bank regulations and charters are revised every five years, an attempt to help regulation adapt to innovation and new risks.
Canada’s Actions for Real Economy
Canada was generally better situated than many other countries to weather the financial crisis and the global economic recession, in particular among G-7 countries as showed in Table 1.
Table 1: Canada was the first G-7 country to recover losses
Source: Statistics Canada, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.K. Office for National Statistics, Eurostat, Cabinet Office of Japan, and Bank of Canada calculations
This resilience is attributed to several factors. First, Canada positioned itself well also before the global recession thanks a conservative macroeconomic policy that reduced the federal government’s debt relative to GDP. Secondly, the banks performed better because Canadian authorities operated in advance in addressing the potential economic shock. In this scenario, it is evident the importance played by institutions and policy makers which have played a key role through the adoption of specific reforms in the real economy sectors.
Overall, Canada’s economic reforms since the 1980s included free trade, privatization, spending cuts, sound money, large corporate tax cuts, fiscal reforms, balanced federal budgets and decentralizing power to decrease the central government influence (the provinces compete with each other over fiscal and economic matters, and they have wide latitude to pursue different policies).
In recent years, the Canadian government launched a series of measures which, through greater simplification and transparency, have stimulated the growth of investment. For example, some actions focused on reducing barriers to foreign investment in the telecommunications field and on opportunity for entrepreneurs to take benefit of a very short time for the authorization of large economic projects. In particular, the government has invested heavily in sectors relevant to the Canadian economy such as agriculture and mining activities but also to reduce the tax rates for companies to stimulate growth.
Since October 1, 2012, the “Red Tape Reduction Action Plan” sets out what the Government is doing to cut burocracy so entrepreneurs can focus on business. The Action Plan addresses to businesses to limit regulatory creep and make the organization more transparent and accountable. These structural reforms regarding three main sectors action: reducing the administrative burden on business, making it easier to do business with regulators and improving service.
According to the macroeconomic data showed at the World Economic Forum in late January, the Canadian real economy is characterized by some strengths: lower business costs that facilitate the opening of new businesses, a tax system that encourages investment for new companies, sure access to the North American market, fiscal federalism that helps to share risks and labour market flexibility.
In addition, in the last years the main goal for the Canadian government was to consolidate the success of Canadian companies through international trade. In trade policy remains a priority of the Government's commitment to a more competitive economy of the country thanks to a prudent fiscal policy, the promotion of innovation programs and the strengthening of trade agreements. Among the measures for the economic growth one of the most important has been the almost complete elimination of duties and tariffs on imports. This has continued to stimulate trade agreements with more countries (recently with Panama, Peru, Colombia, Thailand, Morocco and free trade agreement, nearly completed, between Canada and the European Union). In 2013 more than 90 foreign multinationals have decided to land in Canada. This trade policy has diversified its export markets after the contraction of foreign demand as a result of the 2008 crisis. These recent measures with other approved previously are in order to protect the economy from the risks of recession. But prolonged slow growth in emerging markets or in the euro area could also adversely affect Canada. This could depress demand for Canadian exports, potentially causing more damage to the country’s fragile manufacturing sector and Canada’s overall gross domestic product.
ASSOCAMERESTERO (2014) Canada: dati macroeconomici 2013, Business Atlas (http://www.assocamerestero.com/download.asp?ln=&idtema=1&idtemacat=1&file=Informazioni/Files/86442/Canada%202014.pdf)
BANK OF CANADA (2014) Monetary Policy Report, BOC report, July (http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/mpr-2014-07-16.pdf)
BANK OF CANADA (2013) Canada Works, BOC report, may (http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/remarks-210513.pdf)
CIA - World Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html
HALTON R. (2013) Why was Canada exempt from the financial crisis?, Econ focus
NEVILLE A. - GRAYDON P. (2014) Lessons from the Financial Crisis: Bank Performance and Regulatory Reform, Discussion Paper (http://www.bankofcanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/dp2013-04.pdf)
OECD (2014) Canada overview, OECD Economic Surveys, June (http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Overview%20_CANADA_2014.pdf)
OECD - Historical Country Risk Classification www.oecd.org
Editor: Giovanni AVERSA
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Surprise! The Soviets Nearly Won Afghan War
Twenty-five years ago, on Christmas Eve, Soviet troops marched into Afghanistan with the aim of restoring order in a few months. Nine years later they withdrew amid continued violence. In their wake, civil war erupted and the Taliban rose to power, providing a haven to Al Qaeda.
Critics of the U.S. military effort in Iraq often cite the Soviet experience in Afghanistan as evidence that using foreign troops to put down an insurgency is bound to fail. But that “lesson” is misleading because it depends on a depiction of the Soviet-Afghan war that is downright inaccurate.
When Soviet forces invaded Afghanistan, they initially failed to protect their logistical and communications lines. But Soviet commanders quickly corrected these mistakes and brought in better troops, including helicopter pilots trained for mountain warfare. From mid-1980 on, the Afghan guerrillas never seized any major Soviet facilities or prevented major troop deployments and movements.
When Soviet generals shifted, in mid-1983, to a counterinsurgency strategy of scorched-earth tactics and the use of heavily armed special operations forces, their progress against the guerrillas accelerated. Over the next few years, the Soviets increased their control of Afghanistan, inflicting many casualties -- guerrilla and civilian. Had it not been for the immense support -- weapons, training, materials -- provided to the Afghan guerrillas by the United States, Saudi Arabia, China and Pakistan, Soviet troops would have achieved outright victory.
Even with all the outside military assistance, Afghan guerrillas were often helpless when facing the Soviet military machine. Raids conducted by Soviet airborne and helicopter forces were especially effective. In late 1985 and 1986, guerrilla units sustained heavy losses in the Kunar Valley and Paktia province and retreated from large swaths of strategic territory. The previously ineffective army of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul provided valuable support, launching fierce artillery barrages and huge armored assaults. In a long study of Soviet military progress as of mid-1987, a leading Westren military expert concluded that Soviet forces were proving “devastatingly effective against the Afghan resistance,” were “presently winning in Afghanistan” and were “very close to crushing the resistance.”
The announcement in 1988 by then-Soviet President Mikhail S. Gorbachev that forces would be withdrawn from Afghanistan within a year was a political and diplomatic decision, not a military one. The “bleeding wound” that Gorbachev described was not primarily Russian but Afghan. During the nine years of fighting, more than 2.5 million Afghans (mostly civilians) were killed or maimed; millions more were displaced or forced into exile. By contrast, 14,453 Soviet troops were killed, an average of 1,600 a year. This was not a trivial number, but certainly sustainable for the Soviet army, which numbered more than 4 million.
When the last Soviet troops left Afghanistan in February 1989, the situation on the ground was relatively favorable to Moscow, in part because the Soviet air force conducted sustained bombing raids to cover the withdrawal. Aided by huge inflows of Soviet weaponry, Kabul’s staunchly pro-Soviet regime led by President Najibullah remained in power for the next three years. The regime’s durability represented a notable success for the Soviet war effort. Only after the Soviet Union collapsed and the new Russian government cut off military aid to Afghanistan did Najibullah fall.
What relevance does the Soviet-Afghan war have for U.S. military operations in Iraq? Very little. Soviet troops did not invade and occupy Afghanistan to oust a brutal dictator or promote democratic elections. They simply aimed to install a friendly communist regime in Kabul. The number of Soviet troops never exceeded 120,000 at any time, but they eventually laid waste to the entire country.
A dearth of training and equipment hampered the Soviet war effort. By contrast, U.S. soldiers in Iraq are much better trained, equipped and motivated than their Soviet counterparts were in Afghanistan.
The Soviet-Afghan war’s main relevance to the U.S. campaign in Iraq is operational. The Soviet experience underscored the crucial importance of intelligence in fighting an insurgency, an advantage the U.S. continues to lack in Iraq. It also highlighted the enormous potential of attack and transport helicopters that can strike deep in enemy territory, and it reaffirmed the value of small, flexible units of heavily armed special operations forces that are capable of carrying out rapid strikes.
Most important, the Soviet war demonstrated that the Afghan guerrillas were not invincible and that well-designed counterinsurgency operations can inflict grave damage on, and spread turmoil among, the enemy.
Looking back 25 years later, many observers have been tempted to assume that the Soviet military effort in Afghanistan was hopeless from the start. That’s a distortion. An accurate appraisal of the Soviet military experience in Afghanistan is essential if we are to avoid drawing spurious lessons for current U.S. policy in Iraq.
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The allocation of support is made on an individual basis because the support is matched to a child’s individual needs. Your child’s teacher will meet with yourself and your child separately to discuss the level of support they may require. It is important to strike a balance between giving your child the support they need to make good progress and allowing them to develop independence as a learner.
The school receives a budget that is specifically for developing special educational needs provision. This is used to provide support staff, purchase learning resources and pay for training etc and is allocated to children according to the provision agreed for them. For example, if you and your child’s teacher agree that your child needs to carry out a specific writing programme, then the SEN budget will be used to ensure they have the correct resources, adult support and that the staff receive any training required to deliver the programme effectively.
If your child requires individualised one-to-one support in addition to the support available as part of the SEN budget, it is possible for the school to apply for Local High Needs Funding
If you have any concerns about the level of support your child is receiving please discuss this with your child’s teacher or book some time to talk to Mrs Hawker (Inclusion Leader).
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder condition that arises in women during childbearing years. It affects the woman’s ability in getting pregnant.
The women who are affected by PCOS experience irregular menstrual periods or develop excess male hormone levels that are the creation of more androgen. The ovaries generally develop follicles or some small fluid collections that prevent the regular release of eggs.
PCOS indicates a serious condition and shouldn’t be taken lightly. It needs immediate medical attention and even surgery. Many women who suffer from PCOS don’t even aware of this. The serious condition of PCOS indicates when it affects ovulation and has ovarian cysts.
Common symptoms of PCOS
1. Infrequent menstruation periods or complete stoppage of periods
2. Not getting pregnant due to irregular ovulation and failing to ovulate
3. Hirsutism or excess hair growth in the face, back, chest, and in buttocks
4. Obesity & gaining of weight
5. Hair thinning and hair fall from head
6. Oily skin & acne
Cause of PCOS
The exact reason for PCOS is still not ascertained. There is evidence that PCOS arises due to genetic disorders. Other reasons include high levels of male hormones (androgens) that stop ovulation giving rise to irregular menstrual cycles.
Homeopathic Treatment for PCOS
Homeopathic treatment for Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is very effective natural and can be considered the best alternative medicine for such issues. Homeopathic medications are preferred because it treats the disease from its roots or treat the underlying causes of the disease suppressing the symptoms. With the application of homeopathic medicines, it restores and balances the vitality of the body. A few of the best-known medicines include Apis Mellifica, Pulsatilla, Sepia, Lachesis, Graphites, etc. 𝐃𝐫. 𝐀𝐧𝐤𝐢𝐭 𝐏𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐡𝐢’𝐬 𝐇𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐚𝐭𝐡𝐲 𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐜 is an advanced homeopathic clinic in Bhubaneswar that takes a holistic and individualistic approach involving dietary restrictions and the latest mode of homeopathic treatments.
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More than 34 million tons of food waste is sent to landfills annually and the hospitality industry are significant contributors. The recent trend of jurisdictions implementing food waste restrictions and bans is making sustainable alternatives no longer just a social responsibility; but a mandatory requirement. The good news is, some successful back-of-the-house programs can help increase profitability and subsidize the front-of-the-house improvements.
The hospitality industry consumes a large volume of food and beverage through in-house restaurants, catering, buffets, and guest room services. In some cases, hotel guests have been known to produce approximately two pounds of food waste per night per person representing approximately 40% of a hotel’s total waste.
Most of the large hotel brands are already taking sustainable actions regarding renewable energy and water conservation, but little attention has been directed towards the reduction of food waste until now. The issue of food waste in the hotel industry is a topic not often discussed because the predominant focus and capital expenditures have been on aesthetics and guest satisfaction and up to now, few disposal options existed that saved money, improved operating efficiencies, and made environmental sense. In geographies that are now regulating and requiring the separation of food waste from other trash, hotels will need to find a more sustainable, efficient, and cost-effective alternative that fits within their corporate sustainability goals.
Traditional waste removal, although complicated and expensive, has long been the acceptable means of disposal. As more information about the detrimental impacts of food waste being sent to landfills has become available, guests are likely to question the sustainability efforts of their preferred hotel brands. It is fair to assume that hotel guests now wonder if their preferred hotel brand is actively taking steps to dispose of their food waste in a more environmentally sound way.
Today, there are several alternative on and off-site solutions that offer hotels choices to comply with emerging food waste bans. Some of these solutions measure the waste in order to takes steps to prevent it altogether.
Composting was once a popular off-site practice; however, some hotel owners have experienced great logistical nightmares and believe it not to be a scalable solution across their expansive geography. First, the food waste needs to be stored until the collection occurs. Consideration needs to be made as to where the storage will occur so that odors will not affect their guests nor will the waste attract vermin. Secondly, composting customers will likely experience higher costs due to increased truck transportation needs and longer travel distances to the few commercial composting facilities in each state. As the food is separated for pick up, haulers will need to dispatch separate collection vehicles which will in turn increase the amount of trucks on the road, emitting twice as many harmful carbon emissions.
Anaerobic Digestion is fast becoming the more popular off-site alternative because it utilizes the organic waste as feedstock for energy production. The capital required to construct these facilities and the difficulty in siting them within proximity to major city centers have limited the current availability.
Ultimately neither of these “popular” off-site solutions help to solve the real problem at hand which is reducing the amount of food waste being generated. As resort and hotel owners become increasingly aware of their ability to quantify, analyze and reduce waste utilizing new clean technology products, they begin to effect change to their internal policies and the environment.
The most cost-effective, efficient and eco-friendly solution for any organization that produces large amounts of food waste is on-site aerobic digestion. Digesters eliminate food waste at its point of origin, alleviating the environmental and economic obstacles of their waste management providers’ traditional service offerings.
Aerobic digesters use safe bacteria to accelerate food’s natural decomposition process while maintaining optimal levels of aeration, moisture, and temperature. Under these controlled conditions, the micro-organisms can safely digest food waste at a rate much faster than under natural conditions, like composting. The food waste is ultimately converted into nutrient-neutral water that is transported safely through standard sewer lines. Processing food waste on-site eliminates certain logistical costs and storage considerations, but choosing a solution that accurately measures what is wasted takes the ambiguity of the waste bill away, and puts the generator in the driver seat.
It is virtually impossible for traditional waste haulers to produce accurate data on the volume of food waste carted away each day. Trucks are not equipped with scales and haulers do not have the data collection methods to summarize what was wasted. As a hotel operator, it is imperative to have access to accurate and reliable data in order to report the waste diversion and savings efforts across the portfolio. Not just in response to local and statewide legislation but because it is an important corporate initiative and your guests are expecting the effort to be made.
BioHitech America’s Eco-Safe Digester weighs and categorizes every pound of waste as it is added to the digester to clearly classify where, when and what food waste is disposed of. This data is then transmitted to your corporate sustainability dashboard in real time. The data from the digester replaces the ambiguity of those antiquated waste bills, and is transformed into a powerful management tool that can be rolled into branded sustainability reports. The Eco-Safe Digester can easily track waste diversion across an entire portfolio, calculating carbon reductions and comparing performance to improve efficiency and profitability.
Hotels are known leaders in facilitating a zero-waste behavior. Utilizing big data to understand what is wasted will enable hotel owners to redirect capital flow to the front-of-the-house where eco-aware guests are waiting to check in.
Why On-Site Aerobic Digesters Make Sense For Full-Service Hotels
November 13, 2014
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National records report 374 cumulative HIV/AIDS cases (238 males and 136 females) among Mauritians at the end of 2002 since the first AIDS case was reported in 1987.
Of these cases, almost 70% occurred through heterosexual contact and nearly 15% through either heterosexual contact or injecting drug use (IDU), although IDU-related cases have increased rapidly as of 2003.
Dependency ratios: total dependency ratio: 40.6% [see also: NOTE: The information regarding Mauritius on this page is re-published from the 2017 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency.
] Nationality: noun: Mauritian(s) adjective: Mauritian Ethnic groups: Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2% Languages: Creole 86.5%, Bhojpuri 5.3%, French 4.1%, two languages 1.4%, other 2.6% (includes English, the official language, which is spoken by less than 1% of the population), unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.) Religions: Hindu 48.5%, Roman Catholic 26.3%, Muslim 17.3%, other Christian 6.4%, other 0.6%, none 0.7%, unspecified 0.1% (2011 est.) Demographic profile: Mauritius has transitioned from a country of high fertility and high mortality rates in the 1950s and mid-1960s to one with among the lowest population growth rates in the developing world today.
After World War II, Mauritius’ population began to expand quickly due to increased fertility and a dramatic drop in mortality rates as a result of improved health care and the eradication of malaria.
The population is distributed along the horizontal axis, with males shown on the left and females on the right.
The male and female populations are broken down into 5-year age groups represented as horizontal bars along the vertical axis, with the youngest age groups at the bottom and the oldest at the top.
All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Mauritius PEOPLE 2017 should be addressed to the CIA.
As at 1st July 2009, the population of the Republic of Mauritius was estimated at 1,275,323 of whom 629,348 were males and 645,975 females, giving a sex ratio of 97.4 males per 100 females.With no indigenous population, Mauritius’ ethnic mix is a product of more than two centuries of European colonialism and continued international labor migration.Sugar production relied on slave labor mainly from Madagascar, Mozambique, and East Africa from the early 18th century until its abolition in 1835, when slaves were replaced with indentured Indians.In the target population, 30.9% of males and 9.7% of females reported a history of sexual intercourse.Of the currently sexually active participants, 50.6% of men and 71.2% of women did not use condoms at their last sexual encounter.The family planning programs’ success was due to support from the government and eventually the traditionally pronatalist religious communities, which both recognized that controlling population growth was necessary because of Mauritius’ small size and limited resources.
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Cryptocurrency is a form of currency which is similar to the former US “Gold Standard” currency, but it’s directly tied to the Internet and is the world’s first free market, decentralized global currency. Cryptocurrencies can be exchanged for other currencies, goods or services.
Where does Cryptocurrency come from?
Cryptocurrency are created out of thin-air through an open-source computer mining system similar to a lottery, yielding a commodity like gold.
I’ll now try to explain the key words here “lottery” and “gold” as they relate to Cryptocurrency mining.
“Lottery” meaning that your computer is basically trying to decipher a 64-byte number before anyone else on the mining network does. Each time your computer gets the 64-byte string correct before anyone else, a new block is created and awarded to the miner or pool (group of miners). But this isn’t a normal lottery. This lottery is millions of times more difficult than a normal lottery, thus why miners spend a lot capital on new hardware for mining. Therefore, the faster your system can mine the higher probability you will be rewarded.
“Gold” meaning only a fixed amount of a certain crytocurrency will ever be created just as only X amount of gold will ever be discovered on Earth. Thus, this form of payment tends to see an opposite affect of that which you are used to. A cryptocurrency become worth more as time goes on (finite supply) vs. traditional currencies today which lose more value as time goes on (infinite supply; central banks can print money at their discretion, and they do).
So for all you smart kids out there, would it make more sense to invest in a currency that is finite like a crytpocurrency, or infinite like the US dollar?
How does a Cryptocurrency have a real world value?
As Crytocurrencies continue to be mined they begin to create more value since more and more people begin to own them. You can kind of think of them as trading cards or beanie babies. The longer you hold onto these things the more value they tend to take on as more and more people begin collecting them. The biggest difference is you can’t take your Babe Ruth rookie card to the car dealership and trade it for a car because it’s not a universal means of exchange like crytocurrencies or a credit card. You have to go through the painstaking process of finding a buyer and turning that card into money.
People worked hard for months or years to mine these things, investing time, hardware, and energy in the process. This is where the initial value of the currency is born, since time and money was used to create them.
Put yourself in the shoes of a miner: you invest time, money and brainpower into mining these coins against thousands of other people around the planet. You’re not just going to give them all away for free. Everyone wants to get their money back from an investment, so people started exchanging their cryptocurrencies for different things including currencies like the US dollar and the Euro. In return this allowed new people outside of the mining ring to collect and exchange their cryptocurrency, thus the currency began to grow which started to create a networking effect.
Now normal everyday people are exchanging cash for cryptocurrencies, wondering what the hell can I do with these things?
Why are people investing so much money into Cryptocurrencies?
Because it’s like gold, or more accurately, the gold of the Internet. As long as people trust that this currency has value, people will continue to invest in cryptocurrencies. Cryptocurrencies use open-sourced software, so there is no central control with corrupt bankers and politicians, just really smart people working for free to keeping it running.
Given all the problems we see in world economies, people are rapidly beginning to lose faith in conventional legal tender like the EUR and USD. Governments have demonstrated that they can seize your bank-accessible assets if necessary. With a cryptocurrency this is not possible as they have no access to your funds. Your cryptocurrency wallet is essentially your own bank. It’s similar to the idea of people stuffing cash into their mattresses, except this is a lot more profitable and accessible. People will perhaps one day refer to this era as the gold rush of the 21st century.
Cryptocurrencies are not an easy thing to wrap your head around. Imagine trying to explain the internet to someone who lived in the 70′s, they might think they get it, but without actually experiencing it, they’d never truly understand. So dive in because I honestly don’t think cryptocurrencies are going anywhere. It’s been four years and there still haven’t been any major issues, just massive growth spurts and typical market corrections. I’m having a hard time wrapping my head around what the world may be like 5-10 years from now if cryptocurrencies really do take off, but I’m excited for the possibilities.
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What is a Choroidal Melanoma?
A melanoma is a type of cancer that results in the unregulated growth of the pigmented cells in the body called melanocytes. Melanomas can occur anywhere in the body where these pigmeted cells exist, including inside of the eye. Melanoma can occur in several areas of the eye including the iris, ciliary body, and choroids (figure 1).
What Causes a Choroidal Melanoma and who is at risk?
Choroidal melanomas are very rare, occurring in only about 6 people out of every million every year. Choroidal melanoma is the most common type of cancer to affect the eye in adults. The cause of melanoma is unknown. It most commonly occurs in mid-life and occurs equally in men and women. Caucasians are more likely to develop choroidal melanomas when compared to other groups. People with exposure to intense UV light (such as arc welders) have a slightly increased risk, but there are no other known environmental risk factors. Most commonly the melanoma grows from a pre-existing nevus (mole) in the eye.
What are the symptoms of a Choroidal Melanoma?
The symptoms associated with a chroidal melanoma depends on where in the eye the melanoma beings to grow. In some cases there are no symptoms at all and the tumor is detected only on a routine examination. In some people a melanoma can cause blurred vision, flashing lights, floaters, or rarely pain.
How is a Choroidal Melanoma diagnosed?
A choroidal melanoma is diagnosed through a dilated examination of the eye. Specialized testing is often used to confirm the diagnosis and evaluate the extent of damage to the retina. A photographic dye test called a fluorescein angiogram can be used to assess the blood supply to the melanoma and look for any damage to the retinal blood vessels. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is used to obtain a high-resolution anatomic scan of the retinal structure to look for damage. Ultrasound is used to measure the size of the tumor and look at its internal characteristics.
How is a Choroidal Melanoma treated?
The main goal of treatment is to try and save a patients life. Treatment is also aimed at trying to save the eye and help preserve as much vision as possible. There are many different treatments available. Treatment mainly depends on the size and location of the melanoma. In some cases if the melanoma is very large the only treatment is to remove the eye. With smaller melanomas the goal is to locally treat the melanoma while sparing the eye and possibly vision. The mainstay of localized treatment is radiation (figure 3). In some cases laser can be used in conjunction with radiation to stabilize the melanoma.
What is my prognosis?
The prognosis depends on many different factors including the size and location of the melanoma, what type of cells are in the tumor and the genetics of the tumor. A choroidal melanoma can cause loss of vision. In about 20% of cases it can spread outside of the eye (metastasizes) and cause serious health problems or death. For most patients the melanoma does not spread outside or the eye and if diagnosed and treated early the chances of survival are excellent.
How Can I Learn More About Choroidal Melanoma?
The National Cancer Institute has excellent information.
Figure 1. Choroidal melanoma.
Figure 2. Ultrasound of a choroidal melanoma.
Figure 3. Appearance of a choroidal malanoma after radiation treatment.
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American Ginseng Powder
American ginseng is native to eastern North America, but it is cultivated in many places, including China. The roots of American ginseng have traditionally been used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes. The major biologically active constituents of American ginseng are dammarane-type ginsenosides, or saponins. American ginseng has a very specialized growing environment and along with it’s high demand and the destruction of it’s environment, some American states have placed it on their endangered species scale.
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No matter where you live, you, the homeowner, can spot a downtime for your yard. Most world climates have seasonal changes, spring, summer, autumn, and winter that last about three months and bring changes in temperature, precipitation, and/or length of daylight. These downtimes also change the use and demands of your landscape.
In middle parts of the Northern Hemisphere, warm spring days occur in March, April, and May; June, July, and August bring hot days and warm nights; and in September, October, and November, autumn days become cooler, leading to the winter cold of December, January, and February. In the Southern Hemisphere, seasons reverse and homeowners in places such as Australia and New Zealand experience summer in December, January, and February.
Equatorial and polar regions may not experience seasons or temperature changes but those living close to these areas do encounter environmental changes. In parts of the tropics, rainfall varies greatly, creating a wet season and a dry season. In areas close to the poles, day lengths vary leading to a light season and a dark season.
I believe that one of these downtimes is the best time to begin or continue the landscape planning process. At those times, the “bare bones” of a piece of property, or even one of the little gardens that most of us have accumulated, can be seen the best.
Once house and property measurements are recorded in a notebook or on a piece of graph paper for inclusion in a base plan, homeowners can begin to take stock of their own and their family’s lifestyles. Conclusions arrived at during this period of fact-finding can be recorded in a notebook, and of course modified when necessary, ready to be included in the master plan.
Launch this period of taking stock by equipping yourself with a loose-leaf notebook and then begin answering these six questions:
1) What do I like in a home landscape, and what do I detest?
2) When will the yard be used?
3) How will the yard be used?
4) Who will use the yard?
5) How much time and money can be allowed for implementing the overall plan?
6) Who will do the work?
Study garden magazines, design books, and plant catalogs. Clip pictures and ideas that appeal to you from the magazines and catalogs and copy them from the landscape and horticulture books. Start lists of items you absolutely can’t tolerate. Look carefully at yards in your own and surrounding neighborhoods. Invest in a point-and-shoot camera for spontaneous discoveries and observations. If you think a homeowner might be touchy about pictures, ask permission first. This part of taking stock can be ongoing. Just remember to include all of your observations in your notebook.
Question #2, when will the yard be used, is easier to answer. If every summer season is spent away from home than the best option is to plan a scheme for those months that looks neat and requires little maintenance. In this situation, an elaborate perennial garden is a waste of time, energy and money when a variety of slower-growing trees and shrubs would enhance the same amount of space. Be very honest and unambiguous in answering this question.
A crucial issue in question
#3: how will the property be used? Is your idea of a finished landscape one of low maintenance that embellishes the house…what Realtor’s term “curb appeal?” Or do you want a hobby or recreation area? Or is a plant paradise more to your liking?
An ongoing landscape project is certainly a possibility. Families, finances and needs all change. Just because you’ve captured ideas for 2002 and made a master plan does not mean it is engraved in stone. The plan can and should be changed as your lifestyle changes. Of importance here, however, is to again be honest and unambiguous. How your property will be used is central to space and time allocation, and any change will be the hub around which the master plan can be changed in the future.
You must plan around who will use your yard, question #4. We all know that the needs of senior citizens differ from those of growing children. However, we need to understand and plan for these differences, especially when a mixture of ages and interests will be sharing spaces. Perhaps the easiest way to prepare for an assortment of needs is to painstakingly watch in public parks and other yards how spaces are used and where the difficulty is encountered.
Parents of young children remark that they’ve purchased beautiful play equipment that the children never use. When I find out where Mom & Dad hang out, it’s usually in a plot, or working on a project on the other side of the yard. Moving the play equipment closer to what interests the adults usually results in family togetherness.
As their mobility decreases, seniors need flat, stable footing especially where levels change, and when level changes are drastic, handrails might be in order. Bird feeders, small water features, anything that brings in cheerful motion and sound, can provide a satisfying environment. And of course, a wide variety of comfortable places to sit will guarantee interaction among those who use the space you’ve designed.
Question #5 may represent the most difficult part of the process, and it demands frankness. How much time and money can be allowed for the overall plan? Perhaps the best way to answer is to divide this large question into smaller parts on a chart, table or checklist. The focus is to compare money on hand against the time available to implement the plan and put it into practice.
How much time and money do I have to budget:
+ During each season of the year;
+ During various times of each season;
+ During any particular week?
Tasks can be designated as:
+ Repetitive jobs such as lawn mowing, fertilizing, raking leaves or deadheading perennials and shrubs;
+ Hard physical jobs such as pruning trees and shrubs, edging beds and borders, or spreading mulch;
+ Dedicated tasks such as caring for a perennial border or annual flower bed;
+ Delicate tasks such as maintaining a rock garden or spring garden of native plants.
A common misconception is that once drawn up, master plans are easy to implement and maintain. So, finally, identify the jobs that must be done and who will do them. Ignoring this issue sabotages the best-made plans, soon leads to difficult and down-at-the-heel surroundings and tumbles homeowners into distress. For example, it is unrealistic for a wife to assume her husband will mow the lawn each week when he’d rather be fishing or playing golf. Then again, if a mother has three young children, she won’t have time to properly maintain an elaborate perennial bed. For success and comfort, this question must be realistically addressed.
Some of the questions blur into each other, but they create a beginning for sorting out the many parts involved in creating a realistic and livable master plan, whether it’s a simple or complex one.
If you have trees on your property landscape that have become overgrown, have died or are dying, you need to have those taken care of. Portland TT will help you out.
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Experimental Manipulation of Body Size to Estimate Morphological Scaling Relationships in Drosophila
- Additional Document Info
- View All
The scaling of body parts is a central feature of animal morphology. Within species, morphological traits need to be correctly proportioned to the body for the organism to function; larger individuals typically have larger body parts and smaller individuals generally have smaller body parts, such that overall body shape is maintained across a range of adult body sizes. The requirement for correct proportions means that individuals within species usually exhibit low variation in relative trait size. In contrast, relative trait size can vary dramatically among species and is a primary mechanism by which morphological diversity is produced. Over a century of comparative work has established these intra- and interspecific patterns. Perhaps the most widely used approach to describe this variation is to calculate the scaling relationship between the size of two morphological traits using the allometric equation y=bxα, where x and y are the size of the two traits, such as organ and body size. This equation describes the within-group (e.g., species, population) scaling relationship between two traits as both vary in size. Log-transformation of this equation produces a simple linear equation, log(y) = log(b) + αlog(x) and log-log plots of the size of different traits among individuals of the same species typically reveal linear scaling with an intercept of log(b) and a slope of α, called the 'allometric coefficient'. Morphological variation among groups is described by differences in scaling relationship intercepts or slopes for a given trait pair. Consequently, variation in the parameters of the allometric equation (b and α) elegantly describes the shape variation captured in the relationship between organ and body size within and among biological groups. Not all traits scale linearly with each other or with body size. Hence, morphological scaling relationships are most informative when the data are taken from the full range of trait sizes. Here we describe how simple experimental manipulation of diet can be used to produce the full range of body size in insects. This permits an estimation of the full scaling relationship for any given pair of traits, allowing a complete description of how shape covaries with size and a robust comparison of scaling relationship parameters among biological groups. Although we focus on Drosophila, our methodology should be applicable to nearly any fully metamorphic insect.
has subject area
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Dolmens are large burial monuments, which are numerous
in Asia, Europe and North Africa. Korea has the greatest
number of dolmens in the world. These are of great
archaeological value for the information they provide on
the prehistoric peoples who erected them, and their social
and political systems, beliefs and worship rituals, arts and
celebrations and other secrets.
Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites have the
highest density and variety of dolmens in Korea.
People marvel at not only their numbers, but also the diverse types; the table type, known as the
northern type, the go-board type, known as the southern type, the capstone type and others.
These sites also keep intact evidence of how the stones were quarried, transported and lifted,
and of how dolmen types changed over Northeast Asia.
Dolmens were erected in Korea from 1000 B.C. to the dawn of the first millenium. They
straddled a long span of ancient history, varying by time and region. Korea seems to have
flourished the most with regard to erecting various dolemens in Northeast Asia, judging from the
great density of dolmens found here.
With growing awareness of the importance of dolmens, the central government and local
governments have designated dolmen sites as historical sites or provincial monuments, and
performed precise geographical and topographical surveys and scientific excavations. Those
efforts to explore the dolmen sites archaeologically are done in accordance with environmental concerns.
Gochang Dolmen Site (8.38ha)
The Jungnim-ri dolmens, the largest and the most diversified group of dolmens in Korea, are
located in the center of the village of Maesan. Most of them are located at altitudes of 15-50m
along the southern foothills of the mountain that runs from east to west. The heights of the
capstones of the dolmens range from 1m to 5.8m based on their shape.
Hwasun Dolmen Site (31ha)
Like those found in the Gochang group, the Hwasun dolmens are located on the slopes of hills, along the Jiseokgang River. Each dolmen in this area is less intact than those found in Gochang. The Hyosan-ri group is estimated to be comprised of
158 monuments and the Daesin-ri group has 129 dolmens. In many cases, the stone outcroppings can be identified.
Ganghwa Dolmen Site (12.27ha)
This site is found on Ganghwa Island, on the slope of a mountain. The dolmens tend to be higher than those found at the other two sites and seem to have been erected much earlier.
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December 29, 2014
Does the Glycemic Index Matter?
This is one study that goes against many studies, and being a small study – 163 overweight people divided into four groups – does not prove what they wanted to prove. The reason is there are too many variables that are not accounted for and they pushed conclusions that may not have been accurately accounted for in the study.
Yes, low glycemic index foods may not have resulted in greater weight loss, but even in the study details which I was able to acquire, the low glycemic index foods were not revealed.
I do not appreciate that even what they consider healthy foods are not detailed. Some low glycemic foods can be unhealthy and not telling what low glycemic foods were used is just as bad as not stating what healthy foods were used.
I could believe that may of the foods used were from the foods promoted by the USDA and this statement does call this into question, “In fact, researchers found that overweight adults placed on a low-GI diet actually showed less sensitivity to insulin than those on a high-GI diet. Insulin is the body's key blood-sugar-regulating hormone, and a decline in insulin sensitivity can eventually lead to type 2 diabetes.”
When a researcher says, "Low-GI diets are difficult to follow," I can believe this, as they are not as nutritious as the foods in a higher-GI diet. Then this statement points to possibly the reason for this research, "If you don't have to worry about foods' glycemic index, that makes it easier to follow a healthy diet." Don't get me wrong, the glycemic index isn't the end-all, but can provide some pointers that help people avoid diabetes or delay the onset of diabetes.
