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Posted by Robert Cox, CSU Extension - Arapahoe County
Dwarf Alberta spruce, aka Dwarf White spruce (Picea glauca ‘Conica’) has been planted in Colorado landscapes for many years. People like its formal appearance, perfect form, and reluctance to grow more than 10 feet tall.
It was found in Alberta, Canada as a naturally-occurring dwarf in 1904. Since its introduction into the nursery trade it has become widely propagated and widely sold. Dwarf Alberta spruce has become “the” conifer to plant in containers.
Dwarf Alberta spruce, whether in containers or in-ground, often “winterburns” in Colorado…the result of wildly-fluctuating winter temperatures or dryness caused by winds, dry soils and low humidity.
Some Dwarf Alberta spruces can develop an alter-ego...they may decide that it’s no longer cool to be small, so they develop “reversion shoots”. These reversion shoots want to grow up to become a full size white spruce.
If one of these uppity little spruces tries reverting in your yard, just prune out that shoot at its origin on the stem/trunk. Or, let it grow out to become a neighborhood conversation piece.
|Photo courtesy Tony Koski|
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Silviculture – Wikipedia
Silviculture is the practice of controlling the growth, composition/structure, and quality of forests to meet values and needs, specifically timber production.
The name comes from the Latin silvi- (« forest ») and culture (« growing »). The study of forests and woods is termed silvology. Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to conserve and improve their productivity.
Generally, silviculture is the science and art of growing and cultivating forest crops, based on a knowledge of silvics (the study of the life-history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to local/regional factors). In specific, silviculture is the practice of controlling the establishment and management of forest stands.
The distinction between forestry and silviculture is that silviculture is applied at the stand-level, while forestry is a broader concept. Adaptive management is common in silviculture, while forestry can include natural/conserved land without stand-level management and treatments being applied.
The origin of forestry in German-speaking Europe has defined silvicultural systems broadly as high forest (Hochwald), coppice with standards (Mittelwald) and compound coppice, short rotation coppice, and coppice (Niederwald). There are other systems as well. These varied silvicultural systems include several harvesting methods, which are often wrongly said to be a silvicultural systems, but may also be called rejuvenating or regenerating method depending on the purpose.
The high forest system is further subdivided in German:
These names give the impression is that these are neatly defined systems, but in practice there are variations within these harvesting methods in accordance with to local ecology and site conditions. While location of an archetypal form of harvesting technique can be identified (they all originated somewhere with a particular forester, and have been described in the scientific literature), and broad generalizations can be made, these are merely rules of thumb rather than strict blueprints on how techniques might be applied. This misunderstanding has meant that many older English textbooks did not capture the true complexity of silviculture as practiced where it originated in Mitteleuropa.
This silviculture was culturally predicated on wood production in temperate and boreal climates and did not deal with tropical forestry. The misapplication of this philosophy to those tropical forests has been problematic. There is also an alternative silvicultural tradition which developed in Japan and thus created a different biocultural landscape called satoyama.
After harvesting comes regeneration, which may be split into natural and artificial (see below), and tending, which includes release treatments, pruning, thinning and intermediate treatments. It is conceivable that any of these 3 phases (harvesting, regeneration, and tending) may happen at the same time within a stand, depending on the goal for that particular stand.
Regeneration is basic to the continuation of forested, as well as to the afforestation of treeless land. Regeneration can take place through self-sown seed (« natural regeneration »), by artificially sown seed, or by planted seedlings. In whichever case, the performance of regeneration depends on its growth potential and the degree to which its environment allows the potential to be expressed. Seed, of course, is needed for all regeneration modes, both for natural or artificial sowing and for raising planting stock in a nursery.
Natural regeneration is a « human-assisted natural regeneration » means of establishing a forest age class from natural seeding or sprouting in an area after harvesting in that area through selection cutting, shelter (or seed-tree) harvest, soil preparation, or restricting the size of a clear-cut stand to secure natural regeneration from the surrounding trees.
The process of natural regeneration involves the renewal of forests by means of self-sown seeds, root suckers, or coppicing. In natural forests, conifers rely almost entirely on regeneration through seed. Most of the broadleaves, however, are able to regenerate by the means of emergence of shoots from stumps (coppice) and broken stems.[[full citation needed]
Any seed, self-sown or artificially applied, requires a seedbed suitable for securing germination.
In order to germinate, a seed requires suitable conditions of temperature, moisture, and aeration. For seeds of many species, light is also necessary, and facilitates the germination of seeds in other species, but spruces are not exacting in their light requirements, and will germinate without light. White spruce seed germinated at 35 °F (1.7 °C) and 40 °F (4.4 °C) after continuous stratification for one year or longer and developed radicles less than 6 cm (2.4 in) long in the cold room. When exposed to light, those germinants developed chlorophyll and were normally phototropic with continued elongation.
For survival in the short and medium terms, a germinant needs: a continuing supply of moisture; freedom from lethal temperature; enough light to generate sufficient photosynthate to support respiration and growth, but not enough to generate lethal stress in the seedling; freedom from browsers, tramplers, and pathogens; and a stable root system. Shade is very important to the survival of young seedlings. In the longer term, there must be an adequate supply of essential nutrients and an absence of smothering.
In undisturbed forest, decayed windfallen stemwood provides the most favorable seedbed for germination and survival, moisture supply being dependable, and the elevation of seedlings somewhat above the general level of the forest floor reduces the danger of smothering by leaves and snow-pressed minor vegetation; nor is such a microsite likely to be subject to flooding. Advantages conferred by those microsites include: more light, higher temperatures in the rooting zone, and better mycorrhizal development. In a survey in the Porcupine Hills, Manitoba, 90% of all spruce seedlings were rooted in rotten wood.
Mineral soil seedbeds are more receptive than the undisturbed forest floor, and are generally moister and more readily rewetted than the organic forest floor. However, exposed mineral soil, much more so than organic-surfaced soil, is subject to frost heaving and shrinkage during drought. The forces generated in soil by frost or drought are quite enough to break roots.
The range of microsites occurring on the forest floor can be broadened, and their frequency and distribution influenced by site preparation. Each microsite has its own microclimate. Microclimates near the ground are better characterized by vapour pressure deficit and net incident radiation, rather than the standard measurements of air temperature, precipitation, and wind pattern.
Aspect is an important component of microclimate, especially in relation to temperature and moisture regimes. Germination and seedling establishment of Engelmann spruce were much better on north than on south aspect seedbeds in the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado; the ratios of seeds to 5-year-old seedlings were determined as 32:1, 76:1, and 72:1 on north aspect bladed-shaded, bladed-unshaded, and undisturbed-shaded seedbeds, respectively. Clearcut openings of 1.2 to 2.0 hectares (3.0 to 4.9 acres) adjacent to an adequate seed source, and not more than 6 tree-heights wide, could be expected to secure acceptable regeneration (4,900, 5-year-old trees per hectare), whereas on undisturbed-unshaded north aspects, and on all seedbed treatments tested on south aspects, seed to seedling ratios were so high that the restocking of any clearcut opening would be questionable.
At least seven variable factors may influence seed germination: seed characteristics, light, oxygen, soil reaction (pH), temperature, moisture, and seed enemies. Moisture and temperature are the most influential, and both are affected by exposure. The difficulty of securing natural regeneration of Norway spruce and Scots pine in northern Europe led to the adoption of various forms of reproduction cuttings that provided partial shade or protection to seedlings from hot sun and wind. The main objective of echeloned strips or border-cuttings with northeast exposure was to protect regeneration from overheating, and was originated in Germany and deployed successfully by A. Alarik in 1925 and others in Sweden. On south and west exposures, direct insolation and heat reflected from tree trunks often result in temperatures lethal to young seedlings, as well as desiccation of the surface soil, which inhibits germination. The sun is less injurious on eastern exposures because of the lower temperature in the early morning, related to higher humidity and presence of dew.
In 1993, Henry Baldwin, after noting that summer temperatures in North America are often higher than those in places where border-cuttings have been found useful, reported the results of a survey of regeneration in a stand of red spruce plus scattered white spruce that had been isolated by clearcutting on all sides, so furnishing an opportunity for observing regeneration on different exposures in this old-field stand at Dummer, New Hampshire. The regeneration included a surprisingly large number of balsam fir seedlings from the 5% stand component of that species. The maximum density of spruce regeneration, determined 4 rods (20 m) inside from the edge of the stand on a north 20°E exposure, was 600,000/ha, with almost 100,000 balsam fir seedlings.
A prepared seedbed remains receptive for a relatively short period, seldom as long as 5 years, sometimes as short as 3 years. Seedbed receptivity on moist, fertile sites decreases with particular rapidity, and especially on such sites, seedbed preparation should be scheduled to take advantage of good seed years. In poor seed years, site preparation can be carried out on mesic and drier sites with more chance of success, because of the generally longer receptivity of seedbeds there than those on moister sites. Although an indifferent seed year can suffice if seed distribution is good and environmental conditions favourable to seedling germination and survival, small amounts of seed are particularly vulnerable to depredation by small mammals. Considerable flexibility is possible in timing site preparation to coincide with cone crops. Treatment can be applied either before any logging takes place, between partial cuts, or after logging. In cut and leave strips, seedbed preparation can be carried out as a single operation, pre-scarifying the leave strips, post-scarifying the cut strips.
Broadcast burning is not recommended as a method of preparing sites for natural regeneration, as it rarely exposes enough mineral soil to be sufficiently receptive, and the charred organic surfaces are a poor seedbed for spruce. A charred surface may get too hot for good germination and may delay germination until fall, with subsequent overwinter mortality of unhardened seedlings. Piling and burning of logging slash, however, can leave suitable exposures of mineral soil.
Season of planting[
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With a view to reducing the time needed to produce planting stock, experiments were carried out with white spruce and three other coniferous species from Wisconsin seed in the longer, frost-free growing season in Florida, 125 vs. 265 days in central Wisconsin and northern Florida, respectively. As the species studied are adapted to long photoperiods, extended daylengths of 20 hours were applied in Florida. Other seedlings were grown under extended daylength in Wisconsin and with natural daylength in both areas. After two growing seasons, white spruce under long days in Florida were about the same as those in Wisconsin, but twice as tall as plants under natural Wisconsin photoperiods. Under natural days in Florida, with the short local photoperiod, white spruce was severely dwarfed and had a low rate of survival. Black spruce responded similarly. After two growing seasons, long day plants of all 4 species in Florida were well balanced, with good development of both roots and shoots, equaling or exceeding the minimum standards for 2+1 and 2+2 outplanting stock of Lake States species. Their survival when lifted in February and outplanted in Wisconsin equalled that of 2+2 Wisconsin-grown transplants. Artificial extension of the photoperiod in the northern Lake States greatly increased height increment of white and black spruces in the second growing season.
Optimum conditions for seedling growth have been determined for the production of containerized planting stock. Alternating day/night temperatures have been found more suitable than a constant temperature; at 400 lumens/m² light regime, a 28 °C/20 °C day/night temperatures have been recommended for white spruce. However, temperature optima are not necessarily the same at different ages and sizes. In 1984, R. Tinus investigated the effects of combinations of day and night temperature on height, caliper, and dry weight of 4 seed sources of Engelmann spruce. The 4 seed sources appeared to have very similar temperature requirements, with night optima about the same of slightly lower than daylight optima.
Tree provenance is important in artificial regeneration. Good provenance takes into account suitable tree genetics and a good environmental fit for planted / seeded trees in a forest stand. The wrong genotype can lead to failed regeneration, or poor trees that are prone to pathogens and undesired outcomes.
Artificial regeneration has been a more common method involving planting because it is more dependable than natural regeneration. Planting can involve using seedlings (from a nursery), (un)rooted cuttings, or seeds.
Whichever method is chosen it can be assisted by tending techniques also known as intermediate stand treatments.
The fundamental genetic consideration in artificial regeneration is that seed and planting stock must be adapted to the planting environment. Most commonly, the method of managing seed and stock deployment is through a system of defined seed zones, within which seed and stock can be moved without risk of climatic maladaptation. Ontario adopted a seed zone system in the 1970s based on G.A. Hills’ 1952 site regions and provincial resource district boundaries, but Ontario’s seed zones are now based on homogeneous climatic regions developed with the Ontario Climate Model. The regulations stipulate that source-identified seedlots may be either a general collection, when only the seed zone of origin is known, or a stand collection from a specific latitude and longitude. The movement of general-collection seed and stock across seed zone boundaries is prohibited, but the use of stand-collection seed and stock in another seed zone is acceptable when the Ontario Climate Model shows that the planting site and place of seed origin are climatically similar. The 12 seed zones for white spruce in Quebec are based mainly on ecological regions, with a few modifications for administrative convenience.
Seed quality varies with source. Seed orchards produce seed of the highest quality, then, in order of decreasing seed quality produced, seed production areas and seed collection areas follow, with controlled general collections and uncontrolled general collections producing the least characterized seed.
When seed is first separated from cones it is mixed with foreign matter, often 2 to 5 times the volume of the seed. The more or less firmly attached membranous wings on the seed must be detached before it is cleaned of foreign matter. The testa must not incur damage during the dewinging process. Two methods have been used, dry and wet. Dry seed may be rubbed gently through a sieve that has a mesh through which only seed without wings can pass. Large quantities of seed can be processed in dewinging machines, which use cylinders of heavy wire mesh and rapidly revolving stiff brushes within to remove the wings. In the wet process, seed with wings attached are spread out 10 cm to 15 cm deep on a tight floor and slightly moistened throughout; light leather flails are used to free seed from the wings. B. Wang described a unique wet dewinging procedure in 1973 using a cement mixer, used at the Petawawa tree seed processing facility. Wings of white and Norway spruce seed can be removed by dampening the seed slightly before it is run through a fanning mill for the last time. Any moistened seed must be dried before fermentation or moulding sets in.
A fluorescein diacetate (FDA) biochemical viability test for several species of conifer seed, including white spruce, estimates the proportion of live seed (viability) in a seedlot, and hence the percentage germination of a seedlot. The accuracy of predicting percentage germination was within +/- 5 for most seedlots. White spruce seed can be tested for viability by an indirect method, such as the fluorescein diacetate (FDA) test or ‘Ultra-sound’; or by the direct growth method of ‘germination’. Samples of white spruce seed inspected in 1928 varied in viability from 50% to 100%, but averaged 93%. A 1915 inspection reported 97% viability for white spruce seed.
The results of a germination test are commonly expressed as germinative capacity or a germination percentage, which is the percentage of seeds that germinate during a period of time, ending when germination is practically complete. During extraction and processing, white spruce seeds gradually lost moisture, and total germination increased. Mittal et al. (1987) reported that white spruce seed from Algonquin Park, Ontario, obtained the maximum rate (94% in 6 days) and 99% total germination in 21 days after 14-week pre-chilling. The pre-treatment of 1% sodium hypochlorite increased germinability.
Encouraged by Russian success in using ultrasonic waves to improve the germinative energy and percentage germination of seeds of agricultural crops, Timonin (1966) demonstrated benefits to white spruce germination after exposure of seeds to 1, 2, or 4 minutes of ultrasound generated by an M.S.E. ultrasonic disintegrator with a power consumption of 280 VA and power impact of 1.35 amperes.:Tables 3.18 and 3.19 However, no seeds germinated after 6 minutes of exposure to ultrasound.
Seed dormancy is a complex phenomenon and is not always consistent within species. Cold stratification of white spruce seed to break dormancy has been specified as a requirement, but Heit (1961) and Hellum (1968) regarded stratification as unnecessary. Cone handling and storage conditions affect dormancy in that cold, humid storage (5 °C, 75% to 95% relative humidity) of the cones prior to extraction seemingly eliminated dormancy by overcoming the need to stratify. Periods of cold, damp weather during the period of cone storage might provide natural cold (stratification) treatment. Once dormancy was removed in cone storage, subsequent kiln-drying and seed storage did not reactivate dormancy.
Haddon and Winston (1982) found a reduction in viability of stratified seeds after 2 years of storage and suggested that stress might have been caused by stratification, e.g., by changes in seed biochemistry, reduced embryo vigor, seed aging or actual damage to the embryo. They further questioned the quality of the 2-year-old seed even though high germination occurred in the samples that were not stratified.
Cold stratification is the term applied to the storing of seeds in (and, strictly, in layers with) a moist medium, often peat or sand, with a view to maintaining viability and overcoming dormancy. Cold stratification is the term applied to storage at near-freezing temperatures, even if no medium is used. A common method of cold stratification, is to soak seed in tap water for up to 24 h, superficially dry it, then store moist for some weeks or even months at temperatures just above freezing. Although Hellum (1968) found that cold stratification of an Alberta seed source led to irregular germination, with decreasing germination with increasing length of the stratification period, Hocking’s (1972) paired test with stratified and nonstratified Alberta seed from several sources revealed no trends in response to stratification. Hocking suggested that seed maturity, handling, and storage needed to be controlled before the need for stratification could be determined. Later, Winston and Haddon (1981) found that the storage of white spruce cones for 4 weeks at 5 °C prior to extraction obviated the need for stratification.
Seed maturity cannot be predicted accurately from cone flotation, cone moisture content, cone specific gravity; but the province of B.C. found embryo occupying 90% + of the corrosion cavity and megagametophyte being firm and whitish in colour are the best predictors for white spruce in B.C., and Quebec can forecast seed maturity some weeks in advance by monitoring seed development in relation to heat-sums and the phenological progression of the inflorescence of fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.), an associated plant species. Cone collection earlier than one week before seed maturity would reduce seed germination and viability during storage. Four stages of maturation were determined by monitoring carbohydrates, polyols, organic acids, respiration, and metabolic activity. White spruce seeds require a 6-week post-harvest ripening period in the cones to obtain maximum germinability, however, based on cumulative degree-days, seed from the same trees and stand showed 2-week cone storage was sufficient.
Forest tree nurseries[
See Plant nursery
Forest tree plantations[
Plantation establishment criteria[
Plantations may be considered successful when outplant performance satisfies certain criteria. The term « free growing » is applied in some jurisdictions. Ontario’s « Free-to-Grow » (FTG) equivalent relates to a forest stand that meets a minimum stocking standard and height requirement, and is essentially free of competition from surrounding vegetation that might impede growth. The FTG concept was introduced with the advent of the Forest Management Agreement program in Ontario in 1980 and became applicable to all management units in 1986. Policy, procedures, and methodologies readily applicable by forest unit managers to assess the effectiveness of regeneration programs were still under development during the Class Environmental Assessment hearings.
In British Columbia, the Forest Practices Code (1995) governs performance criteria. To minimize the subjectivity of assessing deciduous competition as to whether or not a plantation is established, minimum specifications of number, health, height, and competition have been specified in British Columbia. However, minimum specifications are still subjectively set and may need to be fine-tuned in order to avoid unwarranted delay in according established status to a plantation. For example, a vigorous white spruce with a strong, multi-budded leading shoot and its crown fully exposed to light on 3 sides would not qualify as free-growing in the current British Columbia Code but would hardly warrant description as unestablished.
Competition arises when individual organisms are sufficiently close together to incur growth constraint through mutual modification of the local environment. Plants may compete for light, moisture and nutrients, but seldom for space per se. Vegetation management directs more of the site’s resources into usable forest products, rather than just eliminating all competing plants. Ideally, site preparation ameliorates competition to levels that relieve the outplant of constraints severe enough to cause prolonged check.
The diversity of boreal and sub-boreal broadleaf-conifer mixed tree species stands, commonly referred to as the « mixedwoods », largely preclude the utility of generalizations and call for the development of management practices incorporating the greater inherent complexity of broadleaf-conifer mixtures, relative to single-species or mixed-species conifer forest. After harvesting or other disturbance, mixedwood stands commonly enter a prolonged period in which hardwoods overtop the coniferous component, subjecting them to intense competition in an understorey. It is well established that the regeneration and growth potential of understorey conifers in mixedwood stands is correlated to the density of competing hardwoods. To help apply « free-to-grow » regulations in British Columbia and Alberta, management guidelines based on distance-dependent relations within a limited radius of crop trees were developed, but Lieffers et al. (2002) found that free-growing stocking standards did not adequately characterize light competition between broadleaf and conifer components in boreal mixedwood stands, and further noted that adequate sampling using current approaches would be operationally prohibitive.
Many promising plantations have failed through lack of tending. Young crop trees are often ill-equipped to fight it out with competition resurgent following initial site preparation and planting.
Perhaps the most direct evaluation of the effect of competition on plantation establishment is provided by an effective herbicide treatment, given it is performed correctly and without contamination of waters of the state. The fact that herbicide treatment does not always produce positive results should not obscure the demonstrated potential of herbicides for significantly promoting plantation establishment. Factors that can vitiate the effectiveness of a herbicide treatment include: weather, especially temperature, prior to and during application; weather, especially wind, during application; weather, especially precipitation, in the 12 to 24 hours after application; vegetation characteristics, including species, size, shape, phenological stage, vigour, and distribution of weeds; crop characteristics, including species, phenology, and condition; the effects of other treatments, such as preliminary shearblading, burning or other prescribed or accidental site preparation; and the herbicide used, including dosage, formulation, carrier, spreader, and mode of application. There is a lot that can go wrong, but a herbicide treatment can be as good or better than any other method of site preparation.
The study of competition dynamics requires both a measure of the competition level and a measure of crop response. Various competition indices have been developed, e.g., by Bella (1971) and Hegyi (1974) based on stem diameter, by Arney (1972), Ek and Monserud (1974), and Howard and Newton (1984) based on canopy development, and Daniels (1976), Wagner (1982), and Weiner (1984) with proximity-based models. Studies generally considered tree response to competition in terms of absolute height or basal area, but Zedaker (1982) and Brand (1986) sought to quantify crop tree size and environmental influences by using relative growth measures.
Tending is the term applied to pre-harvest silvicultural treatment of forest crop trees at any stage after initial planting or seeding. The treatment can be of the crop itself (e.g., spacing, pruning, thinning, and improvement cutting) or of competing vegetation (e.g., weeding, cleaning).
How many trees per unit area (spacing) that should be planted is not an easily answered question. Establishment density targets or regeneration standards have commonly been based on traditional practice, with the implicit aim of getting the stand quickly to the free-to-grow stage. Money is wasted if more trees are planted than are needed to achieve desired stocking rates, and the chance to establish other plantations is proportionately diminished. Ingress (natural regeneration) on a site is difficult to predict and often becomes surprisingly evident only some years after planting has been carried out. Early stand development after harvesting or other disturbance undoubtedly varies greatly among sites, each of which has its own peculiar characteristics.
For all practical purposes, the total volume produced by a stand on a given site is constant and optimum for a wide range of density or stocking. It can be decreased, but not increased, by altering the amount of growing stock to levels outside this range. Initial density affects stand development in that close spacing leads to full site utilization more quickly than wider spacing. Economic operability can be advanced by wide spacing even if total production is less than in closely spaced stands.
Beyond the establishment stage, the relationship of average tree size and stand density is very important. Various density-management diagrams conceptualizing the density-driven stand dynamics have been developed. Smith and Brand’s (1988) diagram has mean tree volume on the vertical axis and the number of trees/ha on the horizontal axis: a stand can either have many little trees or a few big ones. The self-thinning line shows the largest number of trees of a given size/ha that can be carried at any given time. However, Willcocks and Bell (1995) caution against using such diagrams unless specific knowledge of the stand trajectory is known.
In the Lake States, plantations have been made with the spacing between trees varying from 3 by 3 to 10 by 10 feet (0.9 m by 0.9 m to 3.0 m by 3.0 m). Kittredge recommended that no fewer than 600 established trees per acre (1483/ha) be present during the early life of a plantation. To insure this, at least 800 trees per acre (1077/ha) should be planted where 85% survival may be expected, and at least 1200/ac (2970/ha) if only half of them can be expected to live. This translates into recommended spacings of 5 by 5 to 8 by 8 feet (1.5 m by 1.5 m to 2.4 m by 2.4 m) for plantings of conifers, including white spruce in the Lake States.
A strategy for enhancing natural forests’ economic value is to increase their concentration of economically important, indigenous tree species by planting seeds or seedlings for future harvest, which can be accomplished with enrichment planting (EP). This means increasing the planting density (i.e., the numbers of plants per hectare) in an already growing forest stand. »
- Weeding: A process of getting rid of saplings’ or seedlings’ competition by mowing, application of herbicide, or other method of removal from the surroundings.
- Cleaning: Release of select saplings from competition by overtopping trees of a comparable age. The treatment favors trees of a desired species and stem quality.
- Liberation cutting: A treatment that releases tree seedling or saplings by removing older overtopping trees.
Over-crowded regeneration tends to stagnate. The problem is aggravated in species that have little self-pruning ability, such as white spruce. Spacing is a thinning (of natural regeneration), in which all trees other than those selected for retention at fixed intervals are cut. The term juvenile spacing is used when most or all of the cut trees are unmerchantable. Spacing can be used to obtain any of a wide range of forest management objectives, but it is especially undertaken to reduce density and control stocking in young stands and prevent stagnation, and to shorten the rotation, i.e., to speed the production of trees of a given size. Volume growth of individual trees and the merchantable growth of stands are increased. The primary rationale for spacing is that thinning is the projected decline in maximum allowable cut. And since wood will be concentrated on fewer, larger, and more uniform stems, operating and milling costs will be minimized.
Methods for spacing may be: manual, using various tools, including power saws, brush saws, and clippers; mechanical, using choppersand mulchers; chemical; or combinations of several methods. One treatment has had notable success in spacing massively overstocked (<100 000 stems/ha) natural regeneration of spruce and fir in Maine. Fitted to helicopter, the Thru-Valve boom emits herbicide spray droplets 1000 µm to 2000 µm in diameter at very low pressure. Swaths 1.2 m wide and leave strips 2.4 m wide were obtained with « knife-edge » precision when the herbicide was applied by helicopter flying at a height of 21 m at a speed of 40–48 km/h. It seems likely that no other method could be as cost-effective.
Twenty years after spacing to 2.5 × 2.5 m, 30-year-old mixed stands of balsam fir and white spruce in the Green River watershed, New Brunswick, averaged 156.9 m3/ha.
A spacing study of 3 conifers (white spruce, red pine and jack pine) was established at Moodie, Manitoba, on flat, sandy, nutritionally poor soils with a fresh moisture regime. Twenty years after planting, red pine had the largest average dbh, 15% greater than jack pine, while white spruce dbh was less than half that of the pines. Crown width showed a gradual increase with spacing for all 3 conifers. Results to date were suggesting optimum spacings between 1.8 m and 2.4 m for both pines; white spruce was not recommended for planting on such sites.
Comparable data are generated by espacement trials, in which trees are planted at a range of densities. Spacings of 1.25 m, 1.50 m, 1.75 m, 2.00 m, 2.50 m, and 3.00 m on 4 site classes were used in the 1922 trial at Petawawa, Ontario. In the first of 34 old field white spruce plantations used to investigate stand development in relation to spacing at Petawawa, Ontario, regular rows were planted at average spacings of from 4 × 4 to 7 × 7 feet (1.22 m × 1.22 m to 2.13 m × 2.13 m). Spacings up to 10 × 10 feet (3.05 m × 3.03 m) were subsequently included in the study. Yield tables based on 50 years of data showed:
- a) Except for merchantable volumes at age 20 and site classes 50 and 60, closer spacings gave greater standing volumes at all ages than did wider spacings, the relative difference decreasing with age.
- b) Merchantable volume as a proportion of total volume increases with age, and is greater at wider than at closer spacings.
- c) Current annual volume increment culminates sooner at closer than at wider spacings.
A smaller espacement trial, begun in 1951 near Thunder Bay, Ontario, included white spruce at spacings of 1.8 m, 2.7 m, and 3.6 m. At the closest spacing, mortality had begun at 37 years, but not at the wider spacings.
The oldest interior spruce espacement trial in British Columbia was established in 1959 near Houston in the Prince Rupert Forest Region. Spacings of 1.2 m, 2.7 m, 3.7 m, and 4.9 m were used, and trees were measured 6, 12, 16, 26, and 30 years after planting. At wide espacements, trees developed larger diameters, crowns, and branches, but (at 30 years) basal area and total volume/ha were greatest in the closest espacement (Table 6.38). In more recent trials in the Prince George Region of British Columbia (Table 6.39) and in Manitoba, planting density of white spruce had no effect on growth after up to 16 growing seasons, even at spacings as low as 1.2 m. The slowness of juvenile growth and of crown closure delay the response to intra-competition. Initially, close spacing might even provide a positive nurse effect to offset any negative response to competition.
Thinning is an operation that artificially reduces the number of trees growing in a stand with the aim of hastening the development of the remainder. The goal of thinning is to control the amount and distribution of available growing space. By altering stand density, foresters can influence the growth, quality, and health of residual trees. It also provides an opportunity to capture mortality and cull the commercially less desirable, usually smaller and malformed, trees. Unlike regeneration treatments, thinnings are not intended to establish a new tree crop or create permanent canopy openings.
Thinning greatly influences the ecology and micro-meteorology of the stand, lowering the inter-tree competition for water. The removal of any tree from a stand has repercussions on the remaining trees both above-ground and below. Silvicultural thinning is a powerful tool that can be used to influence stand development, stand stability, and the characteristics of the harvestable products.
When considering intensive conifer plantations designed for maximum production, it is essential to remember that tending and thinning regimes and wind and snow damage are intimately related.
Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated thinnings over the course of a forest rotation increase carbon stores relative to stands that are clear-cut on short rotations and that the carbon benefits differ according to thinning method (e.g., thinning from above versus below).
In the early development of forest stand, density of trees remain high and there is competition among trees for nutrients. When natural regeneration or artificial seeding has resulted in dense, overstocked young stands, natural thinning will in most cases eventually reduce stocking to more silviculturally desirable levels. But by the time some trees reach merchantable size, others will be overmature and defective, and others will still be unmerchantable. To reduce this unbalance and to obtain more economic returns, in the early stage, one kind of cleaning is done which is known as precommercial thinning. Generally, one or two times precommercial thinning is done to facilitate the growth of the tree
The yield of merchantable wood can be greatly increased and the rotation shortened by precommercial thinning. Mechanical and chemical methods have been applied, but their costliness has militated against their ready adoption.
Pruning, as a silvicultural practice, refers to the removal of the lower branches of the young trees (also giving the shape to the tree) so clear knot-free wood can subsequently grow over the branch stubs. Clear knot-free lumber has a higher value. Pruning has been extensively carried out in the Radiata pine plantations of New Zealand and Chile, however the development of Finger joint technology in the production of lumber and mouldings has led to many forestry companies reconsidering their pruning practices. « Brashing » is an alternative name for the same process.
Pruning can be done to all trees, or more cost effectively to a limited number of trees. There are two types of pruning: natural or self-pruning and artificial pruning. Most cases of self-pruning happen when branches do not receive enough sunlight and die. Wind can also take part in natural pruning which can break branches. Artificial pruning is where people are paid to come and cut the branches. Or it can be natural, where trees are planted close enough that the effect is to cause self-pruning of low branches as energy is put into growing up for light reasons and not branchiness.
The term stand conversion refers to a change from one silvicultural system to another and includes species conversion, i.e., a change from one species (or set of species) to another. Such change can be effected intentionally by various silvicultural means, or incidentally by default e.g., when high-grading has removed the coniferous content from a mixedwood stand, which then becomes exclusively self-perpetuating aspen. In general, such sites as these are the most likely to be considered for conversion.
Growth and yield[
In discussing yields that might be expected from the Canadian spruce forests, Haddock (1961) noted that Wright’s (1959) quotation of spruce yields in the British Isles of 220 cubic feet per acre (15.4 m3/ha) per year and in Germany of 175 cubic feet per acre (12.25 m3/ha) per year was misleading, at least if it was meant to imply that such yields might be approached in the Boreal Forest Region of Canada. Haddock thought that Wright’s suggestion of 20 to 40 (average 30) cubic feet per acre (1.4 m3/ha to 2.8 m3/ha (average 2.1 m3/ha) per year was more reasonable, but still somewhat optimistic.
The principal way forest resource managers influence growth and yield is to manipulate the mixture of species and number (density) and distribution (stocking) of individuals that form the canopy of the stand. Species composition of much of the boreal forest in North America already differs greatly from its pre-exploitation state. There is less spruce and more hardwoods in the second-growth forest than in the original forest; Hearnden et al. (1996) calculated that the spruce cover type had declined from 18% to only 4% of the total forested area in Ontario. Mixedwood occupies a greater proportion of Ontario’s second-growth forest (41%) than in the original (36%), but its component of white spruce is certainly much diminished.
Growth performance is certainly influenced by site conditions and thus by the kind and degree of site preparation in relation to the nature of the site. It is important to avoid the assumption that site preparation of a particular designation will have a particular silvicultural outcome. Scarification, for instance, not only covers a wide range of operations that scarify, but also any given way of scarifying can have significantly different results depending on site conditions at the time of treatment. In point of fact, the term is commonly misapplied. Scarification is defined as « Loosening the top soil of open areas, or breaking up the forest floor, in preparation for regenerating by direct seeding or natural seedfall », but the term is often misapplied to practices that include scalping, screefing, and blading, which pare off low and surface vegetation, together with most off its roots to expose a weed-free surface, generally in preparation for sowing or planting thereon.
Thus, it is not surprising that literature can be used to support the view that the growth of seedlings on scarified sites is much superior to that of growth on similar sites that have not been scarified, while other evidence supports the contrary view that scarification can reduce growth. Detrimental results can be expected from scarification that impoverishes the rooting zone or exacerbates edaphic or climatic constraints.
Burning site preparation has enhanced spruce seedling growth, but it must be supposed that burning could be detrimental if the nutrient capital is significantly depleted.
An obvious factor greatly influencing regeneration is competition from other vegetation. In a pure stand of Norway spruce, for instance, Roussel (1948) found the following relationships:
|Percent cover (%)||Vegetation Description|
|Below 1||No vegetation|
|1-3||Moss carpet with a few fir seedlings|
|4-10||Herbaceous plants appear|
|10-25||Bramble, herbs, fairly vigorous spruce seedlings|
|>25||Herbs, brambles very dense, vigorous, no moss|
A factor of some importance in solar radiation–reproduction relationships is excess heating of the soil surface by radiation. This is especially important for seedlings, such as spruce, whose first leaves do not shade the base of the stem at the soil surface. Surface temperatures in sandy soils on occasion reach lethal temperatures of 50 °C to 60 °C.
Common methods of harvesting[
Silvicultural regeneration methods combine both the harvest of the timber on the stand and re-establishment of the forest. The proper practice of sustainable forestry should mitigate the potential negative impacts, but all harvest methods will have some impacts on the land and residual stand. The practice of sustainable forestry limits the impacts such that the values of the forest are maintained in perpetuity. Silvicultural prescriptions are specific solutions to a specific set of circumstances and management objectives. Following are some common methods:
Conventional clearcut harvesting is relatively simple: all trees on a cutblock are felled and bunched with bunches aligned to the skidding direction, and a skidder then drags the bunches to the closest log deck. Feller-buncher operators concentrate on the width of the felled swath, the number of trees in a bunch, and the alignment of the bunch. Providing a perimeter boundary is felled during daylight, night-shift operations can continue without the danger of trespassing beyond the block. Productivity of equipment is maximized because units can work independently of one another.
An even-aged regeneration method that can employ either natural or artificial regeneration. It involves the complete removal of the forest stand at one time. Clearcutting can be biologically appropriate with species that typically regenerate from stand replacing fires or other major disturbances, such as Lodgepole Pine (Pinus contorta). Alternatively, clearcutting can change the dominating species on a stand with the introduction of non-native and invasive species as was shown at the Blodgett Experimental Forest near Georgetown California. Additionally, clearcutting can prolong slash decomposition, expose soil to erosion, impact visual appeal of a landscape and remove essential wildlife habitat. It is particularly useful in regeneration of tree species such as Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) which is shade intolerant.[[verification needed]. In addition, the general public’s distaste for even-aged silviculture, particularly clearcutting, is likely to result in a greater role for uneven-aged management on public lands as well. Across Europe, and in parts of North America, even-aged, production-orientated and intensively managed plantations are beginning to be regarded in the same way as old industrial complexes: something to abolish or convert to something else.
Clearcutting will impact many site factors important in their effect on regeneration, including air and soil temperatures. Kubin and Kemppainen (1991), for instance, measured temperatures in northern Finland from 1974 through 1985 in 3 clear-felled areas and in 3 neighouring forest stands dominated by Norway spruce. Clear felling had no significant influence on air temperature at 2 m above the ground surface, but the daily air temperature maxima at 10 cm were greater in the clear-felled area than in the uncut forest, while the daily minima at 10 cm were lower. Night frosts were more common in the clear-felled area. Daily soil temperatures at 5 cm depth were 2 °C to 3 °C greater in the clear-felled area than in the uncut forest, and temperatures at depths of 50 cm and 100 cm were 3 °C to 5 °C greater. The differences between the clear-felled and uncut areas did not diminish during the 12 years following cutting.
A regeneration method which depends on the sprouting of cut trees. Most hardwoods, the coast redwood, and certain pines naturally sprout from stumps and can be managed through coppicing. Coppicing is generally used to produce fuelwood, pulpwood, and other products dependent on small trees. A close relative of coppicing is pollarding. Three systems of coppice woodland management are generally recognized: simple coppice, coppice with standards, and the coppice selection system.
- In Compound coppicing or coppicing with standards, some of the highest quality trees are retained for multiple rotations in order to obtain larger trees for different purposes.
Prochnau (1963), 4 years after sowing, found that 14% of viable white spruce seed sown on mineral soil had produced surviving seedlings, at a seed:seedling ratio of 7.1:1. With Engelmann spruce, Smith and Clark (1960) obtained average 7th year seed:seedling ratios of 21:1 on scarified seedbeds on dry sites, 38:1 on moist sites, and 111:1 on litter seedbeds.
The group selection method is an uneven-aged regeneration method that can be used when mid-tolerant species regeneration is desired. The group selection method can still result in residual stand damage in dense stands, however directional falling can minimize the damage. Additionally, foresters can select across the range of diameter classes in the stand and maintain a mosaic of age and diameter classes.
Méthode du contrôle[
Classical European silviculture achieved impressive results with systems such as Henri Biolley’s méthode du contrôle in Switzerland, in which the number and size of trees harvested were determined by reference to data collected from every tree in every stand measured every 7 years.
While not designed to be applied to boreal mixedwoods, the méthode du contrôle is described briefly here to illustrate the degree of sophistication applied by some European foresters to the management of their forests. Development of management techniques that allowed for stand development to be monitored and guided into sustainable paths were in part a response to past experience, particularly in Central European countries, of the negative effects of pure, uniform stands with species often unsuited to the site, which greatly increased the risk of soil degradation and biotic diseases. Increased mortality and decreased increment generated widespread concern, especially after reinforcement by other environmental stresses.
More or less uneven-aged, mixed forests of preponderantly native species, on the other hand, treated along natural lines, have proved to be healthier and more resistant to all kinds of external dangers; and in the long run such stands are more productive and easier to protect.
However, irregular stands of this type are definitely more difficult to manage—new methods and techniques had to be sought particularly for the establishment of inventories, as well as increment control and yield regulation. In Germany, for instance, since the beginning of the nineteenth century under the influence of G.L. Hartig (1764–1837), yield regulation has been effected almost exclusively by allotment or formula methods based on the conception of the uniform normal forest with a regular succession of cutting areas.
In France, on the other hand, efforts were made to apply another kind of forest management, one that aimed to bring all parts of the forest to a state of highest productive capacity in perpetuity. In 1878, the French forester A. Gurnaud (1825–1898) published a description of a méthode du contrôle for determining increment and yield. The method was based on the fact that through careful, selective harvesting, the productivity of the residual stand can be improved, because timber is removed as a cultural operation. In this method, the increment of stands is accurately determined periodically with the object of gradually converting the forest, through selective management and continuous experimentation, to a condition of equilibrium at maximum productive capacity.
Henri Biolley (1858–1939) was the first to apply Gurnaud’s inspired ideas to practical forestry. From 1890 on, he managed the forests of his Swiss district according to these principles, devoting himself for almost 50 years to the study of increment and a treatment of stands directed towards the highest production, and proving the practicability of the check method. In 1920, he published this study giving a theoretical basis of management of forests under the check method, describing the procedures to be applied in practice (which he partly developed and simplified), and evaluating the results.
Biolley’s pioneering work formed the basis upon which most Swiss forest management practices were later developed, and his ideas have been generally accepted. Today, with the trend of intensifying forest management and productivity in most countries, the ideas and application of careful, continuous treatment of stands with the aid of the volume check method are meeting with ever-growing interest. In Britain and Ireland, for example, there is increased application of Continuous Cover Forestry principles to create permanently irregular structures in many woodlands.
Row and broadcast seeding[
Spot and row seeders use less seed that does broadcast ground or aerial seeding but may induce clumping. Row and spot seeding confer greater ability to control seed placement than does broadcast seeding. Also, only a small percentage of the total area needs to be treated.
In the aspen type of the Great Lakes region, direct sowing of the seed of conifers has usually failed. However, Gardner (1980) after trials in Yukon, which included broadcast seeding of white spruce seed at 2.24 kg/ha that secured 66.5% stocking in the Scarified Spring Broadcast treatment 3 years after seeding, concluded that the technique held « considerable promise ».
An even-aged regeneration method that retains widely spaced residual trees in order to provide uniform seed dispersal across a harvested area. In the seed-tree method, 2-12 seed trees per acre (5-30/ha) are left standing in order to regenerate the forest. They will be retained until regeneration has become established at which point they may be removed. It may not always be economically viable or biologically desirable to re-enter the stand to remove the remaining seed trees. Seed-tree cuts can also be viewed as a clearcut with natural regeneration and can also have all of the problems associated with clearcutting. This method is most suited for light-seeded species and those not prone to windthrow.
Selection systems are appropriate where uneven stand structure is desired, particularly where the need to retain continuous cover forest for aesthetic or environmental reasons outweighs other management considerations. Selection logging has been suggested as being of greater utility than shelterwood systems in regenerating old-growth Engelmann Spruce Sub-alpine Fir (ESSF) stands in southern British Columbia. In most areas, selection logging favours regeneration of fir more than the more light-demanding spruce. In some areas, selection logging can be expected to favour spruce over less tolerant hardwood species (Zasada 1972) or lodgepole pine.
Shelter spot seeding[
The use of shelters to improve germination and survival in spot seedings seeks to capture the benefits of greenhouse culture, albeit miniature. The Hakmet seed shelter, for instance, is a semi-transparent plastic cone 8 cm high, with openings of 7 cm diameter in the 7.5 cm diameter base and 17 mm diameter in the 24 mm diameter top. This miniature greenhouse increases air humidity, reduces soil desiccation, and raises air and soil temperatures to levels more favourable to germination and seedling growth than those offered by unprotected conditions. The shelter is designed to break down after a few years of exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
Seed shelters and spring sowing significantly improved stocking compared with bare spot seeding, but sheltering did not significantly improve growth. Stocking of bare seedspots was extremely low, possibly due to smothering of seedlings by abundant broadleaf and herbaceous litter, particularly that from aspen and red raspberry, and exacerbated by strong competition from graminoids and raspberry.
Cone shelters (Cerkon™) usually produced greater survival than unsheltered seeding on scarified seedspots in trials of direct seeding techniques in interior Alaska, and funnel shelters (Cerbel™) usually produced greater survival than unsheltered seeding on non-scarified seedspots. Both shelter types are manufactured by AB Cerbo in Trollhättan, Sweden. Both are made of light-degradable, white, opaque plastic, and are 8 cm high when installed.
White spruce seed was sown in Alaska on a burned site in summer 1984, and protected by white plastic cones on small spots scarified by hand, or by white funnels placed directly into the residual ash and organic material. A group of 6 ravens (Corvus corax) was observed in the area about 1 week after sowing was completed in mid-June. Damage averaged 68% with cones and 50% with funnels on an upland area, and 26% with funnels on a floodplain area. Damage by ravens was only 0.13% on unburned but otherwise similar areas.
In seeding trials in Manitoba between 1960 and 1966 aimed at converting aspen stands to spruce–aspen mixedwoods, 1961 scarification in the Duck Mountain Provincial Forest remained receptive to natural seeding for many years.
In general terms, the shelterwood system is a series of partial cuts that removes the trees of an existing stand over several years and eventually culminates in a final cut that creates a new even-aged stand. It is an even-aged regeneration method that removes trees in a series of three harvests: 1) Preparatory cut; 2) Establishment cut; and 3) Removal cut. The success of practising a shelterwood system is closely related to: 1. the length of the regeneration period, i.e. the time from the shelterwood cutting to the date when a new generation of trees has been established; 2.the quality of the new tree stand with respect to stand density and growth; and 3.the value increment of the shelter trees. Information on the establishment, survival and growth of seedlings influenced by the cover of shelter trees, as well as on the growth of these trees, is needed as a basis for modelling the economic return of practising a shelterwood system. The method’s objective is to establish new forest reproduction under the shelter of the retained trees. Unlike the seed-tree method, residual trees alter understory environmental conditions (i.e. sunlight, temperature, and moisture) that influence tree seedling growth. This method can also find a middle ground with the light ambiance by having less light accessible to competitors while still being able to provide enough light for tree regeneration. Hence, shelterwood methods are most often chosen for site types characterized by extreme conditions, in order to create a new tree generation within a reasonable time period. These conditions are valid foremost on level ground sites which are either dry and poor or moist and fertile.
