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- Intro to logarithm properties (1 of 2)
- Intro to logarithm properties (2 of 2)
- Intro to logarithm properties
- Using the logarithmic product rule
- Using the logarithmic power rule
- Use the properties of logarithms
- Using the properties of logarithms: multiple steps
- Proof of the logarithm product rule
- Proof of the logarithm quotient and power rules
- Justifying the logarithm properties
Proof of the logarithm product rule
Sal proves the logarithm addition property, log(a) + log(b) = log(ab). Created by Sal Khan.
Want to join the conversation?
- Either I ams tupid, or Sal is just using the rule as its own proof.
It's like saying 2+2=4, and since 2+2=4, we can deduct 4=2+2, thus 2+2=4.
Am I missing something? Please help explain.(32 votes)
- It's almost like you say, because it's so simple that the proof seems unnecessary:
Since you add exponents of powers of the same base to get the exponent of the product, and since logs are exponents, the log_b of the product is the sum of the logs_b of the factors.(1 vote)
- Though it has not been mentioned in the video , what are anti-logarithms?(5 votes)
- An anti-logarithm is essentially exponentiation. For example:
log (base 10) 5 = .6989700043
10^.6989700043 = 5(5 votes)
- At around4:50, you say that x^l * x^m = x^(l+m)
I thought it would be 2x^(l+m)
WHat am I missing?(4 votes)
- Where would you get the 2 from? You are multiplying, not adding.
Try this with some actual number, maybe that might make the concept more clear:
4² * 4³ = 4*4 * 4*4*4 = 4⁵ = 1024(5 votes)
- Feels like he did this one on an etch a sketch. Can't read any of that ;-x(6 votes)
- Did Sal really refer to his colors 6 times in a single video?(5 votes)
- how is this concept useful guys somebody help?(3 votes)
- In science and engineering, there are a lot of phenomena that are exponential in nature. The variables are in the exponent, not in the base. In order to solve for the variables you have to take the log of the exponential functions. This is actually used a lot.(4 votes)
- Why is the video so blurry?
Pls make another one(3 votes)
- if you had the equation 4^x-2=15^-2x , how could you solve for x so that you would get the exact answer using base 10 logarithms? please help me using this example I cannot wrap my head around it! Thank you!(2 votes)
- If I understands it correctly then
x^N = A yield log(x) A = N
because we log both sides of the equations:
x^N = A => log(x) (x^N) = log(x) A
and get N = log(x) A what is the same as log(x) A = N
Is this right? Or it doesn't mean that we apply the log on both sides?(2 votes)
- This is the proof assuming A and B are multiples of x. Is there a proof assuming they are not? The way power rule was proved is because it was dependent on product rule to be true. I was able to prove that product rule is true even if A and B are not multiples of x by using the power rule. But does this not cause contradiction? Proving a rule D then proving rule Z by proving it with D. However proving rule D by using rule Z sort of creates a paradox. Where the proof sort of collapses on itself, right? But not if I assume it is a special case of D where a and b are not multiples of a single base which I have proven, independently so I use the power rule which relies on a and b being multiples. Abstract math is way more fun than ordinary math. It makes math more clear. Thanks for all of the proofs Sal!(2 votes)
Hello. Let's do some work on logarithm properties. So, let's just review real quick what a logarithm even is. So if I write, let's say I write log base x of a is equal to, I don't know, make up a letter, n. What does this mean? Well, this just means that x to the n equals a. I think we already know that. We've learned that in the logarithm video. And so it is very important to realize that when you evaluate a logarithm expression, like log base x of a, the answer when you evaluate, what you get, is an exponent. This n is really just an exponent. This is equal to this thing. You could've written it just like this. You could have, because this n is equal to this, you could just write x, it's going to get a little messy, to the log base x of a, is equal to a. All I did is I, took this n and I replaced it with this term. And I wanted to write it this way because I want you to really get an intuitive understanding of the notion that a logarithm, when you evaluate it, it really an exponent. And we're going to take that notion. And that's where, really, all of the logarithm properties come from. So let me just do -- what I actually want to do is, I want to to stumble upon the logarithm properties by playing around. And then, later on, I'll summarize it and then clean it all up. But I want to show maybe how people originally discovered this stuff. So, let's say that x, let me switch colors. I think that that keeps things interesting. So let's say that x to the l is equal to a. Well, if we write that as a logarithm, that same relationship as a logarithm, we could write that log base x of a is equal to l, right? I just rewrote what I wrote on the top line. Now, let me switch colors. And if I were to say that x to the m is equal to b, it's the same thing, I just switched letters. But that just means that log base x of b is equal to m, right? I just did the same thing that I did in this line, I just switched letters. So let's just keep going and see what happens. So let's say, let me get another color. So let's say I have x to the n, and you're saying, Sal, where are you going with this. But you'll see. It's pretty neat. x to the n is equal to a times b. x to the n is equal to a times b. And that's just like saying that log base x is equal to a times b. So what can we do with all of this? Well, let's start with with this right here. x to the n is equal to a times b. So, how could we rewrite this? Well, a is this. And b is this, right? So let's rewrite that. So we know that x to the n is equal to a. a is this. x to the l. x to the l. And what's b? Times b. Well, b is x to the m, right? Not doing anything fancy right now. But what's x to the l times x to the m? Well, we know from the exponents, when you multiply two expressions that have the same base and different exponents, you just add the exponents. So this is equal to, let me take a neutral color. I don't know if I said that verbally correct, but you get the point. When you have the same base and you're multiplying, you can just add the exponents. That equals x to the, I want to keep switching colors, because I think that's useful. l, l plus m. That's kind of onerous to keep switching colors, but. You get what I'm saying. So, x to the n is equal to x to the l plus m. Let me put the x here. Oh, I wanted that to be green. x to the l plus n. So what do we know? We know x to the n is equal to x to the l plus m. Right? Well, we have the same base. These exponents must equal each other. So we know that n is equal to l l plus m. What does that do for us? I've kind of just been playing around with logarithms. Am I getting anywhere? I think you'll see that I am. Well, what's another way of writing n? So we said, x to the n is equal to a times b -- oh, I actually skipped a step here. So that means -- so, going back here, x to the n is equal to a times b. That means that log base x of a times b is equal to n. You knew that. I didn't. I hope you don't realize I'm not backtracking or anything. I just forgot to write that down when I first did it. But, anyway. So, what's n? What's another way of writing n? Well, another way of writing n is right here. Log base x of a times b. So, now we know that if we just substitute n for that, we get log base x of a times b. And what does that equal? Well, that equals l. Another way to write l is right up here. It equals log base x of a, plus m. And what's m? m is right here. So log base x of b. And there we have our first logarithm property. The log base x of a times b -- well that just equals the log base x of a plus the log base x of b. And this, hopefully, proves that to you. And if you want the intuition of why this works out it falls from the fact that logarithms are nothing but exponents. So, with that, I'll leave you with this video. And in the next video, I will prove another logarithm property. I'll see you soon.
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In this Article, Professor Pasqualucci examines the developing jurisprudence of provisional measures in the Inter-American human rights system. Through the adoption of provisional measures, a human rights court may order a state to protect persons who are in danger of imminent death or torture. The author first provides an overview of the Inter-American system of human rights. She then describes the historical background of the jurisprudence of provisional measures in the International Court of Justice and the European human rights system, which served as models for provisional measures in the developing Inter-American system. Finally, she analyzes the use of provisional measures in the unique economic, social, and cultural context of the Inter-American system. The author determines that Inter-American Court orders of provisional measures are binding on parties to the American Convention. The author also finds the Court is introducing prerequisites to the adoption of provisional measures that may curtail their use in cases in which they would be essential to protect persons in danger. Finally, the author argues that if the Court is to continue to adopt provisional measures and adequately enforce human rights in the Americas, the Organization of American States must reevaluate its priorities and provide adequate funding to the human rights enforcement organs.
Jo M. Pasqualucci,
Provisional Measures in the Inter-American Human Rights System: An Innovative Development in International Law,
26 Vanderbilt Law Review
Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/vjtl/vol26/iss4/2
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Hemp has several uses. It finds its application in up to 25,000 different products, including clothing, biofuel, and cosmetics. Hempcrete is the result of one such unique application. Infill walls that were not intended to support weight were initially constructed with hempcrete in France in the early 1990s. Hempcrete weighs just about an eighth of ordinary concrete and is manufactured by combining hemp hurd, lime, and water.
According to studies, Indians were aware of many of hemp’s beneficial characteristics in the sixth century. Both the Yadavas, who erected the Deogiri (Daulatabad) fort in the 12th century, and Ellora made considerable use of hemp. The Ajanta caves, a group of 30 Buddhist buildings carved out of rock dating to the second century BC, did not employ hemp. At least 25% of the paintings at Ajanta have suffered damage from frequent insect activity.
How is hempcrete produced?
The inner woody core of the stem of the hemp plant is combined with a lime-based binder to create the bio-composite known as hempcrete. Due to its high silica content, the hemp core, sometimes known as “Shiv,” binds to lime effectively. In all natural fibres, hemp is the only one with this characteristic. A lightweight cementitious insulating substance that weighs about a seventh or eighth of concrete is the end result. Blocks of finished hempcrete float in a bucket of water.
Why use hempcrete?
Hempcrete’s whole life cycle as a building material is environmentally friendly because it is created from a natural waste product, and this includes its eventual reuse or recycling in the case of destruction. Even growing hemp takes less water, fertiliser, and pesticides than growing other types of crops. In practically every region of the world, hemp is simple and quick to grow, and it yields two harvests year. It naturally inhibits the growth of weeds around it, reduces erosion, absorbs carbon dioxide as it grows, and also detoxifies the soil. Hemp is an attractive rotation crop for farmers due to the fact that what is left over after harvest decomposes into the soil, supplying essential nutrients.
The advantages of hemp remain once it is turned into hempcrete. The lime coat’s fire resistance is sufficient to allow occupants to flee in the event of a fire. Due to its localised nature and lack of smoke, it also lessens the risk of fire spread and smoke inhalation. Hempcrete is vapor-permeable and won’t lead to any skin or respiratory issues, resulting in a healthy interior atmosphere. Its lightweight construction and the air pockets generated among the particles imply hempcrete is both earthquake-resistant and an efficient thermal insulator.
By minimising the emissions caused by moving heavy materials, hempcrete’s small weight can help lower a building’s embodied energy. Industrial hemp is a great substitute for local building materials since it can be grown in a variety of soils and climates. Construction waste reduction is another significant issue that hempcrete can help with. While structural parts of a structure cannot be made of hempcrete, non-structural parts of walls that would typically be made of concrete can be. Hempcrete can also be used in place of typical building supplies like plaster and drywall, which make up around 8% of construction waste.
In a recent article for the Journal of Cleaner Production, S.R. Karade, senior principal scientist at the Central Building Research Institute in Roorkee, India, outside of New Delhi, discussed the performance of hempcrete as a building material in terms of insulation, durability, structural strength, and acoustic control, among other factors. Overall, according to Karade, hempcrete satisfies the requirements for the majority of building applications and frequently performs better than the materials currently in use, especially for insulation.
The strength of hempcrete
Since hempcrete’s compressive strength is just 1/20 that of concrete, or 1 MPa, it cannot be utilised as a foundation material or in other circumstances where it might be load-bearing. Because of its low density and resistance to cracking, it makes a good choice for earthquake-prone areas. Termites avoid hempcrete because it breathes, does not off-gas, and allows moisture to evaporate (preventing mould). Hempcrete is non-toxic and lightweight, making it simple to move about a job site. Even while hempcrete is becoming more and more popular, it is still not generally accessible. However, the price of hempcrete is equivalent to that of other insulation solutions, and it will get cheaper as manufacturing volumes rise.
Alternative Applications of Hempcrete
Both prefabricated external wall panels and structural blocks can be made from hemp. These exterior wall solutions, as opposed to normal bricks or cinder blocks, raise the R-value by integrating thermal performance into the structural part of your home as well. If hempcrete isn’t exposed to an excessive amount of moisture or water, it is a great insulation alternative for subfloors, walls, and attics. The common usage of hemp plaster is another. It combines the attractive appearance of traditional stucco with the advantages of sealing and rain protection. Hemp has recently been utilised to make countertops and cabinetry.
Hempcrete in India
India’s hemp sector is a prerequisite for the production and marketing of hempcrete. Although the Indian state of Uttarakhand has legalised hemp growing for industrial use, we do not currently have the cultivars of hemp that meet the requirements of the state’s hemp policy, which call for THC levels of below 0.3% It goes without saying that importing seeds from other countries is expensive and not a viable company. This has an impact on the manufacturing of the hemp shivs needed to manufacture hempcrete. One hectare of hemp farming is required to supply the food for a 1000 square foot hempcrete house.
A type of vegetative concrete known as hempcrete is being actively produced and used in nations including England, France, and Belgium. For the production and use of products like hempcrete, their authorities have developed certification and authorization procedures. Such products are not widely used in India, and public organisations have not stepped up to support or acknowledge them.
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Apathy and Fatique
Finding it hard to get-up-and-go, or you’re simply not interested? You may be experiencing apathy, a common Non-motor Symptom of Parkinson’s Disease.
Apathy causes a general lack of motivation and interest, as well as a dampening of emotional expression. Hobbies and social activities may no longer bring enjoyment, and daily routines may require more energy. Basic tasks may be difficult to start and complete.
Apathy can be misinterpreted as laziness, poor initiative or depression. And while it oftentimes is a feature of depression, apathy may occur on its own in Parkinson’s.
Apathy affects up to 40 percent of people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and is likely due, at least in part, to lack of the neurotransmitter (brain chemical) dopamine. It can impact anyone at any time in the course of their disease, but those with depression, anxiety or impaired cognition (memory and/or thinking abilities) are more susceptible. Older age and more severe motor symptoms also seem to put people at higher risk of developing apathy.
Apathy Has Many Potential Consequences
Apathy can have wide-ranging effects. For the individual experiencing it, apathy may lead to less physical activity (which can worsen already impaired mobility) and fewer social interactions (which could lead to depressive symptoms). Apathy has also been shown to correlate with a poorer adherence to medication regimens and/or response to treatment (as after deep brain stimulation surgery, for example).
The friends and family of someone with apathy are also impacted — relationships may be stressed as loved ones take on more caregiving efforts.
Treatment of Apathy Focuses on Behavioral Adjustments
People with apathy usually don’t realise there is a problem. Instead, friends and family notice behaviour or personality changes and bring these to the doctor’s attention. It’s important to do so because the physician can do tests and have you fill out questionnaires to figure out if the symptoms are due to apathy, depression and/or another medical condition.
Apathy is defined as an absence or suppression of emotion, feeling, concern, or passion; an indifference to stimuli found generally to be exciting or moving.
If the diagnosis of apathy is confirmed, lifestyle adjustments may be recommended:
- Maintain a regular sleep and wake schedule. Go to bed and get out of bed at the same time each day. If you snore loudly, act out your dreams, or feel excessively sleepy during the day, ask your doctor if you need a sleep evaluation.
- Create a schedule that incorporates physical, social and cognitive (memory and thinking) activities. List what you will do each day and at what time.
- Set personal goals. Start small, with objectives you are confident you can achieve. As you reach these, you will set and accomplish bigger goals. Involve others at every step of this process — this will strengthen existing bonds and build new relationships.
- Exercise. Physical activity is probably the last thing you want to do when you’re tired and unmotivated. It sounds counterintuitive, but exercise is actually helpful for apathy. Listen to your body and know your limits (i.e., stop if you feel pain, don’t push yourself to the point of exhaustion, etc.) but try to do something active every day — a short walk around the block or, if you have poor balance, stretching exercises on the floor. You might even want to look into group exercise classes — many are offered specifically for people with Parkinson’s or older adults.
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What it means to us as humans living on earth. Why it’s been celebrated for more than 4 decades?
Where ever we live in we always take care of that place whether it’s home or away. We usually remain aware of all possible odd events that could happen in result of any unusual incident. It’s our family that comes right at the start followed on by relatives and friends.
It’s about how concerned, aware and educated you are in taking care of your planet you are living on. It’s about your attitude towards making you planet safe place for you, your family and for your future generations.
The process of Global warming:
Earth is covered by Ozone layer which primarily acts likes a plastic sheet around our planet. It blocks various gasses and keeps them on the earth. There are gasses inside earth which tries to go beyond Ozone which ultimately affects ozone because they cant cross ozone. Particularly talking about carbon dioxide, CO2 is the gas that is mainly responsible for making this planet hot. If we assume earth as a pressure cooker and assume rice as humans. Any activity which results in the emission of carbon dioxide inside this cooker will eventually increase the temperature inside the cooker. So is recommended not to opt any activity which causes carbon dioxide on the planet as ultimately it will stay in the planet and result in making our planet more and hotter.
We as humans producing carbon dioxide much more than we expected. Our transport vehicles, industries, and households are exactly doing what is highly not recommended. We are the main source of producing excessive carbon dioxide through various sources.
The carbon dioxide which when producers in more than expected quantity hits Ozone layer which prevents it from leaving earth ultimately stays in earth and result in increasing temperature
Not only we are a source of production but also we are cutting our plants and trees which absorb carbon dioxide. It is highly recommended to keep as low as carbon dioxide as possible. Every single usable thing which is somehow becoming a source of carbon emission is creating heat and ultimately damaging ozone. From transportation to households appliances, industrial waste emission to industrial carbon emission. Everything causing carbon emission should be avoided and alternative should be opting.
In developed countries, their governments are seriously on one point agenda to adopt a policy which could enhance earth life. That was the reason a few months back around 47 countries got together to put forward one point agenda ‘Green Earth’ enhance lives. But unfortunately, in developing economies, this trend is not taken that significance due to negligence which ultimately not only enhancing global warming spontaneously but also affecting human lives.
How to reduce CO2:
The only solution to reduce Co2 is to opt certain ways in every activity which ultimately reduces as low as possible carbon and to go green. Always prefer to use less paper as it causes deforestation and forests are the direct source of cosnuming carbon dioxide. So they more you will plant the less carbon dioxide stays on our planet and the less it will make our planet hot. Same is recommended for industries, transportation and construction.
How you can have your part in making earth suitable for future generations?
You will consume less electricity , less power will be produced which means less carbon will be burnt which means less carbon emission. Other way around if you cant reduce your usage than you can convert your products from high consumption to low consumption.
In Sustainable development, the most prominent person at the moment working very focused is Elon Musk CEO of 6 enterprises. He is deliberately working and transforming human lives. From transport to households he believes we can go up to zero carbon emission level.
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Policy Brief #16
The Colors of Poverty: Why Racial & Ethnic Disparities Persist
Highlights from the edited volume, The Colors of Poverty
Ann Chih Lin and David R. Harris, editors
The volume can be ordered from the Russell Sage Foundation by clicking here.
• Racial disparities in poverty result from cumulative disadvantage over the life course, as the effects of hardship in one domain spill over into other domains.
• In the U.S., one of every three African American children and one of every four Latino children live in poverty— two times higher than the rate for white children.
• By age three, white children have a significantly larger vocabulary than black children of the same economic class. The gap for race is as large as the gap for class, and remains the same through age 13.
• Whites report better overall health than blacks, Latinos, and Asians, even after controlling for poverty, education, and unemployment.
• States with more blacks and Hispanics on welfare are more likely to impose lifetime limits, family caps on benefits, and stricter sanctions for noncompliance.
• The collateral consequences of felony conviction—such as bans on entering many occupations, on voting, jury service, and receiving federal college loans and grants—harm both exoffenders and their communities.
• Residents of a predominately black or Hispanic neighborhood have access to roughly half as many social services as those in predominately white neighborhoods.
Why is American Poverty Still Colored in the Twenty-First Century?
The Colors of Poverty asks why racial differences continue to result in socio-economic disadvantages in the 21st century. Given substantial progress in civil rights and antidiscrimination policies—as well as the increased ethnic diversity of the nation—why is poverty still so colored? Why have racial differences in poverty persisted for so long—and what can we do to confront them?
Ann Chih Lin and David R. Harris contend that poverty results not from a single source but from a cumulative process: any type of disadvantage makes one vulnerable to other disadvantages. The book’s interdisciplinary group of authors finds that when discrimination, beliefs about achievement, or cultural practices elevate one race over another, even slightly, the associated penalties have far reaching consequences. Similarly, small initial correlations between race and negative outcomes in health, education, or residential quality lead to cascades of disadvantage over time. Race is no longer the primary determinant of American life chances. But its continuing effect upon economic and social policy has an exponential effect on poverty.
Lin and Harris conclude that if we are to strive for a society in which poverty is not colored, we must pay more attention to race. By focusing less on the specific causes of poverty, and more on how racial differences in poverty spread from one domain to another, we can develop better, more comprehensive reforms. Reframing the debate over poverty in terms of cumulative disadvantage is a significant shift in how to study its causes and
reduce its impact.
Discrimination, Attitudes, and Culture
The first section of the volume examines how connections between race, privilege, disadvantage, and achievement are constructed. Devah Pager argues that while certain forms of systemic discrimination have largely receded, others have persisted. For example, geographic steering of black and Hispanic homebuyers remains common and 50% of black respondents in a recent Gallup Poll reported incidents of discrimination within the month prior to the survey. In a two-city audit study, employers were twice as likely to hire a white applicant as an equally qualified black applicant for an entry-level position. They were just as likely to hire a white recently released from prison as a black applicant with no criminal history.
Heather Bullock documents attitudes and beliefs about poverty that contribute to contemporary racial stratification. The American ethos of rugged individualism and meritocracy erode support for antipoverty programs and reinforce the belief that people are responsible for their own poverty. Americans today are more likely to believe in the possibility of upward mobility than they were twenty years ago - despite increased economic inequality in that same time period. These beliefs intersect with higher levels of poverty among minority groups, affecting how the white nonpoor treat the poor and what minorities, poor or not, believe about themselves.
In debates about poverty, “culture” is often a flashpoint for debates between liberals and conservatives. Michele Lamont and Mario Luis Small argue that this debate overlooks substantial research into cultural frames, narratives, and repertoires that explains how people evolve different strategies for coping with poverty. In addition, research into symbolic boundaries, cultural capital, and institutional changes illuminates how characteristics attributed to race or ethnicity are instead the product of distinctions, competition, and policy categories embedded in larger social processes. They contend that these research approaches can help to develop richer explanations of racial disparities in poverty, and thus policies that more accurately target levers for change.
Education, Social Networks, and Health
In the second section, the authors explore factors that are ostensibly unrelated to race but nonetheless contribute to racial inequality. George Farkas analyzes how disparities in household resources, parenting time, and stressors shape a substantial racial and ethnic achievement gap before children even enter school. Black and white children enter kindergarten with very different levels of preparedness, while Asian and Hispanic achievement levels are lowered by the high proportion of parents who lack English skills. These initial differences are exacerbated by class differences, ability grouping, and teacher attention. By fourth grade, black children score more than 25 points lower, Hispanic children about 15 points lower, and Asian children between 5-10 points lower than white children on reading and math tests. Second language learners of any race lose roughly 20 more points on reading and 15 more points on math. Farkas points to the need for intensive, ongoing tutoring programs that start with very young children and are continued at least through all elementary grades, and perhaps beyond.
David R. Williams and Selina A. Mohammed analyze data from the California Health Interview Study (CHIS)—the most comprehensive health database with information on race and immigration—to examine links between health, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity, and migration. SES differences are larger than racial differences in health: differences in health between poor and high-income persons are more than three times the overall black-white difference in health. However, race carries its own burden for health beyond those associated with SES. These burdens are different, not only across racial groups, but also across national origin groups that are generally consolidated into the same race.
Social capital theories are commonly cited to explain racial disparities in poverty. Lincoln Quillan and Rozlyn Redd evaluate several of the most common, pointing out that much research overestimates the effect of social capital while underestimating the impact of other similarities between people in the same social group. They find good evidence for three theories: the effect of friendships on student achievement, the effect of neighborhoods on crime control and social order, and the effect of ethnic businesses, hiring networks, and community monitoring on the economic and educational achievements of immigrants. They argue, however, that the evidence for one of the most cited social capital explanations for poverty—the idea that differences in job search networks perpetuate racial stratification—is at best mixed. Quillan and Redd conclude that even though social capital is an important factor, other processes—such as discrimination— are equally or more important in producing racial differences in poverty.
Public Policy as a Contributor
In the last section of the volume, the authors show how public policies deepen and in some cases create racial inequality. Housing policies, crime policies, and antipoverty policies concentrate advantage and disadvantage, undercutting their stated goals of improving the well being of all Americans. Michael Stoll shows that the traditional juxtaposition of poor black central cities and wealthy white suburbs has changed. While central cities are still overwhelmingly black, especially among the poor, suburbs are becoming both more racially diverse and more poor. The economic and racial integration of the suburbs, however, has not led to more numerous routes out of poverty. Transportation, zoning, development regulations, and housing assistance tend to perpetuate racial and economic stratification in the suburbs.
Scott W. Allard’s analysis of the availability and provision of social services reinforces Stoll’s conclusions. Individuals in high poverty, highly black neighborhoods are the least likely to have access to food pantries, child care, transportation, job training, substance abuse treatment or other, similar social services. Instead, these services are much more likely to be located in low-poverty census tracts, and in predominantly white areas. Hispanics have more accessibility to social services when they live in mixed-race areas. However, the growing presence of Hispanics in poor rural areas bodes ill for their future access.
Over the last 25 years, the number of Americans under criminal supervision has increased by nearly 400%. Darren Wheelock and Christopher Uggen estimate that 23% of black adult males now have a felony record, preventing them from fully participating in society long after their sentences have been served. Exoffenders are ineligible for federal college loans and grants, which exacerbates the black/white educational attainment gap. Legal immigrants can have their residency revoked, contributing to an 800% increase in criminal deportations from 1983-2003. In many states, ex-offenders are also barred from a long list of employment opportunities; in Florida, these include barbering, septic tank contracting, and pest control. States also permanently remove the right to vote and serve on juries from ex-felons, which diminishes the political power of entire communities: in 16 Georgia counties, more than half of all African American men are excluded from jury duty.
Joe Soss and Sanford F. Schram conclude that the decentralized and discretionary nature of state welfare programs allows for different treatment of racial groups, even when such policies are touted as “raceneutral.” States with greater numbers of blacks and Hispanics on the welfare rolls are more likely to impose lifetime limits, family caps on benefits for mothers who give birth, and stricter sanctions for not complying with work requirements. As a result, nationwide, a majority of white recipients experience the most generous welfare programs and a majority of black recipients, the most restrictive. Soss and Schram put this finding in a historical context that shows increasing government supervision and intervention in the lives of the poor, particularly those of blacks, Hispanic, and Asian descent.
Conclusion and Policy Implications
Each chapter makes an important contribution to our understanding of how race and poverty intersect in contemporary society. Together, they show that disadvantages in one area create new disadvantages in others. Conversely, advantages insulate, allowing those with fewer vulnerabilities to buffer themselves from cascading disadvantage. Simultaneous policies in multiple spheres are necessary to prevent cascades from occurring. The enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in employment, housing, and credit need to be accompanied by the provision of tutoring in all grade levels; the expansion of services in locations accessible to the poor should be accompanied by a reduction in the collateral consequences facing prisoners upon release.
The implication of cumulative disadvantage is that racial disparities will be slow to yield to even overall improvements in equality. Meanwhile, the advantaged, who are most likely to see equality’s benefits, are protected from realizing that racial disadvantage traps others in poverty. Correcting this state of affairs requires moving beyond a simple black-white paradigm, beyond the search for a single cause of poverty or a single policy solution.
About the authors
Ann Chih Lin is associate professor in the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and Department of Political Science at the University of Michigan.
David R. Harris is professor of sociology and deputy provost at Cornell University.
The National Poverty Center is charged with promoting high-quality research on the causes and consequences of poverty, evaluating and analyzing policies to alleviate poverty, and training the next generation of poverty researchers. The NPC is directed by Sheldon H. Danziger.
The National Poverty Center’s Policy Brief series summarizes key academic research findings, highlighting implications for policy.
The NPC encourages the dissemination of this publication and grants full reproduction right to any party so long as proper credit is granted the NPC. Sample citation: “Title, National Poverty Center Policy Brief #x”.
Major funding for the National Poverty Center is provided by the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the National Poverty Center or any sponsoring agency.
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Offshore Wind Farm Meaning, Locations, Advantages and Disadvantages
The meaning of offshore wind farm is any power plant that is equipped with multiple (wind) turbines for capture and conversion wind energy, in order to generate electricity . This article discusses offshore wind farm meaning, locations, advantages and disadvantages, as outlined below;
-Advantages of Offshore Wind Farms
-Disadvantages of Offshore Wind Farms
-Importance of Offshore Wind Energy Development using Wind Farms
Offshore Wind Farm Locations
Offshore wind farm locations include; Belgium, China, Denmark, Germany, United Kingdom, and United States.
The table below shows offshore wind farm locations in the world (operational as of 2023), alongside their names and year(s) of commissioning;
Wind Farm Name
Year of Commissioning
Northern Offshore Wind Farm
Binhai North H2
CGN Shanwei Jiazi I
CGN Shanwei Jiazi II
CGN Yangjiang Nanpeng Island
CTGNE Yangjiang Shapa - phase II
Datang Jiangsu Binhai
Jiangsu Longyuan Chiang Sand
Laoting Bodhi Island
Longyuan Jiangsu Dafeng
SPIC Jiangsu Dafeng
SPIC Rudong H4
SPIC Rudong H7
Yuedian Yangjiang Shapa
Zhejiang Jiaxing 2
Horns Rev 3
BARD Offshore 1
Borkum Riffgrund 1
Borkum Riffgrund 2
Global Tech I
Gode Wind (phases 1 and 2)
Gemini Wind Farm
East Anglia ONE
Gwynt y Môr
Hornsea Project One
Hornsea Project Two
West of Duddon Sands
Block Island Wind
Coastal Virginia Offshore Wind
The largest wind farm in the world as of 2023 is Hornsea Project Two (or Hornsea 2) wind farm, located in the United Kingdom, with a capacity of approximately 1.39 GW.
Advantages of Offshore Wind Farms
Advantages of offshore wind farms are;
1). Access to large amount of wind energy
2). Minimal environmental impact
3). May be combined with other renewable energy systems like wave converters
4). Relatively simple concept
5). Low maintenance requirement
6). Job creation
Disadvantages of Offshore Wind Farms
Disadvantages of offshore wind farms are;
1). High capital cost
2). Susceptibility to ocean wave damage
3). Effect on marine ecosystems
4). Higher complexity than land-based wind farms
5). More maintenance required than land-based wind farms
Importance of Offshore Wind Energy Development using Wind Farms
The importance of offshore wind energy development is based on its role and prospect toward sustainable development in social, environmental and economic areas .
Social importance of offshore wind energy development can be traced to its positive potential toward the quality of life of people in society, through facilitation of innovation, supply of energy, and job creation among others.
Environmental importance of offshore wind energy has to do with its position as a form of renewable and clean energy, so that it is capable of playing a role in the mitigation of unfavorable environmental impacts of electricity generation and energy harnessing activities.
Economic importance of offshore wind energy is based on its ability to support fossil fuels as an energy resource for economic activities, facilitate energy transition, green economy development, decarbonization of the economy, and sustainability of production.
Offshore wind farm means the assemblage of multiple wind turbines to form a single renewable energy system for capturing wind energy in ocean terrains.
Locations of offshore wind farms in the world are; Belgium, China, Denmark, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, United Kingdom, and United States.
Advantages of offshore wind farms are; access to surplus wind energy, minimal environmental impact, flexibility, simplicity, and role in job creation.
Disadvantages or negative effects of offshore wind farms are; high capital cost, wave damage susceptibility, effect on marine ecosystem and relative complexity.
The importance of offshore wind energy development using wind farms, can be evaluated from the viewpoint of its alignment with many of the social, environmental and economic principles of sustainable development.
1). Keivanpour, S.; Ramudin, A.; Kadi, D. A. (2017). "The sustainable worldwide offshore wind energy potential: A systematic review." Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy 9(6):065902. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5009948. (Accessed 6 February 2023).
2). Nikitas, G.; Bhattacharya, S.; Vimalan, N. (2019). "Chapter 16: Wind Energy: in the book Future Energy (3rd Edition): Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for Our Planet." Future Energy (3rd Edition): Improved, Sustainable and Clean Options for Our Planet. Elsevier. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102886-5.00016-5. (Accessed 5 February 2023).
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Submitted by Tanya Khanna
Recapitulation: Restoring Urban Water Bodies By Natural Means
India Architecture News - Nov 6, 2019 - 06:39 1107 views
“What India needs are innovative techniques using existing technologies. We cannot emulate the Western approach, specifically, when it comes to wastewater.”
Held on 30th September 2019 at the India Habitat Centre, the 50th Talk in the Series focused on the restoration of water bodies by natural means, illustrated through the speaker’s extensive fieldwork. The key speaker at the event was Tarun Sebastian Nanda, an Indian-origin Anglo-Dutch environmental engineer who has worked in the government as well as private sector for half a decade.
Mr Nanda’s work in the field – fuelled by a desire to leave behind desk work and assess the issues plaguing our ecosystems in person – commenced with the analysis of depleting groundwater levels. He described his field in the work and devising the strategy of constructing wetlands to recycle wastewater, a scheme he now aspires to implement across all of Delhi.
Stressed upon the need for adopting contextually suitable solutions, Mr. Nanda then described his various restoration projects undertaken across the country – most notably, the rejuvenation of the Hauz Khas lake in the national capital, and the Adopt An Island campaign in Goa which trained participants in creating and sustaining their own floating wetlands, demonstrating the simplicity and feasibility of his idea.
As our cities grow, the supply of potable water becomes a critical resource that runs in the red more often than not. Mr Nanda’s techniques offer a viable solution that brings the power – as well as the responsibility – of resource management in the hands of the end-user, making each citizen an active participant of ecological conservation efforts. His efforts also opened the stage for a lively debate on similar homegrown efforts for restoring water bodies and susceptible ecologies, with the audience sharing learnings on the respective successes and challenges of their immediate interventions.
With this talk, Architecture & Society has hit the half-century mark. Over the last four years, experts from varying fields have gathered at the Amaltas – and more recently, as our numbers swell, the Gulmohur on occasion – to address the issues plaguing our times. We have striven, in this time, to bridge the gap between the pedagogy and the public by creating a forum where the vanguard, the dilettante, and the layman have an equal chance to put their points forth and be heard. As we face the largest climate crisis of our times, this platform – for the discussion it generates, and the awareness it brings – has become more important than ever in aligning our efforts for a greater goal.
'Architecture and Society' talk series is a monthly forum organised by Greha in collaboration with Epistle Communications - at the India Habitat Centre. Each month, the forum invites architects, urban practitioners, academicians and research scholars from the entire country to talk about their work. The intent of the forum is to gather students, practitioners and the public of Delhi in one space where discussions on the future of the built environment in India can take place.
Since its inception in 1974, Greha has concentrated on the growth of knowledge in the field of environmental development, habitat design and architecture. The thrust of Greha's efforts have been towards addressing issues of the majority of the population; the focus was the marginalised people in rural and urban settlements; the vehicle was developing knowledge and methodologies concerning settlement systems more suited to our history and cultural context.