What annoyed me was that all of the diets were based on the DASH diet ((Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) which is supposedly a heart-healthy plan that is built around fruits and vegetables, fiber-rich grains, 'good fats like olive oil, fish, and low-fat dairy products. Then they varied the number of carbohydrates to distinguish the different diets, either 58 percent or 40 percent of daily calories, and finally either high or low in glycemic index.
The variable was added after five weeks when the study volunteers were switched to a different diet of the four diets. By not saying which, the results could have been easily swayed the way the researchers desired. All of the participants were required to eat their main meal at the research center and then given their other meals and snacks to take home.
By not saying which diets and which they were switched to at the end of the first five weeks, they then claim the results showed some surprises. They claimed that the high-carb, high-GI diet had the greatest results in insulin sensitivity. In contrast, the people's insulin sensitivity barely changed when they followed the high-carb/low-GI diet, the study reported. None of the participants had diabetes according to the researchers.
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| 0.982039 | 617 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Page 2 of 2 Previous
Once a teen lands a job — an allowance won't do — open a Roth IRA, or individual retirement account. A Roth IRA allows accountholders to contribute a portion of their paycheck after taxes. That means that when it comes to time to withdraw the funds, they can do so tax-free.
Seaman recommends teens set aside a minimum of 15 percent of their paycheck toward their retirement account. And that parents use the opportunity to teach their kids about the stock market, risk and return, and how as teens they have a long timeline ahead that will allow them to recover from setbacks.
4. MANAGE EARLY CREDIT USE
Managing credit card debt and spending can be a major problem for many borrowers, but especially young cardholders.
Kids under 18 are not allowed to open a credit card account on their own, though use of prepaid cards in high school can help establish good spending habits.
Parents with kids going away to college may want to add the student to their card to cover books or emergency expenses. But a shared card account also can help parents keep tabs on their kids' spending and payment habits.
"It will give you a road map for how to transition them from those constraints to the more open access they will have when they're adults and making their own money," Seaman says.
5. MAKE CAR BUYING A LESSON
How to turn buying a car for your teen into a money management lesson? Rather than handing them the keys to a car on their 16th birthday, get teens involved doing all the homework that goes into a car purchase.
Ask them to compare different models according to features like price, projected maintenance costs and mileage. And have them call insurers to find out how much coverage will cost.
Once they have a better idea of the real costs involved, use that to set their expectations.
6. GET TEENS INVOLVED IN HOUSEHOLD FINANCES
Another way to get teens on track to manage their finances as adults is to give them a closer view of household financial decisions.
Walk them through the monthly bills and let them see how much is spent to keep the heat and the cable TV on, as well as funding retirement accounts and debt payments.
To help frame the money management conversation, the National Endowment for Financial Education has a booklet that can be downloaded for free at www.hsfpp.org .
And for teens nearing graduation or headed for college, check out www.cashcourse.org/prep . The site, also run by NEFE, explains a bevy of financial issues, from budgeting and financial planning, to setting financial goals and planning for retirement.
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| 0.95448 | 551 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Published in Blood Weekly, February 2nd, 1998
Although human parvovirus B19 is not found very often in individual blood donations, the potential for B19 contamination of plasma derivatives is high, noted Dean R. Erdman, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, and colleagues.
B19 is a small, nonenveloped DNA virus with two capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2). Its small size and ability to withstand heat and detergent treatments have hindered efforts to inactivate the virus or to remove it from blood products.
To look for genetic changes in human...
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http://www.newsrx.com/newsletters/Blood-Weekly/1998-02-02/199802023336BW.html
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LEDs for lighting application are becoming widely adopted due to economic, energy and environmental reasons. LEDs are conventionally powered by DC sources or AC sources with AC-DC converters. More and more recent research works have been focusing on direct AC powering LEDs without AC-DC converters. Enhanced reliability, lower cost and easy to replace existing lighting fixtures due to the elimination of AC-DC converter are advantages of AC LEDs. DC LED drivers architectures including AC-DC converter based LED drivers are reviewed and compared with direct AC powering LEDs. Issues like flicker effects, current limiting and protection, efficiency and LEDs reverse break down in AC LEDs and recent AC LEDs patents are discussed.
Light Emitting Diodes, AC LED, LED Driver, Opto-Electronic Device, Lighting, Emitting Diodes, AC-DC converter, (IDC), DC voltage, (DC), voltage, current, LED, circuits, PWM, DC-DC, (PFC), rectifier diodes, thermal dissipation, AC LEDs Array, Seoul ACRICHE AC LED, ITRI AC LED
Optoelectronics Packaging and Materials Lab, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2575, USA.
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| 0.887541 | 258 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Bitcoin transactions are a secure and encrypted way to transfer money or assets without the need for a third party. These transactions are secure because they are cryptographically signed and verified by a decentralized network of computers and miners. This means that the data contained in the transaction is protected from being modified or stolen.
When a Bitcoin transaction is created, it is signed with the digital signature of the sender. This signature is a cryptographic hash of the data contained in the transaction and is used to verify the authenticity of the transaction. This signature ensures that the sender is the only one who can modify or delete the transaction.
The Bitcoin network is also secured by a network of miners who are incentivized to verify and validate transactions. This is done by miners using specialized hardware to solve a complicated mathematical puzzle. When a miner successfully solves a puzzle, they are rewarded with a small fee. This process helps to secure the network and makes it difficult for malicious actors to modify or steal transactions.
The data contained in a Bitcoin transaction is also encrypted, meaning that it is impossible for anyone to view the data contained in the transaction. This helps to protect users from being targeted by hackers or other malicious actors.
Overall, Bitcoin transactions are secure and encrypted, meaning that they cannot be modified or stolen. This makes them an ideal tool for transferring money or assets securely and with confidence.
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https://www.age-of-bitcoin.com/facts/bitcoin-transactions-are-secure-and-encrypted-meaning-that-they-cannot-be-modified-or-stolen/
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| 0.947742 | 271 | 3 | 3 |
By John German
Arrays of tiny shutters made at Sandia are serving much the same purpose as home window blinds — helping regulate interior temperatures — aboard one of three small experimental satellites launched into space March 22 as part of NASA’s ST5 mission.
The mission’s purpose is to demonstrate innovative technologies for a new generation of autonomous microsatellites. (See “NASA’s ST5 mission” on page 4.)
Satellite designers pay special attention to electronics temperatures. If circuit boards get too hot, they can fail. If batteries get too cold, they can degrade faster or perform intermittently.
Temperatures inside satellites can fluctuate to both extremes, heating up when in sunlight or cooling way down when in Earth’s shadow, for example. The heat generated by the electronics themselves can be trapped inside the satellite.
Larger satellites have sophisticated, and heftier, thermal control systems. Smaller ones, like the 25 kg (55 lbs) ST5 experimental microsatellites, each roughly the size of a wedding cake, require smaller, lighter-weight, and, ideally, lower-tech approaches.
In 2001 researchers from Johns Hopkins University’s Applied Physics Lab were attending a MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) short course at Sandia when the need for innovative microsatellite thermal control methods came up. The visitors were part of a Johns Hopkins team supporting the then-planned ST5 mission.
A collaboration was launched, and Sandia project lead Jim Allen (1769) and a team of Sandia MEMS designers worked with the Johns Hopkins researchers to design, using Sandia’s SUMMiT V™ technology, a MEMS device featuring a moving grillwork of shutters with slats that are
6 microns wide and 1,800 microns long. A human hair is about 100 microns thick.
The arrays of small shutters, moved back and forth by electrostatic actuators, expose either the gilded and highly reflective grillwork surface or a dark silicon substrate to maximize or minimize heat transfer through the satellite’s skin as needed.
The electrostatic actuators, themselves arrays of intermeshing, spring-loaded comb’s teeth pulled together by electrostatic attraction, are a proven micromotion staple also developed at Sandia.
Louvered satellite skin
Two of the three ST5 satellites have on their top and bottom decks 4-inch-square arrays of micro-louvers. A single array includes some 2,600 individual electrostatically driven devices. Each device — grillwork and actuator together — is approximately the size of the cross on this letter “t.”
Sandia’s Microelectronics Development Laboratory (MDL) fabricated and delivered to Johns Hopkins in October 2002 twelve louver-laden wafers for the ST5 satellites. Johns Hopkins performed the packaging, integration, and space-qualification testing.
Each array weighs just grams and consumes nanowatts of power when changing states, from open to closed or vice versa, and no power (only voltage) to maintain a position.
In all, Sandia has 90 square centimeters of louver-skin flying aboard two of the three microsats, which have been in an elliptical polar orbit 200 to 3,000 miles above the earth since March 22. The three-month experimental mission ended June 22, but as of Lab News press time the satellites continued to operate.
“The MEMS variable-emittance louvers have performed successfully during their three month mission,” says Ann Darrin, program manager at Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab. “This is the first time a fully space-qualified device of this type has ever been flown [in space], and the first to be flown on the outside of a satellite.”
Ten new tools
As a result of ST5, spacecraft designers have 10 new tools to work with, says Ray Taylor of NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, speaking of the 10 new technologies flown on the mission. “And tools that are not only smaller, lower power, and less expensive, but because of ST5 they will be proven in space,” he says. “Therefore, they can be used with a high degree of confidence in future missions.”
“I’m kind of in awe that these MEMS devices are in space,” says Jim. “It’s a pretty cool milestone for MEMS devices. I think it’s great that Sandia could be a part of it.”Other Sandians involved in the project included Sita Mani (5719), Ed Wyckoff (2132), Frank Loudermilk (1738), Dave Sandison (1749), and Jay Jakubczak (1710). Sandia’s Microelectronics Development Laboratory fabricated the delivered wafers. -- John German
Sen. Pete Domenici, R-N.M., Jemez Pueblo Gov. James Roger Madalena, and Sandia VP for Energy Security and Defense Technologies Les Shephard were among those present to dedicate a new Jemez Pueblo Municipal Water Filtration System July 5.
Sandia demonstrated the coagulation filtration method of removing arsenic from drinking water as part of the dedication ceremony at Jemez Pueblo’s new water treatment facility. Sandia engineer Bill Holub (6118) explained that coagulation filtration was chosen from about 20 other types of filtration systems based on the chemical makeup of Jemez’ water.
This is the fourth arsenic-removal demonstration site in New Mexico that Sandia has established as part of a consortium made up of Sandia, the AWWA Research Foundation (AwwaRF), and WERC, a consortium for environmental education and technology development. The other arsenic-removal demonstration plants are located in Socorro, Anthony (Desert Sands), and Rio Rancho. A fifth is planned for a site in Oklahoma.
Project manager Richard Kottenstette (6118) says each of the four demonstration sites uses different arsenic-removal technologies. The coagulation-assisted filtration method being tested at Jemez Pueblo removes suspended and dissolved solids from the water. The method is currently being used in projects in El Paso and Paradise Hills (near Albuquerque). The pilot testing at Jemez Pueblo presents an opportunity to assess a small-scale test in a unique water quality environment, he says.
Domenici secured funding for the arsenic-removal test project through DOE as chairman of the Senate Energy and Water Development Appropriations Subcommittee.
This January, the arsenic standard for drinking water in the US was lowered from 50 to 10 parts per billion. These changes were intended to safeguard consumers from exposure to large quantities of arsenic.
During the dedication, Domenici said that many rural communities in New Mexico have arsenic levels that will now fail to meet the new water quality standards for arsenic.
Many smaller communities affected by the new standard have only a single source for fresh water and may be forced to install and maintain costly water treatment facilities. Part of the research underway includes evaluating costs associated with installation and maintenance of the various technologies.
The senator expressed concern that the new arsenic level restrictions could represent “a serious hardship” to smaller communities in many areas across the American Southwest, including Texas, Idaho, New Mexico, and large parts of Utah.
Jemez Pueblo’s water previously had slightly higher arsenic levels than allowed under a recently changed clean water law. Arsenic, manganese, and iron in Pueblo water has resulted in poor-tasting, rust-colored water that stained clothing and tasted unpleasant. These troubles bothered those in the community for years, Madalena said.
Worldwide, in areas that have been contaminated with arsenic through pollution and where naturally occurring levels of arsenic are high, arsenic contamination affects the water supply of millions of people.
Those sponsoring the project hope that the technologies being evaluated at the project’s many sites can someday be refined and adapted for use in low-cost applications in areas all over the world. -- Stephanie Holinka
In West Texas, New Mexico, and other places around the world, wind turbines are used to generate electricity. But how can engineers determine their efficiency and health?
Sandia’s Wind Energy Technology Dept. 6214 has developed a device, the Accurate Time Linked data Acquisition System (ATLAS II), which answers that question and can provide all of the information necessary to the understand how well a machine is performing.
Housed in an environmentally protected aluminum box, ATLAS II is capable of sampling a large number of signals at once to characterize the inflow, the operational state, and the structural response of a wind turbine.
The ATLAS II has several key attributes that make it particularly attractive for wind turbine deployment. It is small and highly reliable, can operate continuously, uses off-the-shelf components, and has lightning protection on all channels.
“The system provides us with sufficient data to help us understand how our turbine blade designs perform in real-world conditions, allowing us to improve on the original design and our design codes,” says Jose Zayas (6214), the project lead who has been working on ATLAS II since its inception in 1999.
Last year the ATLAS II team completed a proj-ect with GE Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to monitor the performance of a GE wind turbine in a Great Plains site located about 30 miles south of Lamar, Colo., and will soon start a new monitoring work-for- others (WFO) project with Texas Tech University.
The GE Energy/NREL/Sandia collaboration involved testing a 1.5-megawatt, 80-meter tall turbine with a rotor diameter of 70.6 meters. GE Energy is the largest wind turbine manufacturer in the US and sells them to developers such as Florida Power & Light all over the world. Wind plant operators sell the electricity to utilities such as the Public Service Company of New Mexico.
The GE turbine was equipped with four ATLAS II units, collecting a total of 67 measurements, including 12 to characterize the inflow, eight to characterize the operational state of the turbine, and 24 to characterize the structural response.
The system collected data continuously for 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The four units were placed at various locations on the turbine, and a GPS time stamp was used to maintain synchronization between the units. (See a schematic of the field deployment at right.) All data streams from the different units were merged into a single data stream at the base of the turbine where the ATLAS II software compressed the data and stored them onto a local computer.
Data collection efforts began on Sept. 14, 2004, and ended Jan. 19, 2005. During that time, more than 17,000 data records were collected, for a total of 285 Gb of data.
Because the turbine was located at a remote site, the data were transmitted to NREL via a satellite link and later transmitted to Sandia. In places where there is access to the Internet, the data can be monitored in real time over the web.
The Texas Tech project will start in August with an environmental monitoring box being placed on a 200-meter meteorological tower at a test site near the campus in Lubbock.
The university is expected to eventually erect a utility-size wind turbine. The ATLAS II will be used to collect data from the machine.
Sandia also is planning three experiments, using the ATLAS II to monitor the performance of three advanced blade designs on a test turbine it operates in conjunction with the US Department of Agriculture’s research station in Bushland, Tex. -- Chris Burroughs
By Neal Singer
What better arrangement when building a new house than for the architect to consult with the tenants?
In a remarkable paper in the July 21 issue of Science, a team of researchers from Sandia and the University of New Mexico under the leadership of Sandia Fellow Jeff Brinker demonstrated that common yeast cells (as well as bacterial and some mammalian cells) customize the construction of nanocompartments built for them.
These nanocompartments — imagine a kind of tiny apartment house — form when single cells are added to a visually clear, aqueous solution of silica and phospholipids, and the slurry is then dried on a surface. (Phospholipids are molecules that make up cell membranes.)
Ordinarily, the drying of lipid-silica solutions produces an ordered porous nanostructure by a process known as molecular self-assembly (see Lab News, most recently April 30, 2004). This can be visualized as a kind of tract housing.
In the current experiments, however, the construction process is altered by the live yeast or bacteria.
During drying, the cells actively organize lipids into a sort of multilayered cell membrane that not only serves as an interface between the cell and the surrounding silica nanostructure, but acts as a template for the silica.
This improved architecture seamlessly retains water, needed by the cell to stay alive. Further, by eliminating stresses ordinarily caused by drying, the nanostructure forms without fine-line cracks. These improvements help maintain the functionality of the cell and the accessibility of its surface.
“Cheap, tiny, and very lightweight sensors of chemical or biological agents could be made from long-lived cells that require no upkeep, yet sense and then communicate effectively with each other and their external environment,” says former UNM graduate student Helen Baca, lead author on the paper and advised by Brinker .
By comparison the more common practice of merely “trapping cells in gels” leads to stress, cracks, and rapid cell death upon drying.
Already launched on the space shuttle
The incorporated cells of the Brinker group are self-sustaining — they do not need external buffers and even survive being placed in a vacuum.
To study their use as cell-based sensors for extreme environments, samples of the yeast- and bacteria-containing nanostructures were launched on the just-completed mission of the US space shuttle Discovery. It will remain on the space station as part of a US Air Force experiment to determine their longevity when exposed to the extreme stresses of the radiation and vacuum of outer space.
Of the NASA mission, Jeff says, “Ordinarily, under such extreme conditions, the cells would turn into raisins. But, because of the remarkable coherency of the cell-lipid-silica interface and the ability of the lipid-silica nanostructure to serve as a reservoir for water, no cracking or shrinkage is observed. The cells are maintained in the necessary fluidic environment.”
The cell-architected nanostructure is, he says, “an amazing way to preserve a cell.”
The cells already have emerged still viable after examination in electron microscopes and after X-ray exposure in Argonne’s Advance Photon Source, where the accelerating voltage ranges from one to 20 keV, says Jeff.
Genetic modification done cheap
More interestingly, the entrapped cells easily absorb other nanocomponents inserted at the cellular interface. Because of this, the cell can internalize new DNA (introduced as a plasmid), providing an efficient form of genetic modification of cells without the usual procedures of heat shock or cumbersome puncturing procedures (electroporation) that could result in cell death. Thus, the yeast can be modified to glow fluorescent green when it contacts a harmful chemical or biotoxin.
Because such nanostructures are cheap, extremely light and small, and easy to make, they could conceivably be attached to insects and their emanations read remotely by beams from unmanned aircraft.
The method also makes it easier to prepare individual cells for laboratory investigation under microscopes. “Normally, to visually examine a cell, researchers use time-consuming fixation or solvent extraction techniques,” says Jeff. “We can spin-coat a cell in seconds, pop the cell into an electron microscope, and it doesn’t shrink when air is evacuated from the microscope chamber.” The cell can be immediately imaged, says Jeff.
“Spin-coating” refers to deposition of the cell suspension slurry on a spinning substrate until dry.
From their comfortable “home,” the empowered cells can also direct their own landscaping. They can organize metallic nanocrystals added at the cell surface. These may enhance the sensitivity of Raman spectroscopy for monitoring the onset of infection or the course of therapy. The cells also localize proteins at the cellular interface.
A model for persistent infections
Assistant Professor Graham Timmins of UNM’s College of Pharmacy notes that the encapsulated cells’ unusual longevity may serve as a model for persistent infections such as tuberculosis, which have a long latency period.
TB bacteria can remain dormant in vivo for 30-50 years and then re-activate to cause disease. Currently the state of the dormant bacterium is not understood. Timmins and Brinker are discussing further experiments to validate the model.
Finally, building the cells into a coating with a high enough density might elicit from them a defensive, multicellular signal of an unpleasant nature that discourages unwanted biofilm formation on the coated surface — important for avoiding infections that could be carried by implants and catheters.
“This is not the end of the story, but the beginning,” says Jeff. “No one else has created these symbiotic materials and observed these effects. It’s a totally new area.”
The cell’s ability to sense and respond to its environment is what forms these unique nano-structures, says Jeff. During spin-drying, the cells react to the increasing concentrations of materials in the developing silica nanostructure by expelling water and developing a gradient in the local pH. This in turn influences lipid organization, the form of the silica nanostructure, the decrease in developed stress, and ultimately the living conditions of the ensconced cellular tenants.
The work was initially funded by Sandia’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) office, then by DOE’s Basic Energy Sciences group for its fundamental implications, and then (through UNM) by the Department of Defense (Air Force) for its practical possibilities.
Along with Helen Baca, the lead researcher, current graduate students Carlee Ashley and Eric Carnes have made significant contributions. Others contributing are Deanna Lopez, Jeb Flemming (1716), Darren Dunphy (1851), Seema Sigh, Zhu Chen,
Nanguo Liu, Hongyou Fan (1851), Gabriel Lopez, Susan Brozik (1714), and Margaret Werner-Washburn. Flemming, Dunphy, Fan, and Brozik are Sandians; Liu is from LANL; other participants are from UNM. Brinker, in addition to his position at Sandia, is a professor of chemical engineering at UNM.
-- Neal Singer
By Julie Hall
Sandia researchers and their collaborators have won two R&D 100 awards, which are presented annually by R&D Magazine in recognition of the 100 most technologically significant products introduced into the marketplace over the past year.
Sandia winners include:
“I congratulate the researchers who have won these awards, which highlight the power and promise of DOE’s investments in science and technology,” Energy Secretary Samuel W. Bodman said. “Through the efforts of dedicated and innovative scientists and engineers at our national laboratories, DOE is helping to enhance our nation’s energy, economic, and national security.”
Compute Process Allocator (CPA)
The CPA’s principal application is to maximize throughput on massively parallel supercomputers by managing how processors are assigned to particular computing jobs given a stream of computing tasks submitted to a job queue. The CPA assigns each job to a set of processors, which are exclusively dedicated to the job until completion. The CPA obtains maximum throughput by choosing processors for a job that are physically near each other, minimizing communication and bandwidth inefficiencies.
In experiments at Sandia, the optimized node allocation strategy employed by CPA increased throughput by 23 percent, in effect processing five jobs in the time it normally took to process four.
The CPA is scalable to tens of thousands of processors and is currently being used on supercomputers at Sandia (Red Storm), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the US Army’s Engineer Research and Development Center Major Shared Resource Center, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, and the Swiss Scientific Computing Center.
Solid-state fluoride ion batteries have a high energy density while being inherently safe. The battery consists of nontoxic fluoride, and all three battery components of the HTSS10V — anode, cathode, and ionic conductor — are solid, making it the best and safest choice for high-temperature activities such as oil and gas drilling, currently its primary application. Traditional lithium batteries are at risk of exploding or leaking chemicals under high-temperature uses. Solid-state battery technology offers the largest temperature range — room temperature to 500° C — of any battery technology.
Other advantages of solid-state batteries are:
Researchers are currently working on a rechargeable version for laptop computers.
Limited production of the batteries began in 2005 at Russia’s VNIIEF Institute. Under a joint program with Sandia and General Atomics, the batteries will be produced in Sarov, Russia, and in San Diego, Calif., for high-end oil and gas drilling uses. -- Julie Hall
By Nancy Garcia
NECIS (the Nanoscience, Engineering, and Computation Institute at Sandia, pronounced “nexus”) is a new institute that focuses on research activities that integrate nanoscale physical and biological sciences with computational science.
“NECIS recognizes and coordinates leading-edge, innovative experiments,” says principal investigator Jean Lee (8759), “with new approaches in computational science and materials modeling to tackle fundamental challenges in nanosystems modeling and simulation.”
This produces efficient development and validation of “disruptive” nanotechnologies. (A disruptive technology, rather than being an incremental advance, overturns an existing, dominant one.) In collaboration with key university partners, NECIS research projects are designed to inspire and expedite breakthroughs in nanotechnology that support DOE strategic areas such as energy, science, and defense.
Because many US universities do not offer programs that combine experiments with computation, and fewer American students are pursuing careers in science and engineering, NECIS aims to bridge these gaps by providing top US students research opportunities that bring together nanoscale experiments with advanced modeling, simulation, and computation.
NECIS serves as an incubator for nurturing new trends and trendsetters that will drive technical innovation in emerging fields such as nano-engineering and advanced computing to improve national security and enhance US technological competitiveness.
Along with Jean, NECIS is led by co-principal investigators Jonathan Zimmerman (8776) and Scott Collis (1414). In this inaugural year, NECIS has close to 50 interns participating in its summer program who are roughly equally distributed between Sandia’s California and New Mexico sites.
NECIS is aiming to grow in future years to include more interns and more research activities, and to become part of Sandia’s response to the American Competitiveness Initiative, announced in President Bush’s 2006 State of the Union address. The initiative foresees increasing research spending in DOE’s Office of Science and the National Science Foundation.
NECIS is the 11th educational institute at Sandia and is a crosscutting effort with three other Sandia institutes (the Sandia Institute for Nanoscale Engineering and Science, the Engineering Sciences Summer Institute, and the Computer Science Research Institute). All the institutes offer research opportunities for a range of applicants, primarily upper-division undergraduate students through PhD-level students.
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Migratory birds may be spreading viruses that cause bird flu around the world, say scientists.
Outbreaks in poultry may become more common in the future, especially in ill-prepared countries, they warn.
A severe strain found at a duck farm in the UK last year may have been carried by wild birds out of Russia, according to Dutch researchers.
The virus is a low human health risk, but wild birds on long migratory routes should be monitored, they say.
H5N8 is a strain of bird flu that appeared late last year in Russia, East Asia, North America and four European countries, including the UK.
The infections led to millions of poultry being culled.
In the UK, ducks were affected at a farm in Driffield, Yorkshire. Another outbreak of bird flu in Hampshire this week is of the H7N7 form of the virus, which is less severe.
Scientists at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands, say the presence of the H5 virus in a migratory bird in Russia and other detections in wild birds and poultry is “worrisome”.
“More poultry outbreaks could occur in the future, especially in countries that are ill-prepared,” a team led by Dr Ron Fouchier wrote in the journal, Science.
“Despite the currently low public health risk, the outbreaks should be monitored closely, given that several animal species are susceptible and that influenza viruses are generally unpredictable.”
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: radiolaria
- A taxonomic subclass within the class Actinopodea — the radiolaria, numerous species, most of them extinct, of minute zooplankton, many with distinctive mineral skeletons useful for dating stratigraphic layers.
- There position of this taxonomy is under dispute. It is sometimes given as a subphylum of Radiozoa or of Retaria.
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Newborn Screening Awareness
What Is Newborn Screening?
Shortly after birth, newborns are screened for a variety of disorders that are often undetectable by sight. The majority of these disorders are either metabolic or inherited. Metabolic disorders—also known as ‘inborn errors of metabolism’—can occur randomly and, if left untreated, can lead to serious health complications.
The gene for an inherited disorder can be passed through parents who may not be aware that they’re carriers. Standard screening tests give you a better chance of discovering issues before they become big problems for your baby.
Why Is Newborn Screening Necessary?
Early detection of infant diseases and disorders can often prevent long-term serious illness or death. Disorders such as phenylketonuria (PKU) can result in death if left untreated. If a doctor reaches a diagnosis early enough, however, your baby can go on a special diet that can save his or her life.
The same is true of diseases like sickle-cell disease. If diagnosed and treated early, sickle cell–related infections can often be avoided, and you can prevent serious health complications.
How Are Newborn Screenings Performed?
Newborn screening tests are generally painless and non-invasive. The only test that requires a quick prick of the baby’s heel is a routine blood test. Other standard tests involve placing sensors on the baby’s skin or in its ear, both of which are quick, painless, and can often be done while your baby is asleep.
What Are the Most Common Tests?
The 3 most common newborn screening tests involve the blood, ears, and heart.
A clinician draws a small amount of blood from the baby’s heel and sends the sample to a newborn screening lab for testing. Blood tests facilitate diagnosis of many metabolic and genetic disorders.
A physician places electrodes on the baby’s head and record the brain’s response to. Early detection of hearing loss or impairment can ensure that the baby receives proper care necessary to develop his or her communication, language, and social skills to the fullest possible extent.
Pulse Oximetry Screening
Sensors connected to a machine called a pulse oximeter are placed on the baby’s skin so that the pulse and blood oxygen level can be measured. The test is quick and painless, and helps doctors to diagnose critical congenital heart defects (CCHD) within hours of birth. Since babies with an untreated CCHD are at high risk of disability or death, it’s essential to diagnose and treat these conditions as soon as possible.
Can You Request More Tests?
Yes. Talk with your obstetrician prior to giving birth to find out which tests are standard in your state, and which are supplemental. Your doctor will be able to help you to determine which supplemental tests (if any) your baby may need, and will help you review the costs associated with them. While you’ll probably be required to pay out-of-pocket for supplemental tests, these may be worthwhile expenses if your newborn is at specific risk for certain diseases or disorders.
If you have a family history of an inherited disorder, have given birth to a child with a disorder, or have had an infant in your family die of a suspected metabolic disorder, it’s always a good idea to request all standard newborn screenings, as well as any tests that are specific to a condition your baby is at risk of inheriting.
Which Tests Are Standard in Certain States?
Standard newborn screening tests vary by state, and often even by hospital. Each state’s decision on which newborn screening tests are standardized is usually dependent on an analysis of cost versus benefit. Costs include:
- Risk of false positive results and the anxiety associated with false positives
- Availability of treatment for detected diseases and disorders
- Financial expense
For a comprehensive list of tests offered in each state, visit the National Newborn Screening and Genetics Resource Center [PDF].
Targets of Tests
Tests for the following disorders are usually included in newborn screenings:
- Phenylketonuria (PKU)
- Congenital hypothyroidism
- Sickle cell disease
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
- Cystic fibrosis
- Medium chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD deficiency)
- Hearing impairment
In addition to these disorders, doctors may also use newborn screening to detect muscular dystrophy, HIV, and neuroblastoma.
What If a Test Has Abnormal Results?
Try to keep in mind that a screening test is not the same as a diagnostic test. It’s common for a preliminary screening test to yield positive results and further diagnostic testing to negate these findings. Stay calm and keep a clear mind, so that you’ll be able to talk with your doctor about your baby’s results and the next steps.
Keep in mind that one of the primary benefits of newborn screening is early diagnosis and treatment that can often prevent serious illness.
Finding More Information
Start by talking with your obstetrician to find out what newborn screenings are standard at the hospital where you’ll be delivering, and what (if any) additional tests should be requested. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides a comprehensive overview and list ofadditional resources for newborn screening information.
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| 0.935661 | 1,130 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Legalize and Regulate Marijuana
Legalize and Regulate Marijuana
The largest physician group in California has adopted a policy that recommends the legalization and regulation of cannabis, more commonly known as marijuana, or pot. The California Medical Association, the largest physician group in California, adopted this policy unanimously. According to Dr. Hayes, the president of CMA, marijuana needs to be regulated and better controlled “If we don’t know what’s in it we can’t do any scientific evaluation.” Hays says that to not legalize marijuana would hurt patients more than help them.
Policy Recommendations include:
- Reschedule medical cannabis in order to encourage research lending to responsible regulation.
- Regulate recreational cannabis in a manner similar to alcohol and tobacco.
- Tax cannabis
- Facilitate dissemination of risks and benefits of cannabis use.
Refer for national action.
The California Medical Association (CMA) has recognized that the criminalization of marijuana is a failed public health policy. CMA states that effective regulation is possible only if marijuana is rescheduled at the federal level. Very little clinical research or regulation of marijuana exists due to federal laws outlawing it. According to the American Society of Addition Medicine, cannabis should be subject to the scrutiny of the federal Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) regulatory process in order to allow for further clinical research and to work toward standardizing the substance so physicians are no longer required to serve as gatekeepers of a substance that has not been subjected to the scientific process.
Some states are taking the step to simply decriminalize marijuana. Decriminalization is not, however, the same thing as legalization. When marijuana is decriminalized it is still illegal to possess it, but violations of the marijuana laws in these jurisdictions are civil rather than criminal cases. In some ways decriminalization is worse than keeping the status quo since in civil cases citizens do not have the same level of constitutional guarantees and protections found in criminal cases. Furthermore, merely decriminalizing marijuana on a state-by-state basis is not sufficient to protect the safety of patients because the authority to regulate the substance then is divided among the states instead of having a central authority with such power. The federal government already has and exercises the most authority to regulate labeling, quality control, and safety, of substances most akin to marijuana, such as alcohol and tobacco. Having a central authority to regulate marijuana is more likely to ensure the safety of marijuana users.
Several national organizations have taken policy positions as a means of encouraging additional study of cannabis. Most notably, a Consensus Conference sponsored by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and a review panel convened by the Institute of Medicine advocated that controlled studies be performed for analgesia, appetite stimulation and cachexia, and nausea and vomiting following chemotherapy. Rescheduling cannabis will allow for further clinical research to determine the utility and risks of cannabis, which will then shape the national regulatory structure for this substance.
The CSA (Council on Scientific and Clinical Affairs) has also concluded that components of medical cannabis may be effective for the treatment of pain, nausea, anorexia, and other conditions. Cannabinoids are presently thought to exhibit their greatest efficacy when implemented for the management of neuropathic pain, which is a form of severe and often chronic pain resulting from nerve injury, disease, or toxicity. The University of California Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research (CMCR) recently reported to the California legislature on the results of a number of studies. Among these, four studies involved the treatment of neuropathic pain and the patients in all four studies demonstrated a significant improvement in pain tolerance after cannabis administration.
In short, the medical field is beginning to understand the significant benefits to legalizing marijuana. With our current budget deficit's, hopefully our politicians will see the benefit in taxing it as well. This is a workable and win - win situation. All we need now are political leaders with the leadership courage to introduce and pass the legislation.
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Before you start writing the dissertation it is important that you first draft an outline divided into sections to ensure the logical organization of the words, sentences, and paragraphs. The outline of the dissertation will help you to plan your document in a systematic manner. The logical structuring of the dissertation will help you to gain background information and knowledge about the new perspective, result, and conclusions. Dissertation Writing Service wants to make you aware of the fact that you must start with the dissertation at an early stage because in this way you will get a deeper understanding of the area you are exploring and you may realize that there are many other ways to approach the topic.
http://dissertationwritingservice.co.uk/ wants to let you know about the stages of dissertation-
- Introduction- The dissertation will start from this section which includes the brief introduction of the topic and you will also clearly state the purpose of your research and how the readers will get the benefit from the write-up. The introduction is basically a synopsis of the project proposal clearing up the areas on which you have focused and why.
- Results and Discussions- This is also called the body of the dissertation. This will include all the content which you have gathered through research. Keep your body in simple yet formal language. The findings can be anything like results from an experiment, survey, etc. You can arrange the data in figures, diagrams, and tables. If you do not want to lose your reader then always keep in mind to write the body in chapters with sections and sub-sections.
- Literature Review- This chapter will tell the reader how deeply you have researched on your topic. It includes the current information on the research that has been done on the subject. It is the most important sections of a dissertation and demonstrates the level of your analysis.
- Methods and material used- This section serves as the recipe for a dissertation. It tells the method which has been used by you to collect the information and data which will compliment the most appropriately. This is the core section of the document because of the fact that if you fail to explain any method or invalidate findings will put you in trouble.
- Conclusion- thesis writing service states that this section will tell your reader what you have achieved from this document and what further needs to be researched. Give the overview of your arguments and findings. Formulate your conclusion on research problems.