Shelterwood systems involve 2, 3, or exceptionally more partial cuttings. A final cut is made once adequate natural regeneration has been obtained. The shelterwood system is most commonly applied as a 2-cut uniform shelterwood, first an initial regeneration (seed) cut, the second a final harvest cut. In stands less than 100 years old, a light preparatory cut can be useful. A series of intermediate cuts at intervals of 10–20 years has been recommended for intensively managed stands.
From operational or economic standpoints, however, there are disadvantages to the shelterwood system: harvesting costs are higher; trees left for deferred cutting may be damaged during the regeneration cut or related extraction operations; the increased risk of blowdown threatens the seed source; damage from bark beetles is likely to increase; regeneration may be damaged during the final cut and related extraction operations; the difficulty of any site preparation would be increased; and incidental damage to regeneration might be caused by any site preparation operations.
The single-tree selection method is an uneven-aged regeneration method most suitable when shade tolerant species regeneration is desired. It is typical for older and diseased trees to be removed, thus thinning the stand and allowing for younger, healthy trees to grow. Single-tree selection can be very difficult to implement in dense or sensitive stands and residual stand damage can occur. This method is also disturbs the canopy layer the least out of all other methods.
Spot seeding was found to be the most economical and reliable of the direct seeding methods for converting aspen and paper birch to spruce and pine. In the Chippewa National Forest (Lake States), seed-spot sowing of 10 seeds each of white spruce and white pine under 40-year aspen after different degrees of cutting on gave second-season results clearly indicating the need to remove or disturb the forest floor to obtain germination of seeded white spruce and white pine.
Spot seeding of coniferous seed, including white spruce, has had occasional success, but several constraining factors commonly limit germination success: the drying out of the forest floor before the roots of germinants reach underlying moisture reserves; and, particularly under hardwoods, the smothering of small seedlings by snow-pressed leaf litter and lesser vegetation. Kittredge and Gervorkiantz (1929) determined that removal of the aspen forest floor increased germination percentage after the second season in seed spots of both white pine and white spruce, in 4 plots, from 2.5% to 5%, from 8% to 22%, from 1% to 9.5%, and from 0% to 15%.
Spot seeding requires less seed than broadcast seeding and tends to achieve more uniform spacing, albeit sometimes with clumping. The devices used in Ontario for manual spot seeding are the « oil can » seeder, seeding sticks, and shakers. The oil can is a container fitted with a long spout through which a predetermined number of seeds are released with each flick of the seeder.
Harvesting cutblocks where only a portion of the trees are to be removed is very different from clearcutting. First, trails must be located to provide access for the felling and skidding/forwarding equipment. These trails must be carefully located to ensure that the trees remaining meet the desired quality criteria and stocking density. Second, the equipment must not damage the residual stand. The further desiderata are outlined by Sauder (1995).
The dearth of seed and a deficiency of receptive seedbeds were recognized as major reasons for the lack of success of clearcut harvesting. One remedy attempted in British Columbia and Alberta has been alternate strip cutting. The greater seed source from uncut trees between the cut strips, and the disturbance to the forest floor within the cut strips could be expected to increase the amount of natural regeneration. Trees were cut to a diameter limit in the cut strips, but large trees in the leave strips often proved too much of a temptation and were cut too, thus removing those trees that would otherwise have been the major source of seed.
An unfortunate consequence of strip thinning was the build-up of spruce beetle populations. Shaded slash from the initial cut, together with an increase in the number of windthrown trees in the leave strips, provided conditions ideally suited to the beetle.
DeLong et al. (1991) suggested underplanting 30- to 40-year-old aspen stands, on the basis of the success of natural spruce in regenerating under stands of such stands: « By planting, spacing can be controlled enabling easier protection of the spruce during stand entry for harvesting of the aspen overstorey ».
A harvesting and regeneration method which is a relatively new silvicultural system that retains forest structural elements (stumps, logs, snags, trees, understory species and undisturbed layers of forest floor) for at least one rotation in order to preserve environmental values associated with structurally complex forests.
« Uneven-aged and even-aged methods differ in the scale and intensity of disturbance. Uneven-aged methods maintain a mix of tree sizes or ages within a habitat patch by periodically harvesting individual or small groups of trees, Even-aged methods harvest most or all of the overstory and create a fairly uniform habitat patch dominated by trees of the same age ». Even-aged management systems have been the prime methods to use when studying the effects on birds.
A survey in 1955–56 to determine survival, development, and the reasons for success or failure of conifer pulpwood plantations (mainly of white spruce) in Ontario and Quebec up to 32 years old found that the bulk of the mortality occurred within the first 4 years of planting, unfavourable site and climate being the main causes of failure.
Naturally regenerated trees in an understorey prior to harvesting constitute a classic case of good news and bad news. Understorey white spruce is of particular importance in mixedwoods dominated by aspen, as in the B15, B18a, and B19a Sections of Manitoba, and elsewhere. Until the latter part of the last century, white spruce understorey was mostly viewed as money in the bank on a long-term, low interest deposit, with final yield to be realized after slow natural succession, but the resource became increasingly threatened with the intensification of harvesting of aspen. White spruce plantations on mixedwood sites proved expensive, risky, and generally unsuccessful. This prompted efforts to see what might be done about growing aspen and white spruce on the same landbase by protecting existing white spruce advance growth, leaving a range of viable crop trees during the first cut, then harvesting both hardwoods and spruce in the final cut. Information about the understorey component is critical to spruce management planning. The ability of then current harvesting technology and crews employed to provide adequate protection for white spruce understories was questioned by Brace and Bella. Specialized equipment and training, perhaps with financial incentives, may be needed to develop procedures that would confer the degree of protection needed for the system to be feasible. Effective understorey management planning requires more than improved mixedwood inventory.
Avoidance of damage to the understorey will always be a desideratum. Sauder’s (1990) paper on mixedwood harvesting describes studies designed to evaluate methods of reducing non-trivial damage to understorey residuals that would compromise their chance of becoming a future crop tree. Sauder concluded that: (1) operational measures that protected residual stems may not unduly increase costs, (2) all felling, conifers and hardwoods, needs to be done in one operation to minimize the entry of the feller-buncher into the residual stand, (3) several operational procedures can reduce understorey damage, some of them without incurring extra costs, and (4) successful harvesting of treatment blocks depends primarily on the intelligent location of skid trails and landings. In summary, the key to protecting the white spruce understorey without sacrificing logging efficiency is a combination of good planning, good supervision, the use of appropriate equipment, and having conscientious, well-trained operators.Even the best plan will not reduce understorey damage unless its implementation is supervised.
New stands need to be established to provide for future supply of commercial white spruce from 150 000 ha of boreal mixedwoods in 4 of Rowe’s (1972) regional Forest Sections straddling Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, roughly from Peace River AB to Brandon MB. In the 1980s, with harvesting using conventional equipment and procedures, a dramatic increase in the demand for aspen posed a serious problem for the associated spruce understorey. Formerly, white spruce in the understories had developed to commercial size through natural succession under the protection of the hardwoods. Brace articulated a widespread concern: « The need for protection of spruce as a component of boreal mixedwoods goes beyond concern for the future commercial softwood timber supply. Concerns also include fisheries and wildlife habitat, aesthetics and recreation, a general dissatisfaction with cleacutting in mixedwoods and a strong interest in mixedwood perpetuation, as expressed recently in 41 public meetings on forestry development in northern Alberta… ».
On the basis of tests of 3 logging systems in Alberta, Brace (1990) affirmed that significant amounts of understorey can be retained using any of those systems provided that sufficient effort is directed towards protection. Potential benefits would include increased short-term softwood timber supply, improved wildlife habitat and cutblock aesthetics, as well as reduced public criticism of previous logging practices. Stewart et al. (2001) developed statistical models to predict the natural establishment and height growth of understorey white spruce in the boreal mixedwood forest in Alberta using data from 148 permanent sample plots and supplementary information about height growth of white spruce regeneration and the amount and type of available substrate. A discriminant model correctly classified 73% of the sites as to presence or absence of a white spruce understorey, based on the amount of spruce basal area, rotten wood, ecological nutrient regime, soil clay fraction, and elevation, although it explained only 30% of the variation in the data. On sites with a white spruce understorey, a regression model related the abundance of regeneration to rotten wood cover, spruce basal area, pine basal area, soil clay fraction, and grass cover (R² = 0.36). About half the seedlings surveyed grew on rotten wood, and only 3% on mineral soil, and seedlings were 10 times more likely to have established on these substrates than on litter. Exposed mineral soil covered only 0.3% of the observed transect area.
Advance growth management[
Advance growth management, i.e., the use of suppressed understorey trees, can reduce reforestation costs, shorten rotations, avoid denuding the site of trees, and also reduce adverse impacts on aesthetic, wildlife, and watershed values. To be of value, advance growth must have acceptable species composition and distribution, have potential for growth following release, and not be vulnerable to excessive damage from logging.
The age of advance growth is difficult to estimate from its size, as white that appears to be 2- to 3-year-old may well be more than 20 years old. However, age does not seem to determine the ability of advance growth of spruce to respond to release, and trees older than 100 years have shown rapid rates of growth after release. Nor is there a clear relationship between the size of advance growth and its growth rate when released.
Where advance growth consists of both spruce and fir, the latter is apt to respond to release more quickly than the former, whereas spruce does respond. If the ratio of fir to spruce is large, however, the greater responsiveness to release of fir may subject the spruce to competition severe enough to negate much of the effect of release treatment. Even temporary relief from shrub competition has increased height growth rates of white spruce in northwestern New Brunswick, enabling the spruce to overtop the shrubs.
Site preparation is any of various treatments applied to a site in order to ready it for seeding or planting. The purpose is to facilitate the regeneration of that site by the chosen method. Site preparation may be designed to achieve, singly or in any combination: improved access, by reducing or rearranging slash, and amelioration of adverse forest floor, soil, vegetation, or other biotic factors. Site preparation is undertaken to ameliorate one or more constraints that would otherwise be likely to thwart the objectives of management. A valuable bibliography on the effects of soil temperature and site preparation on subalpine and boreal tree species has been prepared by McKinnon et al. (2002).
Site preparation is the work that is done before a forest area is regenerated. Some types of site preparation are burning.
Broadcast burning is commonly used to prepare clearcut sites for planting, e.g., in central British Columbia, and in the temperate region of North America generally.
Prescribed burning is carried out primarily for slash hazard reduction and to improve site conditions for regeneration; all or some of the following benefits may accrue:
- a) Reduction of logging slash, plant competition, and humus prior to direct seeding, planting, scarifying or in anticipation of natural seeding in partially cut stands or in connection with seed-tree systems.
- b) Reduction or elimination of unwanted forest cover prior to planting or seeding, or prior to preliminary scarification thereto.
- c) Reduction of humus on cold, moist sites to favour regeneration.
- d) Reduction or elimination of slash, grass, or brush fuels from strategic areas around forested land to reduce the chances of damage by wildfire.
Prescribed burning for preparing sites for direct seeding was tried on a few occasions in Ontario, but none of the burns was hot enough to produce a seedbed that was adequate without supplementary mechanical site preparation.
Changes in soil chemical properties associated with burning include significantly increased pH, which Macadam (1987) in the Sub-boreal Spruce Zone of central British Columbia found persisting more than a year after the burn. Average fuel consumption was 20 to 24 t/ha and the forest floor depth was reduced by 28% to 36%. The increases correlated well with the amounts of slash (both total and ≥7 cm diameter) consumed. The change in pH depends on the severity of the burn and the amount consumed; the increase can be as much as 2 units, a 100-fold change. Deficiencies of copper and iron in the foliage of white spruce on burned clearcuts in central British Columbia might be attributable to elevated pH levels.
Even a broadcast slash fire in a clearcut does not give a uniform burn over the whole area. Tarrant (1954), for instance, found only 4% of a 140-ha slash burn had burned severely, 47% had burned lightly, and 49% was unburned. Burning after windrowing obviously accentuates the subsequent heterogeneity.
Marked increases in exchangeable calcium also correlated with the amount of slash at least 7 cm in diameter consumed. Phosphorus availability also increased, both in the forest floor and in the 0 cm to 15 cm mineral soil layer, and the increase was still evident, albeit somewhat diminished, 21 months after burning. However, in another study in the same Sub-boreal Spruce Zone found that although it increased immediately after the burn, phosphorus availability had dropped to below pre-burn levels within 9 months.
Nitrogen will be lost from the site by burning, though concentrations in remaining forest floor were found by Macadam (1987) to have increased in 2 of 6 plots, the others showing decreases. Nutrient losses may be outweighed, at least in the short term, by improved soil microclimate through the reduced thickness of forest floor where low soil temperatures are a limiting factor.
The Picea/Abies forests of the Alberta foothills are often characterized by deep accumulations of organic matter on the soil surface and cold soil temperatures, both of which make reforestation difficult and result in a general deterioration in site productivity; Endean and Johnstone (1974) describe experiments to test prescribed burning as a means of seedbed preparation and site amelioration on representative clear-felled Picea/Abies areas. Results showed that, in general, prescribed burning did not reduce organic layers satisfactorily, nor did it increase soil temperature, on the sites tested. Increases in seedling establishment, survival, and growth on the burned sites were probably the result of slight reductions in the depth of the organic layer, minor increases in soil temperature, and marked improvements in the efficiency of the planting crews. Results also suggested that the process of site deterioration has not been reversed by the burning treatments applied.
Slash weight (the oven-dry weight of the entire crown and that portion of the stem < 4 inches in diameter) and size distribution are major factors influencing the forest fire hazard on harvested sites. Forest managers interested in the application of prescribed burning for hazard reduction and silviculture, were shown a method for quantifying the slash load by Kiil (1968). In west-central Alberta, he felled, measured, and weighed 60 white spruce, graphed (a) slash weight per merchantable unit volume against diameter at breast height (dbh), and (b) weight of fine slash (<1.27 cm) also against dbh, and produced a table of slash weight and size distribution on one acre of a hypothetical stand of white spruce. When the diameter distribution of a stand is unknown, an estimate of slash weight and size distribution can be obtained from average stand diameter, number of trees per unit area, and merchantable cubic foot volume. The sample trees in Kiil's study had full symmetrical crowns. Densely growing trees with short and often irregular crowns would probably be overestimated; open-grown trees with long crowns would probably be underestimated.
The need to provide shade for young outplants of Engelmann spruce in the high Rocky Mountains is emphasized by the U.S. Forest Service. Acceptable planting spots are defined as microsites on the north and east sides of down logs, stumps, or slash, and lying in the shadow cast by such material. Where the objectives of management specify more uniform spacing, or higher densities, than obtainable from an existing distribution of shade-providing material, redistribution or importing of such material has been undertaken.
Site preparation on some sites might be done simply to facilitate access by planters, or to improve access and increase the number or distribution of microsites suitable for planting or seeding.
Wang et al. (2000) determined field performance of white and black spruces 8 and 9 years after outplanting on boreal mixedwood sites following site preparation (Donaren disc trenching versus no trenching) in 2 plantation types (open versus sheltered) in southeastern Manitoba. Donaren trenching slightly reduced the mortality of black spruce but significantly increased the mortality of white spruce. Significant difference in height was found between open and sheltered plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce, and root collar diameter in sheltered plantations was significantly larger than in open plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Black spruce open plantation had significantly smaller volume (97 cm³) compared with black spruce sheltered (210 cm³), as well as white spruce open (175 cm³) and sheltered (229 cm³) plantations. White spruce open plantations also had smaller volume than white spruce sheltered plantations. For transplant stock, strip plantations had a significantly higher volume (329 cm³) than open plantations (204 cm³). Wang et al. (2000) recommended that sheltered plantation site preparation should be used.
Up to 1970, no « sophisticated » site preparation equipment had become operational in Ontario, but the need for more efficacious and versatile equipment was increasingly recognized. By this time, improvements were being made to equipment originally developed by field staff, and field testing of equipment from other sources was increasing.
According to J. Hall (1970), in Ontario at least, the most widely used site preparation technique was post-harvest mechanical scarification by equipment front-mounted on a bulldozer (blade, rake, V-plow, or teeth), or dragged behind a tractor (Imsett or S.F.I. scarifier, or rolling chopper). Drag type units designed and constructed by Ontario’s Department of Lands and Forests used anchor chain or tractor pads separately or in combination, or were finned steel drums or barrels of various sizes and used in sets alone or combined with tractor pad or anchor chain units.
J. Hall’s (1970) report on the state of site preparation in Ontario noted that blades and rakes were found to be well suited to post-cut scarification in tolerant hardwood stands for natural regeneration of yellow birch. Plows were most effective for treating dense brush prior to planting, often in conjunction with a planting machine. Scarifying teeth, e.g., Young’s teeth, were sometimes used to prepare sites for planting, but their most effective use was found to be preparing sites for seeding, particularly in backlog areas carrying light brush and dense herbaceous growth. Rolling choppers found application in treating heavy brush but could be used only on stone-free soils. Finned drums were commonly used on jack pine–spruce cutovers on fresh brushy sites with a deep duff layer and heavy slash, and they needed to be teamed with a tractor pad unit to secure good distribution of the slash. The S.F.I. scarifier, after strengthening, had been « quite successful » for 2 years, promising trials were under way with the cone scarifier and barrel ring scarifier, and development had begun on a new flail scarifier for use on sites with shallow, rocky soils. Recognition of the need to become more effective and efficient in site preparation led the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests to adopt the policy of seeking and obtaining for field testing new equipment from Scandinavia and elsewhere that seemed to hold promise for Ontario conditions, primarily in the north. Thus, testing was begun of the Brackekultivator from Sweden and the Vako-Visko rotary furrower from Finland.
Site preparation treatments that create raised planting spots have commonly improved outplant performance on sites subject to low soil temperature and excess soil moisture. Mounding can certainly have a big influence on soil temperature. Draper et al. (1985), for instance, documented this as well as the effect it had on root growth of outplants (Table 30).
The mounds warmed up quickest, and at soil depths of 0.5 cm and 10 cm averaged 10 and 7 °C higher, respectively, than in the control. On sunny days, daytime surface temperature maxima on the mound and organic mat reached 25 °C to 60 °C, depending on soil wetness and shading. Mounds reached mean soil temperatures of 10 °C at 10 cm depth 5 days after planting, but the control did not reach that temperature until 58 days after planting. During the first growing season, mounds had 3 times as many days with a mean soil temperature greater than 10 °C than did the control microsites.
Draper et al.’s (1985) mounds received 5 times the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) summed over all sampled microsites throughout the first growing season; the control treatment consistently received about 14% of daily background PAR, while mounds received over 70%. By November, fall frosts had reduced shading, eliminating the differential. Quite apart from its effect on temperature, incident radiation is also important photosynthetically. The average control microsite was exposed to levels of light above the compensation point for only 3 hours, i.e., one-quarter of the daily light period, whereas mounds received light above the compensation point for 11 hours, i.e., 86% of the same daily period. Assuming that incident light in the 100-600 µEm‾²s‾1 intensity range is the most important for photosynthesis, the mounds received over 4 times the total daily light energy that reached the control microsites.
Orientation of linear site preparation, e.g., disk-trenching[
With linear site preparation, orientation is sometimes dictated by topography or other considerations, but where the orientation can be chosen, it can make a significant difference. A disk-trenching experiment in the Sub-boreal Spruce Zone in interior British Columbia investigated the effect on growth of young outplants (lodgepole pine) in 13 microsite planting positions: berm, hinge, and trench; in north, south, east, and west aspects, as well as in untreated locations between the furrows. Tenth-year stem volumes of trees on south, east, and west-facing microsites were significantly greater than those of trees on north-facing and untreated microsites. However, planting spot selection was seen to be more important overall than trench orientation.
In a Minnesota study, the N–S strips accumulated more snow, but the snow melted faster than on E–W strips in the first year after felling. Snow-melt was faster on strips near the centre of the strip-felled area than on border strips adjoining the intact stand. The strips, 50 feet (15.24 m) wide, alternating with uncut strips 16 feet (4.88 m) wide, were felled in a Pinus resinosa stand, aged 90 to 100 years.
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Experts agree that cavities in preschool-aged children are on the rise.
One unfortunate side effect of this is the increasing event of general anesthesia to treat small children’s numerous cavities– sometimes as many as 12 or 16 at a time. This expensive (and riskier) procedure is often the only way health care workers are able to treat cavities in the very young.
So how can patients– and their parents– avoid this costly solution?
Being a parent of a toddler or preschooler is no easy task! Often, parents report how difficult brushing their 18-mo-old’s teeth can be. Kids don’t understand “prevention,” so the burden falls on the parents to help set their kids up for success.
Preventive dental care is your child’s best bet when it comes to a lifetime of oral health. Studies show that children who experience dental caries in their “baby” or “deciduous” teeth are more likely to have cavities later on– in their permanent teeth.
Parents, you aren’t alone
Your dentist in lakewood, CO, Advanced Family Dental, is here to work with you. Between regular dental visits and daily dental care, we will give your child the healthy start he or she deserves!
To start, follow these simple steps.
- Begin brushing with the emergence of your child’s first tooth. This may seem like overkill when Junior only has one snaggling incisor to speak of, but part of this step is simply normalizing the daily care routine for him– and you. Follow the same regular routine each day: once in the morning, once before bed. This early start will come in handy when Junior has a full set and you really need his cooperation.
- Make your child’s first dental appointment when she cuts her first tooth. The ADA recommends early, regular dental visits following the first tooth for several reasons: it normalizes dental visits for your child, creates a partnership between dental professionals and parents, and provides preventive care to catch small problems– while they’re still small.
- Encourage your child to drink water. In most areas in the US, water is fluoridated– this helps build tooth enamel and protects against caries. In addition, water rinses small mouths free of food that could feed bacteria.
- Use a flouride toothpaste.
The following habits can cause cavities for small patients:
- Frequent snacking. Try to limit eating to meal times and one afternoon snack. Frequent meals, or “grazing,” supply a constant source of food to cavity-causing bacteria in your child’s mouth.
- Sweet drinks. Set strict limits to sweet drinks and stick to them. Consider giving your child whole fruit, rather than juice, and avoid soft drinks as much as possible. Sweet drinks are a major contributing factor to preschool cavities!
- Candy. If you allow your child to eat candy, limit the amount and show him or her how to brush afterwards. Really, we should all do this– no matter what our age!
- Utensil sharing. Studies have shown that cavity-causing bacteria can be introduced into a child’s mouth from a parent. Sharing spoons, forks, or straws are all ways that adults can actually give their children oral bacteria; use separate utensils.
More questions about oral health for your child?
Parenting is tough already– we’re here to help. Please call or schedule an appointment, and let your team at Advanced Family Dental help give your child a jump-start to a lifetime of great oral health!
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Hypercholesterolemia is a condition characterized by very high levels of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that is produced in the body and obtained from foods that come from animals (particularly egg yolks, meat, poultry, fish, and dairy products). The body needs this substance to build cell membranes, make certain hormones, and produce compounds that aid in fat digestion. Too much cholesterol, however, increases a person's risk of developing heart disease.
People with hypercholesterolemia have a high risk of developing a form of heart disease called coronary artery disease. This condition occurs when excess cholesterol in the bloodstream is deposited in the walls of blood vessels, particularly in the arteries that supply blood to the heart (coronary arteries). The abnormal buildup of cholesterol forms clumps (plaque) that narrow and harden artery walls. As the clumps get bigger, they can clog the arteries and restrict the flow of blood to the heart. The buildup of plaque in coronary arteries causes a form of chest pain called angina and greatly increases a person's risk of having a heart attack.
Inherited forms of hypercholesterolemia can also cause health problems related to the buildup of excess cholesterol in other tissues. If cholesterol accumulates in tendons, it causes characteristic growths called tendon xanthomas. These growths most often affect the Achilles tendons and tendons in the hands and fingers. Yellowish cholesterol deposits under the skin of the eyelids are known as xanthelasmata. Cholesterol can also accumulate at the edges of the clear, front surface of the eye (the cornea), leading to a gray-colored ring called an arcus cornealis.
More than 34 million American adults have elevated blood cholesterol levels (higher than 240 mg/dL). Inherited forms of hypercholesterolemia, which cause even higher levels of cholesterol, occur less frequently. The most common inherited form of high cholesterol is called familial hypercholesterolemia. This condition affects about 1 in 500 people in most countries. Familial hypercholesterolemia occurs more frequently in certain populations, including Afrikaners in South Africa, French Canadians, Lebanese, and Finns.
High blood cholesterol levels typically result from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Lifestyle choices including diet, exercise, and tobacco smoking strongly influence the amount of cholesterol in the blood. Additional factors that impact cholesterol levels include a person's gender, age, and health problems such as diabetes and obesity. A small percentage of all people with high cholesterol have an inherited form of hypercholesterolemia. The most common cause of inherited high cholesterol is a condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia, which results from mutations in the LDLR gene.
The LDLR gene provides instructions for making a protein called a low-density lipoprotein receptor. This type of receptor binds to particles called low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which are the primary carriers of cholesterol in the blood. By removing low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream, these receptors play a critical role in regulating cholesterol levels. Some LDLR mutations reduce the number of low-density lipoprotein receptors produced within cells. Other mutations disrupt the receptors' ability to remove low-density lipoproteins from the bloodstream. As a result, people with mutations in the LDLR gene have very high levels of blood cholesterol. As the excess cholesterol circulates through the bloodstream, it is deposited abnormally in tissues such as the skin, tendons, and arteries that supply blood to the heart.
Less commonly, hypercholesterolemia can be caused by mutations in the APOB, LDLRAP1, or PCSK9 gene. Changes in the APOB gene result in a form of inherited hypercholesterolemia known as familial defective apolipoprotein B-100 (FDB). LDLRAP1 mutations are responsible for another type of inherited high cholesterol, autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia (ARH). Proteins produced from the APOB, LDLRAP1, and PCSK9 genes are essential for the normal function of low-density lipoprotein receptors. Mutations in any of these genes prevent the cell from making functional receptors or alter the receptors' function. Hypercholesterolemia results when low-density lipoprotein receptors are unable to remove cholesterol from the blood effectively.
Researchers are working to identify and characterize additional genes that may influence cholesterol levels and the risk of heart disease in people with hypercholesterolemia.
Most cases of high cholesterol are not caused by a single inherited condition, but result from a combination of lifestyle choices and the effects of variations in many genes.
Inherited forms of hypercholesterolemia resulting from mutations in the LDLR, APOB, or PCSK9 gene have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. An affected person typically inherits one altered copy of the gene from an affected parent and one normal copy of the gene from the other parent.
Rarely, a person with familial hypercholesterolemia is born with two mutated copies of the LDLR gene. This situation occurs when the person has two affected parents, each of whom passes on one altered copy of the gene. The presence of two LDLR mutations results in a more severe form of hypercholesterolemia that usually appears in childhood.
When hypercholesterolemia is caused by mutations in the LDLRAP1 gene, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Autosomal recessive inheritance means the condition results from two altered copies of the gene in each cell. The parents of an individual with autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia each carry one copy of the altered gene, but their blood cholesterol levels are usually in the normal range.
- Elevated cholesterol
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Unit: Strategic Case Analysis
In this assignment, you will analyze a strategic management case. This practice is a great way to understand and remember many strategic management concepts. You will read how others have applied strategic management and share your analysis of these decisions in a written report.
Choose a Comprehensive Case from your textbook, and complete the following: Summarize the case in no more than 3 paragraphs.
Analyze and evaluate the company’s actions. What kind of specific global strategies are illustrated in this case? What did you learn from reading about the company’s initiatives and expansion strategy? Please submit your assignment. Your assignment will be graded in accordance with the following criteria. Click here to view the grading rubric.
For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, Web resources, and all course materials. Reading Assignment Deresky, Cases 7-12. Deliverable Length: At least 6 pages (body)
Include the in-text citations and references
This paper will be Automatically sub mited to TurnItIn, hence must be absolutely original. No room for any correction after submission.
Submit by Sunday 21st Aug 2016, by 8pm Time in New York.
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Experience and Educationis the best concise statement on education ever published by John Dewey, the man acknowledged to be the pre-eminent educational theorist of the twentieth century. Written more than two decades after Democracy and Education(Dewey's most comprehensive statement of his position in educational philosophy), this book demonstrates how Dewey reformulated his ideas as a result of his intervening experience with the progressive schools and in the light of the criticisms his theories had received. Analysing both "traditional" and "progressive" education, Dr. Dewey here insists that neither the old nor the new education is adequate and that each is miseducative because neither of them applies the principles of a carefully developed philosophy of experience. Many pages of this volume illustrate Dr. Dewey's ideas for a philosophy of experience and its relation to education. He particularly urges that all teachers and educators looking for a new movement in education should think in terms of the deeped and larger issues of education rather than in terms of some divisive "ism" about education, even such an "ism" as "progressivism." His philosophy, here expressed in its most essential, most readable form, predicates an American educational system that respects all sources of experience, on that offers a true learning situation that is both historical and social, both orderly and dynamic.
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National Youth Science Day
Experts credit technological innovation with almost half of U.S. economic growth over the past 50 years, and nearly all of the 30 fastest-growing occupations in the next decade will require at least some background in STEM. But, America is falling behind. Today, the United States ranks 27th among developed nations with college students receiving science or engineering degrees. Only one percent of fourth-graders, two percent of eighth-graders and one percent of high school seniors are deemed “advanced” in science. Only 45 percent of U.S. high school graduates in 2011 were ready for college work in math and 30 percent were ready in science. Since 2008, more than 5 million youth have completed 4-H NYSD experiments in robotics, agricultural science, rocketry, wind power, environmental science and alternative energy. Each year during National 4-H Week, National Youth Science Day excites and explores different areas of science, technology, engineering, and math to get youth interested and engaged in STEM!
Learn more about 4-H National Youth Science Day.
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Below is a listing of composing analysis activities for several grade amounts you could implement in your class room making use of our Exemplar Essays. Whether you are preparing your pupils to create to a Revision Assistant prompt, or teaching them how exactly to spot the main element top features of a very good essay, those activities below combined with our Exemplar Essays are a fun, hands-on method to boost your writing analysis classes.
15-30 Minute Strategies
Print a scoring that is high text for many pupils. Select one focus part of which pupils will discover and highlight examples:
- the claim or thesis for Argumentative, Informative, or research essays
- aspects of the exposition in an essay that is narrative
- evidence that matches the idea/claim/thesis that is central
- analysis/explanation of proof as well as its reference to claim/thesis
- organization (text framework, paragraphs for introduction, help, and conclusion)
- transitions between and among paragraphs and some ideas
- term choice (academic/advanced vocabulary, formal tone, vivid imagery, etc.)
Review the rubric requirements for the corresponding category and discuss why the element identified is just a model that is strong.
Utilizing an accumulation of exemplars from numerous prompts, have pupils execute a scavenger hunt to get and emphasize the claim in each essay. Then have pupils rank the claims from strongest to weakest and compose rationales because of their position. Discuss as a course. Extension: Apply the scavenger search technique to any focus area in the above list, or even for various kinds of proof, vivid verbs, colorful modifiers, particular sentence structures or variety, etc.
Deconstruct a higher scoring exemplar, in specific, one strong in company. Eliminate the transition words within and between sentences in a single paragraph. Have actually students try to finish the sentences with appropriate transitions to reconstruct the essay. Now current pupils aided by the paragraph that is original the essay and also have them compare their drafts into the initial, high-scoring transitions. Extension: Present students with another deconstructed exemplar, this time around missing transitions between paragraphs. Once more, have actually students create transitions to demonstrate relationships between and among tips. Have actually students exchange their revised make use of another group. Have actually teams “score” the revised make use of the rubric making suggestions.
Go with a high-scoring exemplar and take away the breaks/spaces between paragraphs such that it seems as you constant text. Current students using this version and get them to choose in which the breaks must be. ask them to respond to these relevant questions: just just What information aided you make this decision? How exactly does breaking the written text into paragraphs assist the audience? Extension: Select an exemplar that scores defectively for organization. Have students add to paragraphs and tips that need to be developed further.
Current students by having a high-scoring exemplar essay. In teams, have actually students you will need to backwards map through the essay towards the prompt that will produce the essay. When they have draft, provide them with the prompt that is original. Question them to compare their prompts using the original. Being a class reveal why it is vital to be able to “see” the items of the prompt within the essay.
Offer students having an exemplar that makes use of long quotes or many quotes without explanation. Have pupils revise to close out or paraphrase where appropriate. Extension: Have students add a reason to your quotes in order to connect to the essay’s idea that is central claim.
Current students with a low-scoring exemplar, one with especially bland or poor word alternatives. Have pupils recognize key places where language could possibly be enhanced with domain-specific, educational, or exact language. Pupils may work in pairs and make use of a thesaurus to choose appropriate language and make substitutions. They may be able then join along with another set to compare and talk about the bad term alternatives, their improvements, additionally the rationale for the modifications made. In a quad, arrive at an opinion in regards to the word that is improved and submit to your instructor for rescoring. Later, have actually specific authors replicate the method with a bit of their very own writing and keep coming back together to share with you and assess brand new language choices.
Select an Informative exemplar text that obviously demonstrates a biased standpoint or definitive opinion. Have actually students identify the text and phrases that prove the author’s bias and revise those sentences to provide the details objectively.
Offer students an exemplar with exemplary term alternatives. Provide pupils 2-3 minutes to learn the exemplar. Inform them to pay attention to the writer’s usage of interesting or vivid word alternatives and never the subject or even the writing that is overall. Gather the essays and get students to independently create a summary of the essential vivid terms they keep in mind through the essay. As soon as students finish, brainstorm a list through the entire course. Star words being duplicated. Ask pupils to think about why these terms stuck away for them. Talk about the effects that are different strong term alternatives might have on visitors as well as on the potency of an essay general. Extension: Create your very own range of vivid words through the essay just before dispersing to your students. Compare the class’s list to yours. Speak about why you remembered words that are specific the way they may or may possibly not be distinctive from the class’s list.
30-60 Minute Strategies
As a course, score an exemplar and connect it towards the rubric. Interact to recognize certain elements that will must be changed to be able to enhance the rating ( within a trait or all-around characteristics). Have students work collaboratively to revise the exemplar to enhance it ( within a trait or all-around faculties).
Offer students with exemplars commensurate making use of their performance levels. Have actually pupils score their very own work resistant to the rubric and compare it to your exemplar offered ( inside a trait or all-around characteristics).
Share the highest scoring exemplar and identify the important thing components. Compare this exemplar to a lowered scoring pinpoint and exemplar which important elements are lacking. Have actually pupils revise independently or in teams to boost the reduced scoring exemplar.
Have actually students compare their work to a top performing exemplar. Ask them to compare the exemplar for their very own work and answer the next questions: Am we composing as of this degree? Where have always been we and where maybe not? What would i have to do in order to accomplish that degree?
Offer pupils an essay prompt. Ask them to answer fundamental questions regarding the prompt, such as for example:
- What’s the subject?
- What’s the function?
- That is the viewers?
- Just What item is needed?
Then have students compose a step by step variety of exactly what will have to be one of them prompt that is specific. Now, current students having an exemplar essay and have actually pupils emphasize the content that matches their listings of necessary content. Pupils should revise their listings, as required. Have actually students recognize any missing content in comparison with the needed content. Extension: Have pupils revise the exemplar to include any missing content. Give consideration to achieving this task with a few prompts and exemplars during the period of numerous times.
Pick an exemplar that is mid-scoring of narrative prompt. Have actually students complete a plot diagram from the exemplar and try to find missing pieces. Have actually students work to fill in every missing pieces and speak about the consequences the missing pieces have actually from the tale.
Utilize two highlighters to recognize A) proof and B) explanation of proof within a high-performing exemplar. Repeat the method by having a low-performing exemplar. Compare the effect that is visual. Now repeat exactly the same procedure aided by the student’s essay that is own. Have actually the student compose an idea of action that assesses his/her work with comparison into the exemplars and proposes actions that are specific just what he or she must do to enhance his/her writing.
In a quarrel exemplar, use three highlighters to determine A) the claim, B) the proof to aid the claim, and C) the counterclaim. Now, repeat that process aided by the student’s very own argument. Have actually the pupil solution the concerns: Do we have actually each one of these pieces? Do We have enough proof? Is my counterclaim stronger than my claim?
Talk about the reason for a summary and its own relationship with other areas of an essay. Now, give students an exemplar without its summary. Have students compose the summary, in line with the right custom essay components of the essay they’ve. In pairs, have actually students change essays and assess how good the final outcome acts its function and relates to other areas regarding the essay. Offer each set the initially written conclusion and also them compare all three, ranking them so as of quality. Discuss as a course.
60 Minute/Multi-Day Activities
Print exemplars and have students to highlight key components or rubric criteria in various colors. Discuss highlighted information (and shortage thereof) because it correlates towards the scores gotten. Perform the method by having a student’s very own writing and compare. Have actually students compose statements in regards to the contrast.
Provide students a collection of exemplars that mirror last drafts of various prompts that are writing the course of the time. Ask them to come together in teams to recognize changes in the long run and where they see improvements. Now, ask them to reproduce the method due to their drafts that are own.
Offer pupils an accumulation exemplars that reflect final drafts with time on different prompts. Ask them to come together in teams to spot modifications with time and where they see styles in specific components of the writing. Now, ask them to reproduce the method using their portfolio that is own of as time passes.
Expert Developing & Non-Classroom Utilize
Utilize an accumulation of exemplars with a number of ratings since the foundation for the learning community that is professional. Consult with peers: Just how can these compare towards the work our pupils are creating? just What would we have to do instructionally to aid our students meet these objectives?
Utilize an accumulation of exemplars with many different ratings for interdisciplinary conversations. Consult with non-ELA colleagues: What elements cross to the forms of writing you desire students to create in your course? How could you make use of exemplars in your classes?
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How do I fix margins in LaTeX?
How do I fix margins in LaTeX?
LaTeX’s margins are, by default, 1.5 inches wide on 12pt documents, 1.75 inches wide on 11pt documents, and 1.875 inches wide on 10pt documents. This is the standard for book margins. If you want to change them, you have several options: the “geometry” package, the “fullpage” package or changing the margins by hand.
How do I change the margins in LaTeX 1 inch?
Setting margins with built in lengths. these lengths and \textheight. (3) The left margin and the top margin are measured from a default position of 1 inch. Thus, \oddsidemargin=0in results in 1 inch real margin, \oddsidemargin=-0.5in results in 0.5 inch real margin, etc.
Why are LaTeX margins so big?
They were designed for handwriting (which is usually much bigger) or for typewriters. Typewriters produced 10 or 12 characters per inch: so on (say) 8.5 inch wide paper, with 1 inch margins, you had 6.5 inches of type, giving around 65 to 78 characters: in other words something pretty close to ideal.
Which margin is used for book and magazine?
Explanation: Use mirror margins to set up facing pages for double-sided documents, such as books or magazines. The margins of the left page are a mirror image of those on the right page. That is, the inside margins are the same width and the outside margins are the same width.
Why are there margins in books?
Also known as “white space”, the margins of a book serve several important functions: 1) Enhances Aesthetics – margins help center the content on the page and make it more visually appealing. They also help separate and balance the content of facing pages.
What is normal margin for Word document?
In Word, each page automatically has a one-inch margin. You can customize or choose predefined margin settings, set margins for facing pages, allow extra margin space to allow for document binding, and change how margins are measured.
What is Oddside margin in LaTeX?
The \oddsidemargin length is the extra distance between the left side of the page and the text’s left margin, on odd-numbered pages when the document class option twoside is chosen and on all pages when oneside is in effect.
What is Marginparwidth?
\marginparwidth: This is the width of the box containing marginal notes. 11. \footskip: This is the distance between the baseline of the last line in the body and the baseline of the footer box.
How do I adjust line spacing in Word?
Change the line spacing in a portion of the document
- Select one or more paragraphs to update.
- Go to Home > Line and Paragraph Spacing.
- Select Line Spacing Options and choose an option in the Line spacing box.
- Adjust the Before and After settings to change spacing between paragraphs.
- Select OK.
What is the margin size for a book?
Margins: Your pages should include one-inch margins on all sides (so your top, bottom, left, and right margins should all be uniform). Indentations: For the first line of a new paragraph, you should indent a half-inch.
What are typical book margins?
How big should book margins be?
Margins ensure that the content remains at the center of the page and also provide a space for the reader to hold the book when open. It is always recommended to have a margin of 15mm on top, 15mm on the bottom, 15mm on the outside and 10mm on the bound (inner margin).
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By Tanya Kowalenko, Educator and Event Planner for C.M.H.A. H.K.P.R.
Our bodies are hardwired for survival.
Imagine for a moment that you are walking in the woods and, all of a sudden, you see a rattlesnake on the path. As soon as you see and hear the snake, the hypothalamus, a tiny region at the base of your brain, sets off an alarm system in your body.
This alarm system signals the adrenal glands to release adrenaline and cortisol (aka: the stress hormones), which then work to increase your heart rate, give you a boost in energy, heighten your perception and awareness, and increase body tension. They also put a pause on body functions that aren’t necessary in threatening situations, such as digestion, reproduction and the immune system.
In the situation with the rattlesnake, this stress response would help you to respond in the most appropriate way, by either fighting, fleeing, or freezing. This “fight, flight, or freeze” response, can literally save our lives.
Now, I want you to imagine walking down this same path in the woods, the day is beautiful and the birds are chirping. All of a sudden, the same alarm system goes off in your body.
But this time, there is no rattlesnake.
While this stress response, or anxiety as you might know it, can be a normal and healthy response to a dangerous situation, it can also arise seemingly out of nowhere or in response to non-threatening circumstances. Perhaps the sound of the bird chirping invoked a traumatic memory from the past, or a thought about some potential future threat had arisen in the mind. Whatever the case, while this fight, flight or flee response might have been necessary and life-saving in the past we can see, in the second scenario above, that it wasn’t needed.
When anxiety arises when it’s not necessary, we can learn to tune in to the present moment, actively calm our stress response, ground our awareness in the present moment as it is now, not as we fear it to be, and train the brain to respond in a way that is appropriate for the situation.
Over the next few weeks, I’m going to share some tools, rooted in mindfulness that can help you to do just that.
Before moving on, however, I want to be clear that this is not a ‘one size fits all’ approach. While focusing on the breath, for example, can be supportive for some, for others it can increase anxiety. I also want to acknowledge that, depending on the severity of your anxiety or trauma history, you may need more support before being able to engage with these tools. If anxiety is impairing your everyday functioning, I encourage you to seek professional support.
Tool #1: Focus on the feeling of physical support
When anxiety comes on, we can feel like a boat out at sea without an anchor. The mind may be spinning and it can feel like we’re losing control.
When this happens, we can take a moment to focus our attention on the support available in our environment. This can be done in a variety of ways…
~ Feel your feet firmly planted on the floor. You can even imagine roots, like a tree, coming out of your feet and grounding you. Feel the difference in your experience.
~ If you’re sitting or lying down, let yourself sink into the chair, couch or bed. Allow it to support you. Let your weight drop into it and know that it can hold you. You can explore different positions and furniture and notice which ones feel most supportive to you.
~ If you’re walking, slow it down and notice how your feet hit the ground.
Doing this can help to bring you back to the present moment, where there is no danger. By feeling the physical support available to you right now, your body can begin to relax and dial the alarm system back.
Stay tuned over the next couple of weeks as I share more grounding techniques you can explore.
Note: I am assuming that you are not in a dangerous or threatening situation. If you are in fact in a dangerous situation, please reach out to the appropriate support to keep yourself safe. This may include contacting Four County Crisis by calling 705-745-6484 or toll-free 1-866-995-9933.
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This week’s guest poster is LBT Missionary Paul Federwitz, who serves as an Information Technology Consultant and Trainer at the Ghana Institute of Linguistics, Literacy, and Bible Translation.
I wrote some time back about what Unicode is and why it is important. I just ran into a situation this week that I think illustrates the point.
A New Testament translation was published in 1995 and now the group has started working on the Old Testament. They have the printed copy of the New Testament to reference, but for some reason did not have the original electronic copy. This week it was found and brought to me because they could not read it. Here is what it looked like (Matthew 1:1):
Yesu Kirisito gewo-tama giidu waan¥ ye tiitu Abiraam be sere egyu Dafidi awi yaan¥ w¨ lœ.
You may not notice any problems yet because it all looks like Greek to you. The problem is that every time there is a character that is not in the English alphabet it displays a weird symbol, not the special character that it should.
The reason this is happening is because a special font was created to display these characters. We no longer have access to that font so we get what you see above whenever we open the file. Even if we could find the font, any computer that did not have that font installed would see what you are seeing above.
