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In today’s fast changing world, most people would agree that we lead busy, often hectic lives. We could all use some lifestyle changes to help us cope and meet our daily commitments. This could involve making the changes needed to reduce our stress levels, evaluating our time management, looking more closely at the foods we consume and adding nutritional supplements that can increase our energy and overall health and wellness.
There are some definitive and simple changes that can be made. Making a plan to inject some healthy living patterns into our daily routines can help us get started on the path to healthier living. Start with some basics such as getting enough sleep, reducing our stress levels and getting regular exercise.
Better management of our time can help us get into a more regular sleeping pattern. Our bodies need a good night’s sleep to recover, renew, rebuild and restore so we have the energy to face the next day’s challenges. Most of us with heavy time commitments or young children tend to compromise on nightly sleep resulting in chronic sleep deprivation. We may not realize or think about how important it is to get the sleep necessary to maintain our stamina. Lack of sleep can cause high blood pressure, impair our immune responses, cause a decline in cognitive performance and affect both our mood and our energy levels.
Stress is how we respond to daily life. High stress levels affect us emotionally, physically and behaviorally. Stress can cause tension, anxiety, depression and insomnia which in turn can cause reduced energy reserves. Assessing and identifying what is creating stress is a good first step to reduction.
There are not enough good things that can be said for regular exercise. It reduces stress, helps maintain your weight, keeps your body healthy and active, encourages restful sleep and releases endorphins that make you feel energetic and provides an overall sense of well being.
Make a commitment to eat better. Diets rich in a variety of fruits, vegetables, lean protein and low in simple carbs and refined sugars, can promote good health, reduce stress, increase our energy and revitalize our bodies.
Thirst is the first sign of dehydration which can cause fatigue and loss of concentration. We need to drink continually throughout the day to replace what is lost though perspiration and elimination of toxins. Do your body a favor. Make getting enough water daily a priority.
Talk to your healthcare provider about energy boosting supplements. High quality vitamin and mineral supplements can decrease fatigue and energize your mood and body.
- B Vitamins in particular are often referred to as energy vitamins. B vitamin complexes are needed for healthy maintenance of brain cells and metabolism of carbohydrates. If you are feeling fatigued, irritable, have difficulty concentrating or have anxiety, you could be Vitamin B deficient.
- CoQ10 is found in every cell of the body. Your cells use it to produce energy, for growth and maintenance and to aid in recovery after exercise. It also functions as an antioxidant providing protection from harmful molecules.
- Siberian Ginseng has been used traditionally for centuries to increase energy, longevity and vitality. It has adaptogenic properties which help the body cope with physical and mental stress.
If you are looking for a successful formula for a more energetic lifestyle, work on adjusting your sleep patterns, reducing your stress, eating healthy foods, exercising , hydrating and taking supplements to give your body the care it deserves. You will be richly rewarded with positive energy to help you look and feel mentally, emotionally and physically healthier.
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The cost of education has increased dramatically over the decades. New school construction and building additions — the bricks and mortar costs — have increased significantly creating exceptional bonded indebtedness. At the same time, dramatic cost increases in salary and benefits for teachers, administrators, and support staff — the human resource costs of education — have spiraled upward.
As a result, education budgets in towns and cities across Connecticut are consuming higher and higher percentages of property tax collections year after year. And, in a growing number of towns and cities, more of the direct and indirect costs of education are assigned to the general budget. Wherever we find the practice of burying some education costs in the general fund, the real aggregate costs of education are being shrouded from the eyes of most taxpayers.
Fortunately, a simple accounting method used by many professionals outside the field of education offers a way out of the crisis.
Almost everyone has heard of the phrase “billable hours.” But, not everyone outside of the legal and accounting professions may know exactly what it means. In simplest terms, “billable hours” are those hours a professional spends at work in service of a specific assignment.
Teachers do not normally track their time in the way that lawyers and accountants do, but they certainly could.
Why is it desirable for teachers to account for their time in such a manner? Because using “billable hours” gives all education stakeholders the ability to begin to make rational choices about the optimal allocation of a school’s most precious education delivery resource — teacher time. By translating a teacher’s labor into an objective measurement, parents, school boards, and principals can begin to make cost-effective decisions about who should be hired, what should be taught, and when.
How would “billable hours” work in education? For every teacher, we make two simple calculations:
The first is the “teacher instruction cost.” You get this figure by multiplying a teacher’s scheduled daily teaching hours times 180 school days and the dividing the result into the teacher’s annual salary. For example, a teacher with a load of 4.75 class hours per day and a salary of $64,400 would have a teacher instruction cost of $75.32. Put more simply, an hour of his (or her) teaching time costs the taxpayers $75.32.
The second calculation is the “student instruction cost.” This is simply the teacher instruction cost — the hourly amount we’ve just calculated — divided by the number of students in a specific classroom. Carrying through on our example, we would say that the student instruction cost for a teacher making $75.32 an hour running a Social Studies class of 25 students is $3.01. With this figure we can say exactly what is costs to educate each student in a particular class.
With these two simple calculations it is now possible to establish the actual cost of delivering an education to any classroom. More importantly, it is possible to make objective comparisons of education delivery costs within a single school or across a district. Parents, school boards, taxpayers, principals and other stakeholders can even compare Elementary, Middle or High Schools classroom costs across districts with complete objectivity.
The potential benefits of these calculations are enormous. Using the both the “teacher instruction cost” and “student instruction cost” it is possible to insure that instructional costs are not skewed by the size of a school system’s census — a factor that has historically confused comparisons between small and large districts. These measures can also uncover and pinpoint the actual costs of different modes of instruction, of school organization and of daily school scheduling, all-the-while insulating cost-effective judgments from attempts to obscure them with pedagogical rhetoric.
The use of “billable hours” will enable those who wish to get the most from their town’s tax dollars to review public school costs with a “laser-like” focus, producing the kind of quality education parents and school boards statewide would like to see. This concept, easily adapted from the accounting and legal professions, can provide all education stakeholders with a powerful a tool to effectively manage education delivery costs.
”’Dr. Theodore Martland is a former Superintendent of Schools in Connecticut. Mr. Richard Olivastro is president of People Dynamics, a Connecticut based Leadership Development Company and a member of the Board of Directors of the Yankee Institute. They can be reached at Education Dynamics, 860-678-7526.”’
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As your resource for custom t-shirts in Florida, we love all things t-shirt related. At Tip Tops there’s nothing we enjoy more than a good, old-fashioned tie-dye t-shirt. But where did tie-dye come from? We’d like to take a moment to share the history of tie-dye with you here:
The earliest forms of tie-dye were not actually from derived from American culture. Though much of the fabric evidence of early tie-dyeing has disintegrated, there are other pieces of evidence suggesting that tie-dye existed thousands of years prior to America’s adaptation. History suggests that the earliest form of tie-dye originated in India as Bandhani and dyed mummy cloths suggest that the practice had traveled to Egypt back in 1000 B.C. Tie-dye also has a long history in Asia, originating in Japan as Shibori and traveling to China around 400 B.C. Africa, too participated in different styles of tie-dye early on, and eventually the practices were introduced in Peru. The type of tie-dye most of us picture was not actually possible until 1956 when fiber reactive dye was introduced. In the 1960s the American hippies used tie-dye as a symbol of their free-spiritedness.
As your resource for custom t-shirts and artwork, we have an appreciation for the rich history of tie-dye. If you or your organization needs custom t-shirts designed and printed for an upcoming event, contact the staff at Tip Tops in Eustis, Florida.
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The Question: I’m early in my pregnancy and wonder what screening and diagnostic tests I should undergo. I’m worried about taking a test that leads to miscarriage. What is the best way to have a healthy baby?
The Answer: This is the type of question that Jon Barrett, head of maternal-fetal medicine at Sunnybrook, encounters frequently in his fourth floor office in the Women and Babies program.
“We generally recommend a screening test,” said Dr. Barrett. “They can be very confusing which one to choose. With genetic screening, people have to realize there is no way we can screen for all abnormalities.”
What parents worry about most – a baby being born with cerebral palsy – is not detectable through any test in the womb, according to Dr. Barrett.
Screening only helps detect the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome, a condition where a baby is born with an extra chromosome – usually an extra copy of chromosome 21 – making for 47 chromosomes, instead of 46.
The condition ranges from mild to severe. The heads of children with Down syndrome are usually smaller with a flat area on the back. Their eyes appear more rounded, instead of pointed. And the physical and cognitive development delays they experience growing up can be a source of frustration for them.
The test is not done because Down syndrome is the worst birth defect but because it is the most single common cause of detectable birth defects. There are others more severe – even causing death – but there are no screening tests currently to find them.
In Dr. Barrett’s experience, “most people do the first trimester screen, then if they are positive, go on to do amniocentesis.”
However, there are women who do not need to be screened: those who would not terminate a pregnancy under any circumstance.
For the remaining, here are the options:
• The integrated screening test is the nuchal measurement plus a blood test done once at 12 and again at 16 weeks that measures the three placental hormones. When the mother’s age is also rolled into the equation, the clinical team is able to assess the risk for having a child with Down syndrome. While the test is considered more accurate, the results are available at 17 or 18 weeks.
• Amniocentesis. This amniotic fluid test is not a screen but a diagnostic test done at 16 weeks gestation. Since amniotic fluid contains fetal issues, the fetal DNA can be examined for genetic abnormalities, and is 99.9 per cent accurate. Since it is an invasive test, there is a risk of miscarriage –ranging from 1 in 400 to 1 in 1,000, which in some cases is largely dependent on the pair of hands doing the test.
• Chorionic villus sampling involves removing a tiny amount of placenta tissue from the womb at 12 weeks gestation. It can be done through the cervix with a plastic tube or through the belly with a needle but either way, the loss rate is even higher, roughly double that of amniocentesis – for a 1 out of 200 risk of miscarriage.
Sunnybrook also has a special clinic that can do an anatomy scan at 12 and 14 weeks that is comparable to the one done at 18 weeks gestation.
“You need the right machine and the right probe,” notes Dr. Barrett.
In the future, there will be a blood test that takes fetal DNA in the mother’s blood, boasting 99 per cent accuracy.
That, said Dr. Barrett, is expected to replace all these other tools – though it will likely initially come at an out of pocket cost to patients to pay for the test, likely some time within the next year.
“In the future we will hardly have to do any of this to detect Down syndrome,” said Dr. Barrett. “Thus, while it may not detect more babies with Down syndrome, it probably has a lower false positive rate.”
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Susan Stevens is not a doctor of anything, but she hopes to make all her reading students doctors of reading! She developed the Dr. Goodreader chart in 2005 with fellow teacher, Rakitia Delk, in an attempt to help students use fix-up strategies when they read. They then wrote a curriculum designed to teach the chart and the fix-up strategies. When they began the self-monitoring unit, they set their over-arching goal: Students will use metacognition (thinking about their thinking) when they read.
When they introduced and taught the chart–in 3rd and 5th grade–it worked! Students could pinpoint reading problems and work to solve them. Instead of hearing, “I don’t get it!”, Sue and Rakitia began to hear questions like, “I don’t get it when Grandpa Beebe speaks (in Misty of Chincoteague).” When students can pinpoint their reading “clunks”, and have strategies lined up to solve them, they rapidly improve in their ability to read. Since that time, the Dr. Goodreader chart has been taught in 1st through 5th and continued in Middle School.
Susan has taught for 32 years and done many workshops on reading, writing, and storytelling internationally. Contact her at firstname.lastname@example.org
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The symbolism of snakes has a long history in indigenous, spiritual, and cultural practices. Throughout history, humans have had to learn how to coexist with snakes, because they are present almost anywhere in the world. But this also means that snakes can mean something entirely different in one part of the world than it would in another part of the world.
Snakes are also a very polarizing character. For example, in the Bible, snakes are the symbol of evil and deceit. In Greek Mythology, snakes are the bringers of good luck. There are many different interpretations of snakes, which also makes them interesting to look at as a symbol.
There are so many different meanings of snakes, which is down to the fact that many different cultures interpreted them in many different ways. They’re a universal symbol of health nowadays, and they are present on the famous Caduceus sign, which is a universal symbol of healthcare today.
> This article is from our A-Z series on animal symbolism.
The Symbolism of Snakes
What do snakes represent to us today?
Most people are scared of snakes. It’s just something we’ve learned to have as human beings. It’s ingrained deep in our brains, which stems from our common history with snakes.
From centuries of dealing with snakes, we have learned to be cautious of snakes that are venomous to us. If they bite us, it can paralyze us and make us unable to move, and maybe even kill us if we don’t get the antidote quickly enough.
Although not every snake is venomous – in fact, most snakes aren’t – we sometimes (unfairly) see them as a symbol of danger and even death.
Related Article: Green Snake Spiritual Meaning and Symbolism
Because of their venomous nature, we’re scared of snakes. A lot of people are so scared of snakes that they freeze even when they see one. However, most snakes will actually run away from you unless they have no other choice.
So they’re afraid of us, too. They actually try to avoid us as much as possible, as they see us as a threat to their being. This creates a mutual feeling of fear and respect in some ways. Unfortunately, human beings have sometimes gone too far because of this fear, which caused some snake species to almost go extinct.
Related Article: Yellow Snake Spiritual Meaning and Symbolism
Like goldfish and scorpions, snakes represent transformation.
Snakes shed their skin through a process called sloughing. This process represents the transformational ability of snakes. It’s also highly symbolic of something that’s renewable, and it could also represent a new life cycle.
As they shed away the dead cells, they regenerate their skin and become healthier for it. Sometimes, we use this symbolism to describe a process of shedding away negative things and bringing positive things into the light.
This is perhaps an unfortunate symbolism that snakes warrant with their ability to kill someone with their venom. Sometimes, it’s undeserved and we prescribe this symbolism to every snake out there, even if they are not venomous.
Snakes are also predators, as they will prey on smaller animals, especially birds and rodents that they can catch in their territory. Perhaps it’s also this quality that makes us think about snakes as destructive animals.
But it’s also true that snakes are one of the deadliest species in the world for human beings. According to this list, they are in third place, just behind humans and mosquitos. They are estimated to kill around 60.000 in the world every year.
Related: Dead Snake Symbolism
Because people are so scared of snakes, these animals have become so feared that many cultures and people view them as powerful animals. In some cultures, this has gone so far that snakes have even become worshipped.
Perhaps this feeling of power has come from the ability of snakes to kill a human being with their venom. They are highly revered animals that in some cases, have become one of the biggest sources of fear for locals.
Snakes are believed to be one of the oldest creatures in the world. Some estimations tell us that snakes have even been around for 100 million years, which is astonishing. This shows the ability that snakes have to survive, too.
Sometimes, when we think of something very old, we tend to say that it’s “as old as snakes”.
Snakes are highly skilled in being sneaky, so they are able to catch their prey. They have this ability to merge with their surroundings and go unnoticed. So if you have ever noticed or come across a snake, it might have caught you completely off-guard.
Because of this quality, there is a term for deceitful marketing that we call “snake oil”. Initially, it was used in medicine for medications that have no real benefits when you take them. Later, this spread widely and is today used in marketing and in life, too.
The Symbolism of Snakes in Different Cultures
Because snakes are present in many areas of the world, different cultures have learned how to co-exist with snakes. This has also led to different interpretations of snakes throughout history. Let’s take a look at some of the more interesting ones.
1. In Greek Mythology
Serpents are ancient creatures and have been around since the times of Ancient Greece. Snakes are a common feature of Greek Mythology, and they take on two main meanings in Greek Mythology: good luck and evil.
Snakes were thought to be the bringers of good luck for the Greeks. This was especially common when they encountered snakes in the wild, which was thought to have brought them good luck.
On the other hand, snakes were also a symbol of evil. One of the main symbols of evil in Greek Mythology was the medusa, which was this evil creature with snakes sticking out of her head.
2. Native Americans
Many Native American tribes had a ritual called the “Ritual of Snakes”. They performed this ritual in order to protect their lands and hills, but also to protect themselves when they went away.
So there was an element of guardianship when it comes to snakes and Native Americans. Some tribes even had snakes as their emblem. In other cases, they connected serpents as symbols of life and rebirth because of their shedding ability.
Interestingly, Native Americans also had an interpretation of when they dreamt about killing a snake in their dreams. To them, it simply meant they had an enemy and they killed their enemy in their dreams, which was to happen in their lives, too.
3. In India, China, and Japan
It’s interesting to observe the different cultural meanings of snakes all around the world. For example, in India, snakes are worshipped by the locals during the month of Shravan. When this happens, they feed milk to snakes and worship them.
In Japan, they connect the snake to their life-giving ability and fertility. Also, they connected them to rice fields, where they usually found them in nature.
For the Chinese, the snake represents an evil quality. Because of their cunning nature, they are often feared animals that the Chinese don’t like to have around their home.
4. In Christianity
In Christianity, too, the snake is a symbol of evil. In the Bible, snakes are meant to be creatures created by demons, and their purpose is to lead the world astray. They are also depicted as cunning animals that tempt people and are also symbols of temptation in some ways.
Interestingly, snakes are also symbols of healing in the Bible. Moses saves the children of Israel by killing a snake and mounting it to a pole. And when someone who has been bitten by a snake looks at the snake, they were instantly healed, thus creating the famous Caduceus symbolism.
5. In Celtic Tribes
In the Celtic culture, snakes have two different meanings: pests and treasures.
Although there were no snakes in Ireland, they were usually present in Celtic literature when they spoke about treasures. Also, they were sometimes present as pests in literature.
The Symbolism of Snakes in Medicine
You’ve probably already seen the famous Caduceus sign, which is the symbol of medicine today. It’s a snake that’s wrapped around a pole with wings on the top of the pole, which is an occasional symbol.
It’s a symbol of health and medicine today, and it’s widely present in different medicinal establishments and companies.
Even back in Greek Mythology, serpents were a symbol of health and medicine, which has been kept up until today.
The Meaning of Snakes in Dreams
Have you recently dreamt about snakes? Here’s what your dreams could mean.
- Dreams about snakes in dreams mean you’re scared about something in your life.
- If a rattlesnake appears in your dreams, then it is warning you about a toxic person in your life.
- If a snake bites you in dreams, it means you’re coping with a disease in your life, or you’re experiencing emotional pain that you need to deal with.
> Read Also: What Predators Eat Snakes?
The symbolism of the snake is so widespread that it can take a variety of different meanings – from evil to being the symbol of medicine. It’s interesting to observe the different meanings of snakes in different cultures in the world.
For other symbolism of creepy crawlies, check out our articles on centipedes and spider symbolism.
I’m Chris and I run this website – a resource about symbolism, metaphors, idioms, and a whole lot more! Thanks for dropping by.
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Geese season upping the anteWhen North Dakota’s early Canada goose season starts Aug. 15, hunters who find themselves in the right situation will likely have a limit of 15 birds a day, up from eight last year and five in 2010.
By: Doug Leier, The Dickinson Press
When North Dakota’s early Canada goose season starts Aug. 15, hunters who find themselves in the right situation will likely have a limit of 15 birds a day, up from eight last year and five in 2010.
This is a remarkable development for someone like me who grew up and started hunting in the 1980s, when the state had established zones where shooting of Canada geese was prohibited, and outside those zones the limit for much of the season was one Canada goose per day.
I relay this scenario when I occasionally hear disparaging remarks associated with Canada geese, or snow geese as well. While it’s no secret that today’s population sometimes creates problems with crop depredation and even encroaching on residential areas, the restoration of the giant Canada goose from near extinction in North America is a success story that has few equals in the history of wildlife management.
The State Game and Fish Department is well aware of the issues with geese eating primarily row crops planted near wetlands, grazing on lawns near waterways, and leaving droppings behind on golf course greens and other public areas.
For more than a decade, Game and Fish has lobbied the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for more days to hunt resident Canada geese in late summer, when hunter effort can target birds that are born and raised in the state. The higher limit this fall, and the opportunity to start the season in August, is a direct result of that input.
In addition, since 2002 special permits have provided to landowners the option to directly kill or destroy nests of birds causing depredation in early spring and summer.
Even before that, Game and Fish suspended relocation efforts and removed goose hunting closure zones, but due to an unprecedented wet cycle, which created near-perfect habitat conditions, the population continued to increase until 1999 when the state held its first early Canada goose season in two counties in southeastern North Dakota.
In my mind, a large Canada goose is as much a trophy now as it was when I bagged my first one in the 1980s, and there’s still something special about seeing the largest Canada goose on the prairie fly overhead — and not just in pictures.
North Dakota hunters and landowners had an integral role in restoring these birds to the point they could be hunted at all.
From a flock of giant Canada geese established at Slade National Wildlife Refuge near Dawson in Kidder County in 1969, to large-scale releases of hand-reared geese starting in 1972, North Dakota has seen steady increases and these magnificent birds now nest throughout the state.
By 1988, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service annual spring waterfowl survey indicated about 18,000 resident Canada geese. By 1993, the population estimate was 20,000.
Then the wet cycle started, and all of us relearned the value of good habitat. With water occupying many wetland basins in the state for going on 20 years now, the 2012 spring count topped 309,000 resident Canada geese.
Game and Fish has always had the philosophy that increased hunter opportunity should be the primary method of goose population management. There is also a place for agricultural producers to harass or even directly kill geese that are eating crops.
While hunting waterfowl in August is often hot, humid and buggy — almost the exact opposite of a crisp, dry October morning — it’s still something to look forward to, and the prospects might never be better.
Leier is a biologist with the Game & Fish Department. He can be reached by email: email@example.com. Read his blog at dougleier.areavoices.com
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Queen polymorphism in wing morphology and thoracic structure provides the opportunity to test hypotheses about mating strategies and colony founding modes. Some studies indicate that the difference in mating behavior between winged and wingless queens may promote genetic isolation, possibly leading to speciation. However, the knowledge about genetic differences and phylogenetic relationships among polymorphic queens is limited. Queens of the myrmicine ant Vollenhovia emeryi Wheeler exhibit two morphs: a long-winged (L-queen) and a short-winged (S-queen) morph. We analyzed the phylogenetic relationship among populations of L- and S-queens in V. emeryi and the congeneric species V. nipponica, V. benzai, V. okinawana, and V. yambaru. The molecular phylogeny inferred from mtDNA (≈2,200 nt) showed that S-queens formed a monophyletic clade and that L- and S- queens sampled from the same location did not group together. The phylogeny indicates that wing reduction occurred only once and that S-queen populations are genetically differentiated from L-queen populations, at least in their maternal genomes. The phylogeny is consistent with the hypothesis that wing reduction leads to reproductive isolation in V. emeryi.
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If you see an odd glow in the sky tonight, here’s what it’s called and its cause Getty You’ve heard of the northern lights? The next few days you may be able to see lights even if you aren’t that far north. The sun erupted on Sunday, spewing plasma, “a highly ionized gas containing an approximately equal number of positive ions and electrons” right in our direction. There’s no reason to freak out; solar storms are relatively common, and the most significant impact they have on our big blue marble is to possibly disrupt electronics and satellite communications. When the remnants of the plasma reach our atmosphere, they move towards the magnetic poles and go bang, creating famous and bizarre lights at the poles. The North Pole phenomenon is known as the Aurora Borealis, Greek for “Northern dawn.” The lesser known version of this occurs at the South Pole, called the Aurora Australis. The burst of super-hot stuff from the sun is called a coronal mass ejection. A corona is more than a beer. The general definition is “a circle of light seen around a luminous body,” but the sun’s corona is “a faintly luminous envelope outside of the sun’s chromosphere.” (In related news, what do scientists call a recently-discovered star so big that it practically breaks the scale. Here’s the ginormous answer.) Tuesday night the auroras (Greek for “dawn”) were potentially visible as far south as Wisconsin. Anecdotal reports suggest a disappointing lack of red and green glow. Maybe tonight will be more luminous. Let us know if you saw anything last night, and share your experience if you gaze into the sky this evening as well.
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| 0.940673 | 377 | 3.4375 | 3 |
pounds on earth weighs 32 pounds on the moon
time. Negative acceleration is commonly called
because of the difference in the pull of gravity.
Yet the mass of the person is exactly the same.
A mathematical formula for mass is as follows:
Mass is equal to the weight of the object divided
by the acceleration due to gravity, or
Slug is an English measurement of mass. A
slug is mass with force and acceleration (due to
gravity) taken into consideration. So, a 1-pound
slug is the mass accelerated by 32 feet per second
per second (32 ft/sec2) when acted upon by a force
of 1 pound.
per second (or feet per second squared).
This means that a free-falling 1-pound object
Energy is the capacity for doing work.
accelerates at 32.2 feet per second each second that
gravity acts on it. We use the lower case g to
Work is done when a force moves a mass
express the acceleration due to gravity.
through a distance (work = force x distance). For
Standard day is a reference or standard.
example, if you raise a 100-pound weight 10 feet,
Standard day shows conditions at sea level:
1,000 foot pounds of work was done. The amount
barometric pressure--29.92 inches of mercury
of work is the same, regardless of how much time
(rate) is involved.
All gas turbine engines are rated with air at
Power is the rate of doing work, or
the standard temperature of 59°F. Operation of
engines at a temperature above or below this
temperature will proportionally affect thrust out-
put by as much as 15 or 20 percent. As the
temperature of a slug of air increases, the
In the above example, if the work was done
molecules move faster. They run into each other
with more impact, and move further apart. This
in 10 seconds, power expended was 100 foot
decreases the density of the air. With the decrease
pounds per second. If it took 5 minutes (300
in density, the weight of the air is less, and the
seconds), the rate of power is 3.3 foot pounds per
thrust produced is proportional to the weight of
second. We often talk of power in terms of
the slug of air.
Pressure effect is an increase in pressure,
resulting in more molecules per cubic foot, which,
mechanical power and is 33,000 foot pounds per
in turn, increases the weight of the slug of air.
minute, or 550 foot pounds per second. (Foot
The weight of the air affects thrust output.
pound is the energy required to lift a 1-pound
Ram effect is defined simply as more air
weight 1 foot in height.)
arriving at the engine intake than the engine can
ingest. Ram recovery is the airspeed at which ram
Speed is the distance a body in motion travels
pressure rise is equal to friction pressure loss. This
per unit of time. Expressed in terms like miles per
speed varies with duct design factors. Mach 0.2,
hour (MPH) and feet per second.
or 150 miles per hour, is a representative reference
number for the beginning of ram effect.
Now let's apply the terms we learned to the
principles of thrust.
Velocity is speed in a given direction. The
symbol V represents the term velocity.
NEWTON'S LAWS OF MOTION
Newton's first law states "A body (mass) at
This definition is not based on distance traveled.
rest tends to remain at rest, and a body in motion
Acceleration is the gain or loss of velocity with
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| 0.921623 | 802 | 3.96875 | 4 |
Faith of Korea
On receiving the terrible news of the sudden death of Kim Jong Il, leader of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, the Korean people were struck with bitterest grief. There would be no other people in the world than the Korean people who were overwhelmed by wails of grief over the death of their leader.
The Korean people, however, do not remain grief-stricken.
What they cherish is the iron-like faith that Kim Jong Il will always be with them.
Kim Jong Il performed great exploits in his life. By administering unique Songun politics, he firmly defended socialism, the lifeblood and life of the Korean people, from the imperialists’ moves of aggression and of isolating and stifling Korea. He developed the Korean people into those strong in independence and rendered great services to the advance of cause of independence of mankind. Under his leadership a heyday of great prosperity was unfolded in the cause of building a thriving socialist nation, and the historic June 15 North-South Joint Declaration and October 4 Declaration were provided to open up a bright prospect for national reunification.
Kim Jong Il made tireless efforts to make his people well-off, continuing his march of on-site guidance, before passing away on train owing to the excessive mental and physical exertion.
It is, therefore, natural that the Korean people will remember him for ever.
They are filled with a firm determination to add eternal glory to his ideas and cause and thoroughly carry out his lifetime instructions.
The banner of Songun he held high in his life will become the unfurled banner of socialist Korea, and Songun politics its basic political mode for all eternity.
The Korean people will be guided by the ideologies and theories clarified in his works in carrying forward and accomplishing the cause of socialism. His ideologies and theories embrace all realms of social life including politics, military affairs, the economy and culture, and are run through with profound philosophical contents. The Korean people are confident that only victory and glory will be in store for them when his ideas are thoroughly applied to their struggle without any compromise.
Everywhere in Korea bears the imprints of Kim Jong Il who, regarding as his greatest wish the well-being of the people, made ceaseless visits to them throughout his life. World-shaking miracles were achieved in their efforts to translating into letters the instructions he had given during his field guidance. In the future, too, they will effect a steady upsurge in the production in all fields and sectors true to his behests.
The Korean people are full of confidence to inherit and brilliantly accomplish through generations the cause of Kim Jong Il under the leadership of Supreme Commander Kim Jong Un.
The Korean people have another great leader Kim Jong Un, who is identical to Kim Jong Il in ideology, leadership and personality. He has profound and versatile knowledge of political, military, economic, cultural and all other realms; he is especially well versed in military affairs and cutting-edge science and technology. He is strong in confidence and willpower, matchless in courage and pluck, extraordinary in organizing ability, and far-seeing. He is also possessed of the disposition to carry through the work what he is determined to do, a noble sense of comradely obligation and an ardent love for people.
To inherit and accomplish the cause of Kim Jong Il is his lifelong mission.
While having accompanied Kim Jong Il on his ceaseless field-guidance tours, Kim Jong Un has enjoyed boundless respect and admiration of the Korean people, for his outstanding ideo-theoretical wisdom, extraordinary leadership art, ardent love and noble qualities.
The Korean people are rallied as one around Kim Jong Un, entrusting him with their destiny and future. They have braced themselves up from the bitter grief over the sudden death of Kim Jong Il, and are displaying one-thousand-fold might.
Today, at the head of the Korean people, marching forward vigorously to carry out Kim Jong Il’s cause unfailingly and brilliantly, is Kim Jong Un.
The Korean people will support most faithfully the leadership of Kim Jong Un. Thanks to his leadership the single-hearted unity is being further cemented and self-reliant national defence capabilities constantly strengthened, thus giving fuller play to the might of Korea as a politico-ideological and military power.
The Korean people also vigorously launched a general onward march to build a thriving socialist nation, the lifetime ideal of Kim Jong Il, at the earliest possible date. They will surely achieve their causes of building a thriving nation and of national reunification. They will also continue to lead the progressive humankind who are aspiring after independence.
No force in the world will check the advance the Korean people are making, firmly united around their supreme leader Kim Jong Un.
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Stem and root diseases can have a greater impact on soybean yield and quality than foliar diseases. Symptoms typically arrive later in the growing season during reproductive stages, which can directly impact pod and seed production. The most prevalent and economically important diseases in this category are white mould (Sclerotinia) and Phytophthora root rot. For more information and images of all diseases listed here, visit the Crop Protection Network web page.
White mould can cause 2-5 bu/ac of yield loss for every 10% increase in incidence (% of plants affected). Cool, wet conditions throughout July and August and a dense crop canopy favour disease development. Infection begins low in the canopy at nodes along the stem.
Symptoms may first be noticed from afar as lodged plants or wilted, drying leaves at the top of the canopy. Inside the canopy, symptoms may appear as white mycelium (mouldy growth) along the stem, with black sclerotia bodies inside the stem.
Phytophthora Root Rot (Phytopthora sojae)
Phytophthora root rot (PRR) is considered both a root and stem disease. It was detected in 35% of surveyed soybean fields in Manitoba in 2017, and 30% in 2018. This disease can affect plants at all stages, but it is easier to identify at reproductive stages when a distinct brown lesion girdles the stem.
PRR progresses from the base of the plant upwards and wilted leaves remain attached to the plant. Foliar fungicide will not salvage infected plant tissue.
Stem Canker (Diaporthe caulivora, D. aspalathi)
Initial symptoms typically appear on the lower third of the stem shortly after flowering. The disease begins as small, reddish-brown lesions at the base of a branch or leaf petiole, and then expand to form slightly sunken cankers that are reddish-brown with reddish margins. Cankers may span several nodes on the main stem. Stem canker may at first resemble Phytophthora, where lesions wrap around the stem and extend to the soil line. However, the main difference is that the root will appear healthier overall compared to PRR, in which roots will be obviously rotten.
Stem canker incidence remains low overall in Manitoba, but this disease is one to watch over time.
Pod and Stem Blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. sojae)
Pod and stem blight is present in Manitoba, but at low levels. It is identified by distinct lines of raised, black dots (pycnidia) on infected stems, pods and petioles.
Seed infection (Phomopsis seed decay) only occurs if pods are affected, reducing seed quality. Symptoms may be easier to detect in August through September.
Anthracnose (Colletotrichum truncatum)
Anthracnose is less common in Manitoba-grown soybeans. It appears as reddish-brown irregularly-shaped blotches on the leaves, stems and petioles. Black fungal bodies develop in these blotches later in the season. Leaf symptoms include reddish veins and petioles may become twisted and bent into a Shepherd’s crook, resulting in early defoliation.
New Potential Threats
Below is a list of diseases that are not yet confirmed in Manitoba. However, early detection and preventative management can slow the spread of these pests. If you suspect one of these diseases in your crop, geo-reference the location and contact MPSG Production Specialists Cassandra Tkachuk (eastern Manitoba) or Serena Klippenstein (western Manitoba) to facilitate lab verification. Note that foliar fungicides will not offer control of these pests.
Charcoal rot appears as a light-grey or silver-coloured lower stem and taproot. When stems are split, black streaks will be present in the woody portion of the stem. This disease also produces tiny, black fungal structures (microsclerotia) throughout affected areas of the plant, giving the tissue a charcoal-like appearance.
Soybean Cyst Nematode
Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) is an inconspicuous pest that may first be identified by a steady yield decline over time. Once foliar symptoms of SCN appear in the field (yellowing and stunting) soybeans could already be losing >30% of yield. Scout for SCN during July and August by carefully digging up roots and inspecting them for cysts. The tiny, lemon-shaped cysts are much smaller than root nodules and may require a magnifying lens for identification. Look for SCN in high-risk areas of the field such as field entrances, depressions and headlands. Fields located near the Canada-United States border are also at greater risk.
Sudden Death Syndrome
Sudden death syndrome (SDS) infects roots early in the growing season, but foliar symptoms usually appear after flowering. Interveinal leaf chlorosis becomes necrotic, then leaves eventually die and prematurely fall from the plant leaving the petiole attached. Fields infested with SCN can increase the severity of SDS symptoms.
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Key Principles for Children and Families during school closures
The Government has published guidance on the ‘Closure of educational settings: information for parents and carers’. The guidance contains a wealth of information including care provision for children of critical workers and what will happen to exams.
Please follow the link here to read the guidance.
Extract from ‘Guidance for schools, colleges and local authorities on maintaining educational provision’
Schools are being asked to continue to provide care for a limited number of children – children who are vulnerable and children
whose parents are critical to the Covid-19 response and cannot be safely cared for at home.
Many parents working in these sectors may be able to ensure their child is kept at home. And every child who can be safely cared
for at home should be.
Please, therefore, follow these key principles:
1. If it is at all possible for children to be at home, then they should be.
2. If a child needs specialist support, is vulnerable or has a parent who is a critical worker, then educational provision will
be available for them.
3. Parents should not rely for childcare upon those who are advised to be in the stringent social distancing category such
as grandparents, friends, or family members with underlying conditions.
4. Parents should also do everything they can to ensure children are not mixing socially in a way which can continue to
spread the virus. They should observe the same social distancing principles as adults.
5. Residential special schools, boarding schools and special settings continue to care for children wherever possible.
Further information regarding school closures can be found in the guidance document Closure of educational settings: information
for parents and carers
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Senegal: Protect Children from Forced Begging
|Publisher||Human Rights Watch|
|Publication Date||31 March 2012|
|Cite as||Human Rights Watch, Senegal: Protect Children from Forced Begging, 31 March 2012, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f7abde12.html [accessed 7 December 2013]|
|Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.|
Senegal's new government should make it a priority to protect the estimated 50,000 children forced to beg each day on the country's streets, a coalition of Senegalese civil society organizations, Anti-Slavery International, and Human Rights Watch said today. Macky Sall will be inaugurated as president on April 2, 2012, after defeating incumbent President Abdoulaye Wade in the March 25 presidential runoff vote.
Known in Senegal as talibés, these children are sent by their parents to a daara, or Quranic school, to receive a Quranic education under a marabout, or spiritual guide. While many marabouts in Senegal continue the traditional practice of teaching their students the Quran, others have twisted the practice into a form of economic exploitation.
"It is paramount for President Sall to extend the new era he has described to Senegal's most vulnerable," said Catherine Turner, child labor program co-ordinator at Anti-Slavery International. "Forced child begging is one of the worst forms of child labor and despite being clearly visible, tens of thousands of talibés are still suffering in Senegal. The government must enforce its own laws to protect talibés from this abuse and ensure that the education received in daaras equips these children with a rounded education, and does not allow forced begging."
As documented in reports by Anti-Slavery International and Human Rights Watch, an estimated 50,000 talibés, most between the ages of 5 and 14, are forced by their marabout to beg in the streets for up to eight hours a day. Many of these exploitative marabouts impose a specific quota that the boys must return each day. Boys who fail to bring back the demanded sum often face physical abuse, including in some cases severe beatings or being chained or bound and left in isolation. Much of the money these boys bring back goes to the personal profit of their marabout, rather than to ensuring adequate food and health care, and a proper Islamic education for the children.
The Senegalese government enacted legislation in 2005 that criminalized forcing others into begging for personal financial gain. But the authorities have largely failed to take concrete steps to enforce the law and end the exploitation and abuse of the talibés. Nine marabouts were convicted in September 2010 for forcing children in their care to beg, but the majority received deferred sentences and were released immediately. The following month, Wade expressed dissatisfaction with the application of the law during a council of ministers meeting, effectively ending further arrests and prosecutions. In all but a few cases, severe physical abuse of the talibés has gone similarly unpunished.
With the exception of a few state-sponsored modern daaras – which combine Quranic and state school curricula – the daaras in Senegal are subject to almost no government regulation. This has in part led to the proliferation of the unscrupulous marabouts who have failed to educate or provide for children in their care.
"A key solution to ending the problem of forced child begging is for the government to accelerate the modern daara program," said Mamadou Wane, spokesman for the Plateforme pour la protection et la promotion des droits humains (PPDH), a coalition of 50 mainly Senegalese organizations working on the issue of forced child begging in Senegal. "There is also an urgent need for the new government to enforce laws protecting children from violence, no matter who is responsible for committing it."
On March 2, the International Labour Organization (ILO)'s Committee of Experts criticized Senegal for its failure to protect talibés from abusive conditions and demanded that Senegal do more to prosecute those responsible for forced begging and to carry out "daara modernization" – ensuring that the schools meet basic international standards of education and child protection. The Senegalese government was asked to attend the 101st session of the International Labour Conference in June to explain how it plans to address this issue as a matter of priority.
"The upcoming ILO conference provides the new government of President Sall with the opportunity to formulate a clear plan to end forced child begging," said Matt Wells, West Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch. "Most of the necessary laws are already on the books. What's needed now is the determination from President Sall to ensure that daaras continue the proud tradition of religious education, rather than become sites of child exploitation and abuse."
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Shoot for the moon in this gallery, which includes displays about Earth's atmosphere and the solar system. Exhibits include:
This plum-sized moon rock is 3.3 billion years old and was collected during the 1971 Apollo 15 mission. This lunar sample is on loan from NASA's Johnson Space Center.
AURORA IN A BOX
The northern lights, also known as aurora borealis, amaze and awe. Their prominence in history and culture is well earned. In this exhibit, create your very own aurora and explore how the interactions of the solar winds and the earth’s magnetic poles produce amazing light shows.
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A choir is a group of people who sing together. They rehearse together and sing at concerts or for religious services. Some choirs are professional (the singers are paid for their work in the choir). Other choirs are amateur choirs. Some amateur choirs let anyone who is interested sing with them, others may ask people to audition to see whether they are good enough before allowing them to join. Parts of a choir include soprano, alto, tenor and bass.
There are many kinds of choir:
- A mixed choir is a choir with men and women.
- A male-voiced choir is a choir for men.
- A ladies’ choir is a choir for women.
- A children’s choir or treble choir is a choir for boys and girls.
- There are also boys’ choirs and girls’ choirs.
- A male choir may just be for men or for boys and men.
- Children and adults do not often mix as adults have more powerful voices, but some mixed choirs may have children as well, especially if the choir is a more social group,e.g. the choir of a small church.
Choirs usually sing in several parts, most often in four parts. This means that there are two or more singers who are singing the same notes. The parts are called soprano, alto, tenor and bass. This is shown as SATB. If the music divides into more than four parts this can be shown in the same way, e.g. SSAATTBB (for music in eight parts: two soprano lines, two alto lines etc.) or SSATB (music in five parts with just the sopranos divided into two groups). Young children’s choirs may be unison choirs (all singing the same line), but older children will sing in two (SS) or three (SSA) parts or more.
The word choral means “sung”. A “choral society” is a choir of adults. They usually sing music for large choruses, often with an orchestra accompanying. Beethoven’s “Choral Symphony” needs a choir as well as an orchestra.
An a cappella choir is a choir which sings without any instrumental accompaniment.
A small choir is often called a chamber choir.
In popular music a group of singers may be simply called a vocal group.
Architectural part of a church[change | change source]
The word choir can also mean the part of a church or cathedral where the choir sit. The choir is between the nave (the main body of the church) and the sanctuary (where the altar is). The singers will divide into two groups and sit facing one another on either side of the choir area in the “choir stalls”. In cathedrals the singers on the left (when facing the altar) are called “cantoris” and those on the right are called “decani” (pronounce: dee-CAY-nye).
Choir of an organ[change | change source]
A large pipe organ may have three or more manuals (keyboards). The third keyboard is called the "choir". Traditionally the sound from the choir organ comes from pipes in a separate box behind the organist, facing the choir (the singers). It is often used to accompany them. Originally it was a separate instrument so that the organist had to turn round to play it. Later it became possible for the organist to play it from the main console.
Some famous choirs[change | change source]
Some famous choirs include:
- San Francisco Symphony Chorus
- Mormon Tabernacle Choir
- Huddersfield Choral Society
- BBC Symphony Chorus
- BBC Singers
- Red Army Choir
- National Youth Choir of Great Britain
- Vienna Boys’ Choir (German: Wiener Sängerknaben)
- Harlem Boys’ Choir
- Choir of St John’s College, Cambridge
- Choir of Kings’ College, Cambridge
- Westminster Cathedral Choir
Other websites[change | change source]
Media related to Choirs at Wikimedia Commons
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Saint Bernard History
Saint Bernard dogs are thought to be descended from the Molosser type dogs, which Romans would have brought to the Alps during the days of the Roman Empire. These large dogs would have been used to guard farms, herd livestock, hunt, and help with search and rescue.
In 1050 A.D., a monk called Bernard of Menthon started a hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass. This was a route from Switzerland to Rome and one of the three highest road passes in Switzerland. The aim in establishing the hospice was to clear the area of robbers and to make a safe way for pilgrims travelling to Rome. Monks would treat travelers who had been injured on the journey there, and give them food and drink.
The first documented Saint Bernard dogs were bred at the hospice to help with search and rescue. The clouds would often come down on the mountains, and there would be snow and avalanches, making it easy to get lost or hurt. The dogs were trained to go out from the hospice and find people who had missed the markers that showed the route.
Legend has it that some dogs would carry brandy in a small keg around their necks. This was so that if they found an injured traveler, they could stay with them and give them the brandy to help keep them warm. Then the other dogs would go back to show the monks where to find him. They are said to have rescued 2000 people from avalanches in the Alps.
Saint Bernard Personality
The classic temperament of a Saint Bernard is gentle, friendly and patient. However just like with other dogs, they need early socialization to ensure that they don’t veer toward either timidity or aggression. They had a surge in popularity during the era of the Beethoven movies which featured a Saint Bernard.