If you wish to have a professional dissertation for yourself to get the clear picture about the standard format then you must look for the Dissertation writers who hold Ph.D. degree so, this means that they are well-practiced in writing the dissertation on any topic related to a diverse field of study. Visit the website and get acquainted with the writing services.
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| 0.938574 | 558 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The strategic location of the monastery helped it become a major centre of religion, learning, craftsmanship and trade by the 9th century and together with Clonard it was the most famous in Ireland, being visited by scholars from all over Europe. Until the 9th century it had close associations with the kings of Connacht and then until the 11th century it was alliance with the kings of Mide. Many of the high kings of Tara and Connacht were buried here. It was attacked frequently, by the Vikings, Anglo-Normans and other Irish forces.
All the early buildings including churches were of wood and have not survived. They were replaced in stone by the tenth century onwards when Clonmacnoise became a bishopric. It also produced many fine examples of Celtic gold and silverware, which is preserved in Dublin museums.
After the 12th century it fell into decline. The English built a castle next to the monastery in the 13th century, it was sacked in 1552 by the English who reduced it to ruin.
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| 0.990759 | 210 | 3.53125 | 4 |
An Open Letter to Atchafalaya Basin Sportsmen,
Our department has recently completed an extensive study to evaluate the 14” minimum length limit for bass in the Atchafalaya Basin. Through this study, we have determined that the regulation does not produce larger bass. The Atchafalaya Basin and adjacent waters, including Lakes Verret, Palourde, and Fausse Pointe, have unique characteristics that will just not allow it. We have generated a technical report to describe our process and the results. It’s important that you have a full understanding of the information, because in the coming months you’ll have an opportunity to provide input regarding the future of bass regulations in the Atchafalaya Basin.
When Hurricane Andrew struck the Atchafalaya Basin in 1992, it left an estimated 200 million dead fish in its wake. In response, LDWF initiated efforts to aid recovery including fish stocking and imposing a 14” minimum length limit for bass. The regulation was put in place to protect bass long enough to produce fingerlings and was planned to expire in two years The Atchafalaya Basin fishery rebounded quickly after Andrew, and many credited the regulation as the primary factor for the recovery. There was also optimism among anglers and biologists that the regulation might increase the number of large bass in the basin. However, those early expectations began to fade when Hurricane Lili roared into the Atchafalaya Basin in 2002 and left many of those protected bass dead. Later in 2008, Hurricane Gustav also caused significant fish kills, similar to Hurricane Andrew. Healthy and vibrant bass populations were eliminated with each storm. Many basin anglers began to question the logic of releasing bass only to see them become victims of the next big storm. The regulations began to lose much of the public support that had helped transform them from a temporary protective measure into a long-term regulation.
Results from our study indicate that the basin bass population is more heavily influenced by environmental factors than anglers. Springtime water fluctuations can produce a highly successful spawn if the water is right, a poor spawn if it’s not. When the basin produces a poor year class of fingerlings, fewer adults are available down the road. Growth rate and life span are also critical factors of any population. We found that bass in the basin don’t grow very fast compared to other waters, and those that reach the 14” mark are well over three years old. Basin bass also have short life spans, with few living past the age of five. Slow growth and short life spans aren’t necessarily bad; they come with the territory in the Atchafalaya Basin. The basin still has a very healthy bass population, but the combination of slow growth and short life spans lends to smaller bass.
During the next few months, we plan to share the information we’ve compiled through the study and address your questions. We’ll then want to hear from you with your feedback, comments and questions. A full evaluation of the 14” minimum for bass in the Atchafalaya Basin report is available below.
Director of Inland Fisheries
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| 0.960456 | 650 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Helpful Resources for K-12 (Not Correlated)
American Coal Foundation
1130 17th St., NW, Suite 220, Washington, DC 20036
Free or inexpensive educational materials including brochures, activity books, teacher guides, coal samples, videos, science fair ideas, and posters.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
Federal Center Plaza, 500 C Street SW, Washington, D.C. 20472
Information about hazards and hazard response with an educational section for teachers and students. Learn your risks and act appropriately.
Geological Society of America
3300 Penrose Place, P.O. Box 9140
Boulder, CO 80301-9140
Overview of programs for educators, geologists and students; discusses links, partnerships, initiatives.
Integrating Science, Math and Technology
4074 Eggers Drive, Fremont, California 94536
Nonprofit provider of hands-on earth science curriculum and on-line programs for Grades K-12.
National Association of Geoscience Teachers
PO Box 5443, Bellingham, WA 98227-5443
Fosters improvement in the teaching of earth sciences at all levels. Publishes The Journal Of Geoscience Education (5 issues per year), sells 35-mm slide sets and educational publications.
National Earth Science Teachers Association
PO Box 53213, Washington, DC 20009
Dedicated to improving earth science education K-12. Publishes The Earth Scientist (quarterly journal), conducts summer workshops and field trips, sells 35-mm slide sets including geologic features & processes.
National Energy Foundation
5225 Wiley Post Way, Suite 170, Salt Lake City, UT 84116
Nonprofit provider of educational materials and programs related to energy, natural resources, and the environment.
National Mining Association
Building 1130, 17th St., NW, Washington, DC 20036
Mineral Education for Your Community Go-Kits, What Mining Means to Americans, Facts About Coal or Facts About Minerals.
National Stone Association
1415 Elliot Place NW, Washington, DC 20007
Provides educators with posters and booklets about crushed stone resources.
North Carolina Geological Survey
Division of Land Resources
N.C. Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources
1612 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1612
919-715-9718 or e-mail: Mary.Watson@ncmail.net
The Survey provides information about the state’s geology and mineral resources. This includes detailed information about finding and ordering maps, aerial photos, and publications. Other useful information includes FAQ’s (frequently asked questions) about North Carolina geology, minerals information, a calendar of events, other servers of interest.
The Project Earth page contains a variety of resources for educators -- a listing of workshops, an electronic newsletter, a listing of educational resources, an overview of the rock types of the state, a map of earthquakes of the SE United States, mineral resources of North Carolina and lots of information about the geology and topography of each county.
We also sponsor a “Contact a Geologist” feature.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration (SME)
8307 Shaffer Parkway
Littleton, Colorado 80127-4102
Tools to educate about minerals and the minerals industry; provides educational posters, textbooks, workbooks, videos, and computer programs.
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
USGS Information Services
Box 25286, Denver, CO 80225
Fax: 303-202-4693 or call 1-888-ASK-USGS
Virtual library of digital information, publications, and data about geology, biology, water and mapping, including educational resources and real time data.
Back To Project Earth Science
Return to NCGS Main Page
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What are the benefits of aerobic exercise?
Your lifestyle plays an essential part in maintaining your long-term cardiovascular health.
A healthy diet, moderate drinking, not smoking and plenty of exercise can all help to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system. Inactivity is one of the major risk factors for
heart disease and exercise helps improve heart health and can even reverse some heart disease risk factors. Below are 5 benefits aerobic exercise has on our bodies.
Helps prevent health problems. Aerobic exercise helps prevent cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and stroke. Even if you already suffer from one of these conditions, aerobic exercise can possibly help reverse and alleviate the ailment.
Strengthens the muscles involved in respiration.
During aerobic activity, we repeatedly move large muscle group such as our arms, legs,
hips and glutes. As our bodies respond, we breathe faster and deeper to maximise our
oxygen intake. As we do this, our heart strengthens and beats faster increasing blood
flow to our muscles and back to our lungs. As the heart grows stronger, it improves blood
flow resulting in more oxygen and essential nutrients being delivered to the cells of our
Reduces body fat.
Aerobic exercise not only burns calories, it’s the only type of exercise that directly burns
body fat. In order for body fat to be burned,oxygen must be used to help produce energy
during the exercise, and this only occurs with aerobic exercise.
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http://healtylife.org/aerobics-what-are-the-benefits-of-aerobic-exercise/
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| 0.903082 | 305 | 2.953125 | 3 |
British Columbia’s First Nations are divided in their support for the Olympics. On one side, the chiefs and band councils of four indigenous communities—the Lil’wat, Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh—have endorsed the Games and set up the Four Host First Nations Society, an offi cial Olympic partner and organizer. On the other side, some of the most vociferous and vocal anti-Olympics activists come from within these same groups. Many in leadership positions view the Olympics as an opportunity to share First Nations culture with the world and a source of revenue that will aid their people; others see the Games as a threat to Indigenous culture, including their traditional lands and livelihoods.
With a few small exceptions, British Columbia is legally Indigenous territory. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 states that the Crown must sign treaties with the Indigenous people before land can be ceded to the colony. While many such treaties took place, the Government of the Colony of British Columbia failed to negotiate treaties, which is why B.C. is the only province not covered by them. Therefore, B.C., for the most part, is unceded—stolen—Indigenous territory.
According to Gord Hill, from the Kwakwaka’wakw Nation and editor of No2010.com, the division in Indigenous communities around the Olympics stems from the band council structure itself: “The Indian Act is divisive and was always meant to install a pro-government council that would implement government policies over Native peoples. In the Vancouver area there are over 60,000 Natives, yet the FHFN represent only 6,000 or so members,” he says.
To date, treaty processes are taking place but little progress has been made. The Indigenous people who oppose the Olympics point out that, fi rst and foremost, the Games are taking place on stolen land. Not only that, they are worried that the Olympics will attract even more foreign investment to Vancouver and B.C.—foreign investment that is troublesome because land disputes are still unresolved. Each new dollar that fl ows in from abroad further encourages the government to continue ignoring indigenous land titles, and that investment is also usually detrimental to the natural ecosystem. Many First Nations activists are further concerned about the impact of the Olympics on Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside, where Indigenous people disproportionately live in poverty and have been hit hardest by increasing rent costs and gentrifi cation.
Hill says that he opposes the Olympics “because of the huge social and environmental impacts, including ecological destruction along the Sea-to-Sky Highway, the venues constructed in Whistler, the massive amounts of concrete used in all related construction work, the $6-billion debt, the massive police state being built, the huge increase in homelessness suffered since Vancouver won the bid in 2003, the criminalization of the poor and of anti-Olympic groups, and the erosion of civil liberties. The government also hopes to use the Olympics as a way to increase international investment in mining, oil and gas, and ski resort industries, further threatening indigenous peoples and lands.”
In a recent speech, Tewanee Joseph, executive director and CEO of the Four Host First Nations, painted anti-Olympics protesters as “non-Aboriginal naysayers … [that] want us to remain forever the Dime Store Indian.” “Do these protesters not realize they are forcing, yet again, Aboriginal people into a dreadful mould, a stereotype that takes us back to a shameful chapter in Canadian history? No. No. And no again. We fought to participate in the Games. As full partners. We fought for the jobs. We fought for respect. That is why few Aboriginal people are likely to be swayed by salvoes of warmed-over, anti-corporate rhetoric. That is yesterday’s news for the Aboriginal people of this country.”
But with opposition only likely to grow as the Olympics approaches, those “salvoes of warmed-over, anti-corporate rhetoric” look set to be tomorrow’s news, too.
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| 0.955148 | 856 | 3 | 3 |
PUBLISHER: Farrar, Straus and Giroux (Byr)
A powerful poem about Ona Judge's life and her self-emancipation from George Washington’s household.
Ona Judge was enslaved by the Washingtons, and served the President's wife, Martha. Ona was widely known for her excellent skills as a seamstress, and was raised alongside Washington’s grandchildren. Indeed, she was frequently mistaken for his granddaughter. This poetic biography follows her childhood and adolescence until she decides to run away.
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| 0.982918 | 113 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Throughout reading some online reference and videos, I found that servo motor is basically a DC motor, along with some other special purpose components that make a DC motor a servo. It consists of a small DC motor, a potentiometer, gear arrangement and an intelligent circuitry.
For the connection, most of servos have three circuits, which can be connected with the arduino and controlled by the coding. In three of them, two connects with the 5V because normally it is the power working condition of the servos, whereas another circuit is responsible to communicate with arduino and get the data.
The intelligent circuitry along with the potentiometer makes the servo to rotate according to our coding. Also, I found a small DC motor will rotate with high speed but the torque generated by its rotation will not be enough to move even a light load. The gear mechanism will take high input speed of the motor (fast) and at the output, we will get an output speed which is slower than original input speed but more practical and widely applicable.
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<urn:uuid:44f06067-b7da-4e51-9181-535b5ed45856>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://visualgasin.wordpress.com/2016/11/13/prototype-stage-ii-the-analysis-and-experiments-of-the-servo-motor/
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| 0.942488 | 213 | 3.390625 | 3 |
When Sorry Doesn't Cut It: Put-Downs and Put-Ups!
Whenever you are with a group of kids (ahem...grownups, too!) there are bound to be times when somebody says something unkind about another person. This may be right in front of the individual, but it may also be behind his or her back. Typically, we may say in response to the culprit, "That's not very nice. You need to say you're sorry."
A Half-Baked Sorry
I don't know about you, but a half-baked "sorry" never seemed to sit very well with me. Even as a kid. An empty "sorry" just leaves something to be desired. And Alfie Kohn, an early childhood expert is one of many early childhood specialists that frowns upon forcing children to say they are sorry. (Truth be told, I have never forced my own children to apologize, I didn't prevent it, either. It was really a non-issue. What I did do was make them work hard to right their wrongs. At times they would beg me..."Why can't we just say 'sorry' like so-and-so does and be done with it?")'
One Idea That Works
One Idea That Works
Here is one idea that I have used in family therapy with "real" families using "real" put-downs, in the schools while working as a school social worker, and in the Head Start programs to which I consult. I use it at home with my own kids, and have even used it while conducting teenaged therapy groups (some of the toughest of customers).
When somebody says something rude, disheartening or just plain mean about somebody else, we stop what we are doing and the person who issued the unkind comment is asked to provide two put-ups for every put-down. So, if somebody said two mean things about somebody else in one sentence, then they have to find four things "nice" to say about that person. Alternatively, the person could find two nice things to do for the other person over the next week.
It's worked like a charm every time! Hope it works for you, too! If you try it, let us know how it turned out! Did you "tweak" it at all? Find a new "spin" to use with it? Tell all!
Spin-Doctor Tip: If you are working on this behavior with your own kids, make sure you check your own behavior, too. It's hard to expect a certain set of behaviors in children if we cannot display them ourselves. If you are in a group situation with other adults and one starts to bad mouth somebody else (either present or not present)...why not try the put-up approach with them, too. Obviously, you cannot make an adult (nor a child for that matter) say something nice...but you can certainly guide the discussion in this direction, by adding your own observations about what you find good about their intended target! What a better world it would be, if we could all remember to do this on a daily basis. What if it became as routine as brushing our teeth?
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https://kidlutions.blogspot.com/2009/10/when-sorry-doesnt-cut-it-put-downs-and.html
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| 0.974485 | 655 | 2.5625 | 3 |
|PDF - Published Version|
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000325
DNA barcodes have achieved prominence as a tool for species-level identifications. Consequently, there is a rapidly growing database of these short sequences from a wide variety of taxa. In this study, we have analyzed the correlation between the nucleotide content of the short DNA barcode sequences and the genomes from which they are derived. Our results show that such short sequences can yield important, and surprisingly accurate, information about the composition of the entire genome. In other words, for unsequenced genomes, the DNA barcodes can provide a quick preview of the whole genome composition.
|Divisions:||Concordia University > Faculty of Arts and Science > Biology|
|Authors:||Volff, Jean-Nicolas and Min, Xiang Jia and Hickey, Donal A.|
|Journal or Publication:||PLoS ONE|
|Date:||28 March 2007|
|Deposited By:||DANIELLE DENNIE|
|Deposited On:||11 May 2011 18:05|
|Last Modified:||11 May 2011 18:05|
1.Hebert PD, Stoeckle MY, Zemlak TS, Francis CM (2004) Identification of Birds through DNA Barcodes. PLoS Biol 2: e312.
2.Hajibabaei M, Janzen DH, Burns JM, Hallwachs W, Hebert PDN (2006) DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 968–971.
3.Hajibabaei M, Singer GAC, Hebert PDN, Hickey DA (2007) DNA barcoding: how it complements taxonomy, molecular phylogenetics and population genetics. Trends Genet. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2007.02.001.
4.Kumar S, Tamura K, Nei M (2004) MEGA3, Integrated software for Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis and sequence alignment Brief. Bioinform 5: 150–163.
5.Perna NT, Kocher TD (1995) Patterns of nucleotide composition at fourfold degenerate sites of animal mitochondrial genomes. J Mol Evol 41: 353–358.
6.Dellaporta SL, Xu A, Sagasser S, Jakob W, Moreno MA, Buss LW, Schierwater B (2006) Mitochondrial genome of Trichoplax adhaerens supports placozoa as the basal lower metazoan phylum. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103: 8751–8756.
7.Naylor GJ, Collins TM, Brown WM (1995) Hydrophobicity and phylogeny. Nature 373: 565–566.
Repository Staff Only: item control page
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| 0.698794 | 622 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Vanessa shares her tips for making online interaction a mentally healthy experience.
When you experience a mental illness, it can feel strange and even embarrassing to talk about it face to face. Many of us use the internet as a way of venting feelings anonymously, but can we always assume that this is a good thing? What kinds of rules might be helpful for us to follow when dealing with sensitive subjects like mental health in an online environment?
So many of us are using the web to talk about psychological distress these days. Hundreds of mental health blogs function like openly accessible online diaries. Posts like this one from Purple Persuasion can offer compelling insights into the experiences of individuals negotiating the mental health care system.
Charities like Mind provide online peer support groups, such as The Elephant in the Room, in order to try and combat common isolation among sufferers of mental illness.
I started my own blog Group Therapy in April 2010, after suffering intermittent bouts of depression across a period of years. Although I had reached a point where I was ready to start externalising some of my experiences, telling close family and friends how I was really feeling was still too daunting. So I told the internet instead.
Two years after starting my blog, I am completing a research qualification where I am considering the value of using online writing to help with mental health issues. During my studies, I have found plenty of evidence to suggest that confiding in a computer can be just as intimate as talking to a therapist.
For example, in the introduction to a special edition of The Journal of Clinical Psychology, Michelle G.Newman suggests that: "When questioned about sensitive areas such as criminal history, alcohol blackouts, sexual disorders and suicidality, clients will disclose more substantive information to a computer than to a clinician."
Yet the anonymity provided by the Internet can also have negative consequences. Internet 'trolling' is a common practice that involves a person posting abusive comments under a pseudonym. This can be intimidating and irritating for other web users.
In her recent book Alone Together, social psychologist Sherry Turkle has suggested that online personas are a means of avoiding the intensity and intimacy of so called 'real life' relationships. She says: "Digital connections may offer the illusion of companionship without the demands of friendship."
Whatever your beliefs about the internet, it's likely that you will come across someone expressing feelings of intense psychological distress in a blog, forum or social networking site at some time. Or that you may even feel tempted to share those feelings yourself.
Knowing exactly how to engage and respond can be difficult. Here are three simple rules of engagement that I think can help make online interaction a mentally healthy experience.
Read about online safety
As well as sharing your own experiences, don't miss out on the opportunity to respond to others. Try to listen and encourage. A conversation about mental illness should not be a competition to prove which one of us has the worst symptoms! Amanda wrote well about this topic in her blog post We're all different, lets not compare our illnesses.
2. Remember it's public
It can be cathartic to unload intense feelings in public forums, but many people still find subjects like suicide and self-harm deeply distressing. Before you make very personal posts, consider the reaction of work colleagues and family who may see through your anonymity.
3. Connect to offline support
If you come across someone who is extremely distressed, encourage him or her to seek other forms of offline support. If they've been unwell for a long time, they might have access to a crisis team or other medical professionals. While online support can be valuable, your influence is limited. Don't put pressure on yourself by being the only source of support.
When you’re living with a mental health problem, or supporting someone who is, having access to the right information - about a condition, treatment options, or practical issues - is vital. Choose one of the options below to find out more.
Blogs and stories can show that people with mental health problems are cared about, understood and listened to. We can use it to challenge the status quo and change attitudes.
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Transport remains main source of health-damaging pollutants
The report acknowledges that most EU-27 countries have reduced their emissions of air pollutants over the past decades. However, other studies show that pollution continues to undermine local air quality, particularly in urban areas. The report identifies road transport, manufacturing industries and construction, the residential sector and agriculture as the main sources of air pollution in Europe today.
Exposure to air pollutants may damage health in the short and long term, affect natural ecosystems, and corrode buildings and materials. Particulate matter from sources such as vehicle exhausts and residential heating can affect the lungs and harm people of all ages, but it is known to pose an extra risk to those with existing heart and respiratory problems. Air pollutants are also responsible for the acidification of forests and water ecosystems, and eutrophication of soils and waters — leading to limited supply of oxygen in rivers and lakes.
Between 1990 and 2006, nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions decreased by 35 %, although the change of total NOx emissions between 2005 and 2006 was small, with a decrease of just 1.8 %, due to reductions that occurred in Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom. Nitrogen oxides are one of the main contributors to the formation of ground-level ozone, high levels of which can trigger severe respiratory problems. It also makes an important contribution to acidification and eutrophication.
Electricity and heat production (e.g. at power stations) constitutes the main source of sulphur oxides (SOx) emissions (58.4 %), followed by manufacturing industries and construction sources (14.3 %). SOx is an acidifying pollutant which can also aggravate respiratory diseases.
In contrast, agricultural activities are responsible for the vast majority of ammonia (NH3) emissions in EU-27. NH3 is an important pollutant which causes acidification and eutrophication. Livestock manure, together with emissions from the application of fertilisers account for more than 90 % of the NH3 generation.
Each year, the European Environment Agency assists the European Commission by preparing the European Community’s inventory report which is reported to the Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution Convention (LRTAP).
What is the LRTAP Convention?
Since 1979, the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution has addressed some of the major environmental problems of the member countries of the UN Economic Commission for Europe. The Convention has 51 Parties and aims to limit and, as far as possible, gradually reduce and prevent air pollution including long-range transboundary air pollution.
Which air pollutants are covered by the inventory?
Under the LRTAP Convention, Parties (including the European Community) are requested to report emissions data for a number of important air pollutants, including sulphur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), ammonia (NH3), carbon monoxide (CO), primary particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), heavy metals (HMs) and persistent organic pollutants (POPs).
EU-27: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.
Data in the report will be made available through the EEA’s Dataservice later in 2008. The data is also used in assessments performed by EEA, and will be used to update emission indicators from the EEA’s Core Set of Indicators.
- Annual European Community LRTAP Convention Emission Inventory report 1990-2006
- UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution
- The EMEP Centre on Emission Inventories and Projections (CEIP)
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Helping Children Develop A Homework Routine
Tips from Teachers
Insights and Ideas from Smart Love teachers and tutors on how to help your children have a successful school year!
Often times, just starting homework is the biggest hurdle for children. Creating an expectation around when children begin their homework can help them transition more easily.
Explain to your child that having a homework routine can help them feel better about starting their work.
Give agency to your child by asking for their ideas and thoughts on when they would like to begin their homework time. Would they like to do it as soon as they get home? After a snack? After some play time? Or before dinner? Be sure to offer realistic options for your child (i.e., if you have dinner late in the evening, perhaps after dinner isn't a good idea.)
If your child is struggling to start their homework, you can remind them of the routine they created. An example may be, 'I know it's hard to stop playing, but remember we worked on the homework routine together and you agreed to work on your homework at this time.' Offer your relationship to help your child get started. For example, 'Can I help you by bringing your backpack to the table? Would you like me to sit next to you while I pay bills?'
Recognize that it takes time to adapt to new routines; it may take several weeks to get used to a new schedule.
For younger children, visual reminders of your routine can be helpful for transitions
Sometimes timers can be helpful because they provide a visual reminder of how long each activity will last. However, timers can be stressful for some children, so pay attention to how your child responds. Don't use timers if they create more stress for your child.
Be flexible. Some days children may need more time to work on their homework or more time to relax. Follow your child's lead and understand that it's okay to adjust the schedule based on how your child is feeling.
By engaging with your child to develop their routine, you are giving agency to your child which can help them to stick to their routine and develop their executive functioning skills.
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Up next in Beach Vacation Tips (6 videos)
Planning a seaside escape? Make the most of your time in the sun, sand, and surf with this Howcast video series.
You Will Need
- Disposable camera
- Scrapbook or photo album
- Shoe box
- Shells and rocks
- Dental floss
- Tape recorder
- List of scavenger hunt items
- Play dough
- Plastic bag (optional)
- Acrylic paint (optional)
Make memories by giving your children a disposable camera for the day. Watch their eyes light up when you get the pictures developed. Make a scrapbook or photo album to preserve your memories.
Look for wildlife
Walk up and down the beach looking for sea life, such as snails, crabs, and starfish. Teach them how to respect the beach by not interfering with the wildlife or removing anything from its natural habitat.
Make a rock and shell garden
Bring a shoe box to the beach to make your own shell and rock garden. Put sand in the box, and add all the shells and rocks that you find. The kids can show their shell garden to their friends when they get home.
Make shell jewelry
Make one-of-a-kind shell jewelry. Explore the beach to find shells that have tiny holes in them. Have your kids string the shells onto dental floss and then tie the ends together to make a necklace or bracelet.
Make a tape
Bring the relaxing, rhythmic sounds of the waves home with you by having your child stand at the water's edge and record beach sounds with a tape recorder.
Have a treasure hunt
Keep your kids amused by having a scavenger hunt. Give them boundaries, a bucket, and a list of items to find, such as a bird feather, driftwood, and a shell. The first one to find all the items wins.
Make shell impressions
Grab your sunglasses, sunscreen, and play dough when you hit the beach. Have your kids collect shells and make imprints in the dough. Have fun making this the best beach vacation ever.
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The Women's Land Army and its recruits, 1939-50
Clarke, Gill (2007) The Women's Land Army and its recruits, 1939-50. In, Short, Brian, Watkins, Charles and Martin, John (eds.) The Front Line of Freedom: British Farming in the Second World War. Exeter, UK, British Agricultural History Society, 101-116. (Agricultural History Review).
Full text not available from this repository.
The role of The Women's Land Army has been a neglected aspect of the history of British farming in the Second World War. This chapter seeks to address this neglect and to evaluate the contribution of the Women's Land Army to the wartime food production campaign and the crucial part they played in maximizing and increasing levels of productivity from the land.
|Item Type:||Book Section|
|Keywords:||history, women, biography|
|Subjects:||D History General and Old World > DA Great Britain|
|Divisions:||University Structure - Pre August 2011 > School of Education > Leadership, School Improvement and Effectiveness
|Date Deposited:||16 Mar 2007|
|Last Modified:||27 Mar 2014 18:29|
|RDF:||RDF+N-Triples, RDF+N3, RDF+XML, Browse.|
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SYS_NETFD sd is the platform-independent socket descriptor.
char *buf is the buffer to receive the bytes.
int sz is the maximum number of bytes to read.
int timeout is the number of seconds to allow for the read operation before returning. The purpose of timeout is not to return because not enough bytes were read in the given time, but to limit the amount of time devoted to waiting until some data arrives.
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StatusThe thesis was presented on the 29 May, 2008
Approved by NCAA on the 22 January, 2009
Abstract– 0.97 Mb / in romanian
ThesisCZU 37.0 (043.3)
0.97 Mb /
The cultural phenomena are studied by different socio — humanistic sciences, but each domain of learning analyzes culture through specific objectives, outlining areas and features, emphasizing specific cultural elements.
In the educational context, we have been preoccupied by culture from the historical point of view through its civilizing functions and possibilities, watching the cultural manifestation of the national values from the humanistic point of view and from that of the general - human values.
When expanding and referring the term culture to the educational and formative area of the culture science, we realize that there haven't been registered any renovating orientations and interpretations, even though the culture science may contribute with specific means to the elucidation of the vast problematic stated by the modern culture through the functions of learning, expressing the cultural phenomenon, and transforming the social and cultural reality. This determines on the one hand, the culture science as a relatively young branch, and on the other hand, its interpretation is limited to the theoretical explorations, explaining in a way the basic principle, that is the one of cultural education in the formation of students in higher educational establishments.
Having a scientific argument, the Model of the cultural education from the curriculum in the stated above meaning, has outlined two essential moments regarding the renovation of the curriculum, that is:
(1) the necessity of some changes through the introduction of new elements and though the elaboration of new concepts of the university curriculum,
(2) the necessity of some changes in the learning forms, strategies, methodology and in the teaching process.
The synthesis of the Curriculum of cultural education involves all the intellectual abilities acquired by the students through study and reflection with the aim of cultivating the general -human values and the process of subjectivity (the cognitive moment and the axiological moment of the culture science) and in the process of objectivity (the moment of creation and the moment of generalizing and assimilating the cultural value). These moments signify the approach of the culture science as a university subject.
Under consideration :
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- Once you have identified your thesis question and keywords for your research, test your topic by searching a broad, general resource such as JumboSearch or Google Scholar. These sources may help you understand the broader context of your topic and tell you in general terms what is known about your topic. They will give you an idea of how much and what kind of information is available on a given topic. If you are finding too much information and too many sources, narrow your topic; finding too few may indicate that you need to broaden your topic by using more general terms.
- Exploit existing bibliographies. Annual Reviews, Dissertations & Theses, and Oxford Bibliographies Online are database sources of literature reviews in specific fields. Sources cited in these bibliographies are good starting points for further research.
- When you’ve identified some useful titles, look these sources up in the JumboSearch. Check the subject headings listed in the subject field of these catalog records and then do searches using those subject headings to locate additional titles.
Effective Database Searching
Although Google allows you to search a whole sentence or phrase, most databases do not behave this way. You’ll need to select key phrases, words and concepts when searching databases. Use Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) and keywords in the Advanced Search mode for best results; they connect your search words together to either narrow or broaden your set of results.
1. Using "and" in a search will:
- narrow and focus your results
- tell the database that all search terms must be present in the resulting records
- example: refugees and resettlement and women
The triangle in the middle of the Venn diagram above represents the result set for this search. The search result records all contain the words Sudan, negotiations, and ceasefire.
2. Using "or" in a search will:
- connect terms describing similar concepts (synonyms)
- broaden your results by telling the database that any of your search terms can be present in the resulting records
- example: carbon or ozone or pollution
All three circles represent the result set for this search. It is a big set because any of those words are valid when using the "or" operator.
3. Using truncation (an asterisk) and wildcards (usually a question mark or exclamation point) will expand results and include variant spelling. Truncation symbols may vary by database; common symbols include: *, !, ?, or #
- example: child* and refugee
Child* brings up child, children, childhood, and any other word that starts with the root "child."
- example: globali?ation and wom?n
Globali?ation brings up items with the words globalization or globalisation. Similar to truncation, wildcards substitute a symbol for one letter of a word.
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Complement component 5 (C5) is part of the complement system and the body’s innate immune system. The complement system is important for controlling inflammation, homeostasis, and defending the body against foreign pathogens. C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b by C5 convertase. C5a increases blood vessel permeability and attracts inflammatory cells, while C5b binds with other complement components to form a membrane attack complex (MAC) that kills the pathogen.1
Patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria are deficient in CD59, a part of the complement system that protects normal blood cells from the MAC. Blocking C5 cleavage has been shown to inhibit the formation of MAC and limit hemolysis in these patients.2
Learn more about modalities targeting C5:
Search our clinical trials.
Download additional information from our resources section.
CD: cluster of differentiation.
1. National Center for Biotechnology Information. Complement C5 [Homo sapiens (human)]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/727. Accessed 4/6/2019. 2. Brodsky RA. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood. 2014;124(18):2804-2811.
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Cavour, Camillo Benso, Conte di
Born: Aug 10, 1810 AD
Died: 1861 AD, at 50 years of age.
1810 - Born on August 10th in Turin, Piedmont, French Empire. Piedmontese statesman.
1824 - Marchese Michele had obtained for Camillo the appointment as personal page to Charles Albert.
1826 - He obtained a commission as lieutenant in the corps of engineers.
- His military career began in the engineers. He was first stationed in Turin, then in various frontier posts, where fortifications were being constructed.
1830 - He was sent to Genoa, where he met Anna Giustiniani Schiaffino, an ardent advocate of ultrademocratic and republican ideas, whose salon was frequented by many members of the Carbonari, the secret revolutionary society whose guiding force then was Giuseppe Mazzini.
1831 - His father's intervention helped to avert more serious consequences; in this case he was simply transferred to a remote mountain fort. It had become obvious, however, that he could no longer remain in the army, from which he resigned.
- He was appointed mayor of a village south of Turin and also became the administrator of extensive holdings in the vicinity belonging to his uncles.
1834 - He wrote a memoir on poverty in Piedmont, which was published the following year in London in the Report from His Majesty's Commissioners for inquiring into the Administration and practical Operation of the Poor Laws.
1835 - A second pamphlet on the history of the Poor Laws in England was edited and published by Cavour at Turin.
- He began to engage in a fruitful series of enterprises that helped him to accumulate a considerable fortune. He also achieved a certain reputation with his writing.
1848 - Once elected a member of Parliament in June, however, he assumed an intermediate position between the conservatives and the revolutionaries, thus calling forth the enmity of both left and right.
1850 - He was offered the post of minister of agriculture and soon became the most active and influential member of the Cabinet.
1856 - Cavour secured the participation of the small power of Piedmont in the peace negotiations at the Congress of Paris, at which the greatest European powers were represented.
1858 - At a secret meeting at Plombières in July, Napoleon III and Cavour agreed to provoke a European war against Austria in the following year.
1860 - Cavour worked for the annexation of the central duchies that had formerly belonged to the ancient rulers of Piedmont; he was able to do this only by ceding Savoy and Nice to France.
1861 - Died on June 6th in Turin, Italy.
Page last updated: 1:09pm, 20th Sep '07
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An influential hypothesis of developmental psychology states that, in the first months of their life, infants perform exploratory/random movements ("motor babbling") in order to create associations between such movements and the resulting perceived effects. These associations are later used as building blocks to tackle more complex sensorimotor behaviours. Due to its underlying simplicity, motor babbling might be a learning strategy widely used in the early phases of child development. Various models of this process have been proposed that focus on the acquisition of reaching skills based on the synchronous association between the positions of the postures that cause them. This research tries to understand, on a computational basis, if the principles underlying motor babbling can be extended to the acquisition of behaviours more complex than reaching, such as the execution of non-linear movement trajectories for avoiding obstacles or the acquisition of movements directed to grasp objects. These behaviours are challenging for motor babbling as they involve the execution of movements, or sequences of movements, in time, and so they cannot be learned on the basis of simple synchronous associations between their neural representations and perceptive neural representations. The paper aims to show that infants might still use motor babbling for the development of these behaviours by overcoming its time-limits on the basis of complementary mechanisms such as Pattern Generators and innate reflexes. The computational viability of this hypothesis is demonstrated by testing the proposed models with a 3D simulated dynamic eye-arm-hand robot working on a plane.
Using motor babbling and Hebb rules for modeling the development of reaching with obstacles and grasping
Contributo in atti di convegno
International Conference on Cognitive Systems (CogSys2008), Karlsruhe, Germany, 2-4/04/2008
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Millions of Americans get affected by this disease annually. Being a type of chronic pain, it can affect every aspect of the patient’s life.