I had a printed copy of the New Testament in front of me so I knew what each of those characters were supposed to look like. For example, I knew that every time I saw ‘œ’ it was supposed to be ‘ɛ’. That seems simple enough, but it meant that for every special character in the language, I needed to find a verse in the Bible that had that character (I found out later that in two cases the first time the character showed up was in Revelations…I would have been doing a lot of reading). The language had all of these special characters (Note: if you are on an older computer you may still not be seeing all of the characters below correctly):
ɛɛ̀ƐƐ̀, ɔɔ̀ƆƆ̀, ŋŊ, ɩƖɩ̀Ɩ̀,ʋƲʋ̀Ʋ̀, àÀ, èÈ, ìÌ, òÒ, and ùÙ
I started looking through the computer archives to see if I could find the original font somewhere. I could plug this into a font mapping program and create a conversion file from that font to Unicode. That is by no means an automated task, but it would have made life simpler and the conversion more accurate. I did not find the font, but I found the second best thing to it…the typesetting files which had the special characters in a way that I could more easily do a find and replace. They used slashes to mark a special character. For example, it would use /e for ɛ. For the tone mark it would be `o for ò and `/e for ɛ̀. The same verse from Matthew above looked like this:
Yesu Kirisito gewo-tama giidu waan/i ye tiitu Abiraam be sere egyu Dafidi awi yaan/i w/u l/e.
This was still not very readable by the human eye, but it was much easier to convert. I did not have to find a verse where a special character was used in order to figure out what it showed up as because I knew the system. I was able to do a lot of find and replaces across the entire New Testament and came out with the verse the way that it is supposed to look:
Yesu Kirisito gewo-tama giidu waanɩ ye tiitu Abiraam be sere egyu Dafidi awi yaanɩ wʋ lɛ.
Now that it is in Unicode I no longer need to find the correct font in order to read it. I can send this file to almost any computer in the world and it would be readable.
For more information about Paul and Ali Federwitz, visit their page on the LBT web site. Or, you can visit their personal blog.
This also reminds us of the value of archivists – someone to save records (in this case the original file). I imagine that a big part of your task is to get (and therefore preserve) files from everyone.
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How To Recharge Batteries In Freezer?
To charge batteries in the freezer, follow these steps: Remove the battery from the gadget. Fill a plastic bag with it. Fill the freezer with the batteries. Allow 12 hours in the refrigerator. After 12 hours, remove the battery and leave it outdoors until it reaches room temperature.
Similarly, Can freezing batteries recharge them?
When power cells are exposed to heated temperatures, their rate of self-discharge rises, therefore putting them in the freezer helps them keep their charge. It is obvious that freezing batteries does not help them recharge. It aids in the charge retention of the batteries.
Also, it is asked, How long does it take batteries to recharge in the freezer?
Remove the battery from the gadget. Fill a plastic bag with it. Fill the freezer with the batteries. Allow 12 hours in the refrigerator.
Secondly, Can you recharge a AA batteries in the freezer?
In a nutshell, no. While chilly surroundings assist prolong battery life, batteries should not be stored in refrigerators or freezers. Condensation will form on the batteries due to the humid climate. This will result in corrosion or other damage.
Also, Can AA batteries freeze?
According to an Energizer white paper (PDF) and a Duracell white paper (PDF), alkaline batteries will function in cold conditions, although with a much lower capacity.
People also ask, What batteries work in a freezer?
Another scenario is if you anticipate having to utilize your batteries in freezing temps. One thing is certain: lithium batteries outperform lead-acid batteries at frigid temperatures. Even lithium batteries, however, function best when temperatures are above freezing.
Related Questions and Answers
Can you recharge non rechargeable batteries?
Alkaline batteries are rechargeable. It is, however, not regarded cost-effective and comes with significant dangers. When a battery is recharged, gas is produced inside the battery.
Does freezing a dead phone battery work?
Anything below 32 degrees can degrade the battery life of your phone. This is because the intense cold slows down the chemistry in your phone’s Lithium Ion battery. Below the freezing point, your phone’s battery might lose up to 20% of its capacity, and the problem will only grow worse as the temperature drops.
Why Does putting batteries in the freezer help?
By keeping them at lower temperatures, the rate of self-discharge will be decreased. NiMH batteries kept frozen for a month will keep the majority of their charge. It could be a good idea to keep them frozen.
What happens if batteries get cold?
Slow Chemical Reactions and Power Loss What causes the cold to deplete battery power? Most batteries function by sending power signals to your terminal ends through an electrochemical process. In colder conditions, this chemical process slows down, reducing the power of your battery.
At what temperature do alkaline batteries freeze?
When a battery is completely charged, the electrolyte will not freeze until the temperature drops to around -92°F; but, when the battery is only 40% charged, the electrolyte will freeze when the temperature lowers to about -16°F.
How cold is too cold for alkaline batteries?
Alkalies should be kept at 68 degrees Fahrenheit. Their temperature range is 32°F to 150°F, with a significant capacity reduction below 30°F (which will be partially reversed when brought back up in temperature).
Does cold drain AA batteries?
Winter weather is lovely, but it’s also draining – particularly on your batteries. Battery drain may occur in cold weather.
Do batteries expire if not used?
Most unused alkaline batteries have a shelf life of five to ten years, whereas Ni-MH batteries have a three to five year shelf life when not in use. Lithium-ion batteries, which power gadgets such as mobile phones, have a low self-discharge rate and may hold a partial charge for up to four years before they need to be recharged.
How do you recharge AA alkaline batteries?
You must regularly cycle a charger on and off to securely recharge alkaline batteries. You run the charger for around 30 minutes before turning it off and allowing the batteries to cool fully. The batteries’ voltage rises dramatically with each on cycle, with no corresponding increase in recharging.
Can lithium batteries be recharged?
Lithium batteries are main cell batteries, meaning they can’t be recharged after they’re used up. As an anode, they employ the metal lithium. Lithium batteries have a high charge density, which means they last longer and can retain more power than conventional batteries.
Can you use a potato to charge your phone?
To charge a smartphone, 110 pounds of potatoes are required. It’s a lot more difficult than turning on a light. 36 feet of copper and zinc metal tubing is also required. The battery had to provide 5V and 20mA in the testing conducted by BatteryBox.
Can I charge 18V battery with 20V charger?
Most laptop chargers are rated between 18 and 20 volts, which is ideal for charging an 18 volt battery. The procedure is straightforward.
What fruit can charge a phone?
Vincent Gomes, a chemical engineer at the University of Sydney, and his team, which includes Labna Shabnam, are developing a supercapacitor that can charge mobile phones, tablets, and laptops in minutes.
Is it safe to put aluminum foil on a battery?
The battery is in good shape. Is it possible that galvanic corrosion might harm the battery or the contact materials? While galvanic corrosion between aluminum and nickel (or nickel and any other metal) is feasible, it is seldom an issue in most situations.
What is the aluminum foil trick?
The hot foil trick is a magic trick in which the magician inserts a tiny piece of tin or aluminum foil in the hand of a volunteer, and the foil quickly heats up until the volunteer has to drop it to prevent blistering their hand, and the foil is reduced to ashes on the ground.
Can aluminum foil be used for battery?
Buddy the Battery As a simple fix for this unpleasant condition, use a little piece of foil. Fold the foil into a tiny pad that fits between the batteries and the spring. This will assist keep everything in place by eliminating the additional space.
Can you recharge Duracell batteries in an Energizer charger?
No. Only NiMH batteries may be charged with a Duracell charger.
What happens if you recharge a non-rechargeable lithium battery?
Not all lithium batteries, however, are rechargeable. Other forms of lithium batteries (notice the lack of the word “ions”) are known as primary cells, and they cannot be refilled. Avoid charging these (main) batteries since they may overheat, expand, and possibly “explode” if you do.
Can I put lithium ion battery in freezer?
Place the Li-ion battery in an airtight bag and freeze it for around 24 hours, making sure there is no moisture in the bag that might cause the battery to leak. Allow it to defrost for up to eight hours after removing it from the freezer to bring it back to room temperature.
How do you store batteries when not in use?
When a gadget isn’t in use or isn’t planned to be utilized for an extended length of time, turn it off and remove the batteries to save battery life. DO store your batteries properly by storing them in a cool, dry area at room temperature.
The “can you put dead batteries in the freezer” is a question that has been asked many times. It’s not recommended to do so, but if you really want to make sure your batteries are good and fresh, it might be worth trying.
This Video Should Help:
The “how to recharge batteries aaa” is a question that has been asked many times. It is important to know how to recharge batteries in the freezer.
- how to recharge batteries without charger
- how to recharge batteries at home
- batteries in freezer mythbusters
- how to recharge non rechargeable button batteries
- how long do you put batteries in the freezer
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Alcohol Intolerance and ToxicityHangover biochemistry, cancer risk, Asian woes, and TV shows
There are several enzymes involved in helping our bodies detox from alcohol. These enzymes and/or subsequent breakdown products are responsible for many of the common occurrences we experientially associate with it.Break It Down
The liver enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase
(ADH) helps metabolize ethanol (EtOH -- the type of alcohol for consumption) to acetaldehyde, which in turn is metabolized by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
(ALDH) into a less harmful compound, acetic acid (vinegar).
EtOH →(via ADH)→ acetaldehyde →(via ALDH)→ acetic acid
Of course, there are other enzymes that contribute as well, such as the cytochrome P450 system that oxidizes organic molecules and multiple diverse substrates.Mechanism of a Breath-alcohol Test
Breathalyzers do not measure blood alcohol content directly. Instead, the electrochemical devices detect the presence of volatile exhaled ethanol and its breakdown products. There are several ways to do this through chemical reactions and photocell detectors, infrared spectroscopy, and fuel cell technology.
For the fuel cell method, ethanol in the breath is oxidized to acetic acid by platinum at the anode, while oxygen is reduced at the cathode. The resulting electric current is "interpreted" by a calibrated sensor, microprocessor, and display to output a number.One Yeast's Waste is Another Person's Treasure
The first ever isolated ADH was in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
in 1937. The ability to produce high concentrations of ethanol from sugar was believed to initially evolve in yeast and may have provided a survival advantage to eliminate its competition. During alcoholic fermentation, ethanol (beer!) and carbon dioxide (rising bread!) are produced as metabolic waste products.The Hangover: Starring Acetaldehyde
An accumulation of acetaldehyde -- the intermediate metabolite referred to above -- is a large contributor to "hangover" symptoms.
For this reason, the drug disulfiram has been used to deter alcohol abuse in some individuals because it inhibits ALDH. To phrase it mildly, it provides strong negative reinforcement to minimal alcohol intake (i.e., it greatly magnifies hangover effects!) In one study from 2006, after disulfiram was incorporated into a comprehensive treatment program and administered under medical supervision, abstinence rates improved to over 50% .Genetic Variation and Drinking Behavior
A common stereotype is that Asians light up like Christmas trees and become red-faced beacons after ingesting relatively modest-to-little amounts of ethanol.
The well-known alcohol-induced flush reaction is facilitated by a mutation in the structural gene that encodes for a faulty type of aldehyde dehydrogenase, ALDH2 .
From a clinical standpoint, ALDH2 deficiency is one of the strongest genetic factors that influence drinking behavior and risk of alcoholism. Without ALDH2, individuals may have consistently more unpleasant experiences with ethanol and a stronger response to acetaldehyde, ultimately encouraging minimal alcohol use or avoidance.
allele is dominant over the wild-type allele ALDH2*1
and impairs alcohol detoxification by reducing both the enzyme's catalytic efficiency and overall half-life.
Compared to Caucasians, 90% of Orientals have a 100-times more
active ADH variant (the first enzyme in our biochemical equation above), and approximately 50% have only ALDH1 and are missing ALDH2 altogether (the second enzyme in our equation above) . In other words, more acetaldehyde is produced while less is broken down, leading to greater accumulation.(Related: a Google+ post about "Population Genetics of Alcoholism" by +Peter Smalley: goo.gl/8khs6p )Cancer Risk
Chronic alcohol consumption is a major risk factor with causal association for upper aero-digestive tract cancers of the mouth, larynx, pharynx, esophagus, and liver with less but still present risks for colorectal and breast cancers [4-6]. Recurring alcoholic pancreatitis increases risk of pancreatic cancer as well.
Acetaldehyde appears to be the main culprit for alcohol-associated carcinogenesis. The same molecule contributing to that pesky hangover is toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic -- it induces inflammation, interferes with DNA synthesis and repair, and hinders the immune system.Name Your Poison
Similarly, other substances are modified by the same set of enzymes and yield toxic metabolites too.
Methanol is the simplest alcohol with one less carbon atom or bridging methylene group than ethanol: CH3-OH vs. CH3-CH2-OH. Its largest use by far is during manufacture of other chemicals and products like plastics, plywood, paints, and textiles.
During Prohibition, bootlegged liquor ("moonshine") caused health problems either through contaminants or more frequently through unscrupulous distillers who added cheap methanol to boost its strength and to save costs. ADH converts methanol to formaldehyde -- popularly known as being used to preserve biological tissue samples and cadavers -- and then to formic acid by ALDH. Formic acid is the main cause of methanol toxicity , including the destruction of the optic nerve to cause blindness.
Ethylene glycol (HO-CH2-CH2-OH) is used in antifreeze, among other products. On occasion, open bottles of antifreeze may be consumed by children and pets due to its appealing natural sweetness. Ethylene glycol is metabolized by ADH to compounds that can cause kidney failure and other organ damage.Self-medicating in More Ways Than One
Interestingly, ethanol can potentially work as an early "antidote" to methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning because it occupies the active sites of ADH. Ethanol competitively inhibits the breakdown of those other substances, theoretically allowing them to be excreted before they form more toxic byproducts.
Although treating with ethanol is generally not recommended nor sufficient and would not be used in a hospital (rather, use of intravenous hydration, supportive care, and possibly dialysis instead), fomepizole is a drug that achieves the same effect by competitively inhibiting ADH too.
This scenario appeared in an episode from the TV series "House, M.D." where Dr. House gets a prisoner drunk with vodka to empirically mitigate the suspected self-induced methanol poisoning .References:
Disulfiram Reaction - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disulfiram
The Mutation in the Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH2) Gene Responsible for Alcohol-induced Flushing Increases Turnover of the Enzyme Tetramers in a Dominant Fashion (full text) - http://www.jci.org/articles/view/119007/pdf
Molecular Abnormality of an Inactive Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Variant Commonly Found in Orientals (full text) - http://www.pnas.org/content/81/1/258.full.pdf+html
Alcohol and Cancer (2004 full text) - http://alcalc.oxfordjournals.org/content/39/3/155.long
Alcohol and Cancer (Lancet Oncology 2006 abstract) - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16455479
Alcohol and Cancer: Genetic and Nutritional Aspects (abstract) - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15070439
Lack of a Role for Formaldehyde in Methanol Poisoning (full text) - http://www.whilesciencesleeps.com/pdf/274.pdf
House, M.D. Season 2 Episode 1 - http://www.housemd-guide.com/season2/201acceptance.php#ScienceEveryday
/ +ScienceSunday #Alcohol #Biochemistry #MetabolismImage is from Wikimedia Commons and in public domain.
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People who are ignorant of economics are susceptible to all sorts of misunderstandings. Fortunately knowledge of even just the basics of sound economics is a powerful inoculant against many dangerous falsehoods and half-truths.
This fact, however, does not imply that exposure to more economics is necessarily good. The sad reality is that economists too often present their analyses of markets in ways that confuse not only unsuspecting non-economists but also—and too often—economists themselves.
A frequently encountered instance of this confusion is economists’ discussion of competition. What introductory economics textbooks describe as “perfect” (or “pure”) competition resembles nothing that occurs in the real world. In the world of the textbooks, firms don’t differentiate their products from those of their rivals. Firms never try to win more customers by improving the quality of their products. Also, firms don’t advertise. Indeed they don’t even cut prices because each “perfectly competitive” firm is a “price taker”: It’s too small to affect the market price and so can sell as much as it wishes at whatever price prevails in the market.
These and other problems with the model of “perfect competition” have been pointed out repeatedly, especially by economists steeped in the Austrian tradition—see, for example, Hayek’s essay “The Meaning of Competition.” Yet the typical economist still clings to the notion that “perfect competition” is perfect competition. This typical economist, it must be admitted, does understand that the conditions necessary for “perfect competition” to prevail in actual markets can never exist. But the model remains the ideal against which real-world markets are judged. The closer real-world markets appear to be to textbook “perfectly competitive” markets, the more competitive real-world markets are assumed to be.
And competition being a good thing, this typical economist presumes that policies advertised as moving real-world markets closer to the “perfectly competitive” ideal are desirable.
But such a presumption is unwarranted, in part because many of the conclusions of the analysis are snuck into the model’s initial assumptions.
Most important among this model’s foundational assumptions is that competitive forces play out only in the form of price cuts. Therefore anything that prevents prices from being cut (down to levels that the model specifies as appropriate) is regarded as an obstacle to competition—indeed, as an element of monopoly that prevents the economy from operating more efficiently.
To this day, many mainstream economists describe any firm that can raise, even modestly, the price it charges for its product without driving away all of its customers as possessing some monopoly power.
Note the confusion: A pest-control producer that aims to increase its sales by making a better mousetrap is regarded by this model as behaving monopolistically! Competing for customers by doing something other than simply cutting prices is, according to the model, not competitive.
You can’t make this stuff up.
Another example of how economists commonly confuse themselves (and others) involves the issue of “market failure.” That same introductory economics textbook that teaches the model of “perfect competition” explains a few chapters later that markets perform suboptimally whenever some groups of people act in ways that affect other groups of people without the consent of these third parties. The textbook then explains that, happily, economists know how to design taxes or regulations to fix the problem.
Externalities and Assumptions
Such situations—economists call them “externalities”—are indeed bad. If Smith pays Jones to hit me in the head with a hammer without my consent, I—the third party—am unquestionably made worse off. (A simple, and best, solution in this case is to give me an enforceable property right in my person: No one can hit me and get away with it without my consent.)
But the stories that economists typically tell of externalities—and of how to “solve” them—too loosely sneak in illegitimate assumptions.
Here’s an example: Smith pays Jones for pork chops whose production at Jones’s pig farm next door to where I live fills my house with obnoxious odors. The economist leaps to the conclusion that I am wronged. Perhaps I am. But suppose that I bought my house knowing that it was next door to a pig farm. Am I still wronged? No: The price I paid for my house was discounted because of its location within smelling distance of the farm. Not only have I consented to endure swinish odors in my home, I’ve been compensated for doing so (in the form of a lower price than that of a similar home located in a sweeter-smelling neighborhood).
Or suppose, alternatively, that the pig farm moves into my neighborhood by surprise, after I buy my house. Now am I harmed? The answer is unclear. If the location of my house is such that homebuyers should reasonably expect the possibility that farms might set up shop nearby, then when I bought my house there was an open question about whether or not home-owners have the right to odor-free air in the neighborhood. And because this question cannot be answered by economics alone, it’s illegitimate for an economist to conclude that the farm necessarily should be taxed or regulated for the purpose of cleansing the neighborhood air of stinky odors.
The Largest Externalities
Economists are correct to point out that externalities exist. But economists are far too frivolous in going about labeling this or that effect an “externality”—and, what is even worse, are far too glib in supposing that government can be trusted to “internalize” externalities in ways that improve the allocation of resources rather than making it worse.
Don’t forget what too many economists seem never to grasp: Collective decision-making itself—from citizens voting to politicians spending taxpayers’ money—is infected with what are perhaps the largest and most intractable externalities. Costs are imposed on third parties constantly.
Economics done properly would highlight the dangers of trying to cure externalities with a process that itself is deeply infected with externalities. Unfortunately economics is too often done improperly.
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Have your own question? Then pitch it to us!
Ann Naffziger Answers:
Like all of the human authors of the Bible, Paul writes from his particular cultural context of life in the first century Roman Empire. He lived in a hierarchical, patriarchal society that presumed the rightness of a woman’s subordination to a man, a child’s subordination to a parent, and a slave’s subordination to a master. In fact, there are several places in the New Testament (Col 3:18-4:1, Eph 5:21-33, 1 Timothy 2:8-15, Titus 2:1-10, 1 Peter 2:18-3:7) where such “household codes” mirror secular lists of the ancient world. We can say that Paul “never tries to change the existing social conditions in the name of Christian teaching” (Joseph Fitzmeyer).
Still, it’s not hard to be puzzled or even offended by his instructions. One way to help temper the harsh patriarchal nature of these passages is to notice the addition that Paul gives to these common codes. He adds that a person’s duty and responsibility to another is to be exercised “as is fitting in the Lord” (Col 3:18). Clearly, Paul does not presume that being abusive to one’s spouse or slave would be “fitting in the Lord”. Also, many household codes of the ancient world would not have included exhortations to the husbands (“Husbands, love your wives and never treat them harshly” Col 3:19) or to the masters (“Masters, treat your slaves justly and fairly” Col 4:1). In this way, Paul calls for both members of the relationship to be conscious of their duties to one another.
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Growing Japanese Maples
Japanese Maples are easy to grow in the hot mid-west if given shade and water. They are very adaptable to a wide range of soils and light. The only serious problems are from long periods of standing water or from long periods of drought or from early or late freezes or from too much sun. The red leaf varieties are especially sensitive to too much hot sun and the small green leaf varieties handle the sun the best. The best site is under high shade with a north or northeast exposure but they will also grow in other locations. They have shallow roots but are not overly competitive and can coexist with many other plants or ground covers in the landscape.
Many Japanese Maples reach a height of 14-20 feet with an equal spread. The dissectums generally reach 6 feet but can spread much more than this. All can be kept at six feet by pruning. If you prune large branches It may take several years to look natural again, so only prune current year's growth for a natural look. Best time to prune is right after fall color through December when you can see all the branches and then make cuts to balance the growth. Light pruning can also be done anytime but mid-May gives you the best chance of getting new growth.
Leaf color is affected by the amount of sun, moisture, nutrients or by the health of the root system. The same variety may even exhibit different colors even when grown nearby when there are differences in any of the above factors. In Japan there are many varieties that color differently in various parts of the country. Red-leafed varieties may get green from too much shade or too much fertilizer or from not enough water. I have found that my best colors occur when there is 1-2 hours of sun with ample moisture, but drying out slightly between watering.
Newly planted maples need a good hand watering once a week, or more if in sun, the first year. Make sure that the root ball you planted is getting wet until the tree has grown roots out into your soil. If your maple fattens-up the trunk a lot in the fall or in the second year, it is a sign that it grew lots of new roots. They prefer to be moist during the hot summer with irrigation about every 4-5 days, but some varieties can stay healthy for up to two weeks without irrigation once they are established. All maples appreciate a consistent watering schedule. When temperatures are cool do not over water, but let them dry-out a little, as this will encourage root growth which helps them when it does get hot. They like the sun when temperatures are below the mid-eighties and they tolerate the hot sun very well until it is consistently above the mid-nineties. High nighttime temperatures are also detrimental to all plants including Japanese maples, especially those in containers, as it deters them from manufacturing food from photosynthesis.
If your red-leaf Japanese maple leafs-out green in spring it is a sign that it is very dry or has a poor root system. Usually watering in winter is not needed, but they do lose a little water even when they are dormant, so water monthly in winter if it is dry. In summer if you see some interior leaves change to fall color it means not all the roots are receiving moisture.
A mature Japanese Maple is rarely bothered by insects or disease. Sound gardening practices, such as good air-circulation, and good soil drainage should prevent any fungus problems. Copper based sprays or all-purpose fungicides may help with limbs that are dying but cannot be used during hot weather. All summer sprays must be applied early in the morning to prevent phytotoxicity. Even the organic sprays are detrimental to Japanese maples during hot weather. Always prune off dead or dying limbs immediately. I do not like groundcovers over my maple roots which may harbor insects and rodents that could damage your Japanese maple.
Japanese Maples like morning sun but do fine as understory trees with high, dappled shade. Metro Maples has the varieties that perform well in those situations. They do not like heavy shade or being crowded by other plants. Some varieties handle the hot afternoon sun well but in very hot years you may get burn in late summer. Most can handle a few hours of midday sun as long as moisture is consistent. Be sure to water extra in late summer or during very hot periods, or before any sudden big change in temperature. Early morning watering is best as there is a time lag in getting the water to the leaves. Some of the red varieties do not hold color as well under heavy shade or too much hot sun. A few varieties need almost full-sun to color well, so grow these in pots then move to shade when it gets hot. I do not sell many of the varieties that must have this treatment. The most sun tolerant varieties have green leaves, such as Seiryu and Sango Kaku but the most sun tolerant is the species itself, Acer palmatum.Red leaf varietes cannot handle dry soils for very long when temperatures are above 95 degrees. If your maple is getting too much hot sun, either water more often or dig it up and move it in November.
Make sure your maple is raised-up a few inches to a foot if you are planting in a low spot or have a water holding clay. Remember, they will not grow in water-logged soil. I like to mix-in lots of aged pine bark and compost to the soil, leaving the area raised-up about 6 inches or more. If your soil is really bad, either keep them heavily mulched, or you can plant them in raised beds of azalea mix (pine bark/peat moss) and then will be able to grow azaleas too.
All Japanese Maples can be container grown. It's best to repot your maple at least every two years, pruning the roots or using a larger pot, and giving them fresh well-draining potting soil. Container grown plants need good drainage and careful attention to watering. Check the drainage hole every now and then and make sure that it is not clogged-up. Every time you water there should be water running out of the bottom of the pot. November or February is a good time to repot. (For my prized maples I sift out the bark dust and the small and large particles, and mix in 50 percent aggregate.) Fertilize lightly with a slow release fertilizer at half the recommended rate or monthly with a liquid at half, or less, the recommended rate depending on the season. Use gypsum for calcium if needed. Occasional use of Epsom salts, at the same rate as your fertilizer, can help release the nutrients to your maple. You might want to protect the roots by wrapping the pot, or move your plant into the garage, if temperatures go below 15 degrees for a long period. Red leaf varieties grown in pots can have leaf burn even in shade when temperatures are continuously very hot for extended periods.
Japanese Maples in the ground do not need large amounts of fertilizer but do like small amounts in spring and fall, and very small amounts in summer. Fertilizer is not food but contain nutrients used to manufacture food through photosynthesis. Maples must expend energy to process fertilizer so never fertilize a damaged tree. Best times to fertilize are about 3 weeks before they start growing in spring, perhaps again in early May, and as soon as you think it has finally cooled-off in the fall. If your tree has been damaged from the summer heat, do not fertilize in the fall, but wait until the following spring. You will not burn them if you only use one-half teaspoon per gallon in summer. A balanced fertilizer, such as 13-13-13, with sulfur, boron, magnesium and the other micro-nutrients works well. Slow release is preferred. Use 1 tablespoon on small plants, 3 tablespoons on 4 to 6 foot plants, and about 7 tablespoons on large ones. Organic fertilizers work very well but may decompose your potting soil too quickly. I have had good luck with cottonseed meal (slow release, high nitrogen), or fish emulsion with seaweed (nitrogen and micro-nutrients but not long-lasting). Root stimulators with some nitrogen and lots of phosphorus work very well on dissectums. This can also be used in September (when it cools-off) to help harden and fatten the branches. Despite what some people say, synthetic fertilizer does not kill the beneficial soil fungus. Rain also has nitrogen, especially in the city from the nitrous-oxide from automobile emissions.
Water your maples early in morning as there is a lag time in supplying the leaves with the moisture.
Micro-climates are areas that are different from the normal situation. Shade, fences or houses to block winds, and lots of vegetation to humidify and cool the area, all create a favorable micro-climate for your maple. Trees do not like sudden large swings in temperatures and it takes them a week or two to adapt.
Beware of squirrels in late summer chewing-off the bark which can kill the tree. I use cayenne pepper sprays mixed with a spreader sticker, so that it will last longer.
Japanese maples like a consistent amount of moisture. They do not like long periods of ample moisture followed by long periods of drought. Excessive spring rains or watering or excessive fertilizing can reduce root growth which then lessens their ability to handle dry periods in summer, so whatever you do, do not stop watering in summer when they are used to being wet. In the shade they can be grown on small amounts to large amounts of water but the water supply needs to stay consistent.
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Wangari Maathai, the Kenyan ecologist who last week was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, on Saturday repeated her belief that HIV was created by scientists for biological warfare, Agence France-Presse reports. Maathai, the first African woman to win the peace prize, said in August that HIV was created "for the purpose of mass extermination. We know that the developed nations are using biological warfare, leaving guns to primitive people. They have the resources to do this. AIDS is not a curse from God to Africans or the black people. It is a tool to control them designed by some evil-minded scientists." On Saturday, Maathai said she continues to believe the statements she made in August are true, saying that HIV was being used deliberately to "destroy black people." Maathai says she has never indicated that a particular region or country was responsible for creating HIV, but says she does not believe the theory that HIV evolved in monkeys before being transmitted to humans in Africa.
Although U.S. officials publicly applauded Maathai for being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, several object to her comments about the origin of HIV. "She said HIV/AIDS was invented as a bioweapon in some laboratory in the West," an unnamed State Department official told South Africa's Star. "We don't agree with that."
Maathai, Kenya's assistant minister of the environment and founder of the country's Green Belt biodiversity and gender equality movement, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her efforts to promote ecologically viable social, economic, and cultural development in Kenya and throughout Africa.
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Margaret Thatcher, Britain's first female PM, dead at 87Breaking News
tags: britain, Margaret Thatcher, Conservative Party, Iron Lady
Former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, a towering figure in postwar British and world politics and the only woman to become British prime minister, has died at the age of 87.
She suffered a stroke Monday, her spokeswoman said. A British government source said she died at the Ritz Hotel in London.
Thatcher's funeral will be at St. Paul's Cathedral, with full military honors, followed by a private cremation, the British prime minister's office announced.
Thatcher served from 1975 to 1990 as leader of the Conservative Party. She was called the "Iron Lady" for her personal and political toughness....
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The small gut is a crucial a part of the digestive system, positioned between the abdomen and the colon. It’s chargeable for absorbing vitamins from meals and passing them via to the remainder of the physique. It is usually one of many least frequent sorts of gastrointestinal most cancers i.e. small gut most cancers. Carcinoid tumors, adenocarcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas are among the many a number of types. Quite a few procedures and checks are regularly wanted for prognosis.
The kind of most cancers, its stage, and the place the tumor first appeared in your small gut all have an effect on your prognosis. Most cancers of the small gut is a uncommon sort of most cancers that impacts the digestive system. It isn’t as effectively often known as different types of most cancers however continues to be an necessary situation to pay attention to. On this weblog let’s be taught extra about most cancers of the small gut.
What’s Small Gut Most cancers?
An unusual situation often known as small intestinal most cancers causes the cells within the small gut’s tissue to change. They’ll get unmanageably massive and develop right into a lump or tumor.
Your abdomen and enormous gut are linked by the small gut, which is sometimes called the “small bowel.” Its main operate is to digest and soak up meals, lipids, nutritional vitamins, and different vitamins that your physique wants. The small gut could get blocked by tumor cells when you’ve got this type of most cancers.
Sorts of Small Gut Most cancers
Small gut most cancers is available in 5 totally different types:
- Adenocarcinomas: An estimated 30% to 40% of instances are these. The small gut’s lining is the place adenocarcinomas start. It could first look like a little bit, noncancerous development known as a polyp, however over time it has the potential to grow to be most cancers.
- Sarcoma: Within the comfortable tissue of the small gut, cancerous cells develop.
- Cancerous tumors: The underside portion of the small gut is the place these slow-growing tumors regularly develop. They might additionally have an effect in your rectum or appendix. Giant ranges of particular bodily substances, similar to serotonin, are launched by these tumors.
- GISTs, or gastrointestinal stromal tumors: This particular sort of small intestinal most cancers is unusual. The abdomen is the place greater than half of them start. GISTs aren’t at all times malignant.
- Intestinal lymphomas: A most cancers that begins within the lymph nodes is named lymphoma. They regularly outcome from an immunodeficiency situation in those that develop them. This means that your physique’s pure protection mechanism is compromised and will not adequately combat off sickness and an infection.
Signs of Small Gut Tumors
Small gut most cancers may cause discomfort and ache within the stomach in its early phases. This may be the results of your digestive system not with the ability to course of meals correctly. In case you are advised you may have small intestinal most cancers, you can too endure the next signs:
- urge for food loss
- stomach cramps
Extra extreme indicators of small intestinal most cancers may exist if the illness has superior and embrace:
- vitamin deficiency
- bloody or black stools
- lump within the stomach
- weight reduction
- Weak point
Search emergency medical help should you develop any of those signs or in the event that they worsen over time. The sort of most cancers’s signs may additionally be an indication of different gastrointestinal situations. The absolute best care on your ailment could be ensured with early detection.
Causes of Small Gut Tumors
Most cancers of the small gut is brought on by the irregular development of cells within the small gut. Your small gut develops malignant tumors when most cancers cells clump collectively and proliferate rapidly. Most cancers cells could finally separate from the first (authentic) tumor and transfer by way of your lymph nodes or blood to different areas of your physique the place they could develop right into a secondary tumor. We check with this course of as metastasis.
Genetic mutations, or changes to a cell’s DNA, give rise to cancerous cells by inflicting the cell to proliferate uncontrollably. What causes these modifications is unknown to researchers. Moreover, Most cancers therapy in India can also be turning into increasingly more exact and profitable as in contrast with different nations across the globe
Analysis For Small Gut Most cancers
An in depth evaluation of your medical historical past and signs is important for the correct prognosis of small bowel most cancers. This might help establish your hereditary threat of growing small intestinal most cancers. Your physician will accurately establish your situation utilizing quite a lot of checks and procedures earlier than making a remedy advice. The outcomes of those procedures may also reveal in case your most cancers has unfold to different elements of your physique.
The next frequent checks are used to seek out small intestinal most cancers:
- blood checks
- X-ray imaging
- MRI scan
- CT scan
- barium swallow
- liver operate checks
Therapy For Small Gut Most cancers
Therapy for most cancers of the small gut can fluctuate relying on the stage and site of the most cancers. Surgical procedure is commonly the primary type of therapy, adopted by chemotherapy and/or radiation remedy. Additionally, examine most cancers therapy price in India.
The most well-liked type of therapy for small intestinal most cancers is surgical procedure. Surgical procedure may contain:
- Resection: Surgical procedure to fully or partially take away a cancerous organ. If the most cancers has unfold, your physician may have to take away elements of your small gut and different adjoining organs. An anastomosis (connecting the severed ends of the gut collectively) could then be performed. To test for signs of most cancers unfold, your physician could take away lymph nodes near your small gut.
- A tumor that’s blocking your intestine however can’t be eliminated could be relocated in order that meals in your small gut can go round it (bypass).
Chemotherapy employs medicines to both kill most cancers cells or forestall them from proliferating with the intention to cease the event of most cancers cells. Regional chemotherapy (concentrating on most cancers cells in a selected area of your physique) and systemic chemotherapy (destroying most cancers cells all through your physique) are two several types of chemotherapy therapies.
Excessive-energy radiation, similar to X-rays or different types, is utilized in radiation therapy to both kill or cease the expansion of most cancers cells. In case your most cancers can’t be surgically eliminated, your physician could advise radiation. To help in symptom alleviation, radiation therapy may additionally be used as a part of palliative care. After surgical procedure, chemotherapy and radiation remedy (chemoradiation remedy) could also be used to eradicate any most cancers cells that remained.
Focused therapies find most cancers cells’ factors of vulnerability and make the most of these factors of weak point to kill the most cancers cells. Adenocarcinomas, GIST, and lymphomas are being handled with focused remedy, in accordance with analysis.
Your immune system is strengthened by immunotherapy, making it more practical in opposition to cancerous cells. Your immune system defends your physique in opposition to pathological cells and dangerous invaders like germs. Sadly, typically most cancers cells can slip via the checks and balances of your immune system. Immunotherapy makes it less complicated on your immune system to detect most cancers cells and remove them.
Relying on the kind of gene alterations in your tumor, your healthcare skilled could suggest immunotherapy.
Somatostatin analogs could also be advised by your physician to deal with small intestinal carcinoid tumors. These medication forestall your physique from producing extreme quantities of hormones. They’ll then cut back signs and assist in sickness administration. The somatostatin analogs lanreotide and octreotide are two examples.
Research often known as scientific trials are performed to see if novel most cancers therapies are equally efficient and protected as present therapies, or much more so. Medical research are actually being performed to analyze varied therapies, together with adjuvant chemotherapy, focused remedy, immunotherapy, and others. If you happen to assume you can be a superb candidate for a scientific research, ask your physician.
You will need to concentrate on the indicators and signs of most cancers of the small gut, as early detection is essential for profitable therapies. If you happen to expertise any of those signs, you will need to search medical consideration straight away.
Most cancers of the small gut is a severe situation and could be life-threatening if not handled early. You probably have any considerations or questions, you will need to search a health care provider. If you happen to’re searching for budget-friendly prices you additionally go for Small gut most cancers therapy price in India as India not solely supplies the perfect most cancers therapy however as has a a lot pleasant price. With early detection and correct therapy, it’s doable to stay an extended and wholesome life even with this type of most cancers.
Because of India’s growing success charges in treating most cancers, medical tourism there may be rising in reputation these days. If you happen to’re making use of for small gut most cancers therapy in India, yow will discover plenty of most cancers therapy hospitals in India in addition to famend most cancers surgeons in India.
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About This Lesson
This lesson is based on the National Register
of Historic Places registration file for "Keys' Desert
Queen Ranch" (with photographs), and other source material about the
ranch. Keys Ranch was
written by Jody Lyle, former Park Ranger at Joshua
Tree National Park. The lesson was edited by Fay
Metcalf, education consultant, and the Teaching
with Historic Places staff. TwHP is sponsored, in part, by the Cultural Resources Training Initiative and Parks as Classrooms programs of the National Park Service. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into the classrooms across the country.
Where it fits into the curriculum
Topics: The lesson could be used in U.S. history,
social studies, and geography courses in units on
western expansion and settlement, or desert environments. It also could be used in an American
Literature course in a unit on the writings of Ralph
Waldo Emerson, particularly his concept of self-reliance. The lesson will help students understand
why desert regions were among the last areas
settled under the Homestead Act and how settlers
in these places survived in a remote environment.
Time period: 1910s-1960s.
Relevant United States History Standards for Grades 5-12
Relevant Curriculum Standards for Social Studies
Find your state's social studies and history standards for grades Pre-K-12
Objectives for students
1) To examine the lifestyle of a family who chose
to homestead in the California desert.
2) To describe how the Keys family both adapted
to and shaped their desert environment.
3) To consider Ralph Waldo Emerson's
description of self-reliance and describe
how it relates to the life of Bill Keys.
4) To discover the history of settlement in their
own region and determine how settlers'
experiences may have compared to the
experiences of Bill Keys.
Materials for students
The materials listed below either can be used directly on the computer or can be printed out, photocopied, and distributed to students. The maps and images appear twice: in a low-resolution version with associated questions and alone in a larger, high-quality version.
1) two maps of Southwest deserts and Joshua Tree National Park;
2) three readings about settling in a desert and self-reliance;
3) four photos and one drawing of Keys Ranch and the surrounding deserts.
Visiting the site
Keys Ranch is located within the boundaries
of Joshua Tree National Park. Administered by the
National Park Service, Joshua Tree is located 140
miles east of Los Angeles. It can be entered from
Interstate 10 or State Highway 62. For more
information, contact the Superintendent, Joshua
Tree National Park, 74485 National Park Drive,
Twentynine Palms, CA 92277, or visit the park's
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3 Acute respiratory responses to exercise The respiratory system is responsible for the delivery of oxygen to, and the removal of carbon dioxide from, the cells of the body.At the beginning of exercise, receptors in the working muscles stimulate ventilation by sending messages to respiratory centres in the brain to increase the volume and rate of breathing.Ventilation varies from person to person, but can be anywhere from 4 to 15 litres at rest, and increase by as a much as 30 times that during exercise.Increase in ventilation is a result of an increase in tidal volume(TV) or respiratory rate(RR)V(litres per minute) = TV(litres) x RR(breaths per minute)
4 Acute respiratory responses to exercise: ventilation When exercise commences, RR and TV increase ventilation dramatically. This increase the volume of oxygen in the lungs, which can be transported to the working muscles.Athletes’ bodies tend to choose a combination of increased RR and TV that seems most natural to them.
5 Ventilation responses to submaximal and maximal exercise
6 Acute respiratory responses to exercise: diffusion Gas exchange occurs in the lungs at the alveolar- capillary interface and in the muscle at the tissue- capillary interface through diffusion.Diffusion of gases always occurs from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.In the lungs O2 concentration is high, so O2 diffuses from the alveoli in the bloodstream. CO2 levels in the blood are high, so CO2 moves for the blood into the alveoli via a diffusion path.
7 Acute respiratory responses to exercise: diffusion The opposite occurs at the muscle, where blood O2 levels are high and muscle O2 levels are lowDuring exercise, diffusion capacity is increased, due to greater SA of alveoli and muscle tissue, so that greater amounts of O2 and CO2 can be exchanged.Therefore, during exercise, greater amounts of O2 are available at the muscle and greater amounts of CO2 can be removed.
10 Cardiovascular responses to exercise The circulatory system works to maintain certain variables at optimal levels in all conditions, including rest and exercise.The CV system needs to deliver greater amounts of oxygen and energy substrates to the working muscles. The focus is to get more blood to the working muscles and therefore speed up the removal of CO2 and other waste products.The CV system undergoes a number of changes to do this…
11 Cardiac outputCardiac output (Q) is the product of stroke volume (SV), which is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart per beat, and heart rate (HR).Go to page 107 and answer Q1. of thinking things through. Include in your answer the differences between trained and untrained individuals.
12 Blood pressureDuring exercise, the increase in cardiac output results in an increase in blood pressure.Exercise using large muscle groups (most), affects systolic more than diastolic BP.During this exercise, arterioles will vasodilate (become larger in diameter), in order to get more blood draining into the capillaries. This action minimises any changes to diastolic BP.
13 Venous returnVenous return is the flow of blood back to the heart. During exercise the venous return is increased due to 3 actions; the muscle pump, respiratory pump and venoconstriction.Write a definition for each of the 3 actions…
14 Blood volumeDuring aerobic exercise, the amount of blood in the body decreases.Plasma volume can decrease by as much as 10% during sustained endurance activities (marathon, ironman).The amount of decreased experienced can be factored by exercise intensity, environmental factors and hydration levels.
16 Oxygen consumption (VO2) and arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-VO2 diff) Oxygen consumption is the volume of oxygen that can be taken up and used by the body.As exercise intensity increases, so does O2 consumption. This is a direct result of an increase in cardiac output and an increase in the a-VO2 diff.At rest, as little as 25% of O2 is released to muscles/organs, the remaining 75% returning to the heart.During exercise, the working muscles extract greater amounts of O2, increasing the a-VO2 diff.While some O2 always returns to the heart, oxygen extraction can run close to 100%.
17 Oxygen consumption (VO2) and arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-VO2 diff
18 You should have already answered Q1. Complete Q2 – Q4.
19 Acute muscular responses to exercise In order for exercise to begin, the muscular contractions responsible for movement need to increase.The type of contraction, the force, the speed of contraction are controlled by the central nervous system, i.e the brain.There are a number of mechanisms responsible for acute responses to exercise, including increased blood flow, recruitment of motor units, lactate production and heat production.
20 Increased blood flowBlood is redistributed from organs to working muscles. Skeletal capillaries open up and serve 3 main purposes;- allow for increases in total blood flow- deliver large blood volume with minimal increase in blood flow velocity- increase surface area to increase diffusion rates.
21 Motor unit recruitment A motor unit is the means by which the central nervous system talks to muscles to control muscular contractions.During exercise, the amount of motor units recruited by the brain increases, increasing the amount of force the muscle produces.Depending on the required strength and speed of the contraction, the number of motor units recruited, and the rate at which they are recruited can be adjusted.A motor unit will contract maximally or not at all, all or nothing principle
22 Energy substratesATP is the immediate source of energy for all muscular contractions.However we can only store a small amount and when used up we require energy substrates to fuel our metabolism.Glycogen is used for aerobic and anaerobic systems. PC donates a phosphate to ADP in the ATP- PC system.
23 LactateWhen exercise starts, lactate is released from the muscle as part of anaerobic ATP production.It takes time for the body to respond to the increased demand of exercise, and until oxygen supply can meet the demand the energy required must be produced anaerobically.At sub maximal exercise, there is a sharp increase in lactate, until O2 consumption can increase to meet energy demands and lactate can be delivered for removal.
24 Lactate inflection point When lactic acid is produced and removed there is obviously no accumulation of lactate.Blood lactate level will remain elevated but will not increase exponentially until production of lactate exceeds the bodies ability to remove it, the lactate inflection point.The increase is not a reflection of the bodies increased reliance on anaerobic ATP production, rather a sign that removal mechanisms are not coping with the rate at which lactate is being produced.
25 Body temperatureHeat is a by-product of converting energy substrates into movement. An increase in ATP production will be accompanied by an increase in body temperature.The body accommodates these changes by stimulating the sweat glands to produce sweat, as well as increasing blood flow to the skin.
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Hand-to-Hand - In the hills of Northumberland, England, an artist makes pastels. He mixes pigments in equipment a baker would use. He lightly hand-rolls the dough and allows the sticks to air-dry. No other pastels flow so smoothly into the tooth of the paper. These pastels are truly a work of art before you ever use them.