This meant that some breeders would breed them without paying attention to their temperament, so some lines may be more aggressive than others. If you are buying a puppy, make sure you get it from a reputable breeder. Try to meet the parents first and make sure they have even temperaments.
These giants can have a stubborn streak, and with such a large size, it is vital that they are trained to be obedient early on. Otherwise walking them will prove to be a problem! As puppies they tend to be clumsy and may cause some chaos. But as they get older they calm down and like to lie around the house, although they also love to play outside – especially in the snow.
Saint Bernard Characteristics
The Saint Bernard is a giant dog, with a thick neck and broad muzzle. Their coats come in colors of red, red and white, or white and brindle, of which there are both short-haired and long-haired varieties.
With their giant size, Saint Bernards do not do well with hot weather and can develop heat exhaustion or heatstroke. To help prevent this, you can make sure they don’t exercise when it is hot, and always provide fresh water and shade for them. On the other hand they can do very well in cold weather, and love nothing more than a romp in the snow, or pulling children on a sled. They are not a good breed choice for apartment living because they are so large. They are people lovers so should not be left alone for too long, as they may become destructive.
If bred correctly and socialized well, Saint Bernards are a very friendly breed. They have a nanny-like reputation with children, because they are patient, gentle and will put up with a lot of behavior. You should still teach children how to treat them properly though, and to not go near them when they’re sleeping or eating. The biggest danger for children is that they can be knocked over by your dog’s giant size, and small pets may also get stepped on. They will probably bark at strangers, but are unlikely to be aggressive towards them.
The Saint Bernard sheds a lot and drools a lot, so if you like to have your house very tidy and clean, he may not be the best pet for you. You should generally give them a brushing three times a week. They can be bathed as needed, and outdoors might be the best place for this because of their size. If they get tear stains around their eyes, these can be wiped with a damp cloth. Their ears should be cleaned and checked regularly, and their teeth brushed weekly. Nails can be trimmed monthly unless they are worn down from activity.
Saint Bernards are eager to please, so they aren’t too difficult to train. However it is very important that you do train them early on, because of their size once they get to be an adult. Early socialization and obedience classes are vital to help them become well rounded and well behaved. Treats and positive training methods should work very well.
Despite their size, Saint Bernards only need a moderate amount of exercise. Half an hour of play time or a long walk every day is usually fine. However they will also happily go on a hiking or camping trip with you, and also enjoy pulling children on carts or sleds. They do well in activities like carting and drafting. It’s important that you don’t let them jump off furniture or out of vehicles while they are in the puppy stage of life. Excessive jumping while young may cause problems such as Hip Dysplasia.
Saint Bernard Nutritional Needs
A high quality food should be selected for your Saint Bernard, to ensure he has the best chance at a healthy life. They are prone to bloat (Gastric Dilatation Volvulus), so try to avoid exercise around mealtimes, and give them more than one meal a day to help prevent this from happening.
When you first bring your puppy home, keep him on the same food as your breeder fed him and transition him over gradually if you are planning on giving him a different food. This will help prevent stomach upset. Puppies should be fed three to four times a day with a diet specially formulated for large breed puppies.
If you dog has allergy issues you may want to consider trying a grain free diet. Itching and diarrhea may be symptoms of a food intolerance or sensitivity. It is best to consult your veterinarian if you see this happening, who may recommend switching to a very simple diet for a few weeks to see if it clears up. Other ingredients can then be introduced slowly to see what was causing the problem.
Recommended daily feeding amount: 5 to 6 cups of high quality food daily, divided into two meals.
The amount of calories every dog needs is different depending on their metabolism, activity level and age. Be careful that they don’t become overweight as they get older and slow down. Exercise is still important even though they might be more reluctant.
Saint Bernard Common Health Concerns
Because of their large size and deep chest, Saint Bernard dogs are prone to bloat. This happens when too much air enters the stomach, causing it to twist and cut off the blood supply to vital organs. It is a life threatening condition, but can to some extent be prevented by avoiding exercise around mealtimes and feeding multiple small meals a day.
Other health concerns include Hip Dysplasia, Elbow Dysplasia, Osteosarcoma (bone cancer), and several eye conditions. Eye disorders include Entropion and Ectropion, where the eyelid turns either inwards or outwards. Saint Bernard dogs may also develop epilepsy, eczema, and Dilated Cardiomyopathy.
This happens when the heart muscle becomes thin and can’t contract as it should. This can cause heart failure. There is no cure, but rest, diet and medication can help manage the condition.
Saint Bernard How to Get One
Saint Bernards are often purchased without any clear understanding of what goes into owning one. There are many Saint Bernards in need of adoption and or fostering. There are a number of rescues that we have not listed. If you don’t see a rescue listed for your area, contact the national breed club or a local breed club and they can point you toward a Saint Bernard rescue.
Breed Organizations: Saint Bernard Club of America
Above are breed clubs, organizations, and associations where you can find additional information about Saint Bernards.
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By: Caitlin Barbin and Oren Baum
Google has been pushing for secure sites and if you haven't done so already, now is the time to switch. If you've noticed the Chrome address bar, it displays whether the site you are on is "secure" or "not secure." This started with Chrome's July 2018 update, and coming this September and October 2018, Google will remove the "secure" marking for sites that are encrypted with HTTPS. Instead, non-secure sites will be marked with "not secure" and this marking will turn red when users enter information such as an email or password.
This is an evolution in the practice of whether or not we need to consider a website secure or not. Encryption is used to avoid eavesdropping by any parties between the web browser and servers handling the information. In ‘the old days’, it was practice that only sites that dealt with secure information or e-commerce needed to be encrypted. Previously, such a label was reserved for websites that, for example, had their encryption certificate expire, or not match the domain a user visited.For many reasons, most of them considered positive, best practices have been moving in the direction that all websites should be secured with encryption. In order to help nudge that mindset in the right direction, Google, through its chrome browser, started labeling sites without encryption as 'insecure'. Google also modified their search ranking algorithm, to give preference to sites that are encrypted over those that are not. Together these and other 'carrot and stick' initiatives help move the bar of what is considered a safe, optimized, and protected website.
HTTP and HTTPS Explained
HTTP stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol and it moves information in plain text between your browser and the web server. Anyone who intercepts this transfer of information can read the plain text, making it insecure. It’s important to keep sensitive data such as passwords and credit cards on websites. HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) was introduced where an encryption protocol called Secure Socket Layer (SSL) was combined with HTTP, making sites secure. However HTTPS does not protect you from everything
such as hacks or hiding your identity — it just makes transferring data safer.
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The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) enables a powerful amplification of a specific target sequence – if it is present in the tested sample. PCR is used for many applications in life science research as well as clinical diagnostics.
In life science research, PCR is used for two very different types of applications – either for sensitive detection purposes or as a "toolbox" method in different aspects of molecular biology applications, where requirements as to the level of sensitivity are very relaxed.
So, PCR can be viewed both as a sensitive diagnostic technology and a molecular biology toolbox method with no specific sensitivity requirements.
When performing the "insensitive" variant of PCR (initial copy number of target is above 100,000 in the reaction) – there are no specific requirements as to assay optimization or laboratory design. The initial copy number is so large that any standard buffer / enzyme will produce a positive result, as long as the primer design results in operational primers. Furthermore, The initial copy number "vaccinates" the assay against impact of carry-over contaminating PCR products from previous assays. Thus, there are no specific requirements as to laboratory design.
However, when performing the sensitive variant of PCR, all aspects of the assay must be optimized in order to ensure maximum sensitivity with minimal background and no contamination.
TINA-modified PCR primers will improve the efficacy (allowing shorter PCR programs, higher annealing temperatures, lower primer concentrations or higher stringency of the buffer system) of your end-point PCR assay.
If you want to upgrade an existing PCR assay with TINA- primers, reorder the primers with a 5' TINA modification or if you are designing a new PCR assay, order the primers with a 5' TINA modification. The PCR conditions with TINA-primers has to be optimized (protocol points 3 to 7 below). Once you have identified the optimal combination of annealing temperature (Ta) and Mg⁺⁺, enzyme and primer concentrations in your buffer of choice, your “Optimal combination” implies that you cannot reduce your primer concentration or increase your Ta further without loss of efficiency (sensitivity in end-point PCR).
IMPORTANT: If you are unable to observe this effect, your assay is un-stressed and must be optimized further. Following this optimization, you will be able to observe even lower primer concentrations and/or higher Ta by TINA –primers without compromising your assay efficacy.
If you are designing a new PCR assay and wish to take advantage of the increased efficacy made possible by TINA- primers, please observe the protocol below:
- Design your PCR primers. Use conventional primer design software – e.g. Primer3
- Order your PCR primers with a 5´ TINA modification here
- Choose your buffer. A stringent, low salt buffer should be used. The following buffers have been successfully tested in TINA-PCR: Qiagen QuantiTect SYBR Green, Roche FastStart SYBR Green, Invitrogen Power SYBR Green, TaKaRa SYBR Premix, KAPA SYBR FAST, Fischer Absolute qPCR SYBR Green, Agilent Brilliant III Ultra-Fast SYBR Green plus a “Home-made” 10x buffer (104 mM Tris-HCl, 568 mM Trizma-base, 160 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 0.1% Tween 80, 300 mM NaCl)
- Choose your enzyme (if not included in buffer system). The following polymerases have been successfully tested in TINA-PCR: Qiagen HotStarTaq, Roche FastStart Taq, Invitrogen AmpliTaq Gold, TaKaRa Ex Taq HS, KAPA SYBR, KAPA2G Robust HS, Fischer Thermo-Start and Agilent Taq
- Optimize your Ta: Use positive control material, your buffer and enzyme of choice and 200 nM TINA-primers. Test Ta in the range from calculated Ta (e.g. Primer3) to the level where the PCR signal disappears. Please remember that the TINA modification increases the primer Ta around 3 to 4°C compared to the calculated Ta for conventional DNA primers. Evaluate PCR products (e.g. band on a gel) and choose Ta where PCR product intensity starts to decline. NB: Ta differs between PCR platforms – always re-optimize Ta when performing assay on new platform – or in a new reaction volume
- Optimize your primer concentration, Mg⁺⁺ concentration and polymerase concentration (if possible) at the Ta determined by the Ta optimization: Test all possible combinations of: Primer (50 - 100 - 200 nM), Mg⁺⁺ (1.5 - 2 - 2.5 - 3 - 3.5 mM), Polymerase (0.05 - 0.10 - 0.20 U/µL). Evaluate PCR products (e.g. band on a gel) and identify optimal combination of the variables
- Define analytical sensitivity by testing a serial dilution of a): positive control with known target copy number or b): other standardized positive control – using variables using optimized Ta and Mg++ concentrations
- Optional: Optimize PCR program cycling parameters (length of denaturing / annealing / elongation phase – number of cycles)
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Lead in Drinking Water
While the 1996
revisions to the Safe Drinking Water Act significantly changed the lead
requirements for materials used in residential plumbing, older fixtures
and lead water lines are still in service in many communities, and they
can potentially contribute lead into a home’s drinking water supply.
Individuals living in older homes should check to see if a lead service
line connects the home to the public water system. The local water
department can usually inspect the line coming into the home or check
their records to confirm if the home is connected to the water system
by a lead service line. In addition to lead service lines, faucets and
lead-based solder can also contribute small amounts of lead into
drinking water, especially if produced and installed before 1998.
result, some individuals who don't have lead service lines can still
have unsafe levels of lead in their drinking water. Water testing can
help determine if a home’s lead content is below the federal limit of
0.015 mg/L. If it exceeds this level, options include having the lead
service line replaced, using a home water treatment product certified
for lead reduction, or using certified bottled water.
While replacement of the lead service line may be
desirable, it isn't always possible. Depending upon the lead levels
being detected, home water treatment devices may be a practical option.
There are filters, reverse osmosis units and distillers certified for
lead reduction. Certification means a sample of a system was
independently tested to verify it could reduce 0.150 mg/L to 0.010 mg/L
Since a low pH in private wells can also cause lead leaching,
an acid neutralizing system may be needed to correct the situation.
These systems add a chemical to the water, such as soda ash or lime, to
boost the pH until it is raised above 7.0.
These systems can also help
to reduce copper leaching that is attributable to low pH. Most water
treatment systems have replaceable components, so be sure to follow the
manufacturer's maintenance instructions for any water treatment system.
For filters, this means changing the filter at the recommended
intervals, usually determined in gallons.
For reverse osmosis units,
this means monitoring the total dissolved solids (TDS) content of the
water being produced by the system to ensure the membrane continues to
By proper selection, use and maintenance, home water
treatment systems can help
consumers reduce contaminants such as lead
from their incoming drinking water supply.
789 N. Dixboro Road,
P.O. Box 130140,
Ann Arbor, MI 48113-0140
Be sure to test the lead
levels in your drinking water, especially if you live in an older home.
Drinking Water Fact Kit Lead in Drinking Water
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://www.santeforhealth.com/shopcontent.asp?type=leadinwater
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Genealogy of William Allis of Hatfield, Mass., and descendants, 1630-1919
Allis, Horatio D. (Horatio Dana) , b. 1884 (Main Author)
Generously transcribed and provided by Marilyn Allis (firstname.lastname@example.org)
1. William Allis was born between 1613 and 1616, probably in Essex or London, England, and came to this country with Winthropís fleet in 1630. The fleet consisted of eleven vessels: Arabella, Talbot, Ambrose, Jewel, Charles, Mayflower (third voyage), William and Francis, Hopewell, Whale, Success and Trial.
Bancroftís History of U.S., ed. 1890, 230-4.
Barryís History of Massachusetts.
Winthropís Journal, Hosmerís edition, 24.
In the Winthrop colonists, consisting of 700 immigrants, there were three distinct communities represented: (1) those from Dorset and Devon, known as the Dorchester men, who first settled in Boston a number of years before it received that name, (2) those from Lincolnshire, who were properly called Boston men and had determined upon the name of Boston for the new settlement before they left England, (3) those from London and Essex.
Winsorís Mem. History of Boston, 90
William Allis came with the last named company and was no doubt one of the 39 men on the Mayflower (third voyage). They first touched at Salem, but landed at Charlton Harbor, Boston (then called Trimountain), July 1, 1630.
Bancroftís History of U.S., 228-9, 235-7.
Winthropís Journal, Hosmerís edition, 24.
Winsorís Mem. History of Boston, 82, 85, 90.
The Mayflower brought what was called the Braintree Company, which included with William Allis, Thomas Graves and Thomas Meekins, all of whom played an important part in the first generation of our family. Our ancestor was associated with Graves from the start, always lived at the same place, and the families eventually intermarried. They were both surveyors and laid out the town or fort of Charlestown, the first regular settlement of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Winsorís Mem. History of Boston, 225-9.
Barryís History of Massachusetts, 187-192
The first trace of William Allis after landing was in Mount Wollaston (afterward Braintree) in 1632. That town, comprising 50 square miles, was surveyed and laid out by him before 1634, and during that year, by order of the General Court, it was annexed to Boston. Large tracts of land were granted to certain inhabitants to settle in Mount Wollaston and William Allis received 12 acres on February 24, 1640. On May 13, 1640, the inhabitants of Mount Wolaston were incorporated as the town of Braintree and, with Dorchester, Dunham, Hingham, Natasket and Roxbury, were incorporated to form the city of Boston.
Drakeís History of Boston, 250.
Patteeís Braintree & Quincy, 11.
Massachusetts Rec., vol. 1, 291.
Winsorís Mem. History, 116, 217, 234
On that date William Allis was made a freeman. Only those who were members of the church were allowed to take the Freemanís Oath, which gave them the right to vote and hold office. Several historians have apparently been misled by the records of the Massachusetts Bay Colony into stating that the first knowledge of William Allis was on May 13, 1640. The reason for the error was that the official records of Braintree were first instituted on that day. He was made a freeman then because Braintree was incorporated in the city of Boston.
In 1641 William Allis married Mary --- and their eight chidlren were born in Braintree:
2. †† John, b. March 5, 1642; *
3. †† Samuel, b. February 24, 1647; *
4.†† Josiah, b. in 1649; died October 25, 1651.
5.†† Josiah, b. October 20, 1651; no further record.
6.†† William, b. January 10, 1653; died in July 1653.
7. †† Hannah, b. in 1654; married William Scott of Hatfield on January 28, 1670, and died in 1718. Their children were:
Josiah, b. June 18, 1671 John, b. July 6, 1684
Richard, b. Feb. 22, 1673. May, b. in 1686
William, b. Nov. 24, 1676 Mehitable, b. Sept. 9, 1687
Hannah, b. Aug. 11, 1679 Jonathan, b. Nov. 1, 1688
Joseph, b. March 21, 1682 Abigail, b. Nov. 23, 1689
8. †† William, b. October 11, 1655; killed by the Indians in the battle at Great Falls (now Turnerís Falls) on May 19, 1676.
9. †† Mary, b. in 1657; died, unmarried, in February, 1690.
Our ancestor was a well-educated, capable man, and well fitted to take his place among the Puritan settlers. He was not only an experienced surveyor but also a successful farmer in Braintree. He was a prominent citizen of the town, being one of its selectmen, and had the supervision of building a road from Boston, Mass., to Providence, R.I. He lived in Braintree until 1658 and then emigrated to Wethersfield, Conn., in the fertile Connecticut valley. At that time the Massachusetts Bay Settlement was becoming somewhat crowded, and as a result the colonists left there from time to time for Connecticut, settling the towns of Windsor, Wethersfield and Hartford in the order names. Most of the settlers made the trip afoot through the wilderness and brought with them only such things as they needed most, leaving the remainder of their possessions to be brought around from Boston and up the Connecticut River by boat.
Stiles History of Ancient Wethersfield, 162-4.
All went well until there arose a difference of opinion among the settlers of these three towns in regard to church government and ordinances. A crisis was reached in 1660 and a meeting was called at which a committee was appointed to go up the connecticut River and view the lands east and north of Northampton, Mass., which had been purchased from the River Indians through Major John Pynchon of Springfield, Mass. A favorable report was made by the committee and about 60 men, 20 of whom lived in Wethersfield, agreed to mve with their families to that very attractive place, and the land was shared between them and a lot assigned to each one. In that way Hadley was settled by the English from Wethersfield, Hartford and Winsor, William Allis being one of the number.
Juddís History of Hadley, 11, 23.
It is claimed that William Allis and Thomas Meekins, with several others, made the journey by way of the cart path through Westfield in 1661, in which year the first of the English settled in Hadley. The journey was a difficult one on account of the wilderness, the many streams to be bridged or forded and the impassible swampt, and with their heavily loaded carts, women and children, personal effects and live stock of various kinds it too them ten days to make the trip of about 50 miles.
The Hadley lands were on both sides of the Conecticut River and had been partly cleared by the Indians. The house lots of eight acres were laid out on each side of the main street, which was ten rods wide and extended a mile north and south. Hadley was alid out somewhat after the fashion English towns and was named after Hadleigh, Suffolk County, England.
Our ancestorís home lot was on the west side of the main street in the center of the settlement. The present meeting house, town hall and Congregational parsonage are all on the lot which was assigned to William Allis. the main street was surrounded by a continuous line of palisades during King Philipís war, enclosing the houses of the original proprietors, and those who settled later were outside the palisades.
On May 31, 1670, that part of Hadley became the town of Hatfield, and in 1771 the northern part of Hatfield was incorporated as the town of Whately.
William Allis was a leading citizen of Hatfield and a trusted lieutenant of John Pynchon of Springfield. He held the offices of deacon, justice of the peace and selectman, was often on advisory committees with prominent men of that section and in 1672 was one of those commissioned to lay out Squakeage (Northfield). He was a member of the committee which was appointed by the town on March 7, 1673, and authorized to say who should be the inhabitants of Deerfield by right of purchase or otherwise, to regulate the herding of cattle, to advise about the institution of a church and secure a good orthodox minister, et. At a later date, namely May 7, 1673, the Great and General Court appointed him one of a committee of six to act in all respects, to lay out the farms and to admit inhabitants to Deerfield, and in 1674 was one of those commissioned to lay out Swampfield (Sunderland).
During these years, as the Indians had been fairly dealt with by the settlers, peace existed between them until war was incited by the settlers, peace existed between them until war was incited by King Philip. On October 19, 1675, the Indians numbering aobut 800 attacked Hatfield with the intention of destroying the town and slaying the inhabitants, as they had at the neighboring towns of Northfield and Deerfield, but they were expected by the settlers and beaten off with but small loss to Hatfield.
The Indians then assumed a defiant attitude. They stole cattle and horses from the English and appropriated a number of the outlying farms. As a result the settlers decided to take the offensive and the battle at Great Falls (now Turnerís Falls) resulted. The men from the different towns to the number of 150 started from their homes on May 18, 1676, and assailed the Indians at the Falls early in the morning of the 19th, when they were asleep, killing about 175 of them with practically no loss to themselves, but when they began their homeward march this success was turned into a defeat. The Indians attacked them in the rear, and a panic was created among the English by the report that a thousand warriors under King Philip were at hand. The men were scattered, and although the retreat was conducted with bravery and skill 38 of the settlers were killed, and some became lost and wandered around in the woods for two or three days before reaching their homes.
William Allis was a captain in the fight at Great Falls and had with him in the engagement three sons, one of whom, William Allis, Jr., was killed.
The settlers now saw the need of a larger force to cope with the Indians. A cavalry regiment called the Hampshire Troop, under command of Maj. John Pynchon, was recruited from the different towns.
William Allis was at first Coronet and later Lieutenant of the mounted troops. Garrisons were established in the various towns, that of Hatfield being made up of 36 men under Lieutenant William Allis, and he was in charge of the fortifying at Hatfield in the winter of 1677-78.
For a while after the Falls Fight there was an occasional plundering expedition by the Indians, but they became scattered by famine and disease and by the English troops, and the death of King Philip on August 12, 1676, appeared to put an end to the war. Nothing more was seen of the Indians until September 19, 1677, when 50 of them from Canada, led by their chief Ashpelon and encouraged by the French, attacked Hatfield without any warning. They entered the town when most of the men were harvesting corn in a distant field, set fire to many buildings, killed 12 and captured 17 of the English, and immediately started for Canada with their captives. Mary ___, the wife of William Allis, was one of those killed in the massacre, and Abigail Allis, his granddaughter, was one of those taken captive. The suddenness of the attack seemed to paralize the settlers and apparently no effort was made to rescue their relatives and friends. perhaps they feared that the captives might be tomahawked, if pursued, and hoped they might be spared if unmolested. The prisoners, upon their arrival in Canada, were turned over to the French, and those who survived did not again see their homes until eight months afterward.
On June 25, 1678, Lieutenant Allis married Mary, daughter of John Bronson and widow of John Graves of Hatfield, Mr. Graves having lost his life in the Hatfield massacre. She was also the widow of John Wyatt of Haddam, Conn., efore she married John Graves of Hatfield. On March 16, 1681, after the death of Lieutenant William Allis, she married Samuel Gaylord.
Lieutenant William Allis died on September 6, 1678. He was evidently a prosperous man in his day and at the close of his life he had accumulated quite an estate. The inventory of his property, which was taken September 18, 11678, was as follows
In purse and apparel†††††††† £9††††††††††††††††††† 13††††††††††††††††††† 0
Arms and ammunition†††† 6††††††††††††††††††††† 1††††††††††††††††††† 0
Beds and other furniture††††††††† 9††††††††††††††††††††† 5††††††††††††††††††† 0
Napkins and other linen††††† 2††††††††††††††††††††† 1††††††††††††††††††† 0
Brass and pewter pieces 5††††††††††††††††††† 10††††††††††††††††††† 0
Iron utensils††† 2††††††††††††††††††† 11††††††††††††††††††† 6
Cart, plow irons, chains, stilliards††††††††† 7††††††††††††††††††† 15††††††††††††††††††† 0
Tables, pitchforks, cusions, scyths††††††††††††††††††††† 1††††††††††††††††††† 19††††††††††††††††††† 0
Barrels, tube, trays†††††††††††††† 3††††††††††††††††††††† 9††††††††††††††††††† 6
Woolen and linen yarn††††††† 0††††††††††††††††††† 18††††††††††††††††††† 6
Several sorts of grain, flax†††† 11††††††††††††††††††† 12††††††††††††††††††† 0
2 horses†††††††† 7††††††††††††††††††††† 0††††††††††††††††††† 0
3 cows, 2 steers, 2 calves, 1 heifer†††††††† 20††††††††††††††††††††† 0††††††††††††††††††† 0
Swine and sheep†††††††††† 10††††††††††††††††††††† 8††††††††††††††††††† 0
Houses and home lot†††† 100††††††††††††††††††††† 0††††††††††††††††††† 0
Land in South Meadow††† 114††††††††††††††††††††† 0††††††††††††††††††† 0
Land in Great and Little Meadow††† 136††††††††††††††††††††† 0††††††††††††††††††† 0
Land in Plain and Swamp† 20††††††††††††††††††††† 0††††††††††††††††††† 0
Land in Quinepiake†† 28††††††††††††††††††† 13††††††††††††††††††† 0
††††††††††††††††† 496††††††††††††††††††††† 6††††††††††††††††††† 6
2. JOHN ALLIS was born in Braintree, Mass., on March 5, 1642, and died in Hatfield in January, 1691. He married on December 14, 1669, Mary, daughter of Thomas Meekins and widow of Nathaniel Clark. She married Samuel Belden of Hatfield about a year after the death of John Allis and died in 1704. She was the mother of two children by Nathaniel Clark and twelve by John Allis, the Allis children being:
10.†† Joseph, b. Nov. 11, 1670;*
11.†† Abigail, b. Feb. 25, 1672. She was taken by the Indians on September 19, 1677, but later restored. She married Ephraim Wells on Jan. 23, 1696, and had the following children:
Ephraim, b. prob. 1696-7 Sarah, b. prob. 1706
Abigail, b. prob. 1698 Elizabeth, b. prob. 1708
Thomas, b. prob. 1700 Hannah, b. Jan. 22, 1709-10
Mary, b. prob. 1702 Lydia, b. Jan. 18, 1711-12
Joshua, b. prob. 1704 Rebecca, b. Sept. 1, 1715
12.†† Hannah, b. Oct. 9, 1673; married John Broughton of Deerfield on November 19, 1691, as his 2nd wife, and had at least two children:
Mary, b. Oct. 25, 1693 Hannah, b. April, 1695
13.†† Ichabod, b. July 10, 1675;*
14.†† Eleazer, b. July 23, 1677;*
15.†† Elizabeth, b. April 4, 1679; married James Bridgman on July 13, 1704. They lived in Sunderland and Hatfield and had 10 children:
Jonathan, b. Feb. 1, 1706 Elizabeth, b. Nov. 7, 1714
Mary, b. Oct. 21, 1707 Lydia, b. Sept. 14, 1716
John, b. July 22, 1709 Sarah, b. Sept. 3, 1718
Ruth, b. Feb. 25, 1711 Samuel, b. Dec. 26, 1720
Abigail, b. Sep. 19, 1712 Sarah, b. Oct. 28, 1722
16.†† Lydia, b. Aug. 15, 1680; died Aug. 31, 1691.
17.†† John, b. May 10, 1682;*
18.†† Rebecca, b. Apr. 16, 1683, married Nathanel Graves of Hatfield on Apr. 30, 1702, and had 8 children:
Rebecca, b. Oct. 25, 1703 Eleazer, b. Dec. 12, 1711
Mary, b. Feb. 22, 1706 Israel, b. June 23, 1716
Nathaniel, b. Nov. 16, 1707 Martha, b. Oct. 29, 1718
Ruth, b. Aug. 16, 1709 Oliver, b. Aug. 6, 1725
19.†† William, b. May 16, 1684;*
20.†† Nathaniel, b. 1685;*
21.†† Mary, b. Aug. 25, 1687; died April 20, 1688.
John Allis resided in Hatfield, near his Father William, owning a lot on the same side of Hatfield street, and was one of the prominent citizens of that town. He was a millwright and carpenter of note. He built many churches and was erecting the first corn mill at Mill River when he died. He was the first town clerk of Hatfield, and was one of a committee of six appointed to make a survey of and lay out highways between Hadley and Windsor, Conn. He served in King Philipís War and was in the fight at Great Falls on May 19, 1676. Afterwards he was a captain in the militia.
At the time of the Hatfield massacre on September 19, 1677, the mother of John Allis was killed, his barn burned, and his six-year -old daughter Abigail carried away to Canada by the Indians, being one of the seventeen prisoners taken. On the same day the Indians went north to Deerfield, where they killed one and captured four men, and then went across the country to Lake Champlain and Canada. During the march to Canada one of the men was burned at the stake and two other captives were killed, and all endured much suffering. The trip through the wilderness was a most difficult one.
The prisoners were held in Canada by the French until ransomed eight months later through the efforts of two of the Hatfield settlers, Benjamin Waite and Stephen Jennings, whose families were among the captives. They were young men, experienced in woodcraft and familiar with Indian customs, and they determined to ascertain the fate of their relatives and friends and redeem them if found alive.
On October 24, 1676, with a commission from the Massachusetts government, they left Hatfield for Albany by way of Westfield, that being the only travelled route to Canada. They reached Albany, but the authorities were unfriendly and sent them to New York on a false pretense. After a time they were sent back to Albany with a pass, but it was December 10 before they were able to resume the journey to Canada. They first hired a Frenchman as a guide, who deserted them, and then hired a Mohawk Indian, who remained with them. In the face of many trials and discouragements, and at times without food, they finally reached the captives at Sorell, Canada, but they were unable to secure all of them without the help of the French authorities, and therefore went on to Quebec. They were successful in their mission and were also assigned a guard of 11 soldiers to Albany. They left Quebec on April 19 and Sorell on May 2, having redeemed all of the captives. The ransom cost about £200, which was made up of contributions from the English. The party reached Albany on May 22 and eventually arrived at Hatfield safely.
3. SAMUEL ALLIS was born in Braintree, Mass., on February 24, 1647, and died in Hatfield on March 9, 1691. He married in 1675-6, Alice ___, and after his death she married Sergeant John Hawks on November 20, 1696. She was killed at Deerfield on February 29, 1703-4, during the attack by the French and Indians, at the time that her son Samuel was killed and two of her daughters (Mary and perhaps Rebecca) were captured.
Samuel Allis was a carpenter and builder of Hatfield and resided on the east side of Hatfield street. Seven children:
22.†† Mehitable, b. July 2, 1677; married Benoni Moore of Hatfield and Northfield on December 13, 1698, and died May 8, 1757. Their 10 children were:
Elizabeth, b. Apr. 29, 1700 Hannah, b. Sep. 22, 1708
Mehitable, b. Jan. 2, 1701-2 Samuel, b. May 15, 1712
Samuel, b. Jan. 2, 1703-4 Mercy, b. Sep. 12, 1713
Hezekiah, b. Jan. 18, 1704-5 Lediah, b. Feb. 28, 1715-16
Hannah, b. Dec. 25, 1706 Ruth, b. Jan. 29, 1717
23.†† Samuel, b. Feb. 20, 1679; killed by the Indians in the attack on Deerfield, February 19, 1703-4.
24.†† William, b. Oct. 19, 1680;*
25.†† Mary, b. July 6, 1682; was captured by the Indians at Deerfield on February 29, 1703-4, and taken to Canada, but was afterwards released. On February 3, 1710, she married Nathaniel Brooks, a fellow captive. He was first married to Mary Williams, but in the attack on Deerfield he and his wife and two children were captured by the Indians and he only returned. His wife died in Canada and the fate of his children was unknown. Mary Allis and Nathaniel Brooks had the following children:
Nathaniel, b. Oct. 26, 1710 Aaron, b. Oct. 17, 1717
Samuel, b. Aug. 20, 1712 Moses, b. Sep. 14, 1722
Eunice, b. Nov. 22, 1714 Dina, b. May 13, 1725
26.†† Thomas, b. Mar. 12, 1684;*
27.†† Sarah, b. in 1685; married (1st) Ebenezer Evarts of East Guilford on April 22, 1709. He died May 19, 1722, and she married (2nd) Capt. John Scranton (being his third wife) and died October 8, 1749. Sarah and Ebenezer had five children:
Hannah, b. Oct. 30, 1710 Abigail, b. May 12, 1718
Sarah, b. Apr. 10, 1713 Abigail, b. July 19, 1720
Mary, b. Sept. 7, 1715
28.†† Rebecca, b. Nov. 29, 1687; no further record.
10. JOSEPH ALLIS was born in Hatfield on November 11, 1670, and was captured and killed by the Indians on June 19, 1724, while loading hay with several other settlers three miles from town. He was a farmer and lived in Deerfield. He married Naomi --- in 1702, and their four children were:
29. †† Daniel, b. April 10, 1703; was drowned near the mill May 20, 1719.
30.†† Mary, b. 1706; married John Smead of Deerfield on September 26, 1723. He and his wife and five children were captured by the Indians on August 20, 1746, and carried to Canada, where she died March 29, 1747. He was redeemed and with the three younger children arrived at Boston August 31, 1747. Their children were:
Bathsheba, b. Oct. 1, 1724 Reuben, b. Apr. 13, 1735
John, b. Dec. 18, 1726 Simon,††††
Daniel, b. Apr. 1, 1729 Mary, b. about 1740
Child, b. Oct. 16, 1731 Captivity, b. Aug. 20, 1746
Elihu, b. Oct. 12, 1732
31. †† Thankful, b. March 11, 1711; married Jonathan Holmes of Deerfield in 1730, and died November 21, 1737. Their children were:
Child, b. June 14, 1731 Experience, b. Oct. 1, 1734
Joseph, b. Nov. 14, 1737 Naomi, b. Sept. 12, 1736
32. †† Experience, b. March 11, 1711; married Noah Ferry of So. Hadley, Mass., in 1736, and died in Granby, November 4, 1794. Their children were:
Noah,†† Daniel, b. Feb. 15, 1743
Charles, b. Jan. 7, 1739 Rebecca, b.† Apr. 9, 1745
13. ICHABOD ALLIS was born in Hatfield July 10, 1675, and died July 9, 1747. He married, first, in 1698, Mary, daughter of Samuel Belden, Jr., born August 27, 1679, and died September 9, 1724. He married, 2nd, November 25, 1726, Sarah, daughter of Benjamin Waite and widow of John Belden. When she was but two years of age she was captured by the Indians and taken to Canada, but was afterwards returned
Ichabod Allis lived in Hatfield and was a farmer and builder. He had eight children by Mary, his first wife, as follows:
33.†† Abigail, b. Feb. 28, 1700; married Nathaniel Smith of Sunderland December 1, 1720, and died December 22, 1767. Their children were:
Mary, b. Feb. 16, 1724 Elisha, b. Oct. 9, 1734
Abigail, b. Oct. 16, 1726 Martha, b. Oct. 23, 1736
Lydia, b. Aug. 31, 1729 Jerusha, b. Feb. 3, 1739
Rhoda, b. Feb. 14, 1732
34. Lydia, b. Jan. 7, 1702; married Daniel Dickinson of Hatfield January 13, 1736, and died October 16, 1737. Daníl Dickinson married (2nd) Ruth Bagg.
35. †† Martha, b. November 19, 1703; married (1st) John Wells of Hatfield. They lived in Hatfield and Hardwick, Mass. and had seven children:
John, b. Mar. 14, 1729 Lydia, b. Aug. 16, 1738
Martha, b. June 12, 1731 Submit, b. May 3, 1742
Mary, b. Feb. 26, 1734 Elijah, b. April 1, 1744
Lucy, b. Mar. 7, 1736
†††††††† After the death of John Wells she married (2nd) Captain Nathaniel Hammond of Swanzey, N.H., August 6, 1746. They lived in Hardwick and had one child, Timothy, born May 13, 1748. Captain Hammond died July 19, 1758, and his widow married (3rd) Nathaniel Kellogg of Hadley and died September 13, 1764.
36. †† Samuel, b. Dec. 12, 1705;*
37. †† Sarah, b. Jan. 11, 1708; m. Joseph Miller Nov. 14, 1734.
38. †† Bathsheba, b. Jan. 12, 1710; married Jonathan Warner on August 8, 1733, and had ten children:
Daniel, b. Dec. 22, 1734 Jonathan, b. July 14, 1744
Mary, b. Feb. 23, 1736 Bathsheba, b. July 24, 1746
Bathsheba, b. Oct./Nov. 1738 Lucy, b. May 10, 1748
Lydia, b. Nov. 3, 1740 Rhoda, b. Mar. 3, 1752
Sarah, b. Nov. 1, 1742 Rhoda, b. Nov., 1754
39. †† Abel, b. July 21, 1714; married on Dec. 14, 1735, Miriam, daughter of Joseph and Lydia (Leonard) Scott of Hatfield who was born Dec. 14, 1713. She married (2nd) Joseph Benton of Hartford, Connecticut, and died May 26, 1751.
40. †† Elisha, b. Dec. 3, 1716;*
14. ELEAZER ALLIS was born at Hatfield July 23, 1677, and died Nov. 22, 1758, age 82. He married, first, on March 17, 1720, Jemima, daughter of John and Sarah (Banks) Graves of Hatfield and widow of John Graves of Whately. She was born at Whately April 30, 1693, and died February 18, 1727. He married (2nd) November 14, 1734, Martha, daughter of John and Sarah (White) Graves of Hatfield and widow of John Crafts, who was born at Hatfield on November 4, 1689, and died June 5, 1780.
Eleazer Allis was a farmer and lived in Hatfield, and had two children by his first wife:
41.†† Jonathan, b. June 22, 1723; married Submit --- and died in 1797 without issue.
42.†† Eleazer, b. Dec. 15, 1725;*
17. JOHN ALLIS was born at Hatfield May 10, 1682, and was twice married: first, on January 29, 1708, Mary, daughter of John and Sarah (Smith) Lawrence, who was born Nov. 1, 1688, and died Nov. 8, 1713; second, on June 23, 1715, Bethiah, daughter of John and Mary (Edwards) Field of Northampton. He lived in Hatfield and had five children.
By first wife:
43. Joanna, b. in September, 1710; died.
44. Dorothy, b. Jan. 27, 1712; no further record.
45. Daughter, b. Oct. 28, 1713; died Oct. 29, 1713.
By second wife:
46.†† Ebenezer, b. June 25, 1716; died April 13, 1720.
47.†† John, b. Sept. 18, 1718; probably married Lydia, daughter of Joseph and Lydia (Leonard) Scott of Hatfield and died in 1734-5. Lydia married (2nd) John Field Oct. 5, 1736.
19. WILLIAM ALLIS was born at Hatfield May 16, 1684, and married on Dec. 15, 1709, Mary, daughter of Jacob Griswold of Wethersfield, Conn. About the time of his marriage he removed to Wethersfield, where he died in 1761. He made his will June 14, 1756, in which he gave to his grandson, Abel Allis, all his real estate, and all his personal effects that would remain after paying the other legacies named in the will.
William Allis was a farmer and a prominent citizen of Wethersfield, and held town offices of Collector in 1712, and Lister (rate-maker) and Packer (meat inspector) the following year. His five children were born in Wethersfield:
48. †† Mary, b. November 22, 1711; married Ebenezer Sanford of Wethersfield and had Ebenezer, born in 1739. She died and he married, second, Sarah, daughter of Robert Chapman of East Haddam, on February 14, 1740.
49. †† Lydia, b. September 14, 1713; married on March 8, 1739, John Collins of Wethersfield, and had Amos, born June 5, 1746, and Kezia, born in 1747.
50. †† Sarah, b. October 6, 1715; married on January 13, 1742, Ezekiel Kelsey of Wethersfield and had seven children:
Asahel, b. Oct. 30, 1743 Sarah, b. Aug. 2, 1752
Israel, b. Nov. 20, 1745 Patience, b. July 30, 1754
Ezekiel, b. Dec. 22, 1747 Patience, b. Aug. 23, 1756
Mary, b. Dec. 30, 1749
51. †† Ann, born in 1720; married Samuel Pike.
52. †† John, b. Sept. 11, 1726;*
20. NATHANIEL ALLIS was born at Hatfield in 1685 and died in Bolton, Conn., in February, 1750-51. He married, first, November 28, 1705, Mercy Dudley, of Guilford, Conn., who bore him twelve children. She died June 29, 1731, and he married, second, Elizabeth ---, who died in Vernon, Conn, July 6, 1774. The children were:
53. †† Mindwell, b. Feb. 1, 1708; died April 15, 1708.
54. †† Mary, b. April 25, 1709; married Benjamin Johns of Bolton on Feb. 24, 1728, and had five children:
Mary, b. Jan. 2, 1729 Daniel, b. Mar. 4, 1737
Benjamin, b. Oct. 17, 1731 Naomi, b. Mar. 4, 1740
Stephen, b. Oct. 14, 1734
55. †† Jemima, b. June 20, 1711; married Eliakim Root of Coventry, Conn., on August 15, 1731.
56. †† Jonathan, b. Aug. 5, 1713; married on September 3, 1741, Martha Wickham of Glastonbury, Conn.
57. †† Mindwell, b. May 26, 1714; married Mr. Rood.
58. †† Nathaniel, b. Nov. 4, 1716;*
59. †† John, b. Nov. 10, 1718;*
60. †† David, b. July 19, 1720;*
61. †† Mercy, b. March 17, 1722; married Mr. Coleman.
62. †† Naomi, b. Jan. 1, 1724; died Jan. 26, 1740.
63. †† Ebenezer, b. May 24, 1726;*
64. †† Timothy, b. Nov. 13, 1728; married Elizabeth Whitaker of Bolton Nov. 7, 1751. Removed to Stafford, Conn. and adopted two children, Daníl Curtis and Lydia Washburn.
Nathaniel Allis settled in Bolton about the time of his marriage and was a wealthy farmer and prominent citizen of that town. His will, made in January, 1750-51, is an interesting document and is quoted herewith:
In the name of God amen, I, Nathaniel Allis of Bolton, in the County of Hartford, and the Colony of Connecticut, being under great indisposition of body, but through Godís goodness of sound and disposing mind and memory, and calling to mind ye uncertainty of life, do make and ordain this my last will and testament.First and principally resigning my souls to God, the father of Eternity and my body to the earth to be decently buried, and as for those worldly goods and effects with which it has pleased God to bless me I will dispose of as followeth:
Item: I give and bequeath unto my loving wife, Elizabeth, all those movables which she bore with her at her marriage, as also provision for her maintenance as hereinafter named and provided. Item: I give unto my son, Jonathan Allis what he has already received of his brother David on account of his portion. Item: I give unto my son Nathaniel Alis the sum of 50 pounds money old tenor, to be paid to him as is hereafter provided. Item: I give unto my son John Allis the sum of 100 pounds old tenor, to be paid to him as is hereafter provided. Item: I give unto my son Ebenezer Allis the sum of 300 pounds old tenor, to be paid him as is hereafter provided. Item: I give to my son Timothy Allis the sum of 300 pounds old tenor, to be paid him as is hereafter provided. Item: I give to my daughter Mercy Johns the sum of 50 pounds old tenor, to be paid her as is hereafter provided, besides what I have already given her. Item: I give unto my daughter Jemina Root the sum of 100 pounds old tenor, to be paid her as is hereafter provided. Item: I give unto my daughter Mindwell Rood the sum of 50 pounds old tenor as is hereafter provided. Item: I give unto my daughter Marcy Coleman the sum of 50 pounds old tenor, to be paid her as is hereafter provided.
I give to my son David Allis all my lands in Bolton with the buildings and the appurtenances thereof, to him and his heirs and assigns forever, provided that he pay and discharge all the legacies above named to the rest of my children, which legacies I do hereby order to be paid within six years after my decease, and provided also that he, the said David Allis, maintain and subsist me and my wife Elizabeth with a comfortable maintenance during the time of each of our natural lives.