The founder members, during the early stages of their professional careers, would meet periodically to engage with majority concerns, away from the routine of the practice.
These concerns led them towards working with the poor and marginalised people in Indian society and eventually to the establishment of a school of habitat studies.
Greha registered in 1986 as a non-government, not for profit society, with the aim of generating a body of ideas, involving diverse professional talent and promoting expert contribution in development projects undertaken by public agencies.
About Epistle Communications
Epistle is a communication consultancy providing bespoke, strategic consulting services for architecture, design, planning and allied disciplines.
Top image courtesy of Greha
> via Greha
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Professor Elizabeth Bartholet, who directs the Child Advocacy Program at Harvard Law School, believes the concept of striving for color blindness is sound. She foresees problems if race once again becomes a key determinant.
“Giving social workers the chance to do that produced very rigid race matching,” she said. “That’s one of the reasons to say race can’t be used at all — there’s no other way to be sure it doesn’t become the overwhelming factor.”
Current policy allows standardized pre-adoption training, but wisely prohibits specific screening for parents seeking to adopt transracially, Bartholet said.
“What cannot be done is have a pass/fail test that turns on whether you give the politically correct answers,” she said. “If social workers are allowed to use training to determine who can adopt, there’s lots of experience showing they abuse that power.”
She also questioned whether attempts to boost minority recruitment would succeed.
“Black people are significantly poorer than white people and less likely to be in a position to come forward,” Bartholet said. “Recruitment efforts bump up against that fact.”
The Donaldson recommendations were embraced as “long overdue” by Michelle Johnson, a black woman raised by white adoptive parents near Minneapolis. Johnson now works on child-welfare matters for the court system there.
Her parents “were not the norm,” she said. “They were exceptional in what they did for me ... They were very humble in what they didn’t know.”
Too many white adoptive parents, she said, underestimate the enduring presence of racism in America and don’t get training that would help them raise a black child.
“As a social worker who used to place children, I know very few families are ready to do this,” Johnson said. “When families fail to realize they need assistance, it’s dangerous.”
Regarding recruitment, Johnson said agencies should strive to find permanent homes for black children among their extended families before placing them in foster care.
John Mould and Margaret Geiger, an Ambler, Pa., couple, have two white biological children and five black adopted children, now aged 15 to 23. Mould said transracial adoption is unquestionably challenging, but he worries about any changes that might make training and screening requirements too rigid.
“There are so many kids who need homes,” Mould said. “The idea of trying to find the perfect matches — you’re not going to find them.”
Justice Andrew Nyirenda said he was satisfied that Madonna and her British filmmaker husband, Guy Ritchie, “are perfect parents” for David, who will be 3 in November. More »
A white couple who want to adopt a black foster child they raised for nearly two years went to federal court last week to get him back, saying county officials are biased against transracial adoptions. More »
Part of Elizabeth Siwo-Okundi's job at the orphanage in Homa Bay, Kenya, was to travel to remote, unpaved areas and visit families of deceased
mothers and fathers, check gravesites and confirm that parents
were in fact dead and that their kids were in fact orphans. More »
Part of Elizabeth Siwo-Okundi's job at the orphanage in Homa Bay, Kenya, was to travel to remote, unpaved areas and visit families of deceased mothers and fathers, check gravesites and confirm that parents were in fact dead and that their kids were in fact orphans. More »
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In vitro fertilization, fertilization
In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process by which an egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body: in vitro . The process involves monitoring and stimulating a woman's ovulatory process, removing an ovum or ova (egg or eggs) from the woman's ovaries and letting sperm fertilise them in a liquid in a laboratory. The fertilised egg (zygote) is cultured for 2–6 days in a growth medium and is then implanted in the same or another woman's uterus, with the intention of establishing a successful pregnancy.
IVF techniques can be used in different types of situations. It is a technique of assisted reproductive technology for treatment of infertility. IVF techniques are also employed in gestational surrogacy, in which case the fertilised egg is implanted into a surrogate's uterus, and the resulting child is genetically unrelated to the surrogate. In some situations, donated eggs or sperms may be used. Some countries ban or otherwise regulate the availability of IVF treatment, giving raise to fertility tourism. Restrictions on availability of IVF include to single females, to lesbians and to surrogacy arrangements. Due to the costs of the procedure, IVF is mostly attempted only after less expensive options have failed.
The first successful birth of a "test tube baby", Louise Brown, occurred in 1978. Louise Brown was born as a result of natural cycle IVF where no stimulation was made. Robert G. Edwards, the physiologist who developed the treatment, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2010. With egg donation and IVF, women who are past their reproductive years or menopause can still become pregnant. Adriana Iliescu held the record as the oldest woman to give birth using IVF and donated egg, when she gave birth in 2004 at the age of 66, a record passed in 2006.
IVF may be used to overcome female infertility where it is due to problems with the fallopian tubes, making fertilisation in vivo difficult. It can also assist in male infertility, in those cases where there is a defect in sperm quality; in such situations intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) may be used, where a sperm cell is injected directly into the egg cell. This is used when sperm has difficulty penetrating the egg, and in these cases the partner's or a donor's sperm may be used. ICSI is also used when sperm numbers are very low. When indicated, the use of ICSI has been found to increase the success rates of IVF.
According to the British NICE guidelines, IVF treatment is appropriate in cases of unexplained infertility for women that have not conceived after 2 years of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. This rule does not apply to all countries. (See infertility.)
IVF is also considered suitable in cases where any of its expansions is of interest, that is, a procedure that is usually not necessary for the IVF procedure itself, but would be virtually impossible or technically difficult to perform without concomitantly performing methods of IVF. Such expansions include preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to rule out presence ofgenetic disorders, as well as egg donation or surrogacy where the woman providing the egg isn't the same who will carry the pregnancy to term.
The major complication of IVF is the risk of multiple births. This is directly related to the practice of transferring multiple embryos at embryo transfer. Multiple births are related to increased risk of pregnancy loss, obstetrical complications, prematurity, and neonatal morbidity with the potential for long term damage. Strict limits on the number of embryos that may be transferred have been enacted in some countries (e.g. Britain, Belgium) to reduce the risk of high-order multiples (triplets or more), but are not universally followed or accepted. Spontaneous splitting of embryos in the womb after transfer can occur, but this is rare and would lead to identical twins. A double blind, randomised study followed IVF pregnancies that resulted in 73 infants (33 boys and 40 girls) and reported that 8.7% of singleton infants and 54.2% of twins had a birth weight of < 2,500 grams (5.5 lb).
Recent evidence also suggest that singleton offspring after IVF is at higher risk for lower birth weight for unknown reasons.
Spread of infectious disease By sperm washing, the risk that a chronic disease in the male providing the sperm would infect the female or offspring can be brought to negligible levels. In males with hepatitis B, The Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine advises that sperm washing is not necessary in IVF to prevent transmission, unless the female partner has not been effectively vaccinated. In females with hepatitis B, the risk of vertical transmission during IVF is no different from the risk in spontaneous conception. However, there is not enough evidence to say that ICSI procedures are safe in females with hepatitis B in regard to vertical transmission to the offspring. Regarding potential spread of HIV/AIDS, Japan's government prohibited the use of in vitro fertilisation procedures for couples in which both partners are infected with HIV. Despite the fact that the ethics committees previously allowed the Ogikubo, Tokyo Hospital, located in Tokyo, to use in vitro fertilisation for couples with HIV, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan decided to block the practice. Hideji Hanabusa, the vice president of the Ogikubo Hospital, states that together with his colleagues, he managed to develop a method through which scientists are able to remove HIV from sperm.
Other risks to the egg provider/retriever A risk of ovarian stimulation is the development of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, particularly if hCG is used for inducing final oocyte maturation. This results in swollen, painful ovaries. It occurs in 30% of patients. Mild cases can be treated with over the counter medications and cases can be resolved in the absence of pregnancy. In moderate cases, ovaries swell and fluid accumulated in the abdominal cavities and may have symptoms of heartburn, gas, nausea or loss of appetite. In severe cases patients have sudden excess abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and will result in hospitalisation.
During egg retrieval, there’s a small chance of bleeding, infection, and damage to surrounding structures like bowel and bladder (transvaginal ultrasound aspiration) as well as difficulty in breathing, chest infection, allergic reactions to medication, or nerve damage (laproscopy). Ectopic pregnancy may also occur if a fertilised egg develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tubes and requires immediate destruction of the foetus. IVF does not seem to be associated with an elevated risk of cervical cancer, nor with ovarian cancer or endometrial cancer when neutralising the confounder of infertility itself. Nor does it seem to impart any increased risk for breast cancer. Regardless of pregnancy result, IVF treatment is usually stressful for patients. Neuroticism and the use of escapist coping strategies are associated with a higher degree of distress, while the presence social support has a relieving effect. A negative pregnancy test after IVF is associated with an increased risk for depression in women, but not with any increased risk of developing anxiety disorders.Pregnancy test results do not seem to be a risk factor for depression or anxiety among men.
Predictors of success
The main potential factors that influence pregnancy (and live birth) rates in IVF have been suggested to be maternal age, sperm quality, duration of infertility or subfertility, bFSH and number of oocytes, all reflecting ovarian function.Optimal woman’s age is 23–39 years at time of treatment.
Antral follicle count, with higher count giving higher success rates.Biomarkers that affect the pregnancy chances of IVF include:
Other determinants of outcome of IVF include:
Aspirin is sometimes prescribed to women for the purpose of increasing the chances of conception by IVF, but there is insufficient evidence to show that it actually works.A 2013 review and metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials of acupuncture as an adjuvant therapy in IVF found no overall benefit, and concluded that an apparent benefit detected in a subset of published trials where the control group (those not using acupuncture) experienced a lower than average rate of pregnancy requires further study, due to the possibility ofpublication bias and other factors.
A Cochrane review came to the result that endometrial injury performed in the month prior to ovarian hyperstimulation appeared to increase both the live birth rate and clinical pregnancy rate in IVF compared with no endometrial injury. However, there was a lack of data reported on the rates of adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, multiple pregnancy, pain and/or bleeding.
For females, intake of antioxidants (such as N-acetyl-cysteine, melatonin, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, myo-inositol, zinc or selenium have not been associated with a significantly increased live birth rate or clinical pregnancy rate in IVF according to Cochrane reviews.On the other hand, oral antioxidants given to the men in couples with male factor or unexplained subfertility resulted in significantly higher live birth rate in IVF.
A Cochrane review in 2013 came to the result that there is no evidence identified regarding the effect of pre-conception lifestyle advice on the chance of a live birth outcome.
A semen pH value outside of the normal range which is harmful to sperm and can cause infertility.
Female disorder in reproductive system at which a woman miss the uterus and thus she is not able to get pregnant and carry a child.
A type of cancerous tumor that develops in the gland cells.
A tumor-forming variant of adenomyosis (endometriosis in the myometrium of the uterus).
Medical condition characterized by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue within the myometrium.
Failure of the adrenal glands to produce sufficient amounts of hormones.
The absence of a menstrual period in women of reproductive age.
The pathological inability to ejaculate in males, with (orgasmic) or without (anorgasmic) orgasm.
A neurodevelopmental disorder with intellectual and developmental disability, sleep disturbance, seizures, jerky movements and frequent laughter.
A disorder of sex development in which individuals have both testes absent at birth.
An eating disorder characterized by the maintenance of a body weight below average, fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image.
Failure of the ovaries to release an oocyte over a period of time generally exceeding 3 months.
A condition when immune system mistakenly attacks some of the standard proteins in blood.
An inflammation of the appendix that may be associated with female infertility.
A medical condition, where the walls of the uterus stick to one another due to bands of scar tissue.
Male diagnosis connected with male infertility characterised by the complete absence of semen.
The thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries.
A condition arising from an abnormal immune response to a normal body part.
A disease in which antibodies against the thyroid gland and its hormone products are produced and destroy the thyroid’s cells and the entire gland.
Complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate of a man.
A noncancerous increase in size of the prostate.
Inborn morphological deviation of the uterus - one of the Müllerian duct anomalies where the uterine cavity is divided in the upper part.
A blockage of both fallopian tubes.
A cancer that develops from breast tissue.
Condition causing cervical mucus too thick and hostile to allow the sperm to penetrate the cervix.
Narrowing of cervix - the opening to the uterus.
A common sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria that can lead to serious reproductive morbidity.
A condition in which the vasa deferentia reproductive organs, fail to form properly prior to birth.
Fallopian tube(s) blocked from birth unabling to let the ovum and the sperm converge, thus making fertilization impossible.
Male infertility diagnosis characterized by extremely low concentration of sperm in semen.
A man's inability for or persistent difficulty in achieving orgasm, despite typical sexual desire and sexual stimulation.
A class of sexual disorders defined as the subjective lack of normal ejaculation.
Cancer that arises from the endometrium, the lining of the uterus.
Thickening of the lining of the uterus.
The finger like overgrowths attached to the inner wall of the uterus that extend into the uterine cavity which are made of endometrial tissue
Benign ovarian cysts containing thick, old blood that appears as a brown fluid.
A state in which pieces of the tissue alike to the lining of the uterus (endometrium) grow in other parts of the body.
An inflammation of the inner uterine lining that could interfere with conception and pregnancy outcomes.
An inflammation of epididymis.
The inability (that lasts more than 6 months) to develop or maintain an erection of the penis during sexual activity.
An obstruction prevents the egg or sperm from traveling down the tube, thus making fertilization impossible.
An abnormal growth of fallopian tube tissue.
Persistent, recurrent problems with sexual response, desire, orgasm or pain which may cause fertility problems.
Genetic condition that is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, as well as the most frequent cause of autism spectrum disorder.
A sexually transmitted infection which is the most common cause of diseases accompanied by genital ulceration.
Fleshy growths or lumps found around the genitals and anus transmitted through sexual intercourse or during labor.
A group of rare diseases in which abnormal trophoblast cells grow inside the uterus after conception.
A rare abnormality of sperm morphology, with the majority of sperm cells being round-headed, which leads to male infertility.
Any congenital developmental disorder of the reproductive system characterized by a progressive loss of germ cells on the developing gonads.
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
The tumor that arises from the granulosa cells (normally surrounding the oocytes and line the developing follicle) and could impair menstrual periods.
Occlusion of some part of the female genital tract, especially occlusion of the vagina by a thick membrane.
Various types of conditions that can affect the function of the heart or blood vessels, which may have the negative effect also to the infertility
A collection or retention of blood in the uterus, affecting the patient´s fertility.
Hematosalpinx is a medical condition involving bleeding into the fallopian tube.
An infection caused by the hepatitis B virus which inflames the liver and which could also impair sperm motility.
An infection caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV) that affects the liver and could be transmitted through sexual intercourse by blood or from infecte
A viral infection that progressively destroys certain white blood cells and can cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
A common virus that affects both males and females that could result in genital warts or cancer.
An accumulation of clear fluid in the tunica vaginalis, the most internal of membranes containing a testicle.
A hydrosalpinx is an abnormal pouch containing liquid in a fallopian tube.
A medical condition characterized by excessive levels of androgens in the body.
An excessive amount of estrogenic activity in the body.
Decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation sexual development, associated with high levels of hormones that stimulate the gonads.
The condition of elevated concentrations of gonadotropins within the blood.
Excess levels of insulin circulating in the blood relative to the level of glucose and impairing the hormonal levels, even those involved in reproduct
Abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids in the blood.
The presence of abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood.
Condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.
A medical condition characterized by not enough androgenic activity in the body.
A lower than normal level of estrogen which is the primary sex hormone in women.
A medical term which describes a diminished functional activity of the gonads – the testes and ovaries.
Partial or complete loss of production of one or more of the pituitary gland hormones.
A deficiency in the serum levels of the prolactin hormone.
An anomaly of the penis, with the opening of the urethra located on the underside of the penis, which may lead to infertility.
A condition in which a man has an unusually low ejaculate (or semen) volume.
Group of diseases, which have impact on function of hypothalamus.
A surgery performed to remove a woman's uterus.
A condition in which fertility impairment occurs spontaneously or due to an unknown cause.
A genetic condition where the primary symptom is a failure to start puberty or a failure to fully complete puberty.
The set of symptoms that result from two or more X chromosome in males.
Laurence-Moon syndrome (LMS) is a genetically predisposed disorder affecting both genders.
A presence of more than one million of white blood cells in 1 millimeter (mL) of ejaculate.
Mutation causing impaired Leydig cell differentiation and testosterone production.
Patients with a low number of retrieved oocytes despite adequate ovarian stimulation during fertility treatment.
Collection of autoimmune diseases in which the human immune system becomes hyperactive and attacks normal, healthy tissues.
The luteinisation of ovulatory follicle without a release of an oocyte.
The time in most women's lives when menstrual periods stop permanently, and the woman is no longer able to have children.
An abnormal condition in a woman's menstrual cycle.
The condition of only one testicle present in the scrotum.
Mumps was a common childhood viral disease caused by the mumps virus. Mumps frequently causes orchitis and impairs male fertility.
Necrospermia is a condition in which spermatozoa in semen are either immobile or dead
Type of cancer arising from the lymphoid tissue.
Complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate due to testicular failure.
A frequent autosomal dominant developmental disorder primarily characterized by short stature, typical facial features and heart defects.
A manifest variant of nutcracker phenomenon, renal vein entrapment syndrome, or mesoaortic compression of the left renal vein.
A disease of excess body fat that can have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and other health problems.
Absence of sperm in the ejaculate despite normal spermatogenesis, caused by an obstruction of the genital tract.
Repetitive nocturnal complete collapses (apneas) or partial collapses (hypopneas) of the upper airway during sleep.
Male fertility diagnosis defined as a combination of low sperm concentration, reduced motility and abnormal sperm morphology in the ejaculate.
Light or infrequent menstrual flow at intervals of 39 days to 6 months or 5–7 cycles in a year.
Semen with a low concentration of sperm and is a common finding in male infertility.
Defect during oocyte maturation.
An inflammation of the testes, involving swelling and heavy pains.
A type of cancer in which abnormal cells begin to grow in one or both of a woman's ovaries.
Abnormal sacs filled with liquid or semi-solid matter found in the ovary, which can have negative impact on female fertility.
A clinical symptom complex that can occur in some women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies and that could result in pregnancy complications
Surgical removal of one or both ovaries.
A physical syndrome described by pain or burning sensation of the urethra or perineum during or following ejaculation.
The rare chronic disease typically features a number of small, interlinked abscesses within the pelvis.
A form of abdominal adhesions in the pelvis.
Infection of the upper part of the female reproductive system and a common complication of some sexually transmitted diseases.
An infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and one of cause female infertility.
A pituitary malfunction is a disorder affecting the pituitary gland, either by overproduction or underproduction any of pituitary gland hormones.
An abnormal growth that develops in the pituitary gland that could impair the hormonal balance needed for fertility function.
A condition in which a woman has an imbalance of female sex hormones. This may lead to changes in the menstrual cycle, cysts in the ovaries, trouble g
A condition of abnormally high concentration (more than 250 million / ml ) of sperm in the semen.
A condition of low fertility characterized by low numbers of remaining oocytes in the ovaries or possibly impaired oocyte development or recruitment.
A genetic disorder due to loss of function of specific genes on chromosome 15.
A man experiences orgasm and expels semen soon after sexual activity and with minimal penile stimulation.
The loss of function of the ovaries before age 40.
An inflammation of the prostate gland.
A distally blocked Fallopian tube filled with pus.
Three or more consecutive pregnancy losses prior to 20 weeks gestational age from the last menstrual period.
Three or more consecutive pregnancy losses before 20-24 weeks of gestation or below a fetal weight of 500 g.
A kidney cancer that originates in a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport waste molecules from the blood to the urine.
The absence of implantation after three or more transfers of high quality embryos or after placement of 10 or more embryos in multiple transfers.
The semen, which would normally be ejaculated via the urethra, is redirected to the urinary bladder.
A long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints.
Surgical removal of one (unilateral) or both (bilateral) fallopian tube(s).
An acute inflammation of the fallopian tubes.
The absence of any developmental stage of sperm cell in the testes.
An infection of the paranasal sinuses and/or the lungs, associated with several conditions of impaired fertility.
Antibodies that bind to sperm, inhibiting their movement, stopping recognition and entry into the egg.
High level of DNA damage in sperm cells that may lead to male infertility.
A rare disorder characterized by a phenotypic female with an XY karyotype.
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
Teratospermia is a condition characterized by the presence of sperm with abnormal morphology that affects fertility in males.
A medical condition in which the testes diminish in size and may be accompanied by loss of function (production of sperm and testosterone).
Cancer that develops in the testicles.
The inability of the testicles to produce sperm or testosterone.
Emergency medical condition occurring when the spermatic cord twists and cuts off the testicle's blood supply.
Cancers that develop within the thyroid gland.
A medical condition impairing the function of the thyroid.
Medical emergency that afflicts the human penis.
A permanent form of female sterilization, in which the fallopian tubes are severed and sealed or "pinched shut", in order to prevent fertilization.
The type of blockage that affects the part of the fallopian tube end towards the ovary.
Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a female is partly or completely missing one X chromosome that results in ovarian dysgenesis.
In the case of cryptorchidism one or both testes are absent from the scrotum. It is is the most common etiologic factor of azoospermy in the adult.
Congenital uterine anomaly (one of the Müllerian duct anomalies) usually associated with communicating or non-communicating rudimentary horn.
A condition of blocked passage through one of the Fallopian tubes.
The most common benign smooth muscle tumors of the uterus encountered in women of reproductive age.
Rare uterine malignant tumour that arises from the smooth muscular part of the uterine wall.
A type of female genital malformation resulting from an abnormal development of the Müllerian duct(s) during embryogenesis.
Congenital uterine malformation where both Müllerian ducts develop but fail to fuse, thus the woman has a "double uterus".
A form of a congenital malformation where the uterine cavity is partitioned by a longitudinal septum. It is one of Müllerian duct anomalies.
A form of a congenital malformation where the uterus is partially divided by a longitudinal septum. It is one of Müllerian duct anomalies.
A physical or psychological condition in which woman cannot engage in any form of vaginal penetration.
A disease of the vagina caused by excessive growth of bacteria, with possible detrimental effect on female fertility.
An abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform venous plexus in the scrotum.
The male sex chromosomal disorder characterized by a spectrum of clinical presentations, ranging from ambiguous to normal male genitalia.
A rare condition causing chronic lung disease, rhinosinusitis and azoospermia.
A surgery used to remove part of one ovary or part of both ovaries.
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BASIC HERDING TERMS
Come-bye or just bye - go to the left of the stock, or clockwise around them.
Away to me, or just away or 'way - go to the right of the stock, or counterclockwise around them.
Stand - stop, although when said gently may also mean just to slow down.
Wait, (lie) down or sit - stop.
Steady or take time - slow down.
Cast - gather the stock into a group. Good working dogs will cast over a large area.
Find - search for stock. A good dog will hold the stock until the shepherd arrives. Some will bark when the stock have been located.
Get out or get back - move away from the stock. Used when the dog is working too close to the stock, potentially causing the stock stress. Occasionally used as a reprimand.
Hold - keep stock where they are.
Bark or speak up - bark at stock. Useful when more force is needed, and usually essential for working cattle and sheep.
Look back - return for a missed animal.
In here - go through a gap in the flock. Used when separating stock.
Walk up, walk on or just walk - move in closer to the stock.
That'll do - stop working and return to handler.
These commands may be indicated by a hand movement, whistle or voice. Herding dog commands are generally taught using livestock but 'hobby herders' without access to livestock can teach basic commands through herding games.
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Do we Know how Long Immunity From COVID-19 Vaccination Will Last?
The short answer is that we are not entirely sure. The vaccine simply has not been in distribution long enough to have data that speaks to duration of immunity.
Dr. Susan Bailey of the AMA in an interview with Healthline said that, “the people [in the Pfizer study] have had the vaccine the longest, and it tells us it lasts at least 6 months.” “But it’s definitely longer than that — it’s not just going to drop off after 6 months. I would have been concerned if efficacy had dropped by a third or half.”
The fact that COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness remained almost unchanged over the span of the study period is an indication that protection will be enduring. Bailey noted that some vaccines, such as those for measles, mumps, and rubella, generally confer lifetime immunity. Others, such as the flu vaccine, require a new shot every year.
“We don’t know which camp the COVID-19 vaccine will fall into,” she said. “If we do need a booster shot for COVID-19, we do know that it will be easy to produce” thanks to the new mRNA technology, she added. Bailey said that the vaccines now in use appear to be effective against the COVID-19 variants circulating in the United States. But as the coronavirus continues to mutate, variants could emerge that are more resistant. “My prediction is that a situation in which we would need to have a booster shot in the future is not because the first dose of vaccine faded but because there is a new variant that might emerge,” she said. You can read more about this here.
Prerana Sangani, MD, April 23, 2021
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By| May 23, 2012
Mending the Springbok machine
An international rugby player’s body is a finely tuned machine that has taken years to condition. The Rugby World Cup is the greatest challenge any rugby player faces. Running out onto the rugby field under the national flag, voices raised in unision for Nkosi sikelel’ iAfrika, with emotions running high as they wait to face-off against the haka is akin to going into battle.
But every injured player represents a weak link in the chain and it may effect the outcome of the team’s performance and ultimately the score.
Dr Andrew Taylor Still M.D. founder of Osteopathy 1874 said ‘The body is a Unit’, which means one part of the body cannot be separated from another. The “whole” is greater than the sum of its parts, and a disturbance in one part of the body will affect another. So an underlying joint dysfunction in one joint will effect another part of the body, forcing that part to increase its work load and increasing the probability of injury.
For instance: if a rugby player has an under-strength or recovering ankle, it may well place greater demands on the lower leg muscles, knee joint, hip and thigh muscles. This may translate into a reduction in performance - especially towards the latter part of the game.
Naturally, the fittest and most experienced players will be the first choice for selection, but there are limits to the amount of trauma the human body can absorb. Of course, the muscle bulk of rugby players absorbs much of this kinetic energy. Joints are more vulnerable. There will come a point when there is a dip in performance due to the frequency of high-intensity games after a long season or year of play. The dip in preformance will come at the end of the season, but these days there doesn’t seem to be a beginning or an end to the season.
Bodies and trauma memory
Many injuries have long term effects on structure of the body. The scar tissue and muscular contraction that remain long after trauma and injury have resolved themselves can easily upset the mechanical balance of the body. Most of us have experienced the fact that muscles tighten and tense immediately in response to trauma. The area is naturally splinted against movement which may cause further damage. But it’s the after-effect of many injuries that throws out the mechanical balance of the body. For example, an old ankle injury may leave it stiff and off-balance. Such an ankle can cause strain and imbalance higher up in the body which may eventually surface as a knee, hip, lower back, shoulder or neck problem. It may even be responsible for severe headaches. The residue of all trauma, great and small, can influence structural balance and rhythm.
Not always so obvious
Some injuries are so minor, and the initial recovery so quick, that they simply register as a passing ache or pain. This is especially common in the spine. The effects of some jars and shocks may go completely unnoticed, but all eventually exact a penalty on mechanical freedom. Whatever the circumstances the common denominator is the fact that structural trauma disorganises mechanical balance and freedom locally and throughout the body as a whole.
Even though some injuries are unavoidable, the rugby player can help prevent many of them by improving body mobility and function with appropriate exercise conditioning. Every international rugby team has a team devoted to the current performance and injury management of each player.
In addition to injury management, it will be important to ensure that each player is mentally ready for each test match. This will help diminish and extinguish any negative elements there might have been, and remind the Boks that they command great respect from the opposition.
The real glory is being knocked to your knees and then coming back. That’s real glory. – Vince Lombardi Looking forward to the future.
Players can also work towards resolving the long term effects of unresolved injuries already sustained by trying a different approach called Osteopathy.
Osteopathy can help you get over most of the above injuries and return to the game quicker. Osteopathy can also help you to reduce the risk of injury in the first place. First and foremost training for the game is vital in the prevention of injuries. Improved technique will help to reduce the possibility of injuries, and increased strength will help as we have more muscle bulk to protect ourselves and our joints. Pre-match stretching and warming up is very important to prevent muscle strains and sprains.
How can a visit to an osteopath reduce the risk of further injury? During a consultation an osteopath will perform a full postural and musculoskeletal assessment to find areas of restriction in muscles, ligaments and joints. Using osteopathic techniques such as massage and manipulation, the health and mobility of these tissues can be improved. Osteopathy can also benefit old injuries by improving the function of damaged tissues. An osteopath will also be able to give specific advice on exercises for rehabilitation of an injured tissue. (Dr Guy Ashburner Osteopath on behalf of the osteopathic profession.)
Discovery the benefits of Osteopathy
- What is Osteopathy?
- Adult health issues
- Babies and Children
- During and after pregnancy
- Common Complaints
- Sports Injuries
- Genral Osteopathy FAQs
- The Science & Reasearch
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By Alex Kirby, Climate News Network
LONDON – Scientists say the sea level rise caused by climate change during the rest of this century will not affect all parts of the world equally, because of the ways sea, land and ice interact.
They say parts of the Pacific are likely to see the highest rise. This region is where many low-lying island countries most vulnerable to sea level rise, like the Seychelles, are already struggling. Their peoples will need evacuation if the scientists’ high-end predictions are correct. Northern Europe, on the other hand, will experience a below-average increase.
Researchers have found that ice melt from glaciers and from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is likely to be critically important to regional sea-level change in the equatorial Pacific ocean.
Credit: Christine Zenino via Climate News Network.
The team, from Italy’s University of Urbino and the University of Bristol, U.K., report their findings in a paper, The gravitationally consistent sea-level fingerprint of future terrestrial ice loss, published in Geophysical Research Letters online.
Scientists have known for some time that sea level rise around the globe will not be uniform. The team investigated how ice loss will continue to add to rising sea levels until the year 2100. The researchers, from the European Union’s Ice2sea project, show in detail the global pattern of sea level rise that would result from two scenarios of ice-loss from glaciers and ice sheets.
Improved projections of the contribution of ice to sea level rise produced by Ice2sea will feed into the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In 2007, the IPCC’s fourth report highlighted ice-sheets as the most significant remaining uncertainty in projections of sea-level rise.
The researchers found that ice melt from glaciers and from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets is likely to be critically important to regional sea-level change in the equatorial Pacific ocean.
Legacy of the Ice Age
There the rise will be greater than the global average increase, affecting in particular western Australia, Oceania and the small atolls and islands in the region, including Hawaii. Another area which should expect an above-average increase is the east coast of South Africa and Madagascar.
The study focussed on three effects that lead to the unequal distribution of sea level rise. First, land is both subsiding into and emerging from the sea because of a massive ice loss at the end of the last Ice Age 10,000 years ago, when billions of tonnes of ice covering parts of North America and Europe melted.
How Do We Know: Greenland’s Melting Ice Sheet
This caused a major redistribution of mass on the Earth, but the crust responds to such changes so slowly that it is still changing shape. Secondly, the warming of the oceans changes the distribution of water across the globe.
The third effect is the way the sheer mass of frozen water on Antarctica and Greenland exerts a gravitational pull on the surrounding liquid water, pulling in enormous amounts and raising the sea-level close to the coasts. As the ice melts its pull decreases and the water previously attracted pours away, to be redistributed around the globe.
Co-author Professor Giorgio Spada said: “The most vulnerable areas are those where the effects combine to give the sea-level rise that is significantly higher than the global average.” In Europe the level would rise, but it would be slightly lower than the average.
“We believe this is due to the effects of the melting polar ice relatively close to Europe — particularly Greenland’s ice”, he said. “This will tend to slow sea level rise in Europe a little, but at the expense of higher sea-level rise elsewhere.”
The team considered two scenarios in its modelling. One was the “most likely” or “mid-range” and the other closer to the upper limit of what could happen.
Professor Spada said: “The total rise in some areas of the equatorial oceans worst affected by the terrestrial ice melting could be 60cm (23.6in) if a mid-range sea level rise is projected, and the warming of the oceans is also taken into account.”
Another co-author, Jonathan Bamber, professor of physical geography at Bristol University, U.K., told the Climate News Network: “Northern Europe will be influenced by mass loss from Greenland, and places like Scotland and Scandinavia will probably see close to zero sea level rise from the melting ice, leaving aside thermal expansion of the sea.
“But if you take the high-end scenario, there’s a reasonable chance the rise could reach a metre in the western Pacific.”
Professor David Vaughan, Ice2sea programme coordinator, said: “The urgent job now is to understand how the global sea level rise will be shared out around the world’s coastlines. Only by doing this can we really help people understand the risks and prepare for the future.”
A spokesman for the Association of Small Island States (Aosis), told a U.N. climate conference two years ago that whole nations would be washed away by sea level rise.
He said the people of Kiribati, Tuvalu, most of the Cook Islands, the Marshall Islands and the Maldives, which are just a few meters above sea level now, could be lost.
Alex Kirby, a former BBC environment correspondent, is a founding journalist of Climate News Network. Climate News Network is a news service led by four veteran British environmental reporters and broadcasters. It delivers news and commentary about climate change for free to media outlets worldwide.
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Even in Maine, this time of year many backyard poultry struggle with the high summer temperatures. Some birds are better suited to heat than others: chickens suffer in temperatures above 85 degrees Fahrenheit. Geese trace their heritage to slightly warmer climates and can tolerate hot temperatures better, but around 90 degrees they get uncomfortable as well. If a bird cannot cool off, just like people, they are at risk of heat stroke or even death.
You can tell if a bird is too hot because they will hold their beaks open and pant for air. When they are very uncomfortable they will also hold their wings off of their bodies and will be less willing to move around, sticking to shaded areas.
The first trick to keeping your birds cool in the hot summer months is making sure that they have plenty of access to fresh clean water to drink. You can place extra water dishes around your run or in shady places on your property if your chickens are free range. They’ll really appreciate the easy access. You can also put ice in the water to keep it cooler for longer. One important misconception to remember: chickens feathers are not waterproof like ducks and geese, and they lack the internal temperature control to tolerate swimming. Do not put your chicks in deep water! You can, however, provide a shallow pool for them to submerse their feet in, and this will go a long way to helping them cool off.
Geese have no such issues with submersion, and happily swim all day on warm days. This is the single most effective way to reduce heat stroke in water fowl: make sure they have an open area to swim or at least a large, deep wading pool.
In addition to water, chickens also love cold treats in hot weather. You can put special herbs, mealworms, and other tasty treats in an icecube tray with water and freeze them. Chickens will love pecking through to the chilly reward and it will help them regulate their body temperature. You can also give them cold slices of watermelon, a coop favorite.
Always make sure your chickens, geese, ducks, or any other poultry have plenty of shade on hot days. You’ll notice that they will rarely venture into the sun if it is very hot. While chickens can’t swim, they do love dust bathing and the cool dirt will provide relief for them. Loose soil and sand is ideal for dust bathing and should be provided in your run.
Also make sure that your coop and run have plenty of air flow. You can put a fan in the coop to facilitate this, and open any windows or doors you have during the day. Not only does this keep the coop cool, but it also reduces the odors associated with the chicken keeping.