A Rapture of Texture & Color - Out of a frustration with the pastels available, British artist John Hersey began making handmade pastels. Developed to be superior in color, texture and response, Unison Soft Pastels are unlike anything on the market today. John Hersey worked out his unique color formulations over a decade of experimentation, creating intense, vibrant colors, blended almost exclusively from pure pigment and water. In his handmade process, the pigment hardly gets pressed at all. The sticks are rolled lightly making them very fluent when you use them.
"Many of our colors are pure and single pigments," Hersey says. "On the whole they are blended, three or four or five different pigments together. But we blend in very little white or chalk. Artists are generally looking for intense and dark pastels. You can get sick of the endless arrays of pale pastel shades. You want some really strong colors. And those are just pigment and nothing else."
Hersey brings a poet's sensibility to his work with color. He has developed his range of 288 pastels as a series of 20 sets with 18 colors each. The nine central sets follow Hersey's theory of color-integration. This theory is based on his observations of nature, in which he observes that a single color, from a single light source, can take on almost endless variations. He bases his color ranges on these variations.
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Karate is an asian martial arts systems that emphasizes the hands and feet to deliver strikes. This martial art physical aspects seek the developmetn of defensive and counterattacking body movements. The overall theme of karate is you never attack first. This martial art is centered around fighting and self defense.
Karate was developed within the Ryukyu Kingdom and was influenced by Chinese Kung Fu. Karate is predominantly a striking discipline focused on ounches, kicks, knee strikes, elbow and open hand attacks. Today there are four styles of karate in Japan: Shotokan, Goju-ryu, Shito-ryu, and Wado-ryu.
Karate is centered around cultivating a calm temperament and self control with mutual respect to your opponent. This is evident by the arts belief in,: "There is no first attack in Karate."
While jiu-jitsu is primarily a ground based martial art it does have some basic strikes as well. Both diciplines utilize strikes for self-defense situations.
Both disciplines embrace similar philosophys. Jiu-jitsu places an emphasis on humility, honesty and respect. Karate also promotes being humble and open to Karate's many lessons and being open to criticism.
Sure while there are some basic strikes in jiu-jtisu it is primarily a grappling martial arts. Karate focuses more on striking through teaching katas or forms. The kata is a formalized sequence of movements which represent various offensive and defensive postures. However, these postures and katas are based on idealized combat situations.
In Karate they call there sparring sessions, a "meeting of hands" or Kumite. It varies by school and focus there is everything from full contact karate which resembles kickboxing like K1. Then there is light contact like the World Karate Federation.
In karate, it takes a typical adult student who attends class two times per week to earn a black belt in five years. Contrast that with jiu-jitsu at five years you would just be eligible to test for your brown belt. In rare instances, Karate gyms have been known to give out a black belt in as little as 3 years.
Karate practicioners train a series of open hand and closed fist strikes. Common strikes learned are:
Haishu uchi - Back hand strike
Haito uchi - Ridge (back of sword) hand strike
Ipon ken - forefinger knuckle strike
Ipon nukite ken - first finger spear strike
Kai ko ken - open fist strike
Kakuto - head of the crane / goose neck strike
Ko koo - tiger's mouth strike
Kuma de - bear hand strike
Keito - head of the hen strike
Nakadaka ipon ken - middle finger knuckle strike
Nihon nukite - two finger spear strike
Nukite - Spear hand strike
Seiken - clenched fist strike
Shuto uchi - Knife (sword) hand strike
Teisho uchi - Palm heel strike
Tetsu tsui - [iron] hammer fist
Uraken uchi - Back fist strike
Washi de - eagle's beak strike
Wan to - sword arm strike
Contrast this with jiu-jitsu and there are basic self defense that are utilized for setting up takedowns and to really implement a strong bjj game.
Originally went Aikido arrived it Europe it had two colored belts White and Black. But it was difficult to implement.
In many Western Aikido schools the belt system is similar to this structure:
6th kyu – white
5th kyu – yellow
4th kyu – orange
3rd kyu – blue
2nd kyu – brown
1st dan – black
2nd dan – black with thin gold stripe
3rd dan – black with red stripe
Going back to the Gracie challenge BJJ would win over Karate. While certain forms or variations of Karate would be effective in self defense situations it isn't enough against BJJ.
While Karate focuses on the striking aspect Jiu-Jitsu practitioners work to take the fight to the ground to gain an advantage. The jiu-jitsu fighter would move in quickly to close distance and set up a takedown. The BJJ fighter would quickly establish a dominate position once on the ground and would soften the Karate fighter up with strikes. From there its only a matter of time before they are easily submitted.
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In space there is no air resistance to oppose motion, so the Space Shuttle orbiter can travel at very high speeds, up to 17,321 mph! At these speeds, the orbiter experiences enormous air resistance as it descends into the Earth’s atmosphere at the end of its mission.
This air resistance is just like any other form of friction – it converts kinetic energy into heat energy. The effect of this heat energy is demonstrated in this video clip taken by a Canadian police car camera. It shows a meteorite burning up in the atmosphere above Edmonton.
Thankfully most meteorites do burn up in the atmosphere, although the dinosaurs were not so lucky.
The high temperatures created during re-entry ionise the gas around the orbiter and this is often seen as a bright light in NASA cockpit videos, such as the one shown below.
To protect the vehicle and its crew from these high temperatures, the underside of the orbiter is covered by a layer of heat resistant tiles called the thermal protection system. This NASA clip explains how the tiles are constructed and arranged on the underside of the orbiter.
When Columbia was launched in 2003, something fell against the insulation on the left wing and knocked off some of the tiles. This hole in the thermal protection system caused Columbia to explode over the US as it re-entered the atmosphere. There is a wikipedia article about the Columbia disaster.
Video footage of NASA’s Houston control room from the morning of the disaster was included in the BBC Horizon documentary Final Descent – Last Flight of Space Shuttle Columbia.
WARNING: This last film is an excerpt from the Horizon programme and includes genuine cockpit video that was found in the wreckage, with some clips of the crew’s final minutes before they were killed.
There is a good description of the Space Shuttle at How Stuff Works.
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Reading anything by or about Charles Dickens is a year-round pleasure for many readers, but it's especially difficult not to associate him and his world with the holidays thanks to "A Christmas Carol." In Claire Tomalin's new biography, "Charles Dickens: A Life," the author (whose other books include lives of Thomas Hardy and Jane Austen) suggests, in the following excerpt adapted from "Prologue: The Inimitable 1840," why Dickens the man — not just his books — presents such a feast for any biographer.
Charles Dickens had been observing the world about him since he was a child, and reporting on what he saw as a journalist and then as a novelist. Much of it amused him, but more of it upset him: the poverty, the hunger, the ignorance and squalor he saw in London, and the indifference of the rich and powerful to the condition of the poor and ignorant. Through his own energy and exceptional gifts he had raised himself out of poverty. But he neither forgot it, nor turned aside from the poverty about him.
Dickens was twenty-eight in February 1840, and had another thirty years ahead of him. He was living in a country that had been at peace for a quarter of a century. Dickens was still a young man. His grammar could be shaky, his clothes too flamboyant — "geraniums and ringlets" mocked Thackeray — his hospitality too splendid, his temper fierce, but his friends — mostly artists, writers and actors — loved him, and their love was reciprocated. When he went out of London in order to have peace to write, he would within days summon troops of friends to join him. He was a giver of celebratory parties, a player of charades, a dancer of quadrilles and Sir Roger de Coverleys. He suffered from terrible colds and made them into jokes: "Bisery, bisery," he complained, or "I have been crying all day … my nose is an inch shorter than it was last Tuesday, from constant friction." He worked furiously fast to give himself free time. He lived hard and took hard exercise. His day began with a cold shower, and he walked or rode every day if he could, arduous expeditions of twelve, fifteen or twenty miles out of town, often summoning a friend to go with him. He might be in his study from ten at night until one in the morning, or up early to be at his desk by 8:30, writing with a quill pen he sharpened himself and favoring dark blue ink. He was taking French lessons from a serious teacher. He was also doing his best to help a poor carpenter with literary ambitions, reading what he had written and finding him work.
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Oral cancer patients at risk for dental complications
According to the American Cancer Society, approximately 35,310 new cases of oral cavity and oropharyngeal (neck and throat) cancer will be diagnosed in the United States in 2008. An estimated 7,590 people will die of these cancers by the end of this year.
Oral cavity cancers occur most commonly in the tongue, floor of the mouth, lips and minor salivary glands. The most common treatment options for people with oral and oropharyngeal cancers are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and newer targeted therapies.
Someone who is receiving radiation therapy of the head and neck area, or has a history of such treatment, may develop certain complications including dry mouth, sensitive lesions in the oral cavity, hypersensitive teeth, rapid tooth decay and difficulty swallowing. Chemotherapy can also have significant effects on the oral cavity.
To help prevent, minimize and manage such problems, the patient's dentist and oncologist can work together — before and during cancer treatment.
During the treatment period for head and neck cancer, the patient should gently brush his or her teeth twice a day unless a dentist recommends otherwise. The dentist may recommend a mouthrinse in addition to daily brushing. If the patient develops a condition called dry mouth, the dentist may recommend a saliva replacement, an artificial saliva that is available over-the-counter at pharmacies. Frequent fluoride applications may also be recommended.
Because any mouth infection may have serious implications, patients should contact their dentist or physician immediately should they experience any unusual problems with their mouth, teeth or throat.
©2010 American Dental Association. All rights reserved. Reproduction or republication is strictly prohibited without the prior written permission from the American Dental Association.
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Are you involved with a school or a group of young people?
The word “Advent” means coming and the Advent season is traditionally a time of year to reflect on what lies ahead for us all.
Uaing CAFOD’s Interactive Advent Calender for Secondary Schools, join us with your class as we reflect on the story of Surenthiran, from Sri Lanka. Each day has two slides including a reflection, prayer and action – perfect for daily registration time.
This year’s Advent calendar is based on the Jesse Tree.
Have you ever seen a family tree?
In ancient times, when few people could read, the ancestors of Christ were sometimes shown as part of a ‘Jesse Tree’, named after the father of King David in the Old Testament. During Advent, the Jesse Tree reminds us of Biblical characters and events that prepared God’s people for the birth of Jesus.
Surenthiran lives in Aayithiyamali village, in a house newly built by EHED, a CAFOD partner in Sri Lanka. She and her husband live with one of their four children and five grandchildren. This Advent we will journey with her.
Join us as we use the Jesse Tree this Advent to pray for our partners around the world, and in particular to reflect on Surenthiran’s inspiring story. Download the Advent Calender for Secondary Schools here.
Download the Advent Calender for Primary Schools here.
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Definitions of Enterprise Architecture
“The process of translating business vision and strategy into effective enterprise change by creating, communicating and improving the key requirements, principles and models that describe the enterprise’s future state and enable its evolution. The scope of the EA includes not only business processes, but also the people, information and technology of the enterprise, and their relationships to one another and to the external environment.”
“Being able to provide the right information at the right time to the right people so that they can make the right decision.”
“Enterprise architecture is a business-capability that manages a body of knowledge about enterprise structure and purpose”
This definition comes from an excellent article discussion “What is NOT enterprise architecture“:
- If it doesn’t manage an explicit body of knowledge used in organisation-wide decision-support, it’s probably not enterprise architecture
- EA is a decision-support system, not a decision system. Decisions are the role of strategy
- If it doesn’t provide executive-level advice, it’s probably not enterprise architecture
- A scope any less than the whole enterprise it’s domain-architecture. (e.g. business-architecture, applications architecture, technology architecture)
- If it doesn’t deal with the intersection of structure and purpose, it’s probably not enterprise architecture
This TOGAF definition is of architecture and so is again not strictly a definition of enterprise architecture. Also there is a general consensus that TOGAF uses the notion of enterprise architecture as enterprise wide IT architecture (EWITA) rather than Architecture of the Whole Enterprise (AWE) “Formal description of a system, or a detailed plan of the system at component level to guide its implementation”, or as “the structure of components, their interrelationships, and the principles and guidelines governing their design and evolution over time.”
MIT Center for Information Systems Research
“The organizing logic for business processes and IT infrastructure reflecting the integration and standardization requirements of the firm’s operating model.”
“A conceptual blueprint that defines the structure and operation of an organization. The intent of an enterprise architecture is to determine how an organization can most effectively achieve its current and future objectives.”
- Robert McIlree’s pages of enterprise architecture definitions (http://enterprisearchitect.typepad.com/ea/2012/03/the-enterprise-architecture-definition-collection-part-iii.html)
Twitter length definitions from the LinkedIn EA group
Nick Malik • EA applies rigorous engineering methods to the task of shaping business relationships and planned investments to meet enterprise goals
Trishit Baran Sengupta • EA facilitates:
- Crafting business strategies and transforming the same into successfully managed and implemented outcomes
- Managing complexity and change
Kevin Mark • Translate vision and strategy into effective organizational change (ed. Gartner’esque!)
John Wu • EA was initiated to overcome stovepipe systems in business processes, application system, data and technology solutions where EA is the means not the end. The ultimate goal is to close the gap between strategy and execution. The unique value of EA is to facilitate enterprise collaboration.
Scott Nelson • EA bridges gaps (such as terminology, viewpoints, and priorities) … to increase the value of the Enterprise as a whole.
Charles Yokley • EA is the structured, logically consistent expression of information that flows among and integrates the processes of change management.
Zenny Sadlon • An EA is the explicit description and documentation of the current and desired relationships among business and management processes and information technology.
Steve Nimmons FBCS CITP CEng • The purpose of Enterprise Architecture is to enable informed decision making, balance the imperative and aspirational, and formalise the design and governance of holistic Information Systems.
Pallab Saha • Enterprise architecture provides the capability to tackle complexity and advance organizational coherence.
Adam Goode • All so serious – Enterprise Architecture is that magical fairy dust that enables business goals to be delivered at the lowest possible cost without complaint.:)
Wayne Schmidt • Enterprise Architecture is a way that can assist people to define, enable, govern and adapt business in response and in support of client need. It’s hallmarks are simplicity, adapability, and minimalism of control to achieve the practitioners goals placed before it.
Hans Nelsen • Provide vision and evidence for the business to make a sober decisions around the tradeoffs between development efficiency & quality, TCO and user experience. Control failure through prototyping, in order to provide evidence and develop vision.
Wayne Heller • EA provides insight into what the business does and how it does it now; faciliates the process of defining and aligning strategic intent with specific changes initiatives for the sole purpose of sustainably and wholistically improving the business
Dave Mao • EA helps complex organizations figure out the best way to spend their limited resources to maximize long-term enterprise-wide benefit. Booyah!
Zafir Yousaf • EA helps organisations maximise business assets by applying governance principles to build the right capability and clear business outcomes whilst ensuring organisations can easily adapt to customers needs.
Tom Zorde • EA supports evidence based decision making for strategy and planning improving company agility.
Sean Megley • the purpose of enterprise architecture is to unleash innovation in the organization while avoiding random acts of technology and senseless acts of governance.
Hugh Madden • EA is the practice of optimising the returns of organisational change investments over a target set of time horizons and business operating models.
Ralph Hitz • To boldly go where no man has gone before – cementing the enterprise foundation and enabling agility on the edges – while having lots of fun
Adam Hintz • Enterprise Architecture is the alignment of all points of information in an organization into a visually represented, coherent model.
Mark Delbridge • EA provides access to information to enable services to be delivered.
Definitions of Architecture (Generally)
A BPM Institute definition of enterprise architecture
“an architecture represents one element linked to other elements to form, collectively, a structure” – BPM Institute
Not strictly a definition of enterprise architecture and this specification refers to the architecture of software-intensive systems. It is included as the TOGAF definitions are based on this one. “The fundamental organization of a system, embodied in its components, their relationships to each other and the environment, and the principles governing its design and evolution.”Tags: definition, ea, enterprise architecture
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(Philadelphia, PA) - One of the earliest signs of Alzheimer's disease is a decline in glucose levels in the brain. It appears in the early stages of mild cognitive impairment -- before symptoms of memory problems begin to surface. Whether it is a cause or consequence of neurological dysfunction has been unclear, but new research at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University now shows unequivocally that glucose deprivation in the brain triggers the onset of cognitive decline, memory impairment in particular.
"In recent years, advances in imaging techniques, especially positron emission tomography (PET), have allowed researchers to look for subtle changes in the brains of patients with different degrees of cognitive impairment," explained Domenico Praticò, MD, Professor in the Center for Translational Medicine at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University (LKSOM). "One of the changes that has been consistently reported is a decrease in glucose availability in the hippocampus."
The hippocampus plays a key role in processing and storing memories. It and other regions of the brain, however, rely exclusively on glucose for fuel -- without glucose, neurons starve and eventually die.
The new study, published online January 31 in the journal Translational Psychiatry, is the first to directly link memory impairment to glucose deprivation in the brain specifically through a mechanism involving the accumulation of a protein known as phosphorylated tau.
"Phosphorylated tau precipitates and aggregates in the brain, forming tangles and inducing neuronal death," Dr. Praticò explained. In general, a greater abundance of neurofibrillary tau tangles is associated with more severe dementia.
The study also is the first to identify a protein known as p38 as a potential alternate drug target in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurons activate p38 protein in response to glucose deprivation, possibly as a defensive mechanism. In the long run, however, its activation increases tau phosphorylation, making the problem worse.
To investigate the impact of glucose deprivation on the brain, Dr. Praticò's team used a mouse model that recapitulates memory impairments and tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. At about 4 or 5 months of age, some of the animals were treated with 2-deoxyglucose (DG), a compound that stops glucose from entering and being utilized by cells. The compound was administered to the mice in a chronic manner, over a period of several months. The animals were then evaluated for cognitive function. In a series of maze tests to assess memory, glucose-deprived mice performed significantly worse than their untreated counterparts.
When examined microscopically, neurons in the brains of DG-treated mice exhibited abnormal synaptic function, suggesting that neural communication pathways had broken down. Of particular consequence was a significant reduction in long-term potentiation- - the mechanism that strengthens synaptic connections to ensure memory formation and storage.
Upon further examination, the researchers discovered high levels of phosphorylated tau and dramatically increased amounts of cell death in the brains of glucose-deprived mice. To find out why, Dr. Praticò turned to p38, which in earlier work his team had identified as a driver of tau phosphorylation. In the new study, they found that memory impairment was directly associated with increased p38 activation.
"The findings are very exciting," Dr. Praticò said. "There is now a lot of evidence to suggest that p38 is involved in the development of Alzheimer's disease."
The findings also lend support to the idea that chronically occurring, small episodes of glucose deprivation are damaging for the brain. "There is a high likelihood that those types of episodes are related to diabetes, which is a condition in which glucose cannot enter the cell," he explained. "Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes is a known risk factor for dementia."
According to Dr. Praticò, the next step is to inhibit p38 to see if memory impairments can be alleviated, despite glucose deprivation. "It is an exciting avenue of research. A drug targeting this protein could bring big benefits for patients," he added.
Other researchers involved in the new study include Elisabetta Lauretti, Jian-Guo Li, and Antonio Di Meco in the Department of Pharmacology and Center for Translational Medicine at LKSOM.
The research was supported in part by a grant from the Wanda Simone Endowment Fund for Neuroscience.
About Temple Health
Temple University Health System (TUHS) is a $1.6 billion academic health system dedicated to providing access to quality patient care and supporting excellence in medical education and research. The Health System consists of Temple University Hospital (TUH), ranked among the "Best Hospitals" in the region by U.S. News & World Report; TUH-Episcopal Campus; TUH-Northeastern Campus; Fox Chase Cancer Center, an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center; Jeanes Hospital, a community-based hospital offering medical, surgical and emergency services; Temple Transport Team, a ground and air-ambulance company; and Temple Physicians, Inc., a network of community-based specialty and primary-care physician practices. TUHS is affiliated with the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University.
The Lewis Katz School of Medicine (LKSOM), established in 1901, is one of the nation's leading medical schools. Each year, the School of Medicine educates approximately 840 medical students and 140 graduate students. Based on its level of funding from the National Institutes of Health, the Katz School of Medicine is the second-highest ranked medical school in Philadelphia and the third-highest in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. According to U.S. News & World Report, LKSOM is among the top 10 most applied-to medical schools in the nation.
Temple Health refers to the health, education and research activities carried out by the affiliates of Temple University Health System (TUHS) and by the Katz School of Medicine. TUHS neither provides nor controls the provision of health care. All health care is provided by its member organizations or independent health care providers affiliated with TUHS member organizations. Each TUHS member organization is owned and operated pursuant to its governing documents.
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Trace the rise and fall of Psychological testing in the last century. Make note of significant historical events that played part in the development of testing as a major field.
1) It all began with the need to help intellectually challenged individuals. Alfred Binet and T.Simon came up with the first general intelligence test ‘the 1905 Binet-Simon Scale’ introducing norms- by standardizing administrative conditions, and using a sample representative of the target population- to compare future scores. Along with the revisions- of a larger standardized sample and more items to increase its validity- that followed, was the norm of ‘mental age.’ It allowed one to compare a child’s intelligence score relative to others’ of the same age. Terman of Stanford University then made the revision that presented it to the United States.
2) In WWI the need to screen the intellectual ability of large groups of recruits led to Army Alpha, and Army Beta (alpha did the literate, Beta the illiterate)
3) Group tests led to standardized achievement tests for schools. In comparison to the essay versions, the standardized structure of multiple choice questions, ease of administration under identical conditions and objectivity scoring made it more popular in terms of reliability and validity. In 1923 the structured group tests evolved into the Stanford Achievement Test (by L. M. Terman and others)
4) Despite their superior standards however, the group tests underwent heavy criticism on their validity, which led to more revisions that culminated in the 1939 Wechsler-Bellevue Test. It contained various scales to analyze an individuals abilities. Among them was the performance test, which prompted the Binet test to be revised again and include subtests.
5) Around that time of WWI (1920’s- 1940’s) when personality tests were coming out the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet came to be the first structured one to simplify the interview screening of military recruits. However, problems with accepting the Woodworth test (and the others spurred by the Woodworth) at face value led to their decline in the late 1930’s-to early 1940’s.
6) In the meantime, Projective Personality Tests slowly gained momentum when the student Sam Beck, scientifically investigated his professor David Levey’s Rorschach Inkblot. Still the Inkblot test’s ambiguity and scoring subjectivity prompted the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), a projective test with some structure (to measure human needs, ie. individual differences in motivation). Still, ambiguity led to superior acceptance of the structured Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). A test that revolutionized and consecrated the notion of empirical methods as the way to validity, in Personality testing.
7) In the1940’s with the MMPI came the statistical process of factor analysis to reduce redundancy in personality descriptions and group them under the measurement of one dimension. This technique led to Catell’s Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) and marked the historical point for its usage in validating future designs of personality tests from then on.
8) The full picture of: standardization, techniques, and applications to multiple branches came together in 1949 when federal funding helped in the development of training standards for University students in psychological testing and the American Psychological Association (APA), which affirmed their place in a clinical setting.
9) However, the excitement of Post WWII clinical psychologists felt a backlash with the potential side effects of misuse and intrusiveness of these tests. The clinical psychologists themselves- feeling secondary to Psychotherapy doctors- were further motivated to disassociate themselves to the field of testing, leading to another decline in late 1950’s that lasted until the 1970’s. (10) However, the heavy usage of psychological testing by new branches in applied psychology like Forensics, revived testing. Currently, testing is seen as a necessity to understand the measurements that studies provide in the decision-making process: from making parental decisions -to Attorneys learning the effects of cultural differences on verdicts.
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Students will be able to:
- Create a city scene that is the setting for a story;
- Use a variety of watercolour techniques to add variety to their work;
- Use line to create the illusion of depth and visual rhythm;
- Demonstrate technical accomplishment and creativity; and
- Support their ideas with evidence found in the works.
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This is the first story I always use with my 1st graders after I introduce the Tremendous Ten Verbs (see the main Stories page). I don’t usually do much TPRS in Kindergarten, we just don’t have the time to do more than one or two stories in the year. In 1st Grade, though, the kids are a little more mature and I have a little bit more time with them. As such, I am able to do a story with them.
I have done this multiple ways – I have used lots of circling and broken the story up into sections and I have done it all in one class period. Either way could work, it would just depend on your students and your teaching style.
I hope you enjoy!
Había un chico. Era Ed. Ed estaba en Altamonte Springs. Ed no estaba contento. No tenía pizza. Ed quería pizza.
Ed fue a Boston. Había un chico en Boston. Le dijo:
–“Hola. Tengo un problema. Quiero pizza.”
–“No tengo pizza. Tengo un hot dog y una hamburguesa. No tengo pizza.”
Ed estaba triste.
Ed fue a Atlanta. Había una chica en Atlanta. Ed le dijo:
–“Hola, quiero pizza.”
–“Tengo pizza, es excelente!”
Susie tenía pizza y le dio la pizza a Ed. Ed estaba muy contento.
There was a boy. His name was Ed. Ed was in Altamonte Springs. Ed was not happy. He did not have pizza. Ed wanted pizza.
Ed went to Boston. There was a boy in Boston. Told him:
–“Hello. I have a problem. I want pizza.”
– “I do not have pizza. I have a hot dog and a hamburger. I do not have pizza. ”
Ed was sad.
Ed went to Atlanta. There was a girl in Atlanta. Ed told her:
– “Hi, I want pizza.”
– “I have pizza, it’s excellent!”
Susie had pizza and gave the pizza to Ed. Ed was very happy.
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Graduate studies at Western
Oxford University Press (2007)
|Abstract||Can we regard ourselves as having free will? What is the place of values in a world of facts? What grounds the authority of moral injunctions, and why should we care about them? Unless we provide satisfactory answers to these questions, ethics has no credible status and is likely to be subsumed by psychology, history, or rational decision theory. According to Ermanno Bencivenga, this outcome is both common and regrettable. Bencivenga points to Immanuel Kant for the solution. Kant's philosophy is a sustained, bold, and successful effort aiming at offering us the answers we need. Ethics Vindicated is a clear and thorough account of this effort that builds on Bencivenga's previous interpretation of transcendental philosophy (as articulated in his Kant's Copernican Revolution) and draws on the entire Kantian corpus|
|Keywords||Ethics, Modern Liberty History|
|Categories||categorize this paper)|
|Buy the book||$12.50 used (81% off) $33.50 new (53% off) $60.48 direct from Amazon (14% off) Amazon page|
|Call number||B2799.E8.B37 2007|
|Through your library||Configure|
Similar books and articles
Ermanno Bencivenga (1991). The Metaphysical Structure of Kant's Moral Philosophy. Philosophical Topics 19 (1):17-29.
Gordon G. Brittan Jr (1992). Review: Bencivenga, Kant's Copernican Revolution. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 52 (3):740-742.
Roger J. Sullivan (1989). Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory. Cambridge University Press.
Lara Denis (2006). Kant's Conception of Virtue. In Paul Guyer (ed.), Cambridge Companion to Kant and Modern Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
J. B. Schneewind (1998). The Invention of Autonomy: A History of Modern Moral Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.
Ermanno Bencivenga (1987). Kant's Copernican Revolution. Oxford University Press.
J. B. Schneewind (2010). Essays on the History of Moral Philosophy. Oxford University Press.
David Forman (2007). Review of Ermanno Bencivenga, Ethics Vindicated: Kant's Transcendental Legitimation of Moral Discourse. [REVIEW] Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews 2007 (6).
C. H. Wenzel (2009). Ethics Vindicated. Kant's Transcendental Legitimation of Moral Discourse, by Ermanno Bencivenga. Mind 118 (471):811-815.
Gary Banham (2010). Ethics Vindicated: Kant's Transcendental Legitimation of Moral Discourse. [REVIEW] Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 13 (1):111-112.
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BERA’s ethics and guidance documents are used by educational researchers and those active in many other disciplines. Our publications include the following documents. BERA is also in the process of developing a series of case studies on ethical decision-making in educational research, which we expect to publish in summer 2019.
It is to argue however, that in the enfolding of ethics and ethnography something new and shared is created and this requires that the interplay between researcher and researched be conceptualised not simply as the resultant of the combination of differences nor simply as the recognition and valuing of difference, but rather as involving the joint creation of something new.What that study reveals is the focus of this essay, which will provide an introduction to the contemporary literature on ethnography and ethics, first by giving a brief history of the topic, noting.The concern of anthropologists to produce research that is ethically sound has grown in the past several decades. Originally, when conducting ethnographic field work, anthropologists weren't particularly concerned with ethical dilemmas and the impact of their research on the people that they were studying.
The Ethics and Professional Skills module is an essential part of the ACCA Qualification and helps increase your employability and workplace effectiveness. The module uses realistic business simulations to develop a number of professional skills such as leadership, communication and commercial.
Journal of Medical Ethics is a leading international journal that reflects the whole field of medical ethics. The journal promotes ethical reflection and conduct in scientific research and medical practice. It features articles on ethical aspects of health care relevant to health care professionals.
Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns matters of value, and thus comprises the branch of philosophy called axiology. Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong.
D. Soyini Madison 's published works focus on performance ethnography and the intersections between gender and critical race theory. Her teaching centers on myth and popular culture, performance ethnography, the performance of literature for social change, and the political economy of performance.
Ethics, the philosophical discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. Its subject consists of fundamental issues of practical decision making, and its major concerns include the nature of ultimate value and the standards by which human actions can be morally evaluated.
Importance of Ethics in Professional Life - Regardless of profession or the field of work one belongs to, ethics is an important part of work. The success or the expected results depend on how the workers deal with the situations. Whether ethically or unethically. If they are dealt ethically, the chances are positive for growth and development.
Situation ethics was developed by American Anglican theologian Joseph F. Fletcher, whose book Situation Ethics: The New Morality (1966) arose from his objections to both moral absolutism (the view that there are fixed universal moral principles that have binding authority in all circumstances) and moral relativism (the view that there are no fixed moral principles at all).
Sitting at the comfort of the student hostels made me understand that feminist ethnography approach is essential since it strengthens the relationship between females StudentShare Our website is a unique platform where students can share their papers in a matter of giving an example of the work to be done.
Gun owners, ethics, and the problem of evil: A response to the Las Vegas shooting This article examines the ways in which American gun owners deploy a particular ethical system in their responses to instances of mass gun violence.
The second part juxtaposes this with calls for the integration of ethics in ethnography and, similarly, argues that the enfolding of the ethical and the empirical in ethnography calls for the development of new methods. The paper goes on to problematise the 'negotiational' approaches to informed consent preferred by many ethnographers, arguing.
However, ethnographic research confronts an additional difficulty. In biomedical research, it is normally possible to specify in advance precisely what the study will involve. In ethnography, both the research focus and the research design typically emerge during the course of the research (O’Neill, 2002).
Nonetheless, the course of action of situating “determined indicating models in romance to context” (Anderson, 2007) and structuring them for certain participant and established of contributors earning the TCA near to “Situation Review, Discourse Evaluation, Ethnography, Grounded Idea, Heuristic Analysis, Intuitive Inquiry, global warming essay marathi academize crucible essay on.
Sample Essay On Ethics, how long should a grad school application essay be, examples of investigative journalism essays, hs wismar bachelor thesis Read the full REVIEW.
The certificate program in ethnographic studies addresses these potentialities with a pair of core courses on key concepts and ethnographic research methods and ethics, elective courses on issues of method and cultural analysis, and advising support for an ethnographic component in students’ senior independent research (or separate paper) in fulfillment of the program’s writing requirement.
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The innovation is a basic bit of the cutting edge science and progression in regard of engaging electronic contraptions and to perform on a scale. As we probably are aware the innovation is sought after for most recent 10 years and proportion of improvement have been done in the previous decade applying this innovation. The vast majority of the brilliant devices we are utilizing today are the extraordinary aftereffect of this innovation. Now and then the headway of this innovation cause to sit me to imagine that, is it computerized reasoning?
A lot of records you may have perused here dependent on this innovation yet ever you believed that it might be a bit of man-made brainpower. The article is on a similar theme and will leave you with a question that is AI a backup part of the Artificial Intelligence? AI ML is so unavoidable these days that we use it certainly all things considered in a day without remembering it. Analysts separate and proceed with work to make this innovation as a Tej Kohli source to gain ground towards human-level AI. The strategies for this innovation have been redesigned in 10 years preceding control and improve the new taking care of progressions effectively. It is in quickly making a stage and enough tolerating by the world; scholastics intrigued by electronic reasoning and explore to get the achievement if a machine could get from information.
Change of this development is fundamental to animate the ace progression if models uncovered new information; they ought to be able to freely change. Everything thought of it as is basic to make it direct to use in different fields. In future, it will be a fundamental and solid technique to make the dormant mentioning in a going with way. ML is the claim to fame of making electronic contraptions to act without being unequivocally altered. In the prior decade, the innovation has given us self-driving vehicles, accommodating talk certification, powerful web look, and an unfathomably improved valuation for the human genome. Even more crucial, you will find a few solutions concerning the theoretical underpinnings of learning, and likewise get the balanced expertise foreseen that would rapidly and feasibly apply these systems to new issues. At last, you will find a few solutions concerning a portion of ace’s prescribed procedure in progress according to AI and Artificial Intelligence. It is an innovation that can give the extraordinary progression in data mining and quantifiable outline insistence. Presently it is considered as a future perspective gauge innovation. Specialists are chipping away at the thoughts of modernization the everyday use contraptions and making some fascinating life hacking gadgets.
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The four most common Thanksgiving injuries and ailments are food poisoning, knife-related lacerations and injuries, burns, and alcohol-related injuries. The following tips will help families avoid these types of injuries so they can stay out of the ER this holiday season.
Preventing Food Poisoning on Thanksgiving
Food poisoning is a fast way to ruin a fun holiday. Raw meat, especially poultry, is often a culprit. The CDC recommendation is to cook the turkey at a minimum of 325 degrees while preparing stuffing outside of the bird to prevent cross-contamination. Also, starting with a fully thawed turkey and checking the meat with a meat thermometer will help reduce the risk of food-borne illness.
Preventing Knife Injuries
Throughout the year, one out of every 10 visits to the ER is due to knife injuries. This increases on Thanksgiving when many people are cooking large meals. To protect against these injuries, families can practice safe carving tips.
First, the best plan of action is to cave turkey or ham slowly. The carver can reduce the risk of injury by using a sharpened knife and paying close attention to the work. Additionally, children should be monitored to keep them from having access to sharp knives.
Protection Against Burns
Deep-fried turkey is becoming a Thanksgiving staple in many parts of the country, especially in areas with mild winters like Las Vegas. This holiday tradition should be fun, but it actually causes a lot of fires. In fact, cooking fires are more common on Thanksgiving than any other day of the year, and more than 1,000 fires happen every Thanksgiving due to deep fryers.
To protect against the risk of a house fire, families can consider using a safer method, like roasting or smoking, to prepare turkey. Deep frying is best done outdoors to reduce the risk of a serious fire. This job should take place away from the house and only a thawed, dry turkey should be used.
Alcohol and Injuries
Finally, families can avoid alcohol-related injuries and the need for a personal injury attorney in Las Vegas by avoiding drinking and driving or other risky behaviors. Alcohol consumption is common during the holiday, and alcohol was a factor in approximately 360 holiday deaths in 2013 alone.
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Pick to sustain firms as well as brand names that focus on sustainability in their procedures. By buying items from eco-conscious services, you motivate market need for eco-friendly methods. This, subsequently, can drive bigger sectors towards embracing greener approaches.
Saving power in your house is both economical and also environment-friendly. Straightforward activities like switching off lights when not being used, disconnecting tools, and also making use of energy-efficient devices can reduce your electrical energy costs while lowering greenhouse gas exhausts. In addition, think about transitioning to renewable resource resources like photovoltaic panels, which visit https://pltgreenschools.org/ can even more minimize your carbon impact.
It’s necessary to bear in mind that also the tiniest activities can produce a surge result, adding to a much healthier setting. In this post, we will certainly check out exactly how private and also cumulative little activities can have a substantial effect on the health of our world.
Involving with your neighborhood can result in cumulative activities that drive favorable adjustment. Arrange community clean-up occasions, tree-planting campaigns, or instructional workshops on sustainability. With each other, neighborhoods can produce long lasting influence on neighborhood communities as well as increase recognition concerning ecological problems.
Involving with your neighborhood can lead to cumulative activities that drive favorable adjustment. Enlighten on your own and also others concerning the value of a healthy and balanced setting and also the activities people can take. Whether it’s lowering waste, saving power, sustaining neighborhood campaigns, or supporting for modification, your activities have the prospective to influence others as well as develop a long lasting effect.
The olden concept of “decrease, recycle, reuse” continues to be as pertinent as ever before. Lowering your intake of non reusable products and also single-use plastics can substantially minimize the quantity of waste that winds up in seas as well as garbage dumps. Recycling things and also reusing products assists decrease and also save sources power intake.
What you place on your plate can affect the atmosphere greater than you may believe. Lowering meat usage, sustaining lasting as well as neighborhood farming, as well as lessening food waste all contribute in producing an extra eco-friendly food system. These options advertise biodiversity preservation and also minimize greenhouse gas discharges connected with farming.
Enlighten on your own as well as others concerning the significance of a healthy and balanced atmosphere and also the activities people can take. Your voice can affect decision-makers as well as drive plan modifications that profit the world.
It’s important to bear in mind that also the tiniest activities can develop a surge result, adding to a much healthier setting. In this short article, we will certainly check out exactly how specific as well as cumulative tiny activities can have a considerable effect on the health of our earth.
Whether it’s decreasing waste, saving power, sustaining regional campaigns, or promoting for adjustment, your activities have the possible to influence others and also develop a long-term effect. By identifying the power of little activities, we can function with each other to construct a much more ecologically mindful and also lasting globe for future as well as existing generations.
Obtaining associated with neighborhood preservation efforts or sustaining companies devoted to securing all-natural environments and also wild animals can have an extensive influence. These initiatives assist protect biodiversity, safeguard ecological communities, as well as guarantee the lasting health and wellness of our atmosphere. Your involvement can motivate others to sign up with the reason.
Among one of the most easily accessible means to minimize your ecological impact is by reassessing your transport options. Choosing public transport, car pool, cycling, or strolling as opposed to driving alone can decrease carbon exhausts, minimize traffic jam, as well as boost air high quality. Little activities like these not just lower your carbon impact yet additionally motivate others to do the exact same.
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Today, the services of physiotherapists are widely in demand by a large number of people suffering from a variety of diseases. The most common of which is back pain. Previously, when a person has a backache, he goes directly to the doctor. He currently has another option, and he must hire the help of a physiotherapist.
Back pains come in many forms, depending on the specific area of the lesion.
The reasons are very diverse and vary from the causes caused by car accidents, certain diseases or unhealthy lifestyles. This may be in the form of lower back pain or chest pain in the back. Chest pain, commonly known as upper back pain or middle back pain, is caused by many causes, such as degenerative disc disease. It can also be due to spinal disability. Sometimes constant repetitive movements in the upper body or joint dysfunction can cause pain in the upper back. Since the upper back is much more stable than the lower back, pain in the upper back is less common than in the lower back.
Pain in the lower back or lower back is very common with various causes. This may be due to rupture of the ligament, a hernia of the intervertebral disc, or displacement of the disc, muscle spasm, or simply poor posture. Even the act of lifting the heavy box improperly can cause lower back pain.
Back pain can be temporary and mild, when a person simply feels an attack of pain or some sensitivity, or can be repetitive and debilitating. People with chronic back pain are better off starting therapy with a licensed physiotherapist. The relief will be longer because it will focus on the underlying cause, not just the treatment of symptoms. For some, this is a choice between york physiotherapy and surgery, since the latter has a higher risk factor.
In physiotherapy for back pain during treatment, a combination of methods is used depending on the cause of this condition. In case of problems with the vertebral discs, it is suggested that a certified physiotherapist should manipulate the disc in order to replace it. Licensed physiotherapists have received extensive education and training to gain the skills necessary to treat injuries such as herniated discs. A herniated disc is quite expensive and risky. There is also a long recovery period during which you must keep it stationary.
Massage can also be used to relax back muscles and relieve pain caused by damage to ligaments.
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Island platypuses face risky future
Monotype monotremes Safety really is in the numbers for some of Australia's iconic animals with a new study showing small island populations of platypus are in danger of being wiped out because of a lack of genetic diversity.
The finding could help improve management of other animal populations with low genetic variation such as the koala and helps explain the decimation of the Tasmanian devils from a contagious cancer.
The paper, published this month in the Journal of Heredity, shows platypuses on the Australian mainland and in Tasmania have high levels of genetic diversity within their populations.
However those platypuses found on King Island, north-west of Tasmania, and Kangaroo Island, south-west of Adelaide, are at high risk of being wiped out.
For the study, University of Sydney doctoral student Mette Lillie, examined the immune genes of 70 platypuses from populations in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the two smaller islands.
She says the study shows the King Island population has no diversity in its major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene which plays a critical role in the immune system identifying pathogens and disease.
"If you have lots of variation in the MHC gene it means the populations is better able to resist disease and pathogens," Lillie says.
She says the genetic diversity has been lost because the King island population is an endemic species that has been isolated from other populations since the last Ice Age about 14,000 years ago.
Genetic diversity would have been reduced through inbreeding and random genetic drift - evolutionary forces or events that dramatically change or influence genetic diversity from generation to generation.
She says around 20 platypuses were introduced to Kangaroo Island in the 1930s and 1940s and the lack of genetic diversity is to be expected given the small size of the original population.
Lillie says these two platypus populations are at high risk of disease epidemics because of the lack of genetic diversity.
The research team, which is headed by Associate Professor Kathy Belov, at the Faculty of Veterinary Science, has previously shown low immune gene diversity was critical in the spread of the contagious facial cancer that has wiped out the Tasmanian devils.
Lillie says the study suggests small populations of animals need to be carefully monitored for signs of disease outbreaks as an introduced disease could have a catastrophic effect on numbers.
However she rejects options such as increasing diversity by introducing new animals into the populations.
Because it has been isolated for so long, she says the introduction of other platypuses to King island could carry the risk of introducing disease.
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A cheap holographic microscope capable of detecting E. coli and other bacteria has been developed by researchers in the US.
The handheld device uses a laser instead of lenses to identify bugs in water, food or blood, and costs less than $100 (£60) to build.
Images can be uploaded to remote computers for further analysis.
Scientists hope the technology will improve healthcare in areas that lack sophisticated diagnostic equipment.
Details of the microscope - created at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) - were published in the journal Biomedical Optics Express.Micro 3D
The device has two modes of operation: a "transmission" mode which can analyse liquids such as blood and water, and a "reflection" mode which produces holographic images of denser surfaces.
"Transmission mode is great for looking at optically transparent things like cells or very thin slices," explained Dr Karl Ryder of Leicester University's Advanced Microscopy Centre.
"However, if you want to look at more solid surfaces, you can't use transmission mode, because the light wouldn't get through."
In reflection mode, the microscope used holography to create a 3D image of the sample being studied.
"You take a laser and you split the beam in two using a mirror. Then you use one of these beams to illuminate your sample," said Dr Ryder.
"You can then recombine these two beams using clever mathematics to build a 3D image of your object."
A key advantage of the design is that it employs cheap electrical components instead of heavy and expensive lenses.
"There are no optics at all in this system. They've made it really small, and they're looking at small sample sizes, so you don't need complex focusing," said Dr Ryder.
Instead, the microscope uses digital photo sensors commonly found in devices like iPhones and Blackberrys. These can cost less than $15 each to produce.
Despite its price, researchers claim that the microscope can help to monitor outbreaks of difficult-to-detect bacteria such as E. coli.
"It's a very challenging task to detect E. coli in low concentrations in water and food. This microscope could be part of a solution for field investigation," said Prof Aydogan Ozcan from UCLA.
The device captures raw data, but its simple design means that processing needs to be done on an external device with more computing power.
A user in the field can forward the image data to their mobile phone, a laptop PC, or even upload it to an internet server.
Prof Ozcan believes the microscope could prove invaluable for medics working in developing countries.
"With just a small amount of training, doctors could use devices like these to improve healthcare in remote areas of the world with little access to diagnostic equipment."
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Carnivals of Revenge
The frustrations of Gilded Age workers transformed the labor movement into a vigorous, if often violent, force. Workers saw men like Andrew Carnegie getting fabulously rich, and raged at being left behind. With their own labor the only available bargaining chip, workers frequently went on strike. The 1880's witnessed almost ten thousand strikes and lockouts; close to 700,000 workers struck in 1886 alone.
The results were often explosive-none more than the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. When the B&O Railroad cut wages, workers staged spontaneous strikes, which spread nationwide. In Baltimore, the state militia fired on strikers, leaving 11 dead and 40 wounded. In Pittsburgh, Andrew Carnegie's mentor, Thomas Scott of the Pennsylvania Railroad, urged that strikers be given "a rifle diet for a few days and see how they like that kind of bread." In Philadelphia, strikers battled local militia, burning much of the downtown area before the federal troops intervened. The wage reductions remained in place, and the War Department created the national guard to put down future disturbances.