It can be tiresome and seems almost impossible to live with Fibromyalgia, but there are ways that bring hope and help you to live better.
The facts about the causes and the mechanism of the pain should be known before understanding the remedies that can be beneficial. The information will help you gain sound knowledge about the condition you are facing and the remedies that can help you.
Fibromyalgia is a type of chronic pain. As a matter of fact, it is not as rare as it may seem but considered to be among the most common types of chronic pains.
Fibro is a Latin word for “fibrous tissues”, myos is a Greek word that means “muscles” while algos is another Greek word meaning pain which combines to give it a name “fibromyalgia”.
There are a number of causes and situations that are associated with the development of fibromyalgia but the most common is the “stress” on which most of the experts have the same opinion. A life filled with stress consumes a lot of energy and fibromyalgia is strongly related to low energy levels of the body.
The syndromes very similar to fibromyalgia are arthritis, lupus, Central Nervous System issues, and genetics. The environment also plays a vital role in the development of fibromyalgia. Generally, this disease is related to certain changes in neurochemical elements in the brain.
The exposure to a long-term stress can lead to such abnormalities and person loses hope for life. There is variation in the symptoms of fibromyalgia but many of them are also related to that of other diseases that make its diagnosis complicated. The most common symptom of the syndrome is a long-lasting pain.
The other symptoms encountered are morning stiffness, headaches, numb fingers, cognitive issues, odd sleeping patterns and the development of the Restless Leg Syndrome. Moreover, other conditions like nausea, weight gain, depression, anxiety, breathing problems, vision problems, eyesight problems may also develop.
As the symptoms of fibromyalgia overlap with the symptoms of other disorders so the diagnosis becomes very critical. A number of tests are recommended to the person who is suspected to have this disorder.
One of the tests is a blood test called FM/a, but many other tests are also needed in order to properly diagnose the syndrome. The medical professional will inquire the patient about potential stressful situations, the parts affected by pain and the duration of pain and the tender points are also tested.
The most common remedies to improve the condition are mostly the remedies that help to release stress and gain hope. There are certain natural remedies that are recommended along with medications like painkillers, anti-inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines.
Exercise being the most common of all the remedies is very beneficial. Exercise is not necessary for people related to sports, indeed it is the need of every person who needs to healthy and fit. It is a Latin quotation: “Menssana in corporesano” that means “A healthy mind in a healthy body” and exercise is that practice which helps you to get a good state of mind and body. It is not only beneficial for your physical condition but also helps to release stress and live a healthy life.
Fibromyalgia patients are recommended to try out relaxation techniques. Yoga, meditation, and Tai-Chi are some of the relaxation methodologies. Acupuncture is also a method of relaxation that has shown tremendous results for overcoming many disorders.
A healthy diet is another way to fight the symptoms of the disease. A diet fulfilled with the required nutrients should be the first priority of a person in order to live healthy and happy. Fast-food and sweets may seem delicious and joy able to eat but unfortunately they are harmful the health.
Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, foods that contain omega 3 fatty acids (fatty fish such as salmon or sardines, walnuts, shrimp, tofu, soybeans, beef, scallop) are considered healthy and nutritious. Such foods help to reduce inflammation at all levels of the body. Ginger and turmeric are well-known for their anti-inflammatory effects.
Its symptoms are very common and related to other syndromes which lead to its false diagnosis but the remedies described above are very clear and most doctors recommend to use them as the proper cure process of the disease is still a mystery to be found.
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Piezoelectric ceramics forms a new field between electronic and structural ceramics [1–4]. Application fields are classified into three categories: positioners, motors, and vibration suppressors. From the market research result for 80 Japanese component industries in 1992, tiny motors in the range of 5–8 mm are required in large numbers for office and portable equipment; the conventional electromagnetic (EM) motors are rather difficult to produce in this size with sufficient energy efficiency, while Silicon MEMS actuators are too small to be used in practice. Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors whose efficiency is insensitive to size are superior in the millimeter motor area. The manufacturing precision of optical instruments such as lasers and cameras, and the positioning accuracy for fabricating semiconductor chips are of the order of 0.1μm which is much smaller than the backlash of the EM motors. Vibration suppression in space structures and military vehicles also require compact but mighty piezoelectric actuators.
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Coronation Chair(Redirected from King Edward's Chair)
The Coronation Chair, known historically as St Edward's Chair or King Edward's Chair, is an ancient wooden throne on which the British monarch sits when he or she is invested with regalia and crowned at the coronation. It was commissioned in 1296 by King Edward I to contain the coronation stone of Scotland – known as the Stone of Destiny – which had been captured from the Scots who kept it at Scone Abbey. The chair was named after Edward the Confessor, and was previously kept in his shrine at Westminster Abbey.
The high-backed, Gothic-style armchair was carved from oak at some point between the summer of 1297 and March 1300 by the carpenter Walter of Durham. At first, the king ordered for the chair to be made of bronze, but he changed his mind and decided it should be made of timber. The chair is the oldest dated piece of English furniture made by a known artist. Since the 14th century, all crowned English and British monarchs have been seated in this chair at the moment of coronation, with the exception of Queen Mary II, who was crowned on a copy of the chair. Monarchs used to sit on the Stone of Destiny itself until a wooden platform was added in the 17th century.
Gilded lions added in the 16th century form the legs to the chair; they were all replaced in 1727. One of the four lions was given a new head for George IV's coronation in 1821. The chair itself was originally gilded, painted and inlaid with glass mosaics, traces of which can still be seen upon close inspection of the chair, especially on the back where outlines of foliage, birds and animals have managed to survive. A lost image of a king, maybe Edward the Confessor or Edward I, with his feet resting on a lion was also painted on the back. Today, its appearance is of aged and brittle wood.
In the 18th century, tourists could sit on the chair for a small payment to one of the vergers. Early tourists and choirboys of the abbey carved their initials and other graffiti into the chair, and the corner posts have been acutely damaged by souvenir hunters. Sir Gilbert Scott, the Gothic revival architect and antiquary, described the chair as "a magnificent piece of decoration, but sadly mutilated".
At 5:40 pm on 11 June 1914, the chair was the object of a bomb attack thought to have been organised by the Suffragettes. A corner of the chair was broken off in the explosion. Although it was strong enough to shake the abbey walls and loud enough to be heard from inside the Houses of Parliament, none of the 70 people in the abbey at the time were injured, and the Coronation Chair was faithfully restored.
Over the eight centuries of its existence the chair has only been removed from Westminster Abbey twice. The first time was for the ceremony in Westminster Hall when Oliver Cromwell was inducted as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, and the second during World War II when it was moved to Gloucester Cathedral for the duration of the war. On Christmas Day 1950, Scottish Nationalists broke into the abbey and removed the Stone of Destiny. It was recovered in time for Queen Elizabeth II's coronation in 1953. Since 1996, the stone has been kept at Edinburgh Castle in Scotland on the proviso that it be returned to England for use at coronations.
The Coronation Chair is highly protected, and leaves its secure location – now on a plinth in St George's Chapel in the nave – only when it is carried into the theatre of coronation near the High Altar of the abbey. Between 2010 and 2012, the chair was cleaned and restored by a team of experts in full view of the public at the abbey.
Other chairs used at the coronationEdit
It may be noted that other chairs are used throughout the coronation ceremony. Chairs of Estate for the sovereign and consort are placed on the south side of the sanctuary, and these are used during the first part of the liturgy, prior to the sovereign's anointing and crowning with St Edward's Crown. Then, for a part of the service called the enthronement, and for the homage which follows it, the monarch is placed not in the Coronation Chair, but in a separate throne on a platform in the middle of the transept. On occasions when the wife of a king – a queen consort – is crowned, a similar throne is provided for her so that she can be seated next to the king but at a lower level.
Unlike the Coronation Chair, these other chairs and thrones tend to be made new for each coronation. Afterwards, they have often been placed in the Throne Rooms of royal palaces. The Chair of Estate from the 1953 coronation can be found in the Throne Room of Buckingham Palace, along with those of George VI and his consort Queen Elizabeth. The 1953 Homage Throne is kept in the Garter Throne Room of Windsor Castle; the thrones of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra are in the Ballroom at Buckingham Palace. Those of George V and Queen Mary may be seen in the Throne Room at the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to King Edward's Chair.|
- Warwick Rodwell (2013). The Coronation Chair and Stone of Destiny: History, Archaeology and Conservation. Oxbow Books. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-78297-153-5.
- "Bomb explosion in Westminster Abbey; Coronation Chair damaged; Suffragette outrage". The Daily Telegraph. 12 June 1914. p. 11.
- James Yorke (17 August 2013). "Review of The Coronation Chair by Warwick Rodwell". The Spectator. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- Rodwell, p. 324.
- Kings Edward V and Edward VIII, who acceded to the throne in 1483 and 1936 respectively, were never crowned
- Rodwell, p. 161.
- Sir George Younghusband; Cyril Davenport (1919). The Crown Jewels of England. Cassell & Co. pp. 59–61. ASIN B00086FM86.
- "The Coronation Chair". Westminster Abbey. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- Rodwell, p. 328.
- Rodwell, p. 184–185.
- Rodwell, p. 317.
- L.G.W. Legg (1901). English Coronation Records. A. Constable. p. 276.
- "Pair of Chairs of Estate". Royal Collection. 2607.
- "Pair of Throne Chairs". Royal Collection. 2604.
- "Throne Chair". Royal Collection. 35369.
- Sam Wallace (6 July 2000). "Buckingham Palace visitors can step into ballroom". The Telegraph. Retrieved 11 February 2016.
- A. J. Youngson (2001). The Companion Guide to Edinburgh and the Borders. Companion Guides. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-900639-38-5.
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t Cell Biology and Agricultural Practices
Plant cell biology requires the analysis of the cells change since they go from one location to another. Migration is an significant component in plants and plant cell research. Cotton. Genetics allow some orchards to be packed with genetically-inert seeds for the long-term, while others remain with a limited harvest. In either case, the method of transportation of seed to the next crop means that the new crop must be harvested with its own seed, resulting in genetic differences between the crop and the seeds in storage. Ole Miss Biology. The plant science sector has been fighting to maintain up, as the entire world gets more reliant on technologies. Some of the progress made in plant cell biology has come from improvements in the ability to grow plants and manipulate them. Most of the changes in cotton have been due to plant stem cells. New tools have allowed for the transplanting of the stem cells into the corresponding veins. This technique was used to improve cotton production in Europe and Canada and now cotton production is being improved in the U.S. Ole Miss Biology. In the literature there is a term called migration expression biology. It comes from migration definition, which is a definition of cell migration. If a cell moves toward another cell, it is said to be migrating. So migration definition cell culture could mean that the cells are migrating from one culture to another culture. Stem cells may also be called stem cells. These tissues come from the bone marrow of the all children. Human stem cells are not created in a laboratory. They can be created from embryos and are used in certain diseases. Stem cells are still transplantable and they will be used by hospitals to grow tissue in laboratories. The creation of stem cells has increased the need for cell culture. Stem cells have allowed scientists to find more ways to boost production and hence have increased plant cell biology. Plants are the basis of food crops plus they provide a number . Some plants can’t survive in the wild. And there are species of vegetation that have low levels of nutrients and also those elements are produced www.buyessay.net by additional plants in huge quantities but aren’t in a position to endure without intervention. Agricultural practices have changed over the years and modern agriculture has become a major contributor to greenhouse gases. This has encouraged scientists to consider where and how we might place emphasis in the studies of plant cell biology. The food industry is a major player in development in the scientific field of agriculture and plant cell biology. Scientists are learning that a good deal about plant cell research and of producing foodstuff plants from stem 19, the process has significantly shifted in the last several years. That was a need for researchers to understand more on the topic of the plant mobile population’s answers to the different ecological conditions.
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If you have any form of gadget, be it a smartphone or tablet, you likely use some of the various connectivity options on the device. Even MP3 players are growing to use the internet and other synchronization options wherever possible.
In short, it’s safe to say that very few devices stay independent. Most forms of technology are connecting to something else and we as people are being connected along with them. This leaves the simple question for the open minded and curious; just how connected are we?
The internet has, and still is, the main form of connection. We can access it at home through broadband but various portable devices have adapted to become completely wireless when it comes to the World Wide Web.
Even a phone signal, thanks to 3G and 4G technology, is enough to access the internet. So, in most areas you can search the web and stream files. It’s a small change with big consequences, as such a small device can now bring all the options and knowledge of the internet with you wherever you go.
Furthermore, many devices don’t just connect with the internet. They can also connect with your other devices to synchronize and share data. This allows you to stream data from a central source, be it a cloud storage option or through your computer. This central hub means you only have to store files, such as work and music, in one place, rather than having separate copies in all your devices. Again, it’s a small change but one with big consequences. Just like the internet, a well connected device feels as if you’re carrying your entire computer hard drive with you.
You should also consider the likes of social media like Facebook & Twitter, ensuring that people are within instant communication with each other. People can tell you where they are and what they’re doing, so that they’re always connected to others.
This isn’t just a definitive answer either; rather, it’s a simple look at the current world today. Yet technology is constantly adapting and it will more than likely continue to adapt. This means that it’s very possible technology will become more and more connected. We’re already seeing devices that stay connected to the internet or constantly sync up to devices at home. Cloud technology is another example of this.
This does of course mean that there is a growing back-log of outdated technology. If you have such devices, you should be aware that you can sell mobile phone handsets and similar gadgets online to be recycled. This gives you a little money for your trouble and puts increasingly redundant technology to good use; the money also provides a great incentive.
In short, whether it’s through the internet to other devices, or giving you the option of social media, phones have come a long way from simply letting you call or text another person. Information is everywhere, and the modern smart device seems intent on giving you immediate access to it all.
Helping to connect consumers with a quick and easy way to sell mobile phone handsets and electronic devices of all descriptions, appreciate how the modern world is more interlinked than ever before.
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Genes have taken the blame for many health conditions. From sleep apnea, to cancer, to diabetes, genes have been linked to a host of health conditions and maladies.
With good reason.
Genes can play a significant role in the health of a person and their family, but genes should not bear the blame for every health issue that arises. Instead, a closer look at genes and environment yields the clearest picture of an individual’s health.
How Genetics Impact Oral Health
Genetics impact oral health in the same way that genetics influence overall health. Your genes provide a blueprint for your body to follow. From immune response to tumor development, genes are an important determiner in how your body responds to stress and damage.
Despite the role genetic factors play in oral health (or a lack of oral health), they cannot take the full blame. Instead, your genes interact with environmental factors to create the basis for your health.
Genetic Predisposition Versus Genetic Certainty
One of the greatest misunderstandings regarding genetics is the idea of genetic predisposition versus certainty. Having certain genes may predispose you to have certain health issues, but will not guarantee that you experience those issues.
Think of it this way: if you are in a field of wildflowers, you are more likely to be stung by a bee than if you were sitting in your living room. Being in the field does not guarantee that you will be stung by a bee. Genetics operate on the same basic framework.
Genetics and Your Environment
If genes predispose you to have certain dental health issues and the environment is ideal, you may be more likely to experience gum disease or dental caries than someone who has a hospitable environment and a family history of pristine oral health.
Having a family history of tooth decay and gum disease (or other oral health issues) does not doom you to a lifetime of cavities and bleeding gums. Genes may simply mean you have to pay closer attention to oral care routines.
Genetics and Bad Teeth: the Real Culprits
Now that we have established the real way that genes influence your oral health, let’s evaluate the real culprits in declining oral health. Diet, good oral hygiene, and mental health can all play a role in the health of your teeth and gums.
Many dentists will urge you to brush and floss your teeth, but not as many will urge patients to improve their diets as a whole. Although regular dental cleanings, brushing your teeth, and flossing can help, an unhealthy diet can make improving your oral health difficult.
Eating plenty of healthy, whole foods and limiting sugars and processed foods can diminish your exposure to food components that lead to tooth decay and gum disease.
Oral Health Routines
Oral health routines can also negatively contribute to the health of your mouth. Not brushing your teeth at least twice per day makes room for food and plaque to build up and feed the bacteria in your mouth. Over time, buildup can lead to receding, inflamed gums and tooth decay.
Some dental products are also too harsh on the mouth. Extremely hard-bristled toothbrushes can actually tear away your gums and do more harm than good in your efforts to support your oral health.
Stress and Mental Health
Although stress may not seem to impact your teeth, mental health can impact your oral health! Chronic stress can lead to grinding your teeth, which can eventually cause receding gums. Untreated mental health can lead to stress or comfort eating, which can also contribute to damaged teeth and gums.
While it may not always seem to be the case, your body and mind are connected. Declining health in one area can have a direct effect on other areas, and your oral health is not immune.
Are Bad Teeth Hereditary?
Although many people attribute their run-ins with oral health to family history, genes alone are not responsible for issues with your teeth and gums. If you are concerned about the health of your teeth and gums due to your family history, reach out to one of our 3 locations today to learn how you can support your oral health.
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Nowadays, one of the most important conversation’s subject is the stress.
Recognized as a disease at the beginning of the 20th century, its causes and its effects (physiologic and mental) have been studied intensively since the second half of the century (ex. Holmes TH and Rahe RH, 1967; Lazarus, 1966; Selye, 1975 etc…).
The aim of Soladis is to develop a “stress indicator” to prevent health problems caused or exacerbated by stress (sleep, digestive and weight problems, heart diseases, depression, skin conditions…). This study in particular will focus on burnout that can be associated with many of the others diseases.
Burnout is described as a general sensation of feeling down, exhaustion and reduced job performance with a decrease of self-esteem which may lead to depression.
The prevention of burnout is a major challenge in our society as a significant portion of a 20% increase in the number of suicides, which has been observed over the last two years, is attributed to burnout. Even through the negative effects of burnout have been well documented, the current lack of referenced methods for diagnosis; represents a challenge.
Although various tools exist to assess the stress level of a subject, such tools are often designed as self-assessment questionnaires which under-performs in giving an objective measure of the stress condition of the subject. Moreover, there is a lack of referenced data that allow the classification of physical and psychological symptoms of stress and to differentiate between acute and chronic forms of stress.
The main objective of this study is to build a “stress indicator” to evaluate the accumulated level of stress in order to prevent burnout and to encapsulate numerous stress indicators measured, and regroup each subject into a number of “profiles-type” according to the capability of the subject to accumulated/evacuate the stress. And so, define a guideline for measuring the stress according to the situation that the subject is exposed to (working stress, external influences, general anxiety, etc…).
We consider both physiological and psychological factors together with some exogenous features as the weather and the daily traffic. The list of all the considered elements is detailed in the Indicators page.
The population of our stress study consists of 51 people who completed the protocol, between them 22 woman and 29 man. They are geographically dispatched between 3 different regions in France : Paris, Lyon and Sophia Antipolis (respectively 5, 29 and 17 people). We focused on professional active people, the minimum age is then 18 years old but the great majority of people who volunteered to participate is aged between 25 and 34 years old. Below you can find some summary graphics.
As a consequence of the imbalance between each subgroup (by geography or age), we only provide analysis over all the population.
In order to explore the dataset and to select the minimum number of variables which maximize the explained variance, we apply a first Principal Compontent Analysis (PCA) to the whole standardized dataset.
Secondly, we assess the steadiness of each indicator across time by create a linear mixed model with first-order auto-regressive structure AR(1) in order to maintain the correlation between two consecutive visits. The subject is the statistical unit for the assessment.
Finally, to categorize the observations of visits and capture similar hidden groups, leading to the possibility of improved cluster classifications and comprehension of the differences between these groups, we apply a cluster analysis. The applied algorithm, a modified version of the sparse clustering algorithm, pick the highest scoring indicators involved and henceforth perform a classification.
According to the correlation between the features, a Global Stress score, which merge them together, is calculated by crossed decision rules. 4 categories are identified : low, moderate, medium and high stress.
We propose 5 final clusters, which identifies 5 Stress Families :
For more information about our study, here you will find the detailed description of this study.
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PROPERTY, Literary. Under the healing of "Copyright" (see vol. i., p.642, Mr. Macleod has given a comprehensive summary of the growth of the conception of literary property, and a specification of the enactments in Great Britain under which its status has been defined and regulated. He has also made reference to the copyright acts of some of the other states of Europe, as they stood twenty years ago. We here propose to supplement Mr. Macleod's statistics with such later data as can now be obtained, to include the specification (not to be found in Mr. Macleod's article) of the copyright acts of the United States, and also to present some of the questions that have arisen concerning literary property between nations, and to describe the conventions in force or under consideration for international copyright.
—During the past twenty years, there has been a very considerable increase in the extent of international literary exchanges, and a fuller recognition, at least in Europe, of the propriety and necessity of bringing these under the control of international law. Americans also are beginning to appreciate how largely the intellectual development of their nation must be affected by all that influences the development of the national literature, and to recognize the extent to which such development must depend upon the inducements extended to literary producers, as well as upon the character of the competition with which these producers have to contend.
—Literary property is defined by Drone as "the exclusive right of the owner to possess, use and dispose of intellectual productions", and copyright, as "the exclusive right of the owner to multiply and to dospose of copies of an intellectual production".
—The English statute (5 & 6 Victoria) defines copyright to mean "the sole and exclusive liberty of printing or otherwise multiplying copies of any subject to which the word is herein applied."
—The American statute (U. S. Rev. Stat., sec.4952) speaks of copyright in a book as "the sole liberty of printing, reprinting, publishing, * * and vending the same".
—The French constitutional convention adopted, in January, 1791, a report prepared by Chopelin, which declares that: La plus sacré, la plus inattaquable, et, si je puis parler ainsi, les plus personelle ds touies les propriétés, est l'ovrage, fruit de las pensés d'un ecrivain. And in the decree rendered by the convention, July 10, 1793, the preamble (written by Lakanal) declares that de toutes les propriétés, lamoins susceptible de contestation, c'est, sans contrédit, celle des productions du génis: et si quelque chose peut étonner, c'est qu'il ait fallu reconnaitre cette propriété assurer son libre exercice par uns loi positive; c'est qu'une aussi grande revolution que la notre ail eté nécessaire pour nous ramener sur ce point, comme sur lout d'autres, aux simples éleménts de la justice la plus commune.
—The act relating to copyright, adopted by the Reichstag of Germany, in April, 1871, declares that Das Recht, ein Schriftwerk auf , mechanischem Wegs zu verviel faltigen, steht dem Urheber desselben ausschliesstich zu.
—Coppinger defines copyright as "the sole and exclusive right of multiplying copies of an original work or composition," and says that the right of an author "to the productions of his mental exertions, may be classed among the species of property acquired by occupancy; being founded on labor and invention."
—Francis Lieber says(in an address delivered April 6, 1868), "The main roots of all property whatsoever are appropriation and production. * * Property * * precedes government. If a man appropriates what belongs to no one (for instance, the trunk of a tree), and if he produces a new thing (for instance, a canoe) out of that tree, this product is verily his own, * * and any one who in turn attempts to appropriate it without the process of exchange, is an intruder, a robber. * * The whole right of property * * rests on appropriation and production: and I appeal to the intuitive conviction of every thinking man to say whether a literary work, such as Baker's description of his toilsome journeys, or Goethe's Faust, is not a production in the fullest sense of the world, even more so than a barrel of herrings, which have been appropriated in the North sea, and pickled and barreled by the fishermen; and whether any one has a right to meddle with this property by production, any more than you or I with the barrel of herrings."
—Drone says: "There can be no property in a production of the mind unless it is expressed in a definite form of words. But the property is not in the words alone; it is in the intellectual creation, which language is merely a means of expressing and communicating." It is evident that copyright is in its nature akin to patent right, which also represents the legal recognition of the existence of property in an idea or a group of ideas or the form of expression of an idea.
—International patent rights have, however, been recognized and carried into effect more generally than have copyrights. The patentee of an improved toothpick would be able to secure today a wider recognition of his right than has been accorded to the author of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" or of "Adam Bede."
—Almost the sole exception to this consensus of civilized opinion on the status of literary property is presented by Henry C. Carey. He took the position that "Ideas are the common property of mankind. Facts are everybody's facts. Words are free to all men. * * Examine Macaulay's 'History of England,' and you will find that the body is composed of what is common property." Of Prescott, Bancroft and Webster he says: "They did nothing but reproduce ideas that were common property." Of Scott and Irving, "They made no contribution to knowledge." ("Letters on Copyright," Phila., 1854.) Therefore, the author of a work has no right of property in the book he has made. He took the common stock and worked it over: and one man has just as good a right to it as another. If the author is allowed to be the owner of his works, the public are deprived of their rights. Property in books is robbery. But this is simply a partial or specific application of the well-known formula of Proudhon: "Property is robbery," a theory which it is not necessary to discuss in this paper.
—The conception of literary property was known to the ancients. A recompense of some sort to the author was regarded as a natural right, and any one contravening it as little better than a robber. Klostermann says: "The first germs of a recognition of a property in thought are to be found in the agreements which authors entered into with the booksellers for the multiplication and sale of copies of their works,and in the custom to treat as unlawful any infringement upon the bookseller's right in a work which had been so transferred to him. The booksellers among the Romans succeeded, through the use of slave labor, in producing duplicates of their manuscripts at so low a cost, that the use and productions, centuries later, of the first printing presses, were hardly cheaper." Martial records, in one of his epigrams, that the edition of his "Xenii" could be bought from the bookseller Tryphon for four sesterces, the equivalent of about twelve and a half cents. He grumbles at this price as being too high, and claims that the bookseller would have been able to get a profit from a charge of half that amount. This poet appears to have had not less than four publishers in charge of the sale of his works, one of whom was a freedman of the second Lucensia. The latter issued a special pocket edition of the "Epigrams." The poet prepared the advertisements for the booksellers, putting these in the form of epigrams, but not neglecting to specify the form and price of each book, as well as the place where it was offered for sale. Horace refers to the brothers Sosius as his publishers, but complains that while his works brought gold to them, for their author they earned only fame in distant lands and with posterity. Terence sold his "Eunuch us" to the Ædiles, and his "Hecyra" to the player Roscius; while Juvenal reports that Statius would have starved if he had not succeeded in selling to the actor Paris his tragedy of Agave. "Such sales," says Coppinger, "were considered as founded, "were considered as founded upon natural justice. No man could possibly have a right to make a profit by the sale of the works of another without the author's consent. It would be converting to his own emolument the fruits of another's labor."
—It is apparent from these and from similar references, that under the Roman empire authors were in the habit of transferring to booksellers for such consideration as they could obtain, the right to duplicate and to sell their works, and that, under the trade usages, they were protected in so doing. There was no imperial act covering such transfers; and it does not appear that in any division of the Roman law was there provision for the exclusive right in the "copy" of literary material.
—It is nevertheless the case that the Roman jurists interested themselves in the question of immaterial property, but it was apparently rather as a theoretical speculation than as a study in practical law. Some of the earlier discussions as to the nature of property in ideas appear to have turned upon the question as to whether such property should take precedence over that in the material which happened to be made use of for the expression of the ideas. The disciples of Proculus maintained that the occupation of alien material so as to make of it a new thing, gave a property right to him who had so reworked or reshaped it; while the school of Sabinus insisted that the ownership in the material must carry with it the title to whatever was produced upon the material. Justinian, following the opinion of Gaius, took a middle ground, pointing out that the decision must be influenced by the possibility of restoring the material to its original form, and more particularly by the question as to whether the material, or that which had been produced upon it, was the more essential. This opinion of Gaius appears to have had reference to the ownership of a certain table upon which a picture had been painted, and the decision was in favor of the artist. This decision contains an unmistakable recognition of immaterial property, not, to be sure, in the sense of a right to exclusive reproduction, but in the particular application, that, while material property depends upon the substance,immaterial property, that is to say, property in ideas, depends upon the form.
—For the centuries following the destruction of the Roman empire, during which literary undertakings were confined almost entirely to the monasteries, the Roman usage, under which authors could dispose of their works to booksellers, and the latter could be secured control of the property purchases, was entirely forgotten. No limitation was placed on the duplication of works of literature. According to Wächter (Das Verlugercht, 1857), it was even the case that by a statute of the university of Paris, issued in 1228, the Parisian booksellers (who were in large part dependent upon the university) were enjoined to extend, as far as practicable, the duplication of works of a certain class. The business of bookseller at that time consisted as much in the renting out for reading and copying of authentic manuscript versions as in the sale of manuscript copies. In the University of Paris, as well as in that of Bologna, a statute specified the least number of copies, usually 120, of a manuscript that a bookseller must keep in stock, and the prices for loaning manuscripts were also fixed by statute. The difficulty and expense attending the reproduction of manuscripts was in every case considerable(much greater than in the early days of the Roman empire) and when, therefore, an author desired to secure a wide circulation for his work, he came to regard the reproduction of copies, not as a reserved right and source of income, but as a service to himself, which he was very ready to facilitate and even to compensate.
—Throughout the middle ages, whatever immaterial property in the realms of science, art or technics, obtained recognition and protection, was held in ownership, not by individuals, but by churches, monasteries or universities. Before the invention of printing, the writers of the middle ages were fortunate if, without a ruinous expenditure, they could succeed in getting their productions before the public. The printing press brought with it the possibility of a compensation for literary labor. Very speedily, however, the unrestricted rivalry of printers brought into existense competing and unauthorized editions, which diminished the prospects of profit, or entailed loss for the authors, editors and printers of the original issue and thus discouraged further similar undertakings.
—As there was no general enactment under which the difficulty could be met, protection for the authors and their representatives was sought through special "privileges," obtained for separate works as issued. The earliest privilege of the kind was, according to Putter (Beiträge zum deutschen Staats-und Fürstenrecht), that conceded by the republic of Venice, Jan.3, 1491, to the jurist Peter of Ravenna, securing to him and to the publishers selected by him, the exclusive right for the printing and sale of his work "Phœnix." No term of years appears to have been named in this "privilege" It appears, however, that most of the early Italian enactments in regard to literature were framed, not so much with reference to the protection of authors, as for the purpose of inducing printers (acting also as publishers) to undertake certain literary enterprises which were believed to be of importance to the community.
—The republic of Venice, the dukes of Florence, and Leo X. and other popes, conceded at different times to certain printers the exclusive privilege of printing, for specified terms, rarely apparently exceeding fourteen years, editions of certain classic authors. At this time, when the business of the production and the distribution of books was in its infancy, such undertakings must have been attended with exceptional risk, and have called for no little enlightened enterprise on the part of the printers. It is fair to assume that the princes conceding these privileges were not interested in securing profits for the printers, but had in mind simply the encouragement, for the benefit of the community, of literary ventures on the part of the editors and printers.
—After Italy, it is in France that we find the next formal recognition, on the part of the government, of the rights of property in literature. From the reign of Louis XII. to the beginning of the sixteenth century, it became usage for the publisher (at that time identical with the printer) before undertaking the publication of a work, to obtain from the king an authorization, or letters patent, the term of which appears to have varied according to the nature of the work and the mood of the monarch or of the advising ministers. At the close of nearly all of the volumes issued previous to the revolution, will be found printed: Les Lettres du Roi, addressed, A nos ames at feaux conscillers, les gens lenons nos cours de Parlement * * et autres nos justiciers, et qui font defenses á tous libraires et imprimeurs et autres personnes de quelque qualité et condition qu'elles soient, d'introduire aucun impression étrangére (that is to say, any unauthorized reprint) dans aueun lieu de notre obeissance.
—These letters were in the first place obtained, as in Italy, for the protection of special editions of the classics, but very speedily the native literature increased in importance, and the list of original works came to outnumber that of the reprints of ancient authors. The rights specified in the letters were in the first place nearly always vested in the printers, but it is evident, that, the longer the terms of the royal concessions, the larger the remuneration that could be looked for from the work, and the greater the price that the printer would be in a position to pay to author or writer. It is also to be noted that the terms granted to original French works were usually longer than those for the new editions of the classics or of reprints of devotional works.
—According to Lowndes, the penalties for infringing copyright were, until the revolution, heavier in France than anywhere else in Europe. It was argued that such infringement constituted a worse crime than the stealing of goods from the house of a neighbor, for in the latter case some negligence might possibly be imputed to the owner, while in the former it was stealing what had been confided to the public honor.
—The status of literary property was further recognized and defined by the so-called Ordinances de Moulines of Henry II., in 1556, the declaration o f Charles IX., in 1571, and the letters patent of Henry III., in 1576, but the character of the methods of granting and defending copyrights was not changed in any material respects.
—By the decree of the national assembly of Aug.4, 1789, all the privileges afforded to authors and owners of literary property by the various royal edicts were repealed. In July, 1793, the first general copyright act was passed, under which, protection was conceded to the author for his life, and to his heirs and assigns for ten years thereafter.
—The imperial act of 1810 extended the term to twenty years after the author's death, for widow or children, the term remaining at ten years if the heirs were further removed. In 1872 the act now (1883) in force was passed. Under this the term was extended to fifty years from the death of the author. The provisions of the act were also extended to the colonies. Foreigners and Frenchmen enjoy the right equally, and no restriction is made as to the authors being residents at the time the copyright is taken out. It is, further, not necessary that the first publication of the work should be made in France. In case the work be first published abroad, French copyright may subsequently be secured by depositing two copies at the ministry of the interior in Paris, or with the secretary of the prefecture in the departments. The provisions of the statute affecting foreigners may be modified by any convention concluded between France and a foreign country.
—The earliest German enactment in regard to literary property was the "privilege" accorded in Nuremberg, in 1501, to poet Conrad Celtes, for the works of the poet Hroswista (Helena von Rossow, a nun of the Benedictine cloister of Gardersheim). As this author had been dead for 600 years, the privilege was evidently not issued for her protection, but must rather have been based upon the idea of encouraging Celtes in a praiseworthy (and probably unremunerative) undertaking. Between the years 1510 and 1514 we find record of "privileges" issued by the emperor Maximilian in favor of the sermons of Geiler of Kaisersberg, and the writings of Schottius, Stabius and others. In 1534 Lutehr's translation of the Bible was issued in Wittenberg under the protection of the "privileges" of the elector of Saxony.
—Penalties for piratical reprints were sometimes specified in the special "privileges" but from 1660 we find certain general acts under which privileged works could obtain protection, and their owners could secure against reprinters uniform penalties. Decrees of this class were issued by the city of Frankfort in 1657, 1660 and 1775, by Nuremberg in 1623, by the electorate of Saxony in 1661, and by the imperial government in 1646. There were also enactments in Hanover in 1778, and in Austria in 1795. All of the above specified acts expressly permitted the reprinting of "foreign" works, that is, of works issued outside of the domain covered by the enactment. Piratical reprinting between the different German states increased, therefore, with the growth of the literature, and although the injury and injustice caused by it were recognized, and measures for its suppression were promised by the emperors Leopold II. and Francis II. (1790 and 1792), nothing in this direction could be accomplished by the unwieldy imperial machinery.