If you have a hen clearly in distress, you can submerge her face, comb, and wattles in cool water for a few quick seconds and bring her body temperature down quickly and effectively.
Hopefully these tips will help your hen house stay cool during the summer. Keep an eye on your flock and provide them with plenty of water and shade, and they should enjoy the warm months.
Don’t forget you can find us on facebook at daysferryorganics, or on instagram at usethepigs.
Questions? Feel free to leave a comment!
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(61) Fort, Hoshangabad
The fort lies on the bank of Narmada of Hoshangabad that exists on the National Highway and railway. The fort is said to have been built by Malwa’s Sultan Hoshangshah in the first half of the 15th century A.D. The foundation of Hoshangabad fort and the city was laid by Hoshangshah. The fort might have been built on an area of eight acre. At present the fort is survived by one bastion and 1.25 meter thick and 5-6 meter high security wall, the way to the bastion and a room (security post).
It is said that after construction of the fort it was used by the ruler of Khedala in Betul district for conducting his expedition against the ruler of Bahamani. The walls of the fort are decorated with arch formations and kanguras. The fort was reconstructed and expanded in the 18th century also. The fort was subjected to attacks of Bhopal State and the Bhonsale rulers. Local people believe that Hoshangshah had died at Hoshangabad and his grave is located here.
After the fall of Mughal Empire the Rajwada Pargana in the western part was ruled by four rulers, who were all under the Gadha Mandala.
(62) Tilak Sendur Temple, Khatama
This monument is situated at Khatama, a forest village, about nine km from village Jamani in Itarsi tahasil. The cave-like temple is built by cutting a rock at a height of about 1230 feet. It is known as Tilak Sindur Mandir. A flight of 70 steps leads to the temple.
The plan of this simple temple consists of a mandapa based on four pillars with a square garbha-griha in the center, which enshrines a Shivlinga, and a Nandi idol in its front. An ambulatory passage has been carved by cutting the rock on all four sides. This State protected monument can be ascribed to the 10-11th century A.D.
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Our vision is that United Learning’s values will be brought to life through high quality physical education, sport and health-promoting physical activity so that every young person is:
- Ambitious – to excel: to be the best they can be in and through PE and sport;
- Confident – to participate, perform and lead;
- Creative – in their decision-making and in finding solutions to increasingly complex challenges;
- Respectful – of themselves, all of their peers and all adults involved in their sporting life, whether they be teachers, coaches, officials, medical staff etc;
- Enthusiastic – about engaging in physical activity and sport in school, out of school and beyond school life;
- Determined – to persist in overcoming obstacles, to lead healthy lifestyles and to achieve their best.
Our KS3 Physical Education (PE) and Health curriculum will bring out ‘the best in everyone’ by developing physically skilful young people who have developed the skills, knowledge, understanding, character and confidence to prepare them for KS4 PE.
Our PE and Health curriculum will enable our young people to forge a positive lifelong relationship with physical activity and sport.
Our PE and Health curriculum will prepare students thoroughly for the rigours of accredited courses in KS4 and beyond through a knowledge and understanding of relevant and appropriate elements of sport science.
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S P A C E 7th FORM MOVE AHEAD Учитель английского языка ГОУ СОШ №1014 Мустафина Регина Зульфатовна Москва 2011г.
MARS Read the definitions and tell what is described in the pictureReddish sky above The vast canyon The fourth planet The huge volcano Named for the god of war
NEPTUNE Read the definitions and tell what is described in the picture Most windy Rings and moons Takes 160 to go round the sun
PLUTO Read the definitions and tell what is described in the picture The farthest planet Strange orbit Sometimes it is closer to the sun
JUPITER Read the definitions and tell what is described in the picture The largest planet Stormy Spins fast
URANUS Read the definitions and tell what is described in the picture Spins at an angle Pale blue-green cloudy atmosphere 15 moons and two rings 42 years of sunlight 42 years of darkness
VENUS Read the definitions and tell what is described in the picture The hottest planet Volcanoes Named after the god of truth and justice
THE SUN the large bright object in the sky that gives us light and heat, and around which the Earth moves
EARTH theplanet that we live on
A SATELLITE a machine that has been sent into space
THE MOON the round object that you can see shining in the sky at night
Our solar system
1 question: When was the first man’s flight to the open space?
2 question: What country was the first to send a man to the space?
3 question: What’s the first man’s name who had been in space?
4 question: How is the first space rocket of the USSR called?
5 question: Name the cosmodrome ,the spacecraft started from.
6 question: How long Yurii Gagarin has been in the space?
7 question: What’s her name? It’s a woman who was the first among the women to have flight to the space.
8 question: Who and when made the first going out to the open space?
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
Источники -Картинки и фото. Рубрика. Космос. Фотографии и фотоработы www.uf9.ru; -http://dog-chih.ru/raznoe/3426-pervyy-vyhod-v-kosmos-bez-strah.html; -http://zona422.ru/post185258582/ ; -http://foto.ck.ua/index.php?module=foto&fun =image_view&id=2759&vp=6192&include_ subat=1&start_cat_id=22&subimage_orderby= image_time ;
-http://apelka.ru/wallpaps/kosmos/picture17-3e5288c7ae76426cda6e1761489865bf.html; -http://samp.gtamir.ru/showthread.php?t= 3517 ; http://dniester.ru/taxonomy/term/26/0?page= 10 ; -http://space-russia.narod.ru/doc/gallery1 .html ; http://sosnovka.ucoz.ru/load/den_kosmonavtiki/1-1-0-10
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How to Make a Toilet Roll Rocket
Description: How to make a model rocket using toilet roll tubes
Posted by David Caldwell on 03/11/13 at 13:10
A homework or craft idea for bonfire night.
You will need
- Two Toilet Roll Tubes
- Lollypop Sticks
- Cardboard (cereal boxes are ideal)
- PVA Glue
- Masking Tape
- Red Tissue Paper
- With the masking tape join the two tubes together, don’t worry about neatness as the tape will be painted over.
- Draw a circle on the cardboard and mark the centre of the circle with a X.
- Cut out the circle and cut a straight line from the edge of the circle to the centre, shape into a cone and secure by applying PVA Glue and a paperclip.
- With masking tape fix the cone to one end of the tube.
- Glue a lollypop stick to the inside of the opposite end of the tube and secure with a paperclip.
- Decorate the rocket with paints, we used acrylic.
- Scrunch up the tissue paper to simulate the rocket flame and insert into the end of the rocket.
- Leave the model rocket to dry for a few hours.
Keywords: rocket, bonfire night, craft, homework, toilet roll tube
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The below examples demonstrate how registration data, together with other data stored in PRIMES, can meaningfully inform programming.
Conversely, delayed or insufficient attention and analysis of registration data can lead to critical protection gaps on the ground, seriously impacting UNHCR’s preparedness, negotiating position with the host government as well as resource capacity to respond to urgent protection needs.
Example: Consider an emergency context, with new arrivals crossing the border and needing emergency shelter and assistance. If the rate of arrivals is not correctly identified through available information including registration data, a host of negative consequences for persons of concern may follow, including, for example:
- UNHCR is ill-equipped to negotiate with the host government on land allocation for settlements, potentially leaving tens of thousands of individuals contained in border areas or unsuitable reception centres;
- Resources for facilitating population movements and emergency shelter are not on the ground when they need to be;
- Distribution of assistance may be insufficient;
- Planning and identification of suitable partners may be based on incorrect data;
- Funds and/or staffing capacity is insufficient to respond to urgent protection needs.
Even in stable operational contexts, where the general profile of the population of concern is known and available services are well-established, registration data should be analysed for ongoing programme strengthening and planning. Consider the following examples of some of the ways in which registration data can be leveraged for effective protection programming and the pursuit of innovative solutions for refugees and others of concern:
|Focus of registration data analysis||Possible programme result|
|Skills and occupational profiles|
|Pursuit of training programmes and livelihood opportunities based on skills and occupational profiles to encourage and promote socio-economic empowerment.|
|School drop-out rate|
|Granular age disaggregation (e.g. 10-11, 12-13, 14-15, 15-16, etc.) identifying the critical ages for school drop-out informs FGD and targeted surveys to understand risks and causes and establish programmes to address them.|
|Mapping of addresses combined with mapping of services available in geographical locations|
|Identification of gaps in essential services for refugees in the location where they live and advocate for appropriate interventions.|
|Number of persons with disabilities and disability types|
|Based on number and type of disabilities recorded, engage new partners, implement targeted assistance and strengthen access to livelihood activities.|
|Rates of arrest and detention of refugees in a city or in a certain part of a city|
|If arrests are found to be more common in a certain geographical area, advocacy and engagement efforts with law enforcement personnel may be targeted to promote recognition of and respect for refugee documentation and refugee rights|
Registration data management
Registration data can only be usefully analysed if the data collected at registration is representative, of a good quality and regularly updated. Relying on registration data of a camp population from five years ago will likely not provide an accurate picture of the needs and circumstances of the population today, including in terms of new births, deaths and arrivals, updated locations, new protection and other needs, as well as changes in access to education, training and work. As such, a good registration system also includes mechanisms to manage its data, making it reliable and effective for planning and programming.
In order to leverage data for operational planning and programming, it is important that the right types of data are collected at the point of registration. It is neither reasonable nor effective to collect all possible data at the point of registration, however, it is possible to define key data sets and potential proxy data fields that will reliably inform specific programmes.
Good quality data
The quantity of data collected during registration will not be useful for planning and programming if the quality of the data is poor. There are many reasons why registration data may be of poor quality including data entry error (e.g. sex is male with relationship to focal point as sister), inadequate training (e.g. interviewers unaware when and how to update a specific need), ill-designed processes and insufficient oversight (e.g. data entry errors are not identified), cultural misunderstanding or weak standard operating procedures (e.g. cultural understanding of “uncle” is different to SOP definition and therefore applied inconsistently by interviewing staff).
In order to prevent and manage issues of data quality, several steps and processes can be taken. From a procedural perspective, standard operating procedures, training and regular monitoring and oversight help ensure that data collection is conducted in a consistent and harmonized manner. From a technical perspective, operations data managers should also conduct regular checks against the registration data. Several built-in validation rules are developed within proGres in order to identify and correct data quality problems. For example, business validation rules that define specific inconsistencies (e.g. sex male cannot be relationship to focal point sister), prompt registration users to a data quality error. In some operational contexts, data quality tools have been developed during large-scale registration activities to highlight missing fields or inaccuracies, particularly those data fields relevant to documentation. In addition to developing system checks, operations data managers can also run regular data quality scripts against registration data to identify common mistakes and errors. In some cases, it is also possible to apply batch correction against the database, while in other cases data needs to be corrected manually as it differs from record to record.
Regularly updated data
Sound registration systems and processes require built-in mechanisms to review and update registration data and other information over time. Module 8 provides detailed guidance on the need to establish continuous registration processes in order to maintain accurate and representative data.
Data security and data protection
The personal data of asylum seekers and refugees must be managed in a way that protects confidentiality and is consistent with privacy and data protection principles set out in Part 2 of UNHCR’s Data Protection policy. To this end, proGres v4 is designed so that access rights for each module are determined individually per user, based on a “need-to-know” and “need-to-use” basis. As such, proGres users can only view, enter or modify data in so far as it is necessary for them to carry out their functions.
In every UNHCR country operation, a requesting and an approving officer are tasked with assigning individualized access rights to staff members based on their functions. A framework on the segregation of duties aims to clearly define and grant the level of access that corresponds with the user’s specific role and responsibilities, in line with the Data Protection policy (para. 4.2) and related Guidance (para. 6.3.8).
Needs assessment data
Needs assessments2 involve systematically gathering and analysing information relating to the needs, conditions, and capacities of persons of concern – diverse women, men, girls, and boys of all ages, including those with specific needs – in order to determine gaps between a current situation and agreed standards. Needs assessments help understand the conditions faced by populations of concern. Registration data in proGres can support needs assessments in multiple ways:
- As a source of population figures: Needs assessments require population figures in order to ascertain the severity of a situation (i.e. number of people affected) and to calculate indicators (i.e. baseline population figures);
- To identify vulnerabilities related to family composition: Statistics on needs can be derived from family composition, including unaccompanied children, households headed by single or female parents, and unaccompanied elderly persons. It is even possible to derive needs information from family composition recorded in pre-registration.
- Vulnerabilities related to specific needs: Registration records contain data on specific needs, e.g. serious medical conditions, children at risk and other types of specific needs which are relevant to needs assessments.
- Population sample frame: If primary data collection will be undertaken in a needs assessment, population figures from proGres can be used as the basis for calculating survey samples.
- Additional needs assessment data: Additional questions asked at registration, for example, with regard to a refugee’s living situation, may be directly relevant to needs assessments. This data can be collated, analysed and incorporated into a needs assessment analysis.
2 For more on registration data in needs assessments, see UNHCR’s Needs Assessment Handbook
UNHCR’s Dataport is a ‘smart’ inventory of UNHCR’s current population information with real-time connectivity to proGres v4. The Dataport draws from proGres v4 to organize data according to operational needs, for example, generating real-time statistics, reports, dashboards and trends analysis with the help of indicators and attributes that cover all thematic, sectoral and case management areas. The Dataport was developed to maximize the potential of the data collected and contribute to global data analysis on displacement. It can be used by UNHCR and Partner Users of PRIMES tools, and will eventually be accessible to persons of concern as well as others looking for statistics on forced displacement.
Dataport tools include:
1. Interactive Statistical Reports/Templates
Statistical Overview, Annual Statistical Report and Resettlement Statistical Report.
Pivot tables are a powerful tool to calculate, summarize and analyse data, to help identify correlations and causal relationships, measure changes and observe patterns and trends.
All UNHCR staff can view dashboards and reports in the Power BI UNHCR report service. The application can be used to connect to multiple data sources and provide visibility to users by presenting the information in a format that is timely, meaningful and actionable. You can look at current trends and standards depicted on the Power BI dashboards against goals or historical averages and develop customized pivot tables to monitor reliability of the data/trends.
Below is an example of a country operation dashboard. For more details on how to connect to the Dataport, see the User Guide.
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Mulching around plants helps keep out weeds, hold water in the soil and improve the appearance of planting beds. But the kind of mulch chosen can sometimes be very important. A damaging fungus, called artillery fungus or shotgun fungus, can develop in some wood mulches, especially chopped-up limbs, trunks and stumps of diseased hardwood trees such as maples and oaks. This type of mulch is sometimes obtained free or at low cost from tree-removal companies.
If used near houses, cars, garages or similar surfaces, the fungus can spray the surface with black, tar-like spots that are very difficult or impossible to remove. While the sprayed spores normally travel only a few feet, breezes can blow them farther and at times they even reach second stories of houses. Artillery fungus appears to be most prevalent in the Northeast, and has been extensively researched by scientists, especially at Pennsylvania State University.
A great deal of information about the fungus can be found on the Internet by searching with the words artillery fungus. A list of questions and answers by Penn State researchers is especially valuable – look for the psu.edu tag in the search lists. Pine-bark nuggets, made from softwood, are considered safest of wood mulches. Non-organic mulches, like black plastic and marble chips, are best. Wood chips from hardwood trees are best used around plants at some distance from objects that might be damaged.
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| 0.956281 | 297 | 2.90625 | 3 |
No-power Wi-Fi connectivity could fuel internet of things reality
Published on: 4th Aug 2014
Note -- this news article is more than a year old.
Imagine a world in which your wristwatch or other wearable device communicates directly with your online profiles, storing information about your daily activities where you can best access it all without requiring batteries. Or, battery free sensors embedded around your home could track minute by minute temperature changes and send that information to your thermostat to help conserve energy.
This not-so-distant "Internet of Things" reality would extend connectivity to perhaps billions of devices. Sensors could be embedded in everyday objects to help monitor and track everything from the structural safety of bridges to the health of your heart. But having a way to cheaply power and connect these devices to the Internet has kept this from taking off.
Now, University of Washington engineers have designed a new communication system that uses radio frequency signals as a power source and reuses existing Wi-Fi infrastructure to provide Internet connectivity to these devices. Called Wi-Fi backscatter, this technology is the first that can connect battery-free devices to Wi-Fi infrastructure.
"If Internet of Things devices are going to take off, we must provide connectivity to the potentially billions of battery-free devices that will be embedded in everyday objects," said Shyam Gollakota, a UW assistant professor of computer science and engineering. "We now have the ability to enable Wi-Fi connectivity for devices while consuming orders of magnitude less power than what Wi-Fi typically requires."
The researchers will publish their results at the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Data Communication's annual conference this month in Chicago. The team also plans to start a company based on the technology.
This work builds upon previous research that showed how low-powered devices such as temperature sensors or wearable technology could run without batteries or cords by harnessing energy from existing radio, TV and wireless signals in the air. This work takes that a step further by connecting each individual device to the Internet, which previously wasn't possible.
The challenge in providing Wi-Fi connectivity to these devices is that conventional, low-power Wi-Fi consumes three to four orders of magnitude more power than can be harvested in these wireless signals. The researchers instead developed an ultra-low power tag prototype with an antenna and circuitry that can talk to Wi-Fi-enabled laptops or smartphones while consuming negligible power.
These tags work by essentially "looking" for Wi-Fi signals moving between the router and a laptop or smartphone. They encode data by either reflecting or not reflecting the Wi-Fi router's signals, slightly changing the wireless signal. Wi-Fi-enabled devices like laptops and smartphones would detect these minute changes and receive data from the tag.
In this way, your smart watch could download emails or offload your workout data onto a Google spreadsheet.
"You might think, how could this possibly work when you have a low-power device making such a tiny change in the wireless signal? But the point is, if you're looking for specific patterns, you can find it among all the other Wi-Fi reflections in an environment," said co-author Joshua Smith, a UW associate professor of computer science and engineering and of electrical engineering.
The UW's Wi-Fi backscatter tag has communicated with a Wi-Fi device at rates of 1 kilobit per second with about 2 meters between the devices. They plan to extend the range to about 20 meters and have patents filed on the technology.
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Back to Our Museums
James Monroe's Highland
James Monroe's Highland is the home of the fifth U.S. President, and a historic site encompassing 535 acres in Central Virginia. Open year-round, Highland offers guided tours, packages for tour groups and school visits, and augmented reality experiences of the landscape. Narratives of the site visit include the political, economic, and agricultural development of the young United States at a time when James Monroe's public roles helped form the country's early foreign policy. Emphasis is placed on diverse and inclusive narratives, including the stories of enslaved men and women who worked at Highland. Public events throughout the year offer varied experiences for visitors who can participate in such diverse activities as book discussions, the Albemarle County Fair, or language-learning summer camps for children. The setting is rural, with rolling hills and agricultural land surrounding a cluster of historic buildings. Recent research drives new interpretation at Highland, where something is always new in history!
Focus of Your Collection
Early National period; political contributions of James Monroe; integrated narratives about Monroe, the development of the young united states, and the enslaved men and women who lived at Highland. While our collection contains an impressive set of furnishings original to the main family, our focus is on discovery in history. With the recent discovery of the archaeological remains of the 1799 main house, and the correct identification of the Presidential guest house, Highland emphasizes new interpretations of ongoing discoveries.Educational Offerings
Guided and self-guided tours of the property, including the furnished Presidential guest house; group tour experiences, SOL-based site visits including tours, activities, and crafts.City or County (or out of state)
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Monorail systems developed over the past several decades, including virtually all currently in service world wide, are powered by approximately 750 volt electrical motors, which draw electrical energy from electrical distribution equipment attached to their guide way rails. Electrical power consumption is largely determined by the design of the respective electrical systems of specific monorail vehicles and the overall weight or mass of the trains. Other determinants of power demand and consumption are based on operational performance demands including acceleration, operating speeds and frequency of service.
Although most existing monorail systems are much more energy efficient than any other mass transit technology, further improvements have been developed. Most monorail manufacturers also manufacture buses and rail vehicles. Rail vehicles in particular are the results of many years of evolution of heavier systems. “Light Rail” vehicles are even heavier than subway vehicles and “Heavy Rail” vehicles. This is a result of the fact that “light rail” vehicles are literally designed for greater impact protection because they cross or share their routes with automobiles, freight trucks, and freight rail traffic.
Although monorails are normally elevated, and operate completely independently of other forms of transport vehicles, many models and configurations of monorail vehicles are substantially heavier than more recently designed monorail vehicles and systems. While all monorails are more efficient, and use much less energy than all other forms of mass transit, new developments in monorail vehicle technology greatly improve this advantage. For example, one monorail system manufacturer discloses in their public brochure that their energy use is less than ten percent of the energy use (measured in fuel costs) of a light rail system. However, the truly innovative leap in monorail efficiency and energy independence has been achieved through the development and implementation of monorail vehicles that generate all of the electrical power required for full operation on board the vehicles. This state of complete independence from electrical distribution facilities, electrical distribution grids and power generation plants should begin to set the performance standards for the monorail industry as it moves away from the steel-wheeled, steel rail models and traditions of the American rail industry.
Most recently developed monorail vehicles are constructed of advanced materials including carbon fiber and composites, providing greater strength and durability for the vehicles at much lighter weights, and much less massive infrastructure and smaller surface footprint; which in turn conserves resources, energy and cost at every stage of the manufacture, construction, operation and maintenance of monorail systems. Monorail technology’s comprehensive energy efficiency allows significant use of alternative energy sources, application of breakthrough developments in compact fuel cells, solar power and regenerative-braking that enhance the efficiency and independence of monorail systems and operations.
Why can’t monorail technology be used to power generators and generate more power than what the actual monorail would use or would that just be counterproductive to the economy?
While monorail technology has been advanced to where monorail vehicles and systems are now capable of generating all electrical power required for full operation of vehicles and systems on board the vehicles completely independent of electrical grids and distribution systems, there is at this time no practical means of generating power to supplement electrical distribution system or grids.
Some research and development in this area could advance monorail technology to the point where excess power, the power beyond what is needed for monorail operation, could be fed into local power grids.
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Really energetic particles should hit Earth only very rarely. After all, the number of cosmic rays pelting Earth decreases steadily as the energy of the rays increases. Above a specific energy, the rate ought to drop even faster. For example, if the rays consist mainly of protons, then at such tremendous energies they ought to break into other subatomic particles when they collide with photons in the afterglow of the big bang, the cosmic microwave background. That effect is known as the GZK cutoff and it should limit the energy of cosmic rays to about 1018 electron volts, a million times the energy achieved with particle accelerators. But from 1990 to 2004, physicists working with the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array (AGASA) west of Tokyo spotted roughly a dozen particles with energies 100 times higher (Science, 14 August 1998, p. 891). That excess puzzled physicists, both because they could not explain how the rays got past the GZK cutoff or how they could gain so much energy in the first place.
The latest results came from the Auger Observatory project, which I'm involved with indirectly via the AirFly collaboration.
Now, a new gigantic cosmic ray detector that employs both techniques has settled the issue. The almost-completed Pierre Auger Observatory on the plains of the Pampa Amarilla in western Argentina comprises more than 1200 ground detectors and 24 telescopes and covers an area of 300 square kilometers (Science, 21 June 2002, p. 2134). And the array has already collected enough data to rule out an excess in cosmic rays above 10^20 eV. "If the AGASA had been correct, then we should have seen 30 events [at or above 10^20 eV], and we see two," says Alan Watson, a physicist from the University of Leeds, U.K., and spokesperson for the Auger collaboration. The team will present its results here this week at the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference.
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Elementary Students Speak, Read & Sing In Mandarin Chinese
BALTIMORE (WJZ)–It was the field trip of a lifetime for some Northeast Baltimore elementary school students.
Kai Jackson reports that they traveled to Washington to perform for the president of China, and Chinese visitors quickly learned these students were speaking their language.
They speak, sing, read and write Chinese.
“I love taking Chinese. It’s a way to learn their culture and learn new stuff,” said Cosette Young, 7.
They’re students at Baltimore International Academy, a school dedicated to fully immersing students in foreign language.
The languages the school offers are “Russian, Mandarin Chinese, Spanish and French,” said Grace Yador, school principal.
Students in the Chinese program were invited to see the president of China, Hu Jintao, who’s visiting the United States to foster relations between the countries. President Jintao wasn’t in attendance, but to students, it didn’t matter.
“I think it’s important because you know a lot about Chinese and you get to know great things about Chinese culture,” said Anaiah Solomon, 9.
“I think it meant a lot to them. First of all, they think ‘OK, I can speak Chinese,’ and also, ‘I can apply what I am learned’ to their real life,” said Ketin Xiao, Chinese teacher.
“We are training our students not only to be bilingual, but bi-literate,” Yador said. “So, we expect them to be literate in English—their first language—and literate in their target language, which in this case happens to be Chinese.”
Many of the teachers in the immersion programs are recruited from the countries where the language is spoken.
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| 0.967083 | 398 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Simple shape-naming game for the IWB
Posts by :
Use 3-d shape nets to create little Angry Birds models
I put a photo of the Mona Lisa on PowerPoint, placed a grid over it, gave each square a number and projected it on the board. The children were each given a square of paper with a number. This is the finished product.
Prionta sa timpeallacht – an aimsir
Blank map of Ireland (to be photocopied and enlarged/ drawn onto green paper), directions flashcards and symbols to be stuck on with blu tack. The children can then use this to present a réamhaisnéis na haimsire.
A rubric for self-assessing a letter written from the Titanic. There’s a slight mistake on this. The total at the bottom should read ” /18″
This is a self-assessment and peer-assessment sheet for children to assess one another’s reading. There is also a “WILF (What I am Looking For) sheet outlining the assessment criteria:
2.Taking my time
3.Pausing at commas
4.Stopping at full stops
Nice idea for a human rights display
This can be used for assessing tonnes of subjects e.g. SESE (two things I learned, one question I still have), art (two things I did well, one thing I wish I did differently), English (two good things about my piece of writing, one thing I could improve on)
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For the first time in U.S. history, whites of European ancestry account for less than half of newborn children, marking a demographic tipping point that is already changing the nation's politics, economy and workforce.
Among the roughly four million children born in the U.S. between July 2010 and July 2011, 50.4% belonged to a racial or ethnic group that in previous generations would have classified them as minorities, up from 48.6% in the same period two years earlier, the Census Bureau said Thursday. That was the first 12-month stretch in which non-Hispanic white children accounted for less than half the country's births.
A Sizeable Minority
The percentage of Americans who are white (non-Hispanic) continues a steady decrease, especially among the youngest generation. See county-by-county data from across the U.S.
The 2008 election of Barack Obama as America's first black president was in some ways emblematic of the nation's changing face. But as the population evolves toward a more-varied mix that includes fast-growing Asian and Hispanic populations, the black/white divide that characterized the civil-rights movement has itself become a relic.
William H. Frey, a demographer at the Brookings Institution, says African-Americans are the largest minority among adults over 50. But for anyone younger—including the newborns forming America's first "majority minority" generation—Hispanics are the second-largest population group after whites of European descent.
"It's a major turning point for American society," he said. "We're moving from a largely white and black population to one which is much more diverse and is a big contrast from what most baby boomers grew up with."
Thursday's census data also show that immigration isn't the main driving force behind America's growing diversity. In fact, the shift has as much to do with the aging white population as the growth in other groups. The total number of births declined between July 2010 and July 2011, compared with the same period two years earlier. But among all ethnic groups, non-Hispanic whites saw births decline just over 10%, more than any other group.
Overall, the white population is barely above the point where births exceed deaths. Last year 1,025 non-Hispanic white children were born for every 1,000 who died, compared with a ratio of 3,940 births to 1,000 deaths for all other ethnic groups, according to Kenneth Johnson, senior demographer at the University of New Hampshire's Carsey Institute.
Data for 2010 show Hispanic women give birth to 2.4 babies on average, compared with 1.8 babies for non-Hispanic whites, according to the Pew Hispanic Center. But the rapid growth of the Hispanic population isn't just due to higher birthrates: Minority women also are younger on average, so more of them are in childbearing years.
The growing diversity has spurred debate—and concerns about issues such as immigration and affirmative action in education. For the economy, the rapidly growing nonwhite population gives America a significant workforce advantage over other developed countries. In Japan and parts of Europe, the total population is shrinking as deaths outnumber births. The U.S. is on track to avoid that fate thanks to a higher birthrate as well as immigration.
Few places illustrate this better than America's heartland, where many rural areas are locked in a cycle of "natural decrease," which happens when more people die than are born. But in pockets of Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska, Hispanics are reviving small towns that would otherwise be in decline.
In Nebraska, the Latino population jumped 77% between 2000 and 2010, when the state's population overall grew 7%. In 1990, 11.5% of the population under the age of 5 consisted of minorities. In the '90s, most of the growth in the Hispanic population was due to in-migration, but today births are the driving force, said David Drozd, research coordinator at the Center for Public Affairs Research at the University of Nebraska in Omaha. In-migration refers to people moving into a place from other countries and states, rather than people born to those already there.
Schuyler, Neb., a rural town of 6,211 settled by Irish and German immigrants, is now 65% Hispanic, up from 41% in 2000 and just 4% in 1990. Many Hispanics work at the local meatpacking plant, the largest employer. Others run mom-and-popshops or restaurants on downtown's B Street, where storefronts had stood vacant for years. On a recent spring day, mothers pushing strollers were ubiquitous, said city administrator Mary Peschel, whose office faces the street.
Not far from Schuyler, at Columbus Community Hospital, between half and 60% of the babies born in the past two years were Hispanic, according to head nurse Diane Ward. "Twenty years ago, a Hispanic baby was rare. Now it's the norm," she said. The hospital has interpreters around the clock, Ms. Ward said, but demand has eased as more Mexican and Guatemalan immigrants learn English.
The school district has grown 1,800 students from 1,300 in the last decade, largely because of the Hispanic influx. About 90% of the students in the building that houses kindergarten to third graders are Hispanic, said Superintendent Robin Stevens, and six of every 10 students in Schuyler's public high school are Hispanic.
Before November's balloting, county officials have hired a Spanish-speaking election coordinator and recruited Spanish-speaking poll workers for precincts with large Latino populations.
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CC-MAIN-2014-10
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http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303879604577408363003351818?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303879604577408363003351818.html
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en
| 0.965934 | 1,137 | 3.015625 | 3 |
We aim to understand the process of wood formation in angiosperm and gymnosperm tree species by modelling the regulatory networks orchestrating the differentiation of stem cells into woody tissues.
Forests are the world’s largest terrestrial carbon sink with trees representing a sustainable and renewable source of ligno-cellulose raw material for traditional and future industries. Despite the vital importance of forests to life on earth, and their vast future potential, we still cannot answer the most fundamental question: What makes a tree a tree?
The tree form evolved independently in several classes of plants during the past 400 million years, but it is unclear to what degree wood in extant tree species is homologous, especially between the gymnosperm and angiosperm lineages that are separated by over 200 million years of evolution. What is clear, however, is that most genes that are known to be essential for wood formation also exist in non-tree species. It is therefore the unique regulation, rather than the presence of unique genes, that distinguish trees from non-trees.
High-throughput sequencing has facilitated a golden age for cross-species comparisons of different genomic features. Comparative studies have dramatically increased our understanding of the evolutionary history and architecture of plant genomes, and revealed a remarkable difference in genome size and composition. Despite the vast range in genome size, gene content varies comparatively little, and we now recognize that differential gene regulation is one of the most important determinants of the variation between species. This aspect of evolution remains relatively unexplored, especially for trees.
We aim to understand the process of wood formation in angiosperm and gymnosperm tree species by modelling the regulatory networks orchestrating the differentiation of stem cells into woody tissues. We are integrating multi-omics data to infer regulatory networks for each species and comparing these networks across species to identify regulatory mechanisms explaining the evolution of trees. In addition, we will test experimentally some of the predicted regulatory mechanisms.ApproachesTo study the evolution of gene regulation in trees, we will align regulatory networks from three gymnosperm (conifers) and three angiosperm tree species. While each regulatory network will describe co-regulation within a species, their multiple alignment will reveal conserved and diverged regulation across species. We will then study various network properties including individual genes, simple topologies containing several genes (i.e. network motifs), subnetworks (i.e. gene modules), and regulatory mechanisms (i.e. one or more regulators targeting a cis-regulatory module (CRM) of co-expressed genes). Network properties that align across all or most species are conserved and will reveal core regulatory mechanisms underlying wood formation, while those aligning in only subsets of species have diverged and can be used to explain the evolution of plant diversity. In this project, we are particularly interested in properties with high conservation within gymnosperms and angiosperm trees, but that differ between gymnosperms and angiosperms, since these can explain differences between the two tree lineages. We are also interested in properties conserved across all trees, but that are different in non-tree species such as arabidopsis, since these can answer the question: What makes a tree a tree?
Funding SourcesThe EVOTREE project is funded by the Research Council of Norway's FRIPRO program.
PartnersOur partners are located at Ghent University, Belgium, and Umeå University, Sweden.
Collaborators: Nathaniel Street (Umeå University)Klaas Vandepoele (VIB/Ghent University)Totte Niittylä (Umeå University) Hannele Tuominen (Umeå University)
Research Council of Norway (FRIPRO)
Click above to findspecific contact info.
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https://www.nmbu.no/en/projects/node/39043
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en
| 0.919502 | 781 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Siemens presents fascinating material from ultrasound technology at the Expo in Japan
Bats use acoustic signals for their orientation and hunting. Human beings have learned quite a bit from bats. For example, the use of acoustic signals above the audible range of human beings that detect diseases and can be implemented for healthcare. Completely in tune with the motto for Expo 2005 "The Wisdom of Nature", ultrasound technology has learned from nature. For years now, ultrasound uses sound waves for the purpose of medical diagnostics. Siemens shows a fascinating simulation at the German Pavilion at the World Exhibition in Aichi/Japan. The keyword: Bionics, the teachings of using natural principles for technical applications.
While the sonic waves of bats move in a frequency range between 40 to 80 kilohertz (kHz), ultrasound systems used in medicine work with considerably higher frequencies in the megahertz range. The results are higher image resolution and consequently higher image quality enabling physicians to reach solid medical diagnoses. Modern ultrasound diagnostics are able to display inner organs in four dimensions - that is, in real time. As a non-invasive and patient-sparing examination method it is suitable for a wide range of clinical applications, especially in the area of prenatal care.
Between March 25 and September 25, Siemens Medical Solutions will be presenting Expo visitors a film discussing the principles of ultrasound technology. An ultrasound system (Sonoline Antares) will be at the site as well. At the push of a button, the system will be simulating the results of an ultrasound examination at a separate test configuration. Following the principle of orientation used by bats, the visitor will be able to observe the generation of an ultrasound image.
Background information: ultrasound diagnostics in medicine
Ultrasound waves are acoustic waves from a frequency range not audible to the human ear. Ultrasound diagnostics (also known as sonography) use the fact that high-frequency sound waves are partially reflected at tissue boundaries of various densities. The echoes separated in time are received during transmit pauses by the same crystals of the transducers and processed into brilliant images with special signal and high-performance processors. The frame rate is so high that even rapidly moving organs such as the heart can be displayed in real time. Echocardiography (ultrasound examination of the heart) uses frequencies from 1 to 15 megahertz (MHz). From the first use of ultrasound technology for medicine in 1926 up to viewing the heart with an ultrasound transducer in the year 2001, Siemens was involved in the research and development of this technology.