Industrialists took a harder line against unions, but the labor movement grew. In 1877, three national unions existed; in 1880 there were eighteen. For many Americans, unionization fed a fear that "barbarians" had invaded the nation. During a Cleveland steel strike, violent confrontations led local newspapers to attack the "un-American" Polish workers as "Ignorant and degraded whelps," "Foreign devils," and "Communistic scoundrels [who] revel in robberies, bloodshed, and arson."
In 1886, a national strike called for changing the standard workday from 12-hours to eight. At 12,000 companies nationwide, 340,000 workers stopped work. In Chicago police were trying to break up a large labor meeting in Haymarket Square, when a bomb exploded without warning, killing a police officer. Police fired into the crowd, killing one and wounding many more. As a result of the riot, four labor organizers were hanged.
The hangings demoralized the national labor movement and energized management. By 1890, Knights of Labor membership had plummeted by ninety percent. The 1892 battle at Carnegie's Homestead mill became a model for stamping out strikes: hold firm and call in government troops for support.
The brutal depression of 1893-94 triggered some of the worst labor conflicts in the country's history, including the strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company. When George Pullman slashed wages and hiked rents in his company town, a national strike and boycott was called on all railways carrying Pullman cars. Railroad traffic ground to a halt as 260,000 workers struck, and battles with state and federal troops broke out in 26 states. The strike ultimately failed, its leaders imprisoned and many strikers blacklisted.
The labor movement lay in shambles, and would not rise again for nearly fifty years. Although workers would find new strength in the next century, they would never again pose the same broad challenge to the claims of capital.
Next: Millionaire's Row
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Even after four decades the emotions of the participants in the film 40 Years Later: Now Can We Talk? are raw, as the first African American students to attend South Panola High School in Batesville, Mississippi, shared their memories in a documentary that premiered on the Barnard campus in September. The three women who created the piece—Professor Lee Anne Bell, the Barbara Silver Horowitz Director of Education at Barnard, educator and advocate Fern Khan, and director Markie Hancock—hope it will promote dialogues about the power of educators to create environments that foster learning for everyone.
“We didn’t have a clue about what we were getting into,” says Cheryl Johnson, from South Panola’s class of 1969, describing what awaited the black students when their parents decided to send them to a previously all-white high school.
When Johnson and her black classmates were invited to the South Panola reunion—the first invitation they had received from the school in the 40 years since their graduation—she started doing Web searches to find someone who could help them tell their stories. She found Bell’s Web site with information about the professor’s ongoing project to use storytelling to teach students about race, racism, and social justice. Johnson contacted Bell, telling her about the reunion and that she and her classmates, most of whom eventually moved from Mississippi, had never discussed their experiences with each other or with any of their white classmates. Recalls Bell, “I naïvely (not having ever made a film) said, ‘Seems like an historic occasion and we should film it.’”
Johnson consulted her 12 black classmates and all agreed to participate. Bell enlisted Hancock Productions; what Bell terms a ‘just-in-time’ grant from Barnard enabled the team to travel to Mississippi and compile eight hours of footage with the black alumni. “We had the most amazing, moving discussion about their experiences,” she says. Things such as abuse from classmates and teachers, lack of recognition for academic accomplishments, and even being turned away at the door of their prom were among their memories.
Bell accompanied them to the reunion—to this day there has never been a clear answer about why they’d never previously been invited. A few months later, she arranged for 13 of their white classmates to share their recollections on film. “It was interesting to see how, in each group, the same themes emerged, but from radically different perspectives,” she notes.
After writing numerous grant proposals and raising money from various groups (including major funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation), Bell and Hancock were able to bring most of the alumni who’d participated in the two separate dialogues together for a shared discussion. The documentary, with Barnard faculty members Kim Hall and Monica Miller serving as consultants, includes three sessions of discussions with the South Panola graduates. Although the completed work was first shown officially on September 13, Bell had given preliminary copies to all the participants, presented rough cuts at educational conferences, and shown clips to students in Barnard’s education program.
“There are so many layers to the film. There’s the inability of our country to come to terms with its racial past that lives on in the present,” says Bell. “Another layer that my students find particularly powerful in the film is when the students talk about their teachers and their experiences in classrooms. It really brings home the power teachers have to do harm or good.”
At present, Bell is writing a facilitation guide that will go with DVDs of the documentary when sent to educators. She hopes the work will foster honest and open discussions of the issues addressed and how genuine progress can be made. “Our primary goal as a program is to ensure that our students who will be teachers feel confident and capable to address discrimination, stereotyping, bias, and bullying in their classrooms,” says Bell. “We want them to develop the skills to halt these practices and…create a safe environment where all the kids can thrive.”
—Lois Elfman '80
More about the Storytelling Project at education.barnard.edu.
Photo: Juliana Sohn
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Top Suggestions Codominance Genetics Problems Worksheet With Answer Keys :
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15 Dec 2019
HKU scientists develop a deep learning approach to predict disease-associated mutations of the metal-binding sites
During the past years, artificial intelligence (AI) -- the capability of a machine to mimic human behavior -- has become a key player in high-techs like drug development projects. AI tools help scientists to uncover the secret behind the big biological data using optimized computational algorithms. AI methods such as deep neural network improves decision making in biological and chemical applications i.e., prediction of diseaseassociated proteins, discovery of novel biomarkers and de novo design of small molecule drug leads. These state-of-the-art approaches help scientists to develop a potential drug more efficiently and economically.
A research team led by Professor Hongzhe Sun from the Department of Chemistry, in collaboration with Professor Junwen Wang from Mayo Clinic, Arizona in the United States (a former HKU colleague), implemented a robust deep learning approach to predict disease-associated mutations of the metal-binding sites in a protein. This is the first deep learning approach for the prediction of disease-associated metal-relevant site mutations in metalloproteins, providing a new platform to tackle human diseases. The research findings were recently published in a top scientific journal Nature Machine Intelligence.
Metal ions play pivotal roles either structurally or functionally in the (patho)physiology of human biological systems. Metals such as zinc, iron and copper are essential for all lives and their concentration in cells must be strictly regulated. A deficiency or an excess of these physiological metal ions can cause severe disease in humans. It was discovered that a mutation in human genome are strongly associated with different diseases. If these mutations happen in the coding region of DNA, it might disrupt metal-binding sites of the proteins and consequently initiate severe diseases in humans. Understanding of disease-associated mutations at the metal-binding sites of proteins will facilitate discovery of new drugs.
The team first integrated omics data from different databases to build a comprehensive training dataset. By looking at the statistics from the collected data, the team found that different metals have different disease associations. A mutation in zinc-binding sites has a major role in breast, liver, kidney, immune system and prostate diseases. By contrast, the mutations in calcium- and magnesium-binding sites are associated with muscular and immune system diseases, respectively. For iron-binding sites, mutations are more associated with metabolic diseases. Furthermore, mutations of manganese- and copper-binding sites are associated with cardiovascular diseases with the latter being associated with nervous system disease as well. They used a novel approach to extract spatial features from the metal binding sites using an energy-based affinity grid map. These spatial features have been merged with physicochemical sequential features to train the model. The final results show using the spatial features enhanced the performance of the prediction with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.90 and an accuracy of 0.82. Given the limited advanced techniques and platforms in the field of metallomics and metalloproteins, the proposed deep learning approach offers a method to integrate the experimental data with bioinformatics analysis. The approach will help scientist to predict DNA mutations which are associated with disease like cancer, cardiovascular diseases and genetic disorders.
Professor Sun said: "Machine learning and AI play important roles in the current biological and chemical science. In my group we worked on metals in biology and medicine using integrative omics approach including metallomics and metalloproteomics, and we already produced a large amount of valuable data using in vivo/vitro experiments. We now develop an artificial intelligence approach based on deep learning to turn these raw data to valuable knowledge, leading to uncover secrets behind the diseases and to fight with them. I believe this novel deep learning approach can be used in other projects, which is undergoing in our laboratory."
Image 1: Workflow of data collection and feature extraction to train the deep learning model.
This project was supported by the Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong and The University of Hong Kong (Norman and Cecilia Yip Professorship in Bioinorganic Chemistry).
Koohi-Moghadam M., Wang H.B., Wang Y.C., Yang, X.M., Li H.Y., Wang J.W.*, Sun H.Z.* (2019) "Predicting disease-associated mutation of metal binding sites of a protein using a deep learning approach" Nature Machine Intelligence, DOI: 10.1038/s42256-019-0119-z
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Data on where broadband is and isn’t available is notoriously under-reported and does not fully depict the reality on the ground for many people in North Carolina.
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Because broadband access and adoption are each important but distinct, two indices were designed:
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About the Broadband Indices
The Broadband Infrastructure Office in 2019 commissioned Roberto Gallardo, Ph.D., a renowned broadband researcher from Purdue University, to create the North Carolina Broadband Indices.
The indices will inform the design of programs, policies and tools to align with the specific needs of each community by:
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The indices will help state and local leaders, private providers and advocates:
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Contact: Sarah Eve Roberts
Are we living in an island universe?
Space Scoop: Astronomy News for Kids
This space photograph shows the Triangulum Galaxy, a nearby spiral galaxy that is sometimes known as Messier 33.
Many of you will recognise the object in this space photograph as a galaxy: a collection of billions of bright, shining stars, and cosmic gas and dust.
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Today we know that Curtis was correct about the spiral nebulae being separate galaxies. The Milky Way is just one of hundreds of billions of galaxies in the known Universe! In today's picture you can see one of our closest neighbour galaxies, the Triangulum Galaxy.
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Cool Fact: The Triangulum Galaxy is the third-largest member of the 'Local Group', which is a group of galaxies bound together by gravity. As well as the Triangulum Galaxy, the Local Group group also includes our Galaxy, the Andromeda Galaxy and about 50 other smaller galaxies!
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UPC 0087577964256 ISBN 0769687253 Brand Carson Dellosa Mfr Part Number N/A Language N/A Color N/A Season N/A Holiday N/A Theme N/A Subject N/A Collection N/A Age No Grade No Media Mail Yes Aliases FS9780769687254,CDP096425,CDP0769687253,LM096425,LM-096425,CDPMGH0769687253,0769687253,1561899658,MGH1561899658,CD-0769687253,CD0769687253
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()<!--This name of this place is always pronounced is an emphasis on the sound हा --> is a hill overlooking Srinagar
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Despite saving the human race, Noah often gets a bad rap when it comes to the Unicorn–people blame their absence in the world on him not bringing any aboard the ark. I think this is typically done in jest, particularly by folks that don’t believe in the account of the biblical Flood, or in unicorns. Rest assured, though, the Unicorn did survive the Flood and is even mentioned in later books of the Old Testament:
God brought them [Jews] out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn.Numbers 23:22
His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, and his horns are like the horns of unicorns: with them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: and they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, and they are the thousands of Manasseh.Deuteronomy 33:17
Save me from the lion’s mouth: for thou hast heard me from the horns of the unicorns.Psalms 22:21
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King James’ bible translation began in 1604 and was completed by 1611. But by the time of the translations commissioning, Unicorns were well-known in Europe, appearing on heraldry, while the mythical creatures’ horns (alicorns) were sold and traded, used in scepters, thrones, and ground up for medicinal purposes. Unicorns predate the King James bible by centuries–but just how far?
Pliny, the Greek philosopher, wrote about the Unicorn: “The unicorn is the fiercest animal, and it is said that it is impossible to capture one alive. It has the body of a horse, the head of a stag, the feet of an elephant, the tail of a boar, and a single black horn three feet long in the middle of its forehead. Its cry is a deep bellow.”
In the 7th Century, the scholar Isidore of Seville described the unicorn as “very strong and pierces anything it attacks. It fights with elephants and kills them by wounding them in the belly.” He further went on to add that “The unicorn is too strong to be caught by hunters, except by a trick: If a virgin girl is placed in front of a unicorn and she bares her breast to it, all of its fierceness will cease and it will lay its head on her bosom, and thus quieted is easily caught.”
Pierces an elephant in the belly… feet like an elephant. Wait a minute…
Pop culture is not alone in its depiction of the unicorn as a sleek equine. But what if there is a more grounded reality for the creature? What if Unicorns were not only real, but considerably different than the artistic expressions usually made by people who had never seen one? What if… the unicorn is a rhinoceros?
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And what about those unicorn horns? Where did they come from? They came from Vikings, who were accomplished sailors who often journeyed into the seas of the Narwhal, another one-horned creature that remained generally unknown until the 16th Century, allowing the trade in faux alicorns to spread far and wide, with specimens even presented to Popes and some horns remaining on display in museums into the modern era.
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OH - Lake Erie algal bloom and new twist on the Ned Rig
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We were inspired to look more closely at some of the key figures that appear in our Little History books by an interaction with a reader on the Little History facebook page. We really liked the idea of finding out what the series has to say about all sorts of ‘remarkable people’, both heroes and villains, and we’re putting together this resource for you to explore. Whether you’re looking for help with your homework (!), or trying to fill a gap in your knowledge, Little History books and their cast of characters have plenty to offer.
English poet from the Middle Ages known as the 'Father of English literature'
1343 – 1400
Geoffrey Chaucer was one of the most important poets of the Middle Ages. He developed the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, during a time when literature was dominated by French and Latin. As such, he is known to many today as the Father of English literature. His best-known work, The Canterbury Tales (1475), weaves together the lively stories of various pilgrims making their way to Canterbury Cathedral.
In A Little History of Literature, Sutherland introduces great classics in his own irresistible way, enlivening his offerings with humour as well as learning: Beowulf, Shakespeare, Don Quixote, the Romantics, Dickens, Moby Dick, The Waste Land, Woolf, …
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New Procedure Helps Restore Hearing
Space-age technology that has helped the United States explore the deepest regions of the universe can now be put to use much closer to home.
The technology has been incorporated into osteo-integrated cochlear implants to restore hearing in patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss or single-sided deafness.
“It has a 20-year track record in Europe and is now finally widely in use in our country,” explained KSB Ear, Nose and Throat specialist Donald Lewis, M.D. “The system features a titanium implant that goes behind and above the ear.
“The technology comes directly from the space program. What we are doing for hearing is very similar to what the orthopedist does in performing a total hip replacement.”
The implant works in tandem with an external programmable sound processor that captures the sound around a patient and directs it to the implant. The sounds are then sent to the stronger or functioning cochlea thanks to the body’s natural ability to conduct sound via the skull bone.
The vibrations are directed to the inner ear, resulting in 360-degree sound awareness being restored to the patient.
Because the system works through conduction, which serves as a pathway for sound to travel through bone to the inner ear, it is effective even on patients whose ear canal is completely absent or whose middle ear is not functioning normally, if at all.
Dr. Lewis and his partner, Thomas Turcotte, D.O., use the Baha system manufactured by Cochlear. A second implant/transmission system, also available at KSB, is the Ponto by Oticon Medical.
“Our results with the Baha have been fabulous, but part of it is selecting the right patients,” Dr. Lewis said. “It’s most applicable for patients who have single-sided deafness or conductive hearing loss.
“In single-sided deafness, the bone is fine, the ear drum is fine, but the nerve is dead. In conductive losses, the ear drum or ear bones are damaged or there is a mastoid condition that makes it impossible for a traditional hearing aid to work.
“Before this system was developed, those hearing-loss patients were sunk.”
Dr. Lewis so far has performed 15 to 20 of the cochlear implants; Dr. Turcotte is just now beginning to do them after training under Dr. Lewis. Most of the referrals have come from KSB audiologist, William Hudson, Au.D.
“We could do 100 of these procedures a year and not dent the surface of those who need to have the Baha installed,” Dr. Lewis said. “For every patient we do, there are probably three patients in our existing patient population who need to have it done.
“Up to 20% of the hearing impaired population could be helped by this. The key is it needs to be a communicative disorder,” he added. “We would never do this on a nursing home patient who is simply playing bridge daily.
“But if there’s a 75-year-old very active man or woman who needs to communicate with others on a daily basis, and other treatments have failed, they would be the perfect candidate for the Baha system. We can help restore hearing loss for them.”
For more information about the Baha system, please contact Dr. Lewis or Dr. Turcotte at 815-285-5603.
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Titan's second most abundant constituent, methane, is critical to the maintenance of an earth-like nitrogen atmosphere on this satellite. Without methane, Titan's nitrogen would condense, leaving behind a puny amount in the atmosphere.
Source of Titan's methane
The Sun's ultraviolet light should have destroyed methane in approximately ten million years-a fraction of Titan's age. Some process must be producing methane lost to photolysis. Unlike the deep, dense atmospheres of the giant planets where the photoproducts of methane are cooked in their hydrogen-rich interiors to produce methane back, photoproducts of Titan's methane do not meet the same fate.
Hence, methane came in as methane clathrates during Titan's formation, or it is manufactured in situ in Titan's interior. Noble gas data tend to favor the latter process that is based on serpentinization.
I consider low temperature serpentinization as a very promising source of methane on Titan. It occurs in terrestrial oceans, e.g. in Lost City 15-20 km from spreading centers where Black Smokers are sighted.
The process involves water-rock reactions. The type of rocks and temperatures needed are expected to exist in Titan's interior also.
In this process, hydrogen (H2) is released in the hydration of iron or magnesium rich rocks (ultramafic silicates), and this H2 then combines with carbon dioxide or carbon in crustal pores to produce methane. Methane so produced could be "stored" as clathrate in Titan's interior for later release to the atmosphere, or the process could be going on even now.
Biology as a source of methane on Titan is not supported by the data.
Copyright 2005 by Space Daily, Distributed United Press International
Explore further: Pulse of a dead star powers intense gamma rays
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Language is a powerful tool that allows us to communicate thoughts, ideas, and emotions. While words alone hold meaning, the art of writing goes beyond mere literal interpretations.
Through the use of literary devices and figures of speech, writers can add depth, nuance, and impact to their work.
In this article, we will explore three prominent literary devices - onomatopoeia, oxymoron, and satire - and understand their significance in effective communication and essay writing.
Onomatopoeia refers to words that imitate or suggest the sounds associated with the objects or actions they describe. When used effectively, onomatopoeic words can evoke vivid sensory experiences in readers, making the writing more engaging and memorable.
For instance, words like "buzz," "sizzle," or "whisper" create an auditory experience that helps readers connect with the narrative.
In essay writing, onomatopoeia can be utilized to add emphasis or create imagery. When describing a bustling city street, incorporating words like "honking," "screeching," or "clattering" can transport the reader to the scene, enhancing the overall impact of the essay.
An oxymoron is a figure of speech that combines contradictory or opposing ideas. By juxtaposing two contradictory terms, writers can create a paradoxical effect, generating interest and sparking intellectual engagement.
The contrasting elements of an oxymoron can often convey complex emotions, highlight irony, or emphasize a particular concept.
In essay writing, oxymorons can be employed to add depth to the arguments and provide a fresh perspective.
For instance, using phrases like "bittersweet experience," "controlled chaos," or "deafening silence" can create a sense of intrigue, leaving the reader with a lasting impression.
Satire is a genre of literature that uses irony, sarcasm, or ridicule to expose and criticize human vices, follies, or societal issues.
Through clever wordplay and exaggeration, satire aims to provoke thought, challenge norms, and bring about social change. Satirical writing often employs humor to deliver its message, making it an effective tool for social commentary.
In essay writing, satire can be utilized to express dissenting opinions or shed light on controversial subjects. By adopting a satirical tone, writers can critique political systems, societal norms, or cultural practices.
However, it is crucial to strike a balance between wit and respect, ensuring that the intended message is conveyed without causing offense.
Incorporating Literary Devices in Essay Writing
Mastering the art of language involves understanding when and how to incorporate literary devices and figures of speech into your essays. Here are some tips to effectively utilize onomatopoeia, oxymoron, and satire in your writing:
Purposeful Usage: Consider the purpose of your essay and determine if the use of a particular device aligns with your objectives. Choose literary devices that enhance your message and contribute to the overall impact of your work.
Contextual Relevance: Ensure that the literary device you choose is appropriate and relevant to the subject matter. The device should support and amplify your ideas rather than appearing forced or out of place.
Balanced Application: Use literary devices judiciously and avoid overusing them. Employing too many devices can overshadow your main arguments and hinder the clarity of your writing. Aim for a balanced approach that maintains coherence and readability.
Targeted Effect: Understand the desired effect of the literary device you employ. Onomatopoeia may create a sensory experience, oxymoron may evoke paradoxical thoughts, and satire may provoke critical thinking. Use these devices purposefully to achieve your desired impact.
Revision and Editing: After incorporating literary devices, review your essay to ensure that they have been seamlessly integrated. Pay attention to the flow, coherence, and overall effectiveness of your writing. Make necessary revisions and edits to refine your work.
In conclusion, the effective use of literary devices and figures of speech can elevate your writing by adding depth, impact, and creativity. Onomatopoeia, oxymoron, and satire are just a few examples of the countless tools available to writers.
By understanding their significance and incorporating them purposefully in your essays, you can master the art of language and captivate your readers.
If you need assistance with writing an essay or any other academic task, you can seek professional help from write my essay. Their team of expert writers can provide you with high-quality and well-researched papers tailored to your specific requirements.
Remember, the skillful application of these devices requires practice and refinement, so keep honing your writing skills to unleash the full potential of your words.
Other literary devices you should know:
Exploring the Interplay of Onomatopoeia, Oxymorons, and Satire in Literary Works
Unlocking the Language Puzzle: Onomatopoeia, Oxymorons, and Satire in Literature
Delving into the Depths of Onomatopoeia, the Complexity of Oxymorons, and the Critique of Satire
Unraveling the Impact of Onomatopoeia, Oxymorons, and Satire in Writing
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Knowledge of the human being creates new products
Sports, health care and technologies – three areas that have a lot to do with each other: in a general sense, but, above all, from a technology-based perspective, such as that of engineers when it comes to the development of new technologies and products in these fields of application.
The degree course
In "Sports and Health Care Engineering", typical engineering disciplines, such as materials engineering, construction and product design or production techniques in combination with a fundamental understanding of the human organism play an important role. The study program attaches great importance to profound knowledge in the form of fundamentals of anatomy, biomechanics, physiology etc. as this is the basis for the development of new products in the sports and health care sector as well as in other industries where, for example, ergonomic issues have a great impact on product development. The study program imparts fundamentals of natural sciences with an interdisciplinary approach and directly relates them to the application. Practical modules, a practical semester and project work prepare the students for their professional life.
Major fields of study:
- Training Devices
- Mobility and Safety
- Assistive Technologies
- Healthy Working Environments
There is a wide range of career prospects for design, development and production engineers in sports and health-care product development and in the field of product tests. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary orientation of the degree course qualifies the graduates for other industries, for example the automotive sector.
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- bombastick (obsolete)
18th century, from bombast (“padding, stuffing”).
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /bɒmˈbæs.tɪk/
- (US) IPA(key): /bɑmˈbæs.tʰɪk/
Audio (US) (file)
- Rhymes: -æstɪk
- (of a person, their language or writing) showy in speech and given to using flowery or elaborate terms; grandiloquent; pompous
- High-sounding but with little meaning.
- (archaic) Inflated, overfilled.
- (pompous or overly wordy): For semantic relationships of this sense, see verbose or arrogant in the Thesaurus.
- (inflated, overfilled): inflated, turgid
pompous or overly wordy
high-sounding but with little meaning
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Environment consciousness is setting in at a great pace. This is clearly evident with the maximum conversion of transport vehicles into electricity based models. As every coin has two sides, even converting all transport utilities to electric powered models would not be too feasible. In order to overcome this situation, companies have brought about the use of solar energy. By creating electric vehicle charging units, and in turn powering them with solar energy, the companies have played their smart cards right into the hands of the consumers. The use of solar energy would not only energize the car batteries, but also ensure emission free commuting. Here is a list of the 10 such charging stations which will juice up your vehicles in a clean and green manner.
Mitsubishi solar powered EV charging station
Mitsubishi Group co-joined two of its divisions, Mitsubishi Electric and Mitsubishi Motors North America, Inc. (MMNA) to bring into force the first solar powered charging station in Cypress, California. The station has two charging outlets that can charge four cars at the same time. These units follow the CHAdeMO technology, allowing the cars to be charged at a faster pace than the other normal chargers. The charging units can be categorized into the 110V, 220V and the Quick charger varieties, which further power up the vehicular batteries in varying time frames.
General electric solar-powered charging station
Being a General Electric employee has its own advantages, especially, if you are the proud owner of an electric vehicle. Itâs time to give up all those fuel churning vehicles and switch to the green way of commuting. GE is constantly elevating their companyâs status by coming up with unique ideas to save the environment. Encouraging their employees to park their electric vehicles in the solar powered charging shed, the company has absolutely turned around their energy saving motto.
The EV charging shed consists of multiple solar panels and four hook up joints to charge the parked vehicles simultaneously. In an endeavor to carry forth this initiative, the conglomerate is laying the blueprints of multiple charging units across the country.
Toyota solar-powered EV charging station
One of the other charging units run by renewable source of energy has been established by the car giant Toyota. The Industrial Corporation has rolled out the plans for setting up 21 stations and that too at 11 places. The station is capable of harnessing almost 1.9 KW of solar power which can readily be converted and stored into an 8.4 KWH battery pack. To make use of this stored energy, the electric vehicles need to be parked inside the charging station.
Geotecturaâs solar-powered EV charging
Car manufactures are coming up with electric driven rides, which have made it necessary to equip EV charging stations. These will let EV owners to juice up their vehicle on the go and not get stranded if the charging is consumed. Geotectura has come up with the Green Gasoline, which is a stylish gasoline station with all the required eco-friendly traits. The design will incorporate recharge poles and will also harvest renewable energy (solar and wind), in turn saving precious resources and the environment.
Earth Group solar-powered EV charging station in New York
Created by New York based agency, Beautiful Earth Group has pulled the sheets off their charging station in Red Hook, Brooklyn. Deriving its power by a 235W photovoltaic system, the station has been hooked up to power cars like BMW Mini etc. This is not all, for this station has enough power to even light up oneâs home. Considering the fact that the station derives its power from solar energy, the point worth noting is that the whole outlay has been constructed using recycled shipping containers.
Romag power park to ease EV charging
Let your cars experience the power of green, thanks to the Romag Power Park. Created in the shape of an overhead roof, the Power Park has the capacity to generate a massive amount of solar energy, measuring up to 1100 KWh per year. Simply park your electrically motored vehicles below the roof and let the Car Park unleash its green magic. The best part of the charging station is that none of the stored energy goes waste. In case, you donât wish to use the stored energy, it would conveniently be sold to the nearby grid to power homes and other electrical gadgets.
Yana solar charging station
Realizing the fact that conventional sources of energy are only adding to the CO2 content of the atmosphere, it has become a must for us to come up with more unconventional sources of energy. Keeping this fact in mind, solar energy has proven to be a blessing in disguise. Harnessing this free source of unlimited energy, the Yana solar charging unit made up of 12 photovoltaic panels. These panels channel the solar energy and feed it into a Redox battery. By storing this energy in the battery, one can avail this freely generated electricity at night and during bad weathers. The battery further has a capacity to store 100 KWh and provides 10 KWh of power at one time.
SunPods solar-powered EV charging station
Sun Pods Inc, a company based out of California, has unveiled the first inbuilt solar power vehicle charging unit at Cleantech Open located in San Jose. Based on pretty much the same lines, the unit has the ability to charge two cars at the same time. Being a collection of 12 solar panels, each panel set shall cater to a 2.4 kilowatt module. Sun Pods hopes to bring about 5000 SP-300âs annually. The charging unit has been priced at a whopping $17000 which includes the charger as well.
Evergreen solar fuel station in Germany
As you shop, just park your e-vehicles in the charging station built in the high traffic area in Frankfurt, Germany. The evergreen panels placed on top of the roof harness solar energy and convert it into a charge which is delivered within the charging units. Encompassing a set of six charging units within them, the shopping complex has become a major success, all thanks to the unitâs contribution. On any normal bright day, you can expect around 21 KWh of power to be generated. This model is a true inspiration for all those who know the value of a good âchargeâ.
E-Move charging station
Bozen entrepreneur, Valentin Runggaldier has converted his dream project into reality. With a capacity to charge absolutely anything from your vehicles to even your iPod, the charging station is a multi-faceted unit. Designed by Michael Scherer from Brixen, the solar unit has been fitted with a set of 8 mono-crystalline photovoltaic modules. These modules can together generate 1.76 KWp. Though one thing is for sure, the product is going to ravage the market due to its ability to charge multiple units.
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Photo of the Week for November 10, 2017
The aptly named Crescent Nebula, NGC6888, is found roughly 2½ degrees southwest of Gamma Cygni. At the Crescent’s centre is a remarkable, 7.5-magnitude Wolf-Rayet star (WR136) that shines some 250,000 times brighter than our Sun and is 15 times more massive. Wolf-Rayet stars are also characterized by high rates of mass loss—which explains the nebulous cocoon surrounding WR136. To see the Crescent, which is the brighter nebulosity visible along most of the object’s perimeter, you need a dark country sky and a scope equipped with a narrow-band nebula filter.
To capture this remarkably detailed photo of the Crescent Nebula, Nepean, Ontario, imager Oleg Bouevitch used a Celestron Edge HD 11 flat-field Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope (with a 0.7× reducer for an effective focal ratio of f/7) and Atik 383L+ CCD camera to acquire a total of 42, 15-minute exposures shot through Astroden H-alpha, O-III and S-II narrowband filters
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| 0.882811 | 245 | 3.09375 | 3 |
One and All
You are a soul that has a body, not a body that has a soul. At first glance this might seem a petty semantic difference, but on further consideration the difference is profound. Instead of being a body with a soul trapped inside longing to escape back to the One, the All, the Source, as a soul inhabiting a body you remain part of the All. Your soul connects you to everything because it is everything. Soul takes on material reality by joining with an individual body, mind, and heart. In the words of Candace Pert, “We are each of us an individual nodal point, each an access point into a larger intelligence… [that] big psychosomatic network in the sky.”
There is another way to express this. According to philosopher Alan Watts “the universe eyes in the same way that a tree apples.”ii Each of these eyes is an I—an individual point of consciousness. The word Soul can be employed in a way similar to Watt’s use of the term universe. In this terminology the Soul eyes. We are what the Soul is doing. We all come out of Soul and return to it after the death of our bodies.
Essence of Soul
Soul is eternal, changeless, boundless, all-encompassing, whole, and perfect. All of existence is contained within time and space, but Soul does not exist in the same way that bodies or buildings or molecules exist. Rather, Soul simply is. Soul is outside the limitations of time and space. In order to communicate about Soul, we must use words, but Soul is not readily reducible to a verbal description. Such discussions entail the distinction between a soul and the Soul. While it is useful to talk about a soul as if each of us has one that is somehow separate from others, this is only a convenience, not an accurate description. The soul that inhabits our bodies, encompassing our hearts and minds, is the Soul.
There is only one Soul, and we are all it. Ralph Waldo Emerson named it the “Over-soul, within which every man’s particular being is contained and made one with all other…[and]…the act of seeing and the thing seen, the seer and the spectacle, the subject and the object, are one.”i However, our ordinary consciousness conceives and perceives dualistically, separating each material thing from all other material things, and each idea from all other ideas. Many philosophic and religious systems (for example Zen Buddhism and Adviata Vedanta) suggest that the apparent separation is really an illusion, temporarily hiding the unity of all things.
The Soul is eternal, changeless, boundless, all-encompassing, whole,and perfect.
Soul is the primary life force that contains, connects, and animates everything. Metaphorically speaking Soul is like air. You can separate a quantity of air from a body of air, but when you return the air that was separated, there is only one body of air. Separation exists in Body, Mind, and Heart Freedom but not in Soul Freedom. Soul’s desire is to manifest union in the material realm, to rejoin that which has been arbitrarily separated, to bring into synchronicity and harmony all Four Freedoms—Body, Mind, Heart, and Soul. As Novalis said in Hymns to the Night, “The seat of the soul is there, where the outer and the inner worlds meet.”
While there are many paths to the meeting place of inner and outer worlds, of spirit and matter, a mate relationship is one of the most readily available and easily accessible. It is the primary vehicle through which human beings can join together and, in doing so, create union. Your relationship can become your spiritual practice. Through its joys and trials you can learn to become the best you can be.
Excerpted from the book Sensual Love Secrets for Couples: The Four Freedoms of Body, Mind, Heart and Soul, by Al Link and Pala Copeland, Llewellyn, 2007
Source by Al Link and Pala Copeland
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For the Christian
Science Quarterly Bible Lesson for Sunday, June 3, 2001
The answers to all of these questions
can be found (1) in the Bible Lesson itself, (2) in the "Bible Lesson
study aid" at http://www.bibletexts.com/bl.htm,
or (3) in other webpages on the BibleTexts.com website, the homepage of
which is http://www.bibletexts.com.
Golden Text and Responsive Reading
- What does the word Devil mean? (See http://www.bibletexts.com/terms/satan.htm.)
- According to the book of Revelation, what are other terms
used for the Devil? (See Rev 12:9,10, Rev 20:2.)
- How does "the Temptation of Jesus" account
in Mat 4:1-11 compare with "the Temptation of Jesus" accounts
in Mar 1:12,13 and Luk 4:1-13?
- What form of self-deception is mentioned in this section?
- Whose thoughts and words can one trust?
- Whose thoughts and words can one not trust?
- What is the basis for evil?
- What is the basis for good?
- Who was Esther?
- Who was Vashti, and why was she no longer King Xerxes'
queen? (Note: In the Persian language Xerxes is known as Ahasuerus.)
- What did Haman plot, and why?
- Where in twentieth century history are there parallels
to Haman's plot? (Note: To answer this, read all of chapter 3 of Esther.)
- Why did King Xerxes go along with Haman's plot?
- What is the basis for Isaiah 50 writing, "Their
insults cannot hurt me because the Sovereign LORD gives me help. I brace
myself to endure them. I know that I will not be disgraced" (Bible
citation # 8)?
- What today is our basis for defense against wicked plots?
- As Haman's plot was revealed to Esther, what was Esther's
immediate course of action?
- When you are faced with any type of problem, what should
be your first resort?
- According to the account in this section, what good was
revealed, which ultimately served as the basis for exposing wickedness?
- How does this account coincide with Paul's words, "Do
not be overcome by evil, but overcome evil with good" (Rom 12:21,
- What impact on their own lives is felt by those who attempt
(or even think) to injure others or to influence someone else to injure
- What power does a person, place, or thing have to injure
the children of God?
- What were the eventual results of Haman's plot on Esther,
on Mordecai, and on Haman himself?
- Is there truth or life in wickedness?
- How do Paul's words in Rom 12:9-21 illustrate the Christly
influence of New Testament theology as compared with Old Testament theology,
including that found in the story of Esther?
- In the King James Version, the Greek word that
should be translated as demon is incorrectly and consistently translated
as devil. (For an example and further explanation, see http://www.bibletexts.com/versecom/mat10v08.htm.)
In the biblical context what is the difference between the Devil
(also known by the Hebrew name of Satan) and a demon?
- Though it is natural for us to be very grateful for our
God-given freedom from (power over) sin and sickness, according to Luk
10:20, for what are we to be most joyful?
- What does it mean to be 'a law unto oneself,' as Paul
described in Rom 2:14, and why is this important in our defense against
malicious thoughts, words, and acts?
- How is the Lord's Prayer applicable to this entire Bible
Lesson? (See http://www.bibletexts.com/terms/prayer.htm.)
* Copyright 1996-2001
Robert Nguyen Cramer *
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MacICT’s has been using a blended approach to learning for some time, complementing our face to face courses with the use of virtual spaces such as Edmodo to share resources and encourage community participation and sharing. We recently ran a recent Reimagining Learning mini online course (MOC) based on the model of connected learning and in the style of a connectivist MOOC, to provide teachers around NSW with an opportunity to access one of MacICT’s professional learning workshops ‘anywhere, anytime’. This mini online course, ‘Reimagining Learning: ICT and the NSW Syllabuses for the Australian Curriculum’ aimed to draw on participatory culture skills of collaboration, communication, critical thinking and creating to support course participants in identifying effective pedagogies that allow the employment of modern digital technologies to support learning.
Pedagogical Model for Course Delivery
Underpinning the style of delivery of the course is an understanding of participatory culture, which includes opportunities for peer-to-peer learning, a changed attitude toward intellectual property, the diversification of cultural expression, the development of skills valued in the modern workplace, and a more empowered conception of citizenship (Clinton, et. al, 2006). This MOC was different to many online courses. It did not consist of a body of content participants needed to remember. Rather, the learning in the course resulted from the activities participants undertook and could be different for each person, depending on their interests, teaching philosophies and influences. One of the core goals of this MOC was the development of learning experiences that are situated somewhere between that of a “traditional” online course and a vibrant learning community. We hoped to nurture learning conversations within a number of different environments – through the use of social networks, collaborative tools, shared hashtags, documents and folders, and in personally ‘owned’ spaces. Throughout the MOC, four major types of learning occured constituting a blended approach:
- Face-to Face – Participants had the choice to attend the face to face event, “Reimagining Learning: ICT and the new Syllabuses for the Australian Curriculum on August 20, 2013
- Online Resources – Participants were given access to things to read, watch and discover. This information was placed on the MOC website.
- Self-directed Learning – Participants were expected to read and watch everything but could pick and choose what was appropriate and interesting to them.
- Ongoing Reflection – participants were expected to reflect on what they had read or watched and then choose to tweet about it, chat about it in the MOC Google+ community, blog about it or contribute to a compiled Google Doc or use any other service on the internet to share their reflection.
Throughout the course, the Four Cs – communicating, critical thinking, collaborating and creating – underpinned face-to-face and online participation. Overall, we wanted to empower our participants to become active members of the online community of education professionals. It is in this context, we can be effective change agents within our schools and wider community, communicating our ideas, thinking critically about the future, collaborating with colleagues and creating the changes needed. By participating in the online community, we gain an understanding of the value of this can broaden not only our access to learning as professionals, but also for that of the students we teach. It allows a person to pursue a personal interest or passion with the support of friends, and in the case of students, caring adults.
What We Learned
We learned much from running this style of course and definitely have room for improvement. We learned that interaction matters with people. Those participants who were actively involved in the online communities attached the course gained much, but many people still need interpersonal interaction, support and feedback to succeed. We need to be more consistent and creative in our personal feedback to all course participants and are now working on a few ideas for our next iteration of the course. Our blended approach, that is kicking off the MOC with a one day face to face workshop, worked well and we are already planning the changes we will make for this workshop next time! It was evident that those participants who ‘talked’ more in the communities and through emails did better and we know, as with everything, one size does not fit all! This style of course does not work for everybody.
To those brave, passionate, risk taking educators who completed this first iteration of the course, MacICT would like to say a big thank you and congratulations. We think you are awesome! We enjoyed the conversations and sharing that went on in the Google+ community and on Twitter and through the course activities. Your logos were impressive and your videos were amazing. We realise that for many of you, the activities you completed throughout the course were different to anything you had encountered before and required you to learn new skills, to take risks and to make your learning visible.
“I love the readings provided and the basic way of presenting tools that we can apply to our teaching.”
“The course introduced me to Professional Learning Networks, a valuable tool for sharing resources. The course also showed me the wide variety of resources available.”
“It helped me embrace social networking and online professional development through Google+ and twitter which will in turn help me to continue to learn through these networks in the future.”
“I liked being “thrown in the deep end” and trying out things I haven’t tried before. I was at a beginners level and found some deliverables took a long time to complete due to inexperience.”
“The event was fantastic in that you could complete things at convenient times. The support from others doing the course was good. I would do anther one like this for sure.”
“The course components were very up to date with ICT needs and relevant to what our students need in their digital understanding so now I have greater confidence with offering a wide variety of ICT technology.”
“I have been exposed to a variety of 21st century learning tools that I have not used before and now have a greater understanding of how to use them and apply them in daily teaching situations.”
“I am now using Google+ and twitter to discover new ideas. I would love to use Twitter in the classroom and tools such as Google Doc (when available) and Animoto in the classroom”
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| 0.964149 | 1,324 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine-Degraded Lands in Dry Tropical Climate: What has been done? And what needs to be done?
This paper discusses known methodology for how to restore native forest to abandoned coal mines. The paper splits the process of reclaiming abandoned coal mines into two sections, 1.) physical, technical, or engineering restoration and 2.) Biological Restoration. It also stresses taking a landscape scale approach to restoration, which includes 1.) an initial survey of the area, 2.) determination of the ultimate landscape objectives, and after restoration landuse possibilities, 3.) preparation of working plans for each phase of the restoration operation.
Conclusions & Takeaways
The paper identifies three main factors that need attention 1.) Remodeling physical aspects of the environment, 2.) Remodeling chemical aspects, nutrients, and toxicity, 3.) Replacing missing species. It reccomends planting a diverse mixture of species including fast-growing exotics, and native late successional species tree species interspersed with grass and leguminous mixtures all at the onset of restoration. It also, identifies knowledge gaps in our understanding of restoration of abandoned coal mines in tropical dry forests.
Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine-Degraded Lands in Dry Tropical Climate: What Has Been Done and What Needs to Be Done?. Environmental Quality Management. 2016;26:25–36. doi:10.1002/tqem.21481..
- Indian Institute of Technology
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| 0.875581 | 310 | 3.125 | 3 |
by Jim Wilson - Tuesday, September 18, 2012
The history of the Colt New Frontier single-action revolver actually begins in the latter part of the 19th Century, some 120 years ago. In the late 1800s there was a growing interest in target shooting with handguns, not only in the United States, but also in Great Britain and Europe. To meet that need Colt began to offer the Single Action Army with adjustable target sights.
The Colt Flat Top Target, as the then-new sixgun was called, featured a flat topstrap instead of the traditional rounded topstrap with the grooved rear sight. Dovetailed into the topstrap was an adjustable rear sight, somewhat crude by today’s standards, but adjustable nonetheless. The Colt Flat Top Target single-action was manufactured from 1890 to 1898 and, during that time, a little more than 900 revolvers were produced.
Colt dropped the production of single-action revolvers at the beginning of World War II, so it could concentrate on the production of military arms. By about 1956, however, Colt decided that the time was right to resume manufacturing the Single Action Army with the idea that a target-sighted single-action wouldn’t be far behind.
The New Frontier was introduced in 1961, and the name “New Frontier” took advantage of the slogan made popular by President John F. Kennedy. From the outset, the Colt New Frontier was to single-actions what the Colt Python was to double-action revolvers, the Cadillac of handguns. The target-sighted single-action came with a smooth action, attractive finish, high-visibility adjustable sights, and smooth walnut stocks with the Colt logo in silver or gold.
Colt produced the first run of the New Frontier revolvers from 1962 until about 1974. Reintroduced in 1978, it was again dropped from the line in 1982. During those two runs, the New Frontier was chambered for .38 Spl., .357 Mag., .44 Spl., .44-40 Win. and .45 Colt. It was available in barrel configurations of 4 3/4, 5 1/2 and 7 1/2 inches.
Gunwriters such as Elmer Keith and Skeeter Skelton championed the Colt New Frontier and made a convincing argument for the value of adjustable sights on a single-action revolver. My own introduction to the New Frontier came with a photograph in one of Skelton’s articles. The picture showed a 4 3/4-inch, .44 Spl. New Frontier, complete with ivory stocks, lying on a silver serving tray. Skelton, by the way, was almost single-handedly responsible for convincing the various gun companies to keep producing the venerable and dependable .44 Spl. cartridge and the guns that chambered it.
In 2011, Colt once again announced that the New Frontier would be included in its catalog. I had the opportunity to shoot some prototypes at the 2011 SHOT Show and was duly impressed. But I have always preferred to test and write about production models of new guns so that I would be testing the same kind of gun that my readers would be buying. With the Colt New Frontier, that chance came early in 2012, when Colt's Mfg. shipped me a 4 3/4-inch barreled .45 Colt and a .44 Spl. with a 5 1/2-inch barrel. The .44 Spl. had a barrel marking that read, “175th Anniversary” along with the dates “1836” and “2011.”
My first positive impression of both guns was assured by the attractive color-case hardening on the frames. Without a doubt this is the best job that I have ever seen on a Colt revolver. The colors are vivid, deep, and let you know right from the beginning that you are holding a classy handgun. The barrel, cylinder, and grip frame all have a blue finish that is also quite attractive, being so dark it almost looks black.
The next thing that I check on single-actions is the fit of the backstrap and trigger guard to the frame. On Colts the backstrap and trigger guard are two separate pieces. In the past, it has not been uncommon to find guns with “proud” steel, that is, parts that did not mate flush with each other. One or the other edge would protrude, leaving a sharp place to gouge flesh out of the shooting hand. However, such was not the case on either one of my test guns.
The backstrap, trigger guard, and frame fit to each other about as well as anyone could expect. On a recent visit to the Colt factory I learned that a lot of hand fitting is still being done on all of the Colt single-actions. Although Colt uses the latest in computerized machinery, the final stages involve a good deal of hand filing so that the various parts will mate just right.
The front sight is a tall ramp type with horizontal serrations that help to cut glare just a bit. The rear sight is the well-known Elliason adjustable target sight that used to be found only on the Colt Gold Cup M1911. The Elliason has a reputation for being an extremely sturdy sight and yet, at the same time, capable of great accuracy.