—In 1794 legislation was inaugurated in the Prussian parliament, which was accepted by the other states of Germany (excepting Wurtemberg and Mecklenburg), under which all German authors and foreign authors whose works were represented by publishers taking part in the book fairs in Frankfort and Leipzig, were protected throughout the states of Germany against unauthorized reprints.
—According to Klostermann these enactments were only in small part effective, and it was not until forty years later, that, under the later acts of the new German confederacy, German authors were able to secure throughout Germany a satisfactory protection. It is nevertheless, the case that to those who framed the Berlin enactment of 1794 must be given the credit of the first steps toward the practical recognition of international copyright.
—The copyright statute now in force in Germany, including Elsass and Lothringen, dates from 1871. The term is for the life of the author and for thirty years thereafter. The copyright register for the empire is kept at Leipzig, The protection of the law is afforded to the works of citizens, whether published inside or outside of the empire, and also to works of aliens, if these are published by a firm doing business within the empire.
—In Italy literary copyright rests upon the statute of 1865. The term is for the life of the author and for forty years after his death, or for eighty years from the publication of the work. After the expiration of the first forty years, however, or after the death of the author, in case this does not take place until more than forty years have elapsed since the publication, the work is open to publication by any one who will pay to the author of the copyright a royalty of 5 per cent, of the published price. It is necessary to deposit two copies of the work, together with a declaration in duplicate, at the prefecture of the province. No distinction is made between citizens and aliens, and the provisions of the law are applicable to the authors of works first published in any foreign country, between which and Italy there is no copyright treaty.
—In Austria the term of literary copyright is for thirty years after the author's death, and the other provisions of the act in force are similar to those of the German statute.
—In Holland and Belgium, copyright, formerly perpetual, is now limited to the life of the author and twenty years thereafter.
—In Denmark, copyright, formerly perpetual, is now limited to thirty years from the date of publication.
—In Sweden, copyright was also, until recently, perpetual. By the act of 1877, however, it now endures for the life of the author and for fifty years thereafter. The provisions of the law are made applicable to the works of foreign authors only on conditions of reciprocity.
—In spain, copyright rests on the act of 1878, and endures during the life of the author and for eighty years thereafter. If the right be assigned by the author, and the author leave no heirs, it belongs to the assignees for eighty years from the author's death. In the case, however, of heirs being left by the author, the assignment holds good for but twenty-five years, after which the ownership reverts to the heirs for the remaining fifty-five years of the term. Owners of foreign works will retain their rights in Spain, provided they adhere to the law of their own country. The copyright registry is kept at the ministry of the interior, and to perfect the registry a deposit of three copies of the work is required. The Spanish government is authorized to conclude copyright treaties with foreign countries on the condition of complete reciprocity between the contracting parties. Under such an arrangement any author or his representative who has legally secured copyright in the one country would be, without further formalities, entitled to enjoy it in the other.
—In Russia, copyright endures for the life of the author and for fifty years thereafter.
—In Greece the term is fifteen years from publication.
—In Japan the law of copyright dates from 1874. Manuscript must be examined by the department of the interior, and if found free from disloyal opinions or any matter calculated to injure public morals, a certificate of protection is promptly issued. Three copies of the work must be deposited in the department, and the fees amount to the value of six more copies.
—In China, notwithstanding the large body of national literature, no laws have been enacted for the protection of literary property.
—In Great Britain the act of 1842, now (1883) in force, provides as follows: Copyright in a book endures for forty-two years from the date of publication, or for the author's life, and for seven years after, whichever of these two terms may be the longer. The first publication of the work must be in Great Britain. The copy can be taken out by any author or owner who is a British citizen, or by an alien who may at the time of the first publication be within the British dominions (in any portion of the British empire). The work must be registered in the records of the stationers' company, and five copies must be delivered to certain institutions specified. A bill is now, however, before parliament, framed mainly upon the recommendations of the copyright commission of 1878, which provides that the term of copyright for books shall be fifty years; that in the case of British subjects copyright extends to all the British dominions; that aliens, wherever resident, shall be entitled to British copyright on registering their work in that part of the British dominions where it was first published.
—The history of the status of literary property in England prior to 1863, is given in detail in the article of Mr. Macleod (vol. i., p. 642). It is in England that the nature and basis of copyright have received the most thorough consideration, and the English opinions (although representing very wide differences among themselves) have been the most important contributions to the discussion of the subject. It is sufficient to note here that the first record of the recognition of property in literature appears in 1558 (that is, half a century later than in France or Germany) when the earliest entry of titles was made on the register of the company of stationers in London. As early as 1534, however, Henry VIII, granted to the university of Cambridge the exclusive right of printing certain books in which the crown claimed a prerogative. Afterward, patents cum privilegio were granted to individuals. Prior to 1710 there was no legislation creating literary property or confining ownership, nor any abridging its perpetuity or restricting its enjoyment. It was understood, therefore, to owe its existence to common law, and this conclusion, arrived at by the weightiest authorities, remained practically unquestioned until 1774. For the provisions of the act of 1710(8 Anne), the details of the cases of Miller vs. Taylor (1769), and Donaldson vs. Becket (1774), the discussions concerning these cases, with the opinions of Lord Mansfield, Lord Camdon and Justice Yates, and also for the debate attending the framing of the act of 1842, with the argumens of Talfourd, Lord Campbell, Justice Coleridge, Lord Macanlay and Thomas Hood, the reader is referred to Mr. Macleod's paper.
—In the United states the first act in regard to copyright was passed in Connecticut in January, 1783. This was followed by the Massachusetts act of March, 1783, that of Virginia in 1785, and New York and New Jersey in 1786. These acts were due more particularly to the efforts of Noah Webster, and their first service was the protection of his famous "Speller." Webster journeyed from state capital to state capital to urge upon governors and legislatures the immediate necessity of copyright laws, and under his persistency measures had also been promised and in part framed in Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and South Carolina. The necessity for state laws on the subject was, however, obviated by the United States statute of 1790. In creating a public and legislative opinion which made such a law possible, Webster's writings and personal influence were all important.
—Previous to the adoption of the federal constitution, in 1787, a general copyright law was not within the province of the central government, and in order to encourage the states in the framing of copyright legislation, a resolution, proposed by Madison, was adopted in congress, in May, 1783, recommending to the states the adoption of laws securing copyright for a term of not less than fourteen years. The state acts passed prior to this resolution had conceded a term of twenty-one years. The act of 1790 provided for the shorter time suggested by Madison. The act of 1831 extended the fourteen years to twenty-eight, with privilege to the author, his widow or children, of renewal for fourteen years more. The act of 1834 provided that all deeds for the transfer or assignment of copyright should be recorded in the office in which the original entry had been made. In 1846 the act establishing the Smithsonian Institution required that one copy of the work copyrighted should be delivered to that institution, and one copy to the library of congress. This provision was repealed in 1859, by a statute which transferred to the department of the interior the custody of the publications and records. In 1865 the copies were again ordered to be delivered to the library of congress. In 1861 an act was passed, providing that cases of copyright could, without regard to the amount involved, be appealed to the supreme court.
—The act now in force in the United States, is that of July, 1870, (See Rev. Stat., secs. 4948-4971). This provides that the business of copyrights shall be under charge of the librarian of congress; that copyrights may be secured by any citizen of the United States or resident therein; that the term of copyright shall be twenty-eight years, with the privilege of renewal for the further term of fourteen years, by the author if he be still living and continues to be a citizen or a resident, or by his widow or children if he be dead; that two copies of the work shall be deposited in the library of congress; that the work must first be published in the United States, and that the original jurisdiction of all suits under the copyright laws shall rest with the United States circuit courts.
—Under the present interpretation of the courts in both the United States and Europe, copyright in published works exists only by virtue of the statutes defining (or establishing) it, while in works that have not been published, such as compositions prepared exclusively for dramatic representation, the copyright obtains through the common law. Copyright by statute is of necessity limited to the term of years specified in the enactment, while copyright at common law has been held to be perpetual. The leading English decisions have before been referred to. The United States decision, which still serves as a precedent on the point of the statutory limitation of copyright, is that of the United States supreme court in 1834, in the case of Wheaton vs. Peters. This decision involved the purport of the United States law of 1790, and the determination of the same question that had been decided by the house of lords in 1774, viz., whether copyright in a published work existed by the common law, and, if so, whether it had been taken away by statute. The court held that the law had been settled in England, the act of 8 Anne having taken away any right previously existing at common law; that there was no common law of the United States; and that the copyright statute of 1790 did not affirm a right already in existence, but created one. Justices Thompson and Baldwin, in opposing the decision of the four justices concurring in the decision, took the ground that the common law of England did prevail in the United States, and that copyright at common law had been fully recognized, and that, even if it were admitted that such copyright had been abrogated in England by the statute of Anne, such statute had of course no effect either in the colonies or in the United States. "These considerations," says Drone, "deprive Wheston vs. Peters of much of its weight as an authority." In 1880, in the case of Putnam vs. Pollard; it was claimed by the plaintiff that the decision in Wheaton vs. Peters could in any case only make a precedent for Pennsylvania; that the English common law obtained in the state of New York, and could not have been affected by the statute of Anne: but the New York supreme court decided that Wheaton vs. Peters constituted a valid precedent.
—What may be the Subject of Copyright. In order to acquire a copyright in a work, it is necessary that it should be original. The originality can, however, consist in the form or arrangement as well as in the substance. Corrections and additions to an old work, not the property of the compiler, can also secure copyright. The copyright of private letters forming literacy compositions, is in the composer and not in the receiver. (Oliver vs. Oliver, Percival vs. Phipps et al., Story's Com.)
—The English statute, 5 and 6 Vict., defines "book" "to mean and include every volume, part or division of a volume, pamphlet, sheet of letterpress, sheet of music, map, chart or plan separately published." The right of property in lectures, whether written or oral, is now confirmed by statute, the most important English decision on the point being that of Abernethy vs. Hutchinson, and American precedents being Bartlett vs. Crittenden, Keene vs. Kimball, and Putnam vs. Meyer: Copyright can be secured for original arrangements of common material, or novel presentations of familiar facts. In Putnam vs. Meyer the New York supreme court held that certain tabular lists of anatomical names, arranged in a peculiar and arbitrary manner for the purpose of facilitating the work of memorizing, were entitled to protection.
—Abridgments and abstracts, which can be called genuine and just, are also entitled to copy right. (Lawrence vs. Dana, Gray vs. Russell et al.) According to English precedent, copyright can not exist in a work of libelous, immoral, obscene or irreligious tendency. There is no record in the United States of a case in which the question of copyright in irreligious books has been considered. Drone points out that the uniform construction of the law relating to blasphemy is evidence of the large freedom of inquiry and discussion allowed in religious matters. On this point the opinion of Justice Cooley (People vs. Ruggles, 8 Johns. Rep., N. Y.) is worth citing. "It does not follow because blasphemy is punishable as a crime, that therefore one is not at liberty to dispute and argue against the truth of the Christian religion, or of any accepted dogma. Its 'divine origin and truth' are not so far admitted in the law as to preclude their being controverted. To forbid discussions on this subject, except by the various sects of believers, would be to abridge the liberty of speech and of the press on a point which, with many, would be regarded as the most important of all." In quoting a similar opinion of Justice Story, Drone concludes that "there appears to be no good reason why valid copyright will not rest in a publication in which are denied any or all of the doctrines of the Bible; provided to motives and manner of the author be such as not to warrant the finding of a case of blasphemy or immorality."
—Several of the questions concerning the status and the defense of literary property in this country are only now beginning to come into discussion. The literature of the country is still so young that as yet but a small portion of it has survived the statute term of copyright. From the present time, however, as the terms of works which have established a position as classics, begin in part or in whole to expire, we can look forward to a larger number of issues and of suits connected with alleged infringements of copyright.
—The case of Putnam vs. Pollard, decided in the New York supreme court in 1881, covered some points that appear to have not before received consideration. The defendants had reprinted some fragmentary and unrevised portions of the works of Washington Irving, on which the copyright had expired, and offered these for sale under the designation of "Irving's Works." The plaintiff had for a number of years used this title to describe the authorized, complete and revised writings of this author in the shape in which he had finally prepared them for posterity. The plaintiff sought to enjoin the sale, under the above title, of the fragmentary work, on the several grounds that it misled the public, caused injury to the literacy reputation of Irving, and interfered with the property rights of Irving's heirs. The courts decided, however, that as long as the volumes in question contained nothing but material which had actually been written by Irving, it was not unlawful to designate them as "Irving's Works," even though the writings should not be in complete or in their final form; and the injunction was denied. The question involved was, it will be noted, one of trade-mark, and the decision took the ground that an author's name, combined with the term "works," does not constitute a trade-mark. Under this ruling, it might be proper to add to the title pages of volumes of "fragments" sold as "works," the caution "Caveat emptor."
—The four theories which have resulted from this discussion of a century, are thus summarized by Drone: 1. That intellectual productions constitute a species of property founded in natural law, recognized by the common law, and neither lost by publication nor taken away by legislation; 2. That an author has, by common law, an exclusive right to control his works before, and not after, publication; 3. That this right is not lost by publication, but has been destroyed by statute; 4. That copyright is a monopoly of limited duration, created and wholly regulated by the legislature, and that an author has, therefore, no other title to his published works than that given by statute.
—The first country to take action in regard to international copyright was Prussia, which, in 1836, passed an act conceding the protection of the Prussian statute to the writers of every country which should grant reciprocity. In 1837 a copyright convention was concluded between the different members of the German confederation.
—This was followed by the English act of 1838, 1 and 2 Vict., c. 59, amended and extended by 15 Vict., c. 12. This act provided that her majesty might, by order in council, grant the privilege of copyright to authors of books, etc., first published in any foreign country to be named in such order, provided always that "due protection had been secured by the foreign power so named in such order in council, for the benefit of parties interested in works first published in the British dominions."
—Different provisions may be made in the arrangements with different countries. Under the general copyright act, no right or property is recognized in any book, etc., not first published in her majesty's dominions. Hence, British as well as foreign authors first publishing abroad, have no protection in Great Britain unless a convention has been framed, under the international copyright act, between Great Britain and the country in which the publication is made. It may be noted here, that the condition of "first publication" which obtains in the statutes of nearly all countries, has been held to be complied with by a simultaneous publication in two or more countries.
—Under this international copyright act, Great Britain has entered into copyright conventions with the following countries: with Saxony, in 1846; France, in 1851; Prussia, in 1855; states of Germany comprised in the German empire: Anhalt, in 1853; Brunswick, in 1849; Hamburg, in 1853; Hanover, in 1847; Oldenburg, in 1847; Hesse-Darmstadt, in 1862; Thuringian Union, in 1847. (It is not clear what effect the absorption of these states into the empire may have had upon their several copyright treaties.) With Spain, in 1857 (temporarily renewed in 1880); Belgium, in 1855; and Sardinia, in 1862 (confirmed in 1867 by the kingdom of Italy).
—The conventions with the several German states contain essentially identical provisions, which are as follows: "The author of any book to whom the laws of either state (English or German) give copyright, shall be entitled to exercise that right in the other of such states, for the same term to which an author of a similar work would be entitled if it were first published in such other state. The authors of each state shall enjoy in the other the same protection against piracy and unauthorized republication, and shall have the same remedies before courts of justice, as the law affords to the domestic authors. Translators are protected against a piracy of their translation, but acquire no exclusive right to translate a work except in the following case: The author who notifies on the title page of his book his intention of reserving the right of translation, will, during five years from the first publication of the book, be entitled to protection, in the treaty state, from the publication of any translation not authorized by him. In order, however, to secure this protection, the author must, within three months of the first publication of his book, register the title and deposit a copy in the proper office in the treaty state; part of the authorized translation must appear within a year, and the whole of it within three years of the deposit and registration of the original; and the translation must itself be duly registered and deposited. When a work is issued in parts, each part shall be treated as a separate book; but notice of the reservation of the right of translation need be printed only on the first page. The importation into either of the two states of unauthorized copies of works protected by the convention, is forbidden. A certified copy of the entry in the register of either state shall prima facie confer an exclusive right of republication within such state.
—The provisions of the existing conventions between England and France, Spain, Belgium and Italy, are essentially identical with those of the German treaty. The continental book, on the title page of which has been duly printed the announcement of the reservation of the right of translation, must be duly registered at stationers' hall, London. The English work must be registered for France at the bureau de la librairie of the ministry of the interior, in Paris, and for Spain and Belgium at the corresponding, offices in Madrid and Brussels.
—The provisions of the treaty between Spain and France, which is based upon the Spanish copyright act of 1878, have, in the main, been followed in the conventions between Spain and Italy, Spain and Portugal, France and Italy, etc. They are as follows: 1. Complete reciprocity between the contracting parties; 2. Treatment of each nation by the other as the most favored nation; 3. Any author of his representative who has legally secured copyright in the one country, to enjoy it forthwith in the other, without further formalities; 4. The prohibition in each country of the printing, selling, importation or exportation of works in the language of the other country, without the consent of the owners of the copyright therein.
—The copyright treaty between France and Germany, as framed in 1883, is a step in advance in many ways. By article ten, authors of the two countries are spared all formalities of registration, and the appearance of the writer's name on the title page is to be considered sufficient proof of his rights, unless the contrary is proved. In the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works the publisher will be regarded as the author's representative. The knotty point of the right of translation has been solved by a compromise. The necessity to print a reserve of the right of translation on the book is abolished, as is the registration of translations. The author is to retain his right of translation for ten years, instead of the five hitherto allowed. When a work is issued in parts, the ten years to be counted from the issue of the last part. Books and acting plays are put on the same footing; and the treaty will apply to works already published.
—An international literacy association was organized some years ago, with Victor Hugo as its first president, and has been of service in calling attention to defects in existing enactments and conventions for the protection of property in literature. It has recently called special attention to the exceptional position occupied by the United States toward the literature of other countries.
—Between no two countries has the exchange of literary productions been so considerable or so important as between Great Britain and the United States. The interests of authors, of readers, of publishers, of national literature and of national morality, have alike demanded that the exchange should be placed under international regulation, and that this extensive use by the public of each country of the literature of the other should be conditioned upon and adequate acknowledgment of the rights of the producers of such literature.
—It is a disgrace that the two great English-speaking people, claiming to stand among the most enlightened of the community of nations, should be practically the only members of such community which have failed to arrive at an agreement in this all-important international issue; and it is mortifying for an American to be obliged to admit that the responsibility for such failure must, in the main, rest with the United States.
—The reproduction of British literature in this country has, during the past century, been much more considerable than that of American literature in Great Britain, and the direct loss to the English authors, through the want of an assured and legalized remuneration from the American editions of their works, has therefore been greater than the corresponding direct loss to American authors. For this and for other reasons, the suggestions and propositions for an international arrangement have been more frequent and more pressing on the part of England. And although it is certainly true, that from an early date the rightfulness and desirability of an international copyright have been maintained in this country, not only by authors, but by leading publishers and many others who have given thought and labor to the matter, it is nevertheless the case that the views of these advocates of a measure have not as yet been successful in securing the legislation required to change the national policy. This policy still persistently refuses to recognize the rights of any alien writers, and, through such refusal, continues to inflict a grievous and indefensible wrong, not only upon such alien writers, but also upon the authors and the literature of our own country.
—The history of the efforts made in this country to secure international copyright is not a long one. The attempts have been few, and have been lacking in organization and in unanimity of opinion, and they have for the most part been made with but little apparent expectation of any immediate success. Those interested seem to have nearly always felt that popular opinion was, on the whole, against them, and that progress could be hoped for only through the slow process of building up by education and discussion a more enlightened public understanding.
—In 1838, after the passing of the first international copyright act in Great Britain, Lord Palmerston invited the American government to co-operate in establishing a copyright convention between the two countries. In the year previous, Henry Clay, as chairman of the joint library committee, had reported to the senate very strongly in favor of such a convention, taking the ground that the author's right of property in his work is similar to that of the inventor in his patent. This is a logical position for a protectionist, interested in the rights of labor, to have taken, and the advocates of the so-called protective system, who call themselves the followers of Henry Clay, but who are to-day opposed to any full recognition of authors' rights, would do well to bear in mind this opinion of their ablest leader.
—No action was taken in regard to Mr. Clay's report or Lord Palmerston's proposal. In 1840 Mr. G. P. Putnam issued in pamphlet form "An Argument in behalf of International Copyright," the first publication on this subject in the United States of which we find record. It was prepared by himself and Dr. Francis Lieber. In 1843 Mr. Putnam obtained the signatures of ninety-seven publishers, printers and binders to a petition he had prepared, which was duly presented to congress. It took the broad ground that the absence of an international copyright was "alike injurious to the business of publishing and to the best interests of the people at large." A memorial, originating in Philadelphia, was presented the same year, in opposition to this petition, setting forth, among other considerations, that an international copyright would prevent the adaptation of English books to American wants.
—In the report made by Mr. Baldwin to congress twenty-five years later, he remarks that "the mutilation and reconstruction of American books to suit English wants are common to a shameless extent."
—In 1853 the question of a copyright convention with Great Britain was again under discussion, the measure being favored by Mr. Everett, at that time secretary of state. A treaty was negotiated by him, in conjunction with Mr. John F. Crampton, minister in London, which provided simply that all authors, artists, composers, etc., who were entitled to copyright in one country, should be entitled to it in the other on the same terms and for the same length of time. The treaty was reported favorably from the convention on foreign relations, but was laid upon the table in the committee of the whole. While this measure was under discussion, five of the leading publishing houses in New York addressed a letter to Mr. Everett, in which, while favoring a convention, they advised: 1st, that the foreign author must be required to register the title of his work in the United States before its publication abroad; 2d, that the work, to secure protection, must be issued in the United States within thirty days of its publication abroad; and 3d, that the reprint must be wholly manufactured in the United States.
—In 1853 Henry C. Carey published his "Letters on international copyright," in which he took the ground that the facts and ideas in a literary production are the common property of society, and that property in copyright is indefensible.
—In 1858 a bill was introduced into the house of representatives by Mr. Morris, of Pennsylvania, providing for international copyright on the basis of an entire remanufacture of the foreign work, and its reissue by an American publisher within thirty days of its publication abroad. This bill does not appear to have received any consideration.
—In March, 1868, a circular letter, headed "Justice to Authors and Artists," was issued by a committee composed of George P. Putnam, S. Irenæus Prime, Henry Ivison, James Parton and Egbert Hazard, calling together a meeting for the consideration of the subject of international copyright. The meeting was held on the 9th of April, Mr. Bryant presiding, and a society was organized under the title of the "Copyright Association for the Protection and Advancement of Literature and Art," of which Mr. Bryant was made president, and E. C. Stedman secretary. The primary object of the association was stated to be "to promote the enactment of a just and suitable international copyright law for the benefit of authors and artists in all parts of the world." A memorial had been prepared by the above-mentioned committee to be presented to congress, which requested congress to give its early attention to the passage of a bill, "to secure in all parts of the world the right of authors," but which made no recommendations as to the details of any measure. Of the 153 signatures attached to this memorial, 101 were those of authors and 19 of publishers.
—In the fall of 1868 Mr. J. D. Baldwin, member of the house from Massachusetts, reported a bill, the provisions of which had in the main received the approval of the copyright association, which provided that a foreign work could secure a copyright in this country, provided it was wholly manufactured here and should be issued for sale by a publisher who was an American citizen. The bill was recommitted to the joint committee on the library, and no action was taken upon it. Mr. Baldwin was of opinion that an important cause for the shelving of the measure without debate was the impeachment of President Johnson, which was at that time absorbing the attention of congress and the country. No general expression of opinion, was, therefore, elicited upon the question from either congress or the public, and even up to this date (June, 1883), the question has never reached such a state as to enable an expression of public opinion to be fairly arrived at. In 1871 Mr. Cox, of New York, introduced a bill which was practically identical with Mr. Baldwin's measure, and which was also recommitted to the library committee.
—In 1870 a copyright convention was proposed by Lord Clarendon, which called forth some discussion, but concerning which no action was taken on the part of the American government until 1872.
—In 1872 the new library committee called upon the authors, publishers and others interested to assist in framing a bill. At a meeting of the publishers held in New York, a majority of the firms present were in favor of the provision of Mr. Cox's bill. The report was, however, dissented from by a large minority, on the ground that the bill was drawn in the interests of the publishers rather than that of the public; that the prohibition of the use of foreign stereotypes and electrotypes of illustrations was an economic absurdity, and that an English publishing house could in any case, through an American partner, retain control of the American market. During the same week a bill was drafted by C. A. Bristed, representing more particularly the views of the authors in the copyright association, which provided simply that all rights secured to citizens of the United States by existing copyright laws be hereby secured to the citizens and subjects of every country the government of which secures reciprocal rights to the citizens of the United States. A few weeks later, at a meeting of publishers and others held in Philadelphia, resolutions were adopted (which will be referred to later) opposing any measure of international copyright.
—These four reports wwer submitted to the library committee, together with one or two individual suggestions, of which the most noteworthy were those of Harper & Bros., and of Mr. J. P. Morton, a bookseller of Louisville. Messrs. Harper, in a letter presented by their counsel, took the broad ground that "any measure of international copyright was objectionable because it would add to the price of books, and thus interfere with the education of the people." It is to be remarked, in regard to this consideration, that it is equally forcible against any copyright whatever. As Thomas Hood says: "Cheap bread is as desirable and necessary as cheap books, but one does not on that ground appropriate the farmer's wheat stack." Mr. Morton was in favor of an arrangement that should give to any dealer the privilege of reprinting a foreign work provided he would contract to pay to the author or his representative 10 per cent, of the wholesale price. This suggestion was afterward incorporated in what was known as the Sherman bill. In view of the wide diversity of the plans and suggestions presented to this committee, there was certainly some ground for the statement made in his report by the chairman, senator Lot. M. Morrill, that "there was no unanimity of opinion among those interested in the measure." He maintained further, in acceptance of the positions taken by the Philadelphians, "that an international copyright was not called for by reasons of general equity or of constitutional law; that the adoption of any plan which had been proposed would be of very doubtful advantage to American authors, and would not only be an unquestionable and permanent injury to the interests engaged in the manufacture of books, but a hindrance to the diffusion of knowledge among the people, and to the cause of American education."
—The commission appointed by the British government in 1876 to make inquiry in regard to the laws and regulations relating to home, colonial and international copyright, made reference in the following terms to the present relations of British authors with this country: "It has been suggested to us that this country would be justified in taking steps of a retaliating character with a view of enforcing, incidentally, that protection from the United States which we accord to them. This might be done by withdrawing from the Americans the privilege of copyright on first publication in this country. We have, however, come to the conclusion, that, on the highest public grounds of policy and expediency, it is advisable that our laws should be based on correct principles, without respect to the opinions or the policy of other nations. We admit the propriety of protecting copyright, and it appears to us that the principle of copyright, if admitted, is of universal application. We therefore recommend that this country should pursue the policy of recognizing the rights of authors, irrespective of nationality." Here is a claim for a far-seeing, statesman-like policy, and based upon principles of wide equity, and planned for the permanent advantage of literature in England and throughout the world.
—It is mortifying for Americans, possessed of any sensitiveness not only for their national honor but for their national reputation for common sense, to see quoted abroad as "the American view of the copyright question" such utterances as the resolutions adopted in the meeting previously referred to, held in Philadelphia in January 1872. The meeting was presided over by Henry Carey Baird, and may be considered as having represented the opinions of the Pennsylvania protectionists, opinions which, while not, as I believe, shared by the majority of our community, do still succeed in shaping the economic policy of the nation. The resolutions are as follows: 1. That thought, unless expressed, is the property of the thinker; when given to the world, it is, as light, free to all. 2. As property it can only demand the protection of the municipal law of the country to which the thinker is subject. 3. The author of any country, by becoming a citizen of this, and assuming and performing the duties thereof, can have the same protection that an American author has. 4. The trading of privileges to foreign authors for privileges to be granted to Americans is not just, because the interests of others than themselves may be sacrificed thereby. 5. Because the good of the whole people and the safety of republican institutions demand that books shall not be made costly for the multitude by giving the power to foreign authors to fix their price here as well as abroad.
—The first proposition is certainly a pretty safe one, as thought, until expressed, can hardly incur any serious risk of being, appropriated.
—The second proposition, while admitting for a literacy creation its claim to be classed as property, denies to it the rights which are held to pertain to all property in which the owner's title is absolute. The property which would, if it still existed, most nearly approximate to such a definition as above given, is that in slaves. Twenty-five years ago the title to an African chattel who was worth in Charleston say $1,000, became valueless if said chattel succeeded in slipping across to Bermuda. It is this ephemeral kind of ownership, limited by accidental political boundaries, that the Philadelphia protectionists are willing to concede to the creation of a man's mind, the productions into which have been absorbed the gray matter of his brain, and possibly the best of his life.
—In regard to the third proposition, it may be said that the protection accorded to American authors is, according to their testimony, most unremunerative and unsatisfactory; and it is difficult to understand why a European author, who had before him, under international conventions, the markets of his native country and of all the civilized world, excepting belated America, should be expected to give up these for the poor half loaf accorded to his American brother.
—The fourth proposition strikes one as rather a remarkable protest to come from Philadelphia. Here are a number of American producers (of literature) who ask for a very moderate amount of protection (if that is the proper term to apply to a mere recognition of property rights) for their productions; but the Philadelphians, filled with an unwonted zeal for the welfare of the community at large, say: "No; this won't do; prices would be higher, and consumers would suffer." The last proposition appears to show that this want of practical sympathy with the producers of literature is not due to any lack of interest in the public enlightenment. It may well, however, he doubted whether education as a whole, including the important branch of ethics, is advanced by permitting our citizens to appropriate, without compensation, the labor of others, while through such appropriation they are also assisting to deprive our own authors of a portion of their rightful earnings. But apart from that, the proposition, as stated, proves too much. It is fatal to all copyright and to all patent right. If the good of the community and the safety of republican institutions demand, that, in order to make books cheap, the claim to a compensation for the authors must be denied, why should we continue to pay copyrights to Lowell and Whittier, or to the families of Longfellow and Irving? The so-called owners of these copyrights actually have it in their power, in co-operation with their publishers, to "fix the prices" of their books in this market. This monopoly must indeed the pernicious and dangerous when it arouses Pennsylvania to come to the rescue of oppressed and impoverished consumers against the exactions of greedy producers, and to raise the cry of "free books for free men."
—Early in 1880 a draft of an international copyright treaty was prepared, which received the support of nearly all the publishers, including Messrs. Harper, who had found reasons since 1872 to modify their views, and of some authors. The latter, together with the publishing firms which had previously been most active in behalf of a measure, gave their assent to this, not because they thought its provisions on the whole wise or desirable, but because the middle ground that it took between an author's bill, without any restrictions, and the extreme "manufacturing view" of the Philadelphians, seemed most likely to secure the general support required; and it was believed, that if a copyright could once be inaugurated, it ought not to prove difficult to amend it in the direction of greater liberty and greater simplicity.
—The proposed treaty provided that copyright should be accorded reciprocally to English and American works, the foreign editions of which should be issued not later than three months after the first publication: the entries for copyright should, however, by means of title pages, be made simultaneously in the home and the foreign offices of registry, and the several conditions applicable to the national copyright enactments should be duly complied with. It was further provided, in order to secure the protection of the American copyrights, that the foreign work must be printed and bound in this country, the privilege being accorded of importing stereotype plates and electroypes of the illustrations. It is to be noted, that this last clause indicates an advance in liberality of opinion since the suggestions of 1872 and of earlier dates, in nearly all of which it was insisted that the foreign work must be entirely remanufactured in this country. The authors and publishers who gave their signatures, under protest, to the petition in behalf of this treaty, objected principally to the brief term allowed for the preparation and issue of the reprinted editions. Many of the authors believed that there should be no limit of time, while some of the leading publishing houses insisted that the limit ought to be twelve months, and should in no case exceed six months. Attention was especially called to the fact that such a limitation as three months, while a disadvantage to all authors whose reputations were not sufficiently assured to enable them to make advance agreements for their works, would be especially detrimental to American writers, whose books were rarely undertaken by English or continental reprinters until they had secured a satisfactory home reputation. Chas. Scribner, Henry Holt & Co. and Roberts Bros. united with G. P. Putnam's Sons in a protest against what seemed to them the unwise and illiberal restrictions of the proposed measure. These firms did not, however, think best to withhold their signatures from the petition in behalf of the treaty, being of opinion, that even if it might not prove practicable to amend this before it was put into effect, amendments could as a later date be introduced, and that in any case, even a very faulty treaty would be an advance over the present unsatisfactory and iniquitous state of things.
—In July, 1880, the American members of the international copyright committee, which had been appointed by the association for the reform of the law of nations, addressed to Mr. Evarts, secretary of state, a memorial in behalf of a treaty practically identical with the measure above specified, with the exception of specifying no limit of time for the issue of the reprint.
—In September, 1880, Mr. Lowell, at that time minister in London, submitted to Earl Granville the draft of a treaty based upon the suggestions of American publishers. Lord Granville advised Mr. Lowell, in March, 1881, that the British government would be interested in completing such treaty, but that an extension of the term for republication from three months to six would be considered essential, while a term of twelve months was thought to be much more equitable.
—In March, 1881, the international literary association adopted the report of a committee appointed to examine the provisions of the proposed treaty between the United States and England. In this report the two countries were congratulated at the prospect of an agreement so important to the authors of each, and the United States was especially congratulated upon the first steps being taken to remove from the nation the opprobrium of being the only people from whom authors could not secure just treatment. The provisions of the treaty calling for remanufacture, and the brief term allowed for the preparation of the reprint, were, however, sharply criticised. In the spring of 1881, Sir Edward Thornton, the British minister in Washington, received instructions from London to proceed to the consideration of the treaty, provided the term for reprint could be extended. President Garfield had taken a strong interest in the matter, an interest which Mr. Blaine was understood to share, and it was expected that the treaty would be submitted to the senate in the fall of 1881. The death of Garfield and the change in the state department appear to have checked the progress of the business, and there has since, to the date of this writing (June, 1888), been no evidence of any interest in it on the part of the present administration.
—It appears as if further consideration for the treaty can be secured only on the strength of a popular demand, based on a correct understanding of the rights and just requirements of authors, American and foreign, and on an intelligent appreciation of the unworthy position toward the question at present occupied by the United States, which alone among civilized nations has failed to give full recognition to literature as property.
—This brief historical sketch of the various national and international enactments relating to copyrights, indicates also the lines along which were developed the ideas relating to authors rights. The conception of property in literary ideas is of necessity closely bound up with the conception of property in material things. In tracing through successive centuries the history of this last, we find a continued development in its range and scope corresponding to the development in civilization itself, of which so large a factor is the recognition of human rights and reciprocal human duties.
—It would be beyond the scope of this paper to go into the history of the property idea. It is sufficient to point out, that what a man owned appears in the first place to have been that which he had "occupied", and could defend with his own strong arm. Later, it became what his tribe could defend for him. With the organization of tribes into nations, that which a man had occupied, shaped, or created, was recognized as his throughout the territory of his nation.