My will further is that an inventory of my movable estate be taken, and that after my just debts be paid and answered that then the remainder thereof I give to my son David to enable him to pay the above legacies. My will further is that if the state of our money be altered before the said legacies be payable that then the said David shall discharge said legacies in such money as shall then be equal to the value of old tenor at this time.
Finally I hereby nominate and appoint my son David Allis to be my sole executor of this, my last will and testament, whereof I do hereunto set my hand and seal this last day of January, A.D., 1750-51.
Signed, sealed, published and declared to be his last will in presence of
John Bissell††††††††††† Benjamin Talcott
Benjamin Carpenter††††††††††† Daniel Bridges
24. WILLIAM ALLIS was born in Hatfield, Oct. 19, 1680, and married Elizabeth Davis of Northampton in 1703-4. He was one of the first forty settlers of Sunderland, Mass., where he was assigned Homestead 4, East Side, and was among the first to remove to Hunting Hills (now Montague), being one of the pioneers in the Chestnut Hill District in 1738. He died in Montague, Feb. 20, 1763, and Elizabeth, his wife, died May 1, 1758. Their children, except the youngest, were born in Hatfield:
65. †† Mary, b. Feb. 18, 1705; married Joseph Mitchell on Nov. 2, 1726, and died Nov. 8, 1773. They had one child, Joseph, born March 3, 1727.
66. †† Lois, b. Jan. 13, 1708; married Gershom Tuttle on October 17, 1737.
67. †† Eliphalet, b. Dec. 9, 1710;*
68.††† Zebediah, b. Oct. 28, 1713;*
69. †† Elizabeth, b. May 20, 1716; married on March 29, 1744, Daniel Baker of Northampton and had four children:
Mercy, b. Dec. 30, 1744 Elizabeth, b. Dec. 2, 1749
Daniel, b. Aug. 1, 1747 Samuel, b. May 23, 1752
26. THOMAS ALLIS was born March 12, 1684, in Hatfield, and married about 1716 Mehitable, daughter of John and Mary (French) Evarts of Guilford, Conn., and widow of Daniel Blachley, and was born Feb. 25, 1678. He settled in Guilford about the time of his marriage and lived there until 1732, when he moved to Haddam, Conn.
It has been impossible to secure an accurate record of the children of Thomas Allis for the reason that a part of the Guilford records were destroyed by fire and the Haddam church records (where the name is given as Ellis), contain very meagre information in regard to his family. He probably had other children than those whose names are given below, but as near as it is possible to trace them the children were:
70. †† Sarah, b. November 14, 1717; married Stephen Johnson on September 4, 1756.
71. †† Samuel, b. in August, 1719; married Mary Lee of East Guilford, Conn.
72. †† Rebecca, b. about 1721; married David Hoyt of Guilford in 1742 and had five children:
David, b. Mar. 9, 1743 Rebecca, b. about 1749
Timothy, b. Jan. 17, 1744-5 Timothy, b. Feb. 7, 1753
Rebecca, b. May 2, 1747
73. †† Mehitable, b. about 1723; married Samuel Brooks of New Haven on June 23, 1748.
74. †† Patience, b. about 1725.
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A diagnosis of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) likely raises many questions and concerns. However, it is important to keep in mind that there are many sources of information and support available to help you cope with this diagnosis. This fact sheet is intended to help you learn about CTCL, find answers to your questions and seek sources of support.
What is CTCL?
CTCL is a rare cancer affecting white blood cells called T-lymphocytes (T-cells). T-cells are important to your immune system, which helps the body fight infection. When T-cells start to grow too quickly, they can accumulate in the body, causing a cancer called T-cell lymphoma. T-cell lymphoma primarily affecting the skin is called CTCL. Thanks to recent treatment advances, many patients are able to maintain their quality of life while managing their CTCL, and some are able to remain in remission (cancer stops growing) for long periods of time.
Coping with Symptoms of CTCL
T-cells accumulating in the skin cause most patients to develop a rash or scaly patches that may be itchy. In its early stages, CTCL may be mistaken for a skin condition like eczema.
While most patients experience these symptoms without serious complications, it is very important to keep your health care team updated about any changes to your skin. Your doctor can prescribe medications to help you cope with these symptoms.
There are also some things you can do on your own:
Be gentle with your skin. Shower or bathe in lukewarm water. Choose skin cleansers free of fragrances and alcohol. Avoid bubble bath and after-bath powders that may aggravate itching.
Know how to cope with sun exposure. One of the treatments for CTCL is ultraviolet light, so sunlight may have a beneficial effect on CTCL. For example, many patients experience improvements in their rash in the summer. However, it is still advisable to use precautions. Wear a hat with a brim and put on sunscreen for prolonged sun exposure or during the most intense sunlight. If your treatment includes ultraviolet light therapy with psoralen, you will have to wear sunglasses that block the sun’s ultraviolet light. Talk with your health care team about how best to protect your skin from the sun.
Keep a symptom diary. It may take some time to find a skin care plan that works best for you. Keep notes on what you tried, what worked and what did not work.
Treatments for CTCL
The treatment of CTCL depends on several factors, including the extent of skin involved, the type of symptoms and the involvement of nodes or other organs.
Treatment options for CTCL may include:
Skin-directed therapy, treatment applied directly to the skin. Skin-directed therapy for CTCL may include medicated gels or ointments, ultraviolet light and radiation.
Systemic therapy, cancer treatment with one or more drugs that are absorbed and delivered across the entire body. One drug used to treat CTCL, bexarotene (Targretin), may be applied to the skin as a gel or taken as a tablet. The drugs vorinostat (Zolinza) and denileukin diftitox (Ontak) are approved to treat CTCL after the cancer has progressed or come back. Romidepsin (Istodax) is approved to treat patients who have received at least one prior chemotherapy drug. Pralatrexate (Folotyn) is approved for the treatment of an advanced type of CTCL known as transformed MF (tMF). Brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris) is being studied to treat people with a subset of CTCL called CD30-positive, primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma.
Allogenic stem cell transplantation is being studied as a treatment for CTCL. For this procedure, stem cells are taken from a donor (usually a brother or sister). Keeping the stem cells on hold, doctors give the patient high doses of chemotherapy to destroy as many cancer cells as possible. The stem cells are then transplanted to the patient to grow into healthy blood cells, forming new blood cells and boosting the person’s defense against infection.
Communicating with Your Health Care Team
Be sure you’re comfortable talking with your health care team. Your health care team may include a dermatologist and cancer specialist as well as your primary care doctor, oncology nurses and oncology social workers. It is important for you to share your concerns and questions with them. Remember, you are a key member of the team.
Be involved in your care. Make a list of questions to ask your doctor or health care team. Taking notes during appointments will help you remember what was discussed.
Understand your treatment plan. Many factors need to be considered in choosing the treatment that’s best for you. Be sure that you understand and are comfortable with the treatment plan your doctor has proposed. Consider getting a second opinion from a specialist in CTCL.
Share your feelings. When you have CTCL, you may feel uncomfortable because of skin itching or embarrassed by how your skin looks. Consider joining a support group where you can share experiences and learn from other people coping with CTCL. CancerCare’s free support groups, led by professional oncology social workers, connect you with others who are in a similar situation. Organizations such as the Cutaneous Lymphoma Foundation also offer support groups for people coping with CTCL.
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Massage is an excellent therapy for people who suffer from muscular aches, pains and stiffness. By manually mobilising the muscular tissue, it is worked in a manner the body can’t do actively. Massage promotes healing by stimulating blood and lymphatic circulation, flooding the area with blood and transporting waste materials that have accumulated. For this reason massage is often used for injury treatment to encourage bleeding to the injured site, allowing good blood flow to encourage a good healing response. Massage can also be used to break down scar tissue thus increasing flexibility and reducing stiffness
Massage can be used in conjunction with Physiotherapy/Chiropractic treatments which will allow for maximal recovery and importantly avoid reoccurrence.
Physiological effects of massage
- The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of conduits called lymphatic vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph unidirectionally toward the heart . This system runs parallel to the circulatory system however, unlike the circulatory system, the lymphatic system relies on movement to actively move fluid through the system. The strokes used in massage flush toxins and waste matter from muscles into this system so that they can be flushed away.
- By manually increasing the temperature of the area being treated, capillaries and blood vessels dilate/ become larger, allowing more blood to enter the body site. So as massage flushes out all the detrimental toxins and waste products produced from exercise or cummulative injury, a large influx of fresh oxygenated blood is created back into the site to revitalise the tired and drained tissue.
- If you have suffered from previous injury, your body will have created scar tissue at the injury site. Regular massage will help break down this tissue and help prevent it binding to muscle or other tissue resulting in reduced movement or function of that muscle. Massage will not make scar tissue disappear, but it will make it more flexible, allowing you to train with less irritation.
Psychological effects of massage
- Massage promotes the release of endorphins which act as natural pain killers.
- Massage also affects the nervous system by having an effect on mechanoreceptors (pressure receptors). These receptors are responsible for the muscle to sense pressure; allowing the muscle to know when it is contracted and or lengthened. Stimulation of mechanoreceptors through massage encourages muscle relaxation.
- As the tension through you body is relaxed, you will find that any anxiety or stress you are carrying will be reduced and you will experience a greater sense of well being.
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3.MD.C.7 Common Core Games, Videos, Lessons, Worksheets, and Quizzes
Relate area to the operations of multiplication and addition.
Find the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths by tiling it, and show that the area is the same as would be found by multiplying the side lengths.
Multiply side lengths to find areas of rectangles with whole-number side lengths in the context of solving real world and mathematical problems, and represent whole-number products as rectangular areas in mathematical reasoning.
Use tiling to show in a concrete case that the area of a rectangle with whole-number side lengths a and b + c is the sum of a x b and a x c. Use area models to represent the distributive property in mathematical reasoning.
Recognize area as additive. Find areas of rectilinear figures by decomposing them into non-overlapping rectangles and adding the areas of the non-overlapping parts, applying this technique to solve real world problems.
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By Tyler Bailey, Local Policy
American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy
The 2015 City Scorecard ranks 51 large US cities across five policy areas on their policies and efforts to save energy. Its focus on policies and other initiatives is meant to identify and highlight important actions cities can take to become more efficient. In the process, it offers the beginnings of an efficiency roadmap for any city that wants to save more energy.
The City Scorecard’s metrics can also be used to evaluate other communities beyond the large ones included in the report. All communities, large and small, have the potential to lead on energy efficiency. With the updated 2015 Local Energy Efficiency Self-Scoring Tool released today, communities can evaluate their progress on energy efficiency efforts to get a better understanding of where they stand in relation to peers.
Comparing against peers
Because the largest cities have already been scored in the City Scorecard, we imagine small and medium-sized communities will be the primary users of the tool. To enable these communities to compare their efforts against localities of similar size, we scored eight “peer communities” and embedded their scores in the tool. The peer communities are Arlington County, Virginia; Boulder, Colorado; Burlington, Vermont; Charlottesville, Virginia; Knoxville, Tennessee; Madison, Wisconsin; Park City, Utah; and Lawrence, Kansas. Each community’s score and policy information is available in the ACEEE State and Local Policy Database...
To read the report, visit: http://aceee.org/research-report/u1511
To continue reading this blog post, visit: http://aceee.org/blog/2015/12/score-your-community-s-efficiency
About ACEEE: The American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy acts as a catalyst to advance energy efficiency policies, programs, technologies, investments, and behaviors. For information about ACEEE and its programs, publications, and conferences, visit aceee.org
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Ford Island History
The Army purchased Ford Island from the John Ii Estate for the 6th Aero on September 25, 1917. It later became a joint use facility with the Navy. In 1919 the station was renamed Luke Field in honor of World War I ace Frank Luke.
Ford Island consists of 335 acres of land situated in the East Lock of Pearl Harbor.
In early Hawaii, natives referred to it as Mokuumeume, meaning Island of Strife. Obtained in 1866 by Honolulu physician Doctor Seth Porter Ford, upon his death it was sold to John Ii who developed it into a thriving sugar cane plantation.
In 1873, a military commission comprised of the Army’s Major General John M. Schofield and Lieutenant Colonel Burton S. Alexander made a survey of the island of Oahu for defensive possibilities. Their report to Secretary of War Belknap recommended the United States obtain cession of Pearl Harbor, together with its shore for four or five miles back, deeded free of cost to the U.S. in return for allowing Hawaiian sugar to enter the mainland duty free.
Ford Island, they stated, would be excellent to accommodate a depot of naval stores and equipment. A Proclamation by King Kalakaua on November 9, 1887 granted the United States “exclusive rights to enter the harbor of Pearl River . . . and to establish . . . a coaling and repair station for the use of vessels of the United States, and to that end the United States may improve the entrance to said harbor and to all other things needful to the purpose aforesaid.”
Captain John Curry came to Hawaii on February 13, 1914 to command the 6th Aero Squadron. He soon learned that he would receive Curtiss N-9 seaplanes, single engine biplanes which carried a two-man crew, that could attain a top speed of 70 miles per hour with engines rated at 100 horsepower. The N-9 weighed 2,400 pounds.
He proceeded to scan Oahu for suitable facilities, while selecting Fort Kamehameha as a temporary site for his operation. He chose Ford Island in Pearl Harbor as the base for the 6th Aero for several reasons: “It had excellent approaches and plenty of water for landings and take-offs. It faced into the prevailing wind and a land airdrome could be easily made. It was within the Red Hill line. It was the cheapest and most available land (really the only available land) that fulfilled all the requirements that we needed.”
In preparation for World War I, the Navy selected Ford Island as a site for land-based guns to defend the harbor. In 1916, the War Department acquired two small parcels of land from the Ii Estate. These sites were used as casements for two batteries of six-inch rifled guns. Each battery consisted of two guns. These sites were located on the southwest and northeast corners of the island. Named Battery Boyd and Battery Henry Adair, the sites were completed in mid-1917 and were the first presence of military on Ford Island. The batteries were used by the U.S. Army until 1925 by which time they were deactivated and the guns removed.
Curry’s recommendations to situate the 6th Aero at Ford Island were approved locally then, also, in Washington. He stated, “I then made the necessary arrangements with the owners, the John Ii Estate, for the purchase of the land and drew up plans for the establishment of a base that would accommodate several squadrons. Estimates amounting to about $1,300,000 were submitted for the establishment of the base and an additional sum of about $325,000 for the purchase of the Island.”
Later that month, 50 men from Rockwell Field, California, were transferred to the 6th Aero Squadron. One enlisted man deserted but Captain John B. Brooks arrived with the remaining retinue aboard the SHERIDAN on March 18. That day Captain Curry enacted his organization and assumed control and command of the 6th.
However, there was no action on Ford Island’s purchase. When Curry returned to the mainland for reassignment (August 1917), he followed up on his recommendation and managed to obtain final approval for Ford Island’s purchase.
The Oahu Sugar Company surrendered its leasehold to Ford Island in late 1917 to complete the sale.
It was understood by the War Department that both the Navy and the Army would use Ford Island.
On September 25, 1917 the 6th Aero Squadron abandoned Fort Kamehameha and moved to the new site, under Brooks’ command. They began clearing the land to establish the first Army Air Service Station in Hawaii.
The station was officially renamed Luke Field in 1919 after World War I fighter pilot Frank Luke who was killed in action over the Western Front.
Luke Field developed into a sizeable base. Pursuit planes and bombers made up the 6th Aero's flight inventory. By 1935, there were 66 Keystone bombers stationed at Luke Field assigned to the 5th Composite Group squadrons.
By the end of 1935 there were so many planes stationed at Luke Field that the military negotiated a deal where the Navy would get Ford Island, and the Army would construct a new air base across the harbor at what would become Hickam Field. By the end of 1940 the move of Army personnel from Luke Field to Hickam Field was complete.
On December 7, 1941, 33 of the 70 aircraft on the ground at Ford Island were destroyed by the Japanese attack. Despite this the air base remained operational throughout the attack.
Ford Island was very busy during World War II. A squadron of PBY flying boats was stationed there, as were numerous other Navy aircraft. The runway grew until it covered the entire center of the island. Hangars and auxiliary buildings filled almost all available space.
In 1962, the Navy officially deactivated Ford Island as an air base.
On February 2, 1970 a 4,500 foot runway at Ford Island was opened to civilian pilots for flight training operations. The Navy extended its permit to the state for the use of the air strip for civilian flight operations through calendar year 1972, and acceded to the request that students be allowed to make their first solo flights from the airfield. Operations were no longer restricted to touch-and-go landings and taxi-back practice.
The student landing and take-off area was leased from the Navy and staffed by contractual communications personnel.
The one millionth airport operation since the State started leasing Ford Island in 1970 occurred in 1977. The Ford Island operation continued to grow modestly but steadily and served to relieve a major congestion problem of general aviation training activity at HNL.
On July 1, 1999 general aviation activity ceased at Ford Island when the State of Hawaii acquired 757 acres of surplus land at Barbers Point Naval Air Station as Kalaeloa Airport to be used for general aviation purposes.
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The Seminole Indians, who first appeared in modern-day Broward County in the 1820s, are the only unconquered tribe and only tribe to never sign a peace treaty with the United States. After the Seminole Wars, the Seminole Tribe lived in poverty, hiding out in remote camps in the wet wilderness areas of South Florida. They lived off the land, and hunted, trapped, fished and traded at frontier outposts while maintaining minimal contact with the outside world.
In 1938, the U.S. Congress set aside more than 80,000 acres of land for the Seminoles in the Big Cypress, Hollywood and Brighton areas and the invitation to move in, to change from subsistence farming and hunting/trapping to an agriculture-based economy, was offered.
A special generation of Seminole leaders - children of that last generation to hide in the swamps - began to meet regularly beneath a huge oak tree on the Hollywood reservation. (The oak still stands! Called the Council Oak, it was spared in the construction of a parking lot and can be seen today near the corner of U.S. 441 and Stirling Road on the Hollywood Reservation.)
By 1957, a constitution was forged establishing a two-tiered government (Tribal Council and Board of Directors) with elected representation from each reservation community. That same year, the U.S. Congress officially recognized the unconquered Seminole Tribe Florida; the Tribe immediately began wading into the mainstream of the federal Indian system. The first Seminole government achieved what many felt was impossible, bringing the chaos of new organization under control and the first monies into the tiny Tribal treasury. Thus began the modern era of the Seminole Tribe of Florida, fostering an economic prosperity far beyond the small-time tourism ventures - alligator wrestling shows, airboat rides, roadside arts and crafts booths, village tours - that had become the staple of individual and Tribal economy.
The 1950's were a turning point in the history of the Florida Seminole people many significant issues to address. In 1953, the U.S. Congress passed legislation to terminate federal tribal programs. While the State of Florida supported termination of services to the Seminoles, Tribal members and their supporters were able to successfully argue against termination and by 1957 had drafted a Tribal constitution. They attained self government through the formation of a governing body, the Tribal Council. At the same time, the Seminole Tribe of Florida, Inc. was created to oversee the business matters of the Tribe.
Today the Seminole casinos support a growing infrastructure for the Seminole community's health and welfare, public safety, education and other services. The economic stability provided by gaming, combined with the cattle, citrus, and other business enterprises, has made the Seminole Tribe of Florida one of the most successful native business people in the United States today. They employ more than 7,000 employees in their casinos, hotels and other enterprises and purchase more than $130 million in goods and services yearly.
This is an excerpt from semtribe.com/history. Please visit for more in-depth history of the Seminoles.
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National Geographic : 1927 Aug
AIR CONQUEST From the Early Days of Giant Kites and Birdlike Gliders, The National Geographic Society Has Aided and Encouraged the Growth of Aviation INCE Langley pioneered thirty-one years ago; since Alexander Graham Bell flew his man-lifting kite; since the Wright Brothers boldly rode the skies in the first crude, careening biplane, the growth and progress of air travel have been steadfastly aided and encouraged by the National Geographic Society. In its Magazine there has been told in word and picture, year by year, the graphic, cumulative story of the Conquest of the Air. Twenty-four years ago, during his far reaching experiments with tetrahedral kites, Dr. Bell wrote, in an article for the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE, "A properly constructed kite should be capable of use as a flying machine, when driven by its own propellers."* To-day we see the singular fulfillment of these prophetic phrases. Now the wings of the modern biplane are patterned closely after the "Hargrave Box Kite," from which Dr. Bell started his long, historic experiments. In 1907 Dr. Bell built and flew the fa mous Cygnet, a kite more than 40 feet long. Working with Bell then, in his laboratories at Baddeck, Nova Scotia, were Glenn H. Curtiss, J. A. D. Mc Curdy, F. W. Baldwin, and a young American Army officer, Lieutenant Thomas E. Selfridge-a student of air problems. One day Self ridge climbed into the big kite and rode it up into the air as it was flown. He rose to a height of 168 feet, and then was lowered gently and safely (see, also, page 236). FROM MAN-LIFTING KITE TO MODERN AIRPLANE Self ridge later associated with the Wright Brothers and became one of America's pioneer aviators. He was killed in line of duty at Arlington, Vir ginia. Selfridge Flying Field, at Mount Clemens, Michigan, is named for him. In its issue for January, 1908, the NA * "Aerial Locomotion," by Alexander Graham Bell, in the NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE for January, 1907. TIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE printed an article, "Dr. Bell's Man-Lifting Kite," with 27 illustrations, describing that unique aerial vehicle. Dr. Gilbert Grosvenor, now President of The Society, was its author. "While Dr. Bell's ultimate object," wrote Dr. Grosvenor, 'is to secure a fly ing machine that will support itself in the air . . . the experiments with the Cygnet have been mainly studies in stabil ity . . . Dr. Bell's next step will be to put a powerful light motor on a modi fied form of the Cygnet." SPEED PLANE IS FIRST COUSIN TO KITE It is but twenty years since Selfridge went boldly up in Bell's kite-an un paralleled feat at that time-and remained in air seven minutes. Yet, to get up then, the big kite had to be flown with a long, stout rope, pulled by a horse or a steam launch. Now, propelled by powerful mo tors, planes may remain aloft forty hours or more. Yet, curiously enough, the graceful speed plane of to-day is but a first cousin to the kite-the same bulky, horse-drawn kite that Bell and Selfridge flew two short decades ago. Pursuant to its policy of promoting aviation, The Society's annual banquet of 1911 was given "In Honor of the Army and the Wright Brothers." In The Mag azine of March for that year, we read that this banquet was one of the most notable meetings in the history of The Society. Among those present were the President of the United States, William Howard Taft, and members of The So ciety from 37 States and many foreign countries. Dangerous and undeveloped as avia tion then was, it had already seized men's imaginations. Crude and clumsy as were the planes of 1911, they had even then definitely taken their place as implements of war. Major General Leonard Wood, speaking at this banquet, said: "All of us soldiers look upon the aeroplane as a great addition to our warlike apparatus.
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May 26, 2011
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum welcomes the news of today’s arrest in Serbia of Ratko Mladic, the former chief of staff of the Bosnian Serb Army who was indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He is expected to be extradited to The Hague to stand trial there.
Michael Abramowitz, director of the Committee on Conscience, the Museum’s genocide prevention program said, “This arrest is significant, and, coming sixteen years after Mladic’s indictment, is long overdue. Holding perpetrators of genocide accountable for their actions, and seeking justice for the victims, no matter how long it takes, sends the strongest message that the world will not tolerate these heinous crimes and stands as a warning to those who may perpetrate them in the future.”
Abramowitz continued, “This case is important because, along with the ongoing trial of Radovan Karadzic, it could offer a judgment on whether the behavior of Serbian leaders during the wider Bosnian war constituted genocide.”
Mladic, the chief military leader of the Bosnian Serb army, was arrested in Serbia by authorities who claimed for years that he was not in their territory. With Mladic’s arrest, the ICTY has only one indictee still at large, Goran Hadzic.
With the arrest of Mladic and the on-going trial of Radovan Karadzic, the chief civilian leader of the Bosnian Serbs, the ICTY is finally bringing to justice the highest level of the Bosnian Serb wartime leadership.
His trial, in addition to the on-going Karadzic trial, will include a review of the patterns and intention behind atrocities during the Bosnian war, including whether they constitute genocide. Previously, trials at the ICTY have found that genocide occurred only in one case: Srebrenica in 1995.
As the highest commanding officer of the Bosnian Serb Army, Mladic oversaw a conflict marked by ethnic cleansing, siege warfare, massive abuses against civilians and genocide. The areas in the north around Prijedor and Banja Luka became the sites of concentration camps, like Omarksa, Manjaca, and Trnopolje, where Bosnian Muslims and Croats endured torture, beatings, near-starvation conditions, and murder. The capital Sarajevo and other key cities were surrounded – water, electricity and food supplies were cut off entirely or diminished to a mere trickle and the civilians’ lives were at constant risk through bombardment and snipers. An estimated 10,000 people died in Sarajevo alone. In the east, Bosnian Serb forces together with paramilitaries units from Serbia, claimed huge swaths of land as part of the so-called “Serb Republic,” and forcibly displaced the Muslims and Croat populations through murder, torture, rape, intimidation and theft.
Mladic is indicted for genocide for these overall patterns of assault against entire ethnic groups. He is also charged for genocide at Srebrenica, the largest massacre in Europe since World War II. Throughout the conflict, Bosnian Serb forces treated civilians from other ethnic groups as legitimate targets in their goal of creating an ethnically homogeneous mini-state, which they largely succeeded in accomplishing and was confirmed through the internationally-brokered peace process held at Dayton, OH.
In addition, Mladic is charged with war crimes for taking UN military observers and peacekeepers hostage in May 1995 and tethering them to military targets, in an attempt to deter NATO bombing.
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How Goat Yoga Can Increase Students' Performance
Students definitely need mental and physical practices to fight stress and pressure. Being bound to their school desks and computers the better part of a day, learners risk contracting numerous blood circulation, spine, and intestinal problems. And this bunch of diseases goes quite apart from depression, anxiety, and other mental issues that are common for all youngsters.
Yoga is a perfect practice that helps students feel better in every sense. Especially the Goat Yoga! Whether you already do yoga for a while, or you’re new to this activity, you must have heard people talking about this trendy and adorable approach Created by Arizona Goat Yoga. While traditional yoga has numerous health benefits, it is even greater to do it with goats! Read this post to learn how yoga relieves stress, makes you stronger, and healthier.
Fight depression (buck it down with goats’ horns!)
As you know, animals are great emotional supporters. Some of them are highly-empathic, and you will be surprised to know that goats are on the top of the list! There is a strong therapeutic effect on being near and playing with these cute creatures.
Physical and emotional contact with goats stimulates relaxation response in our brain. The impulse flows throughout the entire body, which decreases the level of anxiety and depression. Goats are perfect anti-depressants!
Focus and self-discipline
Benefits of goat yoga are numerous, and self-discipline is one of them. When doing yoga, you put your attention to every movement of your body and mind. Though you may find animals walking over your back a bit distracting, this might be a perfect way to practice your focus. You might also enjoy it as an amusing interaction! All in all, goat yoga is here to make you smile and experience comfort!
The connection we are all looking for
Most students have issues with self-esteem and overall mental condition. The educational system is tough these days, so learners might experience a lack of academic support, as well as human warmth and connection. They require communication, help, and sometimes – additional hints to make their college life easier. Positive effects of yoga cannot be overestimated, but when you practice it with goats, you feel something exceptional – connection. Making the bonds between animals and people is great, especially when you are feeling overwhelmed and lonely.
Cure chronic pain
Even though you are young, chronic backache and neck pain might be your permanent companions already. No wonder – a lack of physical activity is something all students are doomed for. A significant number of studies prove that yoga reduces tunnel syndrome and other types of chronic pain. What is more, additional physical load in the form of a small goat walking on your back can improve the effect! Just be sure to consult a doctor and make certain that you don’t have serious injuries, and physical overload is okay for your current health state.
In addition to stress release, goat yoga will make you stronger! This is a great exercise with strength-building effect, especially when you practice it with animals. There are particular poses (asana) that build muscles. Regular training will help you lose weight and form brawn. When you combine yoga with daily exercises and jogging, the effect won’t be long in coming.
Improve the quality of sleep
As a perfect stress relief for students, goat yoga can also improve your sleep. We all know that feeling – your projects, deadlines, and marks might bother you a lot when you try to have a rest. You end up rolling over in bed without getting a wink of sleep till the sun rises. Then you go to college like a zombie, and your productivity is at zero.
Yoga helps you fell asleep faster, sleep longer, and recover energy easier. Sleep disturbances can be caused by high blood pressure as well as anxiety, while yoga and additional physical exercises solve these issues. In addition, yoga increases the level of melatonin – a hormone responsible for sleep and revitalization. So forget about sleep medications – they are harmful to your health. You won’t need them anymore if you join goat yoga classes!
As a daily practice, yoga will definitely improve the quality of your life. If you are a student, then both the mental and physical effects of yoga are necessary as the breath of your nostrils. And when it comes to an exceptional type of yoga – training with goats – the number of benefits becomes notably higher. Not only will you improve the state of your body and spirit, but also strengthen your bonds with nature and namely – these fantastic and kind creatures. Goat yoga brings lots of fun, joy, laughter, and endless cuddles! Say “good-bye” to your depression and college problems because the goats will make them vanish into thin air. Have fun and improve your health!
Jeff Blaylock is a blogger and writer with an embrace of healthy life and eco-nutrition. The main point of Jeff’s interest is the connection between a healthy body and mental well-being. Also, he is interested in such practices as art and pet therapy.
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If it sometimes feels like it’s impossible to keep up with the torrent of information, data and digital content that’s being created every day online, you’re not alone. Within the next few years, it’s highly conceivable that many of us will have enhanced versions of ourselves that are able to complete all the routine online tasks – such as updating our social networking profiles or applying to jobs – that are already within the limits of artificial intelligence. In fact, the entire Transhumanism movement is based around that very idea – that soon, a hybrid of human and machine intelligence will make it possible to transcend our current cognitive limits. Yet, to get from Point A (the present) to Point B (the future), we will need to walk through the shadows of the Uncanny Valley – and that journey could indeed be perilous, fraught with many ethical and moral dilemmas.
In layman’s terms, the Uncanny Valley refers to a controversial idea from the fields of robotics and artificial intelligence that humans are evolutionarily hard-wired to reject “nearly human” entities. The hypothesis, coined by Japanese robotics researcher Masahiro Mori nearly 40 years ago, states that “as the appearance of a robot is made more human, our emotional response to the robot will become increasingly positive, until a point is reached beyond which the response quickly becomes that of strong revulsion. Then, as the appearance of the robot becomes indistinguishable from that of a human being, the emotional response becomes positive once more.” The Uncanny Valley refers to “this area of repulsive response” that a robot with appearance and motion between a “barely human” and “fully human” entity is able to arouse. In short, robots that are 95% human are creepy and repulsive, but robots that are 99.9% human are kinda warm and cuddly.
Popular culture is filled with examples of our fear, uncertainty and doubt in the Uncanny Valley. In science fiction, nearly-human robots and replicants always appear strange and overtly threatening. In horror movies, creatures that are human but lack some emotional attachment (e.g. Stepford Wives) populate the Uncanny Valley of our imaginations. Or, consider the characters in animated movies like “Polar Express,” which have been criticized for looking disturbingly not-quite-human. The concept of the Uncanny Valley has even been referenced on the TV show 30 Rock.
We’re now almost at a point where, at least online, digital representations of humans are able to fool millions of people. Consider the recent brouhaha in Japan over the beautiful pop sensation Aimi Eguchi, who turned out to be a clever digital amalgamation of several different girls in the band AKB48. At some point, it will it no longer be possible to distinguish between machines and humans on the Internet.
This will be the other side of the Uncanny Valley, where humans will enhance themselves – whether through biology or robotics or artificial intelligence – to a point where they begin to possess “uncanny” abilities – such as superior cognition or extraordinary physical abilities. As futurists such as Jamais Cascio point out, “So long as these enhancements remain within a perceived norm of human behavior, a negative reaction is unlikely, but once individuals supplant normal human variety, we can expect an outcry of revulsion.” However, once such technological enhancements accelerate away from conventional human norms, “transhuman” individuals would begin to be perceived as entirely separate entities (Supermen?) altogether.
It’s impossible to reach The Singularity without first successfully traversing the Uncanny Valley. What will be our reaction, however, when advances in biology and artificial intelligence make it possible for some members of our society to gain an advantage over others, by virtue of their uncanny cognitive and physical abilities? When we look at them, we will no longer recognize ourselves – and it is then that the ethical, moral and religious questions will intensify. (Transhumanism, remember, is one of the world’s most dangerous ideas.) Will we see our enhanced selves as abominations of nature, or as merely the next logical step in the evolution of the human race?
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Nanodragsters hit the street
RICE—Chemists are building better and better nanomachines, the latest of which is a nanodragster—named for its characteristic hot-rod shape—with small wheels on a short axle in the front and large wheels on a long axle in the back.
The tiny hot rod—1/25,000th the width of a human hair—has a chassis that rotates freely and allows the car to turn when one front wheel or the other is lifted, a behavior not seen in previous nanocars. Images show the nanodragsters appearing to “pop wheelies” with both front wheels raised off the surface.
What those wheels are made of matters most. Early nanocars rolled on simple carbon 60 molecules, aka buckyballs. But they were a drag, literally, as they would only turn on a gold surface in high heat, about 200 degrees Celsius.
The nanodragster design is the latest in a series of molecular machines built by Rice University scientists. Their recent work, reported in the American Chemical Society journal Organic Letters, is another step toward functional nanomachines that can be custom-built and set to work in microelectronics and other applications.
James Tour, the T.T. and W.F. Chao Chair in Chemistry and a professor of mechanical engineering and materials science and of computer science, and his team found in previous research that wheels made of p-carborane, a cluster of carbon and boron atoms, operate at much lower temperatures. But they’re more difficult to image with a scanning tunneling microscope because of their much weaker interaction with metallic surfaces.
The key to making nanodragsters, Tour says, was putting p-carborane wheels in the front and buckyballs in the back, getting the advantages of both. The front wheels roll easier, while the buckyballs grip the gold roadway well enough to be imaged by Kevin Kelly, an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. And the vehicle operates at a much lower temperature than previous nanovehicles.
“The trick to making these nanocars was to attach the smaller wheels first, then deactivate their reactive ends through carbon group attachments that we called ‘scythes,’ much like blades on the centers of classical chariot wheels,” Tour says. “Then we could affix the larger C60 wheels to the rear axle.”
Imaging at different temperatures to better understand the energy barriers associated with moving nanovehicles is not discussed in this paper, but the researchers are undertaking such work both on the original gold surfaces and on glass and other substrates. Obtaining greater control of their motion is also the subject of ongoing research.
Rice University news: www.media.rice.edu/media/
You are free to share this article under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported license.
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A weighty new study shows that CRISPR therapies can cut fat without cutting DNA. In a paper published Dec. 13, 2018, in the journal Science, UC San Francisco researchers describe how a modified version of CRISPR was used to ramp up the activity of certain genes and prevent severe obesity in mice with genetic mutations that predispose them to extreme weight gain. Importantly, the researchers achieved long-lasting weight control without making a single edit to the genome.
Though the human genome contains two copies of every gene in an individual, one from each parent, scientists know of at least 660 genes where a mutation in just one copy can lead to diseases, some of which are devastating. One such condition is severe obesity, which the authors of the new study used as a model to develop a new therapeutic approach for treating these disorders.
Mutations in a single copy of SIM1 or MC4R – two genes critical for regulating hunger and satiety – are the most frequently observed mutations in severely obese individuals. When both copies of these genes are functioning, people are generally able to manage their food intake. But mutations can render one copy non-functional, forcing the body to rely exclusively on a single working copy, which on its own, doesn’t sufficiently signal satiation, leaving afflicted individuals with an unrelenting appetite. As a result, they can’t control their food intake and end up severely obese. But recent advances in CRISPR technology may offer a solution.
“We thought that if we could increase the dosage of the existing functional copy of the gene, we could prevent many human diseases in individuals harboring these mutations,” said Nadav Ahituv, PhD, professor of bioengineering and therapeutic sciences and senior author of the new study. “We were able to accomplish this by using a novel CRISPR-based technology developed right here at UCSF.”
CRISPRa Activates Appetite-Suppressing Genes
The technology in question is CRISPRa (a for activation). Developed at UCSF in the lab of Jonathan Weissman, PhD, professor of cellular and molecular pharmacology, CRISPRa differs from conventional CRISPR in that it doesn’t make cuts to the genome. It retains CRISPR’s guidance system, which can be programmed to home in on a particular DNA sequence, but replaces the molecular scissors with a volume control knob. When CRISPRa finds its target, it amplifies the activity of that gene. No edits are made.
Recognizing its potential, the researchers created CRISPRa systems that targeted sequences that regulate the activity of SIM1 or MC4R. They used a viral-delivery system to introduce these CRISPRa constructs into the hunger-control regions of the brain in mice that were genetically engineered to have only one functional copy of either gene.
Mice that received the CRISPRa constructs produced more SIM1 or MC4R than those that didn’t. Furthermore, the amounts were comparable to what mice with two working copies of these genes normally produce. Most importantly, the increased dose was enough to prevent the mice from becoming obese.
“The results were dramatic. Mice that were missing one copy of the Sim1 gene received the CRISPRa injections at four weeks of age and maintained a healthy body weight like normal mice. Mice that didn’t receive CRISPRa injections couldn’t stop eating. They started gaining weight at six weeks of age, and by the time they were 10-weeks old, they were severely obese on a regular diet” said Navneet Matharu, PhD, a researcher in the Ahituv lab and lead author of the new study.
CRISPRa-treated mice were 30 to 40 percent lighter than their untreated counterparts. The effects were also long-lasting. The researchers monitored the mice for 10 months – a significant fraction of a mouse’s normal lifespan – and found that those that received a single CRISPRa treatment maintained a healthy weight for the duration of their monitoring.
“These results demonstrate that CRISPRa can be used to up the dosage of genes in diseases that result from a missing copy, providing a potential cure for certain forms of obesity as well as hundreds of other diseases,” said Matharu.
CRISPRa Can Overcome the Limits of Gene Editing
The researchers believe they could have achieved similar results by using CRISPR to edit the genomes of these mice, but they argue that CRISPRa has a number of advantages over the standard version of the gene-editing technology.
“For therapeutic purposes, CRISPRa may be preferable to conventional CRISPR. It solves many of the problems associated with making permanent modifications to the genome, and it has the potential to treat a variety of genetic diseases for which gene editing isn’t an option,” said Christian Vaisse, MD, PhD, the Vera M. Long Endowed Chair in Diabetes Research at UCSF and co-author of the study.
Though CRISPR targets specific DNA sequences, off-target effects have been observed. With conventional CRISPR, this can lead to inadvertent but permanent changes to the genome with potentially harmful outcomes. However, off-target effects associated with CRISPRa are less likely to be damaging because no permanent changes are made. In fact, the new study shows that using CRISPRa to target promoters and enhancers – noncoding DNA sequences that control when and where a gene is turned on – seems to prevent off-target effects while confining the desired effects to specific tissues of interest.
The researchers also note that CRISPRa could be used to treat other kinds of genetic disease. Diseases that arise from so-called microdeletions – a term that counterintuitively refers to the loss of large chromosome segments that span millions of nucleotides and multiple genes – are currently too large for conventional CRISPR to repair. In such cases, CRISPRa could be used to compensate for the deletion by increasing the activity of several genes on the unaffected copy of the chromosome. And in cases where a gene is completely lost, CRISPRa could activate another gene with a similar function to compensate for the missing gene, the researchers said.
“Though this particular study focused on obesity, we believe our system could be applied to any situation in which having only one functional copy of a gene leads to disease,” Ahituv said. “Our method demonstrates tremendous therapeutic potential for numerous diseases, and we show that we can achieve these benefits without making any edits to the genome.”
Authors: Additional UCSF authors on the paper include Sawitree Rattanasopha, Serena Tamura, Lenka Maliskova, Yi Wang, PhD, Adelaide Bernard, Aaron Hardin, PhD, and Walter L. Eckalbar, PhD. Rattanasopha is also affiliated with Chulalongkorn University.
Funding: This study was supported by grants 1R01DK090382, R01DK106404 and R01DK60540-09 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; the UCSF Nutrition and Obesity Research Center funded by National Institutes of Health grant P30DK098722; the UCSF School of Pharmacy 2017 Mary Anne Koda-Kimble Seed Award for Innovation; National Cancer Institute grant 1R01CA197139; National Institute of Mental Health grant 1R01MH109907; National Institute of Child and Human Development grant 1P01HD084387; National Human Genome Research Institute grant 1UM1HG009408; the UCSF Catalyst Program; the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program grant PHD/0071/2554; the American Diabetes Association Mentor Based Award 7-12-MN-79; and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Institutional Research and Academic Career Development award K12GM081266.
Disclosures: Ahituv is an equity holder and heads the scientific advisory board for Encoded Therapeutics, a gene regulation therapeutics company. Ahituv and Matharu are co-founders of Enhancer Therapeutics Inc.
UC San Francisco (UCSF) is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise. It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises three top-ranked hospitals – UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland – as well as Langley Porter Psychiatric Hospital and Clinics, UCSF Benioff Children’s Physicians and the UCSF Faculty Practice. UCSF Health has affiliations with hospitals and health organizations throughout the Bay Area. UCSF faculty also provide all physician care at the public Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, and the SF VA Medical Center. The UCSF Fresno Medical Education Program is a major branch of the University of California, San Francisco’s School of Medicine.
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There are lots of us who suffer – or will suffer – from Insomnia at some point in our lives. Some of us will know why we are suffering from it whilst others will spend sleepless nights wondering why they cannot sleep.
Insomnia falls into several distinct categories – or patterns – and can affect different people in different ways for a variety of different reasons.
The Patterns of Insomnia
As we have already touched upon Insomnia can be experienced in a variety of different ways and it is important to look at and examine these different manifestations of Insomnia so that you – the potential sufferer of Insomnia – have some idea as to what to look out for.
Onset Insomnia is one of the most common ways in which the sleeping disorder can affect individuals. If you are suffering from an anxiety-based disorder such as depression or stress then you may find that Onset Insomnia is the most likely type of sleep deprivation for you to suffer from.
In essence Onset Insomnia is the inability to sleep full stop – affecting a considerable number of people throughout the United Kingdom. The premise is that the mind is so intent on focusing on the issues that cause these anxiety disorders that the sufferer cannot relax sufficiently to sleep.
Middle of the Night Insomnia
The name really speaks for itself with this particular type of sleep disorder; the sufferer may achieve some level of sleep but when they awaken they will invariably find it difficult if not impossible to return to sleep. Many people simply think that they can manage on less sleep than is necessary but this is not the case and Middle of the Night Insomnia often causes the sufferer to fall asleep during the course of the day when they should not or simply leaves them feeling lethargic.
This type of Insomnia is similar to the aforementioned Middle of the Night Insomnia with the sufferer waking and having difficulty getting back to sleep if at all. In some cases the individual suffering from the problem can get back to sleep but with great difficulty.
Terminal Insomnia is more often than not waking up early in the morning; particularly if you are suffering from some clinical anxiety disorder such as clinical depression. There is no difficulty as such in getting to sleep but there is a difficulty in maintaining a fitful night’s sleep often – as we have touched upon – waking up several hours before you are supposed to and finding it next to impossible to get back to sleep.
All of these types of Insomnia can leave the sufferer feeling lethargic and run down so it is important where possible to ask your doctor for advice on how best to deal with the situation.
He or she may wish to review your situation on a weekly or bi-weekly basis but will not offer to prescribe you with sleeping pills unless the situation is particularly bad.