Like the latest Single Action Army revolvers, these New Frontier sixguns have the full-length cylinder-pin bushing like the originals. There was a time when someone had decided that a shorter bushing, force fit into the cylinder, would cost less in the long run. Well, it cost less alright, but the cylinder couldn’t be removed in the field for cleaning, or adjustment, and it turned out to be just generally a bad idea. It appears that Colt has listened to its customers and gone back to the easily removable, full-length bushing.
From the very beginning, the Colt New Frontier has sported smooth, oil-finished walnut stocks with Colt medallions installed. The best thing you can say about the stocks is that they are plain. In fact, I’ve seen shipping pallets that had more grain and figure than the New Frontier stocks. And it’s always been that way. I suppose you could say that the stocks are a way that Colt has of reminding us that its New Frontier revolvers really deserve custom stocks of ivory, pearl, stag or fancy woods. In truth, every New Frontier that I’ve ever owned didn’t wear those walnut stocks very long at all. Still, as good looking at the Colt New Frontier revolver is, performance is what really matters.
This is a good place to discuss an important safety feature on all traditional single-action revolvers. And that is the fact that they should only be loaded with five cartridges, with the hammer being down on the empty chamber. If all six chambers were loaded and the hammer all the way down, the firing pin would be resting on the primer of a live cartridge. In addition, the single-action revolver is balanced in such a way that, when dropped, it will land on its hammer eight times out of 10. When this occurs, you can expect the gun to fire. Having grown up in the Southwest, I know of a number of people who have been injured, and in some cases killed, by ignoring this important safety issue.
One might point out that, as the hammer is cocked, the first click indicates what some people call the “safety notch” and that this should allow one to carry six cartridges. They could not be more wrong! This so-called “safety notch” is a thin, fragile shelf on the base of the hammer. It could be sheared, or broken, very easily when the gun is dropped.
You might want to keep in mind that the design of the traditional single-action revolver has been around for a very long time. And a whole host of gunfighters, cowboys and lawmen were tinkering with this same design long before you and I were born. They all came to the same conclusion that it was best to carry five rounds in the single-action and let the hammer ride down on an empty chamber. It would be a really good idea if you did that, too.
The most efficient way to accomplish that is what the old timers called “five beans in the wheel.” Using this technique, you can load the single action without looking at it and you can even load it in the dark. “Five beans in the wheel” consists of five easy steps: 1. Bring the hammer to half cock; 2. Open the loading gate and load one chamber; 3. Skip the next chamber; 4. Load four more chambers; and 5. Bring the hammer to full cock and ease it down on the empty chamber.
In order to put both the .44 Spl. and .45 Colt New Frontier revolvers through their paces, I gathered five different factory loads in each caliber and headed to the shooting range. I tested each gun by firing five-shot groups at 25 yards, using a rest on the shooting bench. Velocities were averaged from five consecutive, five-shot strings, with the PACT chronograph set 15 feet in front of the muzzle. Temperature on the day of my tests was 89 degrees F, and there was no noticeable wind.
All of the .44 Spl. ammunition performed well; however, the nod went to Winchester’s 200-grain Silvertip which ran at 848 fps and gave 1 1/4-inch groups. Nonetheless, my favorite .44 Spl. loads are built around 240- or 250-grain Keith semi-wadcutter bullets running 900 to 950 fps. There is just not much, handgun-wise, that you can’t do with this kind of .44 Spl. load. In my tests, the DoubleTap 240-grain KSWC factory load chronographed at 904 fps and gave 1 1/2-inch groups.
Likewise, the 4 3/4-inch New Frontier, in .45 Colt, shot some very nice groups, too. The tightest group (1 1/4 inches) went to the Black Hills cowboy load consisting of a 250-grain round-nosed, flat-point bullet loping along at 722 fps. The most interesting .45 Colt load, though, was the 225-grain cast wadcutter, defense load from Buffalo Bore. It also gave the highest velocity of 1,056 fps.
Both of these New Frontier single-actions performed flawlessly during my tests. I experienced no malfunctions, failures to fire or other mishaps. The sights were easy to adjust and gave a superior sight picture that was a distinct aid in accurate shooting. The actions were smooth and properly timed, with the triggers breaking cleanly at 3 1/2 pounds. Frankly, both guns were good to go right out of the box although, if one of them was mine, it would quickly get a set of ivory stocks. And that is about all I would do and all the gun would need.
Nowadays, we spend a lot of our time contemplating personal defense guns and issues, and for good reason. Still we should never forget that most of us spend our trigger time at the range because shooting is fun. And the Colt New Frontier is a perfect companion for fun shooting. It’s the kind of handgun you want on your hip when you spend the whole day down on the creek, or hiking in the national forest. The Colt New Frontier is a classic example of American firearm manufacturing at its best, and I can’t imagine a sixgun that better exemplifies our nation’s rich shooting traditions.
Manufacturer: Colt’s Mfg. Co. LLC; (800) 962-2658; www.coltsmfg.com
Action: single-action, center-fire revolver
Caliber: .44 Spl. (tested), .45 Colt (tested)
Barrel lengths: 43⁄4" (tested), 51⁄2" (tested), 7½"
Overall Length: 10¼" (43⁄4" bbl.), 11" (51⁄2" bbl), 13" (71⁄2" bbl.)
Rifling: six-groove: 1:16" LH twist (.45 Colt); 1:12" LH twist (.44 Spl.)
Sights: ramp front, Elliason windage and elevation adjustable rear
Finish: blue with color- case hardened frame
Stocks: smooth walnut with Colt medallions
Suggested Retail Price: $1,455
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ΙοΤ (Internet of Things) / INDUSTRY 4.0 - WHAT IS IT AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT
Internet Of Things is a term that describes solutions that involve great numbers of smart systems that include co-engineered interacting networks of physical elements that include embedded communication and sensor technology and technology to allow interaction with the environment) as well as computational elements (such as gateways, servers, software, cloud connectivity, portable devices). The goal through this interaction is to gain greater value from these elements but also to create new services by exchanging and analyzing data and metadata with the manufacturer, the operator, the end user and other networked or connected elements.
A company that can deliver successful IoT solutions, either industrial IoT (ΙΙoΤ) (IIoT is very closely related to Industry 4.0, almost synonymous), with an emphasis on the production of a product or a consumer IoT with an emphasis on "consuming" a product, must have powerful know-how at all stages of an IOT solution cycle, starting from the field (instruments, sensors, actuators), moving to secure communications networks, local computing and storage systems, cloud computing and storage systems, mobile systems (tablets, smartphones), in data analysis software and of course software development itself.
Through a ΙΙoT solution, the following can be achieved:
- Immediate update of the performance level from each piece of equipment and production line
- Collection of Operational data through IOT and data analytics
- Development of strategic planning that boosts profitability and performance in the context of sustainability
- Increased decision-making and projects prioritizing capability
Algosystems, which approaches technology in a holistic way and is active in both automation and IT, is ideally positioned to engage with IOT, on which it has been working for the past 15 years and has completed several projects of mainly industrial IoT (IIoT).
Algosystems Automation business unit has been working on field technologies such as instruments, sensors, actuators for years, on automation and control, on SCADA and machine-to-machine solutions and of course installing and supporting very large similar solutions in sectors such as heavy industry, highways, building automation etc. meeting Industrial IoT requirements. Also, the IT and Communication unit has been involved for years, with secure wired and wireless networks, cloud solutions and computing and storage solutions. Finally, Business Software unit has been developing for many years business software, software that covers the needs of banks, insurance companies and coastal shipping companies, also covering, among others, anomaly detection and fraud detection needs and other types of data analysis. So, Algosystems views its IOT involvement for years as a natural development, having an important international partner ecosystem that enables it to successfully meet its customers' needs. Furthermore, Algosystems employs staff highly experienced in automation and IT technologies, that is continuously trained in the gradual integration of IoT philosophy, technologies and practical applications into existing automation structures with new and modern IoT equipment, placing emphasis on new standards of Industry 4.0.
The key element in IoT is the production of new value for all involved in the implementation of a IoT solution. IoT unlocks new dimensions of automation and improvement, either in production or in product utilization, and promotes new forms of existing business models to new dimensions, or produces fully innovative business models.
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| 0.936963 | 693 | 2.53125 | 3 |
BETES is a project inspired by the lack of soft and most importantly digital skills, which due to the rapid digital advancement, are considered of the utmost importance by the industry. The industrial sector comprises various subsectors that have different needs or demands. Digital skills and technologies include: Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics, IT skills, and data analytics, meanwhile soft skills include: communication, teamwork, problem-solving, critical thinking, etc.
Professional organizations and experts (ECECT, SkillsZone, and Digital Idea) that are interested in educating, consulting, and informing people on the aforementioned topics, came together in an effort to educate them, especially those who are not traditionally targeted by projects funded by European bodies. A typical trainee could be an unemployed, underemployed individual and generally, an individual that wants to be retrained, however, is required to have basic internet and IT skills.
Various seminars and events will utilize the material developed by the consortium, to educate and keep the people updated, since it will be available through an online platform and different social media accounts. Most importantly the trainees will be motivated to seek further education and training, which in the future can ensure more career opportunities and higher-paying jobs.
- All Post
BETES Project Survey The BETES consortium (ECECT.eu, Skills Zone Malta, Digital idea) in order to create educational material on soft…
BETES Leaflet Our new project BETES and where you can find out more information: https://www.facebook.com/BETESproject Project consortium Cyprus – ECECT.eu…
BETES Kick-Off Meeting “BETES: Bootcamps for Emerging Technologies and Essential Skills ” funded by Erasmus+. The consortium of the project…
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| 0.932623 | 384 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Overview of All English Tenses - Present Tenses - Present Continuous - Miming
Another idea for the present continuous tense focuses on the action of miming. Because it's in the present continuous tense, it'll be critical that the student, who is doing miming, continues to do the miming as the students guess what he or she is doing. In order to do this, the teacher will ask one student to come to the front of the class and present them with a card. The card at low levels will just be one word such as 'sleeping,' 'surfing,' 'eating,' or 'playing'. As soon as the student is able to mine any one of those actions, the students continue to guess with 'You are sleeping,' 'You are eating,' 'You are surfing.' Now at higher levels what you could do is continue on from the base of the action and include something like 'You are playing football,' or 'You are playing video games,' 'You are eating spaghetti,' or 'You are eating spicy food.' Once the student at the front of the room doing the mining has successfully gotten their fellow student to guess the action, he or she then has a seat with the rest of the group and somebody else will come up to do another mime. Hopefully, by the end of the class, at least all of the students will have had a chance to come up and mime a certain action.
Below you can read feedback from an ITTT graduate regarding one section of their online TEFL certification course. Each of our online courses is broken down into concise units that focus on specific areas of English language teaching. This convenient, highly structured design means that you can quickly get to grips with each section before moving onto the next.
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| 0.976408 | 355 | 3.546875 | 4 |
On this day in 1777, while in Stillwater, General Schuyler received news on the bloody battle of Oriskany, fought by the brave Herkimer and his Tryon County militia (happened on the 6th), in 1812, American General William Hull (veteran of the Battles of Saratoga) withdraws to Fort Detroit. Detroit, Michigan; and in 2001, the Schuylerville Village Board met and discusses appointment of back up waste water treatment plant employee.
On this day is a chronological timetable of events that occurred on this day in history around the Town of Saratoga. Discover what happened today in local history by following us on Facebook at http://ift.tt/2kLifwt
(Thank you to Deputy Historian Patricia Peck for compiling information for this timetable.)
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| 0.906844 | 169 | 2.8125 | 3 |
On November 19, TRECA Digital Academy students visited the American Whistle Corporation in Columbus, OH.
The American Whistle Corporation is the only manufacturer of metal whistles in the United States. This company manufactures whistles for a variety of customers including the NFL, police departments, and Amazon. Students learned that the whistles are made out of brass, using soldering paste to seal the gaps in the pressed pieces of metal. The American Whistle Corporation uses a combination of modern and traditional machinery, with some equipment still in use dating back to 1905.
Students also learned about the small ball in some whistles, called a pea whistle. The cork ball vibrates when air is blown into the whistle, causing slight changes in pitch and a more shrill sound. The pea whistle is very popular, and students saw the making of one from beginning to end. At the end of the tour, students received their own metal whistle and created their own customized plastic whistle themselves. Our students and families thoroughly enjoyed this unique tour learning about the history and manufacturing of whistles.
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| 0.956592 | 217 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Computer system Information Systems and Telecoms
The progress of pc information devices (CIS) contains widened a large number of doors in the two public and private sectors. These kinds of systems allow users to share information more proficiently, stimulate creative work, and generate collaboration rather easy. In addition, they serve as the foundation for impair computing, a fresh service version that lets users shop and apply their info and program remotely, lowering the need for substantial overhead costs. Because of this, CIS technology has been traced with creating an information financial system that serves all of humankind.
While there are many risks linked to computer e-deals.org/ information devices, the greatest risk may be coming from trusted users. Widespread records tend to concentrate on external dangers, which may go unnoticed and/or unaddressed. You will discover, however , a number of simple secureness measures which can close many security spaces. Computer information systems enable organizations to stay connected with all their stakeholders, whilst keeping the systems secure. Computer information devices, like any different network, are composed of many different types of equipment and are vulnerable to physical wear and tear as well as harmful cyber moves.
In today’s digital globe, computer data systems are increasingly integrated into our daily lives. Some are possibly able to monitor sea snow movements, advise agricultural decisions, and offer regarding crime habits. Office software systems, including email software program, can immediately sort, prioritize, and file messages suitable for you. Apple’s Siri, for example , is normally an expert system that can simulate human decision-making. Whether it’s GIS or impair computing, these information systems are increasingly integrated into our day-to-day lives.
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| 0.935065 | 343 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Location: Dale Bumpers Small Farms Research Center
Title: Developing Technology for Applying Poultry Litter below the Surface of Perennial Pastures Author
Submitted to: Meeting Abstract
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: March 18, 2009
Publication Date: N/A
Technical Abstract: Poultry litter provides a rich nutrient source for crops, but the usual practice of surface-applying litter on pastures can degrade water quality by allowing nutrients to be transported from fields in surface runoff, while much of the ammonia-N escapes into the atmosphere. Our goal is to develop improved management options that allow producers to decrease nutrient losses from poultry litter, thus protecting water quality while increasing soil productivity. We established field plots to test the hypothesis that nutrient losses could be decreased by using a knifing technique to apply dry poultry litter beneath the surface of perennial grassland. Results showed that subsurface litter application decreased nutrient losses in runoff more than 90 percent compared to those from surface-applied litter, and prevented the volatilization of ammonia-N. In fact, nutrient losses from subsurface litter were statistically as low as those from plots receiving no litter. Furthermore, subsurface-applied litter produced greater forage yields than surface-applied litter, possibly by retaining more N in the soil. However, subsurface litter application will not become a practical management option for producers until the technique is fully mechanized. We initially tested single-shank and four-shank prototypes that successfully placed dry poultry litter under the surface of rocky perennial pasture, but these have limited capacity and litter distribution capabilities. Therefore, we have constructed a larger (eight shank) tractor-drawn prototype that can transport five tons of dry untreated litter directly from the poultry house and rapidly apply it under the surface of perennial grassland at the desired rate. Initial field testing indicates the eight-shank prototype decreases nutrient losses (including ammonia-N) by more than 90 percent compared to surface-applied litter.
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| 0.915647 | 414 | 2.71875 | 3 |
I was listening to a podcast from This American Life called “Batman”
Part of the podcast is about a man, Daniel Kish who is blind and uses a self taught tongue clicking technique to navigate his surroundings. Because of his type of sonar method, he hikes, rides bicycles and independently moves through his life fluidly like a sighted person. While a majority of the world thinks what he does is amazing, Daniel thinks that society’s expectations of blind people are far too low.
When you lighten someone’s load, you don’t give them a chance to expand. – Daniel Kish
Research psychologists have have proven that thoughts affect others’ behaviors Your thoughts affect your body language and energy and in turn affect your surroundings. While my expectations won’t change a blind person’s ability to see as a seeing person does, my expectations can limit or expand their functioning in the world. Daniel Kish believes that if society would raise its expectations, more blind people could “see” and move around the world more efficiently, independent and with confidence. In fact, Daniel does see images in his mind. Images exist behind the eyes and are a result of mind construction via the visual cortex. When Daniel clicks and gets auditory feedback, his visual cortex lights up the same as a sighted person. He processes most of the areas except color and brightness. So, Daniel can see without eyes, because visual areas of the brain are fired up by sound and touch. Scientifically this is proven, society however views blind people as unable to see, therefore unable to function the same as sighted people. Limited expectation limits.
This got me thinking about how much my biases and expectations do or don’t affect my outcomes as well as others. How do my expectations affect my boxers? It’s not that if I expect every boxer who comes through the door to be at a U.S. level that it will be so. But, what biases of mine are influencing and preventing my boxers’ skills from developing to their fullest abilities.
Every boxer knows how powerful subconscious body language is. Many fights are won and lost during the boxers’ interactions at weigh ins through body languages and energetic exchanges. It’s difficult to stay present with your deeper thoughts, your body language and others. But the skill to catch your deeper thoughts is critical because you can catch hidden expectations.
I’ll be experimenting with learning more about my expectations and seeing what outcomes occur. I will study how my expectations influence my body language, motivations and actions. I want to get out of the way and make room for each and every boxer to reach higher skill levels.
How can you take on expectation, bias and influence?
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://arcaroboxing.com/2015/04/01/expectations/
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Suicide among Indigenous Peoples in Canada
First Nations in Canada have suicide rates double that of the national average, and Inuit communities tend to have even higher rates. Suicide in these cases has multiple social and individual causes. To date, there are a number of emerging programs in suicide prevention by Indigenous organizations that attempt to integrate Indigenous knowledge with evidence-informed prevention approaches.
This article contains sensitive material that may not be suitable for all audiences.
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Phylogeny: The relationships of groups of organisms as reflected by their genetic makeup.Bayes Theorem: A theorem in probability theory named for Thomas Bayes (1702-1761). In epidemiology, it is used to obtain the probability of disease in a group of people with some characteristic on the basis of the overall rate of that disease and of the likelihood of that characteristic in healthy and diseased individuals. The most familiar application is in clinical decision analysis where it is used for estimating the probability of a particular diagnosis given the appearance of some symptoms or test result.Sequence Analysis, DNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, determination of the DNA SEQUENCE, and information analysis.Evolution, Molecular: The process of cumulative change at the level of DNA; RNA; and PROTEINS, over successive generations.Models, Genetic: Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of genetic processes or phenomena. They include the use of mathematical equations, computers, and other electronic equipment.Software: Sequential operating programs and data which instruct the functioning of a digital computer.Molecular Sequence Data: Descriptions of specific amino acid, carbohydrate, or nucleotide sequences which have appeared in the published literature and/or are deposited in and maintained by databanks such as GENBANK, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBRF), or other sequence repositories.Sequence Alignment: The arrangement of two or more amino acid or base sequences from an organism or organisms in such a way as to align areas of the sequences sharing common properties. The degree of relatedness or homology between the sequences is predicted computationally or statistically based on weights assigned to the elements aligned between the sequences. This in turn can serve as a potential indicator of the genetic relatedness between the organisms.Likelihood Functions: Functions constructed from a statistical model and a set of observed data which give the probability of that data for various values of the unknown model parameters. Those parameter values that maximize the probability are the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters.Base Sequence: The sequence of PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in nucleic acids and polynucleotides. It is also called nucleotide sequence.Fossils: Remains, impressions, or traces of animals or plants of past geological times which have been preserved in the earth's crust.Algorithms: A procedure consisting of a sequence of algebraic formulas and/or logical steps to calculate or determine a given task.Markov Chains: A stochastic process such that the conditional probability distribution for a state at any future instant, given the present state, is unaffected by any additional knowledge of the past history of the system.RNA, Ribosomal, 18S: Constituent of the 40S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 18S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.Biological Evolution: The process of cumulative change over successive generations through which organisms acquire their distinguishing morphological and physiological characteristics.Computational Biology: A field of biology concerned with the development of techniques for the collection and manipulation of biological data, and the use of such data to make biological discoveries or predictions. This field encompasses all computational methods and theories for solving biological problems including manipulation of models and datasets.DNA, Mitochondrial: Double-stranded DNA of MITOCHONDRIA. In eukaryotes, the mitochondrial GENOME is circular and codes for ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, and about 10 proteins.DNA, Ribosomal: DNA sequences encoding RIBOSOMAL RNA and the segments of DNA separating the individual ribosomal RNA genes, referred to as RIBOSOMAL SPACER DNA.Genetic Variation: Genotypic differences observed among individuals in a population.Monte Carlo Method: In statistics, a technique for numerically approximating the solution of a mathematical problem by studying the distribution of some random variable, often generated by a computer. The name alludes to the randomness characteristic of the games of chance played at the gambling casinos in Monte Carlo. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed, 1993)Amino Acid Sequence: The order of amino acids as they occur in a polypeptide chain. This is referred to as the primary structure of proteins. It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION.Computer Simulation: Computer-based representation of physical systems and phenomena such as chemical processes.Genomics: The systematic study of the complete DNA sequences (GENOME) of organisms.Molecular Sequence Annotation: The addition of descriptive information about the function or structure of a molecular sequence to its MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA record.Databases, Genetic: Databases devoted to knowledge about specific genes and gene products.High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing: Techniques of nucleotide sequence analysis that increase the range, complexity, sensitivity, and accuracy of results by greatly increasing the scale of operations and thus the number of nucleotides, and the number of copies of each nucleotide sequenced. The sequencing may be done by analysis of the synthesis or ligation products, hybridization to preexisting sequences, etc.Genome: The genetic complement of an organism, including all of its GENES, as represented in its DNA, or in some cases, its RNA.Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid: The sequential correspondence of nucleotides in one nucleic acid molecule with those of another nucleic acid molecule. Sequence homology is an indication of the genetic relatedness of different organisms and gene function.Species Specificity: The restriction of a characteristic behavior, anatomical structure or physical system, such as immune response; metabolic response, or gene or gene variant to the members of one species. It refers to that property which differentiates one species from another but it is also used for phylogenetic levels higher or lower than the species.DNA, Ribosomal Spacer: The intergenic DNA segments that are between the ribosomal RNA genes (internal transcribed spacers) and between the tandemly repeated units of rDNA (external transcribed spacers and nontranscribed spacers).Databases, Nucleic Acid: Databases containing information about NUCLEIC ACIDS such as BASE SEQUENCE; SNPS; NUCLEIC ACID CONFORMATION; and other properties. Information about the DNA fragments kept in a GENE LIBRARY or GENOMIC LIBRARY is often maintained in DNA databases.Expressed Sequence Tags: Partial cDNA (DNA, COMPLEMENTARY) sequences that are unique to the cDNAs from which they were derived.RNA, Ribosomal, 16S: Constituent of 30S subunit prokaryotic ribosomes containing 1600 nucleotides and 21 proteins. 16S rRNA is involved in initiation of polypeptide synthesis.Cloning, Molecular: The insertion of recombinant DNA molecules from prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic sources into a replicating vehicle, such as a plasmid or virus vector, and the introduction of the resultant hybrid molecules into recipient cells without altering the viability of those cells.Classification: The systematic arrangement of entities in any field into categories classes based on common characteristics such as properties, morphology, subject matter, etc.Sequence Analysis: A multistage process that includes the determination of a sequence (protein, carbohydrate, etc.), its fragmentation and analysis, and the interpretation of the resulting sequence information.Internet: A loose confederation of computer communication networks around the world. The networks that make up the Internet are connected through several backbone networks. The Internet grew out of the US Government ARPAnet project and was designed to facilitate information exchange.Genome, Bacterial: The genetic complement of a BACTERIA as represented in its DNA.RNA, Ribosomal, 28S: Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 28S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.Phylogeography: A field of study concerned with the principles and processes governing the geographic distributions of genealogical lineages, especially those within and among closely related species. (Avise, J.C., Phylogeography: The History and Formation of Species. Harvard University Press, 2000)Sequence Analysis, Protein: A process that includes the determination of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE of a protein (or peptide, oligopeptide or peptide fragment) and the information analysis of the sequence.DNA, Bacterial: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of bacteria.Genome, Mitochondrial: The genetic complement of MITOCHONDRIA as represented in their DNA.Genetics, Population: The discipline studying genetic composition of populations and effects of factors such as GENETIC SELECTION, population size, MUTATION, migration, and GENETIC DRIFT on the frequencies of various GENOTYPES and PHENOTYPES using a variety of GENETIC TECHNIQUES.Polymerase Chain Reaction: In vitro method for producing large amounts of specific DNA or RNA fragments of defined length and sequence from small amounts of short oligonucleotide flanking sequences (primers). The essential steps include thermal denaturation of the double-stranded target molecules, annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences, and extension of the annealed primers by enzymatic synthesis with DNA polymerase. The reaction is efficient, specific, and extremely sensitive. Uses for the reaction include disease diagnosis, detection of difficult-to-isolate pathogens, mutation analysis, genetic testing, DNA sequencing, and analyzing evolutionary relationships.Chromosome Mapping: Any method used for determining the location of and relative distances between genes on a chromosome.Metagenomics: The genomic analysis of assemblages of organisms.DNA: A deoxyribonucleotide polymer that is the primary genetic material of all cells. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms normally contain DNA in a double-stranded state, yet several important biological processes transiently involve single-stranded regions. DNA, which consists of a polysugar-phosphate backbone possessing projections of purines (adenine and guanine) and pyrimidines (thymine and cytosine), forms a double helix that is held together by hydrogen bonds between these purines and pyrimidines (adenine to thymine and guanine to cytosine).Genome, Human: The complete genetic complement contained in the DNA of a set of CHROMOSOMES in a HUMAN. The length of the human genome is about 3 billion base pairs.Sequence Homology, Amino Acid: The degree of similarity between sequences of amino acids. This information is useful for the analyzing genetic relatedness of proteins and species.DNA, Plant: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of plants.Databases, Factual: Extensive collections, reputedly complete, of facts and data garnered from material of a specialized subject area and made available for analysis and application. The collection can be automated by various contemporary methods for retrieval. The concept should be differentiated from DATABASES, BIBLIOGRAPHIC which is restricted to collections of bibliographic references.User-Computer Interface: The portion of an interactive computer program that issues messages to and receives commands from a user.Gene Library: A large collection of DNA fragments cloned (CLONING, MOLECULAR) from a given organism, tissue, organ, or cell type. It may contain complete genomic sequences (GENOMIC LIBRARY) or complementary DNA sequences, the latter being formed from messenger RNA and lacking intron sequences.Cluster Analysis: A set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly inter-related subgroups. In epidemiology, it may be used to analyze a closely grouped series of events or cases of disease or other health-related phenomenon with well-defined distribution patterns in relation to time or place or both.Exome: That part of the genome that corresponds to the complete complement of EXONS of an organism or cell.Genome, Plant: The genetic complement of a plant (PLANTS) as represented in its DNA.Base Composition: The relative amounts of the PURINES and PYRIMIDINES in a nucleic acid.INDEL Mutation: A mutation named with the blend of insertion and deletion. It refers to a length difference between two ALLELES where it is unknowable if the difference was originally caused by a SEQUENCE INSERTION or by a SEQUENCE DELETION. If the number of nucleotides in the insertion/deletion is not divisible by three, and it occurs in a protein coding region, it is also a FRAMESHIFT MUTATION.DNA, Fungal: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of fungi.Genetic Speciation: The splitting of an ancestral species into daughter species that coexist in time (King, Dictionary of Genetics, 6th ed). Causal factors may include geographic isolation, HABITAT geometry, migration, REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION, random GENETIC DRIFT and MUTATION.Human Genome Project: A coordinated effort of researchers to map (CHROMOSOME MAPPING) and sequence (SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA) the human GENOME.Genes, Bacterial: The functional hereditary units of BACTERIA.Contig Mapping: Overlapping of cloned or sequenced DNA to construct a continuous region of a gene, chromosome or genome.Sequence Analysis, RNA: A multistage process that includes cloning, physical mapping, subcloning, sequencing, and information analysis of an RNA SEQUENCE.Haplotypes: The genetic constitution of individuals with respect to one member of a pair of allelic genes, or sets of genes that are closely linked and tend to be inherited together such as those of the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX.RNA, Ribosomal, 5.8S: Constituent of the 60S subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes. 5.8S rRNA is involved in the initiation of polypeptide synthesis in eukaryotes.Genes: A category of nucleic acid sequences that function as units of heredity and which code for the basic instructions for the development, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms.Information Storage and Retrieval: Organized activities related to the storage, location, search, and retrieval of information.Database Management Systems: Software designed to store, manipulate, manage, and control data for specific uses.Open Reading Frames: A sequence of successive nucleotide triplets that are read as CODONS specifying AMINO ACIDS and begin with an INITIATOR CODON and end with a stop codon (CODON, TERMINATOR).Geography: The science dealing with the earth and its life, especially the description of land, sea, and air and the distribution of plant and animal life, including humanity and human industries with reference to the mutual relations of these elements. (From Webster, 3d ed)Genes, rRNA: Genes, found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are transcribed to produce the RNA which is incorporated into RIBOSOMES. Prokaryotic rRNA genes are usually found in OPERONS dispersed throughout the GENOME, whereas eukaryotic rRNA genes are clustered, multicistronic transcriptional units.DNA Primers: Short sequences (generally about 10 base pairs) of DNA that are complementary to sequences of messenger RNA and allow reverse transcriptases to start copying the adjacent sequences of mRNA. Primers are used extensively in genetic and molecular biology techniques.Genome, Viral: The complete genetic complement contained in a DNA or RNA molecule in a virus.DNA, Chloroplast: Deoxyribonucleic acid that makes up the genetic material of CHLOROPLASTS.Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide: A single nucleotide variation in a genetic sequence that occurs at appreciable frequency in the population.DNA, Complementary: Single-stranded complementary DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the action of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase. cDNA (i.e., complementary DNA, not circular DNA, not C-DNA) is used in a variety of molecular cloning experiments as well as serving as a specific hybridization probe.Genes, Mitochondrial: Genes that are located on the MITOCHONDRIAL DNA. Mitochondrial inheritance is often referred to as maternal inheritance but should be differentiated from maternal inheritance that is transmitted chromosomally.Multigene Family: A set of genes descended by duplication and variation from some ancestral gene. Such genes may be clustered together on the same chromosome or dispersed on different chromosomes. Examples of multigene families include those that encode the hemoglobins, immunoglobulins, histocompatibility antigens, actins, tubulins, keratins, collagens, heat shock proteins, salivary glue proteins, chorion proteins, cuticle proteins, yolk proteins, and phaseolins, as well as histones, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA genes. The latter three are examples of reiterated genes, where hundreds of identical genes are present in a tandem array. (King & Stanfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 4th ed)Data Compression: Information application based on a variety of coding methods to minimize the amount of data to be stored, retrieved, or transmitted. Data compression can be applied to various forms of data, such as images and signals. It is used to reduce costs and increase efficiency in the maintenance of large volumes of data.Bacteria: One of the three domains of life (the others being Eukarya and ARCHAEA), also called Eubacteria. They are unicellular prokaryotic microorganisms which generally possess rigid cell walls, multiply by cell division, and exhibit three principal forms: round or coccal, rodlike or bacillary, and spiral or spirochetal. Bacteria can be classified by their response to OXYGEN: aerobic, anaerobic, or facultatively anaerobic; by the mode by which they obtain their energy: chemotrophy (via chemical reaction) or PHOTOTROPHY (via light reaction); for chemotrophs by their source of chemical energy: CHEMOLITHOTROPHY (from inorganic compounds) or chemoorganotrophy (from organic compounds); and by their source for CARBON; NITROGEN; etc.; HETEROTROPHY (from organic sources) or AUTOTROPHY (from CARBON DIOXIDE). They can also be classified by whether or not they stain (based on the structure of their CELL WALLS) with CRYSTAL VIOLET dye: gram-negative or gram-positive.Ascomycota: A phylum of fungi which have cross-walls or septa in the mycelium. The perfect state is characterized by the formation of a saclike cell (ascus) containing ascospores. Most pathogenic fungi with a known perfect state belong to this phylum.Proteins: Linear POLYPEPTIDES that are synthesized on RIBOSOMES and may be further modified, crosslinked, cleaved, or assembled into complex proteins with several subunits. The specific sequence of AMINO ACIDS determines the shape the polypeptide will take, during PROTEIN FOLDING, and the function of the protein.Genotype: The genetic constitution of the individual, comprising the ALLELES present at each GENETIC LOCUS.Mutation: Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations.Sequence Homology: The degree of similarity between sequences. Studies of AMINO ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY and NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY provide useful information about the genetic relatedness of genes, gene products, and species.Selection, Genetic: Differential and non-random reproduction of different genotypes, operating to alter the gene frequencies within a population.Databases, Protein: Databases containing information about PROTEINS such as AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEIN CONFORMATION; and other properties.ComputersAngiosperms: Members of the group of vascular plants which bear flowers. They are differentiated from GYMNOSPERMS by their production of seeds within a closed chamber (OVARY, PLANT). The Angiosperms division is composed of two classes, the monocotyledons (Liliopsida) and dicotyledons (Magnoliopsida). Angiosperms represent approximately 80% of all known living plants.Codon: A set of three nucleotides in a protein coding sequence that specifies individual amino acids or a termination signal (CODON, TERMINATOR). Most codons are universal, but some organisms do not produce the transfer RNAs (RNA, TRANSFER) complementary to all codons. These codons are referred to as unassigned codons (CODONS, NONSENSE).DNA, Intergenic: Any of the DNA in between gene-coding DNA, including untranslated regions, 5' and 3' flanking regions, INTRONS, non-functional pseudogenes, and non-functional repetitive sequences. This DNA may or may not encode regulatory functions.RNA, Bacterial: Ribonucleic acid in bacteria having regulatory and catalytic roles as well as involvement in protein synthesis.Plastids: Self-replicating cytoplasmic organelles of plant and algal cells that contain pigments and may synthesize and accumulate various substances. PLASTID GENOMES are used in phylogenetic studies.Genetic Markers: A phenotypically recognizable genetic trait which can be used to identify a genetic locus, a linkage group, or a recombination event.Genes, Plant: The functional hereditary units of PLANTS.RNA, Ribosomal: The most abundant form of RNA. Together with proteins, it forms the ribosomes, playing a structural role and also a role in ribosomal binding of mRNA and tRNAs. Individual chains are conventionally designated by their sedimentation coefficients. In eukaryotes, four large chains exist, synthesized in the nucleolus and constituting about 50% of the ribosome. (Dorland, 28th ed)Conserved Sequence: A sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide or of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is similar across multiple species. A known set of conserved sequences is represented by a CONSENSUS SEQUENCE. AMINO ACID MOTIFS are often composed of conserved sequences.Gene Flow: The change in gene frequency in a population due to migration of gametes or individuals (ANIMAL MIGRATION) across population barriers. In contrast, in GENETIC DRIFT the cause of gene frequency changes are not a result of population or gamete movement.Bacterial Proteins: Proteins found in any species of bacterium.Microsatellite Repeats: A variety of simple repeat sequences that are distributed throughout the GENOME. They are characterized by a short repeat unit of 2-8 basepairs that is repeated up to 100 times. They are also known as short tandem repeats (STRs).Restriction Mapping: Use of restriction endonucleases to analyze and generate a physical map of genomes, genes, or other segments of DNA.South AmericaPlants: Multicellular, eukaryotic life forms of kingdom Plantae (sensu lato), comprising the VIRIDIPLANTAE; RHODOPHYTA; and GLAUCOPHYTA; all of which acquired chloroplasts by direct endosymbiosis of CYANOBACTERIA. They are characterized by a mainly photosynthetic mode of nutrition; essentially unlimited growth at localized regions of cell divisions (MERISTEMS); cellulose within cells providing rigidity; the absence of organs of locomotion; absence of nervous and sensory systems; and an alternation of haploid and diploid generations.Metagenome: A collective genome representative of the many organisms, primarily microorganisms, existing in a community.Computer Graphics: The process of pictorial communication, between human and computers, in which the computer input and output have the form of charts, drawings, or other appropriate pictorial representation.Acari: A large, subclass of arachnids comprising the MITES and TICKS, including parasites of plants, animals, and humans, as well as several important disease vectors.Recombination, Genetic: Production of new arrangements of DNA by various mechanisms such as assortment and segregation, CROSSING OVER; GENE CONVERSION; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; GENETIC CONJUGATION; GENETIC TRANSDUCTION; or mixed infection of viruses.Mycological Typing Techniques: Procedures for identifying types and strains of fungi.Polymorphism, Genetic: The regular and simultaneous occurrence in a single interbreeding population of two or more discontinuous genotypes. The concept includes differences in genotypes ranging in size from a single nucleotide site (POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE) to large nucleotide sequences visible at a chromosomal level.DNA Restriction Enzymes: Enzymes that are part of the restriction-modification systems. They catalyze the endonucleolytic cleavage of DNA sequences which lack the species-specific methylation pattern in the host cell's DNA. Cleavage yields random or specific double-stranded fragments with terminal 5'-phosphates. The function of restriction enzymes is to destroy any foreign DNA that invades the host cell. Most have been studied in bacterial systems, but a few have been found in eukaryotic organisms. They are also used as tools for the systematic dissection and mapping of chromosomes, in the determination of base sequences of DNAs, and have made it possible to splice and recombine genes from one organism into the genome of another. EC 3.21.1.Genomic Library: A form of GENE LIBRARY containing the complete DNA sequences present in the genome of a given organism. It contrasts with a cDNA library which contains only sequences utilized in protein coding (lacking introns).Models, Statistical: Statistical formulations or analyses which, when applied to data and found to fit the data, are then used to verify the assumptions and parameters used in the analysis. Examples of statistical models are the linear model, binomial model, polynomial model, two-parameter model, etc.Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial: DNA constructs that are composed of, at least, a REPLICATION ORIGIN, for successful replication, propagation to and maintenance as an extra chromosome in bacteria. In addition, they can carry large amounts (about 200 kilobases) of other sequence for a variety of bioengineering purposes.DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic: Techniques for standardizing and expediting taxonomic identification or classification of organisms that are based on deciphering the sequence of one or a few regions of DNA known as the "DNA barcode".Gene Order: The sequential location of genes on a chromosome.Information Systems: Integrated set of files, procedures, and equipment for the storage, manipulation, and retrieval of information.Multilocus Sequence Typing: Direct nucleotide sequencing of gene fragments from multiple housekeeping genes for the purpose of phylogenetic analysis, organism identification, and typing of species, strain, serovar, or other distinguishable phylogenetic level.Biodiversity: The variety of all native living organisms and their various forms and interrelationships.CD-ROM: An optical disk storage system for computers on which data can be read or from which data can be retrieved but not entered or modified. A CD-ROM unit is almost identical to the compact disk playback device for home use.Nucleic Acid Hybridization: Widely used technique which exploits the ability of complementary sequences in single-stranded DNAs or RNAs to pair with each other to form a double helix. Hybridization can take place between two complimentary DNA sequences, between a single-stranded DNA and a complementary RNA, or between two RNA sequences. The technique is used to detect and isolate specific sequences, measure homology, or define other characteristics of one or both strands. (Kendrew, Encyclopedia of Molecular Biology, 1994, p503)Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid: Sequences of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies. There are several types: INTERSPERSED REPETITIVE SEQUENCES are copies of transposable elements (DNA TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS or RETROELEMENTS) dispersed throughout the genome. TERMINAL REPEAT SEQUENCES flank both ends of another sequence, for example, the long terminal repeats (LTRs) on RETROVIRUSES. Variations may be direct repeats, those occurring in the same direction, or inverted repeats, those opposite to each other in direction. TANDEM REPEAT SEQUENCES are copies which lie adjacent to each other, direct or inverted (INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES).Lemur: A genus of the family Lemuridae consisting of five species: L. catta (ring-tailed lemur), L. fulvus, L. macaco (acoumba or black lemur), L. mongoz (mongoose lemur), and L. variegatus (white lemur). Most members of this genus occur in forested areas on Madagascar and the Comoro Islands.Alleles: Variant forms of the same gene, occupying the same locus on homologous CHROMOSOMES, and governing the variants in production of the same gene product.Escherichia coli: A species of gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria (GRAM-NEGATIVE FACULTATIVELY ANAEROBIC RODS) commonly found in the lower part of the intestine of warm-blooded animals. It is usually nonpathogenic, but some strains are known to produce DIARRHEA and pyogenic infections. Pathogenic strains (virotypes) are classified by their specific pathogenic mechanisms such as toxins (ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI), etc.Gene Expression Profiling: The determination of the pattern of genes expressed at the level of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION, under specific circumstances or in a specific cell.Sequence Tagged Sites: Short tracts of DNA sequence that are used as landmarks in GENOME mapping. In most instances, 200 to 500 base pairs of sequence define a Sequence Tagged Site (STS) that is operationally unique in the human genome (i.e., can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the presence of all other genomic sequences). The overwhelming advantage of STSs over mapping landmarks defined in other ways is that the means of testing for the presence of a particular STS can be completely described as information in a database.Physical Chromosome Mapping: Mapping of the linear order of genes on a chromosome with units indicating their distances by using methods other than genetic recombination. These methods include nucleotide sequencing, overlapping deletions in polytene chromosomes, and electron micrography of heteroduplex DNA. (From King & Stansfield, A Dictionary of Genetics, 5th ed)Genome, Chloroplast: The genetic complement of CHLOROPLASTS as represented in their DNA.Molecular Epidemiology: The application of molecular biology to the answering of epidemiological questions. The examination of patterns of changes in DNA to implicate particular carcinogens and the use of molecular markers to predict which individuals are at highest risk for a disease are common examples.Basidiomycota: A phylum of fungi that produce their sexual spores (basidiospores) on the outside of the basidium. It includes forms commonly known as mushrooms, boletes, puffballs, earthstars, stinkhorns, bird's-nest fungi, jelly fungi, bracket or shelf fungi, and rust and smut fungi.Phenotype: The outward appearance of the individual. It is the product of interactions between genes, and between the GENOTYPE and the environment.North AmericaFruiting Bodies, Fungal: The fruiting 'heads' or 'caps' of FUNGI, which as a food item are familiarly known as MUSHROOMS, that contain the FUNGAL SPORES.Mutation Rate: The number of mutations that occur in a specific sequence, GENE, or GENOME over a specified period of time such as years, CELL DIVISIONS, or generations.Transcriptome: The pattern of GENE EXPRESSION at the level of genetic transcription in a specific organism or under specific circumstances in specific cells.
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Sharing the Road with Emergency Vehicles: Right-of-Way, Traffic Rules & PenaltiesUpdated April 2, 2020
Motorists must exercise caution around emergency vehicle operators, as they are exempt from adhering to standard road rules when their sirens and lights are activated. This makes them incredibly unpredictable.
Emergency vehicles right-of-way
Motorists, cyclists and pedestrians must yield the right-of-way to any emergency vehicle using sirens or flashing lights. Emergency vehicles include ambulances, law enforcement vehicles, fire trucks and any other state or federal vehicle designed for a similar function to one of those listed here, that is properly equipped with red or blue flashing lights and an audible warning system.
Whenever you hear a horn, bell or siren warning or see flashing red or blue lights, you must clear a path for the approaching emergency vehicle and stop. Do so calmly, whilst following the procedure outlined below. Do not panic, stop suddenly or slam on the brakes.
Determine from which direction the emergency vehicle is coming
Move your vehicle away from the approaching emergency vehicle, toward the side of the road and stop
If the emergency vehicle is directly behind your vehicle in heavy traffic, keep moving slowly until you have enough space to get out of the way
Avoid blocking intersections
While you must move your vehicle out of the path of an emergency vehicle and stop as soon as possible, you must never stop part way through an intersection. This could turn your vehicle into an obstacle for the approaching emergency vehicle driver. If you are in an intersection when you become aware of the emergency vehicle, it is essential that you drive out of the intersection before pulling over.
Emergency vehicle drivers may use a loud-speaker to communicate with motorists who are blocking their path. Should this happen to you, remain calm and do your best to follow their instructions.
Conflicting signs and traffic signals
If a police officer or fire-fighter instructs you to do something that conflicts with existing signs, signals and road laws, you must obey them anyway. Instructions given by a fire-fighter or law enforcement officer may stand in opposition to the usual rules of the road, for your own safety and the safety of others.
Be aware that emergency vehicle drivers can legally:
- Exceed the speed limit
- Pass through red lights
- Pass through yield and stop signs
- Drive the wrong way up a one-way street
- Make turns which would not be allowed under normal circumstances
Following an emergency vehicle
It is against the law to follow an emergency vehicle that has active sirens and flashing lights too closely. This law has been introduced in most states to prevent opportunistic drivers from using an emergency vehicle’s clear wake to get ahead of other traffic. The precise distance which must be maintained is different state by state, as are the fines and penalties you may incur by breaking this law.
In California, drivers must remain at least 300ft behind an emergency vehicle. However, in Mississippi and Florida the minimum distance is 500ft. Always check your state driver’s handbook for details, to make sure you are following the right rules.