—The idea of protection by national law was widened into an imperial conception by the Roman control of the Roman world. With the shattering of the empire, the former local views of property rights (or, at least, of property possibilities) again obtained, and were only gradually widened and extended by the growth, through commerce, of international relations, a growth much retarded by feudal claims and feudal strifes. The robberbarons of the Rhine, by their crushing extortions from traders, did what was in their power to stifle commerce, and unwittingly laid the foundations of the so-called protective system; and later, the little trading communities, still hampered by the baronial standard, built up at their gates barriers against the admission of various products from the outer world, the free purchase of which by their own citizens would, as they imagined, in some manner work to their impoverishment. Barons and traders were alike fighting against the international idea of property, under which that which a man has created, or legitimately occupied, is his own, and he is free to exchange it, that is, entitled to be protected in the free exchange of it, throughout the civilized world, for any other commodities or products. A man's ownership of a thing can not be called complete if it is to be hampered with restrictions as to the place where, or the objects for which, he can exchange it.
—To that extent the idea of international copyright is bound up with the idea of free trade. They both claim a higher and wider recognition for the rights of property, taking the position, that what a man has created by his own labor is his own, to do what he will with, subject only to his proportionate contribution to the cost of carrying on the organization of the community under the protection of which his labor has been accomplished, and to the single limitation that the results of his labor shall not be used to the detriment of his fellow-men. The opponents of free trade would limit the right of the producer to exchange his products, saying, as to certain commodities, that he shall not be permitted to receive them at all, and, as to others, that he must give of his own product, in addition to the open market equivalent of the article desired, an additional quantity as a bonus to some of his favored fellow-citizens. The opponents of international copyright assert that the producers of literary works shall be at liberty to sell them only within certain political boundaries. The necessary deduction from such a position is, that the extent of an author's remuneration is made to depend, not upon the number of readers whom he had benefited, but upon the extent of the political boundaries of the country in which he happened to be a resident.
—If the recognition of the fact that aliens and citizens of foreign states (the "barbarians" of the Greeks and Romans) possessed rights deserving of respect, had depended solely upon the development of international ethics and humanitarian principles, its growth would have been still slower than has been the case. That growth has, however, been powerfully furthered by utilitarian teachings. When men came to understand that their own welfare was not hampered, but furthered, by the prosperity of their neighbors, reciprocity took the place of reprisals, and commercial exchanges succeeded Chinese walls.
—The same result, in Europe at least, followed the understanding of the fact, that the development of national literature, and the adequate compensation of national authors is largely dependent upon the proper recognition of the property rights of foreign authors: this understanding, added to the widening conceptions of human rights, irrespective of boundaries, and the increasing assent to the claim that the producer is entitled to compensation proportioned to the extent of the service rendered by his production, and to the number of his fellow-men benefited by this, have secured international copyright arrangements on the part of all countries where literature exists, excepting only the great republic, which is founded on the "rights of men".
—The question of the proper duration of literary property has called forth a long series of discussions and arguments, the more important of which are referred to in Mr. Macleod's paper in this work. Authors have almost from the beginning taken the position that literary property is the highest kind of property in existence; that no right or title to a thing can be so perfect as that which is created by a man's own labor and invention; that the exclusive right of a man to his literary productions and to the use of them for his own profit is as entire and perfect as the faculties employed and labor bestowed are entirely and perfectly his own. "If this claim be accepted," says Noah Webster, "it is difficult to understand on what logical principle a legislature or court can determine that an author enjoys only a temporary property in his own productions. If a man's right to his own property in writing is as perfect as to the productions of his farm or his shop, how can the former be abridged or limited, while the latter is held without limitations? Why do the productions of manual labor reach higher in the scale of rights of property than the productions of the intellect?"
—It is the case, however, that notwithstanding the logic of this position, no nation to-day accords copyright for more than a limited term, of which the longest is eighty years. In the only countries in which the experiment of perpetual copyright has been attempted, Holland, Belgium, Sweden and Denmark, a return was speedily made to protection for a term of years. There appears to have been always apprehension on the part of the public and the governments lest an indefinite copyright might result in the accumulation in the hands of traders of "literary monopolies," under which extortionate prices would be demanded from successive generations for the highest and most necessary productions of national literature. It is hardly practicable to estimate how well founded such apprehensions may be, as no opportunities have as yet existed for the development of such monopolies. It seems probable that accumulations of literary property would, as in the case of other property, be so far regulated by the laws of supply and demand as not to become detrimental to the interests of the community. If a popular demand existed or could be created for an article, it would doubtless be produced and supplied at the lowest price that would secure the widest popular sale. If the article was suited but for a limited demand, the price, to remunerate the producer and owner, would be proportionately higher. A further consideration obtains in connection with literary property which has also influenced the framing of copyright enactments. The possibility exists that the descendants of an author who have become by inheritance the owners of his copyrights, might, for one cause or another, desire to withdraw the works from circulation. A case could even occur in which parties desiring to suppress works might possess themselves of the copyrights for this purpose. The heirs of Calvin, if converted to Romanism, would very naturally have desired to suppress the circulation of the "Institutes"; and the history of literature affords, of course, hundreds of instances in which there would have been sufficient motive for the suppressing, by any means which the nature of copyrights might render possible, works that had been once given to the world. It will, doubtless, be admitted, that, in this class of cases, the development of literature and freedom of thought would alike demand the exercise of the authority of the government on behalf of the community, to insure the continued existence of works in which the community possessed any continued interest.
—The efforts in this country in behalf of international copyright have been always more or less hampered by the question being confused with that of a protective tariff. The strongest opposition to a copyright measure has uniformly come from protectionists.
—Richard Grant White said, in 1868: "The refusal of copyright in the United States to British authors is, in fact, though not always so avowed, a part of the American protective system. With free trade, we shall have a just international copyright".
—It would be difficult, however, for protectionists to show logical grounds for their position. American authors are manufacturers who are simply asking, first, that they shall not be undersold in their home market by goods imported from abroad on which no (ownership) duty has been paid, which have been simply "appropriated"; secondly, that the government for such of their own goods as are enjoyed by foreigners. These are claims with which a protectionist who is interested in developing American industry ought certainly to be in sympathy. The contingency that troubles him, however, is the possibility, that, if the English author is given the right to sell his books in this country, the copies sold may be, to a greater or less extent, manufactured in England, and the business of making these copies may be lost to American printers, binders and paper men. He is much more concerned for the protection of the makers of the material casing of the book than for that of the author who created its essential substance.
—It is evidently to the advantage of the consumer, upon whose interest the previously-referred-to Philadelphia resolutions lay so much stress, that the labor of preparing the editions of his books be economized as much as possible. The principal portion of the cost of a first edition of a book is the setting of the type, together with, if the work is illustrated, the designing and engraving of the illustrations. If this first cost of stereotyping and engraving can be divided among several editions, say one for Great Britain, one for the United States, and one for Canada and the other colonies, it is evident that the proportion to be charged to each copy printed is less, and that the selling price per copy can be smaller, than would be the case if this first cost had got to be repeated in full for each market. It is, then, to the advantage of the consumer, that, whatever copyright arrangement be made, nothing shall stand in the way of foreign stereotypes and illustrations being duplicated for use here whenever the foreign edition is in such shape as to render this duplicating an advantage and a saving in cost.
—The few protectionists who have expressed themselves in favor of an international copyright measure, and some others who have fears as to our publishing interest being able to hold its own against any open competition, insist upon the condition that foreign works to obtain copyright must be wholly remanufactured and republished in this country. We have shown how such a condition would, in the majority of cases, be contrary to the interests of the American consumer, while the British author is naturally opposed to it because, in increasing materially the outlay to be incurred by the American publisher in the production of his edition, it proportionately diminishes the profits, or prospects of profits, from which is calculated the remuneration that can be paid to the author.
—The suggestion, previously referred to, of permitting the foreign book to be reprinted by all dealers who would contract to pay the author a specified royalty, has, at first sight, something specious and plausible about it. It seems to be in harmony with the principles of freedom of trade, in which we are believers. It is, however, directly opposed to those principles. First, it impairs the freedom of contract, preventing the producer from making such arrangements for supplying the public as seem best to him; and secondly, it undertakes, by paternal legislation, to fix the remuneration that shall be given to the producer of his work, and to limit the prices at which this work shall be furnished to the consumer. There is no more equity in the government's undertaking this limitation of the producer and protection of the consumer in the case of books, than there would be in that of bread or beef. Further, such an arrangement would be of benefit to neither the author, the public, nor the publishers, and would, we believe, make of international copyright, and of any copyright, a confusing and futile absurdity.
—A British author could hardly obtain much satisfaction from an arrangement, which, while preventing him from placing his American business in the hands of a publishing house selected by himself, and of whose responsibility he could assure himself, would throw open the use of his property to any dealers who might scramble for it. He could exercise no control over the style, the shape, or the accuracy of his American editions; could have no trustworthy information as to the number of copies the various editions contained; and if he were tenacious as to the collection of the royalties to which he was entitled, he would be able in many cases to enforce his claims only through innumerable law suits, and would find the expenses of the collection exceed the receipts.
—The benefit to the public would be no more apparent. Any gain in the cheapness of the editions produced would be more than offset by their unsatisfactoriness; they would, in the majority of cases, be untrustworthy as to accuracy or completeness, and be hastily and flimsily manufactured. A great many enterprises, also, desirable in themselves, and that would be of service to the public, no publisher could, under such an arrangement, afford to undertake at all, as, if they proved successful, unscrupulous neighbors would, through rival editions, reap the benefit of his judgment and his advertising. In fact, the business of reprinting would fall largely into the hands of irresponsible parties, from whom no copyright could be collected. The arguments against a measure of this kind are, in short, the arguments in favor of international copyright. A very conclusive statement of the case against the equity or desirability from any point of view of such an arrangement in regard to home copyright, was made before the British commission, in 1877, by Herbert Spencer.
—The recommendation had been made, for the sake of securing cheap books for the people, that the law should give to all dealers the privilege of printing an author's books, and should fix a copyright to be paid to the author that should secure him a "fair profit for his work." Mr. Spencer objected: lst. That this would be a direct interference with the laws of trade, under which the author had the right to make his own bargains. 2d. No legislature was competent to determine what was a "fair rate of profit" for an author. 3d. No average royalty could be determined which could give a fair recompense for the different amounts and kinds of labor given to the production of different classes of books. 4th. If the legislature has the right to fix the profits of the author, it has an equal right to determine that of his associate in the publication, the publisher; and if of the publisher, then also of the printer, binder and paper maker, who all have an interest in the undertaking. Such a right of control would apply with equal force to manufacturers of other articles of importance to the community, and would not be in accordance with the present theories of the proper functions of the government. 5th. If books are to be cheapened by such a measure, it must be at the expense of some portions of the profits now going to the authors and publishers; the assumption is, that book producers and distributers do not understand their business, but require to be instructed by the state how to carry it on, and that the publishing business alone needs to have its returns regulated by law. 6th. The prices of the best books would in many cases, instead of being lessened, be higher than at present, because the publishers would require some insurance against the risk of rival editions, and because they would make their first editions smaller, and the first cost would have to be divided among a less number of copies. Such reductions of prices as would be made would be on the flimsier and more popular literature, and even on this could not be lasting. 7th. For the enterprises of the most lasting importance to the public, requiring considerable investment of time and capital the publishers require to be assured of returns from the largest market possible, and without such security enterprises of this character could not be undertaken at all. 8th. Open competition of this kind would, in the end, result in crushing out the smaller publishers, and in concentrating the business in the hands of a few houses whose purses had been long enough to carry them through the long and unprofitable contests that would certainly be the first effect of such legislation.
—All the considerations adduced by Mr. Spencer have, of course, equal force with reference to open international publishing, while they may also be included among the arguments in behalf of international copyright.
—It is due to American publishers to explain that, in the absence of an international copyright, there has grown up among them a custom of making payments to foreign authors, which has become, especially during the last twenty-five years, a matter of very considerable importance. Some of the English authors who testified before the British commission stated that the payments from the United States for their books exceeded their receipts in Great Britain. These payments secure, of course, to the American publisher no title of any kind to the books. In some cases they obtain for him the use of advance sheets, by means of which he is able to get his edition printed a week or two in advance of any unauthorized edition that might be prepared. In many cases, however, payments have been made some time after the publication of the works, and when there was no longer even the slight advantage of "advance sheets" to be gained from them.
—While the authorization of the English author can convey no title or means of defense against the interference of rival editions, the leading publishing houses have, with very inconsiderable exceptions, respected each other's arrangements with foreign authors, and the editions announced as published "by arrangement with the author," and on which payments in lieu of copyright have been duly made, have not been, as a rule, interfered with. This understanding among the publishers goes by the name of "the courtesy of the trade." I think it is safe to say that it is to-day the exception for an English work of any value to be published by any reputable house without a fair, and often a very liberal, recognition being made of the rights(in equity) of the author. In view of the considerable amount of harsh language that has been expended in England upon our American publishing houses, and the opinion prevailing in England that the wrong in reprinting is entirely one-sided, it is in order here to make the claim which can, I believe, be fully substantiated, that, in respect to the recognition of the rights of authors unprotected by law, their record has in fact, during the past twenty-five years, been better than that of their English brethren. Englilsh publishers have become fully aroused to the fact that American literary material has value and availability, and each year a larger amount of this material has had the honor of being introduced to the English public. According to the statistics of 1878 10 per cent of the works issued in England in that year were American reprints. The acknowledgments, however, of any rights on the part of American authors have been few and far between, and the payments but inconsiderable in amount. The leading English houses would doubtless very much prefer to follow the American practice of paying for their reprinted material, but they have not succeeded in establishing any general understanding similar to our American "courtesy of the trade" and books that have been paid for by one house are, in a large number of cases, promptly reissued in cheaper rival editions by other houses. It is very evident, that, in the face of open and unscrupulous competition, continued or considerable payments to authors are difficult to provide for; and the more credit is due to those firms who have, in the face of this difficulty, kept a good record with their American authors.
—One of the not least important results to be looked for from international copyright is a more effective co-operation in their work on the part of the publishers of the two great English-speaking nations. They will find their interest and profit in working together; and the very great extension that may be expected in the custom of a joint investment in the production of books for both-markets, will bring a very material saving in the first cost, a saving in the advantage of which authors, publishers and public will alike share.
—It seems probable that the "courtesy of the trade" which has made possible the present relations between American publishers and foreign authors, is not going to retain its effectiveness. Within the last few years certain "libraries"and "series"have sprung into existence, which present in cheaply-printed pamphlet form some of the best recent English fiction. The publishers of these series reap the advantages of the literary judgment and foreign connections of the older publishing houses, and, taking possession of material that has been carefully selected and liberally paid for, are able to offer it to the public at prices which are certainly low as compared with those of bound books that have paid copyright, but are doubtless high enough for literature that is so cheaply obtained and so cheaply printed. These enterprises have been carried on by concerns which have not heretofore dealt in standard fictions, and which are not prepared to respect the international arrangements or trade courtesies of the older houses.
—To one of the "cheap series" the above remarks do not apply. The "Franklin Square Library" is published by a house which makes a practice of paying for its English literary material, and which lays great stress upon "the courtesy of the trade." It is generally understood that this series was planned, not so much as a publishing investment, as for purposes of self-defense, and that it would in all probability not be continued after the necessity for self-defense had passed by. A good many of its numbers include works for which the usual English payments have been made, and it seems probable, that, in this shape, books so paid for can not secure a remunerative sale. It seems safe to conclude, therefore, that their publication is not, in the literal sense of the term, a business investment, and that the undertaking was not planned to be permanent.
—A very considerable business in cheap reprints has also sprung up in Canada, from which point are circulated throughout the western states cheap editions of English works, for the "advance sheets" and "American market" of which United States publishers have paid liberal prices. Some enterprising Canadian dealers have also taken advantage of the present confusion between the United States postal and customs regulations to build up a trade by supplying through the mails reprints of American copyright works, in editions which, being flimsily printed and free of charge for copyright, can be sold at very moderate prices indeed.
—It is very evident, that, in the face of competition of this kind, the payments by American publishers to foreign writers of fiction must be materially diminished. These pamphlet series have, however, done a most important service in pointing out the absurdity of the present condition of literary property, and in emphasizing the need of an international copyright law. In connection with the change in the conditions of book manufacturing before alluded to, they may be credited as having influenced a material modification of opinion on the part of certain publishers who have in years past opposed an international copyrights as either inexpedient or unnecessary, but who are now quoted as ready to give their support to any practicable and equitable measure that may be proposed.
—We may, I trust, be able, at no very distant period, to look back upon, as exploded fallacies of an antiquated barbarism, the two beliefs, that the material prosperity of a community can be assured by surrounding it with Chinese walls of restriction to prevent it from purchasing in exchange for its own products its neighbor's goods, and that its moral and mental development can be furthered by the free exercise of the privilege of appropriating its neighbor's books.
GEO. HAVEN PUTNAM.
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LOUISVILLE, Ky. — If you're like me, you're probably always dreaming of your next beach vacation. There are certain factors that make our time in the sun and sand so enjoyable - two of those are land and sea breezes.
As the names suggest, the two breezes occur in coastal areas or areas with adjacent large water bodies. Water and land have different heating abilities. Water takes a bit more time to warm up and is able to retain the heat longer than land does.
During the day, when the sun is up, the land heats up very quickly and the air above it warms up a lot more than the air over the water. The warm air over the land is less dense and begins to rise. Low pressure is created. The air pressure over the water is higher with cold dense air, this air moves to occupy the space created over the land. The cool air that comes along is called a sea breeze.
At night, the reverse happens. The land quickly loses its’ heat whiles the water retains its’ warmth. This means the air over the water is warmer, less dense, and begins to rise. Low pressure is created over the water. Cold and dense air over the land begins to move to the water surface to replace the warmer rising air. The cool breeze from the land is called a land breeze.
Either way, the breeze is blowing, a trip to the beach sounds like something we all need right about now!
RELATED: Weather Wise: Water Cycle
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CDC, the Association of Public Health Laboratories, and other officials are working together to ensure that all state health departments are capable of obtaining results of tests on suspected infectious agents. The nation's laboratories are generally classified as Level A, B, C, or D. Level A laboratories are those typically found in community hospitals and are designated to perform initial testing on all clinical specimens. Public health laboratories are usually Level B; these laboratories can confirm or refute preliminary test results and can usually perform antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Level C laboratories, which are reference facilities and can be public health laboratories, perform more rapid identification tests. Level D laboratories are designed to perform the most sophisticated tests and are located in federal facilities such as CDC. CDC is currently working with public and private laboratory partners to develop a formal National Laboratory System linking all four Levels.
Every state has a Laboratory Response Network (LRN) contact. The LRN links to state and local public health laboratories with advanced-capacity laboratories, including clinical, military, veterinary, agricultural, water, and food-testing laboratories.
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Is this the worst Northern Hemisphere allergy season yet? For many people – both those who've suffered before and newcomers to the annual sniffling, coughing mess that accompanies springtime – it seems like there are more allergens and allergies today than ever before.
They're not really wrong: allergic diseases are on the rise in the Northern Hemisphere. Nearly one in every two Europeans has either a food or environmental allergy, and both have increased in frequency and severity over the last decade.
Many allergies start in childhood. According to the European Federation of Allergy and Airway Diseases Patients Association around 65% of children are affected by 18 months of age. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood reports that well over 20% of European youngsters show allergic reactions to inhalants or food at some point during their childhood.
To learn more about how children become allergic so soon in life, I studied how the environment can affect the risk of developing respiratory allergies (the complete study will be published in coming months in a special issue of the journal Mechanisms of Ageing and Development on epigenetics).
Allergies may start even before we are born
Although genetic predisposition is an important risk factor, experts have also known for some time that what pregnant women eat and breathe can impact their unborn babies. The last decade has seen further scientific proof of the link between a mother's diet and lifestyle during pregnancy and the well-being of her child later in life.
Recent results from a Flemish birth cohort study looking at mothers and their children, which was financed by the Flemish Government and coordinated by a leading European independent research and technology organisation VITO, showed an association between exposure to traffic-related air pollutants before birth (mainly nitrogen dioxide and the particle PM10) and the development of asthma symptoms or wheezing in three-year old toddlers.
Thus, we know that chemical exposure before birth may have an impact on a child's allergy risk later in life. Other recent studies offer an explanation for the link: epigenetic DNA methylation changes induced by environmental factors.
Let's break the science-speak down a bit. Our DNA or genetic blueprint determines the way we look and, to some extent, our personality. Epigenetics – that is, all non-genetic modifications "on" genes that do not change the DNA sequence itself – is responsible for the remaining details.
When epigenetic DNA methylation occurs, it means that methyl groups (-CH3) are added onto the DNA, which affects the way genes express themselves – that is, how they behave.
For instance, mothers-to-be who are exposed to chemical compounds or consume a less-than-ideal diet – like the modern Western diet which is dominated by processed foods that are low in antioxidants but rich in saturated fatty acids – especially during the early stages of pregnancy, can alter the DNA methylation patterns on their babies' DNA, turning some genes on and others off, and consequently increasing the baby's risk of allergies.
Frequent consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish, on the other hand, are associated with a lower prevalence of asthma. And a diet of fish rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (also found in nuts, seeds and oysters among other foods) can actually counterbalance the pro-allergenic response.
What's more, a high level of adherence to the so-called "Mediterranean diet" – olive oil, goats' cheese, and fruits, among other foods – early in life appears to protect against the development of allergies in children.
Such epigenetic changes are, to some extent, reversible. Studies show that epigenetic changes causing higher body weight could be reversed by dietary supplementation with essential nutrients such as choline, betaine and folic acid.
But it appears that extreme or chronic exposure, as may occur if there is starvation, overeating or chemical exposure during pregnancy, may alter the epigenetic pattern so intensively that it leaves a permanent "mark" on the child's DNA.
This marker can be passed on to the next generation, thus increasing their risk of disease even more from the very beginning of life and highlighting the critical importance of prenatal care in raising healthy future generations.
Detecting respiratory allergy in young children
My research at VITO explored the hypothesis that chemical exposures during pregnancy and early life alter the DNA methylation patterns of young children (aged five and 11 years old) and thereby influence their immune systems and allergy risk later in life.
Questionnaires and saliva samples gathered from about 170 mother-child pairs from two different birth cohorts in Flanders (FLEHS1 and FLEHS2) were analysed. Screening of the whole genome DNA methylation patterns of children allergic to respiratory allergens (hay fever, asthma and house dust mite allergy) compared to not-allergic children revealed a list of 27 gene regions that showed a modified DNA methylation pattern and could thus possibly be used to diagnose respiratory allergies.
Interestingly, we observed an association between the altered DNA methylation patterns in three of these genes and exposure to traffic-related air pollutants during pregnancy of mothers as well as during the child's life until age 11. This suggests that these allergy-related epigenetic changes can be the result of early life exposures to air pollutants.
Since the identified genes have a regulating role in allergic disease reactions, they might be of interest to study for further development of a diagnostic screening tools. If chemical exposures and resulting changes in DNA methylation patterns can be detected early in life, strategies to prevent chemical exposures or the risk to get allergy (or both), particularly in children, could be developed at various levels such as reviewing legislation on air pollution limits or aiming at a better education of prospective parents.
Explore further: Phthalates increase the risk of allergies among children
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What is the correct usage?
Given the two sentences:
- This is a magazine from the gas station and not intended to determine proper grammar.
- This is a magazine from the gas station and is not intended to determine proper grammar.
Which version is correct, or most correct. The emphasis in this case is on the magazine.
I agree with Holly here, but I also think the verb determine is wrong. Determine has five main meanings as a transitive verb:
1. to settle or decide (a dispute, question, etc.) by an authoritative or conclusive decision.
2. to conclude or ascertain, as after reasoning, observation, etc.
3. (Geometry) to fix the position of.
4. to cause, affect, or control; fix or decide causally: Demand for a product usually determines supply.
5. to give direction or tendency to; impel.
None of these meanings fits in the sentence. I can't decide what might have been intended, but determine definitely does not make sense.
|link comment||answered Feb 22 '13 at 07:57 Shawn Mooney Expert|
Hero of the day
Person voted on the most questions.
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| 0.941794 | 247 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Since the Industrial revolution in the 18th Century,
Methane levels have gone up by almost a factor of three.
And whilst termites and bovines have their roles to play
It’s anthropogenic emissions that are mostly to blame.
What’s going on in the Arctic is important to know,
With potential methane time bombs waiting to blow.
But before making claims and saying that we are sure,
It’s important to make clear what may be obscure.
Methane emissions over the Arctic are quite complex,
And are not simply solved by the regression of x.
As well as clathrates, ebullition, and wetland release,
Long-range transport can also cause an increase.
In order to better quantify these methane details,
Thorough measurements are needed across all the scales.
From ground-based to satellite, and all in between,
With models to show beyond twenty fourteen.
My research uses remote sensing measurements from a plane,
Converting measured spectra into columns of methane.
This bridges the gap between land and outer space,
Helping to ensure that no emissions are misplaced.
By calibrating my results against an in situ device,
I have been able to show that my method is nice.
With all measurements that have been taken to date,
Agreeing to within 5% of the in situ rate.
In conclusion, my work will help to better constrain,
The sources and sinks of Artic methane.
This data can then be used to predict,
What emission sources we need to restrict.
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| 0.93747 | 335 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Photoshop Tools Explained
By Nok Haiz
Only one tool allows you to move items in the document window, and this is it. It allows you to move several items, including guides, objects and shapes in shape layers,and text objects.
Shape Selection Tools
These tools allow you to quickly select areas of the document. Using rectangle, ellipse, row, and column shapes.
Lasso Selection Tools
These tools allow you to quickly select areas of the document by using the mouse to draw a lasso around them.
Quick Selection Tools
These tools can intelligently select areas of the document by detecting areas that are similar to those selected by the mouse.
Crop and Slice Tools
The Crop tool lets you select an area of the document to keep and remove the area around it.The Slice tools are used for creating clickable hot areas for Web images
Eye Dropper/Ruler/Note/Count Tools
This tool set is a catchall. The Eyedropper tool is used to select foreground colors directly from pixels in the image.. The Ruler tool is used to measure areas in an image. The Note tool allows you to add notes to an image that help you retain things such as to-do editing lists with the image. The Count tool allows you to count and log items in the image, which can be useful if you are working with medical images.
The Healing tools provide quick ways to apply brush strokes that can heal areas of an image, from removing dust and scratches to removing red eye.
The Brush tools allow you to apply painting techniques to repair, enhance, and create images
The Clone Stamp tool allows you to select an area of the image and then stamp or brush that area into other parts of the image or even other documents. The Pattern Stamp tool allows you to apply a style pattern to an image using brush strokes.
The Eraser tools allow you to quickly remove pixel data from an image.
History Brush Tools
The History Brush tools are used to repair and enhance areas of an image by painting data from previous editing states of the image. For example, you could change the image to grayscale and then use brush strokes to add color to specific areas.
The Blur and Sharpen tools allow you to use brush strokes to blur or sharpen specific areas of an image. The Smudge tool allows you to use brush strokes to smudge existing pixels into each other.
Gradient/Paint Bucket Tools
The Gradient tool allows you to paint a gradient pattern onto an image. The Paint Bucket tool allows you to apply a paint color to sections of an image.
The Dodge and Burn tools allow you to use brush strokes to lighten or darken areas of an image. The Sponge tool allows you to use brush strokes to remove or add color saturation in areas of an image.
Path Creation Tools
The Path Creation tools allow you to create vector paths by creating lines between anchor points.
Path Selection Tools
The Path Selection tools allow you to select and manipulate vector paths by adjusting the anchor points.
The Text tools allow you to add textual elements to images.
With the Shape tools, you can easily create and manipulate simple geometric vector shapes and lines as well as custom vector shapes.
3D Object Tools
These tools allow you to create and manipulate 3D objects.
3D Camera Tools
These tools let you to manipulate camera views when working with 3D elements
Hand/Rotate View Tools
Using the Hand tool, you can grab onto the image and pan by dragging the mouse. This is available only when you are zoomed in on the image, but it's very useful for navigating around your image. The Rotate View tool allows you to rotate the canvas in the document window by dragging with the mouse. If you hold down the Shift key while rotating the canvas, the rotation occurs in 15-degree increments. Rotating the canvas can be useful if you need to align elements in the image with the vertical or horizontal axis of the display screen for editing.
The Zoom tool allows you to use the mouse to drag a specific rectangle to zoom in on the image. You also can zoom in at 100 percent increments by simply clicking the document with the mouse. You can zoom out at 100 percent increments by holding down the Shift key while clicking the document. The options menu for the Zoom tool provides several buttons to resize the document view based on actual pixels, print size, and screen size.
If you have OpenGL Drawing enabled then you can use the Scrubby Zoom option in the Zoom tool options menu. When you enable Scrubby Zoom, then you can click and drag the mouse to the left and right on the image to zoom in and out.
The background/foreground area of the Toolbox allows you to see and modify the current background and foreground colors. The foreground color is used by several tools to paint onto the image. The background color is used by several tools when removing pixels from the image. Pressing D on the keyboard resets the foeground and background colors to Black and White, respectively.
Edit in Quick Mask Mode
This toggles between Normal and Quick Mask mode. The Edit in Quick Mask mode option allows you to tweak selections using the brush tool to paint the exact shape.
Visit for step by step free Photoshop tutorials
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Nok_Haiz
Return from Photoshop Tools to Photoshop Articles Home
Go to WhyCAD Home Page
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Pathogens have developed a Brilliant Blue FCF biological activity variety of mechanisms to scavenge iron and heme from these host RRx-001 proteins to help their survival within the host.The very best characterized heme uptake technique in Gram-constructive micro organism is the Isd technique of Staphylococcus aureus. This technique is also conserved in other Gram-optimistic pathogens which includes Bacillus anthracis and Listeria monocytogenes. The Isd technique of S. aureus encodes four mobile wall-anchored floor proteins , a sortase B enzyme , a membrane transportation technique and two cytoplasmic heme oxygenases the generation of these proteins is upregulated beneath iron-depleted conditions. The mobile wall-anchored proteins act as receptors that bind to heme or heme-containing proteins and extract heme. Heme is then transported across the mobile membrane by the membrane transporter proteins. In the cytoplasm, heme oxygenases catalyze the degradation of heme to launch absolutely free iron. The heme binding exercise of the IsdA, IsdB, IsdC and IsdH mobile wall proteins of S. aureus, and the hemoprotein receptors of B. anthracis, L. monocytogenes and Streptococcus pyogenes, is executed by conserved near-iron transporter area, which are bacterial-distinct domains identified in a assortment of iron-regulated surface proteins. These receptors have involving 1 to 5 copies of the NEAT domain, with every single area consisting of about a hundred twenty five amino acids. NEAT proteins are crucial for bacterial advancement, as very well as for the establishment and persistence of bacterial infections caused by a selection of germs which includes S. aureus, B. anthracis and S. pyogenes, delivering proof for the significance of heme acquisition in the infection method.In Gram-beneficial microorganisms, many surface area proteins are covalently anchored to the peptidoglycan layer by membrane-anchored sortases. Sortases are transpeptidases that cleave the C-terminal sorting signal of surface proteins to catalyze the development of amide bonds with cross bridges of the peptidoglycan. The C-terminal sorting sign of surface area proteins consists of an LPXTG or NPQTN motif for sortase recognition, a hydrophobic area and a small billed tail. In S. aureus, Sortase A recognizes the LPXTG motif of the IsdA, IsdB and IsdH area proteins. The S. aureus isd locus also encodes a 2nd enzyme, sortase B, which acknowledges the NPQTN motif of IsdC.Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-good, spore-forming anaerobic bacterium and is the causative agent of human fuel gangrene or clostridial myonecrosis. This condition effects from the contamination of a traumatic wound with vegetative cells or spores of C. perfringens form A.
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Recceswinth rĕk´əswĭnth [key], d. 672, Visigothic king of Spain (653–72). He was the son of Chindaswinth , who in 649 admitted him to joint rule. Recceswinth succeeded to the throne without election, thereby violating the Visigothic tradition enjoining election of the king by the nobility. Almost immediately he was faced by an insurrection. Although he conquered the rebellious nobles, he nevertheless compromised by rejecting the principle of hereditary succession at the Eighth Council of Toledo. Like his father, he advocated a policy of assimilation between his Visigothic and Spanish-Roman subjects. Considered one of the greatest Visigothic lawmakers, Recceswinth completed and promulgated (c.654) the law code begun by his father to replace the Breviary of Alaric of 506. Known as the Liber iudiciorum and later as the Liber or Forum iudicum, its 12 books fused Roman and Germanic law and were binding on both populations. The compilation was the basis of Spanish medieval law and served for centuries as a widely used legal handbook.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: Spanish and Portuguese History: Biographies
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How to Configure Virtual Server 2005 in Order to Setup a Test SQL Server Cluster
Let’s take a look at this screen, one section at a time. First, you must specify a name for the virtual machine you are now creating. In our case, let’s name it node1. If you don’t enter a path, the virtual machine configuration file (which is what we are actually creating in this step) will be saved in the default path. If you want the virtual machine configuration file stored in another patch, you can manually specify the path.
Second, you must specify the amount of physical memory to allocate to this node. On my host computer, which only as 1 GB of RAM, I have specified 384 MB as the size for node1. Any amount smaller than this will cause the node to run very slowly. The more RAM you can allocate, the better. If you make a mistake here, this will not cause any problems, as you can change the amount of RAM allocated at any time after the virtual machine is created.
Third, you specify the drive “C” for node1, which you created earlier. You do this by selecting “Use an existing virtual hard disk” and pointing to the filename and path of the virtual hard disk.
Fourth, you must specify the “Public” virtual network adapter that you created earlier. Your completed screen should look similar to the one below.
Once you are done, click on “Create” to create the virtual machine configuration file. Once the virtual machine configuration file has been created, you will then see the virtual machine name you just created in the “Master Status” screen of the Virtual Server 2005 Administrator’s Website.
Next, we must configure the virtual SCSI controller, the shared disk, and the private network to be used by this virtual machine. Once we do that, we can then actually begin the installation of Windows 2003 Server as a virtual machine.
To configure the current virtual machine, go to the “Master Status” page and move the cursor over the name of the virtual server. When you do this, a sub-menu appears. Select “Edit Configuration” from the sub-menu. A screen, similar to the one below appears. Note that your screen will probably look somewhat different, as my system most likely is configured differently than yours.
The “Status” part of the screen appears first, and is not of much interest to us now. Our focus is on the “Configuration” part of the screen. It is here where we will create the virtual SCSI adapter, assign the shared disk to the adapter, and also add the private network to this virtual server.
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It’s no secret that early experiences in parks can help foster wonder, creativity and expression. These encounters with the natural world can fill the souls of urban children with sights, sounds and smells that one day can be expressed in the creative arts and in the curiosity that feeds scientific inquiry. It is with this in mind that The Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy, in close partnership with the city of Pittsburgh, set out to build the Frick Environmental Center. Designed to be LEED Platinum- and Living Building Challenge-certified, the building is itself a learning tool, and serves as the entry point to the 644 acres of rolling hills of Frick Park that serve as the setting for environmental education of Pittsburgh-region kids of all ages.