There are many different non-medicated Insomnia treatments that you could try, among them:
- Hot milky drinks before bed
- A hot bath
- Lavender Oil sprinkled on your pillow
- Having your partner give you a massage
- Listening to some light music
There are also a number of herbal remedies available on the market as over the counter sleep aids but before you embark on a course of such you should consult with your doctor as to possible side effects which may occur.
Also ask your doctor if he or she can recommend a particular way to achieve sleep without resorting to prescription medication.
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(multiple species from family Cichlidae)
Habitat and Distribution: Found in freshwater and brackish water habitats of tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. The majority of cichlids are found in the Great Lakes of East Africa (Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria and Lake Tanganyika).
Size: Up to 9 inches long
Wild Diet: Different species are adapted to eat different foods, such as insects, fish, and algae.
Predators: Humans, other fish
Lifespan: 4-10 years
Reproduction: Brightly colored males attract females to their territory to breed. Lake Malawi cichlids are immediate mouthbrooders, meaning that females collect and hold fertilized eggs in their mouths until they hatch—or longer. Sometimes, eggs are fertilized in the mouth. In some species, males brood the eggs instead of females.Behavior: Parents use a variety of behaviors to help their young develop from eggs to wrigglers (newly hatched) to fry (free-swimming but still dependent). For example, parents may clean their eggs by swishing them around in the mouth and discarding fungus-ridden eggs. To help wrigglers feed, parents may hold up leaf litter to allow the young to forage underneath (“leaf-lifting”) or dig into substrate to expose buried prey (“fin-digging”). Fry may be allowed to feed on mucous secreted from the parents’ skin, a behavior called “micronipping.”
IUCN Status: Not Assessed.
Some cichlid species are threatened by over-fishing and pollution in Lake Malawi.
Did you know?
- Many cichlid species are endemic to their habitats, meaning that they live nowhere else. Lake Malawi cichlids are specially adapted to different habitats within the lake. For example, some cichlids hunt in open water, while others live among rocks and graze on algae.
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Infusion is first and foremost an extraction method consisting in soaking a plant in initially hot water that is allowed to cool to extract the active ingredients or natural flavours. In this sense, it is opposed to maceration, in which the water is cold at all times, or decoction, in which the water is kept boiling
The term infusion also and above all refers to the liquid thus obtained Herbal teas, tea , for example, are then included in this definition [ CNRTL ].
Traditionally used for medicinal virtues The infusions have been known since 2737 BC, when the Chinese emperor Chen Nung soaked a tea leaf in hot water for the first time
They were commonly used during Antiquity and the Middle Ages by the physicians as a remedy for all diseases, before gradually being replaced by the appearance of medication during the Renaissance. [ STEPI ] The whole range of herbal medicine and other natural remedies is called herbal medicine .
There are a large number of different varieties of infusions, including black, green or white teas, but also chamomile, ginger, verbena and many others [ AlterAfrica ].
According to a study by Transparency Market Research There is a growing interest in herbal drinks such as herbal teas. This is due to a change in lifestyle among young adult populations, increasingly preferring natural remedies to drugs, and to sustained growth of organic products s in 2017, 20% of infusions are labelled organic [ LSA Conso ].
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430 years ago, the young William Shakespeare left his wife and children in Stratford to start a new life in London. Rising from obscurity to superstar, he cut a swath through London society, attracting admirers, copycats, lawsuits, critics and the odd begging letter. In his early life in London, he lived in rented accommodation and got into trouble for not paying his taxes. By the end of his life, he owned property in fashionable Blackfriars. We visit the places he lived and worked, taking in some of the most beautiful sites in the ancient/modern City of London, including a magnificent 16th Century hall in which his company performed. Guided by Ian F, Historian and lawyer.
Shakespeare's company performed beneath this ceiling 400 years ago. Where is it?
This is the hammerbeam ceiling of Middle Temple Hall, where for more than four centuries lawyers, law students and judges have dined and been entertained together. In 1602 law student John Manning wrote in his diary about a performance of Shakespeare's Twelfth Night that took place in the Hall.
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| 0.978507 | 219 | 3.140625 | 3 |
15 Of The Most Amazing Science Facts That Can Easily Be Mistaken For Science Fiction
Science is a beautiful thing, over the past five hundred years the age of reason has presented us with the tools to explain our physical world and use science to create some amazing inventions and theories. We all use the fruits of these discoveries in our everyday lives from talking on the telephone, going to work in our cars, watching the football on TV and even reading the news on the internet, but not all of us realize just how thin the line is between science fact that helped pave the way for those inventions and science fiction.
Some of these inventions and theories are so incredible that you could be forgiven to think that you have seen them on an episode of Star Trek or read them in an Isaac Asimov novel. The following is a short list of some of the most amazing and true scientific facts that anyone can easily mistake for being science fiction.
1) You Can Fly on Titan With a Set of Wings Attached to Your Arms
Titan is a moon orbiting our ringed neighbor planet Saturn, in fact it’s Saturn’s largest moon and scientists have paid close attention to it since it’s the only other body known to us to contain a dense atmosphere and stable bodies of liquid on its surface. The gravity on Titan is also weaker than here on Earth, much so that along with its dense atmosphere if you were to attach a set of wings to your arms and flap them like a bird, you would actually be able to fly around.
Of course you wouldn’t want to stay too long as the long term negative health side effects from exposure of low gravity including loss of bone density, loss of muscle density and weakened immune system. Titan is one of the few planets that is up for serious consideration for Human colonization when we finally start to colonize other planets in the future.
2) It is Entirely Possible For The Woman or Man of Your Dreams to Just Pop Into Existence Out of Thin Air
Quantum mechanics is an incredibly complicated field of physics, it deals with the fundamental laws that govern our universe and the ramifications of this field of study are mind boggling. Where we have general relativity to deal with the very large (gravity and space-time) Quantum mechanics deals with the very small such as interactions between fundamental particles.
One such ramification is that empty space is not empty at all, it’s actually filled with huge amounts of energy and particles popping in and out of existence from seemingly nothing. That’s where we can theorize that anything can randomly come together to create something and yes it could well be the partner of your dreams, the only thing is that it may take a while. The amount of particles that would need to come together in the exact place at the exact time would be numbered in the trillions and for that to happen you’ll need to wait for longer the universe has existed, which is 13.7 billion years.
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Printing a Recovery… An Emerging Bubble Alert
Counterfeiting is an effective way to stimulate the economy, but the costs can be quite high. For example, if trillions of dollars in fake cash was injected into the financial system (undetected), we’d probably see the same type of thing that we see when a credit bubble is inflating; asset prices would rise, unemployment would fall, economic activity would increase, and GDP would soar. But when people figured out what was going on, investors would panic, the markets would crash, and the economy would go into a deflationary nosedive.
So here’s the point: Deregulation allows the banks to create as much bogus money as they want in the form of credit. When a bank issues a loan to someone who can’t repay the debt, it’s counterfeiting, which is the same as stealing. This is what the banks did in the lead-up to the Market Meltdown of ’08; they issued trillions of dollars of mortgages to people who had no job, no income, no collateral, and a bad credit history. The banks abandoned all the standard criteria for issuing loans, so they could increase the quantity of loans they produced. Why? Because bankers get paid on the front-end of the transaction, which means that when they make a loan, they mark it as a credit on their books so they can draw a hefty salary and a fat bonus at the end of the year. In other words, there are powerful incentives for bankers to do the wrong thing, which is why they act the way they do.
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| 0.975799 | 332 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Olive oil is usually extracted from olives and it is often known for its best replacement with the butter, the Mediterranean diet pyramid depicts the importance of various food groups and how they are helpful in maintaining good health.
The olive oil contains much more mono-saturated fats when compared with other oils like Soya bean oil, butter, corn oil, margarine and Canola oil. The FDA( Food and Drug Administration Authority) has stated that consuming 23 grams of olive oil per day can reduce the risk of coronary heart disease.
Olive oil has several rich properties such as antioxidant, anti – inflammatory and anti-microbial. Humans can have several health benefits such as it reduces cardiovascular disease, cancer, improves the power of immune system, controls blood pressure, reduces diabetes, obesity and helps in lowering the skin diseases.
More than 50% of population in china use olive oil for different purposes, and Russia with 47% of consumption at second place in the list of olive oil consumption.
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| 0.959742 | 201 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Methamphetamine – known as “meth” for short and as Desoxyn for medical use – is a stimulant that affects the brain, body, and nervous system. Alcohol, on the other hand, has depressive effects. Separately, both meth and alcohol can have very detrimental long-term effects to the body, including developing meth dependence.
But what happens when you mix these two drugs together (injected, swallowed, or snorted meth while drinking)? We review here and invite your questions about mixing meth with alcohol or how to help meth addiction in the comments section at the end.
Meth and alcohol effects
Many people take meth with alcohol while on a binge. But when meth and alcohol are used together, the drug effects of both are amplified, including increased heart rate and an increased sense of euphoria.
Alcohol’s sedative properties counteract some of the stimulant effects of meth. For example, alcohol can reduce sleep disturbances associated with meth use. Though meth increases the user’s heart rate on its own, mixing with alcohol increases the heart rate more. Meth alone can be dangerous to the heart and mixing with alcohol increases the risk for cardiovascular issues. Additionally, some users have reported some negative side effects to combining meth and alcohol, such as intense nausea and vomiting following the comedown. Some users have also reported a very intense “crash,” or depressive period following combination, including thoughts of suicide.
Dangers of mixing meth and alcohol
Meth counteracts the effects of alcohol intoxication, diminishing the feeling of drunkenness, impaired performance and mood issues. With diminished effects of intoxication, a person may drink much more alcohol than they normally would to achieve typical effects. A person on meth and alcohol can also underestimate their level of intoxication and increase in risky behavior like driving. Increased alcohol intake also increases potential for alcohol toxicity.
Meth and alcohol overdose
Meth diminishes some of the feelings of alcohol intoxication, which can encourage the user to drink more and consequently increases the risk of alcohol poisoning. Signs of alcohol poisoning include:
- irregular or slow breathing
- paleness or bluish skin color indicating hypothermia
- unconsciousness where a person cannot be roused, stupor, or coma
Meth and alcohol deaths
With diminished effects of intoxication, a person may drink much more alcohol than they normally would. A person may underestimate their level of intoxication and increase in risky behavior like driving. Increased alcohol intake also increases potential for alcohol toxicity. Not only is the potential for alcohol poisoning greater, but also the possibility of death by car accident, choking on vomit, etc.
Is it safe to drink on meth?
No. It’s not safe to drink on meth. Even though mixing meth and alcohol seems to increase the “good” effects of both drugs, it is not safe to use methamphetamine and alcohol together. Meth reduces impairment commonly associated with alcohol, and the user may underestimate their true level of intoxication, leading to the danger of alcohol overuse. It is not safe to combine the two drugs.
If you are looking for help with meth (Desoxyn) and alcohol abuse or addiction, you can find answers to your many questions and learn what happens during addiction treatment programs in our comprehensive guide on Treatment and Help for Desoxyn Addiction.
Mixing meth and alcohol questions
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Many people enjoy the feeling of freedom that comes with riding a motorcycle. Unfortunately, too many people buy into some common myths about motorcycles – to their detriment. Understanding motorcycle myths, and acting accordingly, can change your view on motorcycle accidents.
Motorcycle Accident Myth #1 “Motorcycles are just as safe as other forms of transportation.”
According to Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, “motorcycles are the most hazardous form of motor vehicle transportation.” This is not to say motorcycle riders are dangerous. Rather, this reflects the fact motorcyclists are simply less protected than people in cars. Additionally, motorcycles are not as visible, which can result in automobile-motorcycle crashes.
Motorcyclists can reduce their likelihood of accident and injury by:
- presuming other cars can’t or don’t see them
- making eye contact with other drivers when possible
- wearing reflective clothing
- wearing clothing designed to protect in the event of a motorcycle accident
- donning a helmet whenever they hit the open road
Motorcycle Accident Myth #2 “Helmets are dangerous because they reduce hearing and vision.”
Many helmet opponents argue helmets reduce the ability to hear and see, thus increasing their potential for an accident. However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have studied the issue. It turns out, helmets do not interfere with hearing or vision. Helmets do, however, provide eye protection. Additionally, helmets reduce head injuries in accidents by 69 percent. Further, studies show helmets reduce the risk of death by 37 percent.
Motorcycle Accident Myth # 3 “I can have a beer and be fine to ride.”
While it is unlikely that one beer will raise your blood alcohol level above the legal limit, this doesn’t mean that riding a motorcycle after drinking one beer is a safe bet. Studies show that a single beer increases one’s willingness to take risks. Where you may not do so when completely sober, a single beer could lead a motorcyclist to presume, without eye contact, that another driver can see them. It might lead you to choose to pass with less room than you usually might. It might result in racing through a yellow light, where you would ordinarily wait.
Motorcycle Accident Myth # 4 “More young people die in motorcycle crashes.”
The data, surprisingly, does not support this. Cyclists over the age of 50 account for 68 percent of touring bike fatalities; 58 percent of fatalities involving sport touring bikes, and 49 percent of fatalities for standard motorcycles and cruisers. Anyone can be killed in a motorcycle accident.
If You Have Been Injured in a Motorcycle Accident
Whether you were injured in a single motorcycle accident, or an accident with one or more other vehicles on the road, you may be entitled to compensation for your injuries. There is no fee to you unless we win your case. Contact us to discuss the facts and circumstances of your case. Our motorcycle accident lawyers can help you pick up the pieces and get back to your life. Contact Miller Kory Rowe LLP today at (602) 461-8640.
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Belize is a beautiful Central American country about the size of Massachusetts. Poverty is widespread, however, with more than 40% of the population living below the poverty line.
High levels of unemployment, growing urban crime, and increasing incidences of HIV/AIDS are major obstacles to the country’s growth.
Food For The Poor began working in Belize in 1986. The international relief and development organization helps local groups that serve in the Central American country. These local organizations assist impoverished rural communities, providing help to more than 2,400 families and 60 schools throughout the country.
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Bob-Lee and Lee-Bob are the Zoo's two male great horned owls, acquired in 2006 and 2007. Both of them were wing injured in the wild and sustained permanent wing and eye damage. They have adapted quite well to life at the Zoo and very much enjoy having their food delivered to them daily.
Status in the Wild
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List status: Least concern. It is estimated that there are more than five million in the wild.
Great horned owls live throughout North America and in Central and South America. They live in a wide variety of habitats, ranging from Arctic to Equatorial. Their habitat includes forests, tropical rainforests, mountainous areas, deserts, rocky coasts, and some urban park areas.
Great horned owls are carnivores. As birds of prey, they hunt rodents and small mammals. They will also eat small owls, waterfowl and other birds. They also eat fish, snakes, frogs, toads and turtles.
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Spruce trees are often planted for ornamental purposes. Sometimes they served as Christmas trees, and in other cases they are part of a landscaping project. These trees are hardy in zones 2 to 6 and prefer moist acidic soils. Spruce trees can grow up to 60 feet tall and 20 feet wide. They like full sun and grow in an upright, pyramidal shape.
Because of their height, spruce trees create shade in a yard. This shade can reduce energy costs by blocking the hot rays of the sun from heating parts of the home. In addition, the air around the home stays cooler, reducing the need for as much energy to cool the house using air conditioning.
Spruce trees are often planted as a wind break. Because of their size and branch arrangement, spruce trees can block winter winds and protect a home from the cold. This lowers home heating costs. Exposure to harsh winter wind can make it difficult to heat the home, and more energy is required to keep the exposed area of the house warm.
Full-size spruce trees require a lot of water. Their root system covers a large area. Spruce trees reduce flooding because their root systems absorbs water quickly and reduce runoff. In addition, this keeps the soil from washing away during heavy rains. Finally, the branches and needles of the spruce tree slow the rain as it falls, allowing more time for water to soak into the ground and preventing flash flooding.
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Showing them the elements of tweaking the SMARTboard Notebook Activity and how to manipulate the images.
One student uses the wireless tablet, the Airliner with the SMARTboard to provide instruction on a particular communication arts lesson. We also discussed this type of lesson, is grammar in isolation (DOL) the most effective way for continous and seamless grammar usage?
All students receive an iPad for the semester! They learn how and WHY to use this tool in the classroom. Much reflection occurs through research, readings, discussions and writing about the impact these type of devices have on diverse learners and teachers. They are involved in lesson planning and evaluating the apps and other uses for the iPads. Then they will go out to our community partnering schools and use what they have learned throughout the semester to teach students and provide professional development to teachers.
Watch more about the new iPads at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNGK6mfALp0&feature=share
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Kutub is the plural of Kitab which means Maktoob (written). (The Legal) meaning that is intended in this chapter is:
The Books which Allaah has sent down unto His Messengers as a Mercy and Guidance to mankind so that they may utilize to achieve their happiness in this life and in the hereafter.
The Belief In The Books Includes Four Matters:
- First: To believe that the descent of the Books is truly from Allaah.
- Second: To believe in the Books whose names we know, each according to its name, like Al-Qur’aan which was sent down unto Muhammad (sal-Allaahu ‘alayhe wa sallam), At-Tawraat which was revealed to Moosaa (alayhis-salaam), the Injeel which was brought down to ‘Eesaa (alayhis-salaam), and Az-Zaboor which was given to Daawood (alayhis-salaam). As to those Books which we don’t know their names, we believe in them on the whole.
- Third: To attest to their authentic information like the news told in the Qur’aan and (or) in the old Scriptures as long as they are not altered or changed.
- Fourth: Acting upon its un-abrogated statutes, accepting and submitting to them whether we realize the wisdom behind them or we don’t. All of the old Scriptures are abrogated by the Great Qur’aan. Allaah (Ta’aalaa) said:
“And We have sent down to you the Book in truth confirming the Scripture that came before it and Muhayminan (trustworthy in highness and a witness) over it (old Scriptures).” [Qur’aan 5:48]
The Qur’aan, therefore, is a Judge over all the old Scriptures and accordingly it is forbidden to act upon any of the statutes of the old Scriptures except what is authentic and acknowledged by the Qur’aan.
The Belief In The Books Yields Great Benefits, Including:
- First: Acknowledging Allaah’s concern for His creation whereby He sent to every nation a Book to guide through it.
- Second: To recognize the Wisdom of Allaah in His Shar’a (Judicial Laws) whereby He Legislated for each nation what suits its conditions, as Allaah (Ta’aalaa) said:
“To each among you, We have prescribed a Law and a clear way.” [Qur’aan 5:58]
- Third: To be grateful for Allaah’s Favour of sending down His Books of Revelation.
Muhayminan: Testifies the truth that is therein and falsifies the falsehood that is added therein.
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Innovation in the supply chain is crucial for businesses to maintain and sustain their competitiveness and adapt to the quickly shifting and constantly changing business environment. With more innovation in the supply chain, companies can modernize their operations, reduce expenses, and enhance the customer experience by employing the latest technology and techniques.
Innovation in the supply chain is important and essential because it aids companies in reacting quickly to shifting market conditions and satisfying customer needs and demands. Moreover, innovation in the supply chain keeps a competitive edge in a fast-moving industry that helps businesses to become more resilient and robust.
Advancement in the supply chain may increase business productivity, save expenses, reduce errors, and improve customer experience by continuously upgrading their supply chain processes and operations.
Moreover, enterprises can provide improved customer satisfaction and loyalty by ensuring that products are delivered on schedule and in good shape. Supply chain innovation has become more crucial as e-commerce has grown, as has the demand for same-day and next-day deliveries to satisfy customers’ needs for speed and dependability.
In general, supply chain innovation is crucial for companies wanting to stay competitive in today’s quickly evolving market. Businesses can save costs, enhance customer satisfaction, and increase sustainability by reinvesting in their supply chain operations.
What is Innovation in Supply Chain Technology?
The term innovation in supply chain technology refers to the innovation and advancement of technology across the supply chain management to bring more agility, resiliency, and productivity in supply chain operations and processes.
The process through which goods are produced, delivered, and distributed—from the procurement of raw materials to the last delivery to customers—is referred to as the supply chain.
Using the software, hardware, and other digital technologies to automate and streamline these processes are known as supply chain technology.
7 Trends of Supply Chain Management
Today’s world is moving at the pace of light, and to meet the changing demands and needs of customers, businesses need to transform themselves using innovative tools to survive. Hence, to make business supply chain operations seamless, the organization must follow the below-mentioned trends for a successful and innovative supply chain. The innovative tools also need to get updated with changes in demand and trends.
Using Robotics – To make supply chain operations faster and more accurate, businesses can now use robotics machines to supply materials, goods, and products from warehouses to production houses or shipping. With the help of robotic machines, businesses can leverage the advantage to reduce human error, have quick transportation, speedy fulfillment of orders, and more strategic tasks. Moreover, with the help of robotics machines, businesses can now able to save cost on the losses caused due to human error.
AI and ML at your Work –
Businesses need to be intelligent in this modern world of work where lacking technology may cause a heavy loss in production, supply chain, and customer service. Today businesses may use digital tools to meet customer demands, but tools lacking the latest technology may sack your business operation and processes. Similarly, in supply chain tools, the integration of AI and Machine Learning makes supply chain management tools innovative and more efficient. AI predictive analysis helps businesses with upcoming trends and demand, while ML, on the other hand, help enterprises with customers’ choice using past data and current demand.
Data Analytics –
Data is regarded as the creative fuel of contemporary businesses. With the newest technologies like IoT, AI, and big data analytics, organizations may readily use data to streamline their supply chain operations. Data analytics allows businesses to learn more about each component of the supply chain and to focus on the areas that need improvement. Companies can have a comprehensive perspective of every aspect of the supply chain using data, which will help them make decisions more quickly.
Client centricity –
Companies must place the customer at the heart of their supply chain operations in today’s quick-paced and fiercely competitive industry. This entails satisfying consumer needs and preferences while delivering a delightful customer experience.
Lean supply chains –
By removing pointless operations and lowering inventory levels, lean supply chain management aims to maximize efficiency while minimizing waste. This entails adopting just-in-time inventory management techniques, simplifying logistics and transportation, and leveraging data analytics to pinpoint inefficiencies and bottlenecks.
Talent management –
Companies are focusing more on talent management to attract and keep qualified employees with the experience needed to manage and optimize supply chain operations as technology and automation are used more and more in supply chain operations. This entails investing in training and development programs, encouraging a culture of ongoing learning and progress, and implementing creative hiring practices to draw in top candidates.
As supply networks become more complicated and international, the collaboration between various organizations throughout the chain is becoming more and more crucial. Businesses are cooperating to create supply chains that are more effective and sustainable by exchanging information, resources, and knowledge. This entails working together on logistics, demand forecasts, and product design.
Supply chain management is a field that is constantly changing due to shifting consumer needs, technological improvements, and the desire to create more effective and sustainable supply chains. The seven trends mentioned earlier—digital transformation, sustainability, resilience, collaboration, customer centricity, lean supply chains, and talent management—are all essential for firms looking to remain competitive and satisfy the demands of the contemporary marketplace.
Businesses can create a more effective, sustainable, and customer-focused supply chain with the aid of Dynamics 365 supply chain constant. With the help of Dynamics 365 supply chain consulting services, businesses can elevate more productivity in the years to come by adopting these trends and continuously pursuing innovation and improvement in their supply chain operations.
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Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
Hilla Rebay, Solomon R. Guggenheim's artistic adviser, helped Guggenheim assemble his collection of modern art and convinced him to begin planning for a museum to house his collection. In 1943, she chose Frank Lloyd Wright and provided him with $21,000 to begin planning, even though a site had not yet been chosen. In August 1945, a design was unveiled to Mr. and Mrs. Guggenheim. Rebay's objective, seconded by Wright, involved construction of a museum to house Guggenheim's collection that rejected conventional museum architecture.
The building, notwithstanding the alterations and additions that have taken place, is a prime example of the later work of Frank Lloyd Wright, manifesting his theory of "organic architecture" in the unity of building method, appearance and use. It is Wright's only complete building in New York City and is completely different from any other modern building in New York City, breaking the norm of a facade parallel to the street and planar surfaces. Of reinforced concrete construction, its most striking feature is the one-quarter-mile long ramp which spirals up in ever-widening loops around an interior courtyard.
Reinforced concrete with early elastronic wall coating
On New York's upper Fifth Avenue, which largely consists of apartment houses constrcted of brick, sometimes with limestone over lower floors, together with a number of surviving town houses, largely though not entirely now serving institutional uses. Nearly all these buildings have flat facades facing the park and built to the building line. This is a stable neighborhood.
Wright was known to push the limits of technology and this building is no exception. George N. Cohen, the contractor, is credited with having made construction of a unique building possible at a reasonable cost. Wright created an irregular shape in the spiral that expands as it rises. This created uneven expansion and contraction as temperatures change. In order to preserve a monolithic appearance, there are no expansion joints. Wright used a thick elastic wall coating that had just been developed to prevent external cracking. Despite what would appear to be problems inherent to the building, a recent two-year assessment in connection with the restoration currently taking place found the structure in "remarkably good condition." "Guggenheim Restoration Has Wright Stuff," Architectural Record, vol. 195, no. 11, November 2007, p. 42.
Client and architect wanted and built a museum like no other. Despite its iconic status, the building appears to have had little influence on New York City architecture.
Wright intended to build an museum that broke with conventional museum architecture, a symbol of a new era in the display of art. There were to be, he said, "clean beautiful spaces throughout the building, all beautifully proportioned to human scale." Put another way, Wright constructed a museum suitable for the founder's collection of non-objective art. Despite much controversy whether that aim was accomplished (many eminent artists derided the building initialy), Wright designed a building as innovative as the art it contains. The fact that is still startles us after nearly fifty years testifies to his success.
Considered by many the most significant building of Wright's late period.
There is little doubt that this is building of great significance, an icon to a great architect's unique vision of modern architecture. That it also houses an important cultural institution contributes to its value.
The building has been extensively published. There follows a very brief list of some of the more useful publications:
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum - Architect Frank Lloyd Wright, New York: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1960.
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum - Architect Frank Lloyd Wright, New York: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1975.
The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Collection, 1994.
LANDMARK PRESERVATION COMMISSION, Report, New York: Landmark Preservation Commission, 1990
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A Russian Soyuz space capsule has landed in Kazakhstan, bringing its crew of two American astronauts and a Russian cosmonaut safely back from the international space station. The return was the first landing of a manned space vehicle since the disaster that destroyed the American shuttle Columbia in February. Sunday's landing also had its anxious moments.
Controllers at Russian mission control outside Moscow were upbeat after receiving word the Soyuz capsule had landed.
But relief began to turn to anxiety when it became evident that the capsule had landed well off course. It took more than two hours for ground teams to reach the spacecraft, which had touched down nearly 500 kilometers from its intended landing site.
Then anxiety turned back again to relief. The Soyuz was spotted with its hatch open, and NASA astronauts Kenneth Bowersox and Donald Pettit and Russian cosmonaut Nikolai Budarin were standing outside, waving.
The return flight was the first manned landing since the American space shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry in February, killing its seven-person crew. The Columbia tragedy meant that space station crewmembers had to extend their stay by two months.
The Soyuz has long been the primary vehicle used by the Russian space program. For now, it is the only way to carry both humans and cargo to and from the International Space Station.
Adding to the concern was that this particular Soyuz capsule was a new model, never before used for a descent to earth, one of the trickiest and most dangerous parts of any manned space mission.
The Soyuz is much smaller than the American shuttles, so the crew had to leave a lot of equipment behind on the station for the time being.
The Columbia disaster also has led officials to reduce the number of crewmembers on board the space station from three to two.
American Edward Lu and Russian Yuri Malenchenko arrived at the station last week and are expected to stay for the next six months.
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Walter WhiteIntroduction by Kenneth Robert Janken
In 1926, Walter White, assistant secretary of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, broke the story of a horrific lynching in Aiken, South Carolina, in which three African Americans were murdered while more than one thousand spectators watched. Because of his light complexion, blonde hair, and blue eyes, White, an African American, was able to investigate first-hand more than forty lynchings and eight race riots.
Following the lynchings in Aiken, White took a leave of absence from the NAACP and, with help from a Guggenheim grant, spent a year in France writing Rope and Faggot. Ironically subtitled “A Biography of Judge Lynch,” Rope and Faggot is a compelling example of partisan scholarship and is based on White’s first-hand investigations. It was first published in 1929.
Rope and Faggot debunked the “big lie” that lynching punished black men for raping white women and it provided White with an opportunity to deliver a penetrating critique of the southern culture that nourished this form of blood sport. White marshaled statistics demonstrating that accusations of rape or attempted rape accounted for less than 30 percent of all lynchings. Despite the emphasis on sexual issues in instances of lynching, White insisted that the fury and sadism with which white mobs attacked their victims stemmed primarily from a desire to keep blacks in their place and control the black labor force. Some of the strongest sections of Rope and Faggot deal with White’s analysis of the economic and cultural foundations of lynching.
Walter White’s powerful study of a shameful practice in modern American history is now back in print, with a new introduction by Kenneth Robert Janken.
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American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- n. The dispersion of Jews outside of Israel from the sixth century B.C., when they were exiled to Babylonia, until the present time.
- n. The body of Jews or Jewish communities outside Palestine or modern Israel.
- n. A dispersion of a people from their original homeland.
- n. The community formed by such a people: "the glutinous dish known throughout the [West African] diaspora as ... fufu” ( Jonell Nash).
- n. A dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a language or culture: "the diaspora of English into several mutually incomprehensible languages” ( Randolph Quirk).
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- n. The dispersion of the Jews; among the Hellenistic Jews and in the New Testament, the whole body of Jews living scattered among the Gentiles after the Babylonian captivity: also used by the Jewish Christians of the apostolic age for their fellow Christians outside of Palestine (rendered “the strangers” in the authorized version of 1 Pet. i. 1, and “the Dispersion” in the revised version).
- n. The dispersion of the Jews from the land of Israel.
- n. The Jews so dispersed, taken collectively.
- n. A similar dispersion.
GNU Webster's 1913
- n. Lit., “Dispersion.” -- applied collectively: (a) To those Jews who, after the Exile, were scattered through the Old World, and afterwards to Jewish Christians living among heathen. Cf. James i. 1. (b) By extension, to Christians isolated from their own communion, as among the Moravians to those living, usually as missionaries, outside of the parent congregation.
- n. the dispersion or spreading of something that was originally localized (as a people or language or culture)
- n. the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel; from the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem in 587-86 BC when they were exiled to Babylonia up to the present time
- n. the body of Jews (or Jewish communities) outside Palestine or modern Israel
- See diaspora. (Wiktionary)
- Greek diasporā, dispersion, from diaspeirein, to spread about : dia-, apart; see dia- + speirein, to sow, scatter. (American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition)
“Malaysian Indians urged to emulate Chinese diaspora in education Diaspora”
“I did know that Europe wasn't as kind to the diaspora as it would like to think. mcgeneral Preservation of national identity in Diaspora priority of state ...”
“I am part of the African diaspora but by no means am I part of the monolith! innit4theminute Follow Mylvpm. com Black History Month in the remembrance of important people and events in the history of the African diaspora innit4theminute Follow Mylvpm. com Black History Month in the remembrance of important people and events in the history of the African diaspora on twitter. lawyerfind Truth and Reconciliation, Stories from the Diaspora ksjhalla very interesting.”
“The term Diaspora in Haiti is almost synonymous with an insult.”
“In its original sense, the term Diaspora is Biblical, describing scattering of the Jews around the world after the fall of Palestine.”
“One of the differences, and perhaps the most important to those in the Diaspora, is concerned with the fact that new driving license documents are valid anywhere in the world, as they now meet the international conventions adopted by the United Nations.”
“So, to some extent, I guess, Diaspora is in my wheelhouse.”
“Groups in Diaspora with different ideologies get to share their own private virtual reality universe in which to run the software of their minds however they wish.”
“Four New York University students recently made headlines for a project they call Diaspora that they say will allow users to keep control over their social-networking information.”
“Diaspora is a great idea, deserves all its miracle funding, but will it work? felix”
These user-created lists contain the word ‘Diaspora’.
A random list of things people are looking up on Wordnik.
new words that I want to remember.
Looking for tweets for Diaspora.
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|Home | Articles | Forum | Glossary | Books|
Perhaps one of the most entertaining things to do with electronics is make some mechanical device move. Three very popular devices used to “make things move” include dc motors, RC servos, and stepper motors.
-- 1. DC Continuous Motors
FGR. 1: RC servos; Stepper motors; Teeth Rotor
DC motors are simple two-lead, electrically controlled devices that come with a rotary shaft on which wheels, gears, propellers, etc., can be mounted. DC motors generate a considerable amount of revolutions per minute (rpm’s) for their size and can be made to rotate clockwise or counterclockwise by reversing the polarity applied to the leads. At low speeds, dc motors provide little torque and minimal position control, making them obsolete for pointlike position-control applications.
DC motors are available in many different shapes and sizes. Most dc motors pro vide rotational speeds anywhere between 3000 and 8000 rpm at a specific operating voltage typically set between 1.5 and 24 V. The operating voltage provided by the manufacturer tells you at what voltage the motor runs most efficiently. Now, the actual voltage applied to a motor can be made slightly lower to make the motor slower or can be elevated to make the motor faster. However, when the applied volt age drops to below around 50 percent of the specified operating voltage, the motor usually will cease to rotate. Conversely, if the applied voltage exceeds the operating voltage by around 30 percent, there is a chance that the motor will overheat and become damaged. In practice, as you will see in a second, the speed of a dc motor is most efficiently controlled by means of pulse-width modulation, whereby the motor is rapidly turned on and off. The width of the applied pulse, as well as the period between pulses, controls the speed of the motor. Also, it’s worth noting that a freely running motor (no load) may draw little current (power). However, if a load is applied, the amount of current drawn by the motor’s inner coils goes up immensely (up to 1000 percent or more). Manufacturers usually will provide what is called a stall current rating for their motors. This rating specifies the amount of current drawn at the moment the motor stalls. If your motor’s stall current rating is not listed, it’s possible to determine it by using an ammeter; slowly apply a force to the motor’s shaft, and note the current level at the point when the motor stalls. Another specification given to dc motors is a torque rating. This rating represents the amount of force the motor can exert on a load. A motor with a high torque rating will exert a larger force on a load placed at a tangent to its rotational arm than a motor with a lower torque rating. The torque rating of a motor is usually given in lb/ft. g/cm, or oz/in.
-- 2. Speed Control of DC Motors
FGR. 2 --- Bad Designs
FGR. 3 --- Better Designs. UJT/SCR Control Circuit
A seemingly obvious approach to control the speed of a dc motor would be simply to limit the current flow by using a potentiometer, as shown in the circuit to the left in the figure. According to Ohm’s law, as the resistance of de the pot increases, the current decreases, and the motor will slow down. However, using a pot to control the current flow is inefficient. As the pot’s resistance increases, the amount of current energy that must be converted into heat increases. Producing heat in order to slow a motor down is not good—it consumes supply power and may lead to potentiometer melt down. Another seemingly good but inefficient approach to control the speed of a motor is to use a transistor amplifier arrangement like the one shown to the right in the figure. However, again, there is a problem. As the collector-to-emitter resistance increases with varying base voltage/current, the transistor must dissipate a considerable amount of heat. This can lead to transistor meltdown.
In order to conserve energy and prevent component meltdown, an approach similar to what was used in switching power supplied is used to control the speed of the motor. This approach involves sending the motor short pulses of current. By varying the width and frequency of the applied pulses, the speed of the motor can be controlled. Controlling a motor’s dc speed in this manner prevents any components from experiencing continuous current stress. FGR. 3 shows three simple circuits used to provide the desired motor-control pulses.
In the first circuit, a UJT relaxation oscillator generates a series of pulses that drives an SCR on and off. To vary the speed of the motor, the UJT’s oscillatory frequency is adjusted by changing the RC time constant.
In the second circuit, a pair of NAND gates make up the relaxation oscillator section, while an enhancement-type power MOSFET is used to drive the motor. Like the preceding circuit, the speed of the motor is controlled by the oscillator’s RC time constant. Notice that if one of the input leads of the left NAND gate is pulled out, it’s possible to create an extra terminal that can be used power to provide on/off control that can be interfaced MOSFET with CMOS logic, circuits.
The third circuit is a 555 timer that is used to generate pulses that drive a power MOSFET. By inserting a diode between pins 7 and 6, as shown, the 555 is placed into low-duty cycle operation. R1, R2 and C set the frequency and on/off duration of the output pulses. The formulas accompanying the diagram provide the details.
FGR. 3 (Continued) --- CMOS/MOSFET Control Circuit; free one NAND input for ON/OFF control; 555 Timer/MOSFET Control Circuit; power enhancement mode; dc motor.
-- 3. Directional Control of DC Motors
To control the direction of a motor, the polarity applied to the motor’s leads must be reversed. A simple manual-control approach is to use a DPDT switch (see leftmost circuit in FGR. 4). Alternately, a transistor-driven DPDT relay can be used (see middle circuit). If you don’t like relays, you can use a push-pull transistor circuit (see leftmost circuit). This circuit uses a complementary pair of transistors (similar betas and power rating)—one is an npn power Darlington, and the other is a pup power Darlington. When a high voltage (e.g., +5 V) is applied to the input, the upper transistor (NPN) conducts, allowing current to pass from the positive supply through the motor and into ground. If a low voltage (0 V) is applied to the input, the lower transistor (PnP) conducts, allowing current to pass through the motor from ground into the negative supply terminal.
Another very popular circuit used to control the direction of a motor (as well as the speed) is the H-bridge. FGR. 5 shows two simple versions of the H-bridge circuit. The left H-bridge circuit is constructed with bipolar transistors, whereas the right H-bridge circuit is constructed from MOSFETs. To make the motor rotate in the forward direction, a high (+5-V) signal is applied to the forward input, while no signal is applied to the reverse input (applying a voltage to both inputs at the same time is not allowed). The speed of the motor is controlled by pulse-width modulating the input signal. Here is a description of how the bipolar H-bridge works: When a high voltage is applied to Q3’s base, Q conducts, which in turn allows the PnP transistor Q2 to conduct. Current then flows from the positive supply terminal through the motor in the right-to-left direction (call it the forward direction if you like). To reverse the motor’s direction, the high voltage signal is removed from Q base and placed on Q4’s base. This sets Q. and Q1 into conduction, allowing current to pass through the motor in the opposite direction. The MOSFET H-bridge works in a similar manner. The diodes within the H-bridge circuits help dampen transient spikes that are generated by the motor’s coils so that they don’t damage the other components within the circuit. All transistors (except the bipolar within the MOSFET circuit) should have high power ratings.
FGR. 5 --- MOSFET H-Bridge; MOSFET H-Bridge + 1 2V. A signal must not be applied here when a signal is being applied to the forward lead.
Now, it’s possible to construct these H-bridge circuits from scratch, but it’s far easier and usually cheaper to buy a motor-driven IC. For example, National Semiconductor’s LMD18200 motor-driver IC is a high-current, easy-to-use H-bridge chip that has a rating of 3 A and 12 to 55 V. This chip is TTL and CMOS compatible and includes clamping diodes, shorted load protection, and a thermal warning interrupt output lead. The L293D (Unitrode) is another popular motor-driver IC. This chip is very easy to use and is cheaper than the LMDI8200, but it cannot handle as much current and does not pro vide as many additional features. There are many other motor-driver ICs out there, as well as a number of prefab motor-diver boards that are capable of driving a number of motors. Check the electronics catalogs and Internet to see what is available.
-- 4. RC Servos
Remote control (RC) servos, unlike dc motors, are motorlike devices designed specifically for pointerlike position-control applications. An RC servo uses an external pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal to control the position of its shaft to within a small fraction of its maximum range of rotation. To alter the position of the shaft, the pulse width of the modulated signal is varied. The amount of angular rotation of an RC servo’s shaft is limited to around 180 or 210° depending on the specific brand of servo. These devices can provide a significant amount of low-speed torque (due to an internal gearing system) and provide moderate full-swing displacement switching speeds. RC servos frequently are used to control steering in model cars, boats, and airplanes. They are also used commonly in robotics as well as in many sensor- positioning applications.
The standard RC servo looks like a simple box with a drive shaft and three wires coming out of it. The three wires consist of a power supply wire (usually black), a ground wire (usually red), and the shaft-positioning control wire (color varies based on manufacturer). Within the box there is a dc motor, a feedback device, and a control circuit. The feedback device usually consists of a potentiometer whose control dial is mechanically linked to the motor through a series of gears. When the motor is rotated, the potentiometer’s control dial is rotated. The shaft of the motor is usually limited to a rotation of 180° (or 210°)—a result of the pot not being able to rotate indefinitely. The potentiometer acts as a position-monitoring device that tells the control circuit (by means of its resistance) exactly how far the shaft has been rotated. The control circuit uses this resistance, along with a pulse-width-modulated input control signal, to drive the motor a specific number of degrees and then hold. (The amount of holding torque varies from servo to servo.) The width of the input signal determines how far the servo’s shaft will be rotated.
FGR. 6: +12V --- A typical servo-control signal and shaft-position response; Simple Servo Driver
By convention, when the pulse width is set to 1.5 ms, the servo rotates its shaft to neutral position (e.g., 90° if the servo is constrained within a 0 to 180° range). Now, to rotate the shaft a certain number of degrees from neutral position, the pulse width of the control signal is varied. In order to make the shaft go counterclockwise from neutral, a pulse wider than 1.5 ms is applied to the control input. Conversely, to make the shaft go clockwise from neutral, a pulse narrower than 1.5 ms is applied (see figure). Knowing exactly how much wider or how much narrower to make the pulse to achieve exact angular displacements depends largely on what brand of servo you are using. For example, one brand of servo may provide maximum counterclockwise rotation at I ms and maximum clockwise rotation at 2 ms, whereas another brand of servo may provide maximum counterclockwise rotation at 1.25 ms and maximum clockwise rotation at 1.75 ms. The supply voltage used to power servos is commonly 4.8 V but may be 6.0 V or so depending on the specific brand of servo. Unlike the sup ply voltage, the supply current drawn by a servo varies greatly, depending of the servo’s power output.
A simple 555 timer circuit like the one shown in FGR. 6 can be used to generate the servo control signal. In this circuit, R acts as the pulse-width control. Servos also can be controlled by a microprocessor or microcontroller.
Now, when controlling servos within model airplanes, an initial control signal (generated by varying position-control potentiometers) is first sent to a radiowave modulator circuit that encodes the control signal within a carrier wave. This carrier wave is then radiated off as a radiowave by an antenna. The radiowave, in turn, is then transmitted to the model’s receiver circuit. The receiver circuit recovers the initial control signal by demodulating the carrier. After that, the control signal is sent to the designated servo within the model. If there is more than one servo per model, more channels are required. For example, most RC airplanes require a four-channel radio set; one channel is used to control the ailerons, another channel controls the elevator, another controls the rudder, and another controls the throttle. More complex models may use five or six channels to control additional features such as flaps and retractable landing gear. The FCC sets aside 50 frequencies in the 72-MHz band (channels 11—60) dedicated to aircraft use only. No license is needed to operate these radios. However, with an amateur (ham) radio operator’s license, it’s possible to use a radio within the 50-MHz band. Also, there are frequencies set aside within the 27-MHz band that are legal for any kind of model use (surface or air). If you are interested in radio-controlled RC servos, a good starting point is to check out an RC model hobby shop. These shops carry a number of transmitter and receiver sets, along with the servos.
As a final note, with a bit of rewiring, a servo can be converted into a drive motor with unconstrained rotation. A simple way to modify the servo is to break the feed back loop. This involves removing the three-lead potentiometer (and unlinking the gear system so that it can rotate 360°) and replacing it with a pair of voltage-divider resistors (the output of the voltage divider replaces the variable terminal of the potentiometer). The voltage divider is used to convince the servo control circuit that the servo is in neutral position. The exact values of the resistors needed to set the servo in neutral position can be determined by using the old potentiometer and an ohmmeter. Now, to turn the motor clockwise, a pulse wider than 1.5 ms is applied to the control input. As long as the control signal is in place, the motor will keep turning and not stop— you have removed to feedback system. To turn the motor counter clockwise, a pulse narrower than 1.5 ms is applied to the control input.