Approaching a stopped emergency vehicle
Many states have introduced what is often known as the “move over law”, to help protect emergency responders while they are parked and working by the roadside. The correct procedure for approaching an emergency vehicle which has stopped on or close to the roadway is different state-by-state, though two things are common everywhere. If an emergency vehicle is parked with lights flashing, other motorists must:
- Move to a lane further away from the emergency vehicle, when the road has two or more lanes of traffic traveling in the same direction
- Reduce their speed. Particularly when changing lanes is not possible
Your driving manual may stipulate the speed at which you should approach and pass a stopped emergency vehicle if you cannot move over into a different lane; this information can likely be found in the chapter pertaining to sharing the road with emergency vehicles. Most state rules set the maximum passing speed at around 20mph, when you must use a lane directly adjacent to a stopped emergency response vehicle. The speed you are asked to slow to will be determined by the original speed limit and width of the road.
For example, in Texas drivers must slow to a speed of not more than 20mph when the posted speed limit is over 25mph, or a speed less than 5mph when the posted speed limited is less under 25mph.
The only occasion when the “move over law” does not apply (if it is a legal requirement in your state), is if you are instructed to take a different action by a law enforcement officer at the scene.
Interfering with emergency responders
You can be arrested if you drive to the scene of an accident for sight-seeing purposes or behave in a way that may prevent an emergency response team from doing their job correctly. Casually observing the scene of an emergency may seem harmless but when many people do it simultaneously, traffic can get out of hand and emergency responders may be hindered or put at risk.
In Illinois and various other states, use of cellphones and cameras on an accident scene is a crime. Consult your state driver’s handbook to make sure you know what is and is not allowed in such situations.
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Japanese encephalitis is a potentially severe infection of the brain transmitted by mosquitoes. It occurs occurs in large parts of Asia and the Pacific rim
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral infection of the brain transmitted to humans by mosquitoes in parts of Asia and the Pacific rim. The mosquitoes that transmit JE feed predominantly during the night, from dusk to dawn and are prolific in rural areas, where rice cultivation and pig farming are common. However, they have also been found in urban locations.
The risk for most travellers to Asia is very low, especially for short-term travellers visiting urban areas. The overall incidence of JE among persons from non-affected countries travelling to Asia is estimated to be less than one case per 1 million travellers. Risk varies on the basis of: destination, duration, season and activities. It increases for persons who intend to live or travel in risk areas for long periods of time and have rural trips during transmission seasons. Certain activities, even during short trips, where there is significant rural, outdoor or night time exposure e.g. fieldwork or camping can increase the traveller’s risk.
Most human infections with Japanese encephalitis virus do not result in symptoms. When symptoms do occur they include fever, headache and confusion. In symptomatic cases requiring hospitalisation mortality rates are high and neurological complications are common.
The risk of acquiring JE can be reduced by insect bite avoidance, particularly between the hours of dusk and dawn, when Culex mosquitoes are most active.
A licensed JE vaccine; IXIARO® is available and is recommended to those intending to stay for long periods in rural regions where JE occurs during the main transmission season or whose planned activities increase their risk. The vaccination is recommended from the age of 2 months onwards.
As of August 2015, the marketing authority for IXIARO® Japanese encephalitis vaccine has changed to include an accelerated schedule. Adults 18-65 years of age can be vaccinated as follows: first dose at day 0, second dose, 7 days after the first dose.
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| 0.95067 | 421 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Good morning. It is a pleasure for me to be here today to speak with you about the importance of nuclear security and the multi-dimensional approach to the international efforts of securing all vulnerable nuclear material worldwide. I want to thank Erin Harbaugh and everyone who put this together.
The importance of nuclear security can best be viewed in the context of the risks posed by nuclear terrorism. Currently over 2000 tons of plutonium and highly enriched uranium exist in dozens of countries who possess this material for a variety of peaceful as well as military uses. There have been 18 documented cases of theft or loss of highly enriched uranium or plutonium, and perhaps others not yet discovered. We know terrorists and criminal groups are seeking nuclear weapons –as well as the materials and expertise needed to make them.
As President Obama clearly stated in his Prague speech in 2009, “We must ensure that terrorists never acquire a nuclear weapon. This is the most immediate and extreme threat to global security. One terrorist with one nuclear weapon could unleash massive destruction”.
The consequences of a nuclear detonation perpetrated by a terrorist or criminal group anywhere in the world would be devastating. Any country could be a target, and all countries would feel the effects. To address this global risk, President Obama announced an international effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear materials around the world within four years.
During the June 2009 G-8 Summit in L’Aquila, Italy, President Obama announced that he would host a Nuclear Security Summit in 2010 in Washington DC. Just as the United States is not the only country that would suffer from nuclear terrorism, we cannot prevent it on our own. The Summit focused specifically on nuclear security, leaving other broad topics such as nonproliferation, disarmament, and peaceful applications of nuclear energy to different forums, such as the May 2010 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Review Conference. The goal of the Nuclear Security Summit was to come to a common understanding of the threat posed by nuclear terrorism and to gain agreement among the participants that nuclear material, whether in civilian or military use, should not be vulnerable to that threat.
The Nuclear Security Summit brought together the leaders of 47 nations and three international organizations to advance a common approach and commitment to nuclear security at the highest levels. The leaders in attendance renewed their commitments to ensure that nuclear materials under their sovereign control are not stolen or diverted for use by terrorists, pledged to continue to evaluate the threat and improve the security as changing conditions may require, and to exchange best practices and practical solutions for doing so. The Summit reinforced the principle that all states are responsible for ensuring the best security of their materials, for seeking assistance if necessary, and providing assistance if asked.
Importantly the leaders achieved crucial consensus on three key areas: that the danger of nuclear terrorism is one of the greatest threats to our collective security; that terrorist networks such as al Qaeda have tried to acquire the material for a nuclear weapon, and if they ever succeeded, they would surely use it; and were they to do so, it would be a catastrophe for the world – causing extraordinary loss of life, and striking a major blow to global peace and stability.
The Summit produced three major outcomes; the Summit Communiqué – a high- level political statement by the leaders of all 47 participating countries to strengthen nuclear security and reduce the threat of nuclear terrorism; the Summit Work Plan – providing guidance for national and international actions to carry out the pledges of the Communiqué; and country commitments by many Summit Participants to support the objectives of the Summit. Some of those commitments included joining existing initiatives, such as the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, the ratification of relevant treaties, and adherence to existing international legal obligations, such as UNSCR 1540. In addition, on the margins of the April 2010 Summit, there were bilateral meetings furthering U.S. efforts to improve international nuclear security.
In the Communique, participating states, among other things, agreed to:
The Work Plan, which serves as guidance for international action, including through cooperation within the context of relevant international fora and organizations, calls for specific steps that include:
The Summit reinforced the principle that all states are responsible for ensuring the best security of their nuclear material, for seeking assistance if necessary, and providing assistance if asked. It promoted a number of efforts that address nuclear security and nuclear terrorism and national and international actions to advance global security.
Country commitments support the Summit either by the state taking national actions to increase nuclear security domestically or by its working through bilateral or multilateral mechanisms to improve security globally. These country specific commitments will enhance global security, provide momentum to the effort to secure nuclear materials, and represent the sense of urgency that has been galvanized by the nature of the threat and the occasion of the Summit. Many of these commitments are also outlined in national statements made by leaders at the Summit.
Since April this year, Summit participants have been reaching out to other countries that were not able to attend the Summit to explain the Summit’s goals and outcomes and to expand the dialog among a wider group of nations. For example, Poland hosted a Summit outreach event in Warsaw in August 2010. Since then, there have been other outreach events at the United Nations, at the G8, and at the International Atomic Energy Agency. Further outreach activities are planned for Chile, which will host a regional meeting in Spring 2011.
In preparation for the next Nuclear Security Summit, which is planned for the Republic of Korea in 2012, Sherpas representing the countries that participated in the Washington Summit will continue to hold a series of meetings to evaluate progress in carrying out Summit objectives and help prepare leaders for the 2012 Summit in Seoul. The first of these Sherpa meetings took place earlier this month in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
As noted earlier, one of the major outcomes of the Summit was recognition of the need to secure all vulnerable materials, and the international effort to secure all vulnerable material in four years. As reflected in the types of activities listed in the Work Plan, or what we can here call the multi-dimensional approach to addressing nuclear security, the four effort encompasses many programs and projects that fundamentally seek to prevent the chances that terrorists will obtain nuclear material. So while the goal of securing nuclear material recognizes the need to secure material at the source, converting reactors to use low enriched uranium fuel, and the removal of nuclear material, it also recognizes the need for other activities on a multilateral level and multidimensional level. These include bolstering the ability to detect smuggled material, recover lost material, identify the materials’ origin, and prosecute those who are trading in these materials. It also recognizes the importance of engaging those outside the government and education of the public on these issues. It should be remembered that nuclear security is a perpetual commitment, requiring ongoing vigilance as threats change, equipment wears out, and technologies advance.
For us to effectively advance President Obama’s international effort to secure all vulnerable nuclear material within four years, we must promote this multi-dimensional approach to nuclear security
In this respect, the Summit Work Plan notes that “Participating States will work together, as appropriate, to ensure that nuclear security cooperation mechanisms are complementary, reinforcing, efficient, consistent with related IAEA activities and appropriately matched to identified needs in those States requesting assistance.” The need for nations to work cooperatively in all the areas of the multi-dimensional aspects of nuclear security was highlighted in several similar statements in the communiqué and work plan.
One of the relevant international legal obligations that are a part of this multi-dimensional approach to securing nuclear material is United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 1540.
In April 2004, the United Nations Security Council adopted Security Council Resolution1540, establishing for the first time binding obligations on all U.N. member states under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter, to take and enforce effective measures against the proliferation of WMD, their means of delivery and related materials. The resolution recognizes the need to “enhance coordination of efforts on national, subregional, regional and international levels.”
UNSCR 1540, if fully implemented, can help ensure that no State or non-State actor is a source or beneficiary of WMD proliferation. All states have three primary obligations regarding WMD under UNSCR 1540: to prohibit support to non-State actors seeking such items; to adopt and enforce effective laws prohibiting the proliferation of such items to non-State actors, and prohibiting assisting or financing such proliferation; and to take and enforce effective measures to control these items, in order to prevent their proliferation, as well as to control the provision of funds and services that contribute to proliferation.
Many governments and non-governmental organizations are actively working bilaterally to address successful implementation of the resolution. As a Chapter VII resolution, it has become an important baseline for reference with broader nuclear non-proliferation and counter-proliferation work.
As many of you are aware, the International Atomic Energy Agency, or the IAEA, is an international institution that plays a significant role in the area of securing nuclear materials. The IAEA has completed its Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities: Information Circular (INFCIRC) 225/Rev. 5. This Information Circular provides guidance and recommendations for developing and implementing the physical protection of nuclear material and nuclear facilities. The United States has long pushed for the INFCIRC/225 to be revised to address the post 9/11/2001 threat environment and to conform with and provide guidance for implementation of the amended Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and UNSCR 1540 obligations. As a result, the latest version, the fifth revision, provides guidance for planning and implementing effective physical protection regime.
Other relevant work of the IAEA includes the Agency’s Nuclear Security Plan 2010-2013. The objective of the Nuclear Security Plan is to contribute to global efforts to achieve worldwide, effective security wherever nuclear or other radioactive material is in use, storage and/or transport, and of associated facilities, by supporting States, upon request, in their efforts to establish and maintain effective nuclear security. The objective is also to assist adherence to and implementation of nuclear security related international legal instruments, and to strengthen the international cooperation and coordination of assistance given through bilateral programs and other international initiatives in a manner which would also contribute to enabling the safe, secure and peaceful use of nuclear energy and of such applications with radioactive substances.
The IAEA also publishes the IAEA Nuclear Security Series. Nuclear security issues relating to the prevention and detection of, and response to, theft, sabotage, unauthorized access and illegal transfer, or other malicious acts involving nuclear material and other radioactive substances and their associated facilities are addressed in the IAEA Nuclear Security Guidelines. These publications are consistent with, and complement, international nuclear security instruments such as the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its 2005 Amendment, UNSCR1540 and the International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism.
Another great service the IAEA provides is the International Physical Protection Advisory Service (IPPAS) Missions. This was created by the agency to assist states in strengthening their national nuclear security regime. IPPAS provides peer advice on implementing international instruments, and agency guidance on the protection of nuclear and other radioactive material and associated facilities. During an IPPAS mission, the state’s physical protection system is reviewed and compared with international guidelines and internationally recognized best practices. Based on this review, recommendations for improvements are provided including follow-up activities and assistance.
All of these efforts were recognized in the NSS communiqué and work plan. For example, the Communiqué noted that states “Reaffirm the essential role of the IAEA in the international nuclear security framework and will work to ensure it continues to have the appropriate structure, resources, and expertise needed to carry out its mandated nuclear security activities.” Regarding the UN, specifically including the work plan, the states noted “the need to fully implement United Nations Security Council 1540,” and that “States support the continued dialogue between the Security Council committee established pursuant to UNSCR 1540 and States, and support strengthened international cooperation in this regard.”….
Let’s touch on two other efforts that form part of the multi-disciplinary approach to nuclear security. These are the Global Initative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism and the G8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction. Regarding these two activities, the Communiqué “recognize the contributions of the GINCT and the G8-led Global Partnership within their respective mandates and memberships.” The Work Plan reinforced the idea of states working to ensure that nuclear security cooperation mechanisms are complementary and reinforcement [check this].”
The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, or GICNT develops plans, policies, and procedures to assist GICNT partners in building and enhancing their capabilities. These activities provide an opportunity for partner nations to share information and expertise in a voluntary, non-binding framework.
Participants in the GICNT are committed to several Statement of Principles that are geared to developing partnership capacity to combat nuclear terrorism on a determined and systematic basis, consistent with national legal authorities and obligations they have under relevant international legal frameworks. It calls on all states concerned with this threat to international peace and security, to make a commitment to implement on voluntary basis principles that include the following:
The G-8 Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction, since its launch by G-8 Leaders in 2002, has made significant progress toward its aim of preventing terrorists or states that support them from acquiring or developing WMD. The GP consists of a pledge of $20 billion dollars by 23 nations for ten years. The Global Partnership is addressing nonproliferation, disarmament, counterterrorism, and nuclear safety issues through cooperative projects in such areas as destruction of chemical weapons; the dismantlement of decommissioned nuclear submarines; the security and disposition of fissile materials; and rechanneling employment of former weapons scientists to peaceful civilian endeavors. The G-8 Global Partnership Working Group coordinates international activities to advance the initiative. Progress to date is reported and goals and plans for coming years are discussed and approved during the annual G-8 summits.
Currently the US is seeking extension of the partnership for another 10 years, to 2012 and seeking additional funding for that extended time frame. It is also seeking new partners.
I noted earlier the importance of those outside government in playing a role in this multi-dimensional approach, and in fact, being a part of this approach. In the Communiqué, the participants noted the importance of recognizing the role of the nuclear industry, including the private sector, in nuclear security. The Work Plan notes that, “Participating States will promote cooperation, as appropriate, among international organizations, governments, other stakeholders, and academia for effective capacity building.” The activities of those outside government, including those of many of you here today, should be incorporated into the multi-dimensional approaches.
One such organization is the World Institute for Nuclear Security. This organization’s goal is to help improve security of nuclear and high hazard radioactive materials so that they are secure from unauthorized access, theft, sabotage and diversion and cannot be utilized for terrorist or other nefarious purposes. It does this by providing an international forum for those accountable for nuclear security to share and promote the implementation of best security practices. WINS produces international best practices guides, hosts workshops, and produces a number of other related publications. Its members consist of both organizations and individuals to have some accountability for nuclear security.
The international NGO community gathered on April 12, 2010 here in Washington to help raise the awareness of the importance of nuclear security among the international NGO community. International NGOs have been meeting outside the US as well to continue to promote the objectives and goals of the Nuclear Security Summit. In addition, the day after the Summit, international nuclear industry representatives met to discuss the Summit and nuclear security and to raise awareness on the importance of these issues. All these efforts helped strengthen the message for the importance of nuclear security.
There are many aspects to the multidimensional approach to nuclear security, only some of which I mentioned today. Others include capacity building for nuclear security and cooperation among states for the promotion of nuclear security culture through technology development, human resource development, and education, and training on nuclear security issues. It also includes efforts to prevent and respond to incidents of illicit nuclear trafficking, and agree to share, subject to respective national laws and procedures, information and expertise on such areas as nuclear detection, forensics, law enforcement, and the development of new technologies, efforts also reflected in the GICNT Additionally, it includes efforts related to export controls and border security, the establishment of regional Centers of Excellence that focus on nuclear security issues, and the engagement of scientists with nuclear expertise.
WMD proliferation and terrorism is a global threat. If we as a global community are to combat that threat, a multi-dimensional approach is needed. There are many aspects to the problem that must be addressed at various levels of government and outside government, with those inside and outside government, and around the world. Through these efforts and initiatives, states must now move toward being better able to coordinate their own activities dedicated to nuclear security. Some of the activities, such as those in the IAEA, UNSCR 1540, and initiatives such as the GICNT and the GP, provide opportunities for coordination. We can continue to improve on these.
Summit participants have committed to serve as responsible stewards of nuclear material, to reduce stocks of nuclear material where possible and to protect that material to the highest standards. This will require a long-term commitment by countries to fully embrace these obligations and to work together on this multi-dimensional approach.
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The Panama Canal was quite an undertaking of labor and engineering, and by the time it was completed on August 15th, 1914 the project had been underway (in some form) for well over two decades.
Along the way, over 55,000 workers had been involved, 5,000 people had died during the project's duration, and over 350 million dollars had been spent.
This riveting documentary looks at the history of this project, and visitors can watch the entire program here. The extra features provided here are real treats, and they can be found on the left-hand side of the page. Here visitors will find an interactive map of the Panama Canal region, along with a timeline, and an interview with the program's producer, Amanda Pollak.
Also, the site includes articles on yellow fever, the workers, and the chief engineers of the Canal. Primary resources such as part of the canal record of 1907, suggestions for further reading, and teacher resources round out the site. [KMG]
>From The Scout Report, Copyright Internet Scout 1994-2011.
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Psychology is a science that focuses on the mind, its behaviors and mental processes, and the art of applying that knowledge to other people. The general psychology graduate curriculum involves the exploration of subjective beliefs, attitudes, values, emotions, moods, perceptions, sensations, memories, fantasies and consciousness.
General psychology courses provide students with a fundamental, well-rounded knowledge of psychology, and they promote a higher level of self-understanding. Psychology includes numerous different branches, all of which will be taught on a basic level to students of general psychology, and from which they may choose a focus.
Some of the general psychology concentrations include:
Graduate students enrolled in general psychology courses can choose to earn a masters degree or enhance their education at the doctoral level. A masters degree in the subject can prepare students for careers in interdisciplinary fields such as business, government and social services, but not for clinical careers. Students often obtain a masters degree in psychology as part of their journey toward a doctoral degree.
Those who are seeking general psychology careers in the clinical side of psychology will want to earn a doctorate degree. Doctoral general psychology curriculums require additional coursework, individual study programs and research that results in a dissertation. Graduates of doctoral general psychology curriculums will gain advanced, comprehensive knowledge of topics such as biopsychology, cognitive processes, development, experimental analysis of behavior, human abilities and sensation and perception.
Regardless of the level of the curriculum, students will take basic general psychology graduate courses in cognitive, developmental and social psychology. They will understand reading, perceptual and cognitive processing, as well as group interaction, social interaction and research design. Students will explore human personality, psychodynamics and psychoanalytic theory.
The coursework of general psychology graduate curriculums can include the study of eating disorders, psychology and the media, psychology in advertising, the psychology of addictions and human diversity. Students will take classes that focus on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental illness and psychological disorders. The biological roots of behavior, perception and memory will also be studied.
General psychology curriculums emphasize the relationship between the brain, mind, psyche and soul. It also explores the “how” and ‘why” of human behavior, as well as how people perceive, process and respond to information. Students will build a theoretical and methodological foundation in psychology. They will study advanced statistics, neuropsychopharmacology, psychometrics and the history and systems of psychology.
It is important for students to learn about ethical issues in psychology, as well as about medical law. Through their general psychology courses, graduate students will sharpen their communication, interpersonal and analytical skills. Other skills they will enhance include critical thinking, problem-solving and technical skills.
Students who have earned both masters and doctoral degrees in the field have many general psychology careers from which to choose. Graduate students with a masters degree can go on to pursue either a doctoral degree or a psychology-related career in the sectors of business, government and human services. Doctoral degree holders obviously earn higher salaries and have a wider array of employment choices.
Those who have earned masters degrees can enter general psychology careers as marketing researchers, statistical and research consultants, research associates, human resource professionals, clinicians and industrial organization psychologists. Additionally, numerous interdisciplinary interests exist in the field of computer science, education, communications and engineering. General psychology job opportunities for graduates with a masters degree often include teaming up with other professionals, such as scientists, physicians, lawyers, computer experts, policymakers, managers and law enforcement.
Graduate students with a masters degree in general psychology can earn an average annual salary of $50,000 if they enter a career as a market researcher. They can earn an average of $66,000 each year as educational administrators, while they can earn $37,000 annually as assistant professors.
A doctoral degree can land graduates careers as psychologists in a variety of psychological concentrations. For instance, a general psychologist can expect to make an average of $70,000 each year, while an industrial psychologist may earn an average of $75,000 annually. General psychology professors command an annual salary of $40,000. Forensic psychologists can earn an average of $50,000 per year.
Overall, the general psychology career prospects are bright for graduates with an advanced degree. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, careers in general psychology graduate-degree holders will grow between 10 and 20 percent by 2010. School psychology is the fastest-growing sector for general psychology graduates, followed by industrial/organizational psychology and faculty positions.
If you like being in people’s heads, you can make quite a living for yourself.
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DO IT YOURSELF SERIES
LEARN: Motion transformation using simple machines
Aim N Shoot
LEARN: Motion transformation using simple machines This is a D.I.Y (do-it-yourself) educational science kit that provides useful knowledge about simple physics. “You'll be amazed� to learn realistic concepts of basic physical theory through exciting activities.
How it works? ? Insert 1 pc AA battery in the battery compartment. ? Turn the switch on. ? The assembled basketball stand will start moving from the left to the right. To play, first select the desired distance between the basketball stand and the catapult. ? Then aim at the basketball basket by tapping the catapult sling with your finger. ? This fun challenge requires skill as well as luck to make a successful shot. So test yourself and give it your best shot
Science behind motion transformation using simple machines: To explain how Aim N shoots kit works, the rotational power of the motor is converted to left-and right motion. If you look at the bottom of the basket stand, you can see the gearbox cap's rotational motion pushes the basket ball stand from left to right and from right to left. The rotational motion is converted to the left-and right motion in this way. The mini basketball is shot by tapping the catapult sling. The catapult acts like a lever. When you tap it, the lever transfers the downward force to the other side and turns it into upward force. This makes the mini basketball shoots up. You can place the catapult at different distance from the basketball stand. The longer the distance, the larger the tapping force is needed.
Do you know? How does water slide work?
For what purpose ancient people used catapult?
A catapult is a machine that works like a slingshot or a bow and arrow. In the Middle Ages, they were used to hurl heavy rocks and pieces of metal across the moats and over the castle walls. Some of the catapults had a range of 1/4 mile and could throw a stone weighing 60 pounds. The power came from how the catapults were constructed. The twists were made of sinew (animal tendons), horsetails or human hair. Inserted into this was a lever made of wood and bound with leather. At the end of the arm or lever, was a sling. To shoot the stones, the arm (lever) was brought down and released shooting the missile from the sling. When the Romans fought Carthage in 140 BC, the Carthaginian women cut off their hair for the twists of the catapults. In World War I, the soldiers made catapults that flung grenades and poison-gas bombs. Sometimes the bombs were put in tin cans filled with gunpowder or dynamite. In naval warfare, a catapult is used to launch planes from the decks of the aircraft.
Quiz 1. What would happen if the distance between the bucket and catapult becomes so close? (a) There will be more chance to hit the ball into the bucket (b) There will be less chance to hit the ball into the bucket (c) There is no effect 2. What path would the ball follow after tapping? (a) Straight line (b) Circular path (c) Curve (d) Zig –zag
Pencil-and-Paper Tasks i. Draw free-body diagrams of a projectile at various points on its path, using vectors to represent the horizontal and vertical velocities. ii. Calculate the horizontal and vertical components of position and velocity. iii. Determine the net force, position, and velocity vectors.
Additional DIY 1. Give It Your Best In this activity, students will make their own latex ball. They will then design and construct a catapult to propel their latex ball at various targets. The catapult segment integrates with science units on simple machines and will incorporate math, language arts, and social studies curriculum on the middle Ages.
Materials required: Serial. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
To Make a latex ball 2 plastic cups - 3 oz size 20 mL vinegar pH paper 20 mL latex spoon 25 ml graduated cylinder markers paper towels goggles and a pan or sink with water
To Make catapult Base block 3/4" x 8" x 4" Lever board 1/4" x 6" x 1" Plastic spoon 2 tongue depressors 6 nails 6 elastic bands
Additional supplies Hammers Small eye screws Rubber bands Meter sticks or measuring tapes
Procedure: MAKING A LATEX BALL: Step 1: Put on your goggles. Measure 20 mL of tap water using the graduated cylinder. Pour it in a plastic cup. With a marker, make a line of the side of the cup indicating the volume of 20 mL. Pour the water out of the cup. Step 2: Pour the latex into the marked cup so that you have 20 mL of latex in the cup. Step 3: In the other cup, add 20 mL of vinegar. Test the pH of the vinegar by placing a pH indicator paper into the cup to see if it is an acid or a base. Step 4: Pour the vinegar into the latex and stir with a spoon. Step 5: Carefully take the mixture out of the cup and roll it into a ball with your hands. Step 6: Rinse the ball in a pan or sink of water and squeeze out any bubbles. Step 7: Pat the ball dry with paper towels.
MAKING A CATAPULT: Step 1: Students should work in a group of 2-3 to design and construct the catapult. Step 2: Each group should be given a bag of catapult building materials. Each group will get one bag of supplies and they should first design their plan on paper before beginning to build it. Step 3: Additional building supplies such as hammers, elastic pieces and nails - screws should be provided at a designated area. Step 4: Students should draw their plans on paper first before starting to build. Step 5: When their initial design is drawn, they may begin to build their catapult. Step 6: When they have completed their catapult, they may attempt to hurl their ball at a target.
1• Attach the basketball base (11) to the basketball board (09), and the basketball basket (10) to the basketball board (09).
2• Install the assembled basketball unit onto the box base with holes (04). Note that it is suggested the unit to be installed near the edge of the box base with holes (04).You may put the box base on the Eco-friendly reusable box (05). This will affect the height of the basket.
3• Connect the gearbox cap (07) to the gearbox (06).
4• Install the gearbox (06) onto the box base with holes (04). Note that it must be affixed at the location where the gearbox cap (07) is attached to the bottom back of the basketball board (09).
5• Now place the battery compartment (01) and ON/OFF switch (02) onto the box base with holes (04). Then install 3 spring connectors (03). Narrow end down, and push the spring as far as it will go.
6• Connect two black wires to spring (a). Then connect the red wire from the gear box (06) to spring (b), and as well connect a red wire from the ON/OFF switch (02) to spring (b).
7• Connect the other red wire from the ON/OFF switch (02) to spring (c). Consequently, the red wire from the battery compartment (01) should be connected to the same spring (c).
If at any time in the future you should need to dispose of this product please note that waste electrical products should not be disposed off with household waste. Please recycle where facilities exist. Check with your local authority or retailer forrecycling advice. (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive) An educational product by Mexus Education Pvt. Ltd.( formerly Axiom Education Pvt. Ltd.) Regd. Off.: No. 135 / 2 / A, Muktanand Marg, Chala, Vapi -396191 (Gujarat) Mumbai Office: 512, Midas, Sahar Plaza Complex, M V Road, J.B. Nagar, Andheri (E), Mumbai 400 059. For more information www.iken.in For Customer Care Contact: +91 922 322 4044 Email: email@example.com For sales enquiry: firstname.lastname@example.org
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Antimicrobial use in agriculture can breed bacteria resistant to first-line human defences
A new study led by the University of Oxford has shown that overuse of antimicrobials in livestock production can drive the evolution of bacteria more resistant to the first line of the human immune response. The results, published today in the journal eLife, indicate that farmed pigs and chickens could harbour large reservoirs of cross-resistant bacteria, capable of fuelling future epidemics.
However, some AMPs are also used widely in livestock production, both to control infections and as growth promoters. This has raised concerns that agricultural AMP use may generate cross-resistant bacteria that could then overcome the human innate immune response.
In this new study, led by the University of Oxford, researchers have demonstrated that evolution of such cross-resistant bacteria is not only possible, but also highly likely.
To test the idea, the researchers used colistin, an AMP produced by a bacterium (Bacillus polymyxa) that is chemically and functionally similar to AMPs produced in animals. Colistin has become increasingly important as a ‘last-line of defence’ for treating infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, extensive use of colistin in livestock production since the 1980s has driven the spread of E.coli bacteria carrying mobile colistin resistance (MCR) genes.
In this study, E.coli carrying an MCR gene (MCR-1) were exposed to AMPs known to play important roles in innate immunity in chickens, pigs, and humans. The bacteria were also tested for their susceptibility to human serum, which contains a complex cocktail of antimicrobial compounds, and for their ability to infect wax moth larvae (Galleria mellonella).
Our study clearly shows that anthropogenic use of antimicrobial peptides such as colistin can drive the accidental evolution of resistance to the innate immune system of humans and animals. This has major implications for the design and use of therapeutic antimicrobial peptides and suggests that resistant genes may be difficult to eradicate, even if antimicrobial peptide use in agriculture is withdrawn.
Professor Craig MacLean, Department of Biology, University of Oxford.
- On average, the MCR-1 gene increased resistance to host AMPs by 62%, compared with bacteria lacking the gene. This increased resistance provided a strong selective advantage to the MCR-1 gene in the presence of AMPs.
- Similarly, E.coli carrying MCR-1 were at least twice as resistant to being killed by human serum.
- E.coli carrying MCR-1 had increased virulence on wax moth larvae, compared with control strains lacking the gene. Larvae injected with MCR-1 E.coli showed an approximately 50% reduced survival, compared with larvae injected with control E.coli.
The results demonstrate that use of bacterial AMPs in agriculture can generate broad cross-resistance to the human innate immune response.
According to the researchers, cross-resistance to human AMPs is likely to be widespread, given that AMPs tend to have similar cellular targets and physico-chemical properties. Pigs and chickens in agriculture are already known to act as important reservoirs of colistin-resistant E.coli.
Cóilín Nunan, Scientific Adviser to the Alliance to Save Our Antibiotics (who were not involved in the study) said: ‘This new study shows that colistin resistance is probably even more dangerous than previously thought. It is astonishing that so many governments, like the UK’s, are refusing to ban colistin use in farming. It is also remarkable that the British government is still opposed to banning preventative mass medication of intensively farmed animals with antibiotics, even though the EU banned such use over a year ago.’
Dr Jessica Blair (University of Birmingham), Editor in Chief of NPJ Antimicrobials and Resistance (who was not involved in the study) said: ‘Antimicrobial peptides, including colistin, have been heralded as a potential part of the solution to the rise of multidrug-resistant infections. This study, however, suggests that resistance to these antimicrobials may have unintended consequences on the ability of pathogens to cause infection and survive within the host. This is particularly worrying because it suggests that E. coli carrying the MCR-1 gene may have a clear selective advantage even if the use of colistin is carefully controlled.’
The study ‘The evolution of colistin resistance 1 increases bacterial resistance to host antimicrobial peptides and virulence’ has been published in the journal eLife.
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A long-term investigation prompted by some humble potatoes confirmed for first grade teacher Carol Flicker of Herndon, VA, how her students' learning and abilities could unfold when she let their curiosity guide their inquiries.
Some sprouting potatoes under her counter caught Carol's eye as good material for exploration and discovery. "When I brought them to school and explained that the eyes were like seeds from which new potatoes grow, the students were intrigued, excited, and eager to share their ideas about to how to plant the potato seed pieces," reports Carol. "I just followed their lead," she adds.
Potatoes, From the Cup, Up
In response to the children's interest, Carol brought in clear plastic containers and soil, then gave students plenty of time and encouragement to try out their planting ideas. The kid-inspired techniques included placing potatoes in soil and leaving them in a dark cupboard, freezing them, and planting them in water. Although few students put the seed potatoes in moist soil and left them in a sunny spot, Carol withheld these "conventional" planting directions so students could puzzle things out themselves. She gave them ample time and guidance to record their experiments, theories, and observations in individual potato journals. At class science meetings, children discussed what was happening with their investigations and compiled their observations on a class chart. "These often lead to further investigations," says Carol. "For instance, when one girl noticed her potato had gotten hard and theorized that it was because the water had evaporated, it prompted some investigations of water evaporation," she explains.
Turning "Failure" Into Opportunities
"Within a month, most of the plants had died or never sprouted," explains Carol. But rather than resign themselves to "failure," the class tried some problem solving. They brainstormed why the potatoes may not have grown, suggesting that they may have been too cold or overwatered, for instance. The one student whose plant was thriving revealed the conditions of her experiment, and her classmates took careful notes. "We also read excerpts from a potato book, which detailed how to plant potatoes from pieces," says Carol. Armed with this information and new sprouting potatoes from a parent, the students were eager to try again.
"The second time, students were determined to make their experiments work, so they reread directions from the book and worked in pairs to control the amount of water and planting depth," says Carol. Although many students still left potatoes in the dark, a few placed them in the light. Throughout the long-term investigation, she let students grapple with ideas and problems that arose, and come up with solutions on their own. For instance, as the plants outgrew the 12-inch rulers students had selected, they sought other measurement tools, finally settling on more flexible cloth tape measures. At one class meeting, reports Carol, students noted that while all plants had sprouted, those that had been in the light had green sprouts, and theorized that potatoes must need light to remain healthy.
"After discussing and sharing their experiments and theories at subsequent meetings, students would observe their peers' setups and tend to their own, then spend time writing in their journals," says Carol. "Over time, their entries of observations and comparisons became more accurate and informative and helped me assess their skills and plan for future lessons," she notes.
A Growing Passion for Potatoes
Although students enjoyed watching the potato root systems through the clear plastic containers, they decided it was time to transplant their sprouts to large plastic buckets when the roots reached the bottom. "Even as the buckets got heavier and plants taller, the children insisted on carting them to our class meetings, and eventually, home," reports Carol. The passion for potatoes continued to build throughout the year and beyond. Students were intrigued as they dug up small potatoes from plants at school and home. Curiosity about their own potatoes and questions about other types of potatoes inspired new investigations. Parents, other teachers, and visitors came by to see the bucket-grown potatoes they'd heard so much about. What started as a simple student-directed exploration of these humble tubers evolved into a longterm investigation that incorporated skills and concepts across the disciplines.
"At one point during the project, I had called the Extension Service to ask about growing potatoes indoors in containers and they said it couldn't be done," notes Carol. But that didn't phase her students! They saw themselves as scientists conducting and learning from their own experiments.
"I feel that the key to this long-term inquiry's success was giving my students the time to observe their plants, try out and discuss their ideas, ask questions, and allow their interests and skills to develop naturally," reports Carol. "Once I lay the groundwork on how to think and act like a scientist, I listen carefully to what the children say and what interests them, then provide guidance and materials to help them. At first it was difficult to give up some of my control and let the children's interest guide our days, but I am convinced this is what made the difference," she explains. "I take my cues from their interests, and join in their inquiries rather than control the curriculum."
This story is based on a conversation with Carol and excerpts from her chapter in the book Beyond the Science Kit, edited by Wendy Saul and Jeanne Reardon, 1996, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
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Solving Issues Surrounding Asian Elephant Welfare
Asian Captive Elephant Working Group
–Closing all elephant tourism camps is not a realistic option for a variety of reasons and releasing captive elephants back into the wild should be explored, but is currently not an option for a large majority of captive elephants.
-The use of elephants in tourist camps has raised global concerns and public debate. It is evident that although there are no simple solutions, more research is required to scientifically guide the development of protocols to appropriately address welfare concerns and to further improve management systems.
-Elephants are intelligent and mobile animals with a highly developed social structure. They have complex needs and in captivity require professional management and care protocols.
-A formal elephant registration program, particularly in those countries without an existing program, is urgently needed and will help to reduce the illegal capture and trade of elephants. Existing formal elephant registration programs must be properly enforced.
-A certification program for elephant tourism camps is urgently needed. This has the potential to encourage the development of a much-needed registration system for all captive elephants, enforce best practices for welfare, improve training opportunities for mahouts, and provide a means by which camps that follow best practices are rewarded by greater financial viability.
Watch our video on the situation for captive elephants in Asia and why the ACEWG was formed.
The Asian Captive Elephant Working Group is a group of dedicated elephant specialists, veterinarians, researchers, camp managers and conservationists, we recognise the urgency to, proactively and with sound scientific knowledge, address the current situation of elephants in tourism in South East Asia.
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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http://acewg.org/
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| 0.924093 | 325 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Even when meeting ideal requirement for rest and physical activity it’s still possible for adult to be sitting dormant for large portions of their day. (Fabio Mascarenhas/ Creative Commons)
That person sitting next to you irritatingly tapping their leg, they might be on to something. A lot of people nowadays seem to be living more sedentary lives which can wreak havoc on your health, but now there might be a solution.
“Those of us who are more fidgety seem to have better long term health outcomes,” said Janet Cade, professor of nutritional epidemiology at the University of Leeds. “It might be a good thing to fidget. I don’t think we are going to train people to fidget for health reasons, but it’s interesting that these small, active movements could be beneficial.”
Cade divided 12,778 women in an experiment into groups of low, medium and high fidgeters.
She found that those in the low fidgeters group, who sat seven or more hours a day were 30 percent more likely to die from any cause, while those in the middle and high had no greater risk when sitting for just as long.
Even when meeting ideal requirements for rest and physical activity it’s still possible for an adult to be sitting dormant for large portions of their day. Studies done by researchers in Toronto analyzing 47 investigations of sedentary behaviors showed that sitting can lead to death from cardiovascular issues and cancer as well as chronic conditions such as Type 2 diabetes.
This is all because our bodies aren’t designed to be sitting for such long periods of time. This new digital age caters to a lifestyle where you can do just about anything by simply clicking a mouse or using your smartphone.
Our bodies need movement which most likely why many people fidget instead of staying completely inactive, tapping their foot or clicking their pen. It’s your body way of saying I’m trying to help you live longer, even though it can get pretty annoying.
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://lariatnews.com/life/fidget-your-way-to-a-longer-life/
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Cross-country research on educational inequality presents contrasting views on the extent of educational inequality in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. The differences in opinion also concern the relation between educational inequality and income inequality. This paper argues that part of the reported results are influenced by the type of inequality indicator applied. Moreover, there may be a separate effect of educational attainment and educational distribution on income inequality, which cannot be discerned properly by conventional indicators (in particular the Gini-coefficient faces this problem). A new indicator of educational distribution, which we coined the grade enrolment ratio, focuses at the distribution of students among consecutive grades in schooling, apart from average years of schooling (attainment). We find that the grade enrolment ratio outperforms the other indicators in explaining cross-country variation in income inequality and accurately assesses Latin American and Sub-Saharan African educational inequality.
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CC-MAIN-2017-26
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https://www.ewoutfrankema.com/working-papers/measuring-and-analysing-educational-inequality-the-distribution-of-grade-enrolment-rates-in-latin-america-and-sub-saharan-africa/
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| 0.952504 | 173 | 2.65625 | 3 |
his is the Obelisk of Hatshepsut. It is the tallest obelisk still standing in Egypt and one of two still standing at Karnak. It is 97 feet high, and is 320 tons of solid Aswan granite. Surpassed in height only by the obelisk of Tuthmosis III which now resides in Paris. Obelisks are considered representations of the mythical benben stone of Heliopolis. The twin of this obelisk is now laying on the ground where it fell as seen in this photo. The hieroglyphs are in excellent condition and give tourists a rare close up view of an obelisk’s top.On the walls nearby the feet of her obelisks is the story of their construction. Hatshepsut claims that it took less than 7 months for her workers to cut and decorate these two giants in the quarries of Aswan, move them by boat to Karnak, and raised them side by side in the courtyard between the 4th and 5th Pylon at Karnak. It is an incredible claim that thus far can not been proven since we know so little about ancient construction techniques.There are only two obelisks standing at Karnak now. Both of which are seen in this picture. The tallest stands about 97 feet high, and is 320 tons of solid granite. It was placed here by Hatshepsut. The smaller obelisk was raised by the crews of Thutmosis I. It is about 65 feet tall weighing in at 143 tons.
Standing near the Sacred Lake we are looking back toward the pylon of Nectanebo I which is the structure with the square windows on the left side of this picture. This area is part of the precinct of Amun in which all of the monuments are dedicated to the god Amun. In the center of this picture is the Hypostyle Hall which covers an area of nearly 60,000 sq. feet. It is the largest pillared hall in Egypt and among the largest in the world. The obelisk of Hatshepsut and the smaller obelisk of Thutmosis I are also seen here.
The obelisk of Thutmosis I is about 65 feet tall weighs in at 143 tons. It is the smaller of the two obelisks still standing in the precinct of Amun at Karnak.
The White Chapel at Karnak
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http://egyptartsite.com/karbelisk.html
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| 0.966253 | 492 | 3.015625 | 3 |
"while we have no longer to chill the blood of our friends by talking of branding irons, chains, whips, blood hounds and to the many physical wrongs and abominations of slavery, this foe of American prejudice renders our lives insecure, our homes unhappy, and crushes out the very sinew of existence — freedom and citizenship."
Since Berea’s founding, our motto has been, “God has made of one blood all peoples of the earth.” However, outside the campus, you would have found very few people in the middle to late nineteenth century who believed it. One woman, Dr. Mary E. Britton, class of 1874, not only lived her life by that motto, she fought—as a teacher, journalist, civil rights activist, and as the first female African American physician to practice in Lexington, Kentucky—to get the world to live by it as well.
Britton was born in 1855, on Mill Street in what is now Lexington’s Gratz Park Historical District, only a few doors down from the future Confederate General John Hunt Morgan, of Morgan’s Raid fame. Her parents were free blacks living in a slave state. Her father Henry was a freeborn carpenter, while her mother, Laura, had been emancipated at the age of sixteen. The family was well- respected, referenced in W. D. Johnson’s Biographical Sketches of Prominent Negro Men and Women in Kentucky as “honest, industrious people, among the first and highly respected families and citizens of Lexington.”
The Brittons had high hopes for their children as well. In 1869 Mary Britton and her sister, Julia, a musical prodigy, enrolled in what was then called the Berea Academy, the first racially integrated and coeducational college in the South. The only careers open to women in that era were nursing and teaching, so both girls trained as teachers. They were one year away from graduation when their father passed away in 1874. Their mother died four months later. With their parents gone, the Britton family was forced to forego finishing their education in order to survive.
What would have been a shattering blow to most families did not stop the Brittons. Mary Britton’s brother, Tom (1870-1901), became a successful jockey, winner of the 1891 Kentucky Oaks race. Her sister, Julia Britton Hooks (1852- 1942), in addition to being Berea’s first black faculty member, opened a music school in Memphis, Tennessee. Among her students was the legendary blues composer W.C. Handy. In 1909, Hooks, as ardent a civil rights activist as her sister, became a charter member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Julia’s grandson, Benjamin Hooks, would serve as NAACP executive director from 1977 to 1992.
After leaving Berea, Mary supported herself by teaching in segregated schools, first in Chilesburg, Kentucky, and then in Lexington. She also wrote for Our Women and Children, Kentucky’s premier black magazine, and it was as a writer that she would take her stand against Jim Crow.
After the Federal government started withdrawing support for Reconstruction efforts, state legislatures across the South began working to make segregation the law of the land under the rationale that the races would remain “separate but equal.” In an impassioned 1892 Kentucky Leader commentary, Britton made a fiery argument against passage of the Separate Coach Law, which required blacks and whites to ride in separate train cars.
“We ask no special legislation in our favor; all we want is an equal chance with other people to be let alone to make our way....We are aware that the Assembly has the power to inflict such a law, but is it right?” Britton wrote. “While we have no longer to chill the blood of our friends by talking of branding irons, chains, whips, blood hounds and to the many physical wrongs and abominations of slavery, this foe of American prejudice renders our lives insecure, our homes unhappy, and crushes out the very sinew of existence—freedom and citizenship.”
While Kentucky’s General Assembly still passed the Separate Coach Law, Britton gained admirers for her clear-headed denunciations of legalized racism, among them author and poet Paul Laurence Dunbar. His poem, “To Miss Mary Britton,” includes these lines: Give us to lead our cause More noble souls like hers, The memory of whose deed Each feeling bosom stirs; Whose fearless voice and strong Rose to defend her race, Roused Justice from her sleep, Drove Prejudice from place.