A Wish Granted
In the early 1900s, industrialist Henry Clay Frick’s daughter Helen asked for a park for the children of Pittsburgh as her debutante gift, and her wish came true when Frick Park was established in 1927. It was carefully designed with no public internal roads to immediately immerse those who enter from the bustling surrounding neighborhoods in thriving woodlands. With more than 11 miles of trails of varying degrees of challenge, streams, lush valleys and cliffs that contain horn-coral and crinoid fossils, Frick Park is the ultimate outdoor classroom.
Helen Frick’s son Childs also loved the outdoors, and his childhood exploration of the hills behind his family’s home spurred his passion for nature and guided him to become a renowned vertebrate paleontologist and trustee of the American Museum of Natural History. Those hills eventually became part of Frick Park and, in the 1970s, an environmental center was built in its northeast section. After the center was destroyed by fire in 2002, Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy, city government and community members began planning the new Frick Environmental Center, putting neighborhood input front and center. “The Parks Conservancy has always found that early and extensive community input is a critical guiding light for any project, and the Frick Environmental Center is no exception,” says Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy Founder and CEO Meg Cheever. More than 1,000 members of the community were involved in the public visioning and planning process for the new center. Ideas and concepts from the public planning sessions — the location of restrooms and an intimate outdoor theater to name but two — have been incorporated into the new Frick Environmental Center building and site.
The opportunity for the new Environmental Center to be a groundbreaking building that could serve as a teaching tool for all its patrons, along with the Conservancy’s increasingly in-demand environmental education programs became key design tenants. Architects Bohlin Cywinski Jackson, challenged with creating a design that both respected the site’s heritage — including the park entrance gatehouses designed by Jefferson Memorial architect John Russel Pope and a formal tree-lined allée — and allowed for a state-of-the-art green building, beautifully achieved all points. Even details of the entrance doors were carefully considered, as children entering the building immediately feel welcome as they pass through a kid-sized door located beside the full-size doorway.
“The building is beautiful, but is it also a living, breathing structure that can teach its visitors about the relationships between nature, energy and the built environment,” says Parks Conservancy Sustainability Coordinator Maureen Olinzock. “Our hope is that in ways small or big, those who experience the Frick Environmental Center will incorporate some of what they learn into their own homes and lives.” Designed to collect as much energy as it uses, the center gathers solar energy via a parking lot covered with a photovoltaic panels, and utilizes a geothermal heating and cooling system. Water is collected from the parking lot’s angled solar panel roof, and stored on-site in a 5,000-gallon underground cistern for non-potable use. Windows are designed to allow natural ventilation, and a set of valves from the geothermal wells have been left visible in the building to encourage conversation. Energy components of the building were intentionally designed to be seen by park users; the questions they spark give Parks Conservancy education staff ongoing opportunity for teachable nature and energy moments.
Fun in Any Weather
With STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts and math) education and school partnerships at the heart of the Parks Conservancy’s environmental education programs, art plays a key part in the Frick Environmental Center. Rain water and its circular journey from sky to ground and back are the focus of two installations. A rain veil — a 30-foot awning designed to drop a thin sheet of rainwater from the building’s main roof over an outdoor walkway — encourages exploration and play, while the Rain Ravine channels stormwater through a series of sandstone sheets carved to suggest the layers of rock that erosion can expose, ultimately guiding the water into holding ponds that allow it to slowly absorb into the woodland. “When it rains, we want kids and their adults to say, ‘Let’s go to the Frick Environmental Center!,’ and to realize there is fun to be had outdoors in any weather or season,” says Parks Conservancy Director of Education Camila Rivera-Tinsley.
Permanent outdoor signage that outlines the park’s history, landmarks, trails, wildlife and plants creates an immediate connection for visitors, giving them a baseline of knowledge for the woodlands they are about to enter and placing it within the context of the region’s watershed. This knowledge of their park’s role in the city’s conservation efforts, combined with year-round programming for all ages, builds pride and bonds patrons to nature in a lasting way. A hill-top clearing in the park’s interior uses felled logs and stumps to create an outdoor classroom with a seating area. Outreach to diverse communities, summer camps, evening “Bump in the Night” programs for kids and their caregivers in the fall, all-ages winter hikes, and spring Earth Day and volunteer events keep visitors returning and maintains interest. “Giving users of all ages knowledge about their parks, and getting them outdoors in every season creates lasting dedication and support,” says Cheever.
The new Frick Environmental Center opened to the public in early September 2016. Henry, Helen and Childs Frick would surely be pleased with the lasting effects of their parkland gift and the love and exploration of nature that the center inspires. “The Parks Conservancy is honored that the Frick Environmental Center — one of the greenest buildings on earth — is set to be the first to serve the public seven days a week,” adds Cheever. “It is a wonderful way to inspire the park stewards of the future to conserve our natural resources.”
Scott Roller is the Senior Manager, Communications and Creative, for the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy.
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A UCSF-led study backs up what centuries of moms already know.
If you don’t get enough sleep, you’re more likely to get sick. Four times more likely, to be exact.
Researchers found that people who slept six hours a night or less were four times more likely to catch a cold when exposed to the virus than those who slept seven hours a night or longer.
“It didn’t matter how old people were, their stress levels, their race, education or income. It didn’t matter if they were a smoker,” said Aric Prather, assistant psychiatry professor at UCSF and lead author of the study.
The study, considered the first to use objective sleep measures to connect people’s natural sleep habits and their risk of getting sick, appeared online and in the September issue of the journal Sleep.
The results add to the growing body of evidence about the importance of sleep in health and disease prevention.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have linked poor sleep with car crashes, industrial disasters and medical errors. The National Sleep Foundation found in a 2013 survey that one in five Americans gets less than six hours of sleep before work. Prather’s previous research has shown people who sleep fewer hours are less protected against illness after receiving a vaccine.
To conduct the latest study, researchers, including those at at Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, recruited 164 volunteers from the Pittsburgh area between 2007 and 2011.
The participants underwent two months of health screenings, interviews and questionnaires about their overall health. After measuring the volunteers’ normal sleep habits for a week, the researchers sequestered the sleep study group and administered the cold virus via nasal droplets. They then monitored the participants or a week to see if the virus had taken hold.
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Jaundice is a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes and mucous membranes turn yellow because of a high level of bilirubin, a yellow-orange bile pigment. Jaundice is a condition in which the skin, sclera (whites of the eyes) and mucous membranes turn yellow.
Jaundice occurs when there is too much bilirubin (a yellow pigment) in the blood—a condition called hyperbilirubinemia. (See also Overview of Liver Disease and Jaundice in the Newborn.) Also, many disorders that cause jaundice, particularly severe liver disease, cause other.
Learn the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment of jaundice (yellow skin). within two to four days after birth and may start on the face before spreading down across the body. .. Jaundice in adults is indicative of.
Newborns aren't the only ones who get jaundice. Adults get it, too. WebMD explains why.
Jaundice is when your skin and the whites of your eyes turn yellow. It can be a sign of something serious, such as liver disease, so you need to get urgent.
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An Introduction to Research Methodology and Statistics
- S Alexander Haslam - The University of Queensland, Australia
- Craig McGarty - Western Sydney University, Australia
Research Methods in Psychology
Academics will find the text would easily complement the structure of an introductory course. Overall this book is written clearly and concisely, adopting a conversational tone, and utilizes a structure that students can easily follow without the techniques and concepts being oversimplified.
Doing Psychology is certainly a text well worth considering in introductory courses, or as a refresher text for those who need to revise key techniques. The text would provide students with a good foundation for advanced design and statistics courses' - Australian Psychologist
`Doing Psychology is a sound text with clear and accurate explanations in areas which it covers' - South African Journal of Psychology
This textbook provides a clear introduction to the principal research methods and statistical procedures that underpin psychological research. The authors build a carefully integrated understanding of the research process from the ground up, and address the many challenges confronting students of psychology - issues surrounding, among other things, research goals, methodological choices and strategy, multiple approaches to statistical inference and ethical controversies.
Using words and diagrams rather than numbers and equations, Doing Psychology offers a highly readable guide to how to design, analyze and evaluate experiments and surveys in psychological research.
An Instructor's Manual is available upon request.
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Factors of asthma development
Factors that may be responsible for the occurrence of an asthma attack are varied. To be able to avoid contact with them, you need to set them individually for each patient.
In many cases, the reason for asthma is sensitization. The body then does not tolerate contact with objectively neutral and, as a rule, harmless substance. It evokes a defensive reaction of an allergic organism. We call this substance an allergen. The reaction to inhalation of the allergen is a strong irritation of the mucous membrane and an attack of asthma. Dyspnoea does not have to occur immediately. It happens that it appears only after a few hours after contact with the allergen.
The most common allergens are animal dander, feathers, tree pollen, grass pollen and herbs, house dust mites, dust itself as such, mold and flour. Allergens do not have to enter the body only by inhalation. Some foods are also allergens, such as cow’s milk, eggs, nuts, apples, fish. They can also cause an asthma attack.
In asthma, which is unrelated to the state of sensitization of the body, it often leads to physical activity or low temperature air to breathlessness. Irritating agents also include adhesives, chemicals, ozone, tobacco smoke or cat fur.
Some medications may be responsible for the onset of a shortness of breath.
Inflammatory bronchitis (bacterial or viral) can increase the sensitivity of the bronchi for a longer time.
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Top 10 Failures of Modern Science
There is no doubt that science and technology have improved the quality of modern life. Innovations like the personal computer, advances in HIV treatment and digital photography have become so accepted that it is difficult to imagine human existence without them. However, science is not infallible; sometimes things go wrong. In some cases, scientific failures just mean a trip back to the drawing board. In others, loss of human life is the tragic result. Below, in no particular order, are listed 10 major failures of 20th and 21st century science and technology.
Chances are, if your computer runs a Windows-based operating system, the OS isn’t Vista. If your computer does run Vista, odds are good that you wish it didn’t. Vista’s release on January 30, 2007 had been preceded by bad press and known compatibility issues with older PCs. Some reviewers claimed that Vista actually ran slower on PCs than XP, which had established itself as a stable, robust OP. The result – consumers and enterprise users alike gave Vista the backs of their hands. Microsoft was forced to back off on its plans to sunset the popular XP while simultaneously fast-tracking its replacement, Windows 7, which was much better received.
While conventional nuclear energy is based on nuclear fission, or splitting atoms, Low Energy Nuclear Reaction, commonly called cold fusion, relies on fusing atomic nuclei to produce energy. The process, properly harnessed, could potentially produce limitless energy from sources as common as tap water. On March 23, 1989, Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann claimed to have perfected the process. However, after an initial flurry of excitement, cold fusion was largely dismissed as a hoax, ruining the careers of Fleischmann and Pons. Nonetheless, experiments persisted for decades. Some actually produced small amounts of tritium, a known by-product of cold fusion, but none demonstrated capacity for large-scale energy production.
What many people know about frontal lobotomies – a widely accepted treatment for mental disorders through the late 1950s – comes from the movie One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. The first lobotomies were performed by Swiss physician Gottlieb Burkhardt in 1890. One patient committed suicide; a second died less than a week after the operation. Those deaths halted the technique until it was revived and modified in the 1930s. Results from this modified procedure ranged from little visible behavior change to patients being reduced to a vegetative state. Rosemary Kennedy, JFK’s sister, became incapacitated after receiving a lobotomy at age 23 and was institutionalized until her death in 2005.
One thing computers do better than nearly all humans is perform complex math computations. But in 1994, an entire line of Intel CPUs were discovered to have faulty math coprocessors. The faulty CPUs produced erroneous results for the ninth decimal place and beyond, potentially producing major errors for power users requiring absolute accuracy. Intel knew about the problem but figured that most consumers would never notice. Even after the flaw became public, Intel initially only replaced faulty chips for users who could “prove” that they were adversely impacted, but eventually provided replacements for anyone who asked – free of charge.
Eight-track players were based on the premise that music lovers wanted the ability to hear favorite tunes over and over – without fussing with flipping a cassette or a vinyl record. Before the iPod and endless repeat options on CD players became available, eight-track players allowed owners to insert a tape and listen until they grew bored, or until the tape broke. The main problem and a major reason for the eventual demise of the 8-track player was its tendency to change tracks in the middle of a song – sometimes splitting crucial lyrics. Nonetheless, they enjoyed huge popularity during the 1960s and 1970s, and maintain a cult following even today.
The Hindenburg disaster of 1937 was only the latest in a series of hydrogen airship crashes that occurred during the first third of the 20th Century. The highly-flammable gas that fueled hydrogen airships was enclosed in numbered cells, with the balloon situated immediately above passenger and crew compartments. This contributed to the rapid spread of flames aboard the Hindenburg, which consumed the entire ship in less than one minute. A tragic irony of the disaster was that the Hindenburg was already obsolete. In 1935, a Pan American Airways M-130 China Clipper had flown 2,400 miles from San Francisco to Honolulu, more than sufficient range to make a trans-Atlantic crossing.
In 1968, Lee Iacocca, then president of Ford, decided to fight back against Japanese automakers in the small-car market. He demanded a car that weighed no more than 2,000 pounds and cost less than $2,000. The result was the Pinto, which went into production in 1970. The Pinto’s fuel tank, positioned between the rear axle and bumper, exhibited serious flaws during low-speed testing. Ford ignored suggestions to move the fuel tank or reinforce it, figuring the additional cost of $11 per vehicle would exceed potential damage payouts. But when Ford’s decision became public, the company was hit with multi-million dollar lawsuits, and its public image suffered for decades afterward.
Splitting the atom changed the course of World War II, appearing in the form of atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. After the war, nations around the globe eagerly adopted nuclear power to provide what was then viewed as clean energy independent of politically unstable oil-producing regions. But the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 and the Fukushima meltdown of 2011 resulted in massive radiation-related illnesses and fatalities that have caused many countries to rethink their reliance on nuclear energy. In particular, Germany, which had halted the planned decommissioning of its nuclear power plants, completely shifted course in March 2011 in the face of massive protests.
George Jetson had one, but you won’t be zooming around in a flying car anytime soon. Technology isn’t the issue. The Airphibian, a 1946 modified plane, could fly at 120 mph, drive at 50 mph, and was certified by the Civil Aeronautics Administration, predecessor to the Federal Aviation Administration. The Aerocar, certified by the FAA in the 1960s, could cruise up to 120 mph. Lack of funding kept both inventions grounded. By contrast, Paul Moeller was sued in 2003 by the Securities and Exchange Commission, which alleged that he defrauded more than $5 million in stock sales from investors for a Skycar that never actually achieved unaided flight.
The yearning to venture beyond Earth has existed for centuries and persists to the present. In 2006, American space agency NASA launched plans to establish permanent laboratories on the Moon beginning in 2024. In 2012, a Dutch company began planning a venture to deposit four astronauts on Mars in April 2023, shipping new colonists to the Red Planet every two years, with none of the voyagers returning to Earth. Nonetheless, large-scale permanent space colonies remain beyond the capabilities of technology, not least because of the logistical challenges involved. Establishing permanent space colonies would require, at minimum, self-sustaining oxygen, food, water and medical resources, not to mention well-trained, hardy pioneers.
In conclusion, several failures of modern science are doomed to remain just that – failures. However, some present-day failures only need for technology to catch up to be transformed into successes. Other innovations only need financing, a perceived need, or both, to become consumer ready. After all, many innovations taken for granted today began as wild ideas that spent months, years or even decades as failures before their true worth became known.
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Summer Fire Safety Tips
Don't Get Summertime Sadness
Summertime is a great chance to fire up the barbeque or put on an exciting fireworks show, but with all this fun comes responsibility. According to federal safety officials, 60 percent of yearly fireworks-related injuries occur in the 60 days surrounding July 4. More than 1,200 of those injuries are from sparklers, 400 are from bottle rockets and more than half are burns.
Children between ages 5 and 14 were at the highest risk for injury by fireworks — double the risk for the rest of the population — according to The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA). Make sure you keep your safety and the safety of your loved ones in mind this summer, especially when grilling or setting off fireworks. Here are some safety tips to stay safe around fire this summer.
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Atomic Number: 6 Period Number: 2 Group Number: 14
Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the earth's crust. It has been known from ancient times.There are three allotropes of carbon are known in nature: amorphous, graphite and diamond. And carbon has two known isotopes until now: the isotope carbon -12 forms 98.93% and carbon -13 forms the remaining 1.07%.
Graphite has a layered structure and it is one of the softest materials known in the world. Naturally occurring graphite occurs in two forms, alpha and beta. Primarily it is used as lubricants and now it has been widely used for making batteries, steel-making, expended graphite, pencils and refractories. Diamond is one of the hardest materials known until now. Some of the diamond are from natural directly, but most of them are artificially produced. The small diamonds are made by squeezing graphite under high temperatures and pressures.
There are millions of carbon compounds and carbon is the key element to form the organic compounds. This is because carbon can form long-chain of C-C bonds and it is very stable and strong. This will make foundation for the organic compounds forming. Many carbon compounds are essential for life as we know it. Some of the most common carbon compounds are: carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonmonoxide (CO), carbon disulfide (CS2), chloroform (CHCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2), benzene (C6H6), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and acetic acid (CH3COOH).
Physical and Chemical properties:
Atomic Weight: 12.0107
Melting Point: 3823 K
Boiling Point: 4098 K
Density: 2.2670 g/cm3
Phase at Room Temperature: Solid
Ionization Energy: 11.260 eV
Oxidation States: +4, +2, -4
Wikipedia - Basics on Carbon
WebElements - The basic elements of Carbon
Jefferson Lab - Learning about Carbon
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Does prolonged cell phone use cause brain tumors?By Rafael Castillo |Philippine Daily Inquirer
It could just be coincidental, but a neurologist friend again saw a relatively young patient recently with a brain tumor. This patient, just like the few previous ones we mentioned in this column, was also a heavy user of cellular phones.
Sometime last year, we reported a case of a sales manager who was found on CT scan to have a brain tumor. He logged in at least an hour of calls made and received in his cell phone daily due to his job as a national sales manager. His tumor was in the right side of his brain and he usually placed his cell phone on the right ear when he used it.
The major concern about cell phones is that they are a source of radiation because they transmit radio frequency (RF) waves, a form of energy located on the electromagnetic spectrum between FM radio waves and microwaves. Although theoretically, this type of radiation—called nonionizing—doesn’t have enough energy to directly damage the cell’s DNA, the cumulative effect of years of heavy cell phone use might have adverse effects that could predispose one to tumor formation.
Cell phone radiation
The cell phone’s antenna is the major source of RF waves. Most phones now don’t have any visible external antennas, and in these phones, the antenna is part of the body of the hand-held phone. The RF waves are strongest therefore at the body part of the phone, which is usually held against the side of the head when one makes or receives a call. Theoretically, the closer the antenna—which is in the phone’s body—is to the user’s head, the greater is the exposure to cell phone radiation. For heavy cell phone users, hands-free devices, allowing the cell phone to be away from the head or face, is therefore recommended.
The last time that we reviewed the scientific literature on the relationship between cell phone usage and brain tumor, there was no clear link between the two. A pooled analysis of around 30 studies evaluating possible links showed that:
Patients with brain tumors do not report more cell phone use compared to the controls.
There is no “dose-response relationship”—a tendency for the risk of brain tumors to increase with increasing cell phone use, although these studies only considered usual or regular cell phone usage.
There is also no clear link between the side of the head on which the brain tumor occurred and the side on which the cell phone was generally used.
All the studies included in this pooled analysis had one limitation—they have not been able to follow people for long periods of time. Experts raised the possibility that exposure to irradiation may cause development of tumors many years or even decades after the exposure. Cell phones have only been around for less than 25 years so we still cannot be sure of their possible long-term health effects.
Another argument worth noting about previous studies was that the largest data source was a series of studies called the Interphone studies, which were funded by the wireless communications industry. Conducted in 13 countries, the Interphone studies concluded that cell phone exposure did not increase the risk of brain tumors. However, many experts questioned the findings because of possible bias associated with industry funding, plus the vital flaw that the duration of cell phone use was of short duration.
We reviewed the scientific literature again for any updates and we came accross a well-designed study published early this year in the Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography suggesting that long-term exposure to microwaves from cellular phones may lead to an increased risk of brain tumors.
“We conclude that the current standard of exposure to microwave during mobile phone use is not safe for long-term exposure and needs to be revised,” the study authors concluded.
The authors suggested some precautions to reduce exposure to cell phone and cordless phone radiation:
The number and length of phone calls should be limited.
Children’s cell phone use should be restricted because they appear to have a higher risk.
Communicating by text instead of voice should be preferred.
Use of hands-free devices is also recommended, but the group specifically recommended a special “air tube” headset (not a regular wired headset).
Newer phones and other technologies with reduced exposure mechanisms are also recommended.
Perhaps it’s about time that the government should step in and mandate precautionary measures to protect cell phone users, especially children and adolescents. The unlimited promotional offers of telecom companies are also encouraging people to call instead of just texting their messages. Just like in the cigarette packaging, it may not be a bad idea to require all cell phones to have this label: “Prolonged usage of this device may be hazardous to one’s health.”
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Guest contribution by Monika Maria & Welli@Home
The common plantain is a robust forage plant that can be found in meadows or along roadsides.
- Seed bulb
The slightly bitter tasting plant grows well even during longer periods of heat.
From leaf to seed, everything can be offered.
My budgies like the seed cobs, which only develop in late summer, sprinkled over their vegetables.
The leaf juice is also good for the supportive treatment of mild inflammations.
As a tea1Steep leaves for 5-10 min., it also has a supportive effect on bacterial infections, diarrhoea and small skin injuries (bath).
During the stressful moulting period, the tea helps both internally and externally (bath).
Guest author of this article on forage plants
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In our world of instant messaging, texting, tweeting and social media, letter writing may seem hopelessly old-fashioned. As American comedian Steven Wright puts it, “I stayed in a really old hotel last night. They sent me a wake-up letter.”
For centuries, though, letter writing was an art form and an intrinsic part of life, in all literate societies including France. To quote the writer Anatole Broyard, “In an age like ours, which is not given to letter-writing, we forget what an important part it used to play in people’s lives.”
Over the years, French letter writing protocols and formats were developed that are still used today.
French formal letters
Letters are still standard tools for correspondence in business and administrative communication, for product or service requests or complaints, to accompany job applications and other formalities.
Writing a properly worded and formatted letter gives credibility to its content, whatever that is. Even if a letter is sent as an attachment to an e-mail, the correct form can easily be followed.
Putting everything in its proper place is a good start. The return address belongs at the top left of the page and the recipient’s address starts below it to the right side. Below that, the town or city from which the letter is being sent is included along with the date.
The golden rule
“Vous” is always used for a formal letter, never “tu”.
The salutation is also very formal and includes the recipient’s title when appropriate, as in Monsieur le Directeur. Alternately, use Monsieur, Cher Monsieur, Messieurs or Madame, Chère Madame or Mesdames.
The body of the letter should be concise, to the point and formally polite.
- If you are following up on a previous letter, you might start with, “Suite à … je vous écris pour…” or “Nous vous remercions de votre lettre du …”.
- If your letter is a request for something, you can use “Je vous serais reconnaissant de … “ or “Je vous prie de …”.
You might end with, “Dans l’attente de votre réponse …”, then sign off with one of these phrases, which sound much more formal than the accepted “Yours sincerely” in English but are de rigueur in a French formal letter:
- Je vous prie d’agréer, Monsieur le Directeur, l’assurance de ma considération distinguée
- Veuillez accepter, Messieurs (or Monsieur or Madame), mes salutations distinguées
- Croyez, cher Monsieur (or chère Madame), à l’expression de mes sentiments les meilleurs
French personal letters
French personal letters are much more informal. Your return address sits at the top right of the page and below it your location and the date, but the recipient’s address is not required.
You may also use “tu” for anyone you would address that way in person and start with Cher or Chère followed by a given name.
Some useful phrases to start with include:
- Je te remercie de ta lettre …
- Ça m’a fait plaisir d’avoir de tes nouvelles.
Or, if you’re a procrastinator:
- Je suis désolé de ne pas t’avoir écrit plus tôt.
The body of the letter can be as chatty and friendly as if you were talking to the person.
Sign off affectionately with:
- Je t’embrasse bien affectueusement
- Grosses bises (very informal)
Or more simply with:
- Bien amicalement
- À bientôt
To include other friends or family in the letter, you might add:
- Embrasse Sophie pour moi.
- Paul te fait ses amitiés.
Addressing the envelope
If you’re mailing your letter, here are guidelines for addressing the envelope, line by line:
1 – Recipient’s name
Begin with Monsieur, Madame or Mademoiselle followed by the recipient’s full name, as in Monsieur Jacques Untel. This is polite form for both formal and informal letters. For a married couple, use Monsieur et Madame Untel.
On a business letter envelope, you can use the person’s title instead, for example, Madame la directrice.
2 – Recipient’s title
If you’ve used the person’s name in the first line, use the second line for his or her title, for example, Directrice, Service à la clientele.
3. – Company or organization
Use the full name or accepted abbreviation, as in Hôtel Au Bon Accueil and SNCF.
4 – Number, name and type of street
Full street names can be abbreviated, e.g. av for avenue, as in 45 av de la République, or bd for boulevard, as in 15 bd de Beaumanoir. If there’s no street address, this is where you put the post box number.
5 – Postcode and town or city
The postcode comes before the name of the town, as in 75010 Paris.
Return addresses should be written on the back of the envelope with the abbreviation “Exp.” (short for Expéditeur/-trice).
The home of living language. #wotd #wordlovers #collinsdictionary
Read our word of the week definitions and blog posts:
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Cultural History Of Taiwan
Week01: Introduction: Before 1895
Week02: Japanese Ruled Period: 1895-1945 (I)
Week03: Japanese Ruled Period: 1895-1945 (II)
Week04: Literature Seminar: Cheng Ching-Wen, Three-Legged Horse
Week05: 1950s: Post-War and the U.S. Aid
Week07: Literature Seminar: Wang Chen-Ho, Rose, Rose, I Love You
Week08: Film Seminar: Hou Hsiao-Hsien, A City of Sadness
Week09: 1960s: The ‘Modern’ World?
Week10: Literature Seminar: Wang Wen-Hsing, Family Catastrophe
Week11: Film Seminar: Edward Yang, A Brighter Summer Day
Week12: 1970s: Impact of the Nativist Movement
Week13: Literature Seminar: Pai Hsien-Yung, Taipei People
Week14: 1980s: Before and After the End of Martial Law
Week15: Film Seminar, Wu Nien-Jen, A Borrowed Life (Duo San)
Week16: 1990s: The Consumption Boom
Week17: Film Seminar: Ang Lee, Eat Drink Man Woman
Week18: Final Presentation
This course provides an overview of Taiwan cultural history from 1895 (the Japanese ruled period), 1949 (the KMT cultural policy), 1987 (the end of Martial Law) to the 1990s. Focusing in particular on people’s everyday life, local beliefs, entertainment and habits, also taking on other art forms such as photography and music, we will examine how historical events and social background have influenced the controversial issue of ‘Taiwanese identity’. There will be literature and film seminars that focus on specific texts which lead to a broader understanding of the Taiwanese culture.
Lecture, Seminar, Group Discussion
Literature Seminar: 40%
Film Seminar: 40%
Final Presentation: 10%
Chris Berry and Feii Lu (eds), Taiwan New Cinema and After, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University, 2005.
Melissa Brown, Is Taiwan Chinese? : the Impact of Culture, Power, and Migration on Changing Identities, Berkeley: University of California, 2004.
Wan-Yao Chou, A New Illustrated History of Taiwan, translated by Carole Plackitt and Tim Casey ,Taipei: SMC Publishing, 2015.
Cathy Erway, The Food of Taiwan, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2015.
Guo-Juin Hong, Taiwan Cinema: a Contested Nation on Screen, New York : Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
Ping-Hui Liao& David Der-Wei Wang (eds), Taiwan Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895-1945: History, Culture, Memory, New York: Columbia University, 2006.
Shyu-Tu Lee& Jack F. Williams (eds), Taiwan’s Struggle : Voices of the Taiwanese, Lanham, Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
Jonathan Manthorpe, Forbidden Nation : a History of Taiwan, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
Brice Minnigh& Stephen Keeling, The Rough Guide to Taiwan, London : Rough Guides, 2007.
Andrew Morris (eds), Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.
Shelley Rigger, Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014.
Murray Rubinstein (eds.), Taiwan: a New History, Armonk, N.Y. : M.E. Sharpe, 2007.
June Yip, Envisioning Taiwan: Fiction, Cinema, and the Nation in the Cultural Imaginary, Durham: Duke University Press, 2004.
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Select a Topic
- What Are Shellfish Allergies?
- Diagnosing Shellfish Allergies
- What Causes Shellfish Allergies to Develop?
- Help for Shellfish Allergies
- More Information about Shellfish Allergies
What Are Shellfish Allergies?
Shellfish allergies are the most common serious food allergy in the United States. They often develop in adults who could formerly eat shellfish, and may be mild or life threatening.
Diagnosing Shellfish Allergies
Symptoms of seafood allergies can range from digestive complaints to anaphylaxis. They usually appear shortly after eating shellfish or foods that contain shellfish. Some people are so allergic that they have reactions just handling shellfish or being in an area where shellfish is cooked. Itching or rashes may occur in an allergic reaction, as well as a runny nose, wheezing or itching of the eyes.
Hives are another common symptom of an allergic reaction to shellfish. Hives are large, raised, itchy areas on the skin. If they occur on the lips or throat, emergency medical assistance must be sought immediately.
The most serious allergic reaction is called anaphylaxis, which is a life threatening emergency. If symptoms of anaphylaxis occur, call 911 immediately. Signs of anaphylaxis include difficulty breathing, rapid pulse, lightheadedness, dizziness, loss of consciousness and swelling within the airway. Sometimes these symptoms are accompanied by hives or digestive disturbance. Anaphylaxis requires immediate treatment with epinephrine injections.
What Causes a Shellfish Allergy to Develop?
The immune system of people with shellfish allergies misidentifies the proteins in shellfish as a threat to the body. The proteins provoke an immune response which results in allergic symptoms.
Help for Shellfish Allergies
Many people are allergic to crustaceans such as crab, lobster and shrimp. Fewer are allergic to mollusks such as oysters, clams and mussels. The most important thing that you can do for shellfish allergies is to avoid consuming shellfish. Talk with your health care provider. Allergy testing may help pinpoint exactly which shellfish that you need to avoid.
Antihistamine medications may be prescribed or, if you have a severe allergy, epinephrine may be prescribed and can be administered with a special self injector.
Natural remedies are beneficial for shellfish allergies as well. Homeopathic remedies work in a similar way as vaccines. They help your body to cope with exposure to shellfish. In addition, they tonify and improve the function of your entire immune system. This modifies the response that your body has when it comes into contact with seafood. Homeopathic remedies can be safely used with conventional medications, and can help to relieve symptoms.
More Information about Shellfish Allergies
- Over seven million Americans have a shellfish allergy. More than two out of every hundred people in America are affected.
- People who are allergic to fish may or may not be allergic to shellfish. The reverse is also true. Even if you cannot eat shellfish, you may be able to eat fish. If you do eat fish, be sure that there is no shellfish contained in any stuffing or sauces that accompany the fish.
- Shellfish may be a hidden ingredient in fish stock, seafood flavoring, surimi and sushi.
- Some people cannot tolerate eating in restaurants where seafood is served, even if they do not order shellfish.
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Potala Palace at Lhasa
The Potala Palace, an administrative, religious and political complex,
is built on the Red Mountain in the centre of the Lhasa valley, at an altitude
of 3700 metres. The complex comprises the White Palace and the Red Palace,
with their ancillary buildings. The Potala, winter palace of the Dalai
Lama since the 7th century A.D., symbolises Tibetan Buddhism and its central
role in the traditional administration in Tibet. The beauty and originality
of its architecture, its ornate decoration and its harmonious integration
in a striking landscape add to its historic and religious interest.
State of Conservation Reports: 1999,
with Partner Institutions:
About the World
For additional links, please go to WHIN.
WHC Web: http://www.unesco.org/whc/sites/707.html
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Based on its key qualities of flexibility and durability plastic has always been seen as an essential commodity. All of the personal protective equipment that has saved lives during the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted to me the extent to which plastic as a material is used. Plastics are also heavily used in fisheries, agriculture, renewable energy sources, transport, retail, and personal care products, so its safe to say that it directly or indirectly affects our daily life.
However, when I think of plastics, I also think about all of the plastic bags, bottles, packaging, cleaning products, and micro-plastics that merge with our beaches and marine ecosystems. Arguably, plastic has indeed made our lives more convenient, but plastic pollution is a huge problem, overflowing our landfills and infiltrating the ocean, it has come at a higher price than I believe we ever imagined.
One of the greatest threats to our environment is single-use plastic. Around 300 million tons of plastic is produced worldwide every year, and over 8 million of that enters the oceans annually, representing a huge threat to our ocean ecosystems.
At the start of the COVID-19 outbreak there seemed to be successes for the environment with social distancing measures keeping people off the roads and out of the skies. As a result carbon emissions were predicted to fall by 4% in 2020, compared to 2019.
However this is not the case when it comes to our oceans. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an estimated 129 billion face masks and 65 billion gloves used and disposed of globally, each month. Unfortunately, a lot of has and continues to end up in our oceans.
One of the main issues with gloves and masks ending up in our oceans is that they can easily be mistaken for jellyfish. Also birds and other marine life can easily get entangled in the masks elastic holds. One of the short term solutions I've adopted is wearing a reusable face mask, but it is crazy to think how many medical masks are now floating in our seas.
Additionally, 2020 became the year of disinfecting. As we witnessed the demand for disinfectant and sanitiser sky rocket, we consequently experienced increased solutions covered in plastic packaging, all of which were intended to be discarded after a single use.
ekologik offers the complete sustainable cleaning solution. The Virucidal Disinfectant Cleaner refill has been tested and proven to kill coronaviruses, including the COVID-19 virus (SARS-CoV-2) and conforms to the latest British standards BS EN14476:2013:A2:2019 relating to the virucidal activity of disinfectants, with a 5 minute contact time.
Considering that the oceans have been partially impacted by last year's surge in single-use alternatives, I have partnered with Surfers Against Sewage. 2% of every sale goes towards supporting them in their mission to eliminate plastic pollution in our oceans.
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verb (used without object)
IT’S A WORD OF THE DAY QUIZ BONANZA!
Origin of encroach
synonym study for encroach
OTHER WORDS FROM encroachen·croach·er, nounun·en·croached, adjectiveun·en·croach·ing, adjective
Example sentences from the Web for encroach
The Obama administration argued that Kirk-Menendez was unnecessarily confrontational and encroached on presidential authority.Iran Nuclear Deal Credit Should Go to Kirk and Menendez, Not Obama|David Frum|September 20, 2013|DAILY BEAST
Despite facing many obstacles, it was encroached only once, when militants invaded and took Dr. Abdi hostage.Angelina Jolie Champions Nobel Peace Prize Nominee, Dr. Hawa Abdi|Kara Cutruzzula|March 9, 2012|DAILY BEAST
The French soon became jealous, and encroached upon their treaty.