-- 5. Stepper Motors
Stepper motors, or steppers, are digitally controlled brushless motors that rotate a specific number of degrees (a step) every time a clock pulse is applied to a special translator circuit that is used to control the stepper. The number of degrees per step (resolution) for a given stepper motor can be as small as 0.72° per step or as large as 90° per step. Common general-purpose stepper resolutions are 15 and 30° per step. Unlike RC servos, steppers can rotate a full 360° and can be made to rotate in a continuous manner like a dc motor (but with a lower maximum speed) with the help of proper digital control circuitry. Unlike dc motors, steppers provide a large amount of torque at low speeds, making them suitable in applications where low-speed and high-precision position control is needed. For example, they are used in printers to control paper feed and are used to help a telescope track stars. Steppers are also found in plotter- and sensor-positioning applications. The list goes on. To give you a basic idea of how a stepper works, take a look at the FGR. 7.
FGR. 7 Four-coil stepper motor (15 degrees/step)
Here is a simple model depicting a 15° per step variable-reluctance step per. The stationary section of the motor, called the suitor, has eight poles that are spaced 45° apart. The moving section of the motor, called the rotor, is made from a ferromagnetic material (a material that is attracted to magnetic fields) that has six teeth spaced 60° apart. To make the rotor turn one step, current is applied, at the same time, through two opposing pole pairs, or coil pairs. The applied current causes the opposing pair of poles to become magnetized. This in turn causes the rotor’s teeth to align with the poles, as shown in the figure. To make the rotor rotate 15° clockwise from this position, the current through coil pair 1 is removed and sent through coil pair 2. To make the rotor rotate another 15° clock wise from this position, the current is removed from coil pair 2 and sent through coil pair 3. The process continues in this way. To make the rotor spin counterclockwise, the coil-pair firing sequence is reversed.
-- 6. Kinds of Stepper Motors
The model used in the last example was based on a variable-reluctance stepper. As it turns out, this model is incomplete—it does not show how a real variable-reluctance stepper is wired internally. Also, the model does not apply to a class of steppers referred to as permanent-magnet steppers. To make things more realistic, let’s take a look at some real-life steppers.
FGR. 8 (Continued) --- Bipolar Motor; Schematic Diagram Physical Model
FGR. 8 shows a physical model and schematic diagram of a 300 per step variable- reluctance stepper. This stepper consists of a six-pole (or three-coil pair) stator and a four-toothed ferromagnetic rotor. Variable-reluctance steppers with higher angular resolutions are constructed with more coil pairs and/or more rotor teeth. Notice that in both the physical model and the schematic, the ends of all the coil pairs are joined together at a common point. (This joining of the coil ends occurs internally within the motor’s case.) The common and the coil pair free ends are brought out as wires from the motor’s case. These wires are referred to as the phase wires. The common wire is connected to the supply voltage, whereas the phase wires are grounded in sequence according to the table shown in FGR. 8.
Permanent-Magnet Steppers (Unipolar, Bipolar, Universal):
These steppers have a similar stator arrangement as the variable-reluctance steppers, but they use a permanent-magnet rotor and different internal wiring arrangements. FGR. 8 shows a 30° per step unipolar stepper. Its consists of a four-pole (or two- coil pair) stator with center taps between coil pairs and a six-toothed permanent- magnetic rotor. The center taps may be wired internally and brought out as one wire or may be brought out separately as two wires. The center taps typically are wired to the positive supply voltage, whereas the two free ends of a coil pair are alternately grounded to reverse the direction of the field provided by that winding. As shown in the figure, when current flows from the center tap of winding 1 out terminal Ia, the top stator pole “goes north,” while the bottom stator pole “goes south.” This causes the rotor to snap into position. If the current through winding I is removed, sent through winding 2, and out terminal 2a, the horizontal poles will become energized, causing the rotor will turn 30°, or one step. In FGR. 8, three firing sequences are shown. The first sequence provides full stepping action (what I just discussed). The second sequence, referred to as the power stepping sequence, provides full stepping action with 1.4 times the torque but twice the power consumption. The third sequence provides half stepping (e.g., 15° instead of the rated 30°). Half stepping is made possible by energizing adjacent poles at the same time. This pulls the rotor in- between the poles, thus resulting in one-half the stepping angle. As a final note, unipolar steppers with higher angular resolutions are constructed with more rotor teeth. Also, unipolars come in either five- or six-wire types. The five-wire type has the center taps joined internally, while the six-wire type does not.
These steppers resemble unipolar steppers, but their coil pairs don’t have center taps. This means that instead of simply supplying a fixed supply voltage to a lead, as was the case in unipolar steppers (supply voltage was fixed to center taps), the supply volt age must be alternately applied to different coil ends. At the same time, the opposite end of a coil pair must be set to the opposite polarity (ground). For example, in FGR. 8, a 30° per step bipolar stepper is made to rotate by applying the polarities shown in the firing sequence table to the leads of the stepper. Notice that the firing sequence uses the same basic drive pattern as the unipolar stepper, but the “0” and “1” signals are replaced with “+“ and “—“ symbols to show that the polarity matters. As you will see in the next section, the circuitry used to drive a bipolar stepper requires an H-bridge network for every coil pair. Bipolar steppers are more difficult to control than both unipolar steppers and variable-reluctance steppers, but their unique polarity-shifting feature gives them a better size-to-torque ratio. As a final note, bi polar steppers with higher angular resolutions are constructed with more rotor teeth.
These steppers represent a type of unipolar-bipolar hybrid. A universal stepper comes with four independent windings and eight leads. By connecting the coil windings in parallel, as shown in FGR. 8, the universal stepper can be converted into a unipolar stepper. If the coil windings are connected in series, the stepper can be converted into a bipolar stepper.
-- 7. Driving Stepper Motors
Every stepper motor needs a driver circuit that can control the current flow sent through the coils within the stepper’s stator. The driver, in turn, must be controlled by a logic circuit referred to as a translator. I will discuss translator circuits after I have covered the driver circuits.
FGR. 9 shows driver networks for a variable-reluctance stepper and for a unipolar stepper. Both drivers use transistors to control current flow through the motor’s individual windings. In both driver networks, input buffer stages are added to protect the translator circuit from the motor’s supply voltage in the event of transistor collector-to-base breakdown. Diodes are added to both drivers to protect the transistors and power supply from inductive kickback generated by the motor’s coils. (Notice that the unipolar driver uses extra diodes because inductive kickback can leak out on either side of the center tap. As you will see in a moment, a pair of diodes within this driver can be replaced with a single diode, keeping the diode count to four.) The single driver section shown in FGR. 9 provides a general idea of what kinds of components can be used within the driver networks. This circuit uses a high-power Darlington transistor, a TTL buffer, and a reasonably fast protection diode (the extra diode should be included in the unipolar circuit). If you don’t want to bother with discrete components, transistor-array ICs, such as the ULN200x series by Allegro Microsystems or the DS200x series by National Semiconductor, can be used to construct the driver section. The ULN2003, shown in FGR. 9, is a TTL compatible chip that contains seven Darlington transistors with protection diodes included. The 7407 buffer IC can be used with the ULN2003 to construct a full- stepper driver. Other ICs, such as Motorola’s MC1413 Darlington array IC, can drive multiple motor winding directly from logic inputs.
The circuitry used to drive a bipolar stepper requires the use of an H-bridge circuit. The H-bridge circuit acts to reverse the polarity applied across a given coil pair within the stepper. (Refer back to the section on dc direction control for details on how H-bridges work.) For each coil pair within a stepper, a separate H-bridge is needed. The H-bridge circuit shown in FGR. 10 uses four power Darlington transistors that are protected from the coil’s inductive kickback by diodes. An XOR logic circuit is added to the input to prevent two high (l signals from being applied to the inputs at the same time. [ two high signals are placed at both inputs (assuming that there is no logic circuit present), the supply will short to ground. This is not good for the supply.] The table in FGR. 10 provides the proper firing sequence needed to create the desired polarities.
FGR. 10: H-bridge used with Bipolar Stepper; Digital input; Polarity
As mentioned in the dc motor section of this section, H-bridges can be purchased in IC form. SGS Thompson’s L293 dual H-bridge IC is a popular choice for driving small bipolar steppers drawing up to I A per motor winding at up to 36 V. The L298 dual H-bridge is similar to the L293 but can handle up to 2 A per winding. National Semiconductor’s LMDI8200 H-bridge IC can handle up to 3 A, and unlike the L293 and L298, it has protection diodes built in. More H-bridge ICs are available, so check the catalogs.
-- 8. Controlling the Driver with a Translator
A translator is a circuit that enacts the sequencing pulses used to drive a driver. In some instances, the transistor may simply be a computer or programmable interface controller, with software directly generating the outputs needed to control the driver leads. In most cases, the translator is a special IC that is designed to provide the proper firing sequences from its output leads when a clock signal is applied to one of its input leads; another input signal may control the direction of the firing sequence (the direction of the motor). There are a number of steppers translator ICs available that are easy to use and fairly inexpensive. Let’s take a look at one of these devices in a second. First, let’s take a look at some simple translator circuits that can be built from simple digital components.
A simple way to generate a four-phase drive pattern is to use a CMOS 4017 decade counter/divider IC (or a 74194 TTL version). This device sequentially makes 1 of 10 possible output high (others stay low) in response to clock pulses. Tying the fifth output (Q to ground makes the decade counter into a quad counter. To enact the drive sequence, a clock signal is applied to the clock input (see FGR. 11). Another four-phase translator circuit that provides power stepping control as well as direction control can be constructed with a CMOS 4027 dual JK flip-flop IC (or a 7476 TTL version). The CMOS 4070 XOR logic (or 7486 TTL XOR logic) is used to set up directional control.
Perhaps the best translator circuits you can hope for come in integrated packages. A number of manufacturers produce stepper motor controller ICs that house both the translator and driver sections. These chips are fairly simple to use and inexpensive. A classic stepper controller chip is the Philips SAA The SAA1027 is a bipolar IC that is designed to drive four-phase steppers. It consists of a bidirectional four-state counter and a code converter that are used to drive four outputs in sequence. This chip has high-noise-immunity inputs, clockwise and counterclockwise capability, a reset control input, high output current, and output voltage protection. Its supply voltage runs from 9.5 to 18 V, and it accepts input voltages of 7.5 V minimum for high (1) and 4.5 V maximum for low (0). It has a maximum output current of 500 mA. FGR. 13 will paint the rest of the picture.
Above: Fig. 31: power-stepping sequence; single-stepping.
FGR. 12 shows a circuit that contains the translator, driver, and stepper all in one. The motor, in this case, is a unipolar stepper, while the translator is a TTL 74194 shift counter. The 555 timer provides clock signals to the 74194, while the DPDT switch acts to control the direction of the motor. The speed of the motor is dependent on the frequency of the clock, which in turn is dependent on R resistance. The translator in this circuit also can be used to control a variable reluctance stepper. Simply use the variable-reluctance diver from FGR. 9 and the firing sequence shown in FGR. 8 as your guides.
FGR. 13: Count input C (pin 15)—A low-to-high transition at this pin causes the outputs to change states.
Mode input M (pin 3)—Controls the direction of the motor. See table to the left.
Reset input R (pin 2)—A low (0) at the R input resets the counter to zero. The outputs take on the levels shown in the upper and lower line of the table to the left.
External resistor RX (pin 4)—An external resistor connected to the RX terminal sets the base current of the transistor drivers. Its value is based on the required output current.
Outputs Q through Q (pins 6, 8, 9, 11)—Output terminals that are connected to the stepper motor.
As mentioned, the SAA1027 is a classic chip (old chip). Newer and better stepper control ICs are available from a number of different manufacturers. If you are interested in learning more about these chips, try searching the Internet. You will find a number of useful Web sites that discuss stepper controller ICs in detail. Also, these Web sites often will provide links to manufacturers and distributors of stepper motors and controller ICs.
-- 9. A Final Word on Identifying Stepper Motors
When it comes to identifying the characteristics of an unknown stepper, the following suggestions should help. The vast majority of the steppers on the market today are unipolar, bipolar, or universal types. Based on this, you can guess that if your stepper has four leads, it’s most likely a bipolar stepper. If the stepper has five leads, then the motor is most likely a unipolar with common center taps. If the stepper has six leads, it’s probably a unipolar with separate center taps. A motor with eight leads would most likely be a universal stepper. (If you think your motor might be a variable-reluctance stepper, try spinning the shaft. If the shaft spins freely, the motor is most likely a variable-reluctance stepper. A coglike resistance indicates that the stepper is a permanent-magnet type.)
Once you have determined what kind of stepper you have, the next step is to determine which leads are which. A simple way to figure this out is to test the resistance between various leads with an ohmmeter.
FGR. 14 --- Bipolar-- Unipolar (6-wire)-- Universal
Decoding the leads of a bipolar stepper is easy. Simply use an ohmmeter to deter mine which wire pair yields a low resistance value. A low resistance indicates that the two wires are ends of the same winding. If the two wires are not part of the same winding, the resistance will be infinite. A universal stepper can be decoded using a similar approach. Decoding a six-wire unipolar stepper requires isolating two three- wire pairs. From there, you figure out which wire is the common by noticing which measured pair among the isolated three wires gives a unit R worth of resistance and which pair gives a unit of 2R worth of resistance (see FGR. 14). Now, decoding a five-wire unipolar (with common center tap) is a bit more tricky than the others because of the common, but hidden, center tap. To help decode this stepper, you can use the diagram and table shown in FGR. 14. (The dots within the table represent where the ohmmeter’s two probes are placed within the diagram.) With the table you isolate e (common tap wire) by noting when the ohmmeter gives a resistance of R units. Next, you determine which of the two wires in your hand is actually e by testing one of the two with the rest of the wires. If you always get R, then you are holding e, but if you get 2R, you are not holding e. Once the e wire is determined, any more ohmmeter deducing does not work—at least in theory—because you will always get 2R. The best bet now is to connect the motor to the driver circuitry and see if the step per steps. If it does not step, fiddle around with the wires until it does.
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Given the significance of the body for recognition and social interaction, it’s not surprising that language gives a rich corpus https://www.nailz.us/2019/11/07/warning-signs-on-ut-dallas-chemistry-you-should-know-about/ of colorful body-descriptor terms that enable people to communicate information regarding body shape to others. Forming hypotheses scientific explanations can be problematic for students. Research assistants harness their understanding of computer science and statistics to create sense of huge quantities of information.
The Fundamentals of Terms Used in Computer Science Revealed
A microprocessor, that’s the center of a computer, is quite primitive but very fast. Your next doctor might well be a bot. Broadly speaking, someone with a computer science degree is most educated in important site computer softwarethat is, codingbut might also have some understanding of hardware.
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Tutorials also permit for close progress monitoring so tutors can quickly offer extra support if needed. System software also has the tools used to compose different programs. Employing Natural Language Processing techniques means they don’t need to be able to comprehend each different language themselves to be able to compute them.
The War Against Terms Used in Computer Science
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What About Terms Used in Computer Science?
Students will also receive teaching in a number of different ways, based on the training course. You are arranging a last-minute family visit to Hawaii, and you locate a sweet beach house in Honolulu on Airbnb. Colleges offer a safe, supportive environment leaving you free to concentrate on your studies, enjoy time with friends and make the the majority of the enormous selection of opportunities.
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After World War II, dictionaries began defining the term computer in conditions of a machine together with somebody. When you have some feel for the subject, you can begin to take a look at papers. Select some words from the text which you will concentrate on.
You might also be requested to explain what each line of code accomplishes and the way that it increases the program. Third, it may supply an alternate definition of the area. The indicators provided here are recommended since they will offer useful, comparable info.
A computer is an instrument that’s utilized to do all of the complicated calculations that you’re interested in with less time and a reliably significant speed. Its memory” consists of an endless number of one-dimensional variety of cells. Programming will allow you to learn the value of clarity of expression.
Solution for no completely free frames problem is to locate a memory frame that’s idle and free the frame by means of a page replacement algorithm. Almost any computer with an internet browser is suitable. The uses are extremely similar.
The very first issue is that you have to understand what you want, and that’s a difficult issue to do, particularly when you are young and getting your very first taste of independence. While the terms given here are all used by Spanish speakers somewhere, the term choice may be contingent on the region and the preference of the person speaker. For instance, if a person is provided a list of randomized numbers ranging from one to ten thousand and is requested to set them in ascending order, odds are it will have a sizable period of time and include some errors.
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Civil War: Lee's Surrender at Appomattox, Then And Now
APPOMATTOX, Va. — The surrender of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee to Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant 150 years ago Thursday effectively ended the Civil War. This is a rolling account of commemorative events that include a re-enactment of Lee's last clash with Grant's troops, and of the Confederate surrender in a Virginia farmhouse on April 9, 1865. Interspersed are historical accounts from 150 years ago:
With the ringing of bells from Appomattox to Boston, the 150th anniversary of the end of the bloodiest war fought on American soil was marked in the rolling hills of Virginia where Lee surrendered to Grant.
Civil War re-enactors retraced the steps of the two men and their aides entering the McLean House at Appomattox Court House and their exit 90 minutes later with terms of surrender for Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.
A bell sounded for four minutes outside the McLean House, a minute for each year of a war that left more that left an estimated 620,000 dead. The ringing was replicated at Boston's Old North Church, by the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia and the former capital of the Confederacy, Richmond, among hundreds of other locations, the National Park Service said.
Descendants of Grant and Lee attended the signature event at Appomattox Court House National Historical Park.
When Lee surrendered to Grant, William Downs MacGregor of The Associated Press was waiting outside with other war correspondents.
"It was Palm Sunday," he reported. "At four o'clock they shook hands."
Typically the national park at Appomattox is a bucolic setting of rolling fields and tidy brick and timber buildings framed by seemingly miles of fences.
For the 150th, the park is part state fair, part high-powered history lesson, with long lines at concession stands offering North Carolina BBQ and at an exhibit where a new Appomattox stamp was dedicated.
Smaller lines were found at a tent displaying an intimidating collection of saws and other bladed tools — a sampling of Civil War-era medicine.
With temperatures in the low 50s and a fine mist in the air, many footpaths had turned to a soup of mud and clay.
A contemporary AP account described Lee's officers as "surly" about giving up the fight. But "the rank and file of Lee's army are said to be well satisfied to give up the struggle, believing that they have no hope of success, but say that if Gen. Lee had refused to surrender, they would have stuck to him to the last."
Amid booming, smoke-belching cannons and the crack of muzzle fire, Confederate and Union troops gathered on a vast green field to re-enact the decisive Battle of Appomattox Court House. It was a highly choreographed, mostly non-contact Civil War re-enactment, yet still difficult to follow for folks who aren't students of military science.
Greg Morgan, fresh from battle, posed atop his 11-year-old Tennessee Walker, Gabriel, with fellow members of the Virginia 14th Cavalry, Company H, as visitors took cellphone pictures of the men atop their wet horses.
"This was a little bit more rehearsed," Morgan, a southwest Virginia resident, said of the battle-re-enactment.
Morgan pulled his sabre from its scabbard and showed the deep notches in its blade from previous Civil War re-enactments.
"That's when we're allowed to engage," he said. "We really go after each other. It's all pushing and shoving. We're not allowed to do that here."
The National Park Service has 145 staff members helping with the commemoration, even a black powder specialist who watches after gun safety for the fighting re-enactments.
"He checks weapons to ensure they're safe and well-maintained, and also that there is no ammunition," explained Katie Lawhon, who came down from Gettysburg National Military Park to serve as a public information officer for Appomattox.
Appomattox is considered a plum assignment, she said. The 145 comprise what the Park Service calls an incident management team. Besides big events, they also respond to disasters, such as an oil spill on a National Parks beach or a natural disaster.
AP's reporting described the waning hours for Lee's Army of Northern Virginia: "After crossing the Appomattox the bridges were burned, and before our troops could get over the enemy had taken a position a mile from the river, where they erected works and made a stand in order to allow their wagon train to get out of the way ... The (Union's) 2d division, under General Crook, attacked them vigorously, driving them back some distance. But they had a force dismounted, lying in ambush, which poured a severe fire into our men as they advanced to the second attack, and they were compelled to fall back on their supports. The rebels soon after departed from this place, not being disposed to await another charge ... "
Many artifacts once used by Lee's fighting forces are preserved and many went on display at Appomattox Court House National Historical Park and a nearby museum. Those included Lee's copy of Grant's terms of surrender. There's also an inkwell from the farmhouse parlor of businessman and slave owner Wilmer McLean, the reluctant host of the surrender. The inkwell was taken as a memento from the McLean house by the brother of Union Maj. Gen. Phillip H. Sheridan. A trove of battle flags and Lee memorabilia are also displayed — even a gleaming sword Lee carried to the surrender.
In a place where historically accurate fashions abound, the Rufeners of Ohio stood out.
Cousins by marriage, Kim and Mary Rufener carefully stepped through soaked turf and muddy roads at Appomattox to keep their hoop skirts mud-free. The two also wore bonnets as they watched Union and Confederate re-enactors clash.
Amid the hundreds if not thousands lined along a fence watching a battle re-enactment, the two women drew attention as they posed for photographs. Period clothing "just enhances the experience for us," Kim Rufener said above the noise of the clash. "It makes it more alive. It's an important part of history that we need to remember."
The Rufeners have been to other Civil War commemorative events, but Appomattox was the first in period costumes. "This is a big deal," Mary Rufener said, adding "We won't be around for the 200th."
Lee's forces were in increasing disarray in the hours before Lee formally called it quits in April 1865. So The Associated Press reported 150 years ago this week. AP reported that ragged Southern soldiers, many straggling while running from federal forces, began giving up alone and in small bunches even before the official surrender.
Lee's forces, seeking an escape route, had crossed the Appomattox River while burning bridges, AP reported then. Union forces "attacked them vigorously" in the hours before the formal surrender, convincing Lee the fight was over. AP reporting from accounts as saying "the road for miles was strewn with broken down wagons, caissons, and baggage of all kinds, presenting a scene seldom witnessed on the part of Lee's army."
The smell of wood smoke greeted the first of thousands of visitors thronging the park the next several days of commemorative events. The outline of Union troops in formation could be seen in fields as visitors approached.
The Confederate re-enactors were a ragtag, mismatched group of heavy wool coats, ill-fitting trousers and more types of hats than a haberdashery. Dozens stood along a rough wooden fence, their muskets at the ready.
The Union and Southern re-enactors spent the night encamped in tents at Appomattox Court House National Historical Park.
Editors: The Associated Press was at Appomattox for the surrender of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee in 1865 and on Thursday for the 150th anniversary of this milestone usering in the end to the nation's bloodiest conflict on American soil. This account draws from reporting by an AP reporter Thursday at Appomattox and from historical reporting. For historical background, material is drawn primarily from wartime dispatches credited to The Associated Press.
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Some Doctors may have trouble with Gout Diagnosis.
There are many symptoms involved with gout that are similar to various other forms of arthritis, such as Psoriatic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis.
The most acurate way to measure or test for Gout is by a blood test measuring for higher than normal Uric Acid levels, or a most unpleasant way is by using a needle and drawing out fluid ( Arthrocentesis ) from an inflamed joint and testing this fluid under a microscope.
A complete family medical history check should be done as well as a physical check.
If the doctors is a little more savvy with symptoms, he or she may look for Tophi ( deposits of crystallised uric acid that has hardened ) on the outside of the ears or joints like the elbow and heels where Tophi ( sodium Urate Crystals deposit in a mound ) and possibly take samples from these and look for the crystal forms.
If there is a obvious sign of damage or an attack then the use of X-rays should be on the agenda to see how much of the joint is damaged, also X-Rays can show up deposits of Tophi Crystals that may not have shown up on other forms of examination. The damage of the joints cant be traumatic,leading to excruciating pain.If you are not happy with your current medical professional's opinion or lack of opinion on your gouty diagnosis, then simply change doctors or specialists for a second opinion. The wrong diagnosis can lead to years or pain and further damage to joints and your organs. Gout can have horrific consequences if you do not address the problem.
"“The best medicine I know for rheumatism is to thank the Lord that it ain't gout!” ' Josh Billings '
Aug 25, 21 03:59 AM
Apr 22, 20 07:19 AM
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Welcome to the Besmarta Financial Literacy Series
This orientation module will tell you everything you need to know to complete the besmarta financial literacy series and take the first steps to a financially healthier you!
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Judgement and Decision Making
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This course helps you to build knowledge and skills to make informed decisions and make active judgement calls in the workplace.
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Instruments used in Balkan folk music
We are offering here basic descriptions and video examples of the instruments that are taught and played at the Balkan Music & Dance Workshops. As you browse these pages, be aware that there many different names for any given instrument depending upon language and region.
What you see is just a first effort. We will be updating this information to create a dictionary of as many instruments that we can account for that are used in Balkan music. Help from our community is needed with this huge undertaking.
Write to us with any information and corrections, or suggestions for images, music and video clips. All help is welcome!
The accordion is used in the folk music of Eastern Europe and the Balkans. It is used both as a lead instrument, as well as an accompanying instrument.
Add: video samples & pictures
Many different instruments are played in the brass bands of the Balkans. The most common are trumpets, trubas (rotary-valve flugelhorns), baritone horns, tubas, saxophones, trombones, clarinets, tupans and bass drums, snare drums and accordions. Different regions favor different combinations and numbers of instruments.
Add: video samples & pictures
The clarinet is used widely in the music of the Balkans. It is worth noting that you can find a greater use of Albert-sytem clarinets as opposed to the Boehm system more favored in the West. Also, you may come across the use of instruments in less popular keys, such as in the key of C, which is used often in older Greek styles, as well as the lower G clarinet favored by many Turkish and Turkish-influenced players.
The doumbek is a goblet-shaped hand drum used mostly in music originating in countries near the Middle East. Its thin, responsive drum head and resonance help it produce a distinctively crisp sound. Traditionally, goblet drums may be made of clay, metal or wood. Modern drums are also sometimes made of synthetic materials, including fiberglass. Modern metal drums are commonly made of aluminum or copper. Traditional drum heads were animal skin, commonly goat and also fish. Modern drums commonly use synthetic materials, including mylar and fiberglass.
Gajda, Gayda, Gaida, Gajde. The bagpipe as played in the Balkans has a single chanter and a single drone pipe, along with the mouthpiece, which are all connected to the bag.
A second type of bagpipe has a double chanter, that is, two chanters side by side, and no drone. This type of bagpipe is known as tsambouna, sabouna or askomandoura in the Greek islands, and tulum or tulumi in the Black Sea region.
An important variant of the instrument, played in the Rhodope Mountains of Bulgaria, is called the kaba gajda. It has the same construction of the more prevalent Thracian-style gajda (often called džura gajda) except it is much larger and has a deeper voice.
Gudulka, Gadulka, Гъдулка
The gudulka (Bulgarian: Гъдулка) is a traditional Bulgarian bowed string instrument. The gudulka is an integral part of Bulgarian traditional instrumental ensembles, commonly played in the context of dance music.
The gudulka commonly has three (occasionally four) main strings with up to ten sympathetic resonating strings underneath, although there is a smaller variant of the instrument in the Dobrudža region with no sympathetic strings at all. Only the main melodic strings are touched by the player’s fingers and the strings are never pressed all the way down to touch the neck. The gudulka is held vertically, with the bow held perpendicular in an underhand hold.
The kaval is a long end-blown flute that is played throughout the Balkans.
It is often made from a single piece of wood, although many modern kavals are made as a three-piece instrument.
In Southwest Bulgaria, Macedonia and Kosova, this instrument is often played in pairs, with one instrument playing the melody and the other instrument on the drone.
Other, shorter end-blown flutes are also played. One of the common versions of this shorter instrument is the Greek flogera. The fingering for the smaller instruments is different than for the larger instruments.
Santouri, Sandouri, Cimbalom
The santouri is a stringed instrument in the hammered dulcimer family. Each course of strings consists of between 3 and 5 strings. The strings are struck by special padded mallets held between the fingers.
Possibly derived from the ancient lyra or the Byzantine psaltry, different variations of this instrument exist in many places. In Persia and India they are called santur and santoor.
In Hungary, Romania and other areas there is a more elaborate version called the cimbalom. It is also used extensively in klezmer music, where it is known as a tsimbl.
The term “saz” actually refers to a family of plucked long-necked lutes. The bağlama is the most common of these, and is often called by the generic name. The terms “bağlama” and “saz” are used somewhat interchangeably in Turkey. It can be played with a plectrum or with a fingerpicking style known as şelpe.
The most commonly used stringed folk instrument in Turkey, the bağlama has seven strings divided into courses of two, two and three. It can be tuned in various ways and takes different names according to region and size: bağlama, divan sazı, bozuk, çöğür, kopuz irızva, cura, tambura, etc. The cura is the smallest member of the bağlama family: larger than the cura is the tambura, tuned an octave lower. The divan sazı, the largest instrument in the family, is tuned one octave lower still.
The tambura is a long-neck fretted instrument of the lute family, played throughout the Balkans. Related to the saz, it can have any number of strings, with two, three, or four courses of strings being the most common.
Macedonian tamburas tend to have two courses of double strings and Bulgarian tamburas usually have three double courses of strings.
Tupan, , Tapan, Davul, Daouli
The two-headed drum is one of the oldest, most characteristic Balkan instruments. It has many names—from tupan (Bulgarian) or tapan (Macedonian, Kosova Albanian), to the Turkish davul or daul and the related words in Greek (daouli) and Albanian (daulle), to the south Serbian goč. Even more varied are the drum’s many playing styles, from the highly punctuated and textured phrases sharing the musical foreground in the traditional zurla/zourna ensemble to the continuous vamp providing rapid-fire drive behind today’s brass and fusion ensembles.
Like drums around the world, the tapan creates a contrast of high and low tones. Traditionally, strings stretch skins over each end of a shallow broad cylinder made of hardwood (often walnut). Heads, usually made of goat skins, are specially cured to allow for stretching and shaving to different thicknesses to provide different tones: the bass head is thicker and played with a beater; the lighter and thinner head is hit with a switch to produce a treble tone. In general, the beater plays the main beats of the dance rhythm, while the switch plays fills, syncopations, and accent beats.
Nowadays, outside of folklore ensembles, most working tapan/daouli players use plastic-headed drums with mechanical mounts. Why? Reliability, weather resistance, ease of repair, and sufficient tension to allow the extremely fast and precise playing called for in current styles.
Along these lines, a friend in Florina, Greece, tells of a high place on the road to Kastoria known as Daouli. In earlier centuries the road was too narrow to allow traffic both directions in snowy weather. A drummer stationed at each end would beat his drum to warn oncoming traffic that a caravan had passed through.
But mostly, whether playing with gajda, zurla/zurna, lyra, accordion and clarinet, or brass, tapan/daouli provides another kind of public utility: the beat that moves Balkan feet.
—Jerry Kisslinger, 2011
The violin played in the Balkans is the same violin as used in Western classical music. The styling, manner in which it is held, and sometimes the tuning, varies throughout the different regions of the Balkans.
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Is it just a matter of coincidence or did the two language influence each other in some way?
9This is a question that is often asked and often answered with an acknowledgment that there is indeed an unusual degree of similarity, so I don't see why it should be closed even if it is a little terse (unless there's a duplicate).– LjLDec 14, 2019 at 15:16
2True. Though if one includes the historical phonology, they've got less similarity, but you can still discern patterns. Spanish has nothing like Greek's recursive V -> [i] history, for instance; but palatalization and spirantization of different kinds are common.– jlawlerDec 14, 2019 at 17:07
I don't think we can argue for direct influence. There were Greek colonies in Iberia but there were Greek colonies in many places, and there were Phoenician colonies, and Visigoths and Moors.– Adam BittlingmayerDec 14, 2019 at 19:41
4If we argue for indirect influence - maybe a common influence on both, like Vulgar Latin or Mediterranean Sabir - then we have to explain why Spanish ended up with a phonology more like Greek than Catalan and Venetian and Albanian did.– Adam BittlingmayerDec 14, 2019 at 19:41
4Check out Langfocus's video on this exact topic.– Toby MakDec 15, 2019 at 2:20
It is partly accidental and partly due to common PIE heritage. Let's look at a few similarities:
1) Lenition of intervocalic voiced occlusives - /b/, /d/, /g/ in Spanish and Greek have a fricative realisation between vowels and occlusive realisaiton at the beginning of the word and after a nasal.
This is a very frequent evolution of voiced occlusives. In fact, it happened in all western Romance languages to a degree (little in Italian, a lot in Spanish, massively in French - to a degree where even the resulting fricative got elided). Similar thing happened in Greek and many other languages. The reason behind this is thought to be that voiced occlusives produces only little pressure on the occlusion (because of glottis vibrating) and thus there is little need for the articulators to be pressed together tightly (as opposed to unvoiced), so the occlusive can easily become a fricative.
2) Apical /s/
In both languages there is just a single articulatory position for a sibilant, so it has a fairly wide space of articulation as there is not contrast in this space (e.g. compared to English or French distinguishing prealveolar /s/ and post-alveolar /š/), so the (Castillian) Spanish and Greek sounds are perceptually something in between.
In Greek, this is thought to be a direct inheritance from Proto-Indo-European, where the situation was probably similar. In Spanish, you could theoretically say the same but the situation is far more complicated. It is very likely, apical /s/ was present also in Latin as a direct heritage from PIE (and there it evolved often into /r/ in intervocalic position). Proto-romance and Old Spanish develop, however, a set of other sibilants, coming mostly from palatalised velar occlusives /k,g/. So they had, at one stage probably the following system of sibilants - dental, apicoalveolar and postalveolar (voiced and unvoiced). The ternary contrast is difficult to maintain, so it evolved. In most Romance languages, these merged to prealveolar [s,z] and postalveolar [š,ž]. In Spanish, the ternary contrast did not disapear but was reinforced - dental sibilants moved to interdental fricatives (like English TH in "death"), postalveolar sibilants moved to retroflex and later to velar fricatives, while the apical /s/ remained. Then the voicedness contrast was lost. You can see the reflexes of this in early Spanish loandwords in other languages, e.g. "don Quijote/Quixote" is pronounced [kišot] in French, and the name "Borja" (then pronounced [borža]) was rendered as "Borgia" in Italian.
3) Similar phonotactics - Ancient Greek words could end only with a vowel, or /s,r,n/ (not sure about current Greek though), Spanish words today typically end only with /s,r,l,n,d/.
It is very common in languages that word end consonants, particularly occlusives get dropped because very often they do not have any audible release and are only distinguished by formant transient on the preceding vowel, which may be a too weak cue.
4) Vowel system
Both languages have the set of five vowels /a,e,i,o,u/ but this is probably the most common vowel set in the languages of the world.
So in summary: The PIE phonology evolved through different pathways into the various descendant languages and by accident, the Spanish and Greek followed some of the same pathways or pathways giving a similar result. Actually this is not something spectacular given the variety of IE language family, especially considering that some of the above mentioned pathways are not exactly rare or surprising. They occur very frequently in languages of the world and the situation when two languages follow a multiple similar pathways is more of a statistical inevitability.
Indeed, even though Modern Greek has some limited phonological affinities with Albanian and Bulgarian (which could be explained by Balkansprachbund arguments), it is strikingly phonologically different from Italian, with which it has been rubbing shoulders for millennia. (Yes, there is Italianate prosody in Greek island dialects and Griko, but it appears that, as the Langfocus video amply illustrates, M G has retained fewer tonal features from Ancient Greek than Italian possesses now! Indeed, in an odd reversal of history, modern Greeks marvel at the singsong features of Italian just as the Romans did for A G.) Despite millenia of lexical loans and interactions, it is still terribly easy for Greeks to mispronounce Italian, and vice versa, even though they can learn each other's languages flawlessly. Even Sicilian is decidedly on a different phonological plane.
This, then, might well amount to a tweak of the question above, or a subquestion even, as I am not expert enough to call it a conjecture: A dimension of similarity worth exploring is that M G was heavily influenced by Egyptian/Coptic in its transition from A G, while Spanish was influenced by N African phonologies. To my mind, see below, it might be interesting to contrast Spanish dialects which are more and less influenced by Arabic and Moorish dialects, in hope of discerning patterns. The dramatic shift in Greek phonology is well attested in Hellenistic Egyptian papyri, and their telltale spelling mistakes (Menardos).
My special focus point/question is the following.
Both Spanish and Greek have a fair amount of ambiguity/latitude in the consonant pairs b/β; g/ɣ; and d/ð . G has transitioned to the second variant from Ancient to Modern (with a few notable exceptions, when these consonants are preceded by n or m: so, Modern G has retained (exceptionally) ancient values in anDras, enDeka, komBos, emBaino, synGenes, etc, in fast, informal speech; it is a rule); while S is still right in the middle of the transition--even though I am unsure about its time scale and spread.
I should welcome insights and systematics in pronouncing Spanish, or even discerning the difference in Cordova/Cordoba, Habana/Havana, aɣua/agua, arredondo/arreðondo, viða, across S dialects. Are there well-known trends, and, if so, do they correlate with Moorish influence? (Again, the phonological contrasts to Portuguese, or Sicilian, for instance, are striking. Conversely, I am humbled by also noting the transition in French cheval, though.)
I don't think there is much Moorish influence, because Portugal was also occupied, and Madrid (Castilian) is fairly far north. If anything it's Basque that shares the same set of sounds. Dec 19, 2019 at 20:26
1What distinguishes Castilian Spanish from other (incl. Iberian) Romance would be the shift of f- to h-, the shift of -o- to -ue-, the shift of certain consonant clusters to ch and ll, the shift of j to x, the z/ç like theta... Dec 19, 2019 at 20:30
2@AdamBittlingmayer All Romance languages in Iberia (Castilian, Asturian, Leonese, Extremaduran, Mirandese, Galician, Portuguese, Aragonese, Catalan/Balearic/Valencian, Aranese/Occitan) share the very same phonologic progression of [b→β], [d→ð], [g→ɣ], where voiced obstruents are realized as fricatives or approximates except following particular consonants or at the onset of an utterance. This is another step in the series that led to the voicing of many unvoiced obstruents when transitioning from Latin [p→b], [t→d], [k→g] as in the phrase “head to tail”, cabo a rabo <L caput, rapum.– tchristDec 20, 2019 at 14:45
1@CosmasZachos That depends where you are, as most Brazilian dialects of Portuguese never show intervocalic lenition of voiced stops. So in Brazil’s redondo both instances of phonemic /d/ remain (dental) [d̪]. But in Iberia only its second instance is blocked from becoming the fricative or approximate [ð, ð̞] by the preceding nasal. Certainly this is true of that word in Castilian, Asturian, and Galician, and given the lattermost I wager it’s also true of Portuguese there, but I’d have to listen to clips of native speakers to be sure.– tchristDec 20, 2019 at 18:57
1@theoremseeker Lost track of it at the moment, alas! I recall a Roman being charmed by the melody of prosodic meter in contrast to the dryness of stress-based Latin. The Latin SE is the site to chase this sort of thing down, or maybe even ask a fresh question? Oct 21, 2020 at 21:54
Just flew via Athens and passed the time thinking about this question. Warning in advance that phon* is not my strength, Greek is not my strength and my mobile keyboard doesn't have IPA chars.
First we should ask: are Greek and Spanish phonology actually that similar, and in what ways?
poor in vowels - This shared by most major Mediterranean languages, including Semitic ones, but not Turkish.
poor in consonants - They are both fairly limited, not just in terms of inventories but in terms of contrasts and permissibility in certain positions.
θ like Greek theta or Spanish ç - Besides peripheral languages like Arabic, English and Icelandic, it's possible only Greek, Spanish and Albanian have this.
Probably something with rhythm and stress and timing. Actually this usually affects how a language or person sounds more than sound inventory does.
But if we break those down there are major differences, at least if we ignore recent loanwords:
Greek doesn't allow ch, Spanish has lots of it.
Spanish doesn't allow initial ts or ps or ks, Greek has lots of it.
Spanish doesn't allow initial st, sp, sm..., Greek has lots of it.
Spanish doesn't have words that end in unstressed i or u, Greek has many.
Spanish doesn't contrast s and z, Greek does.
In a sprachbund (or phylogenetic relation) situation we would expect the effect to be not limited to sound inventory, but for the notable sounds to be in corresponding positions in corresponding words.
The many cognates of various vintages show clearly that the rarer sounds that happen to be shared arose in very different ways, as they occur in different positions.
Barθelona vs Varseloni
Xuan vs Yannis
xeke vs seixis
bivlioteka vs vivliothiki
θiklo vs kiklos
θoloxiko vs zooloʝikos
galaɣsja vs ɣalaksias
Modern Greek orthography compensates for its limitations with curious digraphs - hence Ampou Ntampi and Nzini Novgkoront - essentially introducing some contrasts.
We would also expect similarities in other areas, like grammar.
There is some sort of Mediterranean and Greco-Roman sprachbund. Coasts had continued contact with each other for thousands of years. So expected similarity between all language pair there is higher than random.
Spanish is the Mediterranean and Greco-Roman language best known worldwide and in the Anglosphere right now. So we hear "Greek sounds like Spanish" more than "Spanish sounds like Greek".
Italian sounds just as much like Greek as Spanish does. We could measure this, with a list of features, or for example with a spoken language identification machine learning model, or testing humans.
Perceived similarity is influenced by the languages we know. For example, English speakers can't say x or gh and therefore can't contrast them and therefore if one language has one and one the other they sound the same.
2Some of your similarities and differences seem arbitrary to me (words that end in unstressed i?). Your bets on Italian also seems strange to me. Some similarities you could have listed (which also distinguish from Italian): same vowel set, lack of gemination, dental and velar fricatives (even though their voicing is phonetic in Spanish and phonemic in Greek). Spanish ch is even (partly) paralleled by Greek palatal consonants. There might be an areal connection (Albanian?) but it isn't a "Greco-Roman sprachbund" if by that you mean to include Romance languages– b aDec 16, 2019 at 19:25
2So how is Greek + Spanish + Italian a meaningful set? I don't see any features in common (except palatal nasal) that aren't common cross-linguistically– b aDec 17, 2019 at 9:18
1How does Spanish "not allow ks"? You even give one example of it yourself (galaxia) even though that's actually a Greek loan... but Spanish has its fair share of /ks/ even aside from Greek loans. Dec 20, 2019 at 16:34
1Also as to "Italian sounds just as much like Greek as Spanish does": as a native speaker of Italian, not even close. Yes, I realize being native makes me more likely to conflate two languages that I'm not native in, compared to my own... but I can readily admit that Spanish shares a lot of grammar and vocabulary with Italian, and that depending on the context, I can often understand Spanish with little difficulty, while I certainly won't understand any Greek. This is not thanks to the phonology, though, but despite it. Dec 20, 2019 at 16:40
1@AdamBittlingmayer that's not how I was parsing it. To me, as a native speaker of Italian, Greek and Spanish sound much closer to each other (if I discount the fact that I understand a number of Spanish words, and almost none in Greek) than either does to Italian. Most of the phonological features that are being attributed as being common to Greek and Spanish are not present in Italian. Dec 20, 2019 at 22:37
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A basic root, very healthy and versatile for cooking
The sweet potato is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable. The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens.
A simple and fast way to eat them
Sweet potatoes don't have to take a long time to prepare. Cutting them into 1/2-inch slices and Healthy Steaming them for just 7 minutes not only brings out their great flavor but helps to maximize their nutritional value. And you can add cinnamon, nutmeg, and/or cloves for extra flavor and nutrition. For more on The Healthiest Way of Cooking Sweet Potatoes see the How to Enjoy section below.