While Britton continued writing about Jim Crow and African American suffrage for publications such as The Lexington Leader, The American Citizen, and The Daily Transcript, she did not confine herself to words alone. In 1892, Britton and E. Belle Mitchell Jackson—who had taught for Dr. John G. Fee at Camp Nelson before attending Berea—and a group of fourteen African American women established the Colored Orphan Industrial Home, distributing food, shelter, and clothing to destitute children. Children were taught trades, household chores, handicrafts, gardening, repair work, and business skills. Donations helped to nourish the residents—both physically and intellectually—until they could find their place in society. Over the years, the Home also served as a nursing home, a hospital, and a lending institution. The building still stands today, as the home of the Robert H. Williams Cultural Center and the Isaac Scott Hathaway Museum.
Under Jim Crow, healthcare became even more problematic for African Americans. Black patients could legally be denied treatment at white hospitals, and there were only a small number of black physicians available to provide treatment. Britton attended Howard Medical School in Washington, DC, and Meharry Medical College of Nashville, Tennessee, the first black medical school in the U.S. In 1902, she became the first licensed African American female physician in Lexington, providing patients with hydrotherapy and electrotherapy treatments in her home at 545 North Limestone.
Mary E. Britton’s fearless voice was silenced in 1925. She was 70 years old. In her time, no one would have expected a black girl from central Kentucky to defy legalized prejudice against both skin color and gender to become a respected physician, much less a bold pioneer for human and civil rights. In an era when she had every obstacle one can imagine in her way, she proved that the content of our character cannot be measured by our wealth, by our gender, or by the color of our skins. As a teacher, a writer, a reformer and a physician, Mary E. Britton showed that the truest way to measure our worth as human beings is through the nobility of our souls.
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| 0.973679 | 1,439 | 2.890625 | 3 |
The 4th of July isn't the anniversary of the Constitution, it's the anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. The Constitution set up our government, and Americans tend to revere it as the immortal symbol and spirit of our country, much as Japanese people traditionally saw the Emperor. But in many ways, the Declaration of Independence is the more important document. By declaring when it's OK for a populace to abolish their government and form a new one, the Declaration necessarily appeals to powers that are higher than any Constitution, king, or emperor. The powers it appeals to are 1) People power, 2) God, and 3) moral ideals.
The ideals of the Declaration are many, but the basic ones are laid out in the second sentence:
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.This is the sentence everyone can quote, and with good reason. This sentence is the core idea of the United States as a nation-state.
When you think about it, it's pretty incredible that people - especially people in the 18th century - would put a moral statement as their reason for founding a new nation. This sentence makes it clear that the United States was created as fundamentally not just a group of people and the plot of land they live on. It was a nation created to advance a set of moral ideals.
Of the ideals in that sentence, the most dramatic, the most memorable, and the most astonishingly radical is "all men are created equal". I feel like if the idea of the United States of America were stripped down to its very essence, these are the five words that would remain.
What the heck does "all men are created equal" even mean? Does it mean that they're equal in some measurable characteristic, like height? Obviously not. In fact, "equal" obviously doesn't mean - can't mean - anything that can be proven or disproven with facts. The founders could not possibly be using the words "self-evident truth" to mean "measurable fact", so they must be using them to mean something else. "All men are created equal" must be a prescriptive statement - a statement of opinion, a codified expression of emotion.
It's a statement about how society ought to treat people. It says, basically, that society shouldn't treat people differently based on the conditions of their birth. There's really nothing else it could mean.
"All men are created equal"! What an astounding thing to say! What an astounding thing for a bunch of slaveholders to say! And what an astounding thing to base a country on! Centuries later people from other countries still boggled and balked at it. It's a statement that turns almost everything about traditional human society on its head.
Now, lots of people make sweeping moral statements that they or their descendants completely ignore. But this one has proven to be astonishingly powerful down through the centuries. Again and again "all men are created equal" is something Americans have proven willing to fight for. We fought the Civil War to enforce the ideal of "all men are created equal" (no, slavery was not the only reason the Union fought, but it was really what the conflict was all about). George Washington knew from Day 1 that this was going to happen. In 1797 he told a guest that "I can clearly foresee that nothing but the rooting out of slavery can perpetuate the existence of our union, by consolidating it in a common bond of principal (sic)."
The rest of American history involves a long list of episodes in which people fought for the principle of "all men are created equal". It wasn't too long before it became obvious that "men" meant women as well - the women's rights and feminist movements clearly spring from the idea that "all [people] are created equal". Civil rights was another battle, and just recently, the triumph of gay marriage was another. The fight against police racism is an ongoing example. The U.S. is not always the first to implement policies that confer greater equality (though we're usually one of the first), but I can't think of another country where the cause of equality arouses as much popular feeling.
The American ideal of "freedom" has traditionally been conflated with this ideal of "equality" - in fact, some early drafts of the Declaration said "all men are born equally free." The idea is that a society that treats people differently due to their circumstances of birth is not a free society. Later, Communism adopted the language of "equality", using the term to mean something very different (and leading to interminable high-school debates over "equality of opportunity vs. equality of outcome"). But the notion of "equality" as "freedom from social discrimination based on the circumstances of birth" lives on, and now that Communism is effectively dead, the word "equality" is starting to make a comeback - e.g. in the marriage equality movement.
In fact, I don't think it's a stretch to say that every distinctly American ideal springs from "all men are created equal". Democracy, the rule of law, human rights and civil liberties - these all follow from that one animating idea. If "all men are created equal", they all deserve to have a voice in government, they all deserve equal treatment under the law, and they all deserve the same rights and protections. Even capitalism itself relies partly on the notion that everyone should have an equal chance to participate in the economy - that there should be no hereditary rentier class pulling the levers.
The American idea of "all men are created equal" is a radical ideology of incredible power, and it has influenced other nations tremendously. It inspired the French Revolution. It inspired the thinking of the Meiji Restoration reformers. It reshaped much of Europe and Asia after the World Wars, inspiring people there to remake their societies in America's image.
This is why I'm a nationalist at heart. I'm not a jingoist who thinks America always does the right thing. I'm not a blood-and-soil nationalist who thinks of America as a race plus a plot of land. I believe in those five words - "all men are created equal". It's an ambiguous statement, an emotional statement, a religious statement. It's also one of the most powerful and transformative and positive ideas the world has ever known.
That's why we should celebrate July 4th. When our founders wrote those five words, everything changed. Once you say "all men are created equal," once you throw down that gauntlet, you can never take it back. As long as America exists - and even if it dies - "all men are created equal" is here to stay, animating the hearts and minds of billions. In terms of human history, there was Before July 4th, 1776, and there was After July 4th, 1776. I'm damn glad I live in the After.
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<urn:uuid:a71c06ff-efa1-40f4-87f1-c2bee8d8ced2>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://noahpinionblog.blogspot.com/2015/07/the-words-that-changed-world.html
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A nation is only as healthy as its children.
— Harry Truman (1946)
Approximately 27 percent of U.S. children live with chronic health conditions that can affect their daily lives and normal activities. These maladies often contribute greatly to school absenteeism and require continual medical attention.
Many studies suggest chronic health problems, along with learning and developmental disorders, appear to be on the rise. These rising childhood illnesses include, but are not limited to:
- Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADHD)
- Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- Auto-immune disorders
- Developmental/Learning Disorders
- Cardiovascular problems
- Cerebral Palsy
- Cystic fibrosis
- Food allergies
- Respiratory allergies
- Sickle cell anemia
- Spina bifida
The Vulnerable Child—Chronic Illness in U.S. Children
The number of children in the United States with chronic health conditions has dramatically increased in the past four decades, doubling from 12.8 percent in 1994 to 26.6 percent in 2006.
- One in 10 children has asthma.1
- Cancer is the leading cause of death in children. More than 15,000 children were diagnosed in 2014.2
- Food allergies affect one in every 13 children.3
- Heart disease is the fifth leading cause of death in 1-5 year olds.4
- ADHD is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder and affects one in 10 children.5
- Juvenile diabetes increased 23 percent between 2001 and 2009.6
- One in six children has a developmental disability.7
- One in 68 children are affected by autism.8
- Epilepsy/seizures affects one in 20 children.9
- 33 percent of childhood diseases are caused by environmental exposure.10
On a larger public health scale, chronic illnesses are also responsible for 7 in 10 American deaths—twice as many deaths as all infectious/communicable diseases, including HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria, combined—and they account for 78 cents of every health care dollar spent.11
Why are today’s children sicker than ever before?
“While genes may play a role in obesity, asthma and ADHD, environmental and social changes are behind the surge,” researchers said.12
In 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) released a comprehensive study that suggests more than 33 percent of diseases affecting children under the age of five are caused by environmental exposures, and that by preventing these exposures, as many as four million children’s lives a year worldwide could be saved.13
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC):
Chronic diseases and conditions—such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, obesity and arthritis—are among the most common, costly and preventable of all health problems.14
The Price We Pay for Chronic Illness Unfortunately, the state of health among U.S. children does not reflect the standard of health expected for a child living in one of the wealthiest countries in the world. According to a 2010 study published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, chronic illnesses in children doubled from 12.8 percent in 1994 to 26.6 percent in 2006, with low-income, racial and ethnic minority children being disproportionately affected.15
This disturbing and costly trend would appear to confirm another earlier Harvard study that found U.S. children were sicker today than their parent’s generation.12
The number of children with chronic illnesses has quadrupled since the time when some of their parents were kids, portending more disability and higher health costs for a new generation of adults.
Doctors and public health officials should be bracing for a wave of chronically ill young adults with weight-related ailments that include diabetes and heart disease.
As a nation of enormous wealth and prosperity, we have made great strides in controlling infectious diseases. However, the U.S. now must direct resources toward preventing and controlling chronic illnesses in our children.
Prevention is better than cure
Prevention, education, and investing in the health of all children would help prevent the exacerbation of many illnesses, and alleviate the epidemic of chronic disease that currently exists.
Change is possible. Change is necessary!
Steps to a Healthier Child
Health experts agree there is an urgent need to implement targeted interventions aimed at preventing chronic childhood illnesses.
Note: This article was reprinted with permission. It was originally published by Focus for Health.
1 Journal of the American Medical Association. Dynamics of Obesity and Chronic Health Conditions Among Children and Youth. 2010.
2 National Cancer Institute. Cancer in Children and Adolescents.
3 Food Allergy Research & Education. Facts and Statistics.
4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States – 2012.
5 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
6 The JAMA Network. Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Children and Adolescents From 2001 to 2009,
7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Key Findings: Trends in the Prevalence of Developmental Disabilities in U. S. Children, 1997–2008.
8 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
9 National Academy of Sciences. The Public Health Dimensions of the Epilepsies.
10 World Health Organization. Almost a quarter of all disease caused by environmental exposure. June 16, 2006.
11 National Center for Biotechnology Information. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Chronic Diseases of Youths and Access to Health Care in the United States. 2013.
12 Zimm A. Children Sicker Now Than in Past, Harvard Report Says. 2007.
13 World Health Organization. Preventing disease through healthy environments. Towards an estimate of the environmental burden of disease. 2006.
14 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Diseases: The Leading Causes of Death and Disability in the United States.
15 Journal of the American Medical Association. Dynamics of Obesity and Chronic Health Conditions Among Children and Youth. 2010.
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A day filled to the brim with talks and workshops for primary teachers, both experienced and new, primary science leaders and/or outdoor learning leaders on key topics:
- retrieval practice
- an evidence-informed effective teaching and learning strategy
- taking the science curriculum outdoors, empowering change and reconnecting with nature
- the importance and wildlife of our chalk streams and rivers- and more!
We will be welcoming the following guest speakers to share their expertise with you…
- Kate Jones – teacher, leader, author, blogger, keynote speaker, podcaster and explorer who is hugely successful in connecting relevant research in retrieval practice to how it can be embedded in the primary classroom.
- Mary Jackson – Head of Education and Communities at Learning Through Landscapes who works with her team to deliver innovative projects that give young people not only a voice but also the skills and knowledge to make a difference through and in the environment of their school grounds.
- Amy Ellis – Senior Education and Engagement Officer, and Ross Irving – River Educator at Wessex Rivers Trust who promote high quality environmental education and are passionate about empowering young people to understand, respect and sustain precious places such as the chalk streams.
Search and book on the Learning Zone using keyword search: Hampshire FestivalPrice: Sub £150 / SLA £40 / Full £180
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Logic Model Component:
Count, proportion, qualitative
Measures the number/percentage of participants who are able to articulate a shared vision. A shared vision is defined as a common desired future state.
This indicator measures the number/percentage of group members who are able to articulate a shared vision, which is defined as a common desired future state of the group as it relates to the group’s goals and objectives. The greater the shared vision among group members, the more favorable attitudes will be toward knowledge sharing (Chow & Chan, 2008).
Self-reported quantitative data; self-reported qualitative data describing shared vision
Surveys, in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, content analysis of communication shared among members
Periodically (before, during, and after specific activities)
The aim of this indicator is to determine if group members are able to articulate a shared vision. Having a shared vision can positively impact attitudes toward knowledge sharing and norms around knowledge sharing. Having a shared vision can facilitate cooperation and collaboration.
While a shared vision may have a positive impact on attitudes toward knowledge sharing and the quality of knowledge contribution, it has not been found to increase the quantity of knowledge shared. This finding may be due to group members valuing quality over quantity of knowledge contributions (Chiu et al., 2006). Studies related to this construct are based on online communities/collaborations. Further study is required in other types of communities (face-to-face and/or combination of face-to-face and online).
Wednesday, December 13, 2017
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Treasures from our museums and ancient cities in Syria are being looted and destroyed, falling victim to the war's blind aggression. My former archeology students are working diligently and risking their lives to protect our country’s cultural heritage.
It’s important that our heritage is preserved, not only for its intrinsic beauty and historical value, but also because it helps us reconstruct Syrian identity. Now, the market for stolen artefacts is in the millions, but one important thing can make a difference.
The UN must ban the trade in Syrian artefacts.
So far they have ignored numerous calls to push through a resolution as they did in the past to protect Iraq’s heritage, but there’s something much larger at stake now that should get them to act. Looting Syria’s history is big business and the extremist group known as ISIS have added millions of dollars to their war chest because of it.
Syrians are now not only watching their history being torn down and sold to foreign buyers, but they’re having that money turned against them in the form of more weapons.
-- Dr. Amr Al-Azm
Associate Professor of Middle East History, Shawnee University
Professor at the University of Damascus (1998-2006)
Director of Science and Conservation Laboratories at the General Department of Antiquities and Museums in Syria (1999-2004)
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|Digital images, on the other hand, can often be salvaged. Because of
their digital nature, it's possible to apply mathematical
formulas that can create higher contrast at the edge of objects, thus creating
a sharper image. This process is called unsharp masking. Most good imaging
software programs, such as Adobe PhotoShop, will allow you to do this.
Here's how unsharp masking works.
Pixels and algorithms: A brief review
A digital image is made up of thousands of pixels,
or tiny squares, each of which is assigned its own color. Three different
values combine to determine this color: the R (red) value, the G (green)
value, and the B (blue) value. Varying levels of red, blue, and green produce
every color in the spectrum, from yellow to purple, and black to white.
Because the pixels have a numeric value, you can make instantaneous
changes by applying a single mathematical formula that affects every pixel.
For example, you could give a photo a warm, reddish cast by uniformly raising
the R value of each pixel.
That's the simplest case. The algorithm for unsharp masking, which changes
the sharpness of the image rather than its color, is more complex.
Detecting and sharpening edges
An image is out of focus because one object blurs into another. For
example, you've taken an out-of-focus photo of an air balloon against a
blue sky. If you look closely, you'll notice there's no distinct point
at which the balloon ends and the sky begins. This is because the transition
occurs over three or four pixels.
The job of an unsharp masking algorithm is to detect this blurry edge
and divide it into two distinct parts. The first part--detecting the edge--is
relatively easy. First, the photo is converted into a grayscale image.
Then, areas that have a rapid change in brightness within just a few pixels
are singled out as edges.
So far, so good. Now the difficult part: how can you reintroduce sharpness
to this edge? It's actually a three-step process.
||Algorithm widens edges
First, the algorithm creates an even blurrier version of the photograph,
so the blurry edges aren't just three or for pixels wide, but perhaps eight
|Mask is created
Second, the numerical values of the pixels in the blurred copy are subtracted
from the pixels of the original. The result is called a "mask." The mask
is actually a series of positive and negative values. It registers the
small but soon-to-be-important differences between the original and the
Third, the values of the mask--whether positive or negative--are added
to the original image. This makes the bright half of the edge even brighter,
and the dark half even darker. Thus, the original goal is achieved--higher
contrast at the edge of objects, so the boundaries between objects are
A balancing act
As clever as an unsharp masking algorithm may be, it has its limitations,
and what it detects as the edge of an object may not be an edge at all.
For example, digital images often have small imperfections that are invisible
to eye, such as light pixels in the middle of a shadow. If the unsharp
mask function is too sensitive, it will pick up these small abnormalities
and make adjustments that actually introduce more errors. And even where
a real edge does exist, the unsharp mask can create edges that are too
hard, giving the image a flat, unrealistic feel.
But several solutions are possible. For example, you might use the unsharp
mask function only on specific parts of the image, leaving the rest untouched.
Or you could make it more or less difficult to detect edges by changing
either kernel size--the width of the edge (meaning the number of pixels
over which a change in contrast occurs); or the height of the edge (meaning
the minimum change in contrast that defines an edge).
As you can see, unsharp masking may require some manipulations to achieve
the best results. Still, it represents a significant advance over traditional
photography, since you can actually make a sharper, better image than the
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To maintain excellent dental health, you must pay attention to how much, what type, and how frequently you consume particular foods or visit Smile Dentist for your regular dental check-up. Consuming some foods, such as sugar, can have long-term effects on your mouth, gums, and teeth.
Sugar’s Harmful Effects on Your Teeth
Your mouth is teeming with germs, many of which are healthy while others are hazardous. The bad bacteria devour sugar and produce acids that attack and destroy your tooth enamel, the protective, shining outer coating of your teeth. The acids produce a bacterial infection, which can lead to cavities and gaps in your teeth. Cavities, if left untreated, can progress through your enamel into your tooth’s deeper layers, resulting in tooth loss and suffering. Fortunately, while the acids assault your teeth on a regular basis, your mouth is always repairing the damage. Your mouth is constantly demineralizing, with acids leeching minerals from your tooth enamel.
The natural re-mineralization process, on the other hand, heals and strengthens your teeth. Saliva plays an important part in this process because it includes important minerals like phosphates and calcium, which aid in tooth restoration.
How Does Sugar Contribute to Cavities?
According to the Alberta Dental Association & College, tooth decay causes are the same regardless of age. When plaque bacteria feed on the sugar in your diet, decay happens.
Have you ever wondered why sugar causes tooth decay? Most individuals are aware that eating too much sugar can lead to cavities and tooth disease, but few understand how this occurs. After you eat a sugary treat, your mouth goes through a series of actions.
Fluoride, another important mineral, also aids in the restoration of damaged and weak enamel. If you consume a lot of carbohydrates and sweets on a daily basis, the re-mineralization process can only do so much to protect your teeth from the effects of sugar. As a result, it’s critical that you do your part by reducing your sugar intake, allowing your mouth to do its natural work of healing the damage, and practicing excellent dental hygiene.
When you eat sugar, it instantly starts interacting with the plaque bacteria, causing acid to be produced. The acid then progressively destroys your enamel, causing cavities in your teeth, making the acid the cause of dental disease rather than sugar. Tooth decay frequently leads to tooth abscesses, which may need a trip to the dentist to have the tooth pulled.
What You Can Do to Keep Your Teeth Healthy
Sugar does not have to be avoided entirely in order to maintain good oral hygiene. You can still eat sugar and have healthy teeth if you follow an advice from Smile Dentist.
Brush Your Teeth Frequently
Even if you have a hectic schedule, you must maintain your teeth clean. Some things you can do to make sure you’re cleaning your teeth properly are as follows:
Keeping a Portable Toothbrush on Hand:
Disposable toothbrushes are useful, especially if you’re on the go all day. After eating a snack or other sugary treat, you can go to the washroom and brush your teeth to remove the food particles and sugar from your Wisdom Teeth Melbourne. Some disposable toothbrushes even come with toothpaste already included.
Changing Your Toothbrush on a Regular Basis:
If you eat a lot of sweets, you’re at a larger risk of plaque development than most individuals. This is due to the fact that plaque prefers to congregate in carbohydrate-rich settings. Consider diamond-shaped heads and triple-action bristles when upgrading your toothbrush since they are designed to clean hard-to-reach locations better.
Using Mouth Rinse:
If you don’t want to take a disposable toothbrush with you during the day, mouth rinses are an excellent option. They make it easy to remove as much sticky residue and sugar as possible. If feasible, use fluoride mouth rinses, but any mouthwash — even plain water — will enough to clean your mouth.
Choosing Low-Sugar Snacks:
Fruits are probably the best way to satisfy your sweet desire. If fruit isn’t enough, try a slice of pound cake instead of a chocolate brownie – it doesn’t cover your lips with as much sticky sugar as other indulgent delights.
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Since the discovery of umbilical cord blood stem cells in 1974, there have been more than 40,000 transplants worldwide. Many of these procedures have been life-saving, helping patients recover from deadly conditions like leukaemia and multiple myeloma.
But cord blood stem cells may have an even brighter future, with dozens of clinical trials underway that may lead to new treatments for heart disease, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease and other conditions. Some researchers believe that the regenerative potential of stem cells is about to revolutionise the world of medicine.
In this article, we’ll share some of the current and future uses of cord blood stem cells. It will help you understand why cord blood stem cells are a precious medical asset which should be preserved for your family’s health.
What Are Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells?
The umbilical cord is responsible for transporting nutrients from a pregnant woman’s placenta to her growing foetus. These nutrients include hormones, growth factors, oxygenated blood, and of course — stem cells.
Stem cells are used to create the cells that grow the foetus. They are quite literally the building blocks of the human body. There are several types of stem cells found in umbilical cord blood. However, the stem cells that are the target of most research are:
- Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
HSCs can change into any type of blood cell. They are currently the most commonly used type of stem cell, capable of treating many forms of immune disorders, cancer, metabolic disorders, and blood disorders.
- Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)
MSCs are multipotent stem cells, which means they are capable of turning into a variety of cell types. This includes myocytes (muscle cells), osteoblasts (bone cells), chondrocytes (cartilage cells), and adipocytes (fat cells). MSCs are currently the focus of many research projects in the field of regenerative medicine. This field focuses on the “process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human or animal cells, tissues or organs”.
Current Uses of Stem Cells
Over 85 different conditions are currently treated using cord blood stem cells. This number is expected to dramatically increase in coming years given the incredible result from recent clinical studies. The conditions which are currently treatable using stem cells include:
Many forms of blood cancer are treated using a combination of umbilical cord blood stem cells and chemotherapy / radiotherapy. Doctors will use targeted chemotherapy / radiotherapy to kill the mutated cells in a patient’s bone marrow that are responsible for their cancer. They then give the patient a HSC transplant to restore their body’s ability to produce healthy blood cells. Some of the types of cancers treated with cord blood stem cells include:
- Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (Burkitt’s Lymphoma)
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
- Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
- Acute Biphenotypic Leukemia
- Acute Undifferentiated Leukemia
- Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
- Juvenile Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (JCML)
- Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML)
- Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia (CMML)
- Multiple Myeloma
- Primary Plasma Cell Leukemia (PCL)
- Secondary Plasma Cell Leukemia PCL)
- Waldenstrom’s Macroglobulinemia
There are dozens of blood disorders which interfere with the body’s ability to produce healthy plasma, platelets, red blood cells, or white blood cells. These conditions can be treated in a similar way to blood cancer, by eliminating the cells responsible for the malformed blood cells, then repopulating with cord blood stem cells. Some of the blood disorders often treated with cord blood include:
- Aplastic Anemia
- Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia
- Fanconi Anemia
- Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
- Inherited Red Cell (Erythrocyte) Abnormalities
- Beta Thalassemia Major (also known as Cooley’s Anemia)
- Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
- Pure Red Cell Aplasia
- Sickle Cell Disease
- Inherited Platelet Anomalies
- Amegakaryocytosis / Congenital Thrombocytopenia
- Glanzmann Thrombasthenia
Immune disorders can impact the functioning of the immune system, reducing its ability to protect the body against disease or infection. Cord blood stem cells can be used to rebuild the immune system. Some of the conditions often treated using stem cells include:
- Cartilage-Hair Hypoplasia
- Gunther’s Disease (Erythropoietic Porphyria)
- Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome
- Pearson’s Syndrome
- Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
- Systemic Mastocytosis
- Inherited Immune System Disorders: Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
- SCID with Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency(ADA-SCID)
- SCID which is X-linked
- SCID with absence of T & B Cells
- SCID with absence of T Cells, Normal B Cells
- Omenn Syndrome
- Infantile Genetic Agranulocytosis (Kostmann Syndrome)
- Inherited Immune System Disorders–Other
- Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome
- Common Variable Immunodeficiency
- DiGeorge Syndrome
- Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders
- Lymphoproliferative Disorder, X-linked (also known as Epstein-Barr Virus Susceptibility)
- Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Several metabolic disorders can be treated with cord blood stem cells, including:
- Hurler’s Syndrome
- Osteogenesis Imperfecta
- Krabbe Leukodystrophy
- Cerebral X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Future Uses of Stem Cells
There are currently hundreds of clinical trials focussed on cord blood stem cells. Most of these studies are looking at regenerative medicine, with scientists using stem cells to repair, grow, or replace humans cells, tissues, and organs. It is an innovative and exciting field that might lead to cures for a variety of conditions. Some of the most promising research developments have involved:
There is some evidence to suggest that some autism cases are related to immune system dysfunction. A group of American researchers is currently using cord blood infusions to address this issue by modulating inflammatory responses in the brain.
- Brain Injury
Currently, there are over 55 trials looking into the use of stem cells for treating brain injuries. The large number of trials is a result of many studies already showing that stem cells may be highly effective at treating brain injuries.
- Multiple Sclerosis
There are even more trials looking at the effect of stem cell transplants on patients with multiple sclerosis. As of last year, there were 193 clinical trials underway.
- Cerebral Palsy
Many research teams are conducting trials to determine if cord blood stem cells can improve brain function in patients with cerebral palsy. This includes a project headed by Joanne Kurtzberg of Duke University, a renowned stem cell pioneer.
- Alzheimer’s Disease
Researchers have already found that stem cells can improved cognition in animal tests and are excited by the prospect that they can heal the brains of Alzheimer’s patients.
- Cystic Fibrosis
Cystic fibrosis is a devastating life-threatening disease affecting the lungs. Researchers believe that stem cells can be used to reduce the inflammation which causes the cystic fibrosis symptoms.
- Hearing Loss
There have already been several clinical trials which suggest cord blood stem cells can treat sensorineural hearing loss.
- Bone Fractures
Transfusions of cord blood derived MSCs may be able to speed up the healing of bones, according to researchers.
Skin grafts which are infused with stem cells have been found to promote healing in burn patients. Patients experience less inflammation and less scarring.
Researchers suspect that stem cells may be able to improve brain connectivity in patients who have recently suffered a stroke.
Arthritis is a devastating debilitating disease which affects millions of people worldwide. Some researchers believe that stem cells may be used to reduce the inflammation associated with different forms of arthritis.
- Crohn’s Disease
Recent clinical trials have used stem cells to ‘reboot’ the immune system, reducing inflammation and curing Crohn’s Disease.
- Heart Attack
A study published by researchers in the UK has shown that cord blood stem cells may be useful for helping the heart heal after a heart attack.
- Liver Disease
Researchers have used animal models to discover that transplanted Hepatic progenitor cells (HPCs) can heal liver damage.
Animal models have already shown that stem cells can be used to help the pancreas generate insulin, which may lead to a treatment for diabetes.
- Spinal Cord Injury
There is some evidence to suggest that stem cells may be able to regenerate damaged tissue in the spine, repairing spinal cord injuries.
As you can see, times are very exciting in the world of stem cell research. By preserving your children’s umbilical cord stem cells, you can maximise the chances that your family can take advantage of the revolutionary medical breakthroughs now occuring. You can also protect your family against the many different cancers, metabolic diseases, blood disorders, and immune diseases.
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Healthy Hydration for a Hot Summer Day
When temperatures soar, it's important to make sure you and your family are practicing healthy hydration habits. Proper hydration helps keep our bodies cool, energized, and strong so that we can enjoy all the fun and excitement summer has to offer!
Healthier Generation is supporting families in practicing healthy hydration habits, like choosing more no- and low-calorie beverages, especially through the Beverage Calories Initiative. As part of this initiative, ABA, The Coca-Cola Company, Keurig Dr Pepper, and PepsiCo have pledged to reduce the number of calories that Americans consume from beverages by 20 percent by 2025.
Join us this summer by opting for one of these healthier beverages at home and on the go:
- Water: On a hot, sticky day, H2O is the way to go. Reach for a cool class of water to help regulate your body temperature, replenish your energy, and stabilize your mood. For some variety, try a no-sugar flavored option, or try infusing water with fruit and herbs.
- Milk: For a beverage that packs a nutrient punch, opt for a glass of low-fat or nonfat milk. Cow, soy, almond, or any other alternative milk are all great options. Remember to choose “plain” or unflavored options to avoid excess sugar.
- 100% Juice: Craving something sweet? For an occasional treat, enjoy a refreshing fruit juice. Look for varieties marked as 100% juice (not a juice drink) and keep portion sizes to 8 ounces or less (about one juice box) per day. Or, try making your own juice spritzer by adding plain seltzer water to your 100% juice.
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SAR images characteristics
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites collect swaths of side-looking echoes at range resolution and along-track sampling rate to form an image. Range resolution depends on the bandwidth or pulse duration of transmitted signal and is determined by the pulse length (or 1/bandwidth) and the incidence angle: 2 2 = 0τ = 0 (7).
Where τ is the pulse length and equal 1 ( : bandwidth of the radar), 0 is the speed of light. The factor of 2 accounts for the 2-way travel time of the pulse. Ground range resolution is geometrically related to the slant range resolution by = 2 θ0τ with θ is the look angle. Azimuth resolution describes the ability of an imaging radar to separate two closely spaced scatterers in the direction parallel to the motion vector of the sensor.
Real Aperture Radar (RARs) has an azimuth resolution determined by the antenna beamwidth, so that it is proportional to the distance between the radar and the target (slant-range). For RAR, azimuth resolution can be improved only by longer antenna or shorter wavelength. The use of shorter wavelength generally leads to a higher cloud and atmospheric attenuation, reducing the all-weather capability of imaging radars. Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) was developed as a means of overcoming the limitations of (RAR). SAR images have several characteristics that make it unique:
• It provides high-resolution two-dimensional images independent from daylight, cloud coverage and weather conditions.
• It is predestined to monitor dynamic processes on the Earth surface in a reliable, continuous and global way with no effects of atmospheric constituents (multi-temporal analysis).
• The amplitude and phase of the backscattered signals are sensitive to dielectric properties (water content, biomass, ice), to surface roughness (ocean wind speed), to target structure and subsurface penetration.
• It provides accurate measurements of distance (e.g. for interferometry).
In space-based remote sensing, the capability to penetrate through precipitation or into a surface layer is increased with longer wavelengths. The shortest wavelengths (Ka, Ku) are strongly attenuated in the lower layers of neutral atmosphere (troposphere). Long wavelengths (P) in turn are subject to strong scattering while passing through the ionosphere (layer F). The intermediate bands (X, C, S, and L) are therefore the most widely used.
Statistical properties of SAR images
A particular effect to be observed in SAR images is the so-called speckle, which is caused by the presence of elementary scatterers with a random distribution within a resolution cell (for example, in a resolution cell of forest land, the scatterers are the leaves, stems, the trunks, objects on the ground etc.). The coherent sum of their amplitudes and phases results in strong fluctuations of the backscattering from resolution cell to resolution cell. Consequently, the intensity and the phase in the final image are no longer deterministic, but follow instead an exponential and uniform distribution, respectively (C. Oliver & S. Quegan, 2004). The total complex reflectivity for each resolution cell is given by: 0, = ∑ √ exp( ) . exp(− 4 ) (9).
where i is the number of elementary scatterers within the resolution cell.
Although it is commonly referred to as noise, speckle cannot be reduced by increasing the transmit signal power, since it has a multiplicative character, i.e., its variance increases with its intensity. To mitigate speckle a technique known as multi-look is utilized, which is basically a non-coherent averaging of the intensity image (John C. Curlander, 1991, C. Oliver & S. Quegan, 2004). The exponential distribution of a single look intensity image is given by: (2 ² 2 ² ) = 1 − (10).
With L is the number of look, the multi-look intensity is given by: = 1 ∑ =1 (11).
The mean value ̅ = ,̅and the variance ( ) = ∑ =1 ∑ =1².
Data Available for the Study
The data used in this study are Sentinel-1 (S1-A and S1-B) operating in Interferometric WideSwath Mode (IW) at level-1 Ground Range Detection (GRD). In this mode, images are provided at 10 m spatial resolution (single look) with a 250 km swath (within 3 sub-swaths) at VV and VH polarizations. Over the swath, the incidence angle ranges from 29.1° to 46°. The data covers the Mekong Delta every 12 days from October 2014 with S1-A, and every 6 days from October 2016 with S1-A and S1-B, with rapid and free of charge data delivery on https://peps.cnes.fr or https://scihub.copernicus.eu/.
The Sentinel-1 images downloaded from the website (Peps.cnes.fr) are at the level 1-A (Level-1 Ground Range Detected (GRD) products consisting of focused SAR data that has been detected, multi-looked and projected to ground range using an Earth ellipsoid model such as WGS84). These data need to be preprocessed and quality assessed before the analysis.
SNAP software was utilized to preprocess the Sentinel-1 images (Sentinels Application Platform, http://step.esa.int/main/download/). The Sentinel-1 images preprocessing comprises the following steps:
• Multi-looking: to reduce the effect of speckle noise, spatial averaging is applied. However, multi-looking also decreases the spatial resolution of SAR images. For that reason, this step is only applied for the data used at the national scale in order to reduce the volume of the data, by averaging a window of 2×2 (20 m space pixels) (for the dataset in the Mekong Delta, multi-looking was ignored to keep original spatial resolution of 10 m).
• Calibration: conversion to the radar backscattering coefficient sigma nought (σ0) from the digital numbers, which follows the procedure specified by the European Space Agency (ESA, 2017).
• Geo-correction: Due to the topographical variations of a scene and the tilt of satellite sensor, distances can be distorted in the SAR images. Terrain Correction is used to compensate for these distortions so that the geometric representation of the image will be corrected.
• Filtering: A multi-temporal filter as described in subsection 3.3.1 was applied to reduce the speckle noise in SAR images and thus increase the original number of looks in the image to a higher ENL (equation 14), without reducing the spatial resolution.
The required ENL can be assessed in order to meet a given probability of error in the rice/non-rice classification problem, as will be described in Section 5.3. This multi-temporal filter has been developed at CESBIO and implemented using Matlab software.
Radar scattering mechanisms of rice fields
The SAR data have proven ability to distinguish rice from other land cover types because of the specific response of the radar backscattering of vegetation with vertical structure over inundated or wet soil. The interaction between a radar electromagnetic wave and vegetation involves mainly three mechanisms: the scattering from the ground attenuated by the vegetation canopy (surface scattering), the volume scattering, and the multiple scattering between the volume and the ground (volume-surface scattering).
The volume-surface scattering term usually brings a negligible contribution compared to the two others in the usual case of vegetation growing over non-flooded soils. However, in the case of flooded fields or fields with wet soil such as rice paddies, this term becomes dominant when the plants develop because of the double-bounce between the water surface and the plant stems, which are the dominant scatterers in the volume. The different backscattering mechanisms are illustrated in Figure 25.
As described in Chapter 2, for traditional cultural practices, the rice fields are covered with a blade of water during most of their growth cycle. For modern alternate wetting and drying (AWD) practices, the fields are inundated only during certain periods, and the soil is wet for the rest of the season. For transplanted rice, radar backscatters from inundated fields before transplanting are low due to specular reflectance from the water surface. However, with the direct sowing, seeds are sown on wet soil and the backscatter at sowing dates has no more low characteristic values. During the growing period from the vegetative stage, to reproductive stage, radar backscatter increases rapidly which is the consequence of a rapid increase in rice plants height and biomass. The following reproductive phase includes the panicle initiation, heading, and flowering processes. During this phase, the plants stop increasing in height, biomass, and the leaves start to wither and die. Ripening is the final stage with its milk, dough, and mature grain processes.
Electromagnetic models have been used to explain the temporal variation of rice backscatter at X band (Le Toan et al., 1989), C band (Le Toan et al., 1997) and L band (Wang et al., 2005). Most studies simulated the backscatter at HH and VV polarization, and the simulation results indicate that 1) the double bounce backscatter is dominant during a large part of the rice cycle, in particular at C and L-band, 2) the strong increasing temporal variation of rice backscatter during the vegetative phase, 3) the large attenuation in VV polarization due to the vertical structure of rice plant, leading to high HH/VV ratio. Those studies have led to the selection of the backscatter temporal change and the polarization ratio as indicators for detection of rice grown area (Bouvet et al., 2009) (Bouvet and Le Toan, 2011).
However, the previous studies had provided simulations for VV, and HH (e.g. to interpret ERS and ENVISAT ASAR C-band data). Sentinel-1 offers a cross-polarised intensity together with a co-polarised intensity in its dual-polarisation products. Theoretical modelling studies are required for a better understanding of the backscatter in HV or VH polarization. In this study, MIPERS (Multistatic Interferometric Polarimetric Electromagnetic model for Remote Sensing) has been used to simulate the HV backscatter. MIPERS developments have been initiated at ONERA (Villard, 2009) during a PhD work and are being pursued at CESBIO. The data used for detailed description of rice plants until heading stage were from Ribbes et al., (1998), and Le Toan et al., (1997) (for logistical reason, it was difficult to conduct detailed measurements of rice plants at different growth stages in the study region).
The model distinguishes the four scattering mechanisms illustrated in Figure 25:
(1) Volume contribution: simple reflection onto volume scatterers (belonging to the vegetation layer).
(2) Double bounce contributions: considering wave-plant-ground or wave-ground-plant interactions. Specular reflections onto the ground surface are accounted for using the modified Fresnel coefficients.
(3) Triple bounce contribution: coupling terms with the ground surface are accounted twice, so that two specular reflections are considered on the ground surface.
(4) Ground direct contribution: simple reflection onto ground scatterers.
The model simulations were used to interpret the VH backscatter of rice fields in the An Giang province measured over a rice field which follows traditional cultivation (long cycle rice, transplanting and continuous flooding).
The simulation showed that at a shallow incidence (40°, which corresponds roughly to the incidence at the center of the Sentinel-1 IW data), the cross-polarised backscatter is also dominated by the double-bounce interaction between the scatterers and the ground, similarly to the co-polarised backscatter, as shown in Figure 26. This result brought a new insight to the earlier knowledge, which often assigned cross-polarisation backscatter to volume scattering. The result also revealed that the double bounce backscatter shows a lower rate in its increase at 55 days after sowing, resulting in a small decrease in VH backscatter at that stage, and this was interpreted as due to higher attenuation at the booting-heading stage. The experimental data show similar trends to the simulations, despite that the input data describing the plant growth were not derived from the description of the plants observed in the experiment. The work needs to be completed with a dedicated campaign measuring geometric and dielectric properties of the components of the rice canopy under study at different dates during the rice season, in order to interpret in details the scattering mechanisms that occur at different growth stage.
Times series analysis at different polarizations
The time series of 126 Sentinel-1 images from 06/10/2014 to 31/03/2018, with a 12-day revisit until 25/09/2016, then a 6-day revisit period afterwards, have been used to analyse the temporal behavior of radar backscatter over rice fields. The images were preprocessed as described in the previous section before being used to extract the radar backscatter coefficients (σ°) of the 60 sampling rice fields.
Figure 27 shows the VH and VV and VH/VV ratio of backscatter coefficients extracted from the 60 sampled fields. For comparison with optical data, instead of Sentinel-2 data which are often affected by cloud cover, the Proba-V NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) product has been used. All the NDVI images employed in this work were downloaded from http://www.vito-eodata.be/. Figure 27 contains the NDVI time series from January 2016 to December 2017. The NDVI values are averaged for the rice fields under study from pixels of 100 m × 100 m of Proba-V NDVI (1-2 pixels per sample).
The data time series from 6/10/2014 to 19/11/2017 clearly show characteristic temporal behavior of the backscatter at VV, VH, and VH/VV for each rice season, with a clear similarity between seasons.
Table of contents :
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1. Importance of rice
1.2. State of the art in the use of remote sensing for rice monitoring
1.3. Research objectives and thesis structure
Chapitre 1 Introduction (français)
1.1. L’importance du riz
1.2. Etat de l’art de l’utilisation de la télédétection pour le suivi du riz
1.3. Objectifs de recherche et structure du manuscrit
Chapter 2 Rice in the world
2.2. Cultural practices
2.3. Rice growth cycle
2.4. Rice productivity
2.5 Global emissions from rice fields
2.6. Summary on Earth Observation requirements for rice monitoring
Chapter 3 Study region and material
3.1. Study region
3.2. Ground data
3.3. SAR data
Chapter 4 Analysis and interpretation
4.1. Ground data analysis
4.2. Radar backscatter analysis & physical interpretation
4.3. Derivation of Indicators for rice mapping and rice monitoring
Chapter 5 Methodology development
5.1. Calculation of classification features
5.2. Seasonal date selection
5.3. The rice/non-rice mapping algorithm
5.4. Estimation of sowing date
5.5. Detection of long/short cycle rice variety
5.6. Detection of rice phenological stage at S1 acquisition
5.7. Estimation of plant height
5.8. Estimation of crop intensity
5.9. Discussion and conclusion
Chapter 6 Mapping products generation, validation and accuracy assessment
6.1. Mapping products generation, validation and accuracy assessment
6.2. Discussion and conclusion
Chapter 7 Use of Sentinel-1 retrieved information in models estimating rice yield and methane emission
7.2. Description of the models
7.3. Rice production estimation using ORYZA2000 model
7.4. Methane emissions estimation using DNDC model
7.5. Discussion and conclusion-way forward
Chapter 8 Conclusion
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LAWRENCE — A Lawrence couple says a new project spearheaded by the Kansas Rural Center will help farmers evaluate the use of polytunnels to increase and expand the production of fruits, vegetables, tree nuts, mushrooms, flowers, herbs and other specialty crops.
The Tunnel to Table project’s goals are to produce an online decision-making tool, a resource guide and a regional workshop series throughout this year’s growing season, according to Cole Cottin, program coordinator at the Kansas Rural Center, and her husband, Dan Phelps, activity coordinator for the Tunnel to Table project.
“The economic potential for specialty crops grown in polytunnels is enormous,” Phelps said.
The project is funded by a Specialty Crop Block Grant from the Kansas Department of Agriculture. In addition, the Kansas Rural Center has received a $5,000 grant from FarmAid to bring polytunnel technology to women and minorities interested in growing specialty crops in the state.
Polytunnels — sometimes known as hoop houses — are unheated structures that protect growing spaces from climate challenges. Phelps said the structures range from do-it-yourself tunnels made of bent metal pipe covered with a single layer of plastic to mobile tunnels that can be moved from one growing site to the next and withstand high winds, hot temperatures and heavy snowfalls.
The cost of a polytunnel can range from a few hundred dollars to thousands of dollars.
High tunnels are tall enough to walk inside — about 12 feet tall, 30 feet wide and 90 feet long, he said. Low tunnels are only high enough to cover the tops of the crops. When a low tunnel is placed inside a high tunnel, two growing zones can be produced with the same structure.
Polytunnels allow farmers to extend their growing season and the revenue from selling their crops, as well as help control pests.
Of the $760 million Kansans spend annually on fruits and vegetables, only 4 percent of that produce is grown and harvested in the state, Cottin said. Kansas-grown specialty crops amount to $32 million annually.
“Specialty crops make up .3 percent of Kansas farming income, and we can do better,” she said. “Our mission is to increase productivity and a longer growing season so they are more able to produce food.”
Phelps said farmers lack adequate resources to help them make decisions about how to access and integrate tunnels into their existing growing systems and which tunnel would be best to maximize the return on their investment.
Recently, he distributed a survey to growers to gauge the challenges, growing practices and other aspects of using polytunnels and identify farmers who would be interested in hosting an on-farm workshop.
“The Rural Center likes to use farmers as teachers,” he said. “We hope to identify three farms soon.”
The series of on-farm workshops will begin this spring and offer hands-on experience on the production of specialty crops in polytunnels and how they are used during various seasons and regions of Kansas.
The resource guide will bring together information already available through publications, websites, farmer networks and farm service providers.
Cottin said the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service offers an initiative through the Environmental Quality Incentives Program that will reimburse a farmer half of the cost of installing a polytunnel.
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A cigarette or cigaretter (swedish language) is one hundred twenty mm lengthy and 10 mm diameter paper-wrapped cylindrical shaped structure containing shredded, cured or reduce tobacco leaves. Used for breathing in the smoke produced by way of burning non-filtered give up of cigarette, with the aid of preserving filtered end in mouth. The above said size of cigarette is everyday size but it could differ with one-of-a-kind brands of cigarette. The primary feature of cigarette is to make the inhalation of tobacco smoke via mouth.
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| 0.948414 | 352 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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