Ultrasound examinations spare the patient during various clinical scenarios. In addition to examining the fetus during pregnancy, the method is used for organ, soft tissue and vessel diagnostics. Another application is the acquisition of lymph nodes. Siemens is one of the largest international providers of ultrasound systems in medicine.
Further information about the Expo 2005 can be found under: http://www.expo2005-germany.com/enter.html
Siemens Medical Solutions
is one of the world's largest suppliers to the healthcare industry.The company is known for bringing together innovative medical technologies, healthcare information systems, management consulting, and support services, to help customers achieve tangible, sustainable, clinical and financial outcomes. From imaging systems for diagnosis, to therapy equipment for treatment, to patient monitors to hearing instruments and beyond, Siemens innovations contribute to the health and well-being of people across the globe, while improving operational efficiencies and optimizing workflow in hospitals, clinics, home health agencies, and doctors' offices. Employing approximately 31,000 people worldwide and operating in more than 120 countries, Siemens Medical Solutions reported sales of 7.07 billion EUR, orders of 8.12 billion EUR and group profit of 1.05 billion EUR for fiscal 2004.
Further information can be found under: www.siemens.com/medical
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https://www.medica-tradefair.com/cgi-bin/md_medica/lib/pub/tt.cgi/Bats_as_Role_Models.html?oid=15327&lang=2&ticket=g_u_e_s_t
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en
| 0.913787 | 790 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Creating FEM analyses
FEM stands for Finite Element Method. It is a vast mathematical subject, but in FreeCAD we can resume it as a way to calculate propagations inside a 3D object, by cutting it into small pieces, and analyzing the impact of each small piece over its neighbours. This has several uses in the engineering and electomagnetism fields, but we will look here more in depth at one use that is already well developed in FreeCAD, which is simulating deformations in objects which are submitted to forces and weights.
Obtaining such simulation is done in FreeCAD with the FEM Workbench. It involves different steps: Preparing the geometry, setting its material, performing the meshing (division into smaller parts, like we did in the Preparing objects for 3D printing chapter, and finally calculating the simulation.
The simulation itself is done by another piece of software, that is used by FreeCAD to obtain the results. As there are several interesting open-source FEM simulation applications available, the FEM Workbench has been made to be able to use more than one. However, currently only CalculiX is fully implemented. Another piece of software, called NetGen, which is responsible for generating the subdivision mesh, is also required. Detailed instructions to install these two components are provided in the FreeCAD documentation.
Preparing the geometry
We will start with the house we modelled in the BIM modeling chapter. However, some changes have to be made to make the model suitable for FEM calculations. This involves, basically, discarding the objects that we don't want to include in the calculaiton, such as the door and window, and joining all the remaining objects into one.
- Load the house model we modeled earlier
- Delete or hide the page object, the section planes and the dimensions, so we stay only with our model
- Hide the window, the door and the ground slab
- Also hide the metal beams from the roof. Since they are very different objects from the rest of the house, we will simplify our calculation by not including it. Instead, we will consider that the roof slab is directly placed on top of the wall.
- Now move the roof slab down so it rests on top of the wall: Edit the Rectangle object that we used as a base of the roof slab, and change it's Placement->Position->X value from 3.18m to 3.00m
- Our model is now clean:
- The FEM Workbench can currently calculate deformations on one single object only. Therefore, we need to join our two objects (the wall and the slab). Switch to the Part Workbench, select the two objects, and press the Fuse. We now have obtained one fused object:
Creating the analysis
- We are now ready to start a FEM analysis. Let's switch to the FEM Workbench
- Select the fusion object
- Press the New Analysis button
- A new analysis will be created and a settings panels opened. Here you can define the meshing parameters to be used to produce the FEM mesh. The main setting to edit is the Max Size which defines the maximum size (in millimeters) of each piece of the mesh. For now, we can leave the default value of 1000:
- After pressing OK and a few seconds of calculaiton, our FEM mesh is now ready:
- We can now define the material to be applied to our mesh. This is important because depending on the material strength, our object will react differently to forces applied to it. Select the analysis object, and press the New Material button.
- A task panel will open to allow us to choose a material. In the Material drop-down list, choose the Concrete-generic material, and press OK.
- We are now ready to apply forces. Let's start by specifying which faces are fixed into the ground and can therefore not move. Press the Fixed Constraint button.
- Click on the bottom face of our building and press OK. The bottom face is now indicated as unmovable:
- We will now add a load on the top face, that could represente, for example, a massive weight being spread on the roof. For this we will use a pressure constraint. Press the Pressure Constraint button.
- Click the top face of the roof, set the pressure to 10MPa (the pressure is applied by square millimeter) and click the OK button. Our force is now applied:
- We are now ready to start the calculation. Select the CalculiX object in the tree view, and press the Start Calculation button.
- In the task panel that will open, click first the Write .inp file button to create the input file for CalculiX, then the Run CalculiX button. A few moments later, the calculation will be done:
- We can now look at the results. Close the task panel, and see that a new Results object has been added to our analysis.
- Double-click the Results object
- Set the type of result that you want to see on the mesh, for example "absolute displacement", tick the show checkbox under Displacement, and move the slider next to it. You will be able to see the deformation growing as you apply more force:
The results displayed by the FEM workbench are of course currently not enough to perform real-life decisions about structures dimensionning and materials. However, they can already give precious information about how the forces flow through a structure, and which are the weak areas that will bear the more stress.
- The file created during this exercise: https://github.com/yorikvanhavre/FreeCAD-manual/blob/master/files/fem.FCStd
- The FEM Workbench: http://www.freecadweb.org/wiki/index.php?title=Fem_Workbench
- Installing required FEM components: http://www.freecadweb.org/wiki/index.php?title=FEM_Install
- CalculiX: http://www.calculix.de/
- NetGen: https://sourceforge.net/projects/netgen-mesher/
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<urn:uuid:03d9440e-376b-4a59-b68e-8ed19f56c89e>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://yorikvanhavre.gitbooks.io/a-freecad-manual/content/working_with_freecad/creating_fem_analyses.html
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en
| 0.917153 | 1,310 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Textiles have an assortment of uses, the most common of which are for clothing. Textiles are used in many traditional crafts such as sewing, quilting and embroidery.
Textiles are made from many materials, with four main sources: animal (wool, silk), plant (cotton, flax, jute), mineral (asbestos, glass fiber), and synthetic (nylon, polyester, acrylic). Learn more about textile fibers.
Read Textile Industry News:
Textile News (on the Fashion Blog)
The following may be helpful reading for before you read textile industry news articles. Some of the basics may help your reading comprehension.
What are textiles?
The related words "fabric" and "cloth" are often used in textile assembly trades (such as tailoring and dressmaking) as synonyms for textile. However, there are subtle differences in these terms in specialized usage.
A textile is any material made of interlacing fibers, including carpeting and geotextiles. The word 'textile' is from Latin, from the adjective textilis, meaning 'woven', from textus, the past participle of the verb texere, 'to weave'.
A fabric is a material made through weaving, knitting, spreading, crocheting, or bonding that may be used in production of further goods (garments, etc.). The word 'fabric' also derives from Latin, most recently from the Middle French fabrique, or 'building, thing made', and earlier as the Latin fabrica 'workshop; an art, trade; a skilful production, structure, fabric', which is from the Latin faber, or 'artisan who works in hard materials', from PIE dhabh-, meaning 'to fit together'.
Cloth may be used synonymously with fabric but is often a piece of fabric that has been processed. The word 'cloth' derives from the Old English clað, meaning a cloth, woven or felted material to wrap around one, from Proto-Germanic kalithaz (compare O.Frisian 'klath', Middle Dutch 'cleet', Dutch 'kleed', Middle High German 'kleit', and German 'kleid', all meaning "garment").
Textile manufacturing is a major industry. It is based on the conversion of fiber into yarn, yarn into fabric.
Textiles are made in various strengths and degrees of durability, from the finest microfibre made of strands thinner than one denier to the sturdiest canvas. Textile manufacturing terminology has a wealth of descriptive terms, from light gauze-like gossamer to heavy grosgrain cloth and beyond.
Textile design is the art of manipulating the appearance of fabrics and other materials through traditional, stylized, digital and illusory techniques to make a product fashionable. Techniques for textile design include weaving, knitting, embroidery, lacing, beading and embossing.
There are currently at least six forms of textile production. They include weaving, knitting, and braiding. Felting, bonding, and spread tow are other types.
Weaving is a textile production method which involves interlacing a set of longer threads (called the warp) with a set of crossing threads (called the weft). This is done on a frame or machine known as a loom, of which there are a number of types. Some weaving is still done by hand, but the vast majority is mechanized.
Knitting, looping, and crocheting involve interlacing loops of yarn, which are formed either on a knitting needle, needle, or on a crochet hook, together in a line. The processes are different in that knitting has several active loops at one time, on the knitting needle waiting to interlock with another loop, while Looping and crocheting never have more than one active loop on the needle. Knitting can be performed by machine, but crochet can only be performed by hand.
Spread Tow is a production method where the yarn are spread into thin tapes, and then the tapes are woven as warp and weft. This method is mostly used for composite materials; spread tow fabrics can be made in carbon, aramide, etc.
If you are interested in learning more about fabrics, you may want to check the following pages after you visit the above websites to read textile industry news.
You may want to also visit our fashion industry news section.
Return to the top of this textile industry news page.
A textile is a flexible material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibes. yarn is produced by spinning raw fibers of wool, flax, cotton, hemp, or other materials to produce long strands. Textiles can be formed by weaving, knitting, crocheting, knotting, felting, or braiding.
Thank you for using the Apparel Search website.
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https://www.apparelsearch.com/textile_industry_news.html
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| 0.943266 | 1,014 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Subdivision for Modeling and Animation
Course notes (30MB PDF).
|This course provides an
introduction to Subdivision, a technique to generate smooth
curves and surfaces, which extends classical spline modeling
approaches. The course will cover the basic ideas of subdivision
as well as the particulars of a number of different subdivision
algorithms; we will present the most recent contributions to the
area in a form accessible to a wide audience. The emphasis will
be on practical issues in using subdivision for geometric
modeling and animation.
| Denis Zorin
Media Research Laboratory
715 Broadway, Rm 1201
New York University
New York, NY 10003
Caltech Multi-Res Modeling Group
Computer Science Dept. 256-80
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, CA 91125
| Tony DeRose
Studio Tools Group
Pixar Animation Studios
1001 West Cutting Blvd.
Richmond, CA 94804
| Leif Kobbelt|
Computer Graphics Group
Max-Planck-Institute for Computer Sciences
66123 Saarbr ücken, Germany
| Adi Levin
School of Mathematics
69978 Tel-Aviv Israel
Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies
600 Moutain Avenue
Murray Hill, NJ 07974
Subdivision is an
algorithmic technique to generate smooth surfaces as a sequence
of successively refined polyhedral meshes. Its origins go back to
1978 when Catmull and Clark, and Doo and Sabin first proposed to
generalize spline-patch methods to meshes of arbitrary topology.
Subdivision algorithms are exceptionally simple, work for
arbitrary control meshes and produce globally smooth surfaces.
Special choices of subdivision rules allow for the introduction
of features into a surface in a simple way. Subdivision-based
representations of complex geometry can be manipulated and
rendered very efficiently, which makes subdivision a highly
suitable tool for interactive animation and modeling
This course will cover the basic ideas of
subdivision and a variety of different subdivision schemes
detailing their properties, suitability for particular
applications, and compare their relative merits. Strong emphasis
will be placed on practical issues. At the end of the course
participants will be well prepared to implement the basic
techniques as well as delve into the research literature on the
|The course will be self
contained and does not assume prior knowledge of subdivision.
Prior exposure to parametric representations of curves and
surfaces and associated algorithms is required. Beyond that only
basic linear algebra and introductory calculus are required.
Topics Beyond the Prerequisites
|The course will teach the
basic ideas of subdivision for curves and surfaces. We will
explain a number of different subdivision methods for surfaces
and briefly discuss the theoretical results (without proofs)
useful in practice. The course will cover a variety of
subdivision-based algorithms for modeling and animation,
including adaptive evaluation, level-of-detail rendering and
manipulation. A number of specific applications will be
The morning section will focus on the foundations of subdivision,
starting with subdivision curves and moving on to
surfaces. We will review and compare a number of different schemes
and discuss the relation between subdivision and splines. The
emphasis will be on properties of subdivision most relevant for
- Introduction and overview (Schröder); 15 min.
- Course outline and schedule
- High-level introduction to the basic ideas of subdivision
- Quick overview of application examples
Foundations I: Basic Ideas (Schröder) 60 min
- Constructing smooth curves through subdivision; 10 min.
examples: b-spline knot insertion and interpolating subdivision
- Subdivision for surfaces; 10 min.
an example of a subdivision scheme: Loop
- Properties of subdivision schemes: smoothness, locality,
hierarchical structure; 10 min.
- How splines are related to subdivision; 10 min.
- Advantages of subdivision: arbitrary topology, efficiency,
controllable surface features such as creases and cusps; 10 min.
- Questions and answers; 10 min.
- Foundations II: Subdivision Schemes for
Surfaces (Zorin), 90 min.
- Overview of subdivision for surfaces, 15 min.
- Subdivision matrices for surface schemes; computing tangents and
limit positions 15 min.
- Subdivision rules for special surface features; boundaries
and creases; 10 min.
- Classic schemes, their definition, basic properties and comparison, 25 min.
- Explicit Evaluation of subdivision surfaces. 15 min.
- Questions and answers; 10 min.
The afternoon session will focus on applications of subdivision and
the algorithmic issues practitioners need to address to build
efficient, well behaving systems for modeling and animation with
subdivision surfaces. Each presentation will be 30 min. long, with
10 min. allocated for questions and discussion.
Applications and Algorithms:
Implementing Subdivision and Multiresolution Surfaces,
Subdivision can model smooth surfaces, but in many
applications one is interested in surfaces which carry
details at many levels of resolution. Multiresolution mesh
editing extends subdivision by including detail offsets at
every level of subdivision, unifying patch based editing
with the flexibility of high resolution polyhedral
meshes. In this part, we will focus on implementation
concerns common for subdivision and multiresolution
surfaces based on subdivision. (Zorin)
- Combined Subdivision Schemes, 40 min.
The speaker will present a class of subdivision schemes
called "Combined Subdivision Schemes". These are subdivision schemes
whose limit surfaces can satisfy prescribed boundary conditions.
Every combined subdivision
scheme consists of an ordinary subdivision scheme that operates in
the interior of the mesh, and special rules that operate near tagged
edges of the mesh and take into consideration the given boundary
The limit surfaces are smooth and they satisfy the boundary conditions.
The speaker will present examples of combined subdivision schemes, and
discuss their applications. (Levin)
- Parameterization, remeshing, and compression using subdivision, 40 min.
Subdivision methods typically use a simple mesh refinement
procedure such as triangle or square quadrisection. Iterating this
refinement step starting starting from a coarse arbitrary connectivity
control mesh generates so-called semi-regular meshes.
However meshes coming from scanning devices are fully
irregular and do not have semi-regular connectivity. In order to use
multiresolution and subdivision based algorithms for such meshes they
first need to be remeshed onto semi-regular connectivity. In this talk
we show how to use mesh simplification to build a smooth
parameterization of dense irregular connectivity meshes and to convert
them to semi-regular connectivity. Our method supports both
fully automatic operation as well as and user defined point and edge
constraints. We also show how semi-regular meshes
can be compressed using a wavelet and zero-tree based
- A Variational Approach to Subdivision, 40 min.
Surfaces generated using subdivision have certain orders
of continuity. However, it is well known from geometric
modeling that high quality surfaces often require
additional optimization (fairing). In the variational
approach to subdivision, refined meshes are not prescribed
by static rules, but are chosen so as to minimize some
energy functional. The approach combines the advantages of
subdivision (arbitrary topology) with those of variational
design (high quality surfaces). This section will describe
the theory of variational subdivision and highly efficient
algorithms to construct fair surfaces. (Kobbelt)
- Subdivision Surfaces in the Making of Geri's Game, A
Bug's Life, and Toy Story 2, 40 min. Geri's Game is a 3.5 minute
computer animated film that Pixar completed in 1997. The film marks
the first time that Pixar has used subdivision surfaces in a
production. In fact, subdivision surfaces were used to model virtually
everything that moves. Subdivision surfaces went on to play a major
role the feature films 'A Bug's Life' and 'Toy Story 2' from
Disney/Pixar. This section will describe what led Pixar to use
subdivision surfaces, discuss several issues that were encountered
along the way, and present several of the solutions that were
- Summary and Wrapup: (all speakers)
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http://www.mrl.nyu.edu/publications/subdiv-course2000/
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en
| 0.821391 | 1,781 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Stroke is a medical emergency. Every second counts, because time lost is brain lost! Know these stroke warning signs and teach them to others.
- Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg, especially on one side of the body.
- Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding.
- sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes.
- Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination.
- Sudden, severe headache with no known cause.
If you or someone with you has one or more of these signs, don't delay! Immediately call 911 so an ambulance - ideally one with advanced life support - can be sent for you. also, check the time so you'll know when the first symptoms appeared. It's very important to take immediate action. If given within three hours of the start of symptoms, a clot-busting drug can reduce long-term disability for the most common type of stroke.
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http://www.lincolncountynv.org/health/stroke.html
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en
| 0.926402 | 198 | 3.25 | 3 |
Verticillium wilt may be killing apricot treeQ: I live in east Texas. I planted an apricot tree this year, and it was thriving but now is losing leaves one branch at a time. The first leaves to fall off are those closest to the trunk. Within a week, the branch is bare. This has been going on for two months. I do not see any bugs, damaged leaves or sap.
By: Don Kinzler, INFORUM
Q: I live in east Texas. I planted an apricot tree this year, and it was thriving but now is losing leaves one branch at a time. The first leaves to fall off are those closest to the trunk. Within a week, the branch is bare. This has been going on for two months. I do not see any bugs, damaged leaves or sap.
Sometimes the leaves turn yellow before they fall. I found an article about a disease called black heart that kills apricot trees. It said the disease is caused by planting the tree too close to tomato plants. At one time, I did have tomatoes growing about 5 feet from where I planted the tree.
I called my local nursery and was told they had never heard of black heart and that my tree was suffering from heat stress. When this started, it wasn’t hot, and I don’t understand how heat stress would target one limb at a time. Advice would be helpful. (e-mail reference)
A: Unfortunately, you were given the brush-off by the nursery. This might be verticillium wilt that is killing your tree. However, you need to have it checked by a local horticulturist with the Texas Extension Service. To find a horticulturist, go to http://county-tx.tamu.edu.
Q: My wife and I purchased a ficus tree a couple of weeks ago. We keep it inside, and it looks healthy. However, we have been losing a lot of leaves recently. We are using regular tap water to water the tree every couple of days. Any advice to help make the tree healthy? (e-mail reference)
A: I have answered probably more than 100 questions of this sort on ficus trees.
Go to www.ext.nodak.edu/extnews/hortiscope/tree/ficus.htm for information. If you have more questions, get back to me and I’ll try my best to help you.
Q: Yesterday, I stopped at a feed store to pick up grass seed. In passing, I mentioned that it’s still too warm to plant grass seed, but I’ll spray for weeds. The gentlemen who sold me the seed said it’s also too hot for spraying.
He said you shouldn’t be spraying weeds when it’s over 80 degrees. The temperature was about 95 degrees at the time. What are your thoughts on this subject? (e-mail reference)
A: The man speaks the truth. In 90-plus heat, the weeds shut down, so any weed-killing applications won’t work very well and may cause extensive damage to surrounding plant material. Wait until the first week of September to do the weed killing and seed sowing.
Q: We have a large garden with about 50 tomato plants. Ten or more plants appear to have bacterial speck because there are many dark spots on the green tomatoes.
Are the tomatoes safe for canning if I blanch and remove the skins? (Spiritwood Lake, N.D.)
A: That’s a lot of tomatoes! Yes, you can consume and can the tomatoes because the damage is superficial. Go to www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/
hortcrop/pp736w.htm for more information.
Q: Fist-sized brown spots began appearing around my garden last summer and started increasing in size this summer. Is this dollar spot and what are your recommendations for getting rid of the problem?
From the articles I have read, a lack of nitrogen and improper watering practices are the culprits. However, my brother has a new lawn with a sprinkler system and also is being hit hard with the same problem. He takes excellent care of his yard. What product should we be using? I read your column each week and enjoy it. (Carrington, N.D.)
A: Dollar spot, necrotic ring spot and many other patch diseases of summer can be controlled using good cultural practices. Use a balanced fertilizer program and proper watering techniques and scheduling. Select disease-resistant cultivars of turfgrass to match the maintenance regime intended. Core aerate for three consecutive growing seasons, then follow with a power raking and overseeding. This is best done in the spring after three mowings or at the end of August or beginning of September.
This practice will integrate soil microbes into the turfgrass canopy and crown, improve aeration and make the grass less vulnerable as a host for summer patch diseases. If you deem it necessary to employ chemicals for control, consider using fungicides that contain chlorothalonil or thiophanate-methyl, such as Cavalier or FugoFlo. Both are broad-spectrum chemicals that will control dollar spot and other summer patch diseases.
The most frequent practice in turfgrass care is mowing. Mow high (3 or more inches) and, when a disease is evident, collect the clippings to remove the spread of inoculum throughout the turfgrass environment. Mowing going into the evening hours also will be less stressful on the turfgrass. Short of giving you a complete course in turfgrass management, you now have the essence of good turf care. Thanks for being a loyal reader.
Q: When is the best time to prune black knot fungus? (e-mail reference)
A: When the fungus is not active, which would be in the early spring (best) or fall after defoliation. Never do it during the summer.
Q: I have been reading on your website the questions and answers on crepe myrtles. We planted ours in 2008. The past two years the myrtles have not bloomed. We prune them in the spring. Each year, they look like they’re growing to the heavens but do not bloom. What can we do and what is wrong? (e-mail reference)
A: You probably are overpruning the myrtles. Go to the nearest Extension Service office in your state to get some local help.
Q: I live in central Maine. I enjoyed reading your advice on growing tomatoes. A market gardener friend up the road told me that he prevents early blight by using a preventative spray of hydrogen peroxide and water. He uses one part hydrogen peroxide to nine parts water to prevent the blight. If blight does show, he uses one part of hydrogen peroxide to seven parts water.
I garden organically, so I don’t want to use fungicides. I mix the solution in a spray bottle and apply it regularly, particularly after a rain. So far, only some of my plants have shown a slight tinge of early blight. This is far better than years before.
Have you heard of this method? If so, how effective is it? Is it also effective as a preventative for late blight? Last year, the entire state suffered from a pandemic of late tomato blight. Previously, my tomatoes have been afflicted with early blight, but never late blight. I have dealt with early blight by rotating planting sites, cutting affected leaves and watering carefully. Despite the early blight, I always got a good crop of ripe tomatoes.
This year, I went on the defensive by being determined to beat out early blight.
There is not too much one can do organically for late blight. I am uncomfortable with the idea of using copper spray because it does have levels of toxicity and requires special handling. In late May, I planted 20 tomato plants in a sunny spot. I’ve never planted tomatoes there before. I spaced the plants farther apart than usual. Each planting hole was mixed with cow manure, bone meal and some organic fertilizer. I tried something new this year by mulching the entire bed with wide rolls of dark landscape paper. The tomato seedlings were planted through little slits I made in the paper. They’re doing great!
I’m not sure if the reduced levels of early blight have more to do with the landscape paper and brand new site than using the hydrogen peroxide spray. I hope they’ll ripen by late August and that we get a late frost. I also hope we don’t get trounced by late blight.
I read that you recommend water-stressing tomatoes to get them to ripen faster. Can you explain that in more detail? How often do you water them and when? By the way, organic gardening is huge in Maine. Small farms are springing up all around the state. A lot of this surge is due to the presence of the Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners Association. (e-mail reference)
A: Thanks for the nice letter on your gardening techniques. Stop and think for a moment what you told me about hydrogen peroxide. The solution that is available over the counter is a 3 percent concentration. You will note that hydrogen peroxide is in a dark bottle and is recommended to be kept in a cool location.
This is because it is very unstable and reverts back to plain water after just a few hours of exposure. Your friend who is recommending the dilution rates is just using plain water. I’m too tired to do the math right now, but if it is diluted with seven to nine parts water, it seems to me that the actual amount of hydrogen peroxide in the mix would be minuscule.
Straight hydrogen peroxide at 3 percent will sanitize or sterilize surfaces and cuts on our skin. It also is used in some instances to sanitize the roots of transplants to temporarily assure that the root surfaces are free of diseases. Studies have been conducted to see what, if any, benefit the use of hydrogen peroxide would have on roses with black spot and powdery mildew. It failed in both instances.
Blights are limited on plants mostly through what you do, such as reducing dirt splash and plant spacing. You didn’t say if you trellised your tomatoes or allowed them to sprawl on the ground. Staking or trellising tomato plants will result in fewer disease problems and higher-quality tomatoes.
Any fruiting crop, such as grapes, raspberries, apples and sweet corn, will have a more intense flavor if slightly water-stressed. Tomatoes are no exception. Minor heat stresses and a little water deprivation result in more intense flavor and faster ripening. Watering should take place as the sun rises. How often is something I can’t answer. It depends on the soil and the meteorological factors that influence plant growth.
It is a judgment call that comes from experience. All the best to you.
To contact Ron Smith for answers to your questions, write to Ron Smith, NDSU Department of Plant Sciences, Dept. 7670, Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050 or e-mail email@example.com.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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en
| 0.952545 | 2,375 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Geese and other Wildlife hazing is a tedious and difficult process. Hazing is the process of disturbing the animals sense of security to such an extent that it decides to move on. The hazing/harassment must be continuous and concentrated. The goal of hazing is to humanely convine the animal to leave its home or food source by becoming the animals worst neighbor. It is a time consuming task that involes convincing the animal that you are more of a nuisance than the possibility of the animal losing its shelter or its food source. The hazing/harassment must continue daily for as long as necessary to ensure the animal understands that it is not wanted; this could potentially go on for weeks.
It is recommended that you always check federal, state, and local laws before beginning hazing/harassing of wildlife. Always check when the wildlife nuisance typical nesting season is and begin the hazing/harassment process before or after their nesting season. Hazing/harassment is not always a guarenteed way to rid your property of wildlife so it is advised that you consult with your local Wildlife Removal company before you being the process. Before starting a hazing/harassment program, you should make a round of your homes attic and foundation to ensure all other animal free portions of your property are sealed up so as not to allow other places for the animal to run to and create an even bigger problem.
Types of hazing/harassment
Using visuals such as shining lights into the animals shelter is the least effective way to haze an animal but it has been used. The animal may just venture into areas of its shelter that the light isnt shinging on.
Using noise to deter an animal is known to be somewhat effective. The noise will need to be blared all day long and could possibly need to be played for several weeks. Most Wildlife Removal companies suggest playing heavy metal music with subwoofers placed right outside the animals shelter. Be prepared to move the noise to a different part of the dwelling as the animal moves further away to escape the noise. This method can be problematic for your neighbors and may be illegal depending on noise ordinance laws in your county.
Flooding the animals shelter can be good for ground dwelling animals but could always lead to damage to your homes foundation by the water. This technique should never be used for animals that have invaded your attic or chimney.
Dogs have been known to provide protection for their owners against other animal predators. Most wildlife animals will run when they encounter a barking dog and will be scared to return. However, this technique can potentially put your dog in danger of being attacked by the animal and could possibly lead to your dog catching diseases from the animal.
Urine has been used throughout history to deter animals from damage to property and crops. If a farmer has a particular animal invading their crops, they will sometimes use the predators urine of the nuisance animal as a deterant. Studies have shown that the use of predator urine reduces the amount of damage to your property. Urine can be helpful in getting rid of unwanted critters but should always be handled like any other chemical since it could be potentially hazardous to humans.
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<urn:uuid:e3ad93fd-9b45-4721-912f-fa30ce9638b4>
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CC-MAIN-2020-16
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https://www.animalcontrolsolutions.com/animals/geese-removal-and-hazing.html
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en
| 0.956239 | 643 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Road traffic noise emissions depend on source strength and propagation factors. During night time and under certain topographical conditions special effects can occur both on the source side and regarding sound propagation. Up to now many of these factors cannot be accounted for and are thus ignored in calculations. As the night time period is relevant for legal consideration in many cases it would be important to lower the incorporated uncertainties.
Investigation and quantification of influence factors on road traffic noise emissions specific for night time periods: car fleet, vehicle speed, driving conditions, distribution on lanes and meteorological conditions. In addition the relevance of sound propagation in valleys will be characterized.
Development of an empirical model to estimate the significance of the influence factors in a quantitative manner and formulation of a simple method for practical applications.
Phase I: Definition of relevant measuring points
Evaluation of appropriate pilot-measuring points in the area of a high-performance road, the information about traffic volumes, speed, track allocation and possible information about meteorology could be provided.
Phase II: Metrological recordings
Receiving the acoustic noise pollution road with determination the data defined above. The aim is to establish a correlation between the above-identified factors and the acoustic emissions for each geometry. For the investigated geometries calculations are performed and demonstrated the differences. The results of the pilot measurements are intended to provide guidance for defining the main measurements.
Phase III: the main measurements
From Meteo statistics can be derived statements about the annual average importance. The specified data to be collected, evaluated accordingly and to consider the correlation with meteorological and other factors for each measuring point.
Phase IV: Evaluation
In parallel with the metrological studies computer simulations are carried out on the importance of factors. The calculations are carried out with analytical approaches and numerical theoretical models.
The outcome is an empirical model for practical application on how to handle the special effects of traffic noise emisions occurring during nights in order to improve accuracy of road traffic noise emission calculations.
Improving of transport street noise model with assessment of the transport noise during the night.
Assessment of the noise is an important base for the application of measures decreasing the negative impact of transport.
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<urn:uuid:c9272955-0b6e-4320-8528-9107c934d268>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://trimis.ec.europa.eu/project/prediction-road-traffic-noise-night-time-astra2008013obf
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en
| 0.905949 | 458 | 3.078125 | 3 |
All or parts of 29 counties are home to about 726,000 residents in an area bigger than most states east of the Mississippi River.
Politically, the 23rd is one of the most competitive districts in the country. It has changed hands every time since it was last redrawn in 2011. Pete Gallego, a Democrat, is trying to take the seat from Republican Will Hurd, who two years ago took the seat from Gallego. The Democrat says competitiveness is good in a political universe where everything seems so polarized.
In theory, the largely rural 23rd was drawn to favor a Latino candidate. About 70% of the residents are Hispanic.
But Gallego sees another reason he failed to win two years ago. "Really, the problem has been turnout and this perception that whoever wins doesn't matter." He says Latinos came out to vote in 2012 during a presidential election, but participation dropped in 2014 when he lost the seat by about 2,500 votes. (Rep. Hurd did not reply to several requests for an interview for this story).
According to a study by The City University of New York commissioned by CNN en Español, 40% of Texans identify themselves as Latino, twice as many as in 1990. The number of eligible Latino voters in the state stands at 28% of the electorate -- but the CUNY study concludes that in this state, Latinos register to vote at a lower rate than the national average for this group. Only 39% of the Latino electorate likely will vote in November.
And though Latinos in Texas seem to favor Democratic candidates, their lack of participation seems to be part of the reason Republicans continue to control the Lone Star State, according to the same report.
Others, such as Jose Garza, an attorney for the Mexican American Legislative Caucus, say Latino and minority voters have historically been disenfranchised.
"People have to understand the history in Texas," Garza says. "Officials in Texas both Republican and Democrat have used the Latino voters for their own advantage and discourage Latino and minority voters from participating."
Garza says the 23rd district is a good example of how state officials drew boundaries that included a high percentage of Latinos who couldn't vote because of age or legal status. "So on paper it looks like a solid district but in practice they manipulated the data in order to make sure that that district did not elect a Latino-preferred candidate -- not a Republican or Democrat, a Latino-preferred candidate."
After the 2010 census, Texas gained four additional congressional seats based on the increase of the population largely among Hispanics. The Republican-led Legislature drew new maps that were rejected by a federal court of appeals, which said the maps diluted the influence of minority voters. A three-judge panel drew new districts that in turn were rejected unanimously by the Supreme Court, leaving in place the original maps.
Having sufficient campaign money is another obstacle for Latino candidates to reach higher offices in the state.
Cesar Blanco, interim director of The Latino Victory Project, a group dedicated to help financially Latino candidates in the country, says both major parties have failed to put money behind Latino candidates in Texas, the way they've done in Florida and Nevada, critical swing states.
"We need to work with national groups to get more resources."
Texas has few statewide Latino elected officials. Sen. Ted Cruz and Texas General Land Commissioner George P. Bush are the highest ranking Latinos in the state. Bush is the son of former Florida governor Jeb Bush; his mother Columba was born in Mexico.
Pete Gallego sees this election cycle with renewed optimism. He expects Latinos will vote in "self-defense" because of the way presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump talks about them.
But Republicans are not ready to concede the district. As of March, Hurd had raised more than $2 million for his campaign -- twice that of Gallego's war chest. Hurd did well in 2014 in more affluent portions of San Antonio and in areas around military bases.
Money is extremely important in a district the size of the 23rd with no dominant TV market, forcing candidates to spend money in more regions of the district.
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<urn:uuid:339cf951-46ad-400a-b6b0-b3b7725ab298>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/12/politics/texas-cuny-study-latino-vote/index.html
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en
| 0.968782 | 851 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-groecum L.) is an annual plant that is native to India and North Africa. It’s grown and consumed around the world. The seeds, leaves, and other parts of the plant are used in supplements, powders, tonics, and teas and are also popular ingredients in cooking, for example in Indian cuisine.
Various parts of the fenugreek plant have been used in traditional medicine
Fenugreek leaves and seeds are aromatic and have a complex taste described as nutty, sweet, and slightly bitter. The fenugreek plant contains an array of powerful compounds that are thought to be responsible for many of the plant’s therapeutic properties.
BENEFITS OF FENUGREEK POWDER :
- Aids digestion
- Contributes to healthy hair
- May help relieve the symptoms of PMS
- Benefits overall health & wellness
Benefits of Fenugreek
Fenugreek has benefits for lowering blood sugar levels
What is fenugreek?
Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is an herb that has culinary and industrial uses, but also has been used in traditional and alternative medicine.
How does it Fenugreek work ?
Fenugreek appears to slow absorption of sugars in the stomach and stimulate insulin. Both of these effects lower blood sugar in people with diabetes.
Does fenugreek make you more fertile?
Fenugreek seeds might improve sexual performance by enhancing testosterone secretion and improving sperm quality. Thus it might be effective in male infertility and other sexual disorders like erectile dysfunction.
Does fenugreek make your hair grow?
Fenugreek seeds are a rich source of iron and protein — two essential nutrients for hair growth. They also contain a unique composition of plant compounds, including flavonoids and saponins. These compounds are presumed to induce hair growth due to their anti-inflammatory and antifungal effects.
Why to Choose Krupacare Products?
Krupacare aim is to give better life every day. We believe that today’s better health will be brighter our Nation and whole Universe. Our outstanding products that help you achieve your health and wellness goals.