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Delusional disorder is an illness characterized by the presence of nonbizarre delusions in the absence of other mood or psychotic symptoms, according to the Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR). It defines delusions as false beliefs based on incorrect inference about external reality that persist despite the evidence to the contrary and these beliefs are not ordinarily accepted by other members of the person’s culture or subculture.
Nonbizarre refers to the fact that this type of delusion is about situations that could occur in real life, such as being followed, being loved, having an infection, and being deceived by one’s spouse.
Delusional disorder is on a spectrum between more severe psychosis and overvalued ideas. Bizarre delusions represent the manifestations of more severe types of psychotic illnesses (eg, schizophrenia) and “are clearly implausible, not understandable, and not derived from ordinary life experiences”.
On the other end of the spectrum, making a distinction between a delusion and an overvalued idea is important, the latter representing an unreasonable belief that is not firmly held. Additionally, personal beliefs should be evaluated with great respect to complexity of cultural and religious differences: some cultures have widely accepted beliefs that may be considered delusional in other cultures.
Unfortunately, patients with delusional disorder do not have good insight into their pathological experiences. Interestingly, despite significant delusions, many other psychosocial abilities remain intact, as if the delusions are circumscribed. Indeed, this is one of the key differences between delusional disorder and other primary psychotic disorders. However, the individual may rarely seek psychiatric help, remain isolated, and often present to internists, surgeons, dermatologists, policemen, and lawyers rather than psychiatrists. Despite this, their prognosis, while not good, is not as bad as other more severe disorders.
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Zondervan: How has Christianity sanctified human life?
Albert: History shows when the early Christians entered the Greco-Roman culture, human life was cheap and expendable. Infanticide was widespread and legal. Infant girls were especially vulnerable; few Roman families had more than one girl. Infant abandonment and abortion were also common. In addition, most Roman emperors killed people at will and with impunity. The Roman populace relished seeing humans brutally mauled and killed in gladiator shows. Suicide was advocated by the philosophers and practiced by many.
In contrast, the early Christians saw all human life as sacred. They opposed infanticide, and by 374 Valentinian (a Christian emperor) outlawed it; they rescued and reared abandoned infants. They also condemned abortion, consistently boycotted the gladiator contests, and rejected all forms of suicide. In time, Christianity's high view of human life became institutionalized in Western culture so that today even secularly minded individuals, although they might approve of abortion, still see human life as the ultimate human value. This sanctified view of human life is a legacy of Christianity.
Zondervan: Why did hospitals originate with Christianity?
Albert: For centuries people became sick, but before the advent of Christianity there were no hospitals to nurse and heal them. The Greeks and Romans had physicians, and even some hospices for shelter, commonly near Aesculapia or iateria (shrines where the sick came for medical advice), but they had no place for the sick to recuperate, to receive medical nursing and rest.
This all changed when St. Basil in Cappadocia (a bishop in the East), moved by Christ's words, "I was sick and you looked after me," built the first hospital in A.D. 369. It consisted of several buildings, housing physicians, nurses, and rehabilitation units. In 375, Fabiola, a wealthy widow, built a hospital in the West. By the end of the fourth century hospitals appeared in numerous places. By the sixth century most of the monasteries also had hospital facilities. During the Crusades (twelfth and thirteenth centuries) numerous hospital orders arose, such as the Order of Hospitalers, Knights of Malta, Hospitalers of St. Lazarus, and others. And from the late Middle Ages to our modern era, Christianity's eleemosynary ethic continued to erect hospitals. Even today many still bear Christianity's imprint, evident by their names: St. John's Hospital, St. Luke's, Baptist Hospital, Lutheran Hospital, Methodist Hospital, Presbyterian Hospital, etc. Thus every time we see a hospital we owe a debt of gratitude to the early Christians.
Zondervan: Explain how charity and compassion began with Christianity?
Albert: In addition to originating hospitals, Christianity introduced and institutionalized charity and compassion. A reknowned historian of ancient societies once wrote: "The idea of humanity was wanting in the old world." He was right. The Roman writer Plutarch (d. A.D. 120) said people in Carthage, for example, offered up their children, having their throats cut without their mothers shedding a single tear.
The Romans practiced liberalitis, not caritas (charity).. Liberalitis provided help for the needy only if some benefit accrued to the giver, whereas, the caritas meant giving help without expecting anything in return. Many pagan philosophers argued against caritas. Instances are known where the pagans even deserted their stricken relatives during epidemics. Christians, however, had compassion for the sick and dying, often forfeiting their own health and lives as they cared for them.
Early in the church, Christian caritas spawned many institutions of charity and compassion, such as buildings that provided shelter for strangers and travelers, orphanages, houses for the poor, homes for the aged, hospices for the blind, and places for the mentally disturbed. As time progressed, Christians formed a wide variety of associations that aided the sick, the poor, and the dying. In more recent times, schools for poor children on Sunday (18th century England), schools for the deaf, the Red Cross, YMCA, service clubs, the United Way, and the profession of nursing were all begun by Christians. Even today's child labor laws have their roots in Christian compassion.
Zondervan: How have many people unconsciously adopted Christian values?
Albert: Given the longstanding, pervasive presence of Christian values, many individuals have unconsciously internalized them. For instance, people in free societies believe that no one is above the law. This moral norm is derived from the Bible and Christianity. In ancient societies kings and emperors were above the law; they took the lives of innocent people without any one being able to hold them accountable. Other examples of internalized Christian values include: the single standard of adultery, a value which comes directly from Jesus' teachings; that it is criminal for adults to have sex with children (behavior which once was legal and common among the Greco-Romans); that infant girls and boys have equal human value; that infanticide is criminal; that the poor should not be left to starve; that slavery is evil and immoral; that the right to own private property is a fundamental component of freedom; and that God is not a respecter of a person's ascribed characteristics.
Zondervan: How is modern science the product of Christian theology?
Albert: Christianity posits a rational God, separate from the natural world, and who created man with a rational mind capable and free to discover God's laws in nature. This assumption, contrary to Greek philosophy, was necessary for the birth and development of science.
At the center of science lies the empirical testing of theories. The ancient Greek philosophers developed great theories, but they never tested them, for that would have involved manual labor, intended only for slaves. Christian monks and laymen, on the other hand, to whom labor was honorable, linked theory with research as they dissected cadavers in the study of medicine; such behavior was the extension of physical labor. Da Vinci and Vesalius, two devout Christians, made other advances in empirical biological research. The major work of Copernicus' (The Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies) was published by his Lutheran friends, one being a theologian. Kepler, convinced that "the divine works . . . shine forth everywhere in the structure of the world," was motivated theologically to discover three planetary laws that today's astronomers could not do without. Pasteur, who demonstrated life comes only from existing life, was so motivated by his Christian faith that he likened himself to a "Breton peasant." Many other examples could be cited.
Zondervan: How did Christianity elevate the status of women?
Albert: The status of women was incredibly low before and during Jesus' time. Ancient literature depicts women as evil, unclean, inferior, and with virtually no rights. For instance, Aristophanes, the Greek poet, in his play Lysistrata has the chorus say: "Women are a shameless set, the vilest of creatures." The rabbinic oral law said: "All women convey uncleanness . . ." Aristotle saw woman as "a deformed male." The Athenian woman could not leave her husband's house without a male escort. Respectable women were not to speak to men in public. And adultery was defined in terms of a woman's marital status, not the man's.
Jesus broke with the cultural practices that demeaned women. He saw woman no more evil than any man; nor he did see her as unclean. He introduced the single standard of adultery by saying that a man could commit this sin by looking at a women (regardless of her marital status) with lust in his heart. He did not tell women to be silent, nor did he rebuke them for following him in public. He even told them to tell the disciples that he had risen from the dead. With these precedents, the early Christian women worked with men as coworkers in converting countless pagans. Women, like men, were baptized, catechized, and given equal access to the Lord's Supper. Other changes occurred. Christianity rejected polygynous marriages and the husband's autocratic power over his wife; and it gave women the right to reject unwanted male suitors. In India the spirit of Christ led to abolishing the burning of widows (suttee); in China it ended the cruel practice of binding the feet of young girls. And in recent years, the outlawing clitoridectomy of African-Islamic girls in Western countries is another product of Christianity's elevation of women.
Zondervan: What are some of the highpoints in Christian art, music, and literature?
Albert: One of the highpoints of Christian art, recognized even by non-Christians, is the Gothic architecture of Europe's magnificent cathedrals. One art historian has said: "No architecture like the Gothic so spiritualizes, refines, and casts heavenward the substance which it handles." And artists like Masaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dürer, Rubens, and Rembrandt have enriched the displays of countless museums. In music, the majestic accomplishments of Bach, Handel, Mozart, and Beethoven will never be equaled. Their music continues to raise the spirit of its listeners to heights unknown before. In the realm of literature, authors influenced by Christ revealed , as Thomas Carlyle said, "the thoughts of thinking souls." This is evident in countless works, whether it is St. Augustine's The City of God, Dante's Divine Comedy, Thomas More's Utopia, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, or C.S. Lewis' Mere Christianity.
Zondervan: What holidays, words, and sayings did Christians contribute?
Albert: The word "holiday" originated with Christians in England, and as many know, it once meant "holy day," such as the days of Christmas, Easter, Pentecost, etc. Today it has virtually lost its meaning, for the general populace sees it largely as a day off from work. Sunday, the day on which early Christians commemorated Christ's resurrection, although now highly secularized, is still the most significant day of the week. It has the least amount of people working and more businesses closed than any other day. Christmas time, also highly secularized, is now largely a time of giving and family reunions. The expression "Good Samaritan" remains unequaled as symbol of compassion. Words or symbols, such as martyr, creed, B.C. A.D., christening, cemetery, cathedral, and many others have become an integral part of the English language, here and abroad. They have enriched the language and are virtually irreplaceable.
Zondervan: Are you not giving Christianity more credit than it deserves? What about its negative influences?
Albert: After Christianity was legalized by Constantine in 313, it sometimes had members (some of them as leaders) in its midst, who failed to "let their light shine among men" by contradicting Christ's teachings. Some erroneously approved of slavery; some suppressed women; others (the Crusaders) tried to gain converts with the sword; and still others countenanced corruption, within and outside of the church. Nevertheless, in time Christ's will prevailed so that in time countless salutary changes occurred. Human life was sanctified, sexual morals were elevated, women obtained freedom and dignity, hospitals appeared; charity and compassion were institutionalized, labor received dignity, universal education was implemented; science was spawned; slavery came to end where Christianity had a major presence; liberty and justice surfaced; art and architecture took on a new beauty; music gained an uplifting resonance, and literature conveyed new insights. In short, the negative aspects gave way to Christ's positive accents, and much of the world is a far better place today than it was before God became incarnate in Jesus Christ.
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This full-color resource is the second in a series that teaches a biblical worldview. This resource helps children understand what it means to be fearfully and wonderfully made in the image of the Most High God. The focus is enabling students to develop a healthy self-image based on biblical principles:
1. God made me in His image and crowned me with glory;
2. He has given me special gifts and a unique purpose in life;
3. I can creatively express God's love;
4. I am meant to think about beautiful and praiseworthy things, especially God and His Word;
5. I must make decisions based on God's truth;
6. I can always know the wise thing to do;
7. I am a beloved child of God whose true identity is found in Christ.
A related coloring book for younger children is sold separately.
Who Am I? - Book 2 - Biblical Worldview of Self-Image
Publisher: Apologia Educational Ministries
Format: Hard Cover Book
Grade 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
Topic: Biblical Studies - Bible Study and Reference
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- Group – Non Sporting
- Height – 12-16 inches at the shoulder
- Weight – 18-25 KG
- Life Span – 6-12 years
The Bulldog is a relaxed and intelligent breed, requiring less exercise than one might expect. He’s a loyal and enjoyable companion for any family.
The history of the English Bulldog is unfortunately a violent one. This breed was created, sometime in the 1500s or 1600s, specifically for the purpose of bull-baiting, a cruel so-called “sport” that pitted a dog against a bull for a fight to the death. The original Bulldog must have been ferocious, powerful and courageous. Attention to conformation, temperament, beauty or symmetry of form was not valued. Instead, they must have been bred to be savage, vicious and almost immune to pain. The Bulldog’s unusual extremely undershot jaw stems from those awful days, as it enabled him to grab a bull and clamp down, and hang on until the end. It was not a good time for the human-canine relationship. Dog fighting in underground “pits” became popular as bull-baiting’s popularity waned.
In 1885, bull and dog fighting became illegal in England. Despite the fact that this could have led to the disappearance of the Bulldog, a number of fanciers attempted to preserve this fine breed, to retain its good qualities without promoting its bad ones. Within a few generations, the English Bulldog became one of the finest physical and temperamental specimens among canines, with its original viciousness completely gone. This is the English Bulldog of today, who is docile and adaptive. He can live anywhere, loves children, is easy to care for and is affectionate and loyal. The Bulldog is probably one of the gentlest breeds in America today
Personality and Temperament
Bulldogs are affectionate, gentle, and very intelligent. They have a reputation for being sensitive, yet fearless
This breed enjoys being with other dogs and household pets. They are good with children, too. Some may be cautious with strangers, but are usually friendly to everyone.
Hair, Care and Grooming
Stright, short, flat, close,fine, smooth and glossy. The Bulldog should be brush to remove dead hairs during times of shedding. A special lotion may be applied to the facial folds to keep these clean.
This breed often has breathing problems, skin infections, hip and knee problems. They have poor eyesight and are susceptible to heat stroke in warm weather or hot rooms.
Training and Activity
This breed requires consistency in training, but sensitivity to its handler’s voice makes the learning process quite easy.
The Bulldog can adjust to your family’s activity level, but does enjoy exercise on a regular basis. Because of special needs at early ages, sufficient rest is needed so bones, muscles, and joints can develop properly.
Bulldogs typically enjoy a normal diet for dogs of their size and will enjoy a treat like bacon or sausage or even cheap meats that you might have readily available. Since Bulldogs are not great exercisers, it’s important not to over feed them.
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At the beginning, each project consists of two basic blocks. The "on start" block and the "forever" block. All instructions within these two blocks are executed by the program. However, the "on start" block is only executed once when you start your program.
The following program turns on the brake light when you start the micro:bit, then waits 2 seconds and turns off the brake light again.
The "forever" block, on the other hand, is executed over and over again. As soon as all commands and instructions, from top to bottom, have been processed in this block, the execution starts again from the beginning. Here you can for example permanently check the sensors and react to new events.
The following code builds on the example. First, the "on start" block is executed. In this block, the brake light is switched on again, then waited 2 seconds and then the brake light is switched off. Since the code does not end here, in contrast to the first example, we have added another pause of one second. After this pause, the program jumps from the "on start" block to the "forever" block. Now the light is switched on in an endless loop, wait 2 seconds, switch off the light, wait 2 seconds and then the code starts again from the beginning.
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Date of Award
Master of Science (MS)
Civil and Environmental Engineering
A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of deposition from static rocket test fires on corn and alfalfa. Seeds were germinated in a wide concentration range of depositional material, called test fire soil (TFS). Additionally, the impact of chloride and aluminum, two major components of test fire soil, on germination was also evaluated. Furthermore, plants were grown in packed columns and exposed to test fire soil, either in the root zone or on foliage. Tissue was weighed and analyzed to compare biomass production and plant composition.
Corn and alfalfa exposed to test fire soil in the root zone produced less biomass than controls, but foliar treatment had no effect on biomass production. No kernels were produced by corn exposed to test fire soil in the root zone. Leaves of plants exposed to test fire soil in the root zone accumulated more metals and nutrients than controls, whereas plant tissue treated with test fire soil on the leaves contained only elevated levels of aluminum, although levels were still within reasonable concentrations for plants.
Germination of seeds was not affected below 1% test fire soil in soil; however higher concentrations of test fire soil decreased percent germination. Addition of chloride to soil also inhibits germination, but addition of aluminum has no effect on germination percentage. Corn germination was restored in test fire soil leached with 200 mm artificial rainwater.
The results of this research contribute information regarding the potential impact of test fire soil from static test fires on crop production. Test fire soil inhibits germination and growth if deposited in the root zone, and even foliar application alters tissue composition. However, plant composition is not altered significantly in terms of feed criteria, and germination can be restored by irrigating the TFS.
The effects of test fire soil are attributed to high levels of chloride that induce salt stress. Crop damage may be avoided by conducting static test fires after crops are harvested or providing extra irrigation to soil impacted with the TFS.
Mendenhall, Scout, "Effect of Depostition From Static Rocket Test Fires on Corn and Alfalfa" (2012). All Graduate Plan B and other Reports. 200.
Copyright for this work is retained by the student. If you have any questions regarding the inclusion of this work in the Digital Commons, please email us at .
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Leaders can come in many shapes and sizes, but some of the most notable have shown themselves as leaders of men through the mighty conflict of hand to hand combat. When your men’s lives are on the line, you need to stand up and guide them to victory. Unfortunately, society has degraded to the point that we’re having trouble finding role models for excellent leadership. Even people who we have elected to lead us are hardly fit for the job, as scandal and corruption run rampant throughout the system. We almost have to look backward into history in order to find the men who have enough confidence and moral fortitude to stand up for what is right and to fight for their ideals. Of course, these fights aren’t debates. This week’s two films exhibit three leaders who have proved themselves on the battleground.
Length: 177 minutes / 2.95 hours
A leadership vacuum is an interesting phenomenon. When a leader dies and does not designate a successor, chaos can ensue. The absence of a leader, be they strong or not, tends to attract leaders from adjacent areas who want to expand their empire. Usually, these new leaders will exploit the people they have just easily conquered. And yet, through this persecution, often stronger leaders will emerge and stand up against the injustice being done against them. These leaders will gather grassroots support and build a rebellion that will fight for their freedom, which could have been kept if a leader had been designated in the first place. However, the battles and rebellion often will produce much stronger leaders who appreciate what they have fought to gain, instead of having their authority merely given to them by the last ruler.
Winner of the Best Picture Oscar in 1995, Braveheart shows Mel Gibson at his best as he portrays manly-man William Wallace. Returning to Scotland after many years, William Wallace finds his homeland under the rule of the English because the late king of Scotland passed away without anyone to pass the kingdom on to. Collecting together a rag-tag group of men to act as Scotland’s army, Wallace leads these men into battle against the English with impressive results at the battle of Stirling. Wallace then takes the fight into the English’s territory when the Scottish army storms the city of York. A strong leader, with a great pep-talk monologue, William Wallace is perhaps the best known figure from Scottish history due to Gibson’s portrayal.
Length: 155 minutes / 2.58 hours
The military is often a source for great leaders. There’s no better place to find out who has courage and fortitude than on the fields of battle. Men who have earned their rights as soldiers are often looked up to by new recruits and are thus respected for their valiant efforts. These leaders who have been grown from the ground up are much better suited to lead large battalions of soldiers because they understand the intricacies of the fight they are guiding their men into. On the flip side, a politically motivated leader who is appointed to lead (instead of evolving there naturally) will have a difficult time motivating the troops to march blindly into battle, not knowing what to expect. As a result, the political leaders will often be jealous of the natural leaders and will do whatever they can in their power to oust the natural leaders from office.
Russell Crowe won the Oscar for Best Actor in 2000 for his role as Maximus in Gladiator (which also won the Best Picture Oscar that year). Leader of Roman military forces, Maximus is picked by Marcus Aurelius to become the next emperor of Rome. This angers Commodus (son of Marcus Aurelius) who feels as though he deserves the position due to the fact that he is the heir to the current emperor. In order to get his way, Commodus kills his father and orders the death of Maximus. However, Maximus escapes and lives undercover as a slave who rises through the ranks to become a gladiator, eventually competing at the Colosseum in Rome. Maximus shows us that natural born leaders are often acknowledged by those above them, and will sometimes bide their time in order to achieve their goals.
2 sum it up: 2 films, 2 laudable leaders
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Communalism For Cascadia is a collective of individuals who seek to raise awareness of the viability of democratic confederalism and social ecology for achieving an autonomous Cascadia and protecting our ecosystem. We believe that an autonomous Cascadia is possible in our lifetime, and that democratic confederalism is the best political system for achieving this goal. As social ecologists, we believe that our ecological problems stem from social problems. The domination of the Earth by humans, stems from the domination of human by human.
Statement of Values
Local Food and Water Security
The importation of food from outside of our bioregion is unsustainable. Food production must be localised and accessible to everyone, and done in a decentralised and small-scale manner that fosters biodiversity (e.g. permaculture and agroecology), rather than monocrop production which poisons the land with pesticides and decreases biodiversity. Water is a precious resource, and as our ecological crisis deepens it will become increasingly scarce. We must take immediate steps to protect our bioregional water supply and ensure that it is accessible to everyone.
Under capitalism the ecological damage we are inflicting on the Earth has reached crisis proportions of such a magnitude that it poses an existential threat to all human and non-human life on this planet. We must take immediate steps to begin transitioning to a form of social organisation that exists within the ecological limits of the biosphere.
Technology as it exists today is largely applied to the domination of the natural world and the domination of human beings. We must immediately begin to use technology in a manner that respects the ecological limits of the biosphere, and which moves to eliminate scarcity, illness, and work from society. We do not believe that technology is in and of itself oppressive. We believe that its application within the framework of the capitalist system is. Sustainable energy such as wind and solar are an important part of a future free and ecological society.
As hierarchy is the root of our ecological crisis, any alternative form of social organisation that seeks to exist within the ecological limits of the biosphere must be non-hierarchical and participatory. Democracy must be the foundation of a future society free from ecological destruction and tyranny.
The authors of this blog acknowledge that it is written on occupied and unceded Coast Salish territories, belonging to the xʷməθkwəy̓əm (Musqueam), Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish), Stó:lō and Səl̓ílwətaʔ (Tsleil-Waututh) Nations. We cannot turn back the clocks to before colonisation. However, we must work together to build a society that seeks to preserve Indigenous cultures, and respects Indigenous autonomy as well as their land.
We recognise that various forms of oppression are interconnected, and that a liberatory society must seek to abolish oppression of all kinds. We are opposed to racism, sexism, homophobia, transphobia, ableism, ageism, as well as others which may become apparent as our understanding of oppression changes and expands.
As capitalism is an international system, the revolution must also be international. From Cascadia, to Rojava, to the Lacadonan Jungle, and throughout the world, we stand in solidarity with all struggles of the oppressed for liberation.
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Long before Juan de Fuca passed through the straits in 1592, there were dozens of Indian tribes who pursued their livelihood by fishing, gathering roots and berries, harvesting shellfish and hunting in the area which was to become Washington State. The Yakama Tribes occupied nearly 17,000 square miles of this area. Their land extended from the summits of the Cascades on the west to the Palouse area of the Columbia Basin on the east. The northern border extended into British Columbia, and the southern border into Northern Oregon. Within this area there were many small tribes and bands of Indians possessing a similar way of life.
In the summer of 1855, a Treaty Council was convened at Walla Walla, and the Yakama Tribes were pressured to cede 16,900 square miles for a reservation of 1,875 square miles and reserved rights and guarantees.
In 1988, Congress passed the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act establishing a legal basis for the right to conduct gaming on reservation land.
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A Chicomecoatl monolith found recently in Zempoala municipality, Hidalgo, 500 years old, which represents the goddess of maize, was restored by National Institute of Anthropology and History
specialists and now historical research has begun.
The archaeological finding associated to Mexica culture dated between 1430 and 1520 was found in July 2009 by employees of a private company, notifying immediately the Hidalgo INAH Center, which proceeded to remove and guard it.
The 60 centimeters tall sculpture represents the Mexica maize goddess, Chicomecoatl, linked to fertility. She carries 2 corncobs on each hand, and has an orifice in the chest, where a greenstone or chalchiutlicue, which represents the flower of life, was inlaid.
Archaeologist Osvaldo Sterpone, in charge of moving the piece to Pachuca and who will coordinate historical research, mentioned that the orifice was covered with red colored lime that matched the stone that has to be identified yet. He remarked the stone sculpture was found near Santa Ana Archaeological Site.
Sterpone commented that the sculpture may be dated in Late Post Classic period, when Mexica Empire controlled this region to obtain obsidian and other material that they traded.
Restoration of Chicomecoatl, which presents an excellent conservation state, was in charge of Virginia Carrasquel, from Hidalgo INAH Center, who leaded cleaning, stabilization and preservation tasks before being exposed at Zempolala Community Museum for 2 days.
After it returned to Hidalgo INAH Center, the piece was guarded at the cultural goods warehouse, where Chicomecoatl will be studied to determine the influence it had in the region.
Regarding the context of the finding, archaeologist Sterpone mentioned that no other element associated to the sculpture was found in the sand mine located at San Pedro Tlaquilpan.
There are not regional archaeological studies about Chicomecoatl, so we will base on historical sources. In this sense, a similar sculpture was found during the 1970´s decade in Autonomous University of the State of Hidalgo concluded the archaeologist.
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The Basics of Crowdfunding
Author’s note: This article is the first of three addressing the issue of crowdfunding – the next will address pending federal legislation and the final will address the recently adopted crowdfunding exemption in Nebraska.
What is crowdfunding?
Crowdfunding is the pooling of money by the general public in support of a project, organization, or business venture through the Internet. There are two basic types of crowdfunding: nonequity crowdfunding and equity crowdfunding. While nonequity crowdfunding has been used for a host of different activities over the past few years, equity crowdfunding has been nonexistent in the United States largely due to restrictions posed by securities laws. However, equity crowdfunding is becoming more and more available on a state-by-state basis and may be possible at the federal level as soon as 2016 under proposed SEC regulations. This article will introduce the concept of crowdfunding by discussing the most common nonequity models.
Nonequity crowdfunding has been used for a wide range of activities, including raising seed capital, inventing and developing intellectual property, promoting scientific research, and funding artistic endeavors such as movies or music albums. Since contributors do not receive securities or any profit-based interest in exchange for their contributions, the industry is largely unregulated by securities laws and has experienced dramatic growth over the past few years. Kickstarter is among the most popular crowdfunding websites and has helped raise over $1.9 billion, funding over 92,000 different projects since its launch in 2009, with contributions by over 9 million people.
There are three basic models for nonequity crowdfunding: donations, rewards, and peer-to-peer lending.
The least regulated platform is a Donation-Based Model, which raises money for non-profit organizations and charities (e.g., Omaha Gives!). The contributions are primarily from related or otherwise interested contributors, but as the more popular causes gather momentum and attention, they attract contributions from across the globe. Because contributors do not receive any property in return for their contribution, this type of crowdfunding is treated as any other charitable donation.
The Rewards-Based Model is the most common platform for nonequity crowdfunding and is used by the popular websites Kickstarter.com and Indiegogo.com. This model allows contributors to fund a project in exchange for a pre-determined “reward” related to the project. For example, an author seeking funds for a novel may provide a free copy of the book for one contribution level and perhaps an autographed copy at the next contribution level. Since the contributor does not receive an ownership interest or have an expectation of profits, this model also is not subject to SEC regulation.
Certain peer-to-peer lending activities operate much like crowdfunding. Websites such as Lendingclub.com and Kiva.org provide a platform for borrowers to receive and pool small loans from hundreds (or more) lenders. The loans are typically used for small business ventures. Potential lenders can view basic information regarding the borrower and proposed loan on the website and generally receive interest on their loans. Again, the contributor does not receive any ownership interest. (Note: this article does not address any banking or commercial lending regulations that may be applicable to the structure of peer-to-peer lending activities.)
While the nonequity based crowdfunding models previously referenced, are unregulated, equity crowdfunding is subject to state and federal securities laws. The equity crowdfunding platform operates in much the same manner as the models discussed, except that the contributor would receive an ownership interest in the company.
When can we start using the equity crowdfunding exemption?
Not yet at the federal level. Until the SEC adopts the final rules, issuers and intermediaries may not rely on the crowdfunding exemption for interstate offerings. Currently, applicable state law crowdfunding exemptions are the only available route and generally permit only intrastate investments. However, once adopted at the federal level, equity crowdfunding may revitalize the crowdfunding market.
Stay tuned for the next article on the proposed SEC regulations on crowdfunding.
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Today morning one of my friends sent me a message on Whatsapp saying “Don’t Touch Here”! But it is in my blood to do exactly opposite of what I am instructed not to do something! I touched the message and to my shock, My WhatsApp hanged for few moments and crashed. I looked at other groups on WhatsApp and everywhere I found similar message being sent to prank each other. There were discussions whether it was some kind of virus, or whether our phones got damaged by sending a message. Apparently, I decided to dig deep and find the cause.
I outlined and noticed there are a few spaces given before the message, so it meant there was something hidden in those spaces. A few months back, iOS faced a similar case where it was not able to work with a Telugu Character. Facebook had a similar issue when it used to show blank Name and Surnames on the profile. I immediately sent the conversation to my email and downloaded the text file on my laptop to have a comfortable view.
I have decoded the text and it was nothing more than a bug with WhatsApp. Similar bugs might happen with other applications as well, it worked on my Inbuilt notes app and telegram app too. I opened the text file using Kali’s vim editor and voila it displayed a huge string of meaningless characters as seen in the below image.
I opened the same text file containing the chat, using windows command line tool with Type <file-name> which is a useful utility to see hidden characters in a text file. There were rows of unknown hidden characters in the message before it says ‘Don’t Touch Here’. If you open the same text using any programming editor such as Sublime, you can see it actually contains 1988 characters and not just blank spaces
What are those characters?
As we notice from the first message, the string only repeats two characters i.e. <200e> and <200f>. Some text editors represent them as \u200e and \u200f respectively. These characters are LRM and RLM, two invisible formatting characters that are used in word processing to distinguish between left-to-right text and right-to-left text. The LRM is used to represent languages that are written in the Left to Right Direction such as English. The RLM is used to represent languages that are written in Right To Left Direction such as Arabic and Hebrew. These characters tell the application how to display the text and they don’t themselves are not displayed. They don’t have any other semantic impact either. All these details can be found here
Why are these characters hidden on mobile?
As stated by the Unicode, these characters are very light-weight formatting. They act exactly like right-to-left or left-to-right characters, except that they do not display or have any other semantic effect. They don’t have a display meaning attached to them and hence are not displayed. This confuses WhatsApp or other android application, might be the Android OS itself and it displays only blank spaces.
What happens that Hangs Whatsapp?
By the above decoding, we can put up logic that this string of these LRM and RLM characters instruct WhatsApp to keep changing the direction of the text. That causes WhatsApp to perform a lot of processing. This processing freezes the UI for a while for WhatsApp to complete the process. On some phones, WhatsApp returns back to the stage where it was. On few phones, WhatsApp crashes, this depends on how the OS handles processes.
Will this damage our phones?
Though it looks like a mere bug in some applications, we can not predict what can go wrong. Everyone’s OS is differently made and we don’t know how OS or the applications will handle such processes. There is no report of any damage happened due to this yet, and it turns out to be just a prank. But we should be careful while using our smartphones.
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Or was it eighty-eight? She seems to have lost count. But no-one has heard of most of them, so it probably doesn’t matter.
Known as ‘She Who Walks Upon The Sea’, ASHERAH is an important Mother Goddess and also the wife of Top God EL. She was obviously held in very high esteem by her many worshippers in Biblical times. Wooden pillars erected in her honor were so numerous that even YAHWEH himself felt a little threatened. These so-called ‘Asherah Poles’ are mentioned several times in the Old Testament — usually accompanied by the words ‘Thou shalt not’.
Despite her popularity, as usual with ancient Middle-Eastern deities, there is plenty of scope for confusion. The various spellings and regional changes of her name seem to lead everywhere and nowhere. And we still don’t know why she walks on the sea.
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I've been concerned with the identification of these small raptors for months, in hopes that when they appear in our valley for winter I'd be more adept at identifying the sexes. And here they are — I counted seven on the way to town.
Compare the photos from AnimalDiversity.org, University of Michigan. The male has blue on his wings. The tail is barred at the tip, but is plain rufous otherwise. In contrast, the female has no blue and an obviously barred tail. These birds are also noted for the black streaks down the face, called "whiskers."
With a wingspan of about 22 inches, these birds are only about nine inches long (a bit less than a robin), and weigh about four ounces. They've been called "sparrow hawks" but they're clearly too small for that! Grasshopper hawk is more like it!
They're often seen perched on power lines, waiting for prey: insects of all kinds, rodents and small reptiles (note the small snake in the female's talons). They will hover above an area where prey might occur, such as a newly plowed field. This "wind hover" is actually a controlled stall with the bird moving its wings to match the prevailing wind. Quite a feat!
Both parents build the minimal nest in a tree cavity, along a cliff or in a nest box. They incubate the four or five eggs for a month. The chicks are immobile, downy, with eyes closed and must be fed.
Kestrels summer and nest to our north, winter into Panama, and are regularly seen in the United States. But it seems to me that they're more abundant during the winter months in our area. They appear to be about the size of a robin, but are usually sitting still on a power line. Keep an eye out for these colorful little raptors.blog comments powered by Disqus
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The Albanian Language
The Albanian language belongs to the family of Indo-European Languages, along with Indo-Iranian languages, Greek language, Romance languages, Slavonic languages, Germanic languages, etc. It constitutes a separate branch in this family of languages and is not originally associated with many modern Indo-European languages. The Indo-European origin of the Albanian language and its place in the family of Indo-European languages was determined and proved in the middle of the 19th century, following studies in comparative historical linguistics.
It was primarily the merit of one of the leading founders of this linguistic direction, the eminent German scholar Franz Bopp, who proved scientifically that the Albanian language belonged to the Indo-European languages’ family. Franz Bopp dedicated to this issue a special workshop entitled “Ueber das Albanesische in sinen verwandtschaft lichen Bezichungen,” published in 1854.
The Indo-European languages are divided into Eastern languages, or satem and Western languages, or centum. The Albanian language belongs to the eastern group (satem), the Indo-Iranian languages, Balto-Slavonic languages, and the Armenian language.
The origins of the Albanian language
The origins of the Albanian language are one of the most debatable issues in linguistic science. Its roots are found in one of the ancient languages of the Balkan Peninsula, Illyrian or Thracian. Two main theories have circulated in the linguistic literature concerning the Albanian language: its origin in the Illyrian language and the one in the Thracian language. The Illyrian theory has had a broader historical and linguistic support. It took shape in the 18th century among the time historians and is further elaborated and supported by linguists.
The first attempt at explaining the origins of the Albanians and the Albanian language was made by the Swedish historian Hans Erich Thunmann in his work “Undersuchunger liber die Geschichte der Östlichen europäischen Völker” Leipzig, 1774. Based on Latin and Byzantine historical sources and linguistic and onomatopoeic documents, he concluded that the Albanians are autochthonous descendants of the ancient Illyrian population, who were not romanized, as was the case with the Thraco-Dacian population, the predecessors of the Romanians.
The Albanian people’s Illyrian origin theory’s theses were defended by well known Austrian albanologue Johann Georges von Hahn in his work Albanesische Studien, published in 1854.
Since that time on, several eminent scholars, such as historians, archaeologists, and linguists, have brought several historical and linguistic complementary arguments supporting the theory concerning the origin of Albanians and their language. The complete synthesis of overall studies on the Albanian Language was made by outstanding linguist Prof. Eqrem Çabej, which brought full scientific arguments that verify the Illyrian thesis instead of the Thracian one. Some of these arguments are as follows:
1. Albanians are currently living in some of the territories inhabited by Illyrians in ancient times; on the other hand, historical sources do not speak of any Albanian migration from other territories to the present ones.
2. Several linguistic elements such as names of things, tribes, people, etc., of Illyrian origin are explained in the Albanian language.
3. The ancient toponymic forms of the Illyrian Albanian territories, as compared to the corresponding present-day forms, prove that they have evolved in conformity with the rules of the historical phonetics of the Albanian language.
4. Relationships between the Albanian language and the ancient Greek and Latin suggest that the Albanian language took shape and developed side-by-side with these two neighboring languages on the Adriatic and Ionian seas’ shores.
5. Both archaeological documents and documents belonging to the material and psychological heritage testify to the ancient Illyrians’ cultural continuity to the present-day Albanians.
Given these arguments, presented concisely, the theory of the Illyrian origin of the Albanian language is the most plausible, judging by historical and linguistic evidence.
The beginnings of the written Albanian language
Albanian is one of the Balkans’ ancient languages, but its written records, just like the Romanian language, date back only to the 15th century.
The first written record in the Albanian language is known as the “Formula of Baptism” of 1462 AD. It is a short sentence in Albanian “Unte paghesont premenit Atit et birit et spertit senit” (I bless you in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit), which is found in a circular (pamphlet) written in Latin by the Archbishop of Durrės, Pal Ėngjėlli, a close associate of Skanderbeg.
During a visit to Mat, Pal Ėngjelli noticed irregularities in the religious practice and following this, he left some directions and recommendations with the Catholic priest, namely the aforementioned blessing, which could be used by parents in baptizing their children in case they could not do it in church, or there was no priest available. The formula is written in the Latin alphabet in the northern dialect of the Ghegs (gegėrisht).
The “Formula of Baptism” was found in the Laurentian Library of Milan by the well-known Romanian historian Nikolla Jorga and was published by him in 1915 in “Notes et extraits pour servir a Histoire des croisades au XV siecle IV, 1915”. (Notes and extracts to the service the history of the crusades in the 15th century).
The French philologist, Mario Rogues, made a philological publication of this document and also its photographic reproduction in “Recherches sur les anciens textes albanais”, Paris 1932
The second document written in the Albanian language is a Glossary by Arnold von Harf of 1496. In 1496, the German traveler Arnold von Harf from the village of Cologne set out on a pilgrimage tour of the holy countries. The tour brought him along the coast, to our country, where he stopped at Ulqin, Durrės, and Sazan. In the course of the journey, for practical needs, he wrote down 26 words, 8 phrases, and the numerals from 1 to 10 and from 100 to 1000, along with their equivalents in German. E. von Grote published this Glossary for the first time in Cologne in 1860.
Another text written in the Albanian language that dates back to the late 15th and early 16th centuries was found in a Greek manuscript of the 16th century in the Ambrosiana Library of Milan. It contains extracts translated from the Gospel according to St. Matthew, etc., and is written in the dialect of the South, in the Greek alphabet. This text written in Albanian is known in Albanian literature by the name The Easter Testament.
These documents do not have any literary values but arouse interest concerning the history of the written Albanian language. From the early stages of its written form, the Albanian language is proved to be written in two dialects, in the North dialect (gegėrisht) and the South one (toskėrisht), and in two alphabets, the Latin and the Greek, which testifies that Albanian culture was under the influence of both Latin and Greek culture.
The first book known to date to be written in the Albanian language is the “Missal” (Meshari) (the Prayer Book) by Gjon Buzuku in AD 1555, which marks the beginning of early Albanian literature. Only one copy of this book has survived and is currently in the Library of the Vatican. The book contains 220 pages and is written in two columns. “Missal” by Gjon Buzuku is the translation of the Catholic liturgy’s main parts into Albanian; it contains the services of the main religious holidays of the year, comments from the book of prayers, parts from the Testament well as parts from the ritual and catechism. Therefore, it includes the parts a preacher needs in his daily religious services. Obviously, it is an attempt by the author to introduce the Albanian language in the catholic religious services. Hence, the Albanian language’s literary period, as is the case with many other languages, has its beginnings in the translation of religious texts.
Gjon Buzuku’s “Missal,” the first book in the Albanian language, was discovered in Rome by one of the writers from the north of Albania, Gjon Nikollė Kazazi. Still, the book was lost and recovered again in 1909 by the bishop Pal Skeroi, researcher and explorer of antique texts. In 1930, the researcher Jystin Rrota from Shkodėr went to Rome, photocopied the book, and brought three copies to Albania. In 1968 the book was published as transliterated and transcribed and provided with critical notes and an introductory study by the pre-eminent linguist, Prof. E.Ēabej. The linguist N.Resuli also transcribed Buzuku’s book.
The Missal by Gjon Buzuku is written in the northern dialect (gegėrisht), in the Latin alphabet, and is provided with some special letters. The book has a relatively rich vocabulary. Its orthography and grammatical forms seem to be established, which indicates an earlier tradition in the Albanian language writing.
Prof. Eqrem Çabej, who had made a thorough study of Gjon Buzuku’s book, has concluded that its language “is not an uncultivated land.” “Looking at this text objectively,” he states, ” and judging by the fluent language that permeates it from top to bottom and by the consistent style of writing, one is convinced that a literary tradition in liturgical writings had existed earlier in Albania since the late Middle Ages. According to this author, the cultural level of Albania in the Middle Ages also supports this theory. “The cultural level of the Albanian people had not been much different from the neighboring countries and those along the Adriatic coast in particular.”
There is also additional indirect evidence that speaks of a tradition in the Albanian language writing before the 15th century. The French priest Guillaume Adae (1270-1341), who for a long time served as Archbishop of Tivar (1270-1341) and came to know the Albanians well, in a report entitled “Directorium ad passagium faciendum ad terrom sanctam” sent to the king of France Philip VI, Valua, wrote among others: “Although Albanians speak a different language from Latin, they use and write their books in the Latin alphabet.” This author speaks of books in the Albanian language, thus testifying that Albanian had been written well before the 15th century.
In his work “De obsi dione scodrensi “(On the siege of Shkodėr), published in Venice in 1504, the renowned humanist Marin Barleti also speaks of excerpts written in vernacula lingua, i.e., in the language of the country, which deal with the reconstruction of the town of Shkodėr.
This evidence of G. Adae and M. Barleti, two connoisseurs of the Albanians and their country, is in harmony with the historical data on this period, which suggests an advanced economic and cultural level Albanian territories in the 14th and early 15th centuries. In that period, many towns such as Durrės, Kruja, Berat, Vlora flourished economically and became an important trade and cultural centers.
This evidence makes more credible the existence of an earlier tradition in the writing of the Albanian language; nevertheless, as long as researches have not brought to light any other book, “Meshari” by Gjon Buzuku will remain the first book written in the Albanian language and the first work of the Albanian literature.
The literature in the Albanian language among Italy’s Arbėresh also has its beginnings in the 16th century. The first work of the Arbėresh literature in the Albanian language and the second earliest work, after that of Buzuku, is the one by the Arbėresh priest Lekė Matrenga “E mbesuame e krishterė” (“The Christian Faith”) published in 1592. It is a booklet of 28 pages, the translation of a catechism. The book is written in the southern dialect, in Latin alphabet, and is provided with some special letters representing the Albanian language sounds that are missing in Latin.
Pjetėr Budi, Frang Bardhi, and Pjetėr Bogdani, who translated and wrote original works, further explored the Albanian language in the 17th century. In 1635, Frang Bardhi produced the first dictionary, the “Latin-Albanian Dictionary,” which marks Albanian linguistic science. The Albanian language’s exploration and progress entered a new stage in the 19th century, during the National Renaissance, under new historical circumstances. In this period, serious attempts were made to build up a national literary language that would become standard in the 20th century.
Dialects of the Albanian language
The Albanian language has two dialects, the northern dialect or “gegėrisht” and the southern dialect or “toskėrisht”. The natural boundary that separates these dialects is the river Shkumbin that runs through Elbasan, in central Albania. To the right of Shkumbin lies the northern dialect (gegėrisht) and to the left lies the southern dialect (toskėrisht).
There are no great differences between Albanian dialects and people can understand each other without difficulty. Nevertheless, there are some differences in the phonetic system and in the grammatical structure and lexicon, of which the most important are: the northern dialect has mouth and nasal vowels, whereas the southern dialect has only mouth vowels; the diphthong ua in toskėrisht has the equivalent ue in gegėrisht (grua ~ grue); the initial cluster va in toskėrisht has the equivalent vo in gegėrisht (vatėr ~ votėr); the distinct nasal ā in gegėrisht has the distinct equivalent ė in toskėrisht (nānė ~ nėnė).