Here a peat-bog has encroached upon a fresh-water lake and has covered a mud bottom strewn with shells of pond-snails and mussels.The New Stone Age in Northern Europe|John M. Tyler
They would be obliged to act, and in such manner as would leave no doubt that they had encroached on the national rights.Thirty Years' View (Vol. I of 2)|Thomas Hart Benton
By this procedure Falsehood every hour encroached upon the world, and extended her empire through all climes and regions.
Of course, nothing can be done openly, because Englishmen make such a fuss when their liberties are encroached upon.Jennie Baxter, Journalist|Robert Barr
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To develop at a normal pace, toddlers must master a complex variety of skills, including dealing with emotions, following rules, making friends, and resolving conflicts. Since young children can’t yet read, they learn in the most human of ways: socialization.
Social development plays a critical role in a toddler’s overall progression. As children grow physically and begin to develop physical skills — such as walking — they also need to reach certain social milestones.
If you’re considering a career in early childhood education, you’ll want to become familiar with toddlers’ social development stages and the role that ECE plays.
Ages 1 to 2
As young toddlers, children begin to become aware that they are independent, separate beings. The Children’s Therapy and Family Resource Centre notes that between the ages of 1 and 2, children begin recognizing themselves in mirrors, imitating the words and actions of others, and showing affection toward people and animals they know.
On the negative side, children in this age group also begin showing frustration, feeling jealous when they’re not getting enough attention, and refusing requests from parents and teachers.
Children who develop more slowly may exhibit markers such as failing to imitate others, having difficulty waiting, or showing no interest in other children.
Early childhood education helps children during the formative ages of 1 and 2 develop skills to manage quickly changing emotions, play peacefully with other children, help with simple tasks, and understand and respond to a growing variety of words.
Ages 2 to 3
Children in the 2-year-old group begin to play attentively with other children, and they become more adept at communicating how they feel, becoming friends with other people, and coping with frustrations and challenges. Exposed to role models of positive relationships, children of this age begin developing the knowledge of right and wrong, including feeling compassion for others.
At 2 or 3, many children begin to assert their wishes, exhibit shyness, seek independence but still want security, dislike change, and have quick mood changes. Slowly developing children may not be interested in playing games that involve pretending, may show unusual aggression or excessive fears about normal activities, and may have trouble separating from their parents.
In ECE programs, 2- and 3-year-olds have the opportunity for socialization with other children, helping them learn to control their emotions, share their toys, feel empathy for others, and develop thinking and language skills through play.
By age 4, children are exiting the toddler stage and getting ready for kindergarten. Most 4-year-olds demonstrate a desire to become part of a group and play with others, and they want to interact with children their age.
Parents Magazine notes that age 4 often is a good time to consider having a child join a sports team with few restrictions and easy rules. At this age, most children also want to demonstrate physical affection toward family members and friends, and they express more sympathy for others who are having problems.
Children at 4 typically begin to cooperate with other children more and learn to wait their turn, and they often begin negotiating to resolve conflicts. They also become more independent; for instance, by helping put away belongings or choosing clothing.
As they become more confident, children also become more social — learning to share and cooperate with others. For young children ages 1 to 4, ECE programs provide valuable opportunities to learn socialization skills that mirror their physical development.
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kidzsearch.com > wiki Explore:images videos games
A peninsula is a region of land that sticks out in a body of water. It is also defined as a piece of land with water on three sides. Korea, and most of the U.S. state of Florida, are peninsulas. If Eurasia is considered a continent then the continent of Europe is technically a peninsula. The Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world covering 3,237,500 sq. km area. India is also a peninsula.
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How to Make a Scissor Truss
A scissor truss is one of many designs for a truss. A truss is an engineering term used in architectural and structural designs. It is a triangular shape which varies depending on the end user requirements. To make a truss you will follow some basic construction steps. The most common use for a truss is for roof construction. Most truss construction is made of strong wood with metal joint plates that hold the wood pieces together. All the materials for a roof are anchored by the truss. The truss will bear the weight of the entire roof. A scissor truss design consists of a triangle compressed to look like the two shear blades of a scissor. A scissor truss allows for a high open ceiling.
Step 1 - Design
Work with a qualified architect to design your truss. The aesthetic value an architect brings to your design will be relevant when the room is finished. Next, work with a structural engineer who will give you exact measurements for the specifications necessary to have a safe truss. Make sure you check with your local building department before beginning any construction project.
Step 2 - Prepare the Work Area
A truss should be built with the wood laying on a flat surface, outdoors. You will need an area large enough to accommodate the height and width of your truss when it is completed. The best way to install a truss is to lift it into position from its construction location. Set up your saw in the area you plan to cut the lumber. Arrange a space where you will assemble the truss. You will cut all the lumber at one time, so include an area where you can separate the pieces according to their size and placement in the truss.
Step 3 - Cut the Lumber for the First Truss
With the correct dimensions from your structural engineer you should be able to cut the lumber without any problems. It is a wise move to only cut enough wood to construct one truss at this point. You will then build one truss prior to cutting all the lumber. If any adjustments are necessary, this is the time to find that out.
Step 4 - Build the First Truss
With the pieces lying down, form the scissor truss as the engineering design dictates. Bring the pieces together, place a nail plate on the joints and gently tack them all together. Measure the completed truss and compare those measurements to the specs you received with the design. If necessary, make any adjustments and note those changes.
Step 5 - Cut the Lumber
Using any adjustments you may have made from the first truss construction, cut all the lumber for all the trusses. Construct one truss at a time, making sure that you center the nail plates to the joints and each board when attaching them.
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Compilers's Full Profile
The content of this course on programming language compilers included lexical analysis, parsing, syntax-directed translation, abstract syntax trees, types and type checking, intermediate languages, dataflow analysis, program optimization, code generation and runtime systems.
Mar 01, 2014
to Mar 01, 2014
- Level of Difficulty: Intermediate
- Size: Massive Open Online Course
- Instructor: Alex Aiken
- Institution: Coursera
Coursera is an education company that partners with the top universities and organizations in the world to offer courses online for anyone to take, for free.
Questions about Compilers
Want more info about Compilers?
Get free advice from education experts and Noodle community members.
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Clinical Pilates is a system of highly specific therapeutic exercises that combines the use of Pilates equipment as well as anatomical and physiological knowledge to address a wide range of conditions.
It is an adaptation from the Pilates Method, which was invented by Joseph Pilates in the early 20th century. It is now used by healthcare professionals around the world to treat a variety of injuries, conditions and dysfunctional movement patterns.
What conditions are treated by Clinical Pilates:
• Pre and post-natal
• Back and neck pain
• Soft tissue damage due to trauma
• Postural problems
• Pelvic and hip pain
• Chronic pain
• Post-operative recovery
For more info on Clinical Pilates, click here.
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Difference between revisions of "James Eights 2036"
(Created page with "'''James Eights''' was Albany's first historical artist. He also was a scientist and naturalist, an antiquarian historian, and a writer. But because most of his achievements t...")
Revision as of 15:53, 2 December 2019
James Eights was Albany's first historical artist. He also was a scientist and naturalist, an antiquarian historian, and a writer. But because most of his achievements took place well into the nineteenth century, his principal contribution to the early Albany story took the form of a series of cityscape drawings and paintings that showed Albany as he remembered it in his childhood.
James Eights was born in 1798, the only son of respected city physician Dr. Jonathan Eights and his wife, New York City transplant Alida Wynkoop Eights.
Growing up in the doctor's home/office on North Pearl Street, he was educated by his father and championed by his sometime neighbor, Stephen Van Rensselaer, who had young James appointed draftsman to the geological survey of the Erie Canal.
Eights's maps and drawings brought him some note. By the 1820s, he was finding work as a surveyor and draftsman for naturalist and educator Amos Eaton and the younger geologist, Ebenezer Emmons. In 1823, he was one of the founders of the Albany Lyceum of Natural History and published a number of scientific papers in its Transactions. In 1826, Eaton organized a "Traveling School of Science on the Erie Canal" with Eights as second in command and mentor. In 1827, he was appointed examiner at Van Rensselaer's Troy-based engineering school.
In 1828, twenty-four-year-old James Eights was named "surgeon and naturalist on an informal scientific expedition to the Antarctic." Sailing in October 1829, Eights later published several accounts of the geology and biology of the Southern Hemisphere. Perhaps because of professional jealousies or possibly due to alcohol and substance abuse, he was dropped from a second expedition organized in 1837. Eights's scientific career has been more closely chronicled in the sources cited below.
By the late 1830s, James Eights was a confirmed bachelor and had returned to Albany and to the home of his parents. But on their deaths a decade later, he turned to scientific writing and to mineralogy. Calling himself a "geologist and mining surveyor" he undertook contract work in New England and in North Carolina.
During the 1840s and 50s, he began to issue watercolors of Albany street scenes - set in the early 1800s and before. Based on memory, observation, and considerable research in maps and documents, his artwork is the basic resource for modern visualizations of early Albany. In addition, he wrote a number of historical essays published under assumed names.
However, Eights did not flourish as he continued to age. Becoming destitute, he lived out his days in the Ballston Spa home of his sister. James Eights died in June 1882 at the age of eighty-four. With the old bachelor's passing, the Eights name disappeared from active life. But his legacy in art, science, and literature lives on in the annals of Albany!
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In Morocco, where COP22 talks began last week, and around the world, climate change is inherently tied to the history of colonialism. By Joe Hayns
Each year, the world’s heads of state meet at the Conference of Parties (COP) to discuss how to “stabiliz[e] greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system,” as the guiding United Nations Framework on Climate Change demands.
Last year’s COP garnered international attention and praise. Le Monde’s verdict included a quote from the event’s president and Parti Socialiste foreign minister, Laurent Fabius (“a compromise guided by ‘climate justice’”). The Guardian called the meeting “a rare and heartening case of disparate peoples being led to a common conclusion by evidence and reason.” The New York Times declared that the negotiations ended with “a historic breakthrough.”
But many climate justice activists and scientists disagree. Against the “People’s Test” — “a set of criteria that the Paris deal would need to meet in order to be effective and fair” created by social movements, unions, and environmental groups — the Paris agreements failed on every count.
On Monday, COP22 began in Marrakech, Morocco. International attention will again focus on the political class’s negotiations. But if we’re serious about fighting climate change globally, we might be better off listening to the Moroccan activists currently fighting environmental ruination. This resistance comes out of the country’s imperialist environmental policy, which, to paraphrase William Faulkner, isn’t past: it isn’t even history.
From 1915 to 1955, le protectorat française — or, as it tends to be called, al-Isti‘amār, the colonization — expropriated the most fertile lands, created irrigation systems, and mechanized production, creating, as Adam Hanieh writes, a “bifurcated agricultural system.” The goal was straightforward: to create profitable exports for France.
Agricultural production increased enormously in the formal colonial period: in 1930, there were 10,000 hectares of vineyard, by 1955, 55,000. Land devoted to citrus production grew tenfold in half a lifetime: 5,000 hectares in 1935, 52,000 in 1958.
Rural, then urban, life turned upside down as a result. The theft of communal lands and devastating unemployment caused massive urbanization.
The colonial regime did remake the cities, but for soldiers and tourists, not displaced peasants. Rabat-Salé, the administrative capital, was riven by urban apartheid. Casablanca and Marrakech fared little better. As elsewhere, colonialism created “a world cut in two.” This new world was increasingly urban — not despite, but because of, the regime’s rural imperatives: to steal, mechanize, and profit.
Techno-ecological change remained violently antisocial in the counter-colonial phase as well. European ownership of lands decreased enormously after the French were expelled in the 1950s. Unlike in Egypt and Algeria, however, no substantial redistribution to the rural proletariat took place.
Once the Moroccan monarchy — al-Makhzen, a word used to describe the country’s unelected power — found itself back in power, it had to compete with the urban, bourgeois nationalists. To bolster their power, the ruling class developed good relations with rural elites who, of course, opposed state expropriation of land. The disorganized peasantry could not mount a substantial counterforce as the royal state and rich landowners bought out the departing French.
Then, as Diana K. Davis explains:
- Like the colonial government before him, the leader of independent Morocco for four decades (1961–1999), King Hassan II, chose to use the best and most developed agricultural land for the production of export crops such as citrus and vegetables.
This decision accords with the whole apparatus of international finance — USAID, the World Bank, and, more recently, the European Investment Bank (EIB). They all reject collective land use (especially pastoralism) and support privatized, large-scale agricultural production — always with a view to export. To quote Adam Haniehagain, this meant “a reconstitution and intensification of the bifurcated agricultural system that existed under colonialism.”
But the environmental basis of this industry is rapidly drying up.
A 2012 study shows “a general tendency toward warmer and drier conditions” in western and northern Morocco over the past forty years. By 2040, rainfall may decrease by as much as 30 percent in the country’s south. The region’s REMO model “suggests a temperature rise in North Africa between two and three degrees Celsius by 2050.”
Almost 40 percent of the Moroccan labor force works in agriculture. This sector also consumes 90 percent of the country’s water, most of which comes from precipitation. In an already environmentally vulnerable region, Morocco’s economic survival will largely depend on the coming climatic conditions.
The Green Map
The Moroccan state has received very favorable press for its 2008 agricultural reform strategy. Wall Street International optimistically calls the plan “modern and inclusive . . . suited [to] the market rules.”
Ouarzazate Solar Power Station (OSPS), also called Noor Power Station. Located in the Souss-Massa-Drâa area in Morocco.
Likewise, the world has celebrated the Noor plant, the largest concentrated solar plant, located in the southeastern Ouarzazate province. This project drew COP22 to Morocco and is expected to “reduce carbon emissions by 760,000 tons per year.” The complex’s low-emission energy will eventually go on sale in Europe.
There are two problems, though. First, the entire project required more dispossession — 3,000 hectares — through compulsory sales at extraordinarily low rates. And if the plant isn’t profitable, the theft will persist: Moroccans will have to service the debt owed to the World Bank and other investors.
Second, the plant demands two to three million cubed meters of water each year. Relative to the nearest dam’s average capacity, this amount is modest; however, as Hamza Hamouchene reports, “at times of extreme drought . . . the dam waters will not be sufficient to cover the needs of irrigation and drinking waters, making the water usage for the solar plant deeply problematic and contentious.”
Hamouchen further explains that the plant
- externaliz[es] the risk of Europe’s renewable energy strategy to Morocco and other struggling economies around the region. It ignores entirely what has come to be called “climate debt” or “ecological debt” that is owed by the industrialized North to countries of the Global South, given the historical responsibility of the West in causing climate change. Instead, debt is only legitimate in the other way and plays a role of imperialist control and subordination.
In the colonial period, Europeans expropriated farms for export-intensive agriculture. Now global capital, the Moroccan state, and foreign governments want to use ever-drier land, with ever-less and ever-saltier water, in order to produce “green” energy for Europe.
The orthodox view of North African politics has it that “Morocco enjoys political stability.” Certainly, Algeria’s terrible civil war in the 1990s, Ben Ali’s popular deposition in Tunisia in 2011, and Libya’s continuing spiral makes Moroccan politics appear relatively quiet.
But these comparisons don’t tell the whole story. Since the 1980s, Moroccans have fiercely resisted capitalist development. The popular protests that began in February 2011 produced, for a time, a near-revolutionary situation. The current protests may go beyond that.
In these movements, environmental demands go hand in hand with working-class anger.
Take the Movement of the Road ’96. Its five-year occupation of Africa’s richest silver mine, which is largely owned by the royal state, has reduced output by 30–40 percent. The activists say they are fighting “the systematic pillage of the natural resources in our land and against the discrimination of socio-economic rights.”
Last year, protests erupted in Tangier against Paris-based Veolia’s extortionate rates for water and electricity. Chants of “Shame, shame,” the Makhzen “sold us out to colonialism” filled the streets.
The recent uprising following the state’s murder of Mouhcine Fikri, who was crushed while retrieving confiscated fish from a garbage truck, is not an exceptional event in an otherwise placid country. As Miriyam Aouragh explains, it is “a continuation of the explosion of anger and protest in 2011.” Moroccans are again demanding “liberty, dignity, and social justice” from a regime — fully backed by the United States and the European Union — that can provide none of them.
That is the national context for COP22. The event itself will probably be shorter on headlines and longer on detail than last year’s meeting. The required number of countries ratified the Paris agreement in less than a year — for comparison, Kyoto took nearly eight years. COP22 will likely focus on the signatories’ Nationally Determined Contributions. The fact that these “pledges amount to less than half of the cuts needed to reach the goals they agreed in Paris” may or may not come up, especially since world leaders will now have to cope withPresident-elect Trump.
No matter the results, the liberal chorus will applaud whatever they decide. But we must remember that, at this time last year in Paris, “all the governments of the world agreed to increase global greenhouse gas emissions every year between now and 2030.” Without enormous popular pressure, each successive COP will also be a greenwash. As the Movement of the Road reminds us, we need to build a ground-up climate justice movement, and quickly.
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The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are important components of a healthy and secure society. They transform raw materials into drugs and vaccines that treat and prevent illnesses in both humans and animals. These industries also convert microorganisms, nucleic acids, and other genetic materials into innovative products for medical care, agriculture, industrial processes, and environmental products, such as enzymes that break down solids during wastewater treatment.
A major concern of the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is contamination. Tainted batches are expensive in terms of lost products and possibly regulatory fines. Manufacturing facilities also lose time when they have to stop production, sanitize the process, and restart.
One of the best ways to prevent contamination is to use measurement products that meet or exceed standards for hygiene and cleanability.
Instrumentation in the Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology Industry
By monitoring pharmaceutical and biotechnology processes, measuring instruments help ensure quality and safety. Common applications include:
Any industry that manufactures products intended for human consumption is required to follow rigorous standards and mandates. Noncompliance can result in fines and forced shutdowns. If consumers’ health and safety are endangered, the cost becomes even higher.
Measuring instruments help ensure the highest levels of safety and compliance in sanitary processes. The instruments themselves, especially components in direct contact with the product, must also be hygienic; otherwise, they risk contaminating the media.
WIKA’s gauges, sensors, and switches for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries feature the following hygienic designs:
WIKA has a comprehensive line of pressure, temperature, level, and force instruments for sanitary applications. These products are made following good manufacturing practice (GMP) guidelines and comply with the following regulations and standards:
Mounting is a key part of sanitary instruments. We offer the leading hygienic fittings for the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry:
For toxic, bioactive, or very sensitive substances, we have special instrumentation options for integrating measuring instruments without using elastomers.
WIKA also has an extensive program for proof of conformity within the scope of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP), an internationally recognized method for identifying and managing food safety risks. In addition, our calibration equipment and calibration services make sure your measuring instruments are accurate and well maintained.
WIKA has worked with licensing and EPC companies for more than 30 years on major projects all over the world. We partner with you from the planning stages through to completion, and we provide post-project support. In addition to supplying high-quality process measurement instruments for temperature, pressure, level and flow applications, we can also work with you to develop solutions that meet your exact requirements.
WIKA also offers on-site expertise and technical support services to help ensure the success of your project. For more information, contact us at 1-888-945-2872 or [email protected].
WIKA USA, part of your pharmaceuticals and biotechnology business
Our success and reputation are built on three factors: a wide and innovative product range, comprehensive services, and a global presence with employees committed to your success. Make WIKA USA part of your pharmaceuticals and biotechnology business.
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Before reading, please check out our previous blog post about how humidity affects the density of air.
In our previous post, the question was posed: Is it easier to hit a home run on a humid night or a dry night at the same ball park? The following explanation will help us figure this out.
So what is an ideal gas anyway? The ideal gas law is used to assume that certain properties about a gas will remain constant. The law states that the product of the pressure and the volume of a gas is equal to the product of the amount of substance (expressed as moles), the universal gas constant, and the temperature of the gas. As an equation:
Let’s say we have a cubic foot of dry air. It is about 78% nitrogen (N2=28 grams/mole), 21% oxygen (O2=32 grams/mole) and a small amount of other gases. For details on how these masses were calculated, see our post about the molar masses of gases. These molecules will move in and out of our cube of air as they please. Now, let us add some humidity into the equation. Water vapor (H2O=18 grams/mole) now takes up some of the space that the nitrogen and oxygen molecules used to occupy.
Now that we know which particles have a greater molar mass, let us prove that density is proportional to molar mass. To do this, we will break down the ideal gas equation to solve for density. The variable M represents the molar mass of the gas molecule. The rest of the variables will remain constant.
In the final step, m/V was changed to density. This derivation proves that the density of an air molecule is directly proportional to its molar mass. Thus, the density of water vapor (18 grams/mole) is less than dry air (28.5 grams/mole).
With the water added to the mixture, the portion of heavy molecules (air) has decreased and the portion of light molecules (water vapor) has increased in our cube. Now our cube has the same volume but a smaller mass. Therefore, the density of the cube of gases has decreased. How does this relate to the home run you may ask?
The instant the ball cracks off the bat, it is running into countless air and water vapor molecules as it flies towards the outfield fence. If the air less humid or if the pressure is greater, the baseball will feel greater effects of resistance due to drag. This will cause it to slow at a faster rate and not travel as far. We can conclude that the best place and conditions for the home run derby would be at the Colorado Rockies stadium in Denver (alt>5000 ft) on a humid night.
The next time you step outside on a hot humid summer night, you may want to say “wow the air density is quite low tonight”.
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Mohamed Ibrahim Bassyouni
2020 / 5 / 23
Corona vaccine, developed in China, bodes well after studying over 100 people. The vaccine seemed safe and capable of generating an immune response.
A new study showed that a possible coronavirus vaccine developed in China seemed safe and capable of generating an immune response after an early trial in more than 100 people.
The vaccine, called Ad5-nCoV, is being developed by the Chinese company CanSino Biologics, and was one of the first coronavirus vaccines to enter early human trials in March. Now, there are more than 100 different coronavirus vaccines under development worldwide, with at least eight of those undergoing human trials.
Ad5-nCoV uses a weak version of the common cold virus (known as adenovirus) that infects human cells but does not cause disease to provide part of the genetic material from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. This genetic material provides signals and instructions for making "Spike protein" on the surface of SARS - CoV-2. The idea is that a person s immune system will create antibodies to the protein spike, which will help fight the coronavirus if it is subsequently exposed.
In a new study published Friday (May 22) in The Lancet, researchers tested Ad5-nCoV in 108 healthy people between the ages of 18 and 60 who did not have COVID-19. Participants received either a low, medium,´-or-high dose of vaccine.
Two weeks after vaccination, participants in the three groups demonstrated a level of immune response to the virus. By 28 days, almost all participants developed SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (but not necessarily attacking the virus), and about half of the participants in the low and medium dose groups and three quarters of the high dose group participants developed "neutral antibodies" associated with the virus and mal-function-ed to prevent it From hitting cells.
The study indicated that the most common side effects were mild pain at the injection site, mild fever, fatigue, headache, and muscle pain.
However, nine participants (two in the low-dose group, two in the medium-dose group and five in the high-dose group) had a fever greater than 38.5 ° C, and symptoms developed in one participant in the high-dose group severe fever with fatigue, shortness of breath and muscle pain. However these effects lasted for no more than 48 hours.
Participants were aware of the dose they received, which may have influenced their perceptions of side effects.
"These results are an important milestone," but the results should be interpreted with caution, said Wei Chen, senior researcher with the study from the Beijing Institute of Biotechnology in China. The challenges in developing a COVD-19 vaccine are unprecedented, and the ability to stimulate these immune responses does not necessarily indicate that the vaccine will protect humans from COVID-19.
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World cheapest 9 dollar tiny computer or is it an Internet of Things concept?
Heard about Raspberry pi? That tiny single-board computer costing $25 which created a thrill and seemed like a revolution for inexpensive computers.
How would you take a cheaper than Raspberry pi computer that’s much smaller in size and inexpensive? Chip – $9 computer has even gone lower and has surpassed its $50K Kickstarter goal.
Raspberry pi was used by hobbyist and coders to do experiments and run/test some academic projects etc. It was also used for the famous XBMC now known as KODI home media entertainment project. But Chip is going beyond these and may soon become a part of IOT (Internet of things).
So What is Chip?
Chip is the first world’s cheapest and tiny computer costing 9$ with competitive specs to perform basic multi-computing tasks.
Chip comes with a 1GHz processor, 4GB of internal memory and 512MB of RAM. Connectivity modules such as Wi-Fi and blueooth 4.0 are also integrated. The built-in composite output makes it possible to connect to HDMI or VGA displays such as monitor or televisions using an adapter.
For portability you can attach a 2.7 volts Lithium-ion polymer battery and you are good to go. This is achieved by the fact that the Chip has a fully integrated battery power circuit, so attaching a battery will make it a portable device.
Chip comes with an open source OS already fitted in, which can be used to browse web using chromium web browser or do some productivity tasks using LibreOffice.
Its not even limited to that, as said earlier its a computer, you can hack it the way you like and use it.
Next Thing 9$ Computer
Why Chip is so much cheaper?
Chip at $9 price is very cheap, but how come a chip can be so cheap? Next Thing wanted to order parts in bulk from suppliers thus reducing individual component price. Next Thing has already raised over $700,000 and 25 days still left for campaign end.
Its natural when the technology becomes cheaper and smaller, more people will learn to code and prototype some new ideas thus bringing some new technologies that will not only benefit societies but the world as well.
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The much-anticipated Global Compact for Refugees (GCR), expected in late 2018, together with the Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), promise to revitalize refugee response through a multi-stakeholder “whole of society” approach. At a time when the international community is grappling with fundamental questions such as the equitable sharing of responsibility for refugees, the views and opinions of citizens in East Africa are invaluable in charting new directions.
East Africa has a long history of hosting refugee populations. Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have experienced large influxes of displaced people from numerous conflicts around the region over the past decades. These three countries currently host more than 2.2 million refugees, with Uganda hosting 1.4 million, followed by Kenya (just under 500,000) and Tanzania (over 350,000).
Uganda is unique in that it has departed from the dominant refugee response model in East Africa; instead of housing refugees in large camps, Uganda has championed an integrated settlements approach in which refugees and host communities coexist and share common services—as exemplified by the Settlements Transformative Agenda (STA) and Refugee and Host Population Empowerment (ReHoPE) approaches that have brought citizens and refugees closer together at the local level.
The majority of Ugandan citizens still have little or no interaction with refugees, yet Ugandans play a critical role, both directly and indirectly, in determining the conditions of refugee asylum. The extent to which citizens influence asylum policies in Uganda is not well documented, and little is known about the impact of citizens’ perceptions on current policy positions.
This report attempts to illuminate key issues concerning the reception and response of the citizens of Uganda to refugees, as well as their attitudes toward the establishment of durable solutions. UNHCR defines three durable solutions for refugees:
- voluntary repatriation to the country of origin in safety and dignity,
- local integration in the country of asylum and,
- resettlement to a third country.
The objective is to highlight any connection (or disconnection) that may exist between public perceptions of refugees and public policy established by national and local governments.
The report calls for more deliberate and strategic engagement of the public in the policy decision-making process in Uganda. It identifies opportunities for strategic engagement of citizens and concludes that more needs to be done to improve the quality of information available to the public, as well as opportunities for citizens to engage directly in policy formulation.
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Flathead Catfish are restricted to large rivers in southeast South Dakota and Lake Mitchell in Davison County. Their preferred habitat is the warm water of large rivers and impoundments. Flathead Catfish seem to avoid fast currents and instead seek deep pools with abundant cover. They feed on live or dead fish but may also eat insects and crustaceans.
The body of the Flathead Catfish is tubular in shape and lacks scales. Their body is brown to yellow and is mottled or speckled with darker brown-black colors. The belly is a pale yellow to cream color. They have a broad, flat head with a protruding lower jaw. The barbels are a striking characteristic of this species and other catfish family members.
GFP is currenty conducting a study on both Channel and Flathead Catfish on the James River. More information regarding this study can be found on the Lower James River Catfish Study page.
Limits apply to any combination of catfish species.
MN/SD Border waters: 5 with only one longer than 24 inches
IA/SD Border waters: 15
Missouri River, Bad River, Belle Fourche River, Cheyenne River, Grand River, Little Missouri, Moreau River, White River: No limit
Proud Angler Qualifications:
30 inches (released fish only)
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https://gfp.sd.gov/flathead-catfish/
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Good Posture And Vitality
( Originally Published 1936 )
What do we mean when we say a person has "it"? Somehow or other, we instinctively recognize the quality—both its presence and its absence, and we can classify our friends into those who have and do not have "it."
In analyzing the real nature of the quality the other day, a group of people finally agreed that "it" consists fundamentally in superior vitality. The person who has so much energy that it exudes out all over him—energy of the body, of the intellect, of the soul—is the person who fundamentally has "it."
Perhaps nothing contributes more to give the impression of this superior vitality than good posture. Perhaps we remember people more on account of their graceful carriage, effortless walk, easy assumption of different positions—sitting, playing games—than we do beauty of face, skin, hands, or figure.
GOOD POSTURE GIVES VITALITY
Certainly he who has a good posture and a good walking carriage should have vitality because poor posture necessarily drains energy and brings on fatigue. The head should rest in good balance on the top of the spine. When it does not, the improper balance is supported by the neck muscles, and the muscular strain involved produces fatigue more rapidly than in the well balanced posture. The same analogy applies to the position of the spine, which should fit squarely into the sacrum, that bone which is, in shape and in function, the key-stone of the bony ring of the hips—the pelvis.
Nearly all spines rest somewhat unbalanced on the sacrum, so that about 95 per cent of us have a slight curve in the lower or lumbar region of the spine. In most cases this does not involve any strain, but when accentuated it may bring on a number of symptoms associated with fatigue, malnutrition, constipation, loss of appetite, and a sense of mental depression.
How can we improve our standing posture? We can attain a good standing posture by throwing our shoulders back and rotating the palms of the hands out. Just take that position, allow your arms to hang, and rotate your hands so the palms are forward. You instinctively expand your chest and want to take a deep breath. The two feet should be parallel, distributing the weight of the body equally on the balls of both feet.
A soldier at attention has a good posture so long as he does not keep his muscles strained. A plumb line dropped from the lobe of the ear of a person in good posture should pass through the line of the shoulder, hip, knee and ankle.
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| 0.94231 | 533 | 2.625 | 3 |
OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to determine the potential for chlorhexidine used as a vaginal and neonatal wash to reduce adverse outcomes of pregnancy, especially in developing countries.
DATA SOURCES: We searched the English literature from January 1950 through October 2005 for all articles related to the use of chlorhexidine.
METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Every article on chlorhexidine use in pregnancy and in the newborn period was reviewed in detail. The results of every study in which chlorhexidine was used as a vaginal treatment, with or without a neonatal wash, for all pregnancy outcomes except mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, are summarized in this review.
TABULATION, INTEGRATION AND RESULTS: Chlorhexidine is a highly effective killer of most bacteria, has an excellent safety profile, rarely is associated with bacterial resistance, is easy to administer, and costs a few cents per application. When used as a vaginal or newborn disinfectant, it clearly reduces bacterial load, including transmission of Group B Streptococcus from the mother to the fetus. Nevertheless, in developed countries, chlorhexidine generally has not been shown to significantly reduce life-threatening maternal or neonatal infections. However, 2 large but not randomized studies, one in Malawi and the other in Egypt, suggest that important reductions in maternal and neonatal sepsis and neonatal mortality may be achievable with vaginal or neonatal chlorhexidine treatment.
CONCLUSION: With 4 million neonates and about 700,000 pregnant or recently pregnant women–mostly in developing countries–dying each year, many from infections originating in the vagina, further study of this highly promising treatment is indicated.
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en
| 0.945912 | 349 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Were You Aware of These Real (and Fun) Plumbing Facts?
Plumbing has come a long way since humans invented its earliest forms many centuries ago. From the most basic irrigation and sanitation systems of ancient times to the vast infrastructures and “smart” fixtures of today, plumbing technology has seen many changes. And though it’s a relatively young nation, America has been home to some of the most incredible and groundbreaking of those changes.
So to commemorate Independence Day, here are some fascinating plumbing facts from America’s past – and a few from the present to illustrate how far things have come.
Great Moments in American History: Plumbing Edition
One great advancement in plumbing came in 1829 when an architect named Isaiah Rogers designed the first hotel with indoor plumbing in Boston. The hotel, called the Tremont House, featured a rooftop storage tank fed by a steam-powered pump. Once in the tank, water could be delivered via a network of pipes to taps, baths, and toilets (then called water closets), using nothing but gravity.
The Tremont was ahead of its time – even the White House didn’t get running water until 1833 and didn’t get a flush toilet until Millard Fillmore’s term nearly 20 years after that. President Fillmore also reportedly ordered improvements to the plumbing systems in the residential quarters. Another major innovation came in 1857 when an American inventor named Joseph Gayetty marketed the first commercial toilet paper – though it was initially sold as a medicated anti-hemorrhoid product with aloe.
All About Toilets
Though America has seen plenty of toilet innovations, flushable toilets were around in some forms before America was even a nation. Funnily enough, the first patent for a flush toilet was filed in the UK in 1775, just a year before signing the Declaration of Independence.
But today, America is one of the leaders in terms of sanitation systems and widespread toilet access. In many parts of the world, televisions and mobile phones are in higher abundance than toilets. It’s even estimated that 2.5 billion people worldwide don’t have access to proper toilets. This 4th of July is a perfect opportunity to celebrate such a basic necessity that’s so easy to take for granted.
More Plumbing Fixture Facts
America’s abundance of toilets and excellent sanitation systems aren’t the only plumbing advancements to be grateful for, however. Lead poisoning used to be a fairly common occurrence due to the lead pipes used for water supply lines throughout the 18th, 19th, and early 20th centuries. Lead has since been banned and replaced with copper, steel, or PEX piping – in fact, in the last 60 years, over 28 billion feet of copper piping has been installed in America.
Irrigation systems have also come a long way. The first modern-style sprinkler was patented in 1871 by an American inventor named Joseph Lessler. In 1932, a citrus farmer in California named Orton Englehart created the impact sprinkler – the design still used for many lawn sprinkler heads today, to the delight of playful children in backyards all over the country!
Plumbing has also become more environmentally friendly. Older toilets use around 6 gallons of water with each flush, while new low-flush models use only 1.28 gallons. Since toilets account for about 30 percent of the average home’s water usage, that’s a big impact. Water-saving faucets and shower heads can also save tens of thousands of gallons every year. But despite these advancements, household water leaks still waste around 1 trillion gallons of water in America every year. So it’s crucial not to let any leak wait, no matter how small!
About American Eagle Plumbing
American Eagle Plumbing, Inc. has been serving Round Rock, TX for years. As a family-owned and operated small business, they have earned numerous awards and 5-star reviews with their honesty and superior service. They offer flat-rate pricing, financing, and membership perks. Call now for plumbing service!
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| 0.955024 | 850 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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