We take pride in manufacturing the vitamins, minerals and herbal supplements (Organic)that complement your healthy lifestyle.
- So get out from Tense life… because krupacare give better & healthy life.. -
" Your belief and Trust, that we give healthy life to loved ones. "
Caution: For adults only. Not recommended for use by pregnant or nursing women. Consult physician if taking medication or have a medical condition (including high blood pressure or kidney condition). Keep out of reach of children. Natural color variation may occur in this product.
Store in a cool, dry place after opening. Please Recycle. *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
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<urn:uuid:b280112a-2232-45f4-b002-d8b424b65b74>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://krupacare.com/product/fenugreek-capsules/
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en
| 0.933389 | 641 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Have you ever had trouble backing a vehicle out of a parking spot in a busy shopping center? Here are some safety tips to make the process easier.
Backing a vehicle
- Before entering the vehicle, check to make sure the path to the rear and sides is clear. Children and objects are often difficult to see from the driver’s seat.
- Keep your foot firmly on the brake pedal while shifting to reverse.
- Maintain control by backing the vehicle slowly and being prepared to stop quickly. Your vehicle is much harder to control and stop when backing.
- Check traffic conditions in all directions – and check all blind areas carefully.
- Look in the direction you are moving but never concentrate on any one thing to such a degree that you neglect your surroundings.
- Since you cannot see objects close to the rear or sides when looking out the window, use front and rear windows and inside and outside mirrors when backing a vehicle. Also, check to the front to determine whether the front of the vehicle is tracking in the direction you want it to go.
- When backing, the rear of the vehicle turns in the direction you turn the steering wheel. If you become confused or disoriented while backing, stop and begin again.
Parking a vehicle
Although many drivers find it challenging to park in marked parking spaces, it is not difficult once you are able to judge the space available and have a good understanding and control of steering and speed.
The most common types of parking are curb, angled, perpendicular and parallel.
To park a vehicle the correct distance from a curb on the right, project a sight line over your hood, right down the middle. When you match that point of your hood with the road edge, your vehicle will be approximately six inches from the curb on the right.
To park a vehicle the correct distance from a curb on the left, project a sight line over your hood, extending over the left front corner of the vehicle. When you match that point of your hood with the road edge, your vehicle is approximately six inches from the curb on the left.
To help determine how far forward to pull into a perpendicular parking space, use a reference point. Know where the front of your vehicle is by projecting a sight line just under the driver or passenger side-view mirror ahead to the ground. The front of your vehicle will be at that point. Always leave enough room between your vehicle and any vehicle parked directly in front of you. This technique can also be useful when approaching intersections where you must stop.
Think of parallel parking as nothing more than a lane change in reverse. As you manage your steering and speed, be aware of two areas of your vehicle to aid in using reference points – the center of your vehicle and the rear edge of your vehicle. You will also need to confirm that your intended parallel parking space is at least one and a half times as long as your vehicle .
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<urn:uuid:575907a3-67f7-482b-91ca-34b34bc200e2>
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://seniordriving.aaa.com/improve-your-driving-skills/everyday-driving-challenges/backing-and-parking/
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en
| 0.943186 | 593 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Week 5: Hydroelectricity
This week begins with a discussion of the nature of the hydro resource and its present contribution to world energy. This is followed by a summary of the basic science and an account of the development of water power, leading to a discussion of modern hydro turbine systems. The remaining sections are concerned with the problems and the potentialities of hydroelectricity.
This week’s renewable energy source is hydropower. Essentially power derived from moving water as in traditional water wheels like this one that have been used for centuries to pump water and grind corn. Modern hydropower plants generate electricity using more sophisticated water turbines that were developed early in the 20th century. The amount of energy that can be derived from water power plants depends essentially on two things, the rate of flow of the water and the head, that’s the height through which the water falls.
There are a variety of water turbines designed to suit the characteristics of the low, medium and high head hydro schemes.
Hydroelectric systems now contribute to about 16% of the world’s electricity. Many of the hydropower plants are extremely large in scale and can have major effects, negative as well as positive, on the surrounding environment and population.
As well as generating electricity hydropower plants can be used to store electric power by using electricity at times of low demand to pump water up to a high reservoir. When the demand for electricity is increased it can be generated by allowing the stored water to fall down again through turbines powering electric generators.
The UK has two such pump storage schemes at Cruachan in Scotland and Dinorwig in Wales.
Once a modern hydropower plant has been constructed it has extremely low running costs and extremely high capital costs. This makes it desirable to have extremely low interest rates on the invest to capital and a very long payback time.
This means that the future of large hydro schemes are likely to be funded by governments which can satisfy these long term investment criteria.
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<urn:uuid:31b293bf-12df-4984-abe8-dee1b89074c5>
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CC-MAIN-2017-39
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http://www.open.edu/openlearn/ocw/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=18927
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688208.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922041015-20170922061015-00134.warc.gz
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en
| 0.959947 | 407 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Head: Dr. Thomas Wohlgemuth
We study the importance of extreme events such as drought, storms, forest fires or clearings for the forest dynamics. In the frame of such disturbances we focus on:
- resistance to disturbance: the potential to resist; we experimentally test the drought resistance of regenerating trees
- resilience after disturbance: the potential to regenerate; we monitor severely disturbed forests on the basis of systematic or stratified samples
- functional traits of forest plant species
Both the strong climate warming and a growing demand of forest goods (timber, fuel) will result in a general increase of disturbances. We elaborate basic knowledge for an adaptive forest management.
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<urn:uuid:5d2af647-8e67-4719-b983-99ef63b44c26>
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CC-MAIN-2020-05
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https://www.wsl.ch/en/about-wsl/research-units/forest-dynamics/disturbance-ecology.html
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en
| 0.859877 | 136 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Today's teens also plan to be generous when they get older. More than 75% say they will regularly give to charity, versus 63% in 1989, according to a nationwide survey by the Girl Scout Research Institute of 3,263 students in grades three through 12. Good Intentions: The Beliefs and Values of Teens and Tweens Today (2009), a national study conducted by the Girl Scout Research Institute in partnership with Harris Interactive explores what youth today value and how they go about making decisions, based on research conducted with 3,263 3rd to 12th-graders from around the country.
Among the findings is another refreshing point - the data shows that youth today value diversity. Among seventh to twelfth graders, nearly six in ten (59 percent) say that being around people from different racial and ethnic backgrounds is important to them. This appears to be particularly important to girls (63 percent versus 55 percent of boys) and youth from diverse racial or ethnic backgrounds.
Do you think teens today are more philanthropic than generations past?
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<urn:uuid:fbc0ecb4-05f8-457d-ac7a-e83adf20fbc0>
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://blog.girlscouts.org/2011/02/meet-philanthro-teens.html
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500800767.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021320-00055-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) grows as a small tree or large shrub, producing dark berries in early fall. This deciduous plant is hardy in climates as far north as U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zone 4. It has a bushy habit formed by pinnate leaves that appear green in the spring and summer. Certain conditions, including nutritional deficiencies and seasonal changes, can cause the leaves of an elderberry plant to turn yellow.
Like many deciduous trees and shrubs, elderberry leaves experience natural color changes as winter draws near. The green shades sported by summer foliage gradually turn to pale yellow during the autumn season. Certain varieties of elderberry plants, such as "Aureomarginata," naturally have some yellow in the leaves throughout the growing season, displaying a border of bright to creamy yellow color around the green centers.
Iron deficiency frequently causes yellowing of leaves in deciduous plants. Iron uptake plays a role in a plant’s ability to produce chlorophyll, the substance that gives the leaves their green pigment and promotes healthy growth. In the early stages, iron deficiency can make the leaf surface turn yellow, while leaving the leaf veins green. As the disorder advances, the leaves may turn white, then brown, eventually resulting in twig dieback. Check for nutritional deficiencies in the soil by conducting a soil test. Even if iron is present in the soil, a pH level above 7.0 can hinder a plant’s ability to use the available iron. Follow the instructions on the soil test results to amend the existing soil and improve the health and appearance of your elderberry plants.
In addition to poor nutrition, other factors may play a role in the development of yellow leaves in elderberry plants, including insufficient water, trunk damage, pest infestation and planting too deeply.
Proper Plant Care
Elderberries withstand occasional stress best when they are in good health. Provide optimal growing conditions to help improve the overall health of your elderberry plant and improve its ability to withstand potential damage from pests and disease. These plants prefer moist, well-drained soil in full sun to partial shade. Keep the soil slightly damp and cool near the roots. Prune off any dead or damaged limbs, removing them from the area to discourage bacterial and fungal growth.
- Hemera Technologies/Photos.com/Getty Images
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Find out about 100's of rare species around the globe and watch animal antics LIVE with our A-Z animal search.
Who are we looking at? A large group of 62 Humboldt or Peruvian Penguins, including oldest resident, Pingu!
Did you know? Humboldt Penguins cool off by extending their flippers and fluffing out the body feathers. They also have spines on their tongues which they use to hold their prey.
Conservation status: Vulnerable, due to destruction of nest sites, overfishing of coastal stocks, environment pollution and the effect of El Ninho.
Feeding Time: 3pm daily.
My Keeper: Luke Millar.
Dudley Zoo's website - www.dudleyzoo.org.uk/
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Speech making is perhaps one of the innate abilities of man, irrespective of one’s citizenry, or ethnic affiliations. Yet many people speak without understanding that it is a special ability without which communication between people and groups would not be possible.
Speech communication differs from normal day to day talking in which one speaks sporadically without considering ethics and skills. However, it is similar to every day communication in that they are both driven by the aim to communicate meaningfully.
Speech making is an organized communication aimed at sharing specific message about a given subject to create impact towards solving human problems.
This article provides guidance in the following areas:
Types of speech
Sages/steps in the speech making process and
Structure of a speech
Types of Speech
The onus remains squarely, on every speech maker to identify the type of speech most suitable to his/her purpose. For emphasis, it should be known that the aim of your delivery should be the sole factor dictating the style/type of speech you should choose to use.
Generally, there are, for conveniences, sake, four basic speech types, viz:
• Argumentative speech
• Persuasive speech
• Educative speech and
• Informative speech.
Argumentative Speech Type
Arguments imply elaborate presentation of all perspectives to an object or a subject of discussion, before settling down for the most applicable option. What comes out of an argument as most acceptable may not necessarily be truer, or better than other options, but the process of arguing makes it best, when compared to the others. This is why one choosing this type must bear in mind that it is his/her approach to it, and the ability to convince that determines the success or failure of the entire process.
While this may be closely related to persuasive essay, the dissimilarity lies in using points to convince at all cost.
To argue therefore, the speech maker needs to clearly and exhaustively raise every point of the issue and state facts about it. And this statement of facts is the “why” of the validity or not of your argument.
Persuasive Speech Type
As the name indicates, this type of speech is meant to stimulate a favourable disposition towards the subject of your concern or to appeal to audience to see it your way and act as you desire.
Companies, individuals and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) that depend on project grants are often required to their proposals in brief, before forums of grant agencies. In doing this, they are expected to give brief, straight-to-point run down of what they propose to do to achieve goal, if given grant. This summary must necessarily include a statement of methodology and justification why it has to be your proposal, and not that of another. You must convince that using so and so method, you will be able to achieve set goals within the specified time, without waste of resources and this, you must do without doubt.
A high point worthy of emphasis is that to persuade, a speech maker must JUSTIFY why you are convinced that your method is most suitable to deliver best result. Your entire exercise will be meaningless if it fails to provide justification.
Also, students defending their research projects/thesis/dissertations ought to bear this in mind, as they will at one time or another, need to persuade their tutors I favour of their work.
Educative Speech Type
Although teaching in a class room situation requires more than speech making skills, it would do you well as a professional teacher, haven undergone training in the profession, to add these to your skills. As one who teaches in a school or a religious organization, one makes speeches often, both officially and otherwise.
Advertising agencies as well make use of this type of speech as product display demonstration to teach prospective consumers of a new product a step – by – step approach to using it.
An educative speech provides a comprehensible how-to-do-it guide to given subjects and must be done carefully to avoid confusing consumers/students/audience/congregation.
Informative Speech Type
The aim of this class of speech is to make known. This may come in presentable form in which the speech maker delivers it to audience or may be a press release. Whichever the case, both the writer and giver of speech must choose words carefully in order not to mislead, as the aim is to give accurate, unmistaken information as at press conference, organizational report forums, annual general meetings, state of the affair reviews etc.
Whether as government official, a politician or celebrity wishing to tell subordinated, colleagues or fans and the mass media something, this type of speech serves you best, as it equally serves the technology company wishing to inform its market of its newest innovation.
Security agencies and Public Relations Executives of all manner of corporate entities should be versed in this type of speech, as they will find it useful in the course of their careers.
Stages in the Speech Making Process
As already stated in the introduction, why you make speech is to communicate towards an end. Thus, your speech can only be seen as a success if the aim is achieved at the end of the day. To achieve an aim, professional speech communication follows a procedure, which is here written as the stages/steps in the speech communication process. They include:
• Research: If you are to speak, it means that there is someone you are to speak to, about something, something of importance to both of you, and at a given time and place. Your first responsibility is to FIND OUT what it is you are going to talk about. Whatever it is, you must study it to know far more than you will need to talk about and in this case, it is necessary to preempt the likely questions your audiences are to ask, and provide answers in the speech you make.
where and when necessary, consult with people such as experts, who have better technical understanding of the subject than you and to these, pose ALL your questions and let their answers be the knowledge with which you confront the exercise, as these answers should be the basis of the speech you present. In doing this, you should avoid stating the obvious. By this I mean elements that can easily be deciphered and understood should not be your primary aim to explain, rather you will do more good to seek out areas that are not likely to be understood at first glance by the lay man and on these, place your emphasis.
If for instance your speech is a political manifesto, it will be more profitable to describe in detail, what you intend to do to solve certain societal problems and your conduct in office, should you be elected, than to dwell on the might of your political party or on the electioneering process – whoever your audience are already know how to vote and how strong your party is but even if they don’t, there are people stationed to teach them those.
If on the other hand your concern is a product/service as a PRE/Advertiser, or an issue intangible as those handled by spiritual leaders and programme facilitators, seek out beforehand, opinions and opposing views about the product/service/issue. Be sure to find out details about the product/service/issue as to how it functions or implications of every standpoint in an issue. It is only this detailed understanding of subject that places you above your audience to be able to grant answers to their every question, including the ones they are not able to ask.
When you have satisfactorily understudied the subject of your presentation, you should as well endeavor to study the people to whom you will be speaking. This may require going the extra mile to study the various groups of people likely to be present at your presentation as well as their depth of understanding of the subject. Also, their depth of understanding of the language of communication is of importance, as this helps your diction for proper understanding.
You may as well, need to take a closer look at the place and time of your presentation. Though this may not be of same relevance as the first two, but is advisable because the place and time of an event contribute to a large extent, to the atmosphere of the event and in effective communication, the atmosphere is as important as the message itself as it colours the meaning of a message. This is why “good morning” at a time may be a greeting and at another time, a disturbance, as “yes” may mean yes at time but mean “no” at other times.
• Speech Writing: A well-researched speech may often end up poorly delivered if it is poorly documented, as many speech makers find the Read Only Strategy (ROS) more convenient than any other method. For a speech to be remarkable, its research, documentation and delivery must be sufficiently mastered.
Whether commissioned to write a speech for someone else to deliver or not, speech writing requires an interplay of excellent writing skills controlled by specific facts gained through research conducted at the initial stage with appropriate and accurate choice of words and illustrations, analogies etcetera.
Here are the basic formats of speech writing: the scripted speech, the semi-scripted speech, the outline speech and the unscripted format.
Scripted Speech: Earlier I mentioned ROS (Read Only Strategy) which is my description for a speech that is pre written and delivered verbatim unfortunately, this leaves no room for improvisation thus, where the speech writer is different from its presenter, the latter may have little or no idea about the technicalities of the subject of discussion, as he/she only read what is on paper. In this case, questions asked pose a great challenge to the presenter and may often be a source of embarrassment. A person delivering speech using ROS, without sufficient rehearsal may get pronunciations wrong and dodge questions at the end of the exercise as politicians do, because they are hardly involved in the creation of their speeches. However, this is the most used type of speech, practiced by political icons and celebrities because of its convenience.
The hugest merit of this is the convenience and the fact that individuals who are extremely shy or incompetent can hide away their weaknesses behind the paper already written for them. Also, the speech presenter may not need to have a deep knowledge of the subject, provided the writer of the speech does a good job. It is of advantage to persons who make many speeches within limited time and have little or no time to rehearse.
Notwithstanding, the problem with ROS is that it leaves the audience bored, as the speech maker is buried in the paper rather than keeping contact with the people to whom the presentation is being made.
The Semi – Scripted Speech Format: a speech is semi – scripted when only the principal lines of thought are written down, leaving the rest to be done on the spot of delivery. The preacher in a religious event may for example, write down a theme and scriptural texts while leaving the connected sentences to the process of delivery.
This method, a combination of ROS and improvisation proves beneficial when the speech writer is the same as the one to delivers. Otherwise, it becomes almost impracticable to deliver a semi – scripted speech prepared by somebody else. Where it is feasible, the writer and presenter must necessarily require massive effort at rehearsals which may not always be forth coming.
Out – Line Speech Format: Highly flexible and creative method that only notes in sequence, key points while leaving connected sentences to the delivery point. The advantage of this lies in the fact that where the atmosphere does not permit certain lines of thought or use of language, the speech maker changes direction. And because it is outlined rather than scripted, prevailing circumstances, at event venue, such as mood, time and language suitability are easily manageable. However, this method is most successful where the speech writer is the speech maker or where the latter has equal in-depth knowledge of subject and shares similar views with the former.
Unscripted Speech Format: This, otherwise referred here as improvisation or impromptu, is a speech format that requires no prior writing at all. Its success solely depends on the speech maker’s ability to improvise, that is, to create instantaneously, a spontaneous response to the situation. This, experience has shown, is the most effective speech style that does not fail to take audience along, as it is a child of circumstance.
Often you are asked to provide a repertoire or vote of thanks without warning. Using this format, you get your data from the prevailing circumstance and must immediately become a millionaire in thinking and in language if your audiences are of the millionaire class or you can be a road side mechanic if those are the people you are to communicate to.
The problem with this is that for beginners, improvisation could be challenging, as it requires tact and a lot of self-confidence.
• Rehearsals: After your documentation, the next stage is rehearsals. This simply means a trying out of yourself, a practice simulating the actual presentation you will be doing.
When doing this, critique your eye contact, facial expressions, gesticulations and general comportment. While practicing in front of your mirror may not be exactly similar to doing it in front of a thousand people, it gives you an idea of your look and performance and allows you to improve on those areas. You may like to present to your friend, spouse or kin to have their inputs.
• Speech Presentation: The essence of all the activities carried out from stage one is to achieve a remarkable presentation, such as would leave a desired impact by achieving the goal pursuant of which the speech was meant to be made. It therefore cannot be over-emphasized that this is the most vital aspect of the entire exercise, as it is the only thing people see and know about. Audiences do not follow you to your closet to see that you have researched your piece well but they will decide whether or not you have done well once you have delivered. For this reason, I like to say that it is better to conduct a poor research, do a poor documentation but superb presentation rather than having it the other way round.
To aid your performance in this regard, a couple of problems have been identified and solutions proffered here:
Overcoming Stage Fright: The incidence of stage fright is one menace too many that ruins otherwise, a remarkable speech. Your ability to manage this is as important as the other elements in the process involved, as your audience are not lenient, but are always looking for loopholes to capitalize on in unmaking your effort.
Ironically, everyone has some level of stage fright. The only difference being that some see the high tensed atmosphere and the rapid beating of their hearts as a positive force that complements their strength of delivery, while others fret at it.
What constitutes stage fright is fear; fear of the many eyes gazing at you, possibly “dissecting” and finding fault in whatever you are telling them, what you wear and the entirety of your being. Surprisingly, all this is more imagined than real, as audience hardly have any doubt until you give them a reason to. When you give the impression that you are in control, they accept that you are and thus, look up to you for answers.
Your appearance and perhaps gesticulations which you may have seen as errors become model to be emulated. This is why you must make your fear work for you.
There are several tricks to achieving this, two of which are suggested below:
Ice-Breaking – this refers to a ploy of ventilating tension rising from high expectation and an aura of formality. Audience expecting or rather, awaiting your presentation are kin and formal. This formality exerts more pressure on you, as you feel intense need and anxiety to deliver. In extreme cases, this raises doubts inn you as to whether you can satisfy them or not so you begin to stammer, jump words on the speech or add nonexistent words to the already prepared piece.
To break-the-ice, you can tell a short, relevant story or begin by doing an out of the way exercise like giving a joke or introducing yourself. This breaks the air of formality and helps both you and your audience relax enough to conveniently and enjoyably face the business of the day. By the time you have made your audience laugh or you have expended your pent-up tension telling a story, you will have made the atmosphere informal enough and gained the rapt attention of the audience.
Pen Cap Trick: Another way of managing stage fright is by directing the tension to your finger tips rather than to your head and mouth. This is possible by keeping your fingers actively engaged, as the natural course of function of the human system directs pressure/energy to a part of the body that is engaged in an activity. Therefore, if your attention lies only with your eyes and vocal cord, they will have to find a way of expending all the energy directed at them and in the process, mistakes could be made.
Splitting this pressure from your upper region to another section helps to keep balance in the overall management of tension and helps you coordinate and concentrate better in the efficacious delivery of your speech. The trick is to keep an object in your hand which your fingers will be compressing while you do the talking.
Because this activity is more physical than the intellectual role of speaking, more tension/pressure in exerted and expended here, leaving your heart with less thuds per time, and your concentration devoid of excessive anxiety.
However, it is advised that you pick an object that would not attract more attention than the speech. Something small enough to be completely hidden in your pals, and that does not make noise would do. Many people use paper clip, which they bend and straighten many times, while they speak. I had used pen cap made of plastic.
Looking, not Seeing: When presenting a speech or any creative work before an audience, many beginners find that they get lost if they focus on keeping eye contact with specific members of audience. The fact that your audience are taken along more when you keep eye contact with them is not to say that you must pay attention to the expressions on the faces as this will, more often than not, distract you. You can look in the direction of your audience generally without seeing of focusing on any one in particular. That way, everyone thinks you are looking at the next person and you end up achieving satisfactory presentation at the conclusion.
Diction: This had been touched earlier, but cannot be exhausted. The language of presentation should be chosen in line with the characteristics of the audience. Generally, a verbose speech is unnecessarily lengthy and full of jaw breaking language that make everyone clap for you not for the meaning and sense derived from your presentation, but for the amusement. The bottom line is to communicate, not to impress.
Structure of a Good Speech
A good speech, like every good piece of writing, is not just poured out at audience, but is meaningfully communicated only when it meets a prescribed, conventional specification. Every speech, good or bad has the following components, which either makes or mars it, depending on the writer/presenter’s ability to weave the various components into one beautiful piece or failure to do so, which leaves the work deformed like a physically challenged man.
• An introduction: this being the first line of your presentation, it is the most important as it sets the tone and mood for the rest of the presentation. If therefore, your introduction is good, it captivates audiences’ attention and stirs up interest: sends questions, expectations and anxieties running in the minds of the audience. So also does a poor introduction kill their appetite, so that rather than get anxious to get the rest of the gist from you, they get anxious to dispose of your time wasting presence. Speech makers of reasonable experience will tell you that the most embarrassing moment of their careers was when an audience just stared at them indifferently, while they made frantic efforts to get their attention. Often, they’d ignore you and fill in the gap by telling stories and holding pockets of briefs underground.
To avoid such pitfalls, your introduction must stir interest and be interesting enough for one man to tell another to keep quiet let him hear you well, as each speech must be worth the time spent to receive it. Otherwise, they would just switch off psycho-mentally, while leaving you to make the noise.
To achieve this, you can ask a rhetoric question, use an anecdote (a short analogical story) or a catchy quote but which must be relevant and which would make your presentation easier to achieve.
• Linkage: while some may argue rightly that the body of a speech and this section are indistinct, there is a need here to split them for the purpose of proper better understanding. A linkage is a sentence or two that connect the introduction with the details’ section (body) of the presentation.
• The Body of Details: Haven captivated the interest of your audience in the introduction and properly linked it using appropriate word, the emphasis now rests on providing all the details that are the main thrust of the presentation. All the points you may have gathered in the research will now be knit together beautifully and well explained to answer the questions your audience are likely to be asking. Your points must be well explained and objectively convincing enough that at the end, your audience will be left in no doubt (even if their own opinion differ), but rather have clear understanding of your impressions.
• The Conclusion: the last line of a good presentation should leave a lasting impression on people’s minds. Often, a relevant quote or rhetoric does the magic but the speech writer or (and) the presenter should understand that the relevance of the devices to subject or occasion as well as your accuracy of expressions is what leaves indelible marks on the minds of audiences. The conclusion should be food for thought, something people should remember long after they may have forgotten everything else, including the speech maker.
Basic Principles by Dreg En Ay
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Close neighbors and distant relatives: a story of Bactrian camels
Genome sequences of 128 camels across Asia show that extant wild and domestic Bactrian camels are distant relatives despite sharing a habitat in East Asia. The researchers propose that the domestic Bactrian camel originated in Central Asia rather than East Asia.
The two-humped or Bactrian camel had served as one of the principal means of transport between East and West, especially during the time of the Silk Road over 2,000 years ago. Bactrian was an ancient Iranian region in Central Asia, and the term “Bactrian” was first used by Aristotle to distinguish it from the Arabian camel that has only one hump. Survival of wild Bactrian camels in East Asia had been long suspected, until Nikolay Przewalski, a renowned Russian geographer, described their existence and presented several specimens in the late 19th century. However, an open question remains elusive since the Przewalski’s time1: Are the extant wild Bactrian camels the progenitor of the domestic form? Or are they just domestic species that have wandered into the field?
Dr. Jirimutu from Inner Mongolia Agricultural University is dedicated to the research on the Bactrian camel and the development of camel products, which have led to increasing in people's attention to camels. “Due to the disturbance of human activities and the continuous deterioration of the natural environment, the number of extant wild Bactrian camels has decreased sharply. At present, there are only about hundreds to a few thousands, which are much fewer than the giant pandas”, says Dr. Jirimutu. He has worked on the rare genetic resources since 2002, and provided the first complete mitochondrial2 and whole-genome sequences3 of the wild Bactrian camel. “The most promising finding of our researches, together with others, is that the subspeciation of the extant wild and domestic lineages had begun so early that the former cannot be the direct progenitor of the latter4”, says Dr. Jirimutu.
Then where did the domestic Bactrian camel come from? In his new study published in Commun. Biol.5, Dr. Jirimutu led a multinational team to collect DNA samples from 128 camels across Asia, including 105 domestic Bactrian camels ranging from the Mongolian Plateau to the Caspian Sea, as well as the extant wild Bactrian camels and Arabian camels. A bioinformatics team led by Dr. Yixue Li and Dr. Zhen Wang at Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences performed whole-genome sequencing of the samples and analyzed the data. With more than 10 million SNPs, the population structure and history of the Bactrian camels can well be resolved. The researchers concluded that the Bactrian camels were initially domesticated in Central Asia, which then moved to East Asia where extant wild Bactrian camels inhabit. “The biggest challenge in interpreting the results is the admixture between Bactrian and Arabian camels, especially in Central Asia”, says Dr. Wang. Admixture will complicate the phylogeny inference, and the researchers have performed careful analysis to demonstrate that it would not change the conclusion of Central Asian origin.
“This is the most likely answer to the long-controversial question in regard to the origin of domestic Bactrian camels”, says Dr. Jirimutu. The researchers have gone as far as they can with the materials in hand, although it is unfortunate that no wild population of Bactrian camels exist in Central Asia now. The earliest skeletal remains of domestic Bactrian camels were found in Iran, and ancient DNA approach to sequence the archaeological specimens may help to decipher the full history of their domestication.
written by Liang Ming, Zhen Wang and Jirimutu
- Schaller, G. B. in Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppes 151-162 (University of Chicago Press，2000).
- Cui, P. et al. A complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae. BMC Genomics 8:241 (2007).
- Jirimutu et al. Genome sequences of wild and domestic bactrian camels. Nature Communications 3, 1202 (2012). doi:10.1038/ncomms2192
- Ji, R. et al. Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel (Camelus bactrianus ferus). Animal Genetics 40, 377-382 (2009).
- Ming, L. et al. Whole-genome sequencing of 128 camels across Asia reveals origin and migration of domestic Bactrian camels. Communications Biology 3, 1 (2020). doi:10.1038/s42003-019-0734-6
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Growing Leek as a Vegetable
The leek is a great vegetable for cooler climates, it's easy to grow,
useful and very versatile. The white elongated bulb at the
base of the leaves, makes a very tasty, fresh vegetable, either on
its own or in stews or casseroles. The green leafy tops of leek is
excellent for flavouring soups and stews. They are also
very nutritious and very rich in vitamin A. The leek is a
member of the onion family, but is far easier to grow than the
onion. The are able to grow in varied soil conditions, so long as it is not waterlogged.
Most varieties are hardy and can remain in the ground throughout winter
weather until needed. You can sow early under
glass and have leeks ready for harvesting in the autumn, but it
is really during the winter and early spring that they are most
appreciated. Other vegetables are scarce at this time and
those you can buy in the shops are expensive.
LEEK QUICK GUIDE
Allium ampeloprasum porrum
Hardy Biennial, grown as an annual
Site and Soil
Best on moist light heavily
Sowing to Harvest Time
Is 30-45 weeks
||Yields 10-12 plants per 3 m (10 ft) row
Leaves are up to 30 cms (1 in) long: Bulbs 7.5-15 cm
(3-6 in) long and up to 11 cm (4 1/2 in) in diameter.
To Grow Your Leeks
||Although the leek vegetable is tolerant of a wide range of soil types,
they grow best on a moist, light soil that has been heavily manured from
a previous crop. Freshly manured soil is not suitable, because
leeks grown in very rich soil will be coarse and tough and with far too
much leaf growth. If the soil is in need of organic matter, it is
best to dig in well rotted garden compost.
Click picture to enlarge.
In crop rotation, leeks
follow lettuce, cabbage or peas, but it is not a good idea to plant them
immediately after lifting early potatoes. This is because the soil will
be too loose and disturbed and leeks do best on a firm soil.
Choosing the site for sowing leeks may be influenced by the fact that
they are generally left in the ground to be dug as required during the
winter months, and can remain in the ground for a year or more.
Don't grow leeks in the same place year after year as there will be an
increased risk of pests and diseases.
CLICK HERE FOR NEXT LEEK PAGE
Gardening Advice Center
Share with us your gardening experience!
Date posted: August 08, 2011 - 02:22 pm
Message: We have grown wonderful leeks from nursery bedding plants for years. However, this year, we planted leek seedlings that were started from seed by a friend the previous year and left in the garden over winter (Zone 3-4 in Saskatchewan, Canada), as they did not sprout and grow very much. The seedlings were dug up and transplanted in a proper trench bed, following the usual gardening methods for leeks we've grown in the past. However, although these transplants started out OK, they then started putting out flower stalks. Assuming we could treat them the same as same-year transplants, we trimmed them down as usual, but they have since done nothing! Am wondering if this is because they are Biennual, and thus will only want to produce seed? Please advise, and whether these are of any value at all.
Name: Ron Iacovone
Date posted: July 10, 2011 - 02:40 pm
Message: I'm not sure exactly what I'm doing but a friend gave me some seeds that resemble a small tad-pole. Is that what the seeds look like? Anyway I planted them 21 days ago and just now something is popping through.I hope there leeks.I'm in coastal NC and will see what happens next.
Name: Carolyn Skidmore
Date posted: May 09, 2011 - 10:29 pm
Message: Saw a huge Leek plant with huge global ball at top. Want to get one started for my garden. How do I begin?
Name: claire gangell
Date posted: November 28, 2010 - 01:43 am
Message: I had no idea how to grow leeks but wanted to have a go so thankyou for the advice.will log in again re other vegies i am growing.
Name: Buck Hulse
Date posted: July 31, 2010 - 05:41 pm
Message: Gardening beginner trying new stuff for 2010 season. I realized I didn't have a clue how to grow, let alone harvest a number of my choices. Looks like I lucked into a good resource for my lack of knowledge.
Lots of specialist Leek and Potato
Leek Variety Pictures
Autumn Giant Leek
King Richard Leek
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How does the AED work and when to use it – a few important facts that you should know when travelling.
Where to look for AED?
At airports, railway stations, shopping centers, theaters, museums, sports facilities, petrol stations, office buildings, hotels, tourist information offices.
Who to ask?
Security guards, receptionists and takers of the objects.
When to use it?
AED should be used whenever the victim/patient is not breathing. An Automatic defibrillator never causes injury and operating it can be really simple. The procedure is based on several steps all guided by the defibrillator. A person is just needed to help administer the first aid.
The first step in using AED is to turn on the device. The voice commands immediately begin.
The first command to appear is to calls emergency services (in Europe number 112) and expose the victim’s chest.
The second command is to stick adhesive electrodes on the dry chest of the patient. Electrodes are in the form of stickers with clear diagram indicating exactly where they should be placed. One of the electrodes should be placed in the right upper chest, just below the collarbone, and the other on the left, on the side of the chest. If the action is performed by two people, one of them should stick electrodes, while the other is constantly performing chest compression on the casualty. Reducing interruptions in compressions significantly increases the effectiveness of first aid!
After sticking electrodes AED automatically goes to the heart rhythm analysis. The voice message commands that during analysis time everyone should move away and do not touch the victim’s chest. Through the analysis AED assesses whether there is ventricular fibrillation, and thus whether a shock is recommended. If so, the unit will charge and advise the rescuer to press the button “shock”. The person assisting you should make sure that no one is touching the victim, although contemporary publications clearly indicate that the risk of any complications to a rescuer when using the AED is extremely small.
After the shock is performed AED commands to go back to chest compressions, it should be continued for the next two minutes. After these two minutes, AED will command you once again to move away from the victim, and it will conduct another analysis.
AED working scheme is thus arranged in four simple steps: activate the device, stick electrodes, step back for the time of analysis and press “shock” button if the AED commands it. These simple four steps are adding up 75% to the chance of survival.
All automatic and semi-automatic defibrillators operate likewise and give almost identical voice commands. Minor differences may appear in a way the device is being turned on (some AED is activated by pressing ON / OFF button, some by opening the device’s flap) and the electrodes themselves – some AED have electrodes permanently connected and, in some models, AED commands to plug in electrodes into socket after sticking them to casualty. However, this does not affect simplicity and fast pace of the procedure. More significant differences regard the technical specifications of devices – their resistance to fall, dust, humidity, and the validity of batteries and accessories (e.g. electrodes to defibrillate children).
At each corner
The idea of universal access to defibrillators(PAD – Public Access Defibrillation) consists of two major points, one is the physical presence of the devices in as many public places as possible (companies, schools, institutions, etc.) The second points regards active and widespread training of AED. Training exercises using defibrillators and mannequins to learn CPR should be conducted regularly at all businesses and workplaces.