The southern dialect is characterized by rhotacism (the changing of n to r (ranė ~ rėrė), which in gegėrisht is missing; in toskėrisht the consonant clusters mb, nd, etc. are retained whereas in gegėrisht are assimilated in m, n, (mbush ~ mush, vend ~ ven). In the morphological system, the northern dialect has the infinitive form of the type me pun, whereas toskėrisht has instead the infinitive form of the type tė punoj. The past participle in toskėrisht ends in a consonant, whereas in gegėrisht ends in a vowel (kapur ~ kapė), etc. The south dialect has the future forms: do te punoj dhe kam per te punuar, whereas the norther dialect apart from the above forms has the form kam me punue
The formation of the unified national literary language (standard language), as the most elaborated variant of the Albanian language, has gone through a long process, which began in the 16th and 17th centuries, but this process entered a new stage in the 19th century, during the National Renaissance.
In 1824 Naum Veqilharxhi started the work to produce Albanian Alphabet and the “Evetar” was published in 1844 and 1845. Veqilharxhi is the first one who drafted the targets of Albania National Renaissance through his tractat, his introduction of the first “Evetar” and many other papers.
By this time priority was given to the learning and exploration of the mother tongue, its enrichment and clearance of unnecessary foreign words. A wide literary, cultural, and linguistic activity took place during this period.
“The Society of Printing Albanian Letters”, which was created in 1879, gave a new impetus to this activity. The first grammar books were produced and steps were taken for the production of a national dictionary of the Albanian language. The Dictionary of Albanian language by Kostandin Kristoforidhi was published posthumously in 1904.
During the period of National Renaissance, two literary variants of the Albanian language developed, which are the southern literary variant and the northern literary variant. Attempts were made to bring the two variants together and unify the literary language. An issue that required immediate solution was the unification of the alphabet. Up to that time Albanian was written in several alphabets: Latin, Greek, Turkish-Arabic and other special alphabets. This issue was resolved at the Congress of Manastir, held in November 14-22, 1908, in the town of Manastir, which is currently situated in Macedonia. The Congress decided on the introduction of a new alphabet based entirely on the Latin alphabet and provided with nine digraphs (dh, gj, ll, nj, rr, sh, th, xh, zh), and two letters with diacritic signs (ē, ė). This alphabet is still in use in the Albanian language. Though the Congress decided the Istanbul alphabet to be free for use, with the passage of time it was replaced by the new alphabet endorsed by the Congress of Manastir, i.e. the current alphabet.
Another step towards the unification of the Albanian literary language was taken by the “Albanian Literary Committee”, which met in Shkodėr in 1916. The committee emphasized as a priority the exploration of the Albanian literary language and the development of the Albanian literature. This committee of linguists and writers, set up to help create a common literary (standard) language by bringing together the two literary variants already in use, decided on the median literary variant, which would serve as a bridge between “toskėrisht” and “gegėrisht” and set rules for its orthography, which contributed to the unification of the written language.
The decisions of the Albanian Literary Committee on the standard language and its orthography were later endorsed at the Education Congress of Lushnje (1920) and continued to be applied until the Second World War.
After the Second World War, work on the unification of the national literary language (standard language) and its orthography was organized by the Institute of Sciences. Ad hoc committees were set up to design orthography drafts. Thus, some drafts were designed in 1948, 1951, 1953, and 1956. Two conferences were held in 1952 on the issue of the standard language.
In 1967, the Institute of History and Linguistics published the new draft on Orthography Rules of the Albanian Language. This draft was applied in all the Albanian territories, the Republic of Albania, Kosovo, and Montenegro. Meanwhile, efforts were also made in Kosovo for the unification of the literary language and its orthography.
In 1968, a linguistic conference was held in Prishtina, Kosova, guided by the principle one nation-one literary language. It decided that once the orthography draft was approved and took official form, it would be applied in Kosovo as well. The decisions taken in this conference were of great significance for the unification of the national literary language.
Following a public debate, the draft on “Orthography Rules of the Albanian Language” of 1967 was submitted for discussion to the Congress on the orthography of the Albanian language held in Tirana in 1972. It has gone down in the history of the Albanian language and culture as the Congress of the unification of the national literary language.
Delegates attended the Congress on the orthography of the Albanian language from all of the regions of Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Arberėsh from Italy. The Congress adopted a resolution which, among others, stated that “the Albanian people now have a unified literary (standard) language.
The unified national literary language (standard language) was mostly based on the literary variant of the south, especially with regard to the phonetic system, but it also encompasses elements from the literary variant of the north.
After the Congress of Orthography, a number of important works were published which codified the norms of a standard language, such as The Orthography of the Albanian Language (1973), The Dictionary of Current Albanian (1980), The Dictionary of Present-day Albanian (1984), An Orthographic Dictionary of the Albanian Language (1976), A Grammar of Current Albanian, I Morphology (1995), II Syntax (1997).
Typological features of present-day standard Albanian
The Albanian language is structurally an analytical-synthetic language, with a dominance of synthetic elements tending towards being analytical. Part of its phonetic and grammatical features date back from the ancient Indo-European period, others have developed later.
Albanian language has its own phonological system, which comprises 7 vowel phonemes and 29 consonant phonemes. It is written in the Latin alphabet decided upon in 1908 at the Congress of Manastir.
The Albanian language alphabet has 36 letters, 25 of which are simple (a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, x, y, z), 9 are digraphs (dh, gj, ll, nj, rr, sh, th, xh, zh) and 2 diacritic letters (ė, ē).
Albanian language has a generally fixed stress during inflection. In most cases, especially in the noun system, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable.
The Albanian language has an elaborated system of grammatical forms, a binary declension system: definite and indefinite, it retains the case forms (it has five cases), three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral); the latter is going out of use and is used only with a certain category of verbal nouns like tė shkruarit, tė menduarit, etc.
The noun system has definite and indefinite forms, hence, definite and indefinite declensions; the definite article takes end position like the Romanian and Bulgarian languages; but the article can be pre-positioned with nouns in the possessive case, (i, e malit), articled adjectives (i mirė, i vogėl, etc), neutral nouns of the type tė folurit, etc. and this article (i,e) (is nominated prepositive article. Apart from inflection with specific endings, Albanian has also an inner inflection (dash ~ desh, marr ~ merr); it has two types of adjectives, articled adjectives (i madh, i ndershėm) and unarticled adjectives (trim, besnik). Numerals are mainly used according to the decimal system (dhjetė, tridhjetė, pesėdhjetė), but vigesimal system is also retained (njėzet, dyzet); compound numerals from 11 through 19 are formed by placing digits first, then the preposition mbė and finally the decimals (njėmbėdhjetė, dymbėdhjetė, etc) like the Romanian and Slavonic languages.
The verb system is varied. Albanian language has a rich system of mood and time forms, part of which dates from an early period, with the rest being evolved during the long historical evolution. Verbs have six moods: indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative, “admirative” (expressing a surprise) and “desiderative” (expressing a wish) and three non-finite forms (past participle, infinitive and gerund). The future tense is formed analytically in two ways: with do (form of the verb dua-want) + conjunctive (here, infinitive) – tė punoj = do tė punoj (I shall work), and with auxiliary verb kam (have) + infinitive pėr tė punuar = kam pėr tė punuar (I have to work).
Word order is generally free but the most common form is subject + verb + object.
The vocabulary of the Albanian language consists of certain layers. Native words date back from an ancient Indo-European period (ditto, Nat, dimmer, motor, Janna, etc.), or are formed in a later period out of Albanian words (ditor, dimėror, i pėrnatshėm).
Another layer consists of words borrowed from other languages as a result of the contacts the Albanian people have had with other nations over the centuries. Words have been borrowed from Greek, both ancient and modern, from Latin and Romance languages, from Slavonic and Turkish.
Despite the numerous borrowings, Albanian language has retained its originality as a separate Indo-European language.
The spread of the Albanian language
Albanian is currently spoken by over six million people in the Republic of Albania, in Kosovo, by the Albanians of Macedonia, Montenegro, and south Serbia as well as in the territory of Ēamėri in Greece. Albanian is also spoken in the Albanian settlements in Italy, Greece, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Albanians who have migrated to various parts of the world before the Second World War and over the last decade.
The Albanian language is being taught and studied in several universities and Albanological centers abroad, as in Paris, Rome, Naples, Cosenza, Palermo, Petersburg, Peking, Mϋnchen, Bucharest, Salonika, Sophia, etc.
Studies on the Albanian Language
The Albanian language and culture, their ancientness and original character have attracted the attention of foreign and Albanian scholars as early as the 18th century and even before. The language, history and culture of Albanians drew, in particular, the attention of Germanic world. A great philosopher such as Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz, who worked one century before the emergence of comparative linguistics, was also concerned with it. He held that the comparative study of languages was essential for building a universal history of the world, for understanding and explaining it. In some letters that he wrote to a librarian of the Berlin’s Royal Library at the beginning of the 18th century, he pronounced on the nature and origin of Albanian as well, and after some hesitations, he came to the conclusion that Albanian was the language of ancient Illyrians.
The studies on the Albanian language, however, like on many other languages, began by the mid-19th century, after the emergence of the historical-comparative linguistics. One of the founders of this linguistics, the German scholar Franz Bopp, came to prove, as early as 1854, that Albanian language shared the family of Indo-European languages and occupied a special place in this family. After him, other scholars such as G. Meyer, H. Pederson, N. Jokli, explored various aspects of the lexicon and grammatical structure of Albanian. As early as 1891, G. Meyer embarked on the work of compiling an etymological dictionary of the Albanian language (Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache, Strasbourg, 1891), the first dictionary of this type for Albanian. In addition, numerous foreign linguists such as F. Miclosich, G. Weigand, C.Tagliavini, St. Man, E. Hamp, A. Desnickaja, H. Ölberg, H. Mihaescu, W. Fredler, O. Bucholtz, M. Huld, G.B. Pellegrini, etc., have made invaluable contributions to the studying of history of the Albanian language, the problems related to its origin, etymology, phonetics and historical grammar, and, in addition, to the studying of the current state of Albanian.
In the meantime, along with the studies on Albanian by foreign linguists, the Albanian linguistics was born and developed. Its beginnings date from the 17th century AD, when Frang Bardhi published the first dictionary of Albanian language “Dictionarium Latino-Epiroticum” (1653). During the National Renaissance, several Albanian grammars were published. So, Dhimitėr Kamarda, one of Italy’s Arbėresh, published in 1864 his work “Saggio della grammatica comparata sulla lingua albanese”, Livorno, 1864, and two years later its 2d vol., “L’Appendice al saggio della grammatica comparata sulla lingua albanese”, Prato, 1866. In 1882, Kostandin Kristoforidhi published “The Grammar of the Albanian Language” and in 1886 Sami Frashėri published “The Grammar of the Albanian Language”, two important 19th-century linguistic works on the grammatology of the Albanian language. At the end of the 19th century, Kostandin Kristoforidhi prepared another “Dictionary of the Albanian Language”, which was published in 1904 and is considered to be the most important work in Albanian lexicography published before the Second World War. In 1909, the association “Bashkimi” published its own dictionary.
After the proclamation of Independence, a series of grammar books and dictionaries were published to meet the needs of schools and national culture. In the field of grammar studies, the most distinguished figure became Prof. Dr. Aleksandėr Xhuvani.
Aleksandėr Xhuvani (1880-1961)
He received higher education at the University of Athens. During the period of National Renaissance he started his activity in the study of Albanian language and national education. He performed a great work for providing our schools with textbooks of Albanian language, literature, teaching and psychology. He directed and took part in the work for drafting spelling guides during the years 1949, 1951, 1954 and 1956.He carried out a lot of activity in the field of the purity and enrichment of Albanian language and also published his work “On the Purity of the Albanian Language” (1956). He collaborated with Professor Eqerem Ēabej for writing such works as “Prefixes” (1956) and “Suffixes of the Albanian Language” (1962), which are fundamental treatises in the field of word-formation in the Albanian Language. He also published a series of monographic works on the participle, infinitive and prepositions of the Albanian Language.He was a good connoisseur and a passionate collector of lexical thesaurus of the folk speech. The words and expressions collected by him were partly published posthumously in the form of a vocabulary. He prepared a second edition of Kristoforidhi’s “The Dictionary of the Albanian Language” (1961).His complete works, extending to several volumes, have not yet been published. The first volume was published in 1980.
A greater development Albanian linguistics saw during the second half of the 20th century, when specialised institutions were established, such as the University of Tirana, the University of Prishtina, the Academy of Sciences, the University of Shkodėr and later on other universities in Elbasan, Gjirokastėr, Vlorė, Tetovė, etc. During this period, a series of generalising works were created in various fields of linguistics. In the areas of lexicology and lexicography, in addition to lexicological studies, a series of both Albanian and bilingual dictionaries were written, most important being: “The Dictionary of Albanian” (1954), “The Dictionary of Current Albanian Language” (1980), “The Dictionary of Present-day Albanian” (1984), “The Spelling Dictionary of the Albanian Language” (1976), etc. Recently “An Idiomatic Dictionary of Albanian Language” and a “Balkan Idiomatic Dictionary” (1999) have appeared.
In the field of dialectology, the description and study of all Albanian speeches has been carried out and “The Dialectological Atlas of Albanian Language” has been written, which is a monumental work that is soon to come out.
Also, a survey of phonetics and grammatical structures of Albanian through individual studies and various grammar treatises and levels has been carried out, of which “The Albanian Language Grammar” comprised of Morphology I (1995), and Syntax II (1997), drawn up in co-operation with the Academy of Sciences and the Tirana University, with Mahir Domi as editor-in-chief, is the most complete.
In the linguistic studies during the past half-century much space was given to the problems of the history of Albanian language, the ethno-genesis of Albanian people and their language, the historical phonetics and grammar, etc. Some of the basic works in these areas are the following: “Etymological Studies in the Albanian Field” in 7 volumes by E. Ēabej; “The Missal” by Gjon Buzuku (E. Ēabej); “A Historical Grammar of the Albanian Language” (Sh. Demiraj); “The Historical Phonology of the Albanian Language” (Sh. Demiraj); “Balkan Linguistics” (Sh. Demiraj), etc.
Eqrem Ēabej (1908-1980). The most distinguished scholar of the history of Albanian Language and one of the most renowned personalities of Albanian culture. After finishing the elementary and secondary studies in his hometown (Gjirokastėr), he went to Austria where he received higher education in the field of comparative Indo-European linguistics. After graduation, he turned home and in 1930s of the 20th century, he began his scholarly and academic activity by working in these fields for about fifty years, leaving behind himself a rich scholarly heritage.
Eqrem Ēabej brought to and carried out in Albanian linguistics the approaches and achievements of European linguistics by making a great contribution to the raising of the scientific level in Albanian linguistic studies. Eqerem Ēabej worked in several branches of science , but he distinguished himself in the field of the history of language, the exploration of the origins of Albanian Language, the autochthony of Albanian people as well as the etymology and philology of old manuscripts. His fundamental works are as follows: “Etymological Studies in the Albanian Field” in seven volumes, I “Introduction to the History of the Albanian Language”, II “The Historical Phonetics” (1958), “The Missal by Gjon Buzuku” (1968), “The Albanians between the West and the East” (1944). He also is a co-author of a series of works in the area of current Albanian, such as “The Dictionary of Current Albanian” (1954), “The Spelling Rules of the Albanian Language (1972), Apart from the above works, he has published numerous papers in scholarly magazines at home and abroad and has held dozens of papers and reports at national and international congresses and conferences, which have made known the achievements of the Albanian philology abroad, and so raising its prestige. The works by Prof. Eqerem Ēabej have been published in eight volumes in Prishtina under the title “Linguistic Studies”.With his high-level and versatile scholarly activity, Eqrem Ēabej highlighted many problems of both the Albanian Language and Albanian culture by demonstrating its ancientness and its Illyrian origin, its vitality through the centuries and its relationships with languages and cultures of other peoples.
During this period, Albanian linguistics also resolved the problem of the uniform national literary Albanian language, with theoretical problems of which Prof. Androkli Kostallari has dealt.
In the framework of labour carried out in the field of normative linguistics and the culture of language, a great number of terminological dictionaries on various areas of science and technology have also been compiled.
In addition to numerous works published in the field of linguistics, the activity of linguistic researches by Albanian scholars is reflected in the publication of several research magazines, of which the following are the main one’s today: “Philological Studies” (Tiranė); “Albanian Language” (Prishtinė), Albanological tracing works Prishtine “Studia Albanica” (Tiranė), “Jehona” (Skopje); “Gjuha Jone” Tirane etc.
Important studies on the Albanian language are carried out by linguists in Kosova, Macedonia, Montenegro where there are published a considerable number of works on the history of Albanian Language, phonetic, grammar, onomastics, lexique etc. Prof Idriz Ajeti of Kosova distinguished himself for outstanding contribution.
Important activities for the Albanian Language are developed in the Albanian settlements in Italy known as Arberesh of Italy.
Some of the most eminent figures in Albanian Linguistics during the past two centuries are Dhimitėr Kamarda (an Arbėresh of Italy), Kostandin Kristoforidhi, Sami Frashėri, Aleksandėr Xhuvani, Eqrem Ēabej, Selman Riza, Kostaq Cipo, Mahir Domi, Shaban Demiraj, Androkli Kostallari, Idriz Ajeti, etc.
Prof. Seit Mansaku
E. Ēabej Introduction to the history of Albanian Language, historic phonetics 1960
Ethimoilogical studies in the field of Albanian Language 1982
Missal of Gjon Buzuku 1982
Sh. Demiraj History of Albanian grammar 1986, History of Albanian Language 1986
A. Kostallari Albanian Language and some fundamental issues . 1973
M. Mahir Domi The first book of Albanian Language and the beginning of Albanian LIterature.
I . Ajeti History of Albanian Language (morphology-history) 1969
Dh. Shuteriqi Albanian writings of the period 1332 1850 published 1976
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Definitions for STORMstɔrm
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word STORM
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
a disturbance of normal atmospheric conditions, manifesting itself by strong winds and often accompanied by rain, thunder and lightning, snow, hail, or sleet.
an instance of heavy precipitation unaccompanied by strong winds.
a wind of 64–72 mph (29–32 m/sec).
a violent military assault, esp. on a fortified place or strong position.
a heavy or sudden volley or discharge:
a storm of bullets.
a tumultuous condition; commotion.
a violent outburst or outbreak of expression:
a storm of abuse.
Category: Common Vocabulary, Building Trades, Informal
Ref: storm window.
(v.i.)(of the wind or weather) to blow with unusual force, or to rain, snow, hail, etc., esp. heavily (usu. used impersonally with it as subject):
It stormed all day.
to rage or complain with violence or fury.
to rush angrily:
He stormed out of the room.
to deliver a violent attack or fire, as with artillery.
to rush to an assault or attack.
(v.t.)to subject to or as if to a storm.
to attack or assault:
to storm a fortress.
Origin of storm:
bef. 900; (n.) ME, OE, c. OS storm, OHG sturm, ON stormr; prob. akin to stir1
storm, violent storm(noun)
a violent weather condition with winds 64-72 knots (11 on the Beaufort scale) and precipitation and thunder and lightning
a violent commotion or disturbance
"the storms that had characterized their relationship had died away"; "it was only a tempest in a teapot"
a direct and violent assault on a stronghold
ramp, rage, storm(verb)
behave violently, as if in state of a great anger
take by force
"Storm the fort"
rain, hail, or snow hard and be very windy, often with thunder or lightning
"If it storms, we'll need shelter"
"It was storming all night"
attack by storm; attack suddenly
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
bad weather with rain, snow, wind or thunder and lightening
a snow/hail/thunder storm; a winter/tropical storm; The storm raged all night.
to rush somewhere because you are very angry or upset
She got up and stormed out of the room.
to use force to enter a building
Police officers stormed the house.
Any disturbed state of the atmosphere, especially as affecting the earth's surface, and strongly implying destructive or unpleasant weather.
a wind scale for very strong wind, stronger than a gale, less than a hurricane (10 or higher on the Beaufort scale).
A violent assault on a stronghold or fortified position.
To move quickly and noisily like a storm, usually in a state of uproar or anger.
She stormed out of the room.
To assault (a stronghold or fortification) with military forces.
Troops stormed the complex.
Origin: sturmaz, whence also Old High German sturm, Old Norse stormr
a violent disturbance of the atmosphere, attended by wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning; hence, often, a heavy fall of rain, snow, or hail, whether accompanied with wind or not
a violent agitation of human society; a civil, political, or domestic commotion; sedition, insurrection, or war; violent outbreak; clamor; tumult
a heavy shower or fall, any adverse outburst of tumultuous force; violence
a violent assault on a fortified place; a furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, or the like
to assault; to attack, and attempt to take, by scaling walls, forcing gates, breaches, or the like; as, to storm a fortified town
to raise a tempest
to blow with violence; also, to rain, hail, snow, or the like, usually in a violent manner, or with high wind; -- used impersonally; as, it storms
to rage; to be in a violent passion; to fume
A storm is any disturbed state of an astronomical body's atmosphere especially affecting its surface, and strongly implying severe weather. It may be marked by strong wind, hail, thunder and/or lightning, heavy precipitation, heavy freezing rain, strong winds, or wind transporting some substance through the atmosphere as in a dust storm, blizzard, sandstorm, etc. Storms generally lead to negative impacts to lives and property such as storm surge, heavy rain or snow, lightning, wildfires, and vertical wind shear; however, systems with significant rainfall can alleviate drought in places they move through. Heavy snowfall can allow special recreational activities to take place which would not be possible otherwise, such as skiing and snowmobiling. The English word comes from Proto-Germanic *sturmaz meaning "noise, tumult".
British National Corpus
Spoken Corpus Frequency
Rank popularity for the word 'STORM' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #4062
Rank popularity for the word 'STORM' in Nouns Frequency: #1476
Translations for STORM
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a violent disturbance in the air causing wind, rain, thunder etc
a rainstorm; a thunderstorm; a storm at sea; The roof was damaged by the storm.
- tempestadePortuguese (BR)
- der SturmGerman
- uvejr; stormDanish
- καταιγίδα, θύελλαGreek
- orage; tempêteFrench
- झंझावात, तूफान, आंधीHindi
- oluja, nepogodaCroatian
- tempesta, buferaItalian
- furtună; vijelieRomanian
- буря; гроза; штормRussian
- 暴風雨Chinese (Trad.)
- буря; штормUkrainian
- آندھی یا جھکڑUrdu
- cơn giông tố, bãoVietnamese
- 暴风雨Chinese (Simp.)
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| 0.816909 | 1,453 | 3.25 | 3 |
Consider the following scenarios:
- A person has all of their money taken from their bank account by fraudsters.
- An armed gang enters a bank and takes all of the cash stored there.
- A person has their credit card stolen and the thief goes on a shopping spree.
- A group of individuals shows up at a house where there are drug transactions conducted and steals millions of dollars.
- A fraudster sets up a fake securities firm to lure people to leave money in his trust, and then takes off with all of their assets.
You would assume that in any of those situations law enforcement agencies would become involved and would attempt to capture and prosecute the perpetrators, and that a failure to do so would be a serious neglect of their functions. Yet, all of the above have some sort of equivalent in virtual economies, and they have not been pursued by authorities in any shape or form. The number of prosecutions dealing with cyber-fraud involving virtual worlds, theft of virtual goods, or even the breaking of trust involved in virtual currency transactions, is minimal.
Yet this is a topic of great economic importance. At the time of writing Bitcoin, the virtual currency, is flying high and involved in a bubble. Despite its current popularity, I still harbour several doubts about its viability, but this does not detract from the fact that Bitcoins are valuable. Why is it then that throughout its history, thousands of Bitcoins have been stolen at different stages, yet not a single of those past events has been investigated? In one instance a hacker stole 20,000 BTC from a user. In another, an exchange was set and then the owner took the money and ran. Just recently, money from Sheep Marketplace, a website where users used Bitcoin to buy drugs, was stolen by hackers. Reports vary about just how much was stolen, but it is thought that as much as $220 million USD might have been taken.
This pattern has plagued all aspects of the virtual economy, from games to virtual spaces. The assumption seems to be that if it happens in a game, it is not worthy of attention. Hopefully, things might be about to change. Just recently authorities in China and Germany are holding suspects that might have been involved in a malware campaign to steal Bitcoins.
One thing is evident, unless law enforcement protects virtual users, the enticement will be there to attract thieves and fraudsters against what could be considered easy money.
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“The Graeco-Roman world had descended into the great hollow which is roughly called the Middle Ages, extending from the fifth to the fifteenth century, a hollow in which many great, beautiful, and heroic things were done and created, but in which knowledge, as we understand it, and as Aristotle understood it, had no place. The revival of learning and the Renaissance are memorable as the first sturdy breasting by Humanity of the hither slope of the great hollow which lies between us and the Ancient World. The modern man, reformed and regenerated by knowledge, looks across it and recognises on the opposite ridge, in the far-shining cities and stately porticoes, in the art, politics and science of Antiquity, many more ties of kinship and sympathy than in the mighty concave between, wherein dwell his Christian ancestry, in the dim light of scholasticism and theology.” – J. C. Morison: The Service of Man: an Essay towards the Religion of the Future (London 1887, Kegan Paul, Trench), pp. 177-8.
Morison, as one might guess from the title of his book, was an English positivist.
W. P. Ker in his The Dark Ages (Edinburgh 1904, Blackwood) [...].
A Study of History, Vol VII, OUP, 1954 (footnote)
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Manufacturers are experiencing substantial financial and environmental benefits from sustainable business practices. Sustainable manufacturing is the creation of manufactured products through economically-sound processes that minimise negative environmental impacts while conserving energy and natural resources. Sustainable manufacturing embraces and promote good employee, community and product safety. The fruits of pursuing sustainability and protecting our environment are:
The Sustainable Manufacturing Centre (SMC) collaborates with the manufacturing industry, government agencies and associations to create awareness, develop strategies, implement environmental friendly and sustainable technologies.
MISSION & ROLESMissionTo propel the industry towards environmental and economic sustainability through the diffusion of advanced manufacturing technologies and expertise.
Roles SMC promotes and realises sustainable manufacturing through:
SMC offers a wide variety of expertise in sustainable manufacturing. The current areas of research and core capabilities include:
Manufacturing has entered an era of creating more value with less environmental burdens. Re-engineering of manufacturing processes and value chain is a fundamental approach towards a sustainable industry.
The patented Liquid Forging technology is a process integrated with high efficient manufacturing system. This hybrid technology is able to form components with intricate features by using fresh/recycle wrought aluminium material with less material wastage.
Spin forming technology allows complex parts to be formed with reduced waste and less energy consumption compared to press-forming and full machining processes.
Natural resources are finite. With ever growing consumption driven by population growth and economic development, nature is struggling to replenish itself prior to depletion.
Resource conservation and optimisation can be achieved by:
Renewable materials are substances derived from living matters or ecosystem which has the ability to regenerate itself at a fast enough rate to meet the demand. Common renewable materials that can be used are natural fibres and bioplastics that are derived from agricultural feedstock.
Biodiesel is a cleaner alternative fuel to petroleum diesel. It is made by chemically combining vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock with alcohol. Feedstock for biodiesel production can also be found in more unconventional sources such as waste cooking oil and grease-trapped oil.
Waste with renewed purpose is a resource. By making this paradigm shift, cost can be reduced and profits will increase. To achieve sustainability in manufacturing, waste must be given a new lease of life in products. There are different ways to transform waste into valuable resources: reuse, remanufacture, recycle, recover.
Wood is a renewable and recyclable resource. By recycling the wood, it reduces the environmental burden as it slows down the need to cut down trees and also channels the waste wood away from the incineration plant.
Wood is a renewable and recyclable resource. By recycling the wood, it reduces the environmental burden as it slows down the need to cut down trees and also channels the waste wood away froRecycled paper are recovered waste paper and re-made into new paper products. Recycled paper creates a positive impact on our natural environment. The use of recycled papers conserve natural resources, saves energy, reduces pollution and minimises waste generation. the incineration plant.
Mankind has always placed our needs and requirement above that of the environment. Our needs can be harmonised with the ecosystem through optimising consumption and production of products. A holistic systematic thinking of a product over its entire life cycle is essential for preventing stage-centric solutions so as to maximise the value and to minimise the environmental impacts. At each stage, there are opportunities for application of technological and scientific principles to the design and manufacture of products for improving the sustainability.
The spectacle frames are designed with a closed-loop recycling system implemented for sustainable manufacturing. These are made of recycled polymers which are processed from the collected used spectacles, contact lens cases and disposed solution bottles.
Discarded cartons are soaked in water to separate the paperboard from the plastic and aluminium layers. The paper content can then be turned into new products like toilet paper, tissue and notebooks.
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| 0.929588 | 796 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Methods in 2nd segment
Methods in 3rd segment
Involvement of social elites
Groups in 1st Segment
Success in achieving specific demands/goals
Notes on outcomes
In 1959, Columbia University announced plans for a new gymnasium for Columbia College students and residents of the Harlem community. The gym would be segregated, with residents of the Harlem community having to enter through the basement entrance, and having limited access to the facilities. The gym was also not open for use by students from Columbia’s graduate and professional schools, Barnard College, or Teacher’s College.
In the same year, Columbia also became a member of the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). IDA was an independent organization founded in 1956 to conduct weapons evaluation and other research for the Department of Defense. Students viewed the university’s affiliation with IDA as a symbol of aiding the Vietnam War effort and as opposing the spirit and purpose of the university as an institution for the continuation of humane ideals. In April 1967, Columbia’s president, Grayson Kirk banned picketing and demonstration inside university buildings in response to protests against on campus military recruitment.
In March 1968, students defied Kirk’s policy and staged a protest inside the Low Memorial Library demanding Columbia de-affiliate with IDA. Kirk placed six leaders of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS, founded in 1965), who later became known as the IDA-Six, on disciplinary probation following the protest.
Members of Columbia’s Student Afro-American Society (SAS, founded in 1964) spoke out against the university’s construction plans, calling the gym, “Gym Crow.” Members of SAS and SDS, Students for a Democratic Society, coalesced to protest the gym construction, despite previously working separately.
SAS and SDS organized a rally of 300 people at the Low Plaza Sun Dial on 23 April 1968. After the rally, students marched to the construction site near Morningside Park. The crowd attempted to enter Low Library to give President Kirk their demands, but 200 anti-demonstrators from the Majority Coalition barred them from entering the library.The short hair, coats, ties, and blue armbands worn by the anti-protest students and sympathetic faculty of the Majority Coalition distinguished them from protesting students as they held counter protests and prevented students from providing food to those in Low Library and called for the abolition of SDS. The Majority Coalition later changed its name to Students for Columbia University.
At approximately 2:00pm on 23 April, students began to sit-in at Hamilton Hall, where protesting students restrained Dean Henry Coleman and prevented him from leaving his office. Protesters moved the gym construction site where they tore down protective fencing. At least one demonstrator was arrested. Rudd urged protesters to return to campus where they occupied Hamilton Hall. Both students and deans spent the night in the building. Kirk proposed calling police to break-up the protests but Dean Henry Coleman and Provost David Truman advised against it because of fear of violence and backlash from the Harlem community.
Students demanded the following, “1. All disciplinary probation against the six originally charged must be lifted with no reprisals. 2. Kirk’s Edict on Indoor Demonstrations be dropped. 3. All judicial decisions should be made at an open hearing. 4. All relations with IDA must be severed. 5. Construction of Columbia gym must stop. 6. University see that all charges against persons arrested for participating in demonstrations at gym site be dropped.”
On 24 April, 86 black SAS students evicted white SDS students from Hamilton Hall, saying that SDS’ spontaneous and less-defined politics interfered with their specific goals. They renamed Hamilton Hall “Malcolm X Liberation College.” In response to the occupation of Hamilton Hall, faculty and Dean Coleman congregated in Havemeyer Hall. That evening, administrators and faculty made unsuccessful attempts at compromising with black students.
The next day, graduate students occupied Fayerweather Hall. In the late afternoon, faculty formed an Ad-Hoc Faculty Group (AHFG), which formulated proposals to end the demonstrations. At 8:00pm, activists from the Harlem congregated at the university gates and marched across campus.
On 26 April, Provost Truman announced potential police action to the Ad-Hoc Faculty Group. Faculty voiced opposition to police action, and it was cancelled. Students occupying Low and Fayerweather moved to Mathematics Hall. Columbia temporarily suspended construction on the gym.
On 27 April, SDS student leader, Mark Rudd, delivered a speech rejecting proposed faculty group compromises that did not include amnesty for striking students. William Petersen, chairman of the Board of Trustees, released a statement regarding the campus protests. Faculty began to cordon the area surrounding Low Library to prevent demonstrators’ access.
The next day, AHFG presented what came to be known as the Bitter Pill Resolution. The resolution proposed that students vacate building in for exchange Columbia’s withdrawal from IDA, the cancellation of gym construction, creating tripartite disciplinary procedures, collective and uniform disciplinary action that precluded serious consequences for protest leaders. Both administrators and students rejected this resolution.
On 30 April, New York City police, led by Chief Inspector Sandford Garelick, cleared campus. Police encountered some student resistance in Avery Hall, Fayerweather Hall, and Mathematics Hall. In total, 712 students were arrested, and 148 were injured. Following the mass arrests, the AHFG met in McMillian Theatre to discuss resolutions. Students held a strike meeting in Wollman Auditorium later that evening.
Students formed a Strike Coordinating Committee, which met in Wollman Auditorium following the arrest. These students called for a student-faculty strike and demanded that both President Kirk and Provost Truman be fired. The strike lasted through the end of the spring term.
Following the protests in the spring of 1968, SAS began to negotiate with the Faculty Executive Committee and were successful in receiving some concessions in admissions, financial aid, the university’s hiring more black faculty, and the creation of a Black Studies program. In March 1969, the University abandoned its plans for the gymnasium.
The University also recognized the need for input from other members of the community on decisions. Columbia established a University Senate, consisting of 100 members, 42 tenured faculty, 17 non-tenured faculty, 20 students, 7 administrators, 6 staff representatives, and 2 alumni representatives. The president presided over the Senate, which was responsible for considering “matters of University-wide concern.” The senate held its first meeting on 29 May in the faculty room of Low Library.
Avorn, Jerry L. 1969. Up Against the Ivy Wall: A History of the Columbia Crisis. New York: Atheneum.
Kunen, James Simon. 1968. The Strawberry Statement: Notes of a College Revolutionary. New York: Random House.
Chief Inspector Sandford Garelick who lead police action to clear Columbia campus, was also involved in clearing the campus of City College following an anti-Vietnam sanctuary organized by students.
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Old people,recommends a new research study, should not go around barefoot or wearing just slippers or shoes with no socks to prevent falls and other serious injuries.
Prevention of falls among older adults is a major clinical and public health concern, and hence the study has important implications in fall prevention programs.
"Therefore, older people should wear shoes at home whenever possible to minimize their risk of falling," says senior author Marian T. Hannan, D.Sc., M.P.H., co-director of the Musculoskeletal Research Center at the Institute for Aging Research.
During an assessment, participants were asked what type of shoe they usually wear - amongst athletic shoes (sneakers), flat-sole canvas shoes, oxfords or other tied shoes, loafers, sandals, pumps, slippers, socks or stockings only, or barefoot - and then followed for 27.5 months.
Of those who reported falling, more than 18 percent were barefoot when they fell. Nearly 27 percent were wearing slippers and 7 percent were wearing socks only.
Dr. Hannan said that wearing well fitting, low-heeled shoes with slip-resistant soles seemed sensible but designing an optimal shoe type for seniors will need to take into account such issues as foot problems and the ease of putting them on and taking them off.
The study will be published in the summer issue of the journal Footwear Science.
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Today is Tuesday, Jan. 29, the 29th day of 2019. There are 336 days left in the year.
Today’s Highlight in History:
On Jan. 29, 1936, the first inductees of baseball’s Hall of Fame, including Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth, were named in Cooperstown, New York.
On this date:
In 1820, King George III died at Windsor Castle at age 81; he was succeeded by his son, who became King George IV.
In 1845, Edgar Allan Poe’s famous narrative poem “The Raven” (“Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary…”) was first published in the New York Evening Mirror.
In 1856, Britain’s Queen Victoria introduced the Victoria Cross to reward military acts of valor during the Crimean War.
In 1861, Kansas became the 34th state of the Union.
In 1863, the Bear River Massacre took place as the U.S. Army attacked Shoshone in present-day Idaho. The New York Stock & Exchange Board changed its name to the New York Stock Exchange.
In 1919, the ratification of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution, which launched Prohibition, was certified by Acting Secretary of State Frank L. Polk.
In 1963, the first charter members of the Pro Football Hall of Fame were named in Canton, Ohio (they were enshrined when the Hall opened in September 1963). Poet Robert Frost died in Boston at age 88.
In 1975, a bomb exploded inside the U.S. State Department in Washington, causing considerable damage, but injuring no one; the radical group Weather Underground claimed responsibility.
In 1979, President Jimmy Carter formally welcomed Chinese Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping to the White House, following the establishment of diplomatic relations.
In 1984, President Ronald Reagan announced in a nationally broadcast message that he and Vice President George H.W. Bush would seek re-election in the fall.
In 1998, a bomb rocked an abortion clinic in Birmingham, Alabama, killing security guard Robert Sanderson and critically injuring nurse Emily Lyons. (The bomber, Eric Rudolph, was captured in May 2003 and is serving a life sentence.)
In 2002, In his first State of the Union address, President George W. Bush said terrorists were still threatening America — and he warned of “an axis of evil” consisting of North Korea, Iran and Iraq.
Ten years ago: Declaring that ending pay disparity is not just a women’s issue, President Barack Obama signed The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act, giving workers more time to take their pay discrimination cases to court. The Illinois Senate voted, 59-0, to convict Gov. Rod Blagojevich (blah-GOY’-uh-vich) of abuse of power and throw him out of office nearly two months after the second-term Democrat’s arrest on charges of trying to sell Barack Obama’s vacant Senate seat.
Five years ago: The state of Missouri executed Herbert Smulls for the 1991 slaying of jeweler Stephen Honickman in suburban St. Louis.
One year ago: FBI Deputy Director Andrew McCabe, a target of frequent criticism and accusations of bias from President Donald Trump, abruptly stepped down from his position ahead of his planned retirement in the spring. Alex Azar, a former drug company executive and official in George W. Bush’s administration, was sworn in as Trump’s second health secretary. The Cleveland Indians announced that they would remove the Chief Wahoo logo from their uniforms in the coming baseball season, after decades of protests and complaints that the grinning, red-faced caricature was racist.
Today’s Birthdays: Writer-composer-lyricist Leslie Bricusse is 88. Feminist author Germaine Greer is 80. Actress Katharine Ross is 79. Feminist author Robin Morgan is 78. Actor Tom Selleck is 74. Rhythm-and-blues singer Bettye LaVette is 73. Actor Marc Singer is 71. Actress Ann Jillian is 69. Rock musician Louie Perez (Los Lobos) is 66. Rhythm-and-blues/funk singer Charlie Wilson is 66. Talk show host Oprah Winfrey is 65. Actor Terry Kinney is 65. Country singer Irlene Mandrell is 63. Actress Diane Delano is 62. Actress Judy Norton (TV: “The Waltons”) is 61. Rock musician Johnny Spampinato is 60. Olympic gold-medal diver Greg Louganis is 59. Rock musician David Baynton-Power (James) is 58. Rock musician Eddie Jackson (Queensryche) is 58. Actor Nicholas Turturro is 57. Rock singer-musician Roddy Frame (Aztec Camera) is 55. Actor-director Edward Burns is 51. Actor Sam Trammell is 50. Actress Heather Graham is 49. Former House Speaker Paul Ryan, R-Wis., is 49. Actor Sharif Atkins is 44. Actress Sara Gilbert is 44. Actress Kelly Packard is 44. Actor Justin Hartley is 42. Actor Sam Jaeger is 42. Writer and TV personality Jedediah Bila is 40. Actor Andrew Keegan is 40. Actor Jason James Richter is 39. Blues musician Jonny Lang is 38. Pop-rock singer Adam Lambert (TV: “American Idol”) is 37. Country singer Eric Paslay is 36.
Thought for Today: “Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired.” — Robert Frost, American poet (born 1874, died this date in 1963).
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SIS asserts that women’s human rights are inherent to Islamic religious teachings and that actions taken in the name of Islam to circumscribe those rights are not based on true Islamic principles or their animating concepts. The central Koranic notion of a common ontology, fitrah, supports arguments for gender equality and the rights of women and counteracts the prevailing tendency in Islamic societies to define rights and obligations of citizens on the basis of gender and faith. Modern Muslim women face a gap between the ethical principles of the Koran on gender equality and the retrogressive, male-centered interpretations that have been codified into Islamic standards, or Shari’a law.
As a strategy for ending women’s subordination and implementing human rights in Malaysia, SIS advocates revisiting and reinterpreting Islamic teachings and texts so that women’s equality may be understood in religious terms that are authentic and locally persuasive. This process of “cultural mediation,” a term coined by Abdullahi An-Na’im, involves recognizing that human rights are conditioned by their sociocultural context. It requires a search for local cultural sources of rights and an open discourse about the meaning and implications of the relevant cultural norms.
The first step in cultural mediation is to acknowledge the power politics behind the formation of cultural norms and their interpretations. What is done in the name of Islam today often contravenes Islam’s central ideas and animating principles in order to justify patriarchal practices. Generally speaking, women’s rights have been distorted by the increasingly powerful conservative faction of predominantly male Muslims heavily influenced by the dominant parochial views of Islam’s Middle Eastern heartlands. What especially concerns Muslim modernists in Malaysia today is the readiness of some of their leaders, who at the overtly political level directly oppose the “Islamist” agenda and the parties advocating it, to accommodate these tendencies and capitulate piecemeal to fundamentalists’ demands for the recodification of modern state law, especially that affecting women.
To counter such biased interpretations and recodifications, SIS has actively engaged in cultural mediation with regard to a number of disputes over gender equality in Malaysia. A necessary part of mediation turns upon understanding what is divine in the Shari’a law and what, in the scholarly tradition interpreting it, is of human origin. What is divine is the word of Allah in the Koran, the text and all its intention and purposes. The act of interpreting the text—through critical reason, analogy, and consensus—and deriving its meaning and intentions is human, and can therefore be reassessed and reevaluated. Members of SIS, as modern Muslims, seek to develop further the corpus of interpreted material. In doing so, their work focuses on cultural and religious reinterpretations of women’s roles and rights in the family, community, and society; women's legal and citizenship rights; and women’s sexual and reproductive roles and rights.
In reference to the ongoing debate on polygamy in Malaysia, for example, SIS and the Association of Women Lawyers submitted comments and recommendations to Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in December 1996 to reform Islamic family laws on polygamy. Malaysia in the early 1970s and 1980s conducted a remarkable recodification of its family laws, according to a religious doctrine that allows the state to choose from the opinions of differing schools of law to derive the most socially beneficial standards. Among the reform measures introduced were restrictions on polygamy, which gave the state the power to scrutinize applications by Muslim males to marry a second or subsequent wife to ensure that justice be done to women and children. Subsequent amendments by some states, however, have made it possible for a man merely to make a written or verbal declaration in front of a Shari’a judge that he has the economic means to support and provide equally for his wives and treat them fairly, without having to offer proof.
The ongoing debate on polygamy in Malaysia illustrates perfectly the popular misconceptions and fallacious arguments about men’s rights, based on assertions of women’s inferiority sanctified by religion. Muslim theologians and masters of juristic reasoning have interpreted the Koran’s injunctions as allowing polygamy virtually at will. SIS has put forth alternative religious arguments based on Koranic verses, such as 4:3, that state that polygamy is not an unconditional right of every man, but a responsibility to ensure the welfare and protection of widows and orphans, and one to be entered into only if the man could “deal justly” with his wives. Moreover, verse 4:129, which states, “You are never able to be fair and just as between women, even if it is your ardent desire,” recognizes the impossibility of men treating all their wives equally and justly. These verses in effect express the Koranic view that polygamy is an occasional and circumstantially warranted responsibility, rather than an inalienable right of a Muslim male.