At the ILCOR (International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation – International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation) conference held in Dallas in 2010 an important question on the recommended regularity of such exercises has been raised. As the research has shown – the ability to effectively assist in emergency situations diminishes in a very short period of time (3-6 months), so it is advisable to conduct short reminder trainings of knowledge and skills more often than previously suggested.
Unambiguous statistics show AEDs as the best known and accessible chance to reanimate casualties. This should lead to two simple conclusions – it is worth ensuring that AEDs are available in every company and it is worth to organizing training for every employee. Focusing on these two goals can dramatically improve chances of actually surviving a cardiac arrest at the workplace.
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Most Active Stories
Thu March 13, 2014
Forget Speed-Reading. Here's Speed-Writing
Originally published on Thu March 20, 2014 3:43 am
Some inspired by method RSVP — rapid serial visual presentation.
"Rather than read words
from left to right,"
says Marc Slater, managing director of Spreeder parent company eReflect.
A few at a time."
But maybe we've got it wrong. Maybe it's not about reading faster. But writing faster.
Only essential ideas. Omit extra words. Few prepositions, fewer articles. Boil down.
Why make readers work harder? Make writers do heavy lifting. Decide important things. Write those.
Americans have been intrigued by speed-reading for a long time. Back in the 1930s, researchers were exploring systems to help people read faster. At Stanford University, according to the New York Times in 1934, researchers took photos of people's eye movements, then taught participants new methods of reading in phrases — not words — and using a sort of metronome to increase reading speed.
In the late 1940s, the University of Virginia's Reading Clinic devised a new method of speed-reading, using vertical lines and an alarm clock. "There are two ways to read: microscopically — which is the old way — and telescopically," professor Ullin Leavell, the center's director, told the Los Angeles Times in 1949. "Today we are attempting simply to develop an individual to see a thought unit, instead of individual parts."
Some fast thinkers — Theodore Roosevelt and John F. Kennedy, for example — were natural born speed-readers, according to the website of the late speed-reading pioneer Evelyn Wood. From the moment she opened her Reading Dynamics school in Washington in 1959, the LA Times reports, her name was synonymous with readingreallyfast.
Now --with computers — RSVP the new rage.
Readers "less likely to subvocalize — say the words in their head as they read — when using RSVP," Marc Slater says.
This increases reading speed "because saying words in your head is often the slowest link in the reading chain."
Speed reading "not usually appropriate for reading difficult content or abstract concepts," Marc says.
"In these cases, it is understanding that limits comprehension, not the rate of input."
Extreme example: "You might read about a really difficult concept in one paragraph and think about it for a week before you truly understand it."
Speed-reading, Marc says, "definitely won't help in cases like that."
The Protojournalist: Experimental storytelling for the LURVers – Listeners, Users, Readers, Viewers – of NPR. @NPRtpj
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Use the present progressive to talk about actions ongoing in the present moment
Gramática: “Estar” con el presente progresivo
The present progressive (or continuous) is a compound construction of two verbal forms that cannot be separated by any other word. The progressive may be used in different tenses by changing the conjugation of the verb estar (past, present or future) and leaving the gerund in its intact form. For now let’s focus on the present:
Subject Pronoun + estar (conjugated) + gerund
What’s a gerund? In English, gerunds all end in -ing: reading, dancing, singing, etc. (For more on gerunds in English, see the entry on gerunds in the Guide to Writing.)
In Spanish, the ending of the gerund depends on the kind of verb:
- for -ar verbs: drop the “r” and add -ndo –> -ando
- for -er and -ir verbs: drop the “-er” or “-ir” and add -iendo
- Stem-changing -ir verbs (not -ar or -er verbs!) change their stem vowels as follows: o>u, e>i. Note: verbs that change from e>ie and e>i in the present tense both change e>i in the gerund form.
- The gerund of the verb ir is irregular: yendo.
- -ar verb:
- Tomar — tomando (taking)
- Cantar — cantando (singing)
- -er verb:
- Beber— bebiendo (drinking)
- -ir verb:
- Escribir— escribiendo (writing)
- stem-changing -ir verbs:
- Dormir— durmiendo (sleeping)
- Preferir-– prefiriendo (preferring)
- Servir– sirviendo (serving)
|1a||yo estoy escribiendo||nosotros estamos escribiendo|
|2a||tú estás escribiendo||vosotros estáis escribiendo|
|3a||él/ella/usted está escribiendo||ellos/ellas/ustedes están escribiendo|
Note: To form a negative sentence in the present progressive, place the no in front of the form of estar: No estoy escribiendo.
Remember that the present progressive is used to express an action in progress. Note the differences in meaning:
- Estudio español. (an ongoing situation over a period of time: you are taking Spanish as part of your studies this semester)
- Estoy estudiando español. (an action in progress right now: you have your book out or a site open and you are actively studying a lesson or preparing right now.
Note also: Although in English, the present progressive tense can refer to events in the future (“We are going to the movies tonight”), in Spanish the present progressive always refers to ongoing action. For future actions, Spanish uses the present tense or the future tenses.
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The English Bill of Rights and Common Sense Essay
The English Bill of Rights and Common Sense
The English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris and Common Sense were all written during a time of revolution in their respective countries. Although all three political writings originated in a different country, they each share several important similarities. Each document also addressed specific issues, which the others did not. The English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris and Common Sense all served as a bridge between their countries’ different forms of political structure.
The English Bill of Rights came after the reign of the first two Stuart kings, James I (1603-1625) and his son Charles I (1625-1649). Both kings ran into problems with the House of Commons over religious, economic and other political issues. The birth of James’s II son led to the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689. The revolution resulted in Mary II and her husband, William of Orange of Holland taking the Crown and signing the English Bill of Rights. The English Bill of Rights was signed by Parliament in 1689. The English Bill of Rights placed parliamentary limitations on the authority of the crown, which is still a central part of England’s political system.
The Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris resulted after Louis XVI of France could not balance the national budget. In an attempt to correct the budget problem, Louis called the Estates General, France’s representative assembly, to convene in the hopes it would establish new taxes that would balance the nation’s budget. The convening of the Estates General had a much larger effect on France than Louis had expected. At the assembly, the forty thousand attendants wrote cahier de doleances, which listed local and national issues that needed to be addressed. The cahier of the Third Estate of the city of Paris was a document that contained the grievances of many people including: lawyers, businessmen, upper-middle-class, peasants, artisans, shopkeepers and women. Due to the Estates General, the nobility lost most of their privileges and the king lost most of his power. Later, in 1793, Louis was beheaded as a traitor.
Common Sense was a 35 page political pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776. During the beginning of the American Revolution, many Americans still hoped that America could reconcile with Great Britain. Paine wrote the pamphlet as a reaction to the Battle of Lexington and Concord in April of 1775. Paine’s pamphlet expressed many American’s worries concerning Great Britain, as well as the Colonies’ hopes to create their own free independent nation. Common Sense encouraged the Second Continental Congress to create the United States of America on July 2, 1776. The pamphlet also contributed to the United States Declaration of Independence from Great Britain on July 4, 1776.
There are several major similarities between the three political texts. Each text was written at a time of political revolution within their country and each was written as a reaction to current political hardships. Another major similarity all three texts shared was the importance of freely elected representatives. The timing of the documents as well as the configuration of assemblies plays a large role in the restructuring of their countries.
The English Bill of Rights and the French Cahier of the Third Estate share several important ideals. Both the English and French documents addressed religious matters. The English Bill of Rights stopped the practice of creating courts that try religious cases, while the Cahier of the Third Estate asked for religious toleration. Another major similarity between the English and French documents regarded taxes. The English Bill of Rights declared that there would be no more collecting of taxes without the permission of the Parliament. The Cahier of the Third Estate also stated that the elected officials should only establish the collecting of taxes. The final major similarity between the two documents has to do with the treatment of prisoners. The English Bill of Rights was the first document to coin the phrase “cruel and unusual punishment” when it declared that treatment of prisoners should be humane. The Cahier of the Third Estate also addressed the treatment of prisoners by banning torture.
The English Bill of Rights shared one major similarity to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense. Although the French Cahier of the Third Estate did not address when assemblies should be held, both the English and American did address the issue. The English Bill of Rights declared that Parliaments should be held frequently, and Paine suggested in Common Sense that assemblies should be held every year. The concept of frequent parliamentary meeting was unheard of before this time. Previously, assemblies could go over a decade without convening.
The French Cahier of the Third Estate and Paine’s Common Sense also shared a major similarity. The Cahier of the Third Estate wanted the Kingdom to be divided into assemblies, which would be represented by freely elected officials. The Cahier of the Third Estate also wanted individual cities, towns and villages to have elected officials that would decide local issues. Thomas Paine presented a similar idea in Common Sense. Paine suggested that the colonies should be divided into districts and each district should be represented in the assembly.
Although all three documents shared similar characteristics, there were differences between the English Bill of Rights, the Cahier of the Third Estate and Common Sense. Each document addressed issues that were specific to their individual needs as a country. Although the problems addressed may not have been unique to their country, the fact that their political text contained a remedy to the problem is distinctive.
The English Bill of Rights addressed several issues that the other documents did not. The English Bill of Rights declared that the quartering of soldiers was against the law. Although the quartering of soldiers was present in America, Thomas Paine did not choose to address the issue in Common Sense. The English Bill of Rights also stated that the King should not have an army during a time of peace without the permission of Parliament. Neither the French or American political texts addressed this issue. The English text also gave Protestants the right to bear arms for self-defense. An important point made in the English Bill of Rights, which was not addressed in the other documents, was that of freedom of speech in Parliament.
The Cahier of the Third Estate of the City of Paris was a very unique document. The French political texts included the greatest amount of new, unique political concepts. The Cahier of the Third Estate was the only document to state, “all men are equal in rights.” Before this time, people were granted different rights based on their social and economic standing. The Cahier of the Third Estate created great change pertaining to the execution of laws. The French document stated that citizens could not be arrested or punished without a legal trial. The document also stated that no citizen could be arrested without a just cause and an order from a judge.
The Cahier of the Third Estate went on to state that citizens had a right to call a lawyer before interrogation began. The document also declared that all citizens should receive the same punishment for their crimes, no matter their rank in society. The final major change dealing with punishments for crimes was the ending of torture and dungeons. Cleanliness and moral rules were set in place for prisons. The Cahier of the Third Estate established that prisons are for securing prisoners, not punishing them. The French political text also put an end to many other hardships including: personal servitude, compulsory military service, tampering with the mail, hunting monopolies and exclusive privileges.
Although the English Bill of Rights and the Cahier of the Third Estate were both a list of grievances, neither document attacked the current political order with the zeal that Common Sense contained. Thomas Paine ripped apart the political structure of Great Britain and declared that the American constitution should have no resemblance to that of England. Paine believed that the constitution of England was far too complex and its complexity had caused many years of hardship.
Paine also believed that hereditary succession was wrong and should not be practiced. Common Sense asserted that the American constitution should be based on “union, faith and honor.” Paine expressed two major exceptional ideas in Common Sense. Paine believed that in America a President, and not a King, should head the executive branch of government. Paine also believed that all laws should be passed by a majority of the assembly, or Congress. Paine suggested that a majority should be considered no less than three fifths of Congress.
England, France and America all went through political revolutions within a relatively close time period. As a result of the new political ideals, in each country a text was written upon which the future government was to be based. Although each of the documents contained distinct characteristics, the major ideas and end results were very similar for each country.
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NASA SAYS AN ANTARCTIC ICE SHELF COULD COLLAPSE BY 2020
Interesting that with the additional CO2 in the atmosphere from burning fossil fuels, the oceans have become much more acidic, killing much of the coral reefs which harbors 25% of ocean fish. Ironically, the melting of the glaciers will help change the Ph back to a healthy evolutionary level while forcing the human populations to cease extra carbon emissions and maintain healthy bands of deep forests across the planet. Ice collapses will mean rising oceans and increased storms in an unbalanced atmospheric. We have learned that much. This will compel us to change our priorities and habits and develop a humanistic approach to one another. As we must control our anger, we must control our emissions.
– See more at: https://scriggler.com/DetailPost/News/10522#sthash.0TWb3lHL.dpuf
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A bio-dampener was a small device developed by Erin and Magnus Hansen in 2353 for use in remaining undetected aboard Borg vessels. The device operated by creating a field around one's body which simulated the physiometric conditions of the Borg ship, essentially acting as a form of camouflage. In order to function properly, the dampener had to be precisely tailored to its user's physiology.
In 2375, the crew of the USS Voyager replicated their own bio-dampeners, for use in "Operation Fort Knox," their attempt to steal a transwarp coil from a Borg sphere. Later, Captain Janeway and Lieutenant Commander Tuvok used them to infiltrate the Borg Unicomplex, where Seven of Nine was being held captive by the Borg Queen. While on board, Janeway and Tuvok encountered a force field preventing them from reaching Seven's location. To overcome this obstacle, they utilized a subdermal probe, implanted in a Borg drone, to discern the field modulation of the force field when the drone passed through it. Tuvok then adjusted Captain Janeway's bio-dampener to compensate, allowing her to pass through the field, but, in doing so, her dampener was damaged and ceased functioning. (VOY: "Dark Frontier")
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by Amanda Hughes, she/her, Librarian
The Friday after Thanksgiving is largely thought of as a day to rest, digest and shop; but did you know it is also Native American Heritage Day? This year as we celebrate and give thanks in slightly different circumstances, let’s also take the time to remember the original inhabitants of the lands we now call home.
Long before European Settlers reached these shores Maryland was home to dozens of thriving, vibrant societies. Today their ancestors and cultures live on. They have overcome centuries of hardship, dispossession, genocide and discrimination yet still they persist and flourish.
Prior to European contact, Maryland was an important crossroads along the Atlantic coast and home to many tribes. Each region of the state was home to distinct nations which were in turn linked by greater trade networks. The names of these nations are still with us, in the familiar names we use everyday; Assateague, Choptank, Piscataway, Nanticoke, Susquehanna, Powhatan, all of these come to us from the native inhabitants of what would become Maryland.
Prior to European contact, Maryland was divided among a few major nations by region. Among them were the Shawnee and Ohio Valley Tribes in the west, the Susquehanna in northern central Maryland, the Lenape in north eastern Maryland, The Powhattans around what is now Washington D.C. and the Choptank and Nanticoke on the Eastern Shore.
During the Colonial and early American period, the native inhabitants of Maryland were systematically removed from their lands and relocated westward, often to Oklohoma. The first group to gain recognition from the Maryland Government was the Nanticoke tribe in 1881. Other tribes, nations and confederacies followed throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, three tribes are formally recognized by the State of Maryland: the Accohannock Tribe, the Piscataway-Conoy Tribe and the Piscataway nation. The Maryland Commission on Indian Affairs serves eight distinct native groups: the Accohannock Indian Tribe, the Assateague Peoples Tribe, the Cedarville Band of Piscataway Indians (Sub-group of the Piscataway Conoy Tribe), the Nause-Waiwash Band of Indians, the Piscataway Conoy Confederacy and Subtribes (Sub-group of the Piscataway Conoy Tribe), the Piscataway Indian Nation, the Pocomoke Indian Nation and the Youghiogheny River Band of Shawnee Indians. In the second half of the 20th century the population of Native Americans in Maryland began to go as many southern tribes migrated to the north along with other minorities. Part of this migration included many members of the Lumbee tribe of North Carolina. The Lumbee settled in East Baltimore and in 1968, established the Baltimore American Indian Center and were the driving force behind the campaign to rename Columbus Day to Indigenous Peoples Day in Maryland. Today, Baltimore is home to the largest number of Lumbee outside of their traditional tribal lands. As of the last census, more than 40,000 people in Maryland identified as Native American.
To learn more about the native peoples of Maryland check out these titles from the Pratt Library catalog.
The Native American community in Baltimore City : a special report by Morgan State University. Community Development Resource Center.
The origin and meaning of the Indian place names of Maryland by Hamil Kenny
Indian lands in Dorchester County, Maryland: selected sources, 1669 to 1870 by James McAllister
Indian paths of the Delmarvia [!] Peninsula. by William Marye
Lancaster County Indians by H. Frank Eshleman
Indians in Maryland and Delaware : a critical bibliography by Frank Porter
Maryland Indians, yesterday and today by Frank Porter
The only land I know : a history of the Lumbee Indians by Adolf Dial
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Eight Week Quiz E
|Name: _________________________||Period: ___________________|
This quiz consists of 5 multiple choice and 5 short answer questions through Act 4, Scene 1.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. How many characters speak in Act 1, Scene 2?
2. Who is the first to speak in Act 2, Scene 3?
3. To whom does Bolingbroke send a message to in Act 3, Scene 1 that he has no ill-will towards?
(a) The Queen.
(c) The Duchess of Gloucester.
4. How does York regard Bolingbroke's acting against the king?
5. Who claims they heard Aumerle bragging about murdering?
Short Answer Questions
1. Which of the following character is not in Act 3, Scene 1?
2. What is the final line of Act 3, Scene 4?
3. Who is the last character to speak in Act 2, Scene 1?
4. Who is the last to speak in Act 2, Scene 3?
5. Who is arrested in Act 4, Scene 1?
This section contains 168 words
(approx. 1 page at 300 words per page)
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Stockton Sikh temple's 100th anniversary noted in Congress
This post has been corrected. See note at
the bottom for details.
A Northern California congressman on Tuesday honored the state’s longstanding Sikh community by formally acknowledging the Stockton temple’s 100-year anniversary in the Congressional Record.
In his statement, Rep Tom McClintock (R-Granite Bay) compared members of the world’s fifth-largest religion to the Pilgrims who crossed the Atlantic Ocean on the Mayflower in 1620 “seeking a better future in a free land for their descendants.
“It is the very same story of pilgrims like Baba Vasakha Singh and Baba Jawala Singh Thathian who founded the Stockton Gurdwara Sahib a century ago, and all those who have followed since,” the statement said.
Sikhism was founded in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent more than 500 years ago on the tenets of monotheism, equality -- of gender, class and faith -- and community service.
The earliest Sikh immigrants to North America settled in the Central Valley, establishing the Stockton temple, or Gurdwara, in 1912. They launched the country’s first Punjabi-language newspaper and formed the Ghadar Party, influencing India’s campaign for independence from Britain.
Of the 650,000 or so Sikhs now in the U.S., about 250,000 are in the Golden State. A conservative Christian, McClintock represents a district east of Sacramento with a sizable Sikh population.
His statement read Tuesday into the Congressional Record says there is “no religion more attuned to the principles of the American Declaration of Independence than the Sikh religion.”
McClintock’s gesture comes as Sikhs in the U.S. press for greater understanding as they battle misconceptions that have made them targets of hate crimes since the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
“It bodes well for all in America,” said Bhajan Singh Bhinder, who coordinated the Stockton Gurdwara’s centennial celebration.
A state legislative resolution approved in September also recognized the Gurdwara’s centennial and detailed its historic significance.
The Sikh American community, that resolution said, “continues to peacefully overcome attacks on its identity and practices … whether in the form of school harassment, employment discrimination, or murder,” including those of six Sikhs at an Oak Creek, Wis., temple shot to death in August by a man with white supremacist ties.
[For the Record, 3:47 p.m. Nov. 13: An earlier version of the headline of this post incorrectly said that the temple was in Sacramento.]ALSO:
-- Lee Romney in San Francisco
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Many new PC gamers are duped yearly into thinking that more than 60 fps (frames per second) means a better PC gaming experience. PC gamers are wasting money and resources on such endeavors as a high volume of frames per second, when more than a certain amount just won’t make a difference.
Frames per second (or FPS) are a necessary qualification for any gaming PC. The frame rate on the computer dictates how fast, visually, a game will run.
Running more than the optimum range for frames per second takes up valuable GPU, memory, and time. The rule of thumb: Try to keep it between 30 and 60 fps for the smoothest experience, without using too many resources. Read more “Is More Than 60 FPS Better?”
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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http://lotuscustompc.com/tag/memory/
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| 0.918804 | 155 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The chassis can be thought of as the ‘structural skeleton’ for the truck. It is the platform that the rest of the truck is laid on and contains the axles, engine, cab, fuel tank and batteries.
The chassis has the greatest effect on the size and shape of the truck and is crucial to fuel economy—a truck much larger than you need will waste fuel. A chassis which is too small increases the chances of overloading or could create the need for extra trips and expense.
The size and weight of your intended loads will determine the axle placements, as expressed by the wheel arc (distance between the wheel axles) and rear overhang (distance between the back axle and the back of the truck). As these have a direct effect on the type of body that can be fitted to your truck and the loads it can carry, make sure you spend time with your tax dealer to ensure they are right.
Make sure that your truck design allows for proper load distribution. You run the risk of overloading the front axle of your vehicle if you carry too heavy a load on a truck with a short wheel arc.
If the wheel arc is wrong, you won't be able to carry as much load as the same truck with the correct wheel arc.
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CC-MAIN-2014-35
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http://www.truckbuyersguide.gov.au/interactive/chassis.aspx
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en
| 0.963314 | 260 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Black rhinos and white rhinos are the same color—a brownish gray! Both live in eastern and southern Africa but eat different foods. The wide mouth of the white rhino is perfect for grazing on grasses. The more narrow, prehensile lip of the black rhino is great for pulling leaves and shrubs into its mouth. Other names used for these two species are broad-lipped and hook-lipped. Guess which name belongs to which rhino!
Of the five rhino species, the white rhino is the largest: it can weigh 5,000 pounds (2,300 kilograms). A group of rhinos is called a crash. It’s fitting for this large, ponderous animal that can crash through just about anything in its way! The Safari Park has the largest crash of rhinos and the most successful captive breeding program for rhinos anywhere in the world.
Watch for their differences during an Africa Tram tour or Caravan Safari.
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://www.sdzsafaripark.org/wildlife/african-rhinos
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en
| 0.953973 | 200 | 2.875 | 3 |
Word 2013 and other programs on your Windows 8.1 computer get their fonts from a central directory. Adding new fonts to this directory is a two-stage process: first you locate and download the fonts on the Web, and then you install them. In order to install new fonts on your Windows 8.1 computer, you need to be logged in to a user account with administrative privileges.
Understanding Preinstalled Fonts
When you install Microsoft Office 2013, a selection of fonts are installed on your computer as well. Before you download and install new fonts, take a moment to examine this list of preinstalled of fonts to ensure you don't download a font you already have.
Finding and Downloading Fonts
Dozens of websites offer free downloads of fonts that are compatible with Microsoft Office programs, including Word. Some sites separate fonts into those designed for Macs and those designed for Windows, so make sure you select a Windows-compatible font. TTF fonts are used most commonly on Windows computers. Word also supports OpenType fonts. Not all fonts are free. Some have licenses that restrict their usage. When you find a font you like, download it to your computer.
Once you've obtained the font, double-click the downloaded file to extract it, if necessary. Most fonts are in the ZIP format when you download them. Double-click the extracted font file to preview it and then click the "Install" button at the top of the preview window to install the font. You can also install a font by right-clicking the font file and selecting "Install." A third method involves the use of the Fonts Control Panel. In Windows 8.1, Swipe your mouse to the top-right corner of your screen, enter "Fonts" in the Search charm and then click "Fonts Control Panel" on the search results. Drag and drop the downloaded font file into the Fonts Control Panel to install it.
Using New Fonts in Word and Other Programs
After you install your new fonts, make sure Microsoft Word and any other program in which you want to use the new font are closed. When you reopen each program, it automatically scans for new fonts and add them to their respective fonts menus.
Before you download a font, always research the website you're using. Some popular and reputable font websites include 1001 Free Fonts, Da Font and Font Palace. If possible, scan your downloaded font files for viruses before opening them.
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://www.techwalla.com/articles/how-to-download-fonts-into-microsoft-word-or-other-programs
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en
| 0.89629 | 499 | 2.765625 | 3 |
More and more research has shown that the simple act of keeping an engaged mind does wonders for keeping the brain youthful. Taking courses, learning new tasks, solving problems, all of these can keep the neurons in the brain firing properly. Maybe it’s time to learn a new technology, study that language you always wished you knew, master a new dance, or just plain engage in some intellectual discourse.
Harvard Medical School released an article, 12 Ways to Keep Your Brain Young. Guess what was number one?
Community Education offers lots of opportunities to socialize (another anti-ager!), learn new skills and have fun. Bookmark our site for future reference.
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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https://communityedsm.wordpress.com/2013/08/27/mental-stimulation/
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en
| 0.932448 | 135 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Most writers have assumed that the spread of the Islamic faith has tended to weaken and undermine the foundations of traditional African society and culture. In this interesting and original study Professor Bravmann re-examines and refutes the assumption that the aniconic attitudes of Islam, especially the prohibition of representational imagery, have had a detrimental effect on the visual arts in the areas of West Africa influenced by this universalistic faith. The strength and flexibility of West African societies and their art forms is clearly revealed in the major part of this study, which is devoted to a detailed examination of the impact of Islam upon traditional art in the Cercle de Bondoukou and west central areas of Ghana. The text is illustrated with numerous photographs showing a variety of art forms and masquerades in the region.
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- Date Published: February 1980
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9780521297912
- length: 208 pages
- dimensions: 229 x 152 x 12 mm
- weight: 0.31kg
- availability: Available
Table of Contents
List of maps
List of plates
1. The Islamisation of West Africa
2. Muslim dogma concerning representational art
3. The syncretic nature of Islam: the survival of traditional art forms
4. History of the Muslim Mande in the Cercle de Bondoukoou and west central Ghana
5. Muslim relationships with traditional art in the Cercle de Bondoukou and west central Ghana
6. The Bedu masking tradition
7. The Gbain masking tradition
8. The Do masking tradition
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.cambridge.org/ge/universitypress/subjects/anthropology/social-and-cultural-anthropology/islam-and-tribal-art-west-africa
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| 0.890401 | 516 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Montana Department of Livestock reports that a horse from southwest Montana had a positive Coggins test for Equine Infectious Anemia.
Just what is EIA? The NDSU website defines Equine Infectious Anemia as contagious, viral disease that affects all members of the Equine species, including horses, ponies, donkeys, and mules. Once animals become infected they are life-long carriers of the virus.
Acute, Chronic and Inapparant are the three clinical forms if EIA. Symptons range from fever, depression, lack or loss of appetite, weight loss, anemia, weakness, stocking up (swelling of the legs), and edema. Mares that have EIA abort their babies or fail to become pregnant.
EIA is spread through horse flies, deer flies, mosquitoes, and gnats. The nasty annoying little blood suckers that they are!
I recently scheduled appointments for 4 of my horses to get their blood drawn for the Coggins test. No, not because I think they are carrying the disease, but because I will be headed into North Dakota several times this summer with my horses. North Dakota requies all horses entering the state have a negative Coggins test. The test is pretty simple and the results are good for a year.
EIA; just another reason to keep those pesky little blood suckers under control!
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<urn:uuid:51804110-5a4f-4dd2-90c1-3026d4a64719>
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://cowcampcraziness.blogspot.com/2010/04/equine-infectious-anemia.html
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| 0.945481 | 287 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Source: California Invasive Plant Council
URL of this page: http://www.cal-ipc.org/ip/management/ipcw/pages/detailreport.cfm@usernumber=87&surveynumber=182.php
Invasive Plants of California's Wildland
|Scientific name||Verbascum thapsus|
|Additional name information:||L.|
|Common name||common mullein, wooly mullein, great mullein, mullein, Jacob’s staff, flannel leaf, velvet plant, candlewick plant, lung wort, felt wort|
|Synonymous scientific names||none known|
|Closely related California natives||0|
|Closely related California non-natives:||3|
|Listed||CalEPPC List B,CDFA nl|
HOW DO I RECOGNIZE IT?
Scrophulariaceae. Biennial or annual herb. Stems: 1.5-6 ft (50-200 cm) tall when mature. Leaves: first-year plant is a rosette of large, woolly, gray-green leaves. Leaves 2-4 times longer than wide, 2-16 in (5-40 cm) long, alternate, the largest leaves at the base of the plant, smallest near the top; leaf pedicle short with leaf base extending a short way down the stalk to form wings. Plants usually bolt in second year and have a single stem covered with overlapping, woolly leaves from base to inflorescence. Inflorescence: a spike extending upward from top of stalk. Usually 1 inflorescence is produced, but occasionally a second or third can form with branches occurring where inflorescences begin. Flowers: densely packed along inflorescence, youngest near top; bracts 0.5-0.7 in (12-18 mm), flower pedicels short, <0.08 in (<2 mm), generally fused to stalk. Calyx deeply 5-lobed; 0.3-0.4 in (7-9 mm) long, several times longer than wide. Corolla (petals) 0.6-1.0 in (15-25 mm) wide, 5-lobed, circular, nearly regular, sulphur-yellow. Seeds: held in a 2-celled capsule 0.24 in (6 mm) diameter, covered with short, branched hairs. Seeds brown, irregular, oblong, 0.02-0.03 in (0.5-0.7 mm) long, with wavy ridges alternating with deep grooves. Each capsule holds numerous seeds. Flowering occurs from June through October (from Munz 1959, Gross and Werner 1978, and Hickman 1993).
|WHERE WOULD I FIND IT?||
Common mullein occurs throughout California, but is particularly abundant in dry valleys on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada. High population densities have been observed in moist meadows and creek drainages near Mono Lake and Owens Valley. It prefers disturbed habitats with little other vegetation, especially on dry, gravelly soils. It is common along roadsides, rights-of-way, and river banks and in forest cuts, meadows, pastures, and waste areas (Gross and Werner 1978). It is an early colonizer and may be the first plant to colonize bare soil. It is found in all forty-eight contiguous states and in Hawaii. In Canada it is reported to grow abundantly in soils with a pH range of 6.5-7.8 (Gross and Werner 1978). It is found from sea level to 8,000 feet (2,440 m) elevation.
|WHERE DID IT COME FROM AND HOW IS IT SPREAD?||
Common mullein is native to Asia, but it probably was introduced to the United States from Europe. It was valued for its medicinal properties and has been carried with immigrants throughout the world. It has been used as a remedy for coughs and lung diseases, diarrhea, burns, and earaches (Mitich 1989). It probably was introduced several times into North America as a medicinal herb as well as accidentally. The earliest recorded intentional introduction was in the 1700s in the Blue Ridge Mountians of Virginia (Gross and Werner 1978). It apparently naturalized and spread rapidly, for it was erroneously described as a native by Eaton (1818) and was present as far west as Michigan in 1839 (Gross and Werner 1978). It was first recorded in California in 1880 as being widely naturalized in old fields in Siskyou County (Watson 1880). It spreads by prodigious seed production and maintains its presence by long-lived seeds in the soil. Its seeds have no specialized structures for long-distance dispersal by wind or animals. Movement of soil for highway and building construction may have assisted in its dispersal.
|WHAT PROBLEMS DOES IT CAUSE?||
Common mullein is not a weed of agricultural crops, as it cannot tolerate cultivation. It is, however, thought to serve as a host for insects that are themselves economic pests, such as the mullein leaf bug, a pest of apples and pears in the eastern United States and Canada (Maw 1980). Common mullein is not often a significant weed of most wildlands and natural areas, as it is easily crowded out by grasses or other competing vegetation. It is a problem, however, in the sparsely vegetated soils of the eastern Sierra Nevada. In moist meadows and drainages near Mono Lake and Owens Valley, common mullein can become abundant and has invaded pristine meadows with undisturbed soils, displacing native herbs and grasses. It has also been observed to rapidly establish following forest fires in the western Sierra Nevada. High densites of rosettes appear to prevent the reinvasion of native herbs and grasses in burned areas, but eventually these give way to a developing shrub canopy. In this situation, mullein appears to disrupt the normal sequence of ecological succession.
|HOW DOES IT GROW AND REPRODUCE?||
(click on photos to view larger image)
Seeds are contained in a capsule with two cells. Field studies show that single plants produce 200 to 300 capsules with 500 to 800 seeds per capsule. Thus, seed production can be 100,000 to 240,000 seeds per plant. When dry, the capsule splits open and releases the seeds. Seeds are not adapted to dispersal by wind or animals and usually fall to the ground. Field studies report that seeds will disperse as far as eleven meters, but 75 percent fall within one meter of the parent plant (Gross and Werner 1978).
Common mullein seeds do not appear to undergo dormancy or require a period of after-ripening. They germinate rapidly under appropriate environmental conditions (Baskin and Baskin 1981). Seed germination can occur in continuous darkness (e.g., when buried) or in light. High germination rates in darkness are restricted to relatively hightemperatures (>30 degrees C). In contrast, high germination rates were observed at 0 degrees C in darkness alternating with 35-40 degrees C in light (Semenza et al. 1978). This indicates that germination is possible on soil surfaces where extreme diurnal fluctuations occur. Despite observations of seed germination in darkness in the laboratory, field studies of buried seeds show low germination rates(<15 percent) suggesting that factors other than darkness may play a role in preventing germination of buried seeds (Baskin and Baskin 1981).
Generally, only those seeds at or near the soil surface will germinate (Semenza et al. 1978). Mullein seeds can survive and remain viable for thirty-five to 100 years when buried (Gross and Werner 1978, Baskin and Baskin 1981). The presence of mullein plants immediately following soil disturbance is likely a result of the presence of a seedbank rather than dispersed seeds. In California common mullein seeds usually germinate in spring following snowmelt and in fall with the onset of rains.
Common mullein is a usually a biennial, forming a taproot and a rosette in the first year and a flowering stalk in the second year. Rosettes consist of a whorl of leaves from the root crown clustered at the soil surface. In the eastern Sierra Nevada, however, it can grow as a biennial or as a winter annual. If seed germinates in spring, the plant will remain a rosette through the first growing season and the following winter. It will then bolt in spring and flower in summer. If seed germinates in fall, the plant will enter winter as a rosette and bolt the following spring (Semenza et al. 1978). Regardless of its flowering pattern, common mullein spends the first half of its life as a rosette, producing a deep taproot before sending up a three- to six-foot stalk and producing flowers. Flowers may be produced until the first frost or snowfall in late fall.
|HOW CAN I GET RID OF IT?||
The best method for controlling common mullein depends on the size of the infestation, the topography of the site, and the resources available. Timing is critical for efficient control, and follow-up is essential.
Manual/mechanical methods: Perhaps the most effective method of controlling common mullein is to cut plants with a weed hoe. Plants will not resprout if cut through the root crown below the lowest leaves (Gross and Werner 1978). Removing rosettes with a hand hoe can be easily accomplished by workers trained to recognize the plant. Hand hoeing can be selective and effective, and two workers may clear up to twenty acres of mullein in a few hours. Bolted plants can also be removed with a weed hoe. Sometimes bolted plants can be pulled out of sandy soil, especially following heavy rain. If plants have begun to set seed, cut off the flowering racemes with pruning shears just below the lowest seed pods and collect them in a bag to prevent seeds from being released during the hand removal operation. A second or third weeding may be necessary.
Mowing appears to be ineffective, as plants cut above the root crown do not die. Rather, the basal rosette will continue to enlarge, then later bolt and flower. Clipping the terminal flower stalk will not prevent flowering, but will cause increased growth of axillary branches, which will produce flowers later (Gross and Werner 1978).
Prescribed burning: Burning kills bolted plants and appears to kill rosettes, but creates open areas for reinfestation from seed germination. Individual bolted plants can be killed using a flame thrower, but its use is to be avoided during fire season.
Insects and fungi: No insects or diseases have been approved for introduction as biological control agents against common mullein in North America. A curculionid weevil, Gymnaetron tetrum Fab., was accidentally introduced into Canada from Europe (Maw 1980). This weevil is specific to common mullein and is considered one of two natural enemies significantly impacting the plant in Europe. The larvae feed on seeds and other tissues in the seed capsules. Larvae are able to destroy all seeds in a capsule when present; however, usually not all seed capsules are infested. Gross and Werner (1978) report that up to 50 percent of seeds may be destroyed by the larval feeding of this weevil. Over time, G. tetrum has spread into California and has been collected from mullein plants throughout northern and eastern California since 1942. While its impact has not been investigated in California, it is unlikely to have much impact on common mullein populations. Despite the rate of seed destruction, too many seeds remain for it to have much effect in controlling common mullein populations.
Grazing: Grazing animals generally will not eat mullein because of its hairy leaves (Whitson 1992).
Common mullein is difficult to control with herbicides because the thick hairs on the leaves prevent the herbicide from reaching and penetrating the leaf surface. A surfactant is recommended for all liquid herbicides used to control this plant.
Zamora (1993) compared the effectiveness of several herbicides to control common mullein along a roadside in Montana. Herbicides were applied with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 42 psi. Treatments were applied to late rosette and bolting plants in late May. Plant height and number of plants surviving to flower were recorded at the end of July. Of the three compounds available in California, 2,4-D provided 66 percent kill at 1.9 lbs/acre; height of standing plants averaged nineteen inches. Glyphosate provided 100 percent kill; height averaged nine inches. Sulfometuron (as Oust®) also provided 100 percent kill; average plant height was six inches. For comparison, in the unsprayed control areas, all plants survived to flowering (zero mortality); average plant height was thirty-eight inches (1 m).
Another control method, recently developed by a forest weed manager, is to spray each rosette with glyphosate by putting the spray nozzle into the center of the rosette (DiTomaso, pers. comm.). The applicator touches the plant with the spray nozzle and gives it one good squirt. The key is to ensure that the herbicide penetrates the region of the plant where the growing point is located. If the nozzle is off-center, this method does not work. Only seedlings and rosettes are susceptible using this method. In treating individual plants, it is recommended that a dye be used in the herbicide mixture to mark treated plants and prevent re-treatment.
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en
| 0.936136 | 2,855 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Art is a medium used by people world wide to express their ideas, their fears, and their joys. The artist takes the experiences of life and translates them into a visual object, rich in colors, shapes and sizes, for all the world to observe. As a casual observer of art, one is able to relive the feeling or experience the artist was trying to display, if only for a brief moment in time. No matter what cultural background one comes from, art appreciation and enjoyment erases the barriers and the limits, and allows cross-cultural understanding and appraisal.
Art has always relied heavily upon universal symbols. One of the most well known universal symbols is the cross, meaning of course, religion. Religion of a culture is one of the most frequently misjudged and stereotyped aspects From the prehistoric times of the cave man to present day, art has depicted religious scenes native to a specific culture. This is where most of the cultural boundaries lie. To one person, a smiling monkey can instill a primal feeling of fear, while to another the first reaction is one of amusement.
This difference in reaction is based upon religious upbringing, and nothing more. To certain ulture, a smiling monkey is the scariest thing they could ever imagine, and to another, it means laughter. A close minded person viewing an ancient religious mask would see nothing more than nonsense, while one who wishes to understand art would see the beauty of that culture and it’s beliefs, and would try to place themselves in a way so that they may understand the original meaning ofthe mask, and form an educated opinion on it.
Anyone can enjoy a piece of art, but what is it that makes a piece of art “good”? Is it the realism of the piece? Or the absolute perfectness of a sculpture? Maybe good art is abstract, an array of shapes put together to make a point. Or maybe good art is a classical sculpture that catches the light just so and brings a warm smile to the viewers face. Is it a measure of craftsmanship? A measure of mediums used? A measure of technique? Or is it just a measure of how it affects the viewer?
Is good art visually irritating or visually pleasing? The beauty of art is impossible to define, for it’s beauty inherently lies in the eye of the beholder. As Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel said, “Beauty is the spiritual put into a form. ” So, in defining beauty, one is ttempting to define the spiritual beliefs behind the form. This means that that which is seen as ugly is just something that is new or is not fully understood by the viewer. Knowledge of art is just a measure of experience.
It is impossible for someone to know art, but it is possible for someone to be well briefed in the field of art and have an understanding of it. No one can ever be an expert on art, because art is indefinite. There is no right or wrong, good or bad, and the rules change every day. When art is studied, the observer may note things such as symmetry and balance, but they may never understand why they are there. One may carefully measure the dimensions of an object, catalogue its mediums, its shapes, its patterns.
One may even catalogue their opinions on the piece, but they will never fully capture the meaning of the piece, for seeing is not understanding. Maybe this is why art is studied. The absolute uncertainty is guaranteed, and it is human nature to want to understand what is not understood. This may be what draws people to art exhibits and museums, the primal urge to understand, to solve the great mystery of art, to be able to say “I get it, I fully understand art”. This will never be possible.
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https://benjaminbarber.org/understanding-the-misunderstood-art-from-different-cultures/
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| 0.966514 | 774 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Earth Science Week 2009: Understanding Climate
The theme of this year's Earth Science Week -- "Understanding Climate" -- presents a timely opportunity for students to learn about Earth's climate, how it affects them and vice versa. Earth Science Week takes place Oct. 11-17. It coincides with a period of increased media attention on Earth's climate as the U.S. Congress considers legislation to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, and world leaders negotiate a new global climate treaty.
The American Geological Institute hosts Earth Science Week annually in cooperation with various sponsors to encourage understanding and appreciation for the Earth sciences and stewardship of Earth.
During Earth Science Week, NASA will release five short educational videos, all part of a series entitled "Tides of Change." The videos will focus on the connection between ocean and climate. Each video will focus on a specific aspect of the connection, such as rising sea levels or the carbon cycle. The videos will be posted at http://climate.nasa.gov
, which will be a one-stop shop for NASA Earth Science Week education resources related to understanding climate.
On Wednesday, Oct. 14, classrooms around the country are invited to participate in a live webcast. The webcast will feature two oceanographers who will discuss their careers, illustrate NASA's unique view of the oceans from space, and answer questions submitted by participants. The webcast will be available at http://www.ustream.tv/channel/earth-science-week-webcast
In addition, NASA has contributed to the following items included in an educator kit designed to help teachers engage students in Earth science before, during and after this special week:
- "The Dynamic Earth" DVD -- A new DVD provides an 18-minute overview of the Earth system, climate change and how NASA observes the planet. The DVD also includes slideshows about various Earth science topics. The online home of "The Dynamic Earth" DVD -- http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_homepage/for_educators/educational_dvd.php -- contains a DVD glossary, links to related Web sites, and downloadable versions of the video in iPod, iPhone or AppleTV format.
- Global Climate Change Bookmark -- A color bookmark shows a series of images that depict the long-term progression of global surface temperature departures from average. The bookmark points to http://climate.nasa.gov, a hub for climate news and features, visualizations of NASA climate data, and a 3-D interactive that allows users to fly around Earth on the wings of a satellite.
- Hurricane Katrina Learning Module -- The Category 3 hurricane that devastated parts of the Gulf Coast in August 2005 is the subject of a learning module for grades 5-12. Students are tasked with describing how Katrina affected each of Earth's four spheres -- the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere; how each sphere affected Katrina; and how the spheres affected each other. The Earth System Science Education Alliance, or ESSEA, developed the module. Sponsored by the National Science Foundation and NASA, ESSEA supports educational institutions across the country in offering a series of online Earth system science courses for K-12 teachers. More learning modules are available at the ESSEA Web site: http://essea.strategies.org.
- Tropical Atlantic Aerosols Learning Activity -- A MY NASA DATA lesson for students in grades 7-9 is featured as the May learning activity in the Earth Science Week 2009-2010 Earth Science activity calendar. The calendar text provides background information about aerosols, tiny liquid droplets or solid particles suspended in the air. The full lesson plan is available at http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov/preview_lesson.php?&passid=56. Students use NASA satellite data to determine where over the tropical Atlantic Ocean the greatest concentrations of aerosols are found. The MY NASA DATA Web site, http://mynasadata.larc.nasa.gov, features a collection of K-12 lesson plans that use NASA Earth science data.
- NASA/NOAA Cloud Chart -- A two-sided color chart shows different cloud types and the altitudes at which different clouds form. The chart includes an illustration of Earth's water cycle and an explanation of cloud names. Visit http://science-edu.larc.nasa.gov/cloud_chart/ to print a PDF file of the chart.
- Climate Literacy Guide -- A color brochure outlines the essential principles of climate science important for individuals and communities to know and understand about Earth's climate, impacts of climate change, and approaches to adaptation or mitigation. The seven principles were developed with input from multiple government science agencies, nongovernmental organizations and numerous individuals. See http://www.climatescience.gov/Library/Literacy/ for more information about the guide.
- USA National Phenology Network -- A two-sided information sheet explains phenology -- the study of recurring plant and animal life cycle events, such as when flowers bloom, leaves turn color or birds migrate -- and the work of the USA National Phenology Network. The USA-NPN brings together citizen scientists, government agencies, nonprofit groups, educators and students to monitor the impacts of climate change on plants and animals in the United States. Visit the USA-NPN Web site at http://www.usanpn.org/.
For more information and to order an educator kit, visit the Earth Science Week Web site: http://www.earthsciweek.org
Dan Stillman, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
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Phillip Reis - From the First Telephone to the First Microphone
On October 26, 1861, Phillip Reis presented a lecture to the members of the 'Physikalischer Verien' in Frankfurt, Germany. The subject was entitled 'The transmission of tones via galvanic current over wide distances'. His telephone consisted of a thin membrane which produced, with the frequency of sound, a change of the current by just switching a contact. This was easily transmitted to the receiver at around a 200 m distance. The corpus of a violin was shook by a small electromagnetic device which was known from telegraphy. The violin irradiated the sound in such a way that a melody could be heard. Even some words and short sentences were transmitted. For his work and his many improvements he received the title 'Meister des Freien Deutschen Hochstifts'. This 'Hochstift' and it's scientific work was the offspring of the later founded Frankfurt University. The work of Phillip Reis was published in technical periodicals at that time. Some years later, his telephone was produced by a small company in Frankfurt which sold the sender and the receiver all over the world. The small village of Freidrichdorf, located in the Taunus hills near Frankfurt, was, at that time, not interested in having wire connections from village to village. In the 1860's many small German states existed before the unification in 1871. Ten to fifteen years later the need for communication lines using the new telephone of Graham Bell was extreme. Now Phillip Reis was remembered as the first inventor. For him however, it was too late. He died in 1874. The idea of a so called contact microphone was overtaken by the electro-magnetic system of Bell, changing the amplitude of transmitted current. The next step was the invention of Edison's carbon microphone. The paper will describe the work of Phillip Reis at the beginning of a new century of telecommunication technology.
Click to purchase paper or login as an AES member. If your company or school subscribes to the E-Library then switch to the institutional version. If you are not an AES member and would like to subscribe to the E-Library then Join the AES!
This paper costs $20 for non-members, $5 for AES members and is free for E-Library subscribers.
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For the first time, Costa Rica and El Salvador will allow emigrants to vote in their presidential elections, both taking place on February 2. AS/COA Online looks at the countries’ new expatriate voting laws and what have been the changes and challenges of adopting these measures.
Costa Rica: The country’s revised 2009 electoral code permits overseas citizens to vote in presidential elections and national referenda, but not congressional members. With an estimated 300,000 Costa Ricans living abroad, the government will enable polling centers in 52 consulates and an electronic voting system in 31 countries. The consulates in New York (2,657 voters), Los Angeles (1,487 voters), and Miami (1,153 voters) have the largest number of registered voters. Roughly 120,000 Costa Ricans live in the United States alone.
In order to vote, overseas residents must be 18 years of age or older, have a national identification card, and register at a consulate prior to the elections. It’s thought that roughly 12,600 expats are registered to vote this year—a small number compared to how many live abroad.
In the event of an April 6 runoff, expats can go to their prior assigned voting posts to resubmit their ballots. In addition to dealing with travel costs and long distances, this year’s adverse weather conditions in Canada and northern United States could impede many Costa Ricans from making it to some polling centers, reports La Nación. Suffrage is obligatory, but failing to vote is not punishable.
El Salvador: In January 2013, the country passed the Special Law for the Exercise of Voting from Abroad in Presidential Elections, which allows expat residents to submit a ballot by mail. To register, voters must be at least 18 years old, possess a valid identification, and have a physical address abroad.
The new electoral law could afford emigrants—particularly in the United States—greater political clout, given their large contributions to El Salvador’s economy through remittances, which represent 16.5 percent of the Central American country’s GDP. According to the Central Bank, Salvadorans sent almost $4 billion home last year—a 1.5 percent increase from 2012. Around 3 million Salvadorans live outside the country, of which 2.5 million live in the United States. With over 400,000 Salvadoran residents, Los Angeles, California is home to the largest expat population.
But only a few weeks ahead of the vote, the electoral tribunal reported delays of at least 4,000 electoral packages that have not yet been mailed to recipients in the United States. Other residents faced issues mailing votes from postal offices in Canada. Out of the 250,000 expatriates expected to vote this year, only 10,000 registered. La Prensa Grafica reported that, as of January 23, the electoral agency received over 1,800 expat votes.
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I Am George Washington
George Washington was one of the greatest leaders the world has ever known. He was never afraid to be the first to try something, from exploring the woods around his childhood home to founding a brand new nation, the United States of America. With his faith in the American people and tremendous bravery, he helped win the Revolutionary War and became the country's first president. Add this picture book biography to your collection today.
Download the George Washington Timeline
George Washington never had any children of his own, but he did have two step children.
He was one of our biggest presidents at six feet, two inches and 200 pounds.
George Washington loves to eat peanut soup, mashed sweet potatoes with coconut, and string beans with mushrooms.
He bred hound dogs and gave them unusual names like Tarter, True Love, and Sweet Lips.
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We’ve been calling it Spiro from the Irish work for sparrowhawk – Spioróg (spuh-rogue). Ours is just one of the many sparrowhawks in West Cork – this is not a bird that is endangered in any way at the moment. They’ve been classed as secure. There was a decline back in the old DDT days, but the population has fully recovered since then.
Look at that raptor face – the hooked beak and the piercing yellow eyes
This is one ferocious hunter; but efficient, not so much. In fact, it catches about one bird for every ten it chases. Exhausting! We have watched it plummet from the sky to land on or beside our bird feeder. We’ve watched it chase birds into the bushes only to emerge battered but empty handed. We’ve never seen it actually catch something, although no doubt that will happen in time. When we suddenly see every bird at the feeder or on the ground disappear, we know the signal has been given and Spiro is around.
Top: an adult male sparrow keeps watch for Spiro. Bottom: Small birds, like this robin, will take refuge in thorn bushes. Sparrowhawks will go after them but often damage themselves in the process
Sparrowhawks rely on their agility to create the element of surprise. They will fly low on the other side of a hedge and at the last moment swoop up and over it to where birds have gathered on a lawn. Or they will catch them in flight, having used trees to hide in until the bird gets close enough. They can weave through branches like Ninjas, ducking and swooping with supreme manoeuvrability. In the open they flap and glide and never hover – it’s one way of telling them from kestrels.
They nest in wooded areas and their eggs hatch in May and June – about the same time the smaller birds hatch too. This means that they rely on a diet of fledglings to feed their young, and of course fledglings are easier to catch than adult birds.
This is the smaller, darker, sparrowhawk – we think it’s the male
But it’s the male who goes after the fledglings. The female is larger – almost twice as large – and she hunts bigger birds such as pigeons and even pheasants. Females are paler too, so we think Spiro is a female. But we’ve seen a smaller, darker one too – must be the husband. We’ll call him Spirogín.
Like owls, sparrowhawks can swivel their heads to look behind them
A backyard feeder, such as we have, provides a source of small birds for sparrowhawks. So here we have unwittingly colluded with Mother Nature to help out Spiro and her family. We console ourselves that the birds of prey are important too and need to eat – but in fact, as I said, we have yet to witness a successful kill.
This recently-fledged sparrow is a prime target
The sport of falconry was introduced in Ireland by the Anglo-Normans, who arrived in the 12th century. In his wonderful book Ireland’s Birds: Myths, Legends and Folklore (The Collins Press 2015), Niall Mac Coitir tells us that the
…male sparrowhawk was called the musket and was traditionally the hawk kept by priests. The word musket was later used for a crossbow bolt and later still for the new invention of the handgun. Kestrels were the lowliest of falcons, used only by naves or servants. Nevertheless, they had a use, as they were traditionally kept near dovecotes to scare sparrowhawks away, because they would not bother the doves themselves. It was even said that pigeons would seek out a kestrel for protection if a sparrowhawk was about.
Most of the references from Irish folklore and mythology don’t specify what hawk is being talked about. The word for hawk, seabhac (show-ock, where ‘show’ rhymes with ‘cow’), is used generically. But Mac Coitir looks to the behaviour of the bird for clues to find sparrowhawks in Ireland’s great sagas. For example, in the Táin Bó Cúailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cooley) the warrior Cúchulainn warned his rival Fergus to stand aside or he would ‘swoop on you as a hawk swoops on little birds.’
Our ‘little birds’ (green finches) keeping a wary eye open for Spiro
Robert talked about Spiro in his The Wild Side post, but we both thought she deserved a post of her own. Most of the photographs of the sparrowhawks in this post were taken, of necessity, very quickly and through a window, so I’ve had to work on them a bit. However, we were lucky enough to be lying in bed one Sunday morning when Spiro herself came and sat on the low terrace wall outside the bedroom window. She stayed for a while, alternately grooming and watchful.
We felt very privileged to be so close to such a fierce wild female.
I think this was reposted on fb last night.
That answers a mystery which has been unfolding to me, slowly and intriguingly in the last few years and more expediently in the last few weeks.
Have you ever heard them call?
the sound they make!
It reaches in deep,
it causes me to jump up,..
It straightens one up,
it gives a surge,
like, that drive from your ancestors.
Several times I have recorded this sound on my voice recorder!!
Waiting, holding the phone up, seeing if he will repeat the call,.. after I hear it first and get my phone out,
never having seen the creature and not having known what it was.
I’ve probably noticed the sound over the last 2 summers, and it is always significant to hear, but this summer has been the revelation.
Like discovering Cornwall and West Cork links in June 2018!
Only some days ago I was able to physically see the creature, up high, for the 1st time, calling and gliding, and
initially I thought, this is definitely some sort of eagle.
When you outlined the difference between the Kestrel and the Sparrow hawk, there I got my answer, the gliding.
So, there is a sparrow hawk, Spioróg
about here and he is gliding in an uninhabited corridor in nature, between the farms and dwellings.
I have some pictures and video, at a distance now and one of him on an electricity pylon in the distance. I can hear him as I write.
In 2017 a friend of mine sent me this song, I didn’t know why then.
“The Eagle And The Hawk”
.. all those who see me,
and all who believe in me,..
I am the eagle, I live in high country in rocky cathedrals that reach to the sky.
I am the hawk, and there’s blood on my feathers.
But time is still turning, they soon will be dry.
And all those who see me, and all who believe in me
share in the freedom I feel when I fly.
Come dance with the west wind and touch on the mountain tops.
Sail o’er the canyons and up to the stars.
And reach for the heavens and hope for the future
and all that we can be, and not what we are.
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thank you, Timothy, for those insights and experiences…
Sensational photographs Robert and Finola- just wonderful !! See you soon hopefully on the 4th XX
LikeLiked by 1 person
Thank you – and hope you can make it.
We have sparrow hawks too, they return every spring. I feel terrible – fattening my finches, tits, blackbirds and robins up for them every winter but nature is nature! I have seen a kill, it was horrific!!
Oh poor you! Hope it doesn’t happen on my watch. Thanks for the comment.
Excellent photo’s Finola. A really magnificent bird which rarely sits around for long enough to be photographed. Lovely. Thanks for sharing.
Thanks, John – and good to chat!
Reblogged this on West Cork History.
Thank you, as always, Pat!
She is very handsome in her yellow stockings and stripey vest but that fierce yellow eyes tells the story. What a privilege to have her in the garden, though the little birds might disagree – specially love the greenfinches.
I suppose when the day comes that we actually see a successful strike we might feel a little differently!
Yes, for they don’t beat about the bush, so to speak!
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Technical Note: Sorry for any recent performance issues. We are working on it.
Guest commentary on BBC documentary on “Global Dimming” aired on January 13th 2005 by Beate Liepert, LDEO, Columbia University
I haven’t yet seen the documentary. I have only read the transcript and hence was spared the pictures of the potential apocalypse and the invocation of biblical-scale famines. However, as one of the lead scientists on the topic [and who was interviewed by the BBC for the Horizon documentary (transcript, previous post)], I feel I should explain a few things about it without using religious analogies and stoking unnecessary fear.
First though, this is a nice example of the power of words: Gerry Stanhill coined the observed reduction in solar energy reaching the ground “global dimming”. He called it “global” dimming because the technical term for the radiative energy is called “global solar radiation” and it contrasts nicely with the more common “global warming”.
It just so happens that most of the posts on this site have tried to counteract arguments from those who would sow fake “uncertainty” in the climate debate. But lest our readers feel that we are unjustifiably certain about our knowledge, let us look at a recent example of the opposite tendency: too much certainty.
A recent BBC Horizon documentary (transcript) raised the issue of ‘global dimming’ and argued that this ‘killer’ phenomena’s newly-recognised existence would lead to huge re-assessments of future global warming. As part of the hyperbole, the process of global dimming was linked very clearly to the famines in Ethiopia in the 1980s and the implication was left that worse was to come. Media reports with headlines like “Fossil Fuel Curbs May Speed Global Warming” swiftly followed. So what’s the real story?
Preliminary calculations* show that surface temperatures** averaged over the globe in 2004 were the fourth highest (and the past decade was the warmest) since measurements began in 1861. (Actually, there are measurements at some sites before 1861, but this date is generally chosen as the first time when there is a dense enough network of data available to make a global average meaningful). 2004 was slightly cooler than 2003, 2002 and 1998, with the average world temperature exceeding the 30 year average (1961-1990) by 0.44° C. 1998 remains the warmest year, when surface temperatures averaged +0.54°C above the same 30-year mean. October 2004 was the warmest October on record. Sea-ice extent in the Arctic remains well below the long-term average. In September 2004, it was about 13% less than the 1973-2003 average. Satellite information suggests a general decline in Arctic sea-ice extent of about 8% over the last two and half decades.
For further details see the WMO Web site , go to “News” and look for Press Release 718.
You can also check the NASA-GISS news report on 2004
Every now and again, the myth that “we shouldn’t believe global warming predictions now, because in the 1970′s they were predicting an ice age and/or cooling” surfaces. Recently, George Will mentioned it in his column (see Will-full ignorance) and the egregious Crichton manages to say “in the 1970′s all the climate scientists believed an ice age was coming” (see Michael Crichton’s State of Confusion ). You can find it in various other places too [here, mildly here, etc]. But its not an argument used by respectable and knowledgeable skeptics, because it crumbles under analysis. That doesn’t stop it repeatedly cropping up in newsgroups though.
At first glance this seems like a strange question. Isn’t science precisely the quantification of observations into a theory or model and then using that to make predictions? Yes. And are those predictions in different cases then tested against observations again and again to either validate those models or generate ideas for potential improvements? Yes, again. So the fact that climate modelling was recently singled out as being somehow non-scientific seems absurd.
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Subject: FYI - Flu
As you are well aware it is influenza (flu) season, and many of our students and staff are showing flu-like symptoms. These students/staff get sick very quickly and have symptoms of high fever, cough, sore throat and possibly headache, stomachache and vomiting.
The flu can be passed from person to person. It is most contagious starting one day before the person feels sick and for approximately three to seven days after the symptoms begin. The flu-causing virus is spread when a person with the disease coughs, sneezes, or speaks, and releases the virus in the air. The virus can be transmitted from the surface to the hand, then to the nose, mouth, or eyes, resulting in flu infection. Therefore, it is important to wash hands frequently, cover your cough, keep hands away from the face, and clean commonly touched surfaces.
If the student/staff develops a fever or flu-like symptoms, it is important that they stay home and rest. Guidelines for exclusion and readmission to school due to illness include:
- Returning to school when fever free (100.9 or below) for 24 hours without fever reducing medication
- Returning to school 24 hours after the last diarrhea stool
- Returning to school 24 hours after the last vomiting episode
Thorough hand-washing with soap and water is the best prevention.
Please keep your children home if they are sick. These symptoms are very contagious.
The best prevention from influenza (flu) is to be vaccinated with the flu vaccine even now. It’s not too late.
Hope you all have a wonderful Holiday with your friends and family.
Pam Heath, RN
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Four teenage girls huddled around a laptop computer in their brightly lit classroom. They were working on small circuit boards, known as Arduino boards, learning the mechanics and inner workings of electronic systems.
On this day, they were trying to write code that would turn on the board’s LED lights. When one group of girls’ lights lit up, they jumped up and squealed with joy.
It was an unusual scene at YULA Girls High School, where students typically take notes quietly while a teacher lectures on anything from biology to Rashi. In this setting, though — orchestrated by the New York-based Center for Initiatives in Jewish Education (CIJE) — students worked in teams, teaching themselves the principles of engineering, science and math.
“I’d never thought I’d be interested in technology, but then I came to this class and I see that it really applies to my life,” said ninth-grader Talya Sawdayi, a YULA student participating in the program. “I know how lights and computers and robots work. It’s really interesting.”
CIJE’s efforts to expose students at Jewish schools to a diverse range of scientific and technical areas while developing abstract thinking and leadership skills are now playing out at several area high schools. Beginning this past fall, YULA Boys and Girls high schools and Shalhevet School in Los Angeles, New Community Jewish High School in West Hills, and Valley Torah high schools for boys and girls in Valley Village began offering the CIJE-Tech High School Engineering Program, a two-year curriculum.
“Our mission is advancing excellence in secular academic education in schools across the denominational spectrum,” said Ellie Cohanim, CIJE vice president for development. “[Our program] was created because of the belief that we’re living in a global environment, and Jewish schools alone are not able to offer a 21st century education.”
It’s not just Jewish schools that face this challenge. The most recent rankings by the Program for International Student Assessment indicated that American students are below average in math and about average in science. That’s a problem because jobs in the future will be in science, technology, engineering and math, Cohanim said.
She said 30,000 American students in prekindergarten through 12th grade participate in various CIJE programs. The organization was founded in 2001, but the interactive CIJE-Tech curriculum — licensed from Israel Sci-Tech, a nonprofit that fundraises for science and technology education in the homeland — is a recent addition; it is run by three full-time engineers on staff who visit 48 schools in New York, Pennsylvania and California.
This program encourages teachers to act as facilitators rather than lecturers and lets the students work independently. That way, students build critical thinking skills and become prepared for a college classroom setting.
At YULA Girls, biology teacher Alex Potapenko was flown to New York with other teachers before the school year started to learn the curriculum — the same lessons as the students, but in a condensed one-week period.
“It’s not easy to do, but it pushes you to use your resources and really reach out,” he said. “I’m learning with the students, which is an interesting experience. They are so used to seeing teachers being robotic and thinking that they know everything. It humbles the teacher.”
At the beginning of the semester, Potapenko said that it was difficult for his students to understand that there would be no tests or nightly homework.
“Everything was spoon-fed in middle school, and it’s hard to be open-minded about this type of classroom. In college, the professor will not be there to hold their hands. It’s prepping them to take initiative to work on their own and have a career where they’ll be working in teams.”
In one of the first team projects of the year, Potapenko’s students worked together to download different actions into robots’ systems. Another challenge was to make bridges using only three pieces of paper and washers.
Recently, while Potapenko walked around his classroom observing his students, he was assisted by Adrian Krag, director of West Coast operations for the CIJE initiative. Krag has a doctorate in engineering and worked at a company that built prototypes for entrepreneurs.
“You can imagine how these students are going to interact when they have jobs as engineers or entrepreneurs,” Krag said. “The whole basis is to give students the kind of confidence to go in and tackle a problem that nobody told them how to solve.”
Which is precisely the point of the students’ final graded project, a yearlong effort completed in teams of three. According to Krag, one student at another high school wants to build a system that senses when a car is running a yellow light and delays the other lights from turning green, so as to avoid collisions. Another hopes to construct a contraption incorporating three toothbrushes so users can get the cleanest mouth possible. Students learn that no idea is too big or small, as long as they believe in what they’re doing.
“We allow students to really learn on their own, and if they fail that’s OK,” Cohanim said. “They have to keep trying until they succeed.”
To CIJE officials, success would mean seeing an uptick in students who want to continue their learning in these subjects. Cohanim would like to see 10 to 15 percent more students interested in engineering as a career. Student Miriam Waghalter said the program has been a good first step.
“It’s a very good class to take to open your mind to different things,” she said. “Before this class if anyone asked me if I would consider a career in science, I’d say probably not. Now I’d be more open to it than I was before.”
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How to Convert Universal Time (UT) to Local Time
|Since seismology is a worldwide science, it is necessary for all seismographs to be synchronized to the same time, rather than setting them each to the different local time zones used in different places around the globe. The accepted worldwide time standard, called Universal Time (UT or UTC), is the same as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), which is taken from the local time in Greenwich, England. Universal time is given in hours, minutes, and seconds using a 24-hour day. All of Maine is in the Eastern Time Zone, following Standard time in the winter and Daylight time in the summer.|
1. To convert Universal Time (UT or UTC) to Eastern Standard Time (EST), subtract five hours from UT.
|Examples:||07:49:55 UT is the same as 02:49:55 EST, or 2:49:55 a.m. EST.|
|19:22:16 UT is the same as 14:22:16 EST, or 2:22:16 p.m. EST.|
2. To convert Universal Time to Eastern Daylight Time (EDT), subtract four hours from UT.
|Examples:||11:36:59 UT is the same as 07:36:59 EDT, or 7:36:59 a.m. EDT.|
|23:01:44 UT is the same as 19:01:44 EDT, or 7:01:44 p.m. EDT.|
3. Notice that for times near midnight, Universal Time will be a day "ahead" of Maine, so the date must be corrected as well.
|Examples:||January 8 at 02:15:00 UT is the same as January 7 at 21:15:00 EST, or January 7 at 9:15:00 p.m. EST.|
|July 10 at 00:18:21 UT is the same as July 9 at 20:18:21 EDT, or July 9 at 8:18:21 p.m. EDT.|
Last updated on October 6, 2005
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Table of Contents
Do Artichokes need full sun? This is one question that gardeners ask.
We cannot contend with the fact that Artichokes are one of the most adaptable plants that you will find in the agricultural world.
Artichoke is an important part of European and American cuisine. This plant produces edible globes that are famous for their nutritional properties.
The Globes from this plant can help to improve the heart, aid the production of digestive tissues, detoxify the body and improve the liver.
Nonetheless, keep reading this blog post and find out if Artichokes need full sun.
Do Artichokes Need Full Sun?
Artichokes need full sun, but not too much heat. They develop fast in a cool, cloudy, and coastal environment.
However, some Artichokes can be productive in other mid-winter environments if they are properly cared for.
This plant needs rich deep soil and 6 hours of sunlight to produce the best buds. Using the globes of an Artichoke plant in your meals has a couple of nutritional benefits.
These benefits include strengthening the immune system, maintaining cholesterol levels, and protecting against many diseases.
How Can You Grow Artichokes?
There are some essential things your Artichokes plant needs. Here’s all you need to know.
Artichokes do not need full heat because they are cool-season plants. They produce more gloves when the temperatures are about 15 degrees.
This means they prefer locations with cool Summers. Despite this, they can also be cultivated during hot summers but you would have to water them at least 2 times a day.
Sadly, when an Artichokes plant is grown in the heat, its bracts can prematurely open up causing its globes to lose their tenderness.
Furthermore, a cool vernalization period is required for Artichokes to form their buds. These requirements vary according to the weather conduction of your location.
Contact your local extension agency to determine the cooling day in your area.
Other Suggestions You May Like:
Artichokes need about 7 to 9 hours of direct sunlight, every day to develop.
However, agriculturalists advise gardens to cultivate Artichokes in partial shades in places that have extremely hot weather conditions.
Cultivating artichokes in these places will be very helpful, especially in the afternoon hours.
Watering is one thing you shouldn’t deny an Artichoke plant. This development rate of the plant.
However, the type of soil determines the amount of water that is required.
Ensure you provide your Artichoke plant with 2 to 4 inches of water every day.
Additionally, Artichokes are deep-rooted plants which means that they need to be watered deeply to give the best results.
An Artichokes plant can survive in low water conduction but its bud wouldn’t be as tender and as soft as those that were cultivated on moist soil.
When your Artichoke plant has a black tip, it means water is lacking in the soil of your Artichoke.
An artichoke plant develops well in easy-to-drain soil. Ensure you cultivate them in loamy or Sandy soil.
Nonetheless, some Sandy soil might drain too much, leaving your Artichoke with little or no water.
To avoid this, ensure you prepare your soil with organic matter to reduce drainage and retain moisture in the soil.
A soil rich in organic matter is important in the growth of your plant. Your Artichokes plant needs soil with a pH level of 8.0.
Consider having your soil tested If you don’t know the pH level of your soil.
Finally, the Artichokes plant is not salt tolerant, so ensure you add compost to reduce the salt level in the soil.
Things To Do When Cultivating An Artichokes Plant.
- Cultivate your Artchoikes plant in full sun or partial shade.
- Ensure you use well-draining soil which is rich in organic matter to cultivate your Artichokes plant.
- Provide regular water and deeply water your artichoke.
How Can You Maintain An Artichoke Plan?
There are certain things you need to do when cultivating Artichokes. I have prepared a list below.
Apply a layer of mulch to the soil once your Artichoke seedlings reach the sprouting level.
This act helps in conserving moisture, preventing your Artichokes plant from drying out, it keeps the ground cooler during Summer.
In addition, mulching also helps to reduce weeds by striping them of the sunlight they need to continue growing.
When your seedlings are still developing, they struggle with weeds to compete for water, sunlight, and space. This is why you must keep your garden free from weeds.
Continue to keep your garden free from weeds even after your plant gets matured, so they do not have to compete for nutrients.
Ensure you run a test on your soil before you start fertilizing your Artichoke plant so you don’t waste your fertilizers.
The fertility of soil varies from location to location. So there’s no point in applying fertilizers on soil that has all the nutrients needed by an Artichoke Plant.
However, most soils require manure and fertilizers. Ensure you administer the right nutrient at the right proposition when you notice this.
If you stay in a windy environment, you may need to stake your Artichoke plant as part of its maintenance routine.
Put a stake a few inches into the soil from the center of your Artichokes plant, then tie the stalk close to the stake using twine or string.
This would give your Artichoke extra support when the harsh windy weather comes by
5. Overwintering Care
During the Cold months, make sure you mulch your Artichokes if your location has a temperature of 25 degrees or lower.
Cover them with 5 to 7 inches of soil and an additional 8 inches of mulch to keep them safe from the cold weather.