Based on this modernist interpretation, SIS submitted numerous recommendations to the Malaysian government for revising the family laws concerning polygamy, among them greater penalties for men who violate Islamic family law; provisions to ensure that all wives and their dependents are fairly and adequately provided for; a standardized and extensive application process that allows the court to judge a request for a second marriage according to established criteria; provision for a wife to divorce her husband if he takes another wife; the adoption of uniform laws on polygamy by all states; and gender sensitization training for judges, religious officials, and counselors. These recommendations have been received favorably by the Malaysian prime minister’s office. Those states that had not yet amended their polygamy laws must now wait until a statewide, federal review of the Shari’a judicial system is completed.
While Malaysia’s reformed Islamic family law is one of the most enlightened among Muslim countries, women are unable to exercise their rights fully because of prejudices and weaknesses in the implementation of the law and the Shari’a system itself. In March 1997 SIS, in cooperation with two other women’s groups, submitted a second memorandum to the Malaysian government; it took a comprehensive look at the Islamic family laws as a whole and proposed reform of the substantive law (or the “letter and spirit of the law”), Shari’a court procedures and administration of the courts, and the state religious departments. Again the prime minister has stated publicly that all positive amendments of the Muslim family laws will be considered for the federal government’s review of the Shari’a system. And SIS, along with other women’s groups, is working to publicize its memorandum and conducting training sessions to ensure that women at the grassroots level are informed about the movement to reform family laws and the Shari’a justice system. Importantly, male voices are also increasingly joining the call for reform, both to improve the image of Muslim courts and to ensure justice for women.
The reforms suggested by SIS are intended to improve the delivery and administration of justice in the Shari’a system. In Malaysia a parallel legal system of common law courts inherited from British colonialists and Shari’a courts, which have primacy over civil matters, exists. The problems that arise as a result of this division are best exemplified by debates over the application of the controversial Domestic Violence Act, which became law in April 1995. SIS, in cooperation with all major Malaysian women’s groups, participated in multilateral consultations on the drafting of the law, mobilized women to lobby members of Parliament to pass it, and helped run legal literacy workshops for women to explain the law’s importance. At the time of its passing, a number of Islamic scholars and state functionaries within the various Islamic departments maintained that the act would only apply to non-Muslims because of the primacy of the Shari’a court in Islamic family matters.
SIS responded by saying that in all matters the primary principle is justice. The rejection by Muslim scholars of common law in the name of Islamization is perverse because it violates Koranic principles of social justice. Muslim family laws usually leave women unprotected; Shari’a courts generally send the victimized woman home to reconcile with her husband and preserve her marriage.
Compounding the inadequacy of Shari’a courts in dealing with women’s issues is the dominant practice in Malaysia of only appointing men to be judges under Shari’a law. Neither the Koran nor the remarks attributed to the Prophet Muhammad holds that a woman cannot be a leader or by extension hold public office. Rather, SIS and other groups have identified numerous religious sources that do not discriminate between men and women in their abilities to serve the public.
In opposing the Domestic Violence Act in the name of the Shari’a and continuing to prevent Muslim women from becoming Shari’a court judges, Islamists are failing to uphold one of Islam’s central tenets—that Muslims must continuously apply Islam’s broad legal principles to emerging social and historical realities. They are ignoring the vast changes that have occurred in the lives of all Muslims, especially Muslim women, during the 1,400 years since the formative movement of Islam.
By grounding human rights in Islamic cultural traditions and religious teachings, SIS hopes that the women’s movement in Malaysia can avoid being construed as an unwelcome foreign or secular idea and come to be understood in the context of local religious norms, requirements, and laws. Like many modernist groups, SIS is encouraging a discourse among all Muslims in which informed critical reasoning and cultural mediation can take place. Muslims today must confront the claim by militant resurgent Islamist forces that their interpretation of Islam is “universal” and the only legitimate view for all Muslims at all times. As with Western conceptions of universal human rights, this claim of universality needs to be negotiated and challenged within the internal discourse of contemporary Muslim societies.
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Shrimp is a versatile member of the undersea kingdom that will add a distinct flavour and texture to several dishes, from pasta salads to gumbo. Unfortunately shrimp that has gone bad will harbour several types of bacteria that lead to food poisoning, including V. cholerae, according to University of Maryland Medical Center. There are several telltale signs that the shrimp in your kitchen is past it's prime and ready for the trash.
Open the package of shrimp and take a smell. Shrimp that is fresh and consumable will have a very light, salty scent. Shrimp that is ready for the trash will have a rancid, strong scent much like ammonia.
Look at the appearance of the shrimp. Shrimp that has gone bad will have a slimy appearance and may even have pieces breaking off. The head and shell of shrimp that is rotten will also have a strange discolouration and will not appear white or pink.
Look at the shrimp's eyes. The eyes of fresh shrimp will be bright, shiny and sticking outside of the body. The eyes of bad shrimp will appear sunken in or may even be completely missing.
Check the date "use-by" or "sell-by" date on the shrimp's package. If it is past this date, do not take a chance and throw out the shrimp. Fresh shrimp that has been in the refrigerator for longer than three days should also be discarded.
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A Birthstone is a common concept for many people, but not everyone knows its origins.
These gemstones have been known to offer great luck and fortune to the wearer and also protect a person from various kinds of negativity.
So let’s have a look at the history of the Birthstones and how they have evolved over the years.
One of the main things you need to remember about Birthstones is that the stones that we generally associate with certain months nowadays are not always the same as the ones that were used in ancient times.
Traditionally the color of birthstone was held to be the most vital feature. This means that people during ancient times did not differentiate between garnet and ruby.
Moreover, the name of the stones used for a particular gemstone may also be different. For instance, a sapphire stone mentioned in the Bible might be the same as lapis of the present era.
Similarly, white topaz or white sapphire could be referred to as a diamond. Similar stories can be associated with a Pearl gemstone or an amethyst.
Astrologers classically attributed certain supernatural powers to the gemstones, and they were also used for specific purposes.
The use of Birthstones goes back to Biblical times. Moses also recommended them to be used in a special attire of Aaron.
The breastplate consisted of twelve precious gemstones which represented the 12 tribes of Israel.
Later they became associated with 12 months of a calendar.
A Garnet is a very beautiful red-colored stone for children born in January. It can bring health, wealth, happiness, mental peace, and all-round prosperity.
The Amethyst is the best stone for men and women born in February. The stone offers great strength, courage, inner peace and stability for people who were born on the shortest month of the year.
Aquamarine and Blood-stone are the two gemstones that are associated with the month of March.
While they are strikingly different from each other, they both ensure good health and positivity for the wearer.
Diamond is the stone that is typically associated with children born in April as it makes them strong and robust.
Emerald gemstone is the stone for the month of May and it is known for its brilliant green color. It is known to enhance the intellectual capacities of the wearer and ensures success in all endeavors.
June Lucky Stone
Pearl, Moonstone and Alexandrite are three Birthstones associated with the month of June.
If you are born in June, you can get a cream-colored South Sea pearl or a color-changing Alexandrite to improve your overall well-being.
The good thing of having three different types of gemstones is that you have so many great options of beautiful gemstones to choose from which can bestow happiness and material success for you.
You can also get a good pearl stone price when you get it from a reputed store.
Ruby is the birthstone for people born in July. It is associated with passion, dynamic energy, love, marital bliss and success in career.
Sardonyx, Spinel, and Peridot are associated with the month of August. All of these stones help the wearer to have positive health and remove nightmares during sleep.
September Lucky Stone
The Blue Sapphire gemstone is the stone for September and it is associated with nobility, wisdom, and loyalty. Wearing the stone can also sharpen the mind, channelize the higher powers and promote self-discipline.
Tourmaline and Opal are the stones for October and both of them offers limitless powers and possibilities for the person wearing them.
Both Citrine and Topaz are associated with healing and calming energies. They can also bring fortune and warmth for all November born people.
December Lucky Stone
Tanzanite, Turquoise, and Zircon are some of the stones every December born individual can wear. They are rather inexpensive but are known for their striking beauty.
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Major projects can counter flooding in Asian cities, experts say
Asia's flood-prone cities should fund major drainage, water recycling and waste reduction projects to stem deluges and secure clean supply for rising populations, experts said yesterday at a water security forum.
Rapid urbanisation has heaped pressure on water resources and drainage systems across Asia, leaving low-lying areas exposed to massive floods such as those that paralysed Jakarta and Manila last year and central Thailand in 2011.
One ambitious US$3.5 billion proposal by Thailand Underground Tunnelling Group would see two vast tunnels built beneath Bangkok to siphon off water from heavy monsoons.
Like the two-tiered "smart-tunnel" through the Malaysian capital Kuala Lumpur, the passage could also hold an underground road that could be closed to take water in the event of a major flood.
Other sustainable solutions to the water problems facing the region's booming cities include recycling more water - successfully pioneered by Singapore - and stemming leaks and other waste.
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It’s common thing that weight loss happens when you create a calorie deficit, burning more calories than you eat. While some people prefer to cut calories through their diets, it helps to have a combination of things – Cardio, strength training, and a healthy low-calorie diet. Cardio Known by many different descriptions: punishing, effective, downright boring as well as many others, many people are still stumped as to what exactly counts as cardio exercise, how it works and, most importantly, how much of it they need to do to burn fat. In this post, we aim to educate you on all things cardio – focusing on what you need to do to start burning that pesky fat.
How Much Cardio Do You Need to Start Burning Fat?
Our bodies tend to use carbohydrates as their main energy source. Once our bodies realize that this level of movement will be extended, it switches to using fat reserves for its energy. If we want to target fat, then we need to be doing a low/moderate intensity aerobic exercise for around 15-20 minutes before we start burning fat. For traditional cardio, this works well. If it’s low intensity, we can keep going for extended periods without wearing out and be ready to do the same again the next day.
High Intensity Training
HIIT training has some benefits, when you consider that a workout is only around 20-30 minutes and you can burn energy for hours afterwards. However we can do this exercise only two to three times a week due to recovery time. We burn more calories in a short amount of time but it’s not necessary to do this every day and shirt bursts of energy are likely to burn calories not fat. Weight lifting falls somewhere between traditional cardio and HIIT. Recovery time is longer than traditional cardio but it provides added benefits of building muscle and burning energy for a prolonged period after you finish your workout.
How Does Cardiovascular Exercise Work?
Cardiovascular exercise focuses on aerobic system. Aerobic system uses fats and carbohydrates to create energy in our body to use. The energy which virtually limitless as it uses oxygen to burn the fats and create energy for our muscles to use. Therefore, when it comes to burning fat and creating energy, our aerobic system works more effectively and you can burn fat. Cardio exercise, increase heart rate, the amount of oxygen being pumped, amount of fat that can burn to convert it into energy for our muscles to use during exercise. It’s a complete fat burning cycle that buns more calorie that we consume, we lose weight. Cardio exercises are often considered something of low intensity that gets our heart rate up over a prolonged period, however there are ways to work your heart at a more intense level that also have huge fat busting powers.
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This isn't a normal asteroid.
Planetary scientists suspect that a space rock that appears to follow Earth around the sun (because it has a very similar orbit) is likely a chunk of the moon. Importantly, the 150 to 190-foot-wide asteroid is not a threat to Earth, but it's certainly a curiosity in our solar system's neighborhood.
In the new research, published in the science journal Communications Earth and Environment, scientists found the asteroid (named Kamo`oalewa) reflected sunlight much differently than typical asteroids. Rather, it reflected light more akin to lunar rocks.
Indeed, the moon origin seemed unlikely. "We doubted ourselves to death," Vishnu Reddy, an associate professor of lunar and planetary sciences at the University of Arizona and a coauthor of the research, said in a statement.
But after a few years of observations with powerful telescopes, and new observations in 2021, the moon became the best explanation. "It's easier to explain with the moon than other ideas," said Ben Sharkey, a study co-author and University of Arizona planetary sciences graduate student.
Astronomers discovered Kamo`oalewa in 2016 and created a visualization of its orbit, which you can watch below. As it orbits the sun, the asteroid loops around Earth each year, which is why it's been dubbed "Earth's constant companion." This companion, fortunately, doesn't come closer than within 9 million miles of Earth. That's about 38 times farther than the moon.
Importantly, near Earth objects of Kamo`oalewa's size can potentially pose a threat to Earth. Some 50,000 years ago, an asteroid 100 to 170 feet across left a 600-foot-deep crater in Arizona. "A similar-size impact event today could destroy a city the size of Kansas City," David Kring, an impact expert at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, told NASA in 2021.
In a couple weeks, NASA will launch an unprecedented mission to another asteroid, called Dimorphos, to test humanity's ability to deflect an asteroid that's destined to impact Earth. NASA has never, however, issued a warning for an imminent asteroid strike.
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Math, History, English and Language Arts for Grades 3 to 8
Four things that make us different
- CROSS-CURRICULAR: All of our games teach math in the context of Native American or Latin American history and culture. Games need a story, so we made that story historically accurate. See below for grade level and topics.
- MORE THAN A GAME, MORE THAN JUST PROBLEMS. We make games that teach as well as toss out problems. Our games include hundreds of animated videos and web pages to explain concepts.
- HIGH-QUALITY STANDARDS-ALIGNED GAMES: Students can play augmented reality apps in multiple languages. They’ll learn fractions in a virtual world with Ojibwe avatars. Or, learn division using our platform with casual games where students earn points to make their own camp. We make games that students want to play.
- RESOURCES FOR TEACHERS. We have videos, downloadable Powerpoint presentations and lesson plans, on our teacher resource site that we update daily. We have teacher reports that show how long students have played and how many questions they answered correctly. Here is one example, from Making Camp Premium. Teachers can also sign up for weekly newsletter of free lesson plans, tips and resources.
Our free games and resources are just that. Free. These were developed through federal and private grants and we’re thrilled to have you use them. You can get all of our games for all of your students with a school or classroom license, plus data and reporting features. A standard school license is $750 per year for everything for everyone in your school. We do offer adjusted pricing for very small rural schools. Email email@example.com, call (310) 804-9553 or use this contact form for more information.
Software by Grade and Topic
We’ve categorized the software by the grades where it s predominantly used and we have ranges because schools and students vary. You may teach fractions in grade 5 or grade 6. Multiplication may still be reviewed in fourth grade in your school.
Note: Even if you don’t have the devices to run a particular game, you are still free to use the videos and other supplemental resources
Grades 3- 5: Multiplication, Division, English/ Language Arts and Native American History
Making Camp Premium – Runs on iPad, Android or on the web
Players practice multiplication and division skills while learning math problem-solving strategies. They’ll also be introduced to Native American history. Earn points by solving math problems, learning about synonyms, antonyms or parts of speech and answering social studies questions in the village-building simulation game.
More information and to get the Making Camp Premium game
Teacher resources with Making Camp , in Spanish and English
Bilingual Spanish/ English version of Making Camp
Spirit Lake – runs on Mac and Windows computers
Players learn how to solve multiplication, division and basic geometry through word problems set in the context of a stories based on the history and culture of the Dakota people.
More information and to get the game
Teacher resources with Spirit Lake
Making Camp Lakota- Runs on iPad, Android or on the web
Players practice multiplication and division skills. They’ll also be introduced to Lakota history and culture. Earn points by solving math problems and answering social studies questions in the village-building simulation game as you earn items to customize your tipi.
More information and to get the game
Math: The Universal Language Augmented Reality
Tradition meets tech in this engaging new way to learn. Numbers spring to practice multiplication and learn numbers in two languages! Available for iOS (iPad and iPhone) as well as Android. Forget about boring flashcards. Simply hold the app over the game cards (provided via a free link within the game). See the numbers and problem solutions appear as 3D images.
Get the game in English and Spanish
Get the game in English and Lakota
Grades 5-8: Software to Teach Fractions, Statistics, Measurement and Native American History
Fish Lake – Runs on Mac, Windows or iPad
In Fish Lake, players practice with fractions while learning math problem-solving strategies. They’ll also be introduced to Ojibwe history.
More information and to get the Fish Lake game
Teacher resources to supplement Fish Lake
Forgotten Trail – Runs in the browser on Mac, Windows or Chromebook
Follow two teenagers who apply their knowledge of fractions, decimals, measurement and statistics to retrace the Ojibwe migration through the U.S. and Canada. We fit in the cultural part through stories and flashbacks. No download required.
More information and get the Forgotten Trail game
Teacher resources to supplement Forgotten Trail
Grades 5-8: Software to Teach Fractions, Statistics, English and Latin American History
AzTech: The Story Begins – Runs on iPad and in the browser on Mac, Windows or Chromebook
AzTech: The Story Begins teaches fractions and statistics as well as incorporates social studies and language arts – because real life isn’t broken down by subject. Making it twice as nice, it can be played in English or as a bilingual English/Spanish experience. Language of instruction is controlled by the player on every single page within the game, including text, audio and video content.
More information and get the AzTech: The Story Begins game
Teacher resources to supplement AzTech: The Story Begins, in English and Spanish
AzTech: Meet the Maya – Runs on iPad and in the browser on Mac, Windows or Chromebook
Use your knowledge of statistics and history to survive. AzTech: Meet the Maya can be played in English or as a bilingual English/Spanish experience.
More information and get the AzTech: Meet the Maya game
Teacher resources to supplement AzTech: Meet the Maya, in English and Spanish
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The skin cancer treatment of children may need to differ from that of adults.
This is the conclusion of new research from Johns Hopkins Children's Center. Doctors found that melanomas in children were six times more likely to have spread to surrounding lymph nodes than similar-sized tumours in adults.
Current guidelines advise all lymph nodes more than one millimetre thick to be removed and doctors found that children with tumours any bigger were particularly at risk of cancer dispersal. Children under ten were also vulnerable to skin cancer spreading to other areas of the body, the study found.
"Our finding is a powerful reminder that there's much about paediatric melanoma that we don't understand," said senior investigator John Strouse, a paediatric haematologist and oncologist at the Johns Hopkins Children's Center.
Studies have shown a rise in the number of skin cancer cases in children and young adults and experts believe this can be attributed to increased unprotected sun exposure and the popularity of indoor tanning.
Figures from Cancer Research UK show six per cent of 11 to 17-year-olds use sun beds.
© Adfero Ltd
Skin cancer treatment news : 11 October 2011
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Is Stress Killing You?
Step aside Ted Bundy and John Wayne Gacy there is a new serial killer in town. He goes by the name of Stress! There is little doubt that stress is worse than the most notorious serial killer. Just like you warn your children not to talk with strangers and install security systems in your home in order to maintain your safety, you must also take steps to prevent stress from killing you!
Most people, including doctors, don’t really appreciate the incredible power of stress. People tend to trivialize stress, brush it off or underestimate its threat. They act like stress is much like drinking too much coffee and it will go away in time. However, it doesn’t! Stress is always lurking in the shadows, waiting and watching for an opportunity to attack. The unwary victims of stress make up almost 90 percent of all visits to primary care physicians.
Stress is a measure of your mental and physical ability/inability to deal with circumstances beyond your control. Stressors are threats, demands, or changes to which you attach special, significant importance, and with which you may struggle or feel uncertainty. Some stressors like the environment or dysfunctional family issues may operate only in the subconscious realm. Victims of stress do not always realize they are being affected.
Common stressors include the loss of a loved one or the emotional longing for someone who is unavailable, especially a spouse or family members; financial distress; being overworked at your job, at home, or in your studies; caretaking; workplace and personal relationship struggles; environment; physical pain; weight gain; divorce; and other fears of loss and inability to meet external demands.
How Stress Is Killing You
When you encounter a stressful situation, stress hormones flood your bloodstream so that you can respond quickly and with strength. Watching your child blindly run across a busy street, for example, might induce a hormonal response that enables you to catch your youngster before any harm is done. Specifically, your pituitary gland discharges ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) into the bloodstream. ACTH, in turn, causes the release of epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), from your sympathetic nerves into the bloodstream. These hormones serve as neurotransmitters that signal the body to prepare for emergency action.
Your body will immediately experience increased heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, and muscle tension that serve to supply adequate blood to your brain and musculoskeletal system. Higher levels of free fatty acids and blood sugar are released to provide immediate energy to survive the perceived emergency. This is what we call the well-known “fight or flight response.”
Absence of Threat
Your body’s response to a threat was designed as a short term solution to immediately save your life. However, when the emergency never goes away, as in the environment or workplace, your body’s response may wreak havoc with your health. In most emotionally stressful social situations, for example those that result from ongoing work, financial worry, or personal relationships, you don’t actually flee or fight, which would use up most of the hormones your body produced. Instead, you end up storing the stress in your muscles along one of four patterns. This throws your body out of balance and increases the effects of gravity and the body’s degenerative cascade.
Long-term chronic stress can wreck your nervous system through a cyclic adrenaline rush. It can cause oxidative damage to tissues in the body that leads to inflammation. It can stoke symptoms such as headache, common cold, recurrent herpes and obesity, AIDS and cancer achy neck, ulcer, allergies, and coronary disease.
Too much stress, over time, can exhaust your body, your adrenal glands where cortisol is produced, accelerate your body’s degenerative cascade, harm your immune system, and even shrink vital brain tissue resulting in memory loss and problems with concentration.
Stress-Busters − Find a Solution that Works For You
We all need to find our own personal long-term protection from stress and not take it lightly. Many people are finding a solution here at the Life-Wave Living Center using the Rikian Exerciser™ and other stress reduction methods promoted by Ian Reinbott. (Click here to schedule an appointment)
Finding a way to relieve the effects of stress in your body is critical for your long-term health and exercise is very much preferred to other stress relief like; alcohol, over eating, drugs, etc. So, come to the Life-Wave Living Center for the healthiest exercise in the world! #Isstresskillingyou
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TOKYO, JAPAN (25 September 2019) — To remain engines of economic growth and jobs, developing Asia’s burgeoning cities need efficient transport networks and affordable housing backed by effective and coordinated land and economic planning, according to the theme chapter of the Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2019 Update released by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) today.
“Asia’s cities have been important contributors to economic growth, job creation, and innovation, but this isn’t a foregone conclusion for future decades,” said ADB Chief Economist Mr. Yasuyuki Sawada. “Addressing weak infrastructure, congestion, housing, and education and health care services is critical if cities—and their host countries—are to remain dynamic.”
The number of urban inhabitants in developing Asia increased by five times from 375 million in 1970 to 1.84 billion in 2017. By 2050, it is expected to reach about 3 billion people, or around 64% of the region’s population. Cities are also growing geographically, often beyond pre-defined administrative boundaries, and connecting with surrounding areas to form city clusters.
Cities are defined differently in different countries. Using nighttime satellite imagery and grid population data that can assess where people actually live and work, ADB estimates that developing Asia in 2016 had 1,459 so-called “natural cities”. These natural cities are estimated to house 34.7% of developing Asia’s population on 2.3% of its land area. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) had the most with 680, followed by India with 320, Indonesia with 93, and Pakistan with 63. Together, these four countries accounted for about 80% of the natural cities in developing Asia.
Over time, many of these natural cities have grown interconnected so that by 2016, there were 124 city clusters, 28 of which are home to more than 10 million people. Of those, 8 were in the PRC, 7 in India, 3 in Indonesia, 2 each in the Republic of Korea and Viet Nam, and 1 each in Bangladesh, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippines, Taipei,China, and Thailand. The largest city cluster surrounds Shanghai in the PRC, connecting 53 natural cities that belong to 4 province-level administrative regions.
To function as a vibrant jobs market, cities need affordable and efficient public transport that combines trains, buses, ride sharing, and more informal services—like jeepneys and auto rickshaws—that are well regulated. This would cut the congestion already prevalent in cities such as Manila, Philippines; Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and Yangon, Myanmar. Governments should ensure ample land is available to build reasonably priced homes, public amenities, and public transport networks. The report studied 211 cities in 27 countries and found 90% of them suffered from home prices that were severely unaffordable for average-income households.
Longer-term spatial and economic planning needs to be in place and to be coordinated across metropolitan areas and local government units given the speed of urbanization and the tendency of cities to cluster.
ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia and the Pacific, while sustaining its efforts to eradicate extreme poverty. In 2018, it made commitments of new loans and grants amounting to $21.6 billion. Established in 1966, it is owned by 68 members—49 from the region.
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The UAV`s stands for the “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles”. They are also named as Drone. These unmanned aerial vehicles have really revolutionized the fighter’s world. You must be familiar with the drones as they are not controlled by any human rather these are operated by the remote control system. It was invented in Austria to attack the Venice in 1849. According to the areas of application and their functionality, drones are classified intro different types. Some are used to target any place, some are used in cargo operation and research and development.
Here are few important Unmanned Aerial Vehicles that are commonly used by the world in the recent years. RQ-11 Raven is most used as compared to the other UAVs. It has been built more than the 19,000. Its weight is about the 4 pounds. It is mostly used as a spy to see around the corner. Its shape is like the airplane of the old time. The size of the RQ-11 shadow is almost equal to the size of the normal man. It has the ability to fly about 80 miles away from the controller and send the live video to its user of any place or battlefield. So it is mostly used to see that what is happening in the battlefield by sitting too far from the battlefield.
DJI Phantom is drone made by DJI that has the smartest camera to get the pictures of good quality of any area on your iPod or I Phone. It is very easy to fly this drone by just tapping your iPod. It is also capable of flying with more than the speed of 45MPH. It also has the ability to fly without the support of satellite almost 30 minutes. It also has the sensors which can detect that if something is coming in the way of this drone.
MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper are considered as one of the most iconic drones. They are invented many years ago. Their size is very large as compared to the other unmanned aerial vehicles as they are used to target any place by arms or bombs. The major difference between them is that the MQ-9 reaper is a little bit larger in size than the MQ-1 predator. The MQ-9 reaper also has the most powerful engine and can carry more weight on it.
The largest of all the UAV’s is RQ Global Hawk. The size of its wings is about 130 feet. It also has the weight of about 32,000 pounds. It has the ability to fly for the whole day continuously. It has the power to go to the height of 60,000 feet from the earth and take the clear images of places and can detect the moving objects.
The United States doesn’t use Aeryon Scout. Its size is much small and has the weight of about 3 pounds. It can fly for just 25 minutes in the air. It is used to see around the corners and controlled by touching the screen of the remote.
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Sometimes, it is convenient to make a new resource using the settings of an existing resource. In these cases, you can make a copy.
Properties, Extensions, Rules, and Data Elements can all be copied.
Copying a resource creates a duplicate of that resource in the specified destination. This is a discreet, one-time action and there is no ongoing relationship between the original resource and any copies that have been made.
Initiate a copy
You can initiate a copy of an extension by viewing your installed extensions, clicking the drop-down arrow on the Configure button and selecting Copy .
For properties, rules, and data elements, simply select the resource you want to copy and then click the Copy button in the actions menu.
If you are copying a rule or a data element, in the copy dialog you may use the drop-down menu to select a Destination Property you want to copy to (default setting is the current property). Extensions cannot be copied to the same property, so those will not provide that option.
In the Launch user interface, it is not possible to copy resources to another Property if one Property is configured for extension development and the other Property is not.
Once you've configured the behavior you want, click Copy .
When you make a copy of a full property, there are a few things that you should understand about the process.
- The property settings will be copied exactly as they are (domains, advanced settings, etc)
- Rules, data elements, and extensions from within the origin property will be copied to the new target property. Adapters, environments, and libraries will not be copied.
- Required extensions (Extensions required by any existing data elements or rule components) will be copied to the target property even if they have been uninstalled from the origin property.
- Copying a property can take awhile. This happens in the background. You can monitor the progress of the copy or you can continue on with other tasks while it happens.
- If you modify an individual resource after it has already been copied to the target property (but before the copy has been completed), the new modifications will not be copied over.
When you copy an extension to another property, there are a few things that you should understand.
- If the destination property does not have the extension installed, it will be installed using the same settings as the origin property.
- If the destination property already has the extension installed, then only the settings will be copied.
- If the destination property has a lower version of the extension installed, you'll receive a notice that you need to upgrade the extension on the destination property before you can perform the copy. Extension developers can add settings to their extensions over time, so settings from a newer extension cannot be reliably applied to older versions.
- If the destination property has a higher version of the extension installed, then the settings are copied over, but no downgrade is performed. The destination property still retains its current version number.
Copying rules and data elements
All rules and data elements are provided by an extension, so when you copy across properties, Launch must account for these underlying extensions.
An explanation of exactly what Launch is planning to do is available inside the Copy dialog before you actually begin copying. The above dialog is for a rule, but the same applies to data elements.
- Extensions required by these rules are copied. This lets you know that required extensions will go along with the rule. These copies follow the same rules as a regular extension copy outlined above.
- Extension settings will NOT be copied if the extension is already installed. This means if the required extensions already exist on the destination property, the extension remains as is. If you wish to copy the extension settings as well, you can use the Replace extension settings on destination property toggle and the explanation is updated accordingly.
- Data Elements required by these Rules will NOT be copied. This explanation only applies to rules. Rules often rely on data elements to function correctly. If you copy a rule to a new property, you'll also need to copy any required data elements as a separate action.
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Decatur County History
The first settler of record in what was to become Decatur County was Jimmy Harris, who came to be known by the affectionate name of "Uncle Jimmy". At some time during the first decade of the 1800s, Harris paddled the Tennessee River and landed at the mouth of a little stream that he later named Cub Creek because of the numerous cub bears he had killed in that vicinity. "Uncle Jimmy" was of that intrepid breed of adventurer-hunter who traveled ahead of civilization. Finding the lay of the land to his liking, he put down roots and waited for American civilization to catch up with him.
He did not have to wait long, for when Decatur was officially recognized as a county in 1845, approximately 300 people were living there. As in the development of a photograph negative, all parts of basic civilization quickly came into focus. The county was ideally situated for settlement; it could be reached by river as well as by land. Early immigrants found the arduous task of settlement eased somewhat by the towering poplars conducive for building; by hills which served as a protection against floods; by plentiful game for hunting, and fish; and by fertile bottomland for farming.
All the work involved in establishing a farm required many hands, so big families were the rule, often with as many as 12 to 14 children. It was typical for the men to work the fields and provide game for the table and for the women to do domestic chores. Many local residents still remember the weekly routine of frontier life endured by their grandparents. Keeping a home then was far different from now due to the conveniences provided by current labor-saving devices.
Clothes were washed not in a washing machine, but in a big black pot filled with water and heated by a fire. The clothes were rubbed clean on a brass washboard in large washtubs. Then they were boiled for a while, rinsed several times, including once in blueing water. Next the clothes were hung to dry on a line or anything else convenient. In the summer the water from the washing was poured on the flower beds.
Since most clothes were handmade the value of care to prolong their use was great. Large families dictated the need for hand-me-downs. Besides normal deterioration, "bob" (barbed) wire fences were always around to snag and to tear clothing. Saturday was frequently spent by going into town. The farm housewife would see the latest products, styles, and fabrics, but usually could purchase only those things necessary. Sunday, of course, was the time for both religious and social activities held even if the church could not afford a full-time preacher. Following church, there was usually a big dinner for guests and relatives who came home with the family.
Frontier life was not easy, but essentially, it was peaceful, if drought, pestilence, or some other malady did not strike. The farm family was able to live a full life of simple well-being, with gardens for vegetables, cows for milk, steers for beef, hogs for pork and lard, chickens for eggs, and wild game for the killing. Farm life was a mode of existence that fostered stability and continuity, and a farm would stay in the same family for years. For example, Solomon Wyatt was granted 150 acres in Decatur County by the state of Tennessee in 1852. This same farm has been in the Wyatt family since that date, presently belonging to Mr. and Mrs. Lealon Wyatt, of Bath Springs. The Wyatt farm was the first farm in the county to be honored in the Farm Land Heritage Program in 1976, since it has been owned and continuously operated for over 100 years by the same family. Three other century farms also were honored: the Welch farm on Highway 69 where Weldon Welch now lives; the Keeton farm, operated by B. B. Keeton; and the Moore farm located near Decaturville on which Mr. and Mrs. Roy Moore live.
Any dreariness in frontier living was relieved by recreation in which everyone participated, unlike much of today's passive entertainment. There were quilting bees for the women, square dances for the younger set, corn husking and log rolling for the men, and games such as mumble peg, horseshoes, and pitching dollars for the children.
At the square dances, partners danced to the calls of dosi-do and promenade. Ladies were usually clad in colorful calico dresses in shirtwaist styles with full skits. Their partners were usually dressed in homespun clothing. Corn huskings were primarily for men. The contest was started when they were gathered at the barn. The man who shucked the most ears of corn in a given period of time was the winner. Log rolling was really more work than play. Logs were stacked high by hand, then rolled to the desired location.
Games were a common form of amusement for young as well as old. Due to the economic conditions, sometimes instead of pitching dollars it became necessary to pitch washers. Another game of interest was called "Jack Marbles". One big marble was placed with four smaller ones making a square around it. The object of the game was either to knock the "Jack Marble" out of the center first or knock all five marbles out. This game interested the youth and also men, who played it in town as they waited for the livery stable man to hitch up a horse. Other popular games were "The Farmer in the Dell", "London Bridge is Falling Down", "Red Rover", "Go In and Out the Windows", and "Crack the Whip". These games were common in schools at recess and lunch hour.
More to come.
From Tennessee County History Series: Decatur County by Lillye Younger 1979. ISBN 0-87870-077-3
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| 0.988281 | 1,209 | 3 | 3 |
The bad news is that when our robot overlords come to oppress us, they’ll be able to tell how well they’re doing just by reading our facial expressions. The good news? Silly computer-vision-enhanced party games!
[Ricardo] wrote up a quickie demonstration, mostly powered by OpenCV and Microsoft’s Emotion API, that scores your ability to mimic emoticon faces. So when you get shown a devil-with-devilish-grin image, you’re supposed to make the same face convincingly enough to fool a neural network classifier. And hilarity ensues!
Continue reading “Simon Says Smile, Human!”
It’s getting easier and easier to add machine intelligence to your hacks, even to the point where you sometimes don’t have to install any special software. In this case [Dexter Industries] has added the ability to read human emotions to their EmpathyBot robot by making use of Google Cloud Vision.
Press a button on the robot and it moves forward until it’s a certain distance from an object. It then takes a picture and sends it off to Google Cloud Vision along with a request to do face detection. The response that Google returns is in JSON format and, if it finds a face, includes the likelihood of the face being happy, sad, sorrowful or surprised. The robot parses that response and gives an appropriate canned speech using the text-to-speech software, eSpeak e.g. “You seem happy! Tell me why you are so happy!”.
[Dexter] has made the source code available on github. It’s written in python and is easy to read by anyone with even just a little programming experience. The video after the break gives a number of demonstrations, including some with non-human subjects.
Continue reading “Raspberry Pi Robot That Reads Your Emotions”
Researchers at UC San Diego have been working on a robot that learns facial expressions. Starting with a bunch of random movements of the face “muscles”, the robot is rewarded each time it generates something that is close to an existing expression. It has slowly developed several recognizeable expressions itteratively. We have a few questions. First, are we the only ones who see a crazy woman with a mustache in the picture above? Why is that? What makes [Einstein] look so effiminate in that picture? Secondly, what reward do you give a robot? You can actually see this guy in action in a video after the break.
Continue reading “Robots learning facial expressions”
Lexlrie is basically a feed display. It can connect to twitter, facebook and we feel fine for its updates. What makes this project different is that it is supposed to alter its lighting based on the mood of the updates. The system looks for words like “better” and “sorry” and displays color patterns based on those. We have no idea what “better” should look like, but it’s a cool idea. You can get more details of its construction here. This project vaguely reminds of Pulse, which intended to show the emotion of blogger.com updates.
Check out the video above by [Adrien Mondot] for a extensive demonstration of eMotion being used with a Wiimote. eMotion is a physics based visual tool for the Mac. It’s designed to enhance performances by reacting to real world motion. Its grounding in physics makes the resultant motion appear more natural than if they were arbitrarily generated. The video above combines eMotion with the output of Wiimote Whiteboard, a low-cost interactive white board that uses the Wiimote camera plus IR light pens. While the video takes place in a small area, we can see how this could be scaled to a much larger space with IR lights mounted to performers.
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| 0.935927 | 814 | 2.5625 | 3 |
InformationWhat is HIV?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a viral infection which leads to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is a condition in which the immune system begins to fail allowing other infections to become life-threatening.
What are the most common symptoms?
Early symptoms may include fever, rash, headache, sore throat, muscle aches, as well as swollen lymph nodes and glands. The later stage of the infection can produce complications that include weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, secondary infections, cancer, and neurological symptoms including confusion, forgetfulness, depression, and anxiety.
How long does it take to develop symptoms?
The earliest symptoms of HIV can develop between two to four weeks after exposure. However, the majority of people infected may not experience any symptoms at all for months or even years, but can still transmit the disease to others.
How do people get HIV?
HIV is most commonly transmitted through unprotected sex including vaginal, oral, and anal sex. However, HIV can also be transmitted by having contact between an open wound and an infected personís blood, i.e. sharing of needles, or receiving tattoos or piercings with non-sterilized equipment, both poses a risk for infection. Pregnant women that are infected can transmit the disease to their unborn baby even to their child through breast feeding.
What is a HIV Test?
An HIV test will require a blood sample to be taken.
Do you offer a Home Test for HIV?
No, we currently do not offer a home test for HIV.
Is testing accurate?
Our contracted laboratory uses the same type of STD tests that you would receive at many doctorís offices and hospitals. However, there is always a remote chance of a false positive or a false negative result.†
A false positive result means the test shows the infection to be present when the person does not have the infection.†
A false negative result means the test shows no sign of infection when the person does have an infection. False negative results can happen if the test is done within the window period (period of time between the day you are infected and when a test can find the infection in your body). The window period for HIV is usually 2 to 8 weeks, but in rare cases it could take up to 6 months.
TreatmentIs HIV curable or treatable?
Currently there is no cure for HIV or AIDS. Modern anti-retroviral therapies are prolonging life and can greatly reduce the symptoms of HIV and improve a personís quality of life. There are also many new drugs that are in development or being tested in clinical trials. If HIV is left untreated, it may develop into AIDS within 10-15 years. Treatment options should be discussed with a medical professional as soon as an HIV infection is detected.
PreventionHow can HIV be prevented?
The risk of transmitting the virus may be reduced through the use of latex condoms. Correct and consistent use of latex condoms can reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV by around 85%. It is important to note, that spermicide may actually increase the male to female transmission rate due to inflammation of the vagina. Getting tested and treatment early is the best way to prevent the transmission of HIV. In addition, getting tested and treated early in pregnancy will help to prevent the transmission of HIV between a pregnant women and her unborn baby.
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| 0.954716 | 694 | 3.578125 | 4 |
SDG 16 promotes peaceful and inclusive societies, the provision of access to justice for all, and the building of effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
In the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, Member States of the United Nations agree to “promote peaceful and inclusive societies,” with an emphasis on institutions as a means of implementation. This report covers both national level institution-building as well as efforts at the international level. Chapter II lays out steps for countries to develop and implement integrated national financing frameworks. Effective, accountable and transparent institutions are a key element of these frameworks. This includes institutional coordination mechanisms, such as national steering committees, which can provide leadership, facilitate a whole-of-government approach and policy coherence, and lead a consultative process that engages all relevant stakeholders, including parliament, civil society, the private sector and other non-state actors. Many examples are presented throughout the report, such as chapter III.A, which notes the importance of the consultative process to generate broad national agreement on medium-term revenue strategies so those strategies can extend across political cycles (section 2.4). At the international level, the role of global institutions is discussed throughout the report. To achieve the SDGs, international norms and institutions need to be fit for purpose. Rising global economic risks, the rapidly changing international landscape, and insufficient progress on some SDGs (such as combatting climate change) have sensitized more stakeholders to the need for reforms to the current multilateral system. This creates a window of opportunity for reform, which is discussed in relation to the multilateral trading system (chapter III.D section 3), tax (chapter III.A section 5), debt (chapter III.E section 5) and the international financial architecture (chapter III.F section 2). Chapter III.F further notes that the 2030 Agenda makes high demands to maximize synergies and break down silos. Coherence of financial and economic systems with sustainable development is critical (section 5). The deeper coordination that is now needed extends across policy areas and institutions including tax, investment, competition and non-economic issues–which have previously been excluded from the development discourse–such as climate change, disaster risk, human rights, gender and migration. SDG 16 also makes specific reference to reducing illicit financial flows (IFFs), which are discussed in chapter III.A. While there remains no universally agreed definition of what constitutes IFFs, the report highlights efforts to estimate the volume of different components of IFFs and the policy work needed to tackle money laundering, combat corruption and return stolen assets (section 6). Progress can be enhanced by both greater national enforcement and enhanced international cooperation across the channels and mechanisms that contribute to the problem.
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| 0.91693 | 549 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Woody Guthrie's Forgotten Christmas Song
The historical import of the tragedy still lingers today. A story earlier this month in the Detroit Free Press declared in its headline "You haven't lived here until ... you pay your respects at the 1913 stampede monument in Calumet." Prior to the mayhem wrought upon the holiday gathering at Italian Hall, copper miners in Michigan had been seeking an eight-hour day, living wages and union recognition. Organized by the WFM, miners authorized a strike against the Calumet and Hecla Mining Company in the summer of 1913 to achieve desired improvements in their daily working conditions.
During their months-long strike, an organization known as the Citizens' Alliance came into existence in the month before the massacre. As historian Phillip S. Foner noted in his history of the labor movement in the United States, the Alliance was comprised of pro-copper company merchants who desired to see Calumet rid of unionism. Many miners on strike at the time viewed the Christmas Eve disaster at Italian Hall as a principle means to that end.
Of course, the identity of the criminally culpable person who sent the crowded hall into panic might never be known, thanks in part to the lackadaisical investigative efforts of the authorities. The anti-strike, anti-union Citizens' Alliance was publicly accused, however, by WFM leader Charles Moyer, as well as by the editors of the Finnish language newspaper Tyomies (The Worker). In this case, the authorities acted much more judiciously in arresting the staffers of the paper and effectively shut down its operations for its proclamation. Moyer, for his part, was reportedly beaten, shot, and forced out of town in retaliation, though no one was ever held responsible for that assault either.
Despite the assailant of Italian Hall escaping justice, Woody Guthrie, in an effort to ensure that the history of the miners and their families would live on, penned the song "1913 Massacre," in 1941 (two years before the Calumet and Hecla Mines finally recognized the union). He paints a masterful portrait of a recreated history singing, "I'll take you to a place called Italian Hall / Where the miners are having their big Christmas ball / I'll take you through a door, and up a high stairs / Singing and dancing is heard everywhere/ I will let you shake hands with the people you see / And watch the kids dance round that big Christmas tree / You ask about work and you ask about pay; They'll tell you that they make less than a dollar a day."
Ending the song, Guthrie, in capturing the scene of the somber mass funeral for the victims, sang, "The piano played a slow funeral tune /And the town was lit up by a cold Christmas moon /The parents they cried and the miners they moaned / "See what your greed for money has done." "Such lyrics motivated a reader to suggest "1913 Massacre" last year to the Atlantic's Andrew Sullivan's solicitations for "Depressing Christmas Songs."
Filmmakers editing a rough cut of a documentary about the history disagreed about the characterization writing on their website, "We beg to differ. In the course of working on this film, we've discovered that while "1913 Massacre" tells a tragic Christmas story, it's also a song that continues to inspire us to hope for better things-- as Woody would have us do."
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| 0.967564 | 701 | 2.71875 | 3 |
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