However, you can also dig up the roots of your artichoke and overwinter them in a cool vault.
How long does it take for artichoke to produce fruit?
If planted from seed, artichokes mature in at least 110–150 days; if planted from divisions, they do so in 100 days.
How many artichokes do you get from one plant?
The majority of cultivars produce 6 to 8 artichokes per plant, while some can yield up to 10.
Can you grow artichoke in a 5 gallon bucket?
For storing artichokes, five-gallon buckets are a fantastic alternative.
What can you not plant with artichokes?
Growing potatoes and tomatoes too close to Jerusalem artichokes will impede their growth.
Do artichokes come back every year?
Artichokes are planted as sensitive perennials that return year after year in USDA zones seven through 11.
We hope this blog post has answered your question “does Artichokes Need Full Sun’’
Trust us, your Artichokes plant will have a productive year if you follow the steps and procedures given in this post.
Use the globes of Artichokes in preparing some of your meals and join thousands of people benefiting from this nutritious plant.
If you enjoyed this blog post, please share it with your friends and family.
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The European Right: A Historical Profile
Entire libraries have been written about the left in Europe in this century; the number of serious studies of the history and character of right-wing movements can be counted on the fingers of one hand. There are several good reasons for this: most people who write books are, in Europe at any rate, closer to the left than the right. The intelligentsia is attracted by ideas, and these have been traditionally less ideas (and ideology) on the right, than on the left. That the right has no consistent Weltanschauung is not necessarily a drawback; it needs one less than the left As Mussolini once put it very succinctly: “The democrats of Il Mondo want to know our program? It is to break the bones of the democrats of Il Mondo. And the sooner the better.” Intellectually the right is inferior to its adversaries; for that reason alone it is in many ways a less exciting and fruitful subject for students of ideas in modern history.
But, history is not only the history of ideas, intellectually stimulating or not. The right was, and is, important and its study should not be neglected. All students of modern Europe will be grateful to Professors Weber and Rogger who, with their collaborators, have produced a truly pioneering study of a fascinating phenomenon. It is one of the most interesting books in the historical and political field published in recent years.
The first obstacle facing the editors was how to define the meaning of left and right. The traditional definitions are well known, but how much sense do they still make in the modern world? It has been argued that left and right have largely lost their meaning in the era of totalitarianism and the subsequent age of the “end of ideologies.” It has also been said that few of those who talk about the end of ideology belong to the left. Most students of contemporary history will no doubt agree with Professor Weber, who says that reference to left and right is a reality in countries like France where these terms have over the ages become essential constituents of political definition and vocabulary and thought. However, since the advent of De Gaulle, the left-right dichotomy has become much less clear than it formerly was in France; the farther one goes from Paris to the south and east, the less meaningful do “left” and “right” become. In pre-war Hungary and Rumania, for instance, the left-right division was much less clear than in the West; since Rumanian realities, to give but one example, differed in almost every aspect from the situation in France, it was not really appropriate to use French categories and criteria to label Rumanian movements and personalities. To talk about countries like Egypt, Algeria, or Ghana in terms of “left” or “right” makes even less sense; this misuse of the European political vocabulary has caused great confusion and will no doubt cause more unless checked in time.
The contributors to the present volume…
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- Full Description
Networking is one of the core tasks of enterprise-level programming, and this book covers key concepts, like network programming in .NET with C#, and building network-based applications in .NET. You will gain confidence to use the classes shipped with .NET, and eventually implement your own application-level protocols.
The text first overviews important background material, like physical network architecture, network protocols, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, streams in .NET, and stream access. Also covered in detail: socket programming complete with introduction, and descriptions for use in .NET.
Finally, the book explores Internet programming, with a look at HTTPthe underlying protocol of e-mail and Internet. By the end of the book, you will also have learned to secure network communications in .NET.
- Source Code/Downloads
If you think that you've found an error in this book, please let us know about it. You will find any confirmed erratum below, so you can check if your concern has already been addressed.No errata are currently published
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How does your body work to produce energy during respiration? The answer lies in the distinct processes of aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
These terms are used to refer to how the body creates energy through respiration.
But what exactly is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? And how do these processes differ during specific exercises? It can be tricky to know the difference and leaves many of us confused and unsure.
Well, no more! Keep reading to find out the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
The Difference Between Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
In aerobic respiration, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide and water. This reaction releases energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules.
In anaerobic respiration, glucose is converted into lactic acid, ethanol, acetaldehyde, and CO2.
Aerobic respiration is a process by which energy is produced when oxygen is used as an oxidizer. Anaerobic respiration is a type of metabolic activity that occurs without the presence of oxygen.
This article explains what aerobic respiration is and how it works. It also describes anaerobic respiration and how it differs from aerobic respiration.
What Is Aerobic Respiration?
Glucose is converted into pyruvate during glycolysis. Pyruvate then enters the citric acid cycle (also called Krebs cycle) where it is converted into acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is then reduced to malate by NADH.
Malate is then oxidized to pyruvate by NAD+. This process results in the production of 36 ATPs. Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down sugars into energy.
This process begins with glycolysis, which converts glucose into pyruvate and generates two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) per glucose molecule.
The pyruvates are then converted into acetyl-CoA, which is used to generate more ATP. The oxidation of acetyl-CoA produces four molecules of ATP and eight other products.
The final product of this process is carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere as waste. This process is known as aerobic respiration because oxygen is required for the conversion of carbohydrates into energy.
In anaerobic respiration, there is no oxygen present. Instead, the body uses other compounds such as lactate or hydrogen ions to break down sugar. When glucose is metabolized, it breaks down into pyruvic acid.
During the breakdown of pyruvic acid, three molecules of H+ are generated. One of these molecules is transferred to another compound, resulting in the formation of one molecule of lactic acid.
The remaining two molecules are combined with electrons to create two molecules of NAD+, which can be reoxidized to NADH. The latter is then reoxidized to NADP-.
The net result of this process is the generation of two molecules of ATP and six other products. The final product of anaerobic respiration is lactic acid.
Why Do We Need Both Types Of Respiration?
Both types of respiration are important for survival. For example, if you were stranded on a desert island and had only enough food to last you for a few days, your body would need to use both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to survive.
Aerobic respiration allows us to live longer than we could otherwise. If you did not have access to oxygen, your body would switch over to anaerobic metabolism.
However, anaerobic respiration cannot provide the same amount of energy as aerobic respiration.
Facts About Aerobic & Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration is the process by which most living cells use oxygen as part of their metabolic energy source.
Anaerobic respiration is the opposite process by which some bacteria use other compounds such as sugar or alcohol as their source of energy.
- All higher organisms use aerobic respiration. Microorganisms normally use anaerobic respiration.
- Anaerobic means ‘without air.’ Aerobic means ‘with air.’
- Aerobic respiration only occurs inside cells, whereas anaerobic respiration happens everywhere.
- Aerobic respiration happens in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Anaerobic respiration takes place only in the cytoplasm.
- Aerobic respiration uses oxygen molecules as fuel while anaerobic respiration uses other substances such as glucose or lactose.
- Anaerobic respiration produces less energy than aerobic respiration.
- Aerobic respiration is non-toxic, but anaerobic respiration is toxic to higher organisms.
- Anaerobic respiration is used by bacteria. The end products from bacteria are methane and hydrogen sulfide. The end products of yeast fermentation are ethanol and carbon dioxide. The end product in animals is lactic acid.
Aerobic & Anaerobic Exercise
Aerobic exercise is when you use oxygen to create energy during your workout. Steady-state exercise is continuous exercise over some time, such as if you were to go on a bike ride or run on a treadmill.
Anaerobic exercise is when you do short bursts of activity, such as sprints or weight lifting.
Anaerobic exercise is a form of exercise that uses large muscle groups to burn fat and build endurance. Anaerobic exercise burns up fast but builds up more muscle mass than aerobic exercise.
Aerobic training is used to improve endurance, while Anaerobic training is used to increase strength and power.
Aerobic training is usually around 60-80% of your maximum heart rate, while anaerobic training is usually around 80-90% of your maximum heart rate. Once you push too hard, you’ll switch back to aerobic energy production.
Aerobic training builds endurance and improves cardio-respiratory functions. Anaerobic training builds strength and improves speed. Aerobic training is done at lower intensities while anaerobic training is done at higher intensities.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration serve important functions in producing energy. For those who want to lose weight, tone up, or get fitter and healthier, it’s beneficial to combine both aerobic and anaerobic processes into one session.
An individual can perform these two exercises at different intensities depending on their fitness level. A gradual build-up will allow the person to progress in fitness levels without becoming overtrained.
It is also better to perform more aerobic activities instead of solely focusing on anaerobic workouts.
People will have greater cardiovascular benefits when they do aerobic activities, however, anaerobic exercises are important too if you want to build strength and muscle.
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For the past year, the Covid-19 pandemic has starkly exposed the huge social inequalities and ruptures threatening to tear apart the social fabric in many countries and across the globe. The onslaught of social media has deepened divisions within societies and is increasingly leading to violent clashes reminiscent of dystopian storylines in film and fiction novels.
Amidst the deteriorating climate catastrophe, rising income inequalities, the resurgence of mainstream populism, and the accelerating replacement of human insight with technological advances through artificial intelligence, staying positive can be a challenge.
Social pedagogy and social education are about providing educational solutions to social issues, so how can we meaningfully respond during such turbulent times? How can we create hope, not just for those most affected by these challenges, but also for ourselves as social pedagogues and social educators? How can we recognize new opportunities amidst issues that seem increasingly insurmountable? It seems crucial that we face these uncertainties with a sense of resilience, hopefulness, and energy, clearer insights into the complex conditions, and inspirational ideas of how we can contribute to positive change.
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Did you know there was once a summer camp off of Stump Road between County Line and Horsham Roads?
This house, along with a 147 acre farm, were purchased by the Rosenzweig family in 1938. The family first converted the land into a private summer camp, then into an overnight camp for the public, then into a public day and overnight camp.
One hundred acres were maintained as farmland generating corn, wheat and soybeans, and the remaining land contained cabins, a dining hall, a recreation hall, craft rooms, a wood shop, a lake and dozens of other activity building, pavilions and nature areas.
For more than 45 years, kids spent their summers in the open air having fun and making friends on converted farmland. The family sold the land to the David Cutler Group in 1986; the builder converted much of the land into a housing development.
Some of the land, however, remains part of Windlestrae Park. Two of the roads in that neighborhood are named Camp Drive and Rose Twig Lane; the name Rose Twig is presumably derived from the name Rosenzweig.
If you, or someone you know, went to this camp and have a story or picture to share about it, please let us know.
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In Delaware all kindergarten teachers—including ourselves—will complete an observational assessment called the Delaware Early Learning Survey (DE-ELS) during the first 30 days of school.
We are observing various objectives under six domains of developmental growth: physical, social-emotional, language, cognitive, literacy, and mathematics. You can read more about these domains here.
This tool gives us an understanding of how “ready” a child was for kindergarten—we know this is not a precise definition for a couple of reasons: (1) Delaware code states that children are ready for kindergarten if they turn five before August 31 and (2) children develop at their own pace and through a range of developmentally acceptable benchmarks that five-year-olds should be able to reach. In other words, this is not a multiple choice test. Nevertheless, the data gathered from the DE-ELS helps to plan grouping and instructional needs for students.
So what exactly are we observing? Let’s break down the six domains:
Social-emotional wellbeing. Here we look at how well a child can take care of his or her own needs, and regulate emotions. We also look at whether he or she plays and talks with other children appropriately.
Physical development. To check on motor skills development, we look for whether a child can use crayons, pencils, and scissors with control, can button or zip clothing, and how he or she runs and climbs around on the playground.
Language skills. We listen closely to how a child talks to his or her peers and responds to questions, and whether they can follow multi-step directions, and whether they can speak a second language.
Cognitive skills. Can a child try to put a puzzle together or use their imagination to pretend play? Can they sort and describe the use of various objects?
Literacy and mathematics. Here we check to see if a child can identify letters and sounds, and whether they display basic literacy skills in reading and writing. Likewise, we look at whether a child can count, identify shapes, and match quantities.
While all six domains are critical, we might give greater weight to the first four, since they are truly the most important indicators of a child’s readiness for kindergarten. As most teachers know, we spend a good portion of the kindergarten year focusing on literacy and mathematics. But in reality we really dig in on building students’ social-emotional, physical, language, and cognitive skills—since these skills are typically at a greater deficit. With increased socio-dramatic play opportunities, these skills will positively impact the rest of a child’s learning.
So if you have a child getting ready to start kindergarten, what can you do right now?
- Make sure your child is registered.
- Start having your child go to bed earlier, and getting up earlier.
- Work on learning to tie shoes, and fasten/unfasten clothing.
- When you get your class supply list, make sure you have extra supplies at home as school supplies are much cheaper now then later in the school year.
- Visit your child’s school and classroom to help overcome both your worries about how to get there and what it looks like, even if you’ve already visited.
- Most importantly, read to your child, discuss the story, and ask questions about the details. The more conversations and experiences you have with your child the more successful they will be in school!
Other suggested child activities can be found here.
Lori Nichols teaches kindergarten at Brandywine Springs School in the Red Clay Consolidated School District, and Michelle Wilson teaches kindergarten at Booker T. Washington Elementary School in the Capital School District. Both are members of the Rodel Teacher Council.
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Britain in the 20th Century: The Character of the Post-war Period
- Extra Reading
The post war years, by contrast with the first 45 years of the 20th century, were marked by peace and stability. For much of the period, ideological conflict gave way to consensus and the convergence of political creeds. Yet, by the end of the century, Britain seemed a markedly less optimistic society than it had been in 1945. Indeed, perhaps a central theme of the post war period is the decline in national self-confidence and confidence in British institutions. How is this to be explained?
This is a part of the lecture series Britain in the Twentieth Century: Progress and Decline. The other lectures in this series given during the 2011/12 academic year include the following:
The Attempt to Construct a Socialist Commonwealth, 1945-1951
The Conservative Reaction, 1951-1965
The Collapse of the Post-War Settlement, 1964-1979
A New Consensus? 1990-2001
11 October 2011
Britain in The 20th Century:
The Character of The Post War Period
Professor Vernon Bogdanor
The lectures for this academic year are a continuation of those that I gave last year on British political history in the Twentieth Century. At the end of last year, I reached to the Second World War, and this set of lectures is on the post-War period. I thought it might be helpful to begin with a few general reflections on the post-War period as a whole.
The most obvious contrast with the first part of the series is that, in the second half, there are, fortunately, no great wars, and on the whole there is stability and continuity in British life, and, in particular, a continuity of the main political parties.
The first half of the century, the years before 1945, was marked by a replacement of the Liberals, as the main party of the left, by the Labour Party. This came to a crux in 1945, when the Labour Party won the first overall majority in its history, a landslide majority. Today, the same two major parties, the Conservatives and Labour, who were the major parties in 1945, are still the same major parties. The Liberals, in 1945, were very much a third party, and their successors, the Liberal Democrats, were also a third party today.
So, perhaps there has been much less change than some people imagine during the second half of the Twentieth Century. People always talk about a changing and volatile world, but perhaps there has been less change than imagined, and less change than in the first half of the century, marked by two World Wars. But, nonetheless, there have been great and undeniable changes, and to illustrate those, I will give two quotations from the 1940s, both of which will strike you as anachronistic today.
The first is from Winston Churchill in a speech at the Mansion House in 1942, in the middle of the War, when he said: “We mean to hold our own. I have not become the King’s First Minister in order to preside over liquidation of the British Empire.” Of course, the British Empire was liquidated fairly soon after he made that speech.
My second quotation is from the Labour Party’s Election Manifesto of 1945. It said: “The Labour Party is a socialist party and proud of it. Its ultimate purpose is the establishment of a Socialist Commonwealth of Great Britain.” Some people say that the present Leader of the Labour Party, Ed Miliband, has moved a bit to the left, but I you will certainly not find language of that kind in the next Labour Party Election Manifesto. But, at that time, socialism was thought to be the wave of the future, and in particular people thought that it was given a great push by the War.
Attlee, the Leader of the Labour Party from 1945, and Prime Minister from 1945 to ’51, said during the War that: “Those who count progress only in terms of seats won and of the growth of the numbers of professed adherents of the Party miss the real significance of what has happened. The outstanding thing is not so much the growth in the strength of the forces which attack the citadel of capitalism, as in the loss of the outworks, the crumbling of the foundations, and the loss of morale of the garrison.” In other words, that people were not willing to defend what he called ‘capitalism’ in the 1940’s, in the confident way they had been in the 1920s and 1930s, and perhaps as they were to be again later on. But, at that time, he said that the ideological defence of capitalism is very weak and socialism was seemingly the wave of the future.
Now, what he meant by socialism was a new form of society based on the principle of nationalisation, which he called “common ownership”; the common ownership of the means of production, distribution and exchange, which was in Clause Four of the Labour Party Constitution until 1995, when Tony Blair removed it.
But more than that, it was not just a mechanical and institutional change that they were thinking of; it was this change but as a means to a change in the nature of society. It was ultimately aiming to create the “good society”; a society not based on acquisition and greed, but on the principle of fellowship; the supposed socialist principle of fellowship.
It is clear that both of Churchill’s and Attlee’s quotations are really very much of the past, and I think it would have been clear much earlier than today. I think if you had put those quotations to people in the mid-1960s, they would have thought they were rather old-fashioned.
It became very clear after the War that Britain was no longer an Imperial power. At the end of the War George Orwell said that the next ten years would show whether Britain remained a great power. Just after that ten years came the Suez Crisis of 1956, which showed that Britain could not act independently when opposed by the United States, and that Britain had therefore become a second-ranking power.
The Labour Party has also clearly abandoned its commitment to socialism, at least in the form in which Attlee put it forward. It faced a great problem, which, oddly enough, derived from the success of the Attlee Government. A measure of this success is that if you had said to people in the 1920’s and 30’s that Britain would soon become a society in which there was full employment, as there was in the 1950s, that it would have a National Health Service which was free and open to everyone and universal, that it would have the welfare state, guaranteeing to everyone a social security minimum, so that hardly anyone would be in poverty, they would not have believed you. They would have said, if these things do come about, then that is utopia – that is absolutely marvellous! But the point is that, when it did come about in the 1950s and ‘60s, people did not think it was utopia, and they wanted different sorts of things, and so the socialist ideal gradually came under criticism.
As I said, the socialist idea was not just mechanical, it was not just nationalisation, but the aim was to create a new form of society. I will give you another quotation, from a speech that Attlee made in the 1950 General Election campaign, in Falkirk, in Scotland: “I feel rather tired when I hear that you must only appeal to the incentives of profit. What got us through the War was unselfishness and an appeal to the highest instincts of mankind. What is getting us through in these difficult days is a far greater sense of responsibility, due to the fact that men and women feel they have a far greater stake in the country than they ever had before.” Again, I do not think that is the language you would hear from any leading politicians today; that they should forget about profit and incentives and rely on the principles of fellowship.
It is understandable, perhaps, in terms of all this - Britain no longer a great power, the socialist dream not come about – that some people should see the post-War period as a period of decline, certainly from the high hopes of the 1940s. I think one central theme, perhaps the central theme of the post-War period, is a decline of national self-confidence. This included a decline in confidence in British constitutions and in the parliamentary system, which seemed, in 1945, to have triumphed. Immediately after the War, most people thought that, whatever the hardships, Britain was better governed than any other country in the world, and that the way things were done in Britain was much better than the way they were done anywhere else. But that view gradually began to disappear and with the decline of Empire, Britain seemed to have lost its role in the world. In 1962, a former American Secretary of State, Dean Acheson, said that, “Britain has lost an empire and is looking for a role.”
One such role seemed obvious to many people at the time, but it has proved a highly contentious matter indeed, and it still is highly contentious – Britain’s role in Europe. The role for Britain in Europe is highly uncertain and difficult, and Europe was an issue which split both of the major parties: the Labour Party, in the 1980s, led to a breakaway in the Social Democrat Party, which then joined the Liberals; and the Conservatives were split from top to bottom on the issue in the 1990s. I think it is fair to say that the Conservatives are still split between those who think our role is in Europe and those, a larger number, who think it is not. It is interesting that there is a current demand for a referendum on whether we should stay in Europe or not, and one recent opinion poll said that 51% of British people thought we should leave the European Union. So, it is a highly contentious matter, but, in the 1960s, a lot of people who saw themselves as forward-looking said the replacement for Empire should be in Europe – we no longer have an Empire, but we can lead the Europeans perhaps and play an important role there. But it is fair to say that Britain still has not made up its mind, over a period of fifty years. It is just fifty years since Harold McMillan made the first application to join the European Community, as it then was, in August 1961. Over the fifty years, the country still has not made up its mind basically over whether it sees itself as being European or not.
But of course, the main reason why people think we have declined is economic. In a way, this is odd, because our post-War rate of growth was much higher than it was before the War. If you look at the years 1921 to ’39, growth was on average quite miserable: it was 1.1%. From 1948 to ’62, it was 1.9%, high not only by the inter-War standards but also by most historic British standards. And, of course, the post-War years have seen the growing spread of consumer affluence.
But when people speak of decline, they do not mean decline as compared with what Britain was like once, but decline in terms of comparisons with countries on the Continent, particularly Germany, and perhaps also Japan. The claim was that these countries were growing faster. You could perhaps argue that was inevitable, once they had recovered from the War, but perhaps there are certain features about those societies that allow them to grow faster, but which we lack. It is as if you are a pretty good one-mile runner and, last year, you could run the mile in 5.5 minutes, and this year, you can run the mile in 5 minutes. You might be pretty pleased. But then someone says to you, “Sixty years ago, Roger Bannister broke the four minute mile,” and that will make you miserable, because that is beyond you completely. The point I am trying to make is that there might be certain features about British society that mean we can never grow as much as the German and Japanese and we just make ourselves miserable if we compare ourselves with them, rather than what we used to do in the past. Those features of British society might be the very same features that make Britain a stable and reasonably happy country. As I think I mentioned when we discussed Lloyd George last year, Britain has put a lot of effort into securing conciliatory relations between the two sides of the industry and in society in general, and it may be that those factors prevent us having the dynamism, which would allow for a rapidly growing economy.
I think the post-War period divides reasonably into two main phases: the first is up to 1979, when Margaret Thatcher came to power. In this first period you have really an alternation between the Labour and Conservative Parties in Government, by contrast with the pre-1939 period, when the Conservatives were very dominant.
Then the second period begins in 1979 when you have 18 years of single Party Government, first with Margaret Thatcher and then with John Major. This is the longest period of single Party Government since the Napoleonic Wars. And then this was succeeded by the longest period of single Party Government by a left-wing majority since before the First World War: the Blair and Brown Governments which lasted 13 years.
However, more important than those simple kinds of mechanical change is the growing scepticism towards the role of the State. Although this is associated most strongly with Thatcher’s government, it actually dated from slightly before Margaret Thatcher came to power in 1979.
You can argue that one main theme of British politics, from 1900 until the mid-1970s, was an increasing confidence in the role of the State. If you look at 1900, the average British person, provided he or she kept out of the hands of the police and did not commit a crime, would have nothing whatever to do with the State – the State would not impinge: there was no health insurance, no unemployment insurance, nothing to connect you with the public authorities. But, gradually, all that changed: from the First World War, the Liberal reforms and so on.
This confidence in the role of the State was strengthened by the Second World War, with the wartime spirit of the nation all pulling together. This led to a strong sense of community and trust, with great support for the wartime leaders, like Churchill and Attlee, who had successfully led the country through dangerous times.
Of course, during the War, the State increased its powers enormously. For instance, in the economy, the market system was completely suspended, and the State decided the allocation of resources. People came to think it had been effective and that planning was more effective than the market, and that we would do better if the State controlled industry as well. Then it was said the State should have responsibility to secure full employment, as we did not want to go back to the inter-War years of mass unemployment. The economist John Maynard Keynes had a lot of influence on all that, of course. Then people also said the market system was unfair, and it could not provide for social welfare, so the State should take over responsibility for social services, which should normally be free and financed out of taxation.
Again, I will give you a notorious quote that sums up the immediate post-War period, from a politician called Douglas Jay, who was an Economic Advisor to Attlee and then became a Labour MP and Minister. He wrote a book in 1947 called “The Socialist Case”, in which he said this: “In the case of nutrition and health, just as in the case of education, the gentleman in Whitehall really does know better what is good for people than the people know themselves.” In the hands of others, that came to be translated into “The man in Whitehall knows best,” and it was used against the Labour Party.
When people began to worry about the decline of the British economy, in the late-1950s – as I say, not that it was doing badly historically, but doing badly compared with other countries – they said that the natural answer to the problems we faced was to increase the power of the State, and this began with a Conservative Government. Harold McMillan’s Government introduced policy of planning in the 1960s, and incomes policy. Harold McMillan was very strongly influenced by his experience of the 1930s when he had been MP for Stockton, which was a very depressed area at that time, and so he wanted the State to play a larger role to ensure that the economy improved.
That was all continued by the Labour Governments, which succeeded them – Harold Wilson’s Government, and then Heath, and then Labour again, under Wilson and Callaghan, until 1979, when it collapsed in the Winter of Discontent. Since then, there has been some scepticism concerning the role of the State but it has not been pushed back to where it was before the State increased its powers. The welfare state still survives, and some of the assumptions that were there in 1945 still survive, but by no means all of them.
However, I think the main casualty of post-War ideological progress has been the idea of planning, which was so strongly supported in 1945. Even people in the Labour Party, on the left, now see planning as a part of the problem, not part of the solution. And so many people see the State as part of the problem and not part of the solution.
As I say, all this was very different in 1945 when the Labour Party won its first overall majority, and the Government was headed by Clement Attlee. There is a great enigma and paradox about Attlee because, in 2004, a group of academics in History and Political Science were asked to rate the Prime Ministers of the Twentieth Century, and the vast majority said that Attlee was the greatest Prime Minister of the century. His Government is often acclaimed as the success story of post-War Britain. But, there is a discrepancy between the massive changes, which the Attlee Government introduced, and the seemingly miniscule stature of the man who presided over it. Indeed, Attlee was elected Leader of the Labour Party in 1935 as a stopgap, only to remain leader for twenty years, the longest leader of any major political party in the Twentieth Century (the next is Margaret Thatcher, at fifteen years).
Attlee was born in 1883, in the Victorian age. He went to public school in Oxford, where he had, on the whole, an undistinguished career. His only achievement was to gain a half-blue at billiards. He was a strong Conservative and, as he said, Imperialist, but then, after taking his degree, he qualified as a solicitor, but he did what many students did in those days – he went to work in boys’ clubs in the East End. He said the sight of conditions in the East End turned him into a socialist because he did not think that the people he met there were in any sense inferior to the people he had grown up with, and yet the poor had a much harder life. He was a socialist of the left, and worked, in a fairly anonymous way, in these boys’ clubs.
Unlike many on the Left in 1914, he volunteered for the Army. Most people on the Left, at that time, were opposed to the First War. He, however, was not – he supported it. Indeed, he fought at Gallipoli, and he was always rather proud of his military career. During the inter-war years, he was generally known as Major Attlee – that was his title.
After the War, he was encouraged to go into politics, and he became Mayor of Stepney in 1919 and 1920, and then, in 1922, he was elected MP for Limehouse. He said that the aim of the Labour Party was to ensure that slums and poverty would be abolished. He said, “I took part in the Great War in the hope of securing lasting peace and a better life for all. We were promised that wars would end that, that men who fought in the War would be cared for, and unemployment, slums and poverty would be abolished.”
He had junior office in the first two Labour Governments, which were minority Governments. In the second one, he was, briefly, Postmaster General, when that Government collapsed and Ramsay MacDonald formed the National Government. As some of you may remember, that Election led to a landslide victory for the National Government and a landslide defeat for Labour, which had just 52 seats in the General Election of 1931. Indeed, almost all the major figures of the Labour Party, and all but one of the Cabinet, were defeated. The only Cabinet Minister left was George Lansbury, an elderly pacifist, who became Leader, and Attlee, simply because he had survived, became number two. Then, in 1935, when Lansbury retired, Attlee was appointed Leader, seemingly as a stopgap, but as I say, he lasted twenty years. Indeed, to return to my earlier point again, that Attlee’s twenty years in charge of the Labour Party outstrips Thatcher’s fifteen years in charge of the Conservatives, it should be remembered that Margaret Thatcher was thrown out in the end, whereas Attlee retired voluntarily and with his reputation high.
Now, when Attlee became Leader of the Labour Party, Hugh Dalton, another leading figure, said, rather sadly, “A little mouse shall lead them.”
Beatrice Webb, who heard him speak in 1940, said: “He looked and spoke like an insignificant elderly clerk, without distinction in the voice, manner or substance of his discourse. To realise that this little nonentity is the Parliamentary Leader of the Labour Party, and presumably the future Prime Minister, is pitiable.”
The same year, a newspaper magnate, Cecil King, described him as “of very limited intelligence and no personality”. “If you heard he was getting £6 a week in the service of the East Ham Corporation, one would be surprised he was earning so much.”
However, part of his appeal to the Labour Party was precisely that he was not charismatic. The Labour Party, with Ramsay MacDonald and the supposed betrayal of 1931, had had enough of charismatic leaders who thought they knew better than the Labour Party. They wanted someone who represented it, and, in that sense, Attlee did. He saw himself not as a Leader but as a mouthpiece of the Party. He said to the Party Conference in 1953, “I am only here to carry out your will.” And he said, “The great quality of the Prime Minister is being a good chairman, able to get others to work,” which was his great skill. He had a lot of very difficult people to work with, many of whom disliked each other intensely, but he held them together.
But, more than that, Attlee was seen as someone who understood the nature of working class life, and the Labour Party, as you will remember, was formed to give representation to the organised working class. It was not that he was from the working class – that did not matter – but that he had an experience of and sympathy with working class conditions which he had gained in the East End of London. Indeed, he had the strongest experience of the grassroots Labour and socialist politics of any Labour Leader and he understood the Labour Party very well. He said that the Labour Party had to be led from left of centre. It was typically unclear whether he meant left of centre of a political spectrum or left of centre of the Labour Party. But he always wanted Aneurin Bevan, who was on the left, to succeed him, but of course that did not happen.
As I say, his great strength was that he held together the Labour Party, but his great weakness was that, like so many of that generation of the Labour Party, he was rather ignorant of economics. Therefore, when there were economic crises, which beset that Labour Government quite frequently, he lost his authority and he was unable to give a lead.
The first economic crisis of the Labour Government, in 1947, was a crisis caused by trying to make the pound convertible, but this only led to an outflow of cash from the country and a rapid end to convertibility. Immediately following this there was an attempt to remove Attlee, and the replacement was going to be Ernest Bevin, the trade union leader, who was Foreign Secretary. Bevin could have become Leader of the Labour Party, and I think it might have been better possibly if he had, but he said he did not want to, on the rather patronising grounds that “The little man has never done me any harm.” So, Bevin remained where he was, and so did Attlee.
Now, Attlee was not just a cipher, it is fair to say. On a few crucial issues, he did make a lot of difference. The rapid withdrawal from India was largely his decision. That Britain should become an atomic power was largely his decision, with Bevin. And those who think that prime ministerial power is a recent invention should consider what Attlee, not normally thought of as a strong Prime Minister, conducted the issue of atomic power. He first set up a committee to consider whether we should become an atomic power, and the Economics Ministers said that we could not afford to do so, so he then set up another committee, from which they were excluded, and this one said that we should become an economic power. Most of the Cabinet were not aware of this decision, and nor were MPs, until it was given in an answer to a parliamentary question about the defence estimates, as a kind of casual aside, that we were spending so much on developing an atomic bomb. When Attlee was later asked, after he had retired, why he did not tell his Cabinet Ministers about this decision, he said some of them were not fit to be trusted with secrets of that kind. So, prime ministerial leadership is not something new.
Attlee’s his greatest weakness was that he could not inspire. His obituary in The Times, when he died in 1967, said: “Much of what he did was memorable, very little of what he said.” Perhaps that did not matter too much, because, oddly enough, in the Election that Labour lost in 1951, Labour actually got a higher vote than the Conservatives. This was partly a quirk of the electoral system, as the Labour Party got the highest vote in its history in 1951, when it lost the Election, and the second highest vote ever won by any British political party. The highest was won by John Major, another unheroic Leader, in 1992. They both got many more votes than Margaret Thatcher or Tony Blair.
The second in command of the Government, as I have implied, was Ernest Bevin, who had been the great trade union leader at the time of the General Strike. It was widely thought he would be Chancellor when Labour came to power, but instead he was made Foreign Secretary. Nevertheless, he had a large influence on the whole of the Government, and he made a very interesting comment when he was appointed Minister of Labour in Churchill’s Coalition Government in 1940: “Gladstone was at the Treasury for fifty years. I want to be at the Ministry of Labour for fifty years.” What he meant was that Gladstonian economics – being careful with money, if you like – had dominated Britain for fifty years, but he wanted his conception of the Labour movement and the trade unions to be there for fifty years. What he meant by that was that organised labour should be seen as part of the State, which should be consulted before measures were passed affecting its interests.
During the General Strike in the 1920s, Bevin said that labour was treated as just a factor of production by the Conservative Governments; that they would pass policies, they would not consult the trade unions, and people would be thrown out of work as a result, or put on difficult circumstances. He held that that should not happen again and that, in future, all Governments, whether Labour or Conservative, should have to consult the trade unions before taking actions, which affected them. In other words, the trade unions, after the 1920s, were moving away from the idea that they were somehow in opposition to the State – they were going to become part of the State. This was symbolised in the 1930s by the General Secretary of the trade Union Congress, Walter Citrine, a colleague of Bevin’s, accepting from the National Government a knighthood, which seemed to demonstrate that they were just as much a part of the State as people in business.
This idea of Bevin’s lasted until the Winter of Discontent in 1979. You may say it was carried out to a level of caricature, whereby the trade unions were not just consulted on matters on policy but claimed to have a veto on matters of policy. It could be claimed that it was as if the Trade Unions held that if Government did not do what they wanted, we would go on strike – they would use the strike weapon, which Bevin was very cautious about using. You may say the trade unions, in the end, destroyed that very strong position they had under Ernest Bevin, so they have lost that consultative arrangement, which existed till 1979 under Conservative as well as Labour Governments, but the public sector strikes in that year really destroyed that. One Labour supporter of the time said it was the public sector workers who put Margaret Thatcher into power, and she thanked them after that in her own individual way…
The third most significant member of the Government was Aneurin Bevan. Churchill always used to put the emphasis on the second syllable because he rather liked Bevin but did not like Bevan. Bevan was on the left of the Labour Party, the son of a miner, and he was the only leading Minister in the Attlee Government who had not been in the Wartime Coalition. He was given the key position of Minister of Health & Housing and he was the architect of the National Health Service.
Later on, there was a rise of a fourth character in the Government, who challenged Bevan, which was Hugh Gaitskell. Hugh Gaitskell had a very rapid promotion. He entered Parliament in 1945, at the age of 39. By the end of the Labour Government in 1951, he was Chancellor of the Exchequer and second man in the Government. He was a new type of figure in the Labour Party because he came from what you might call “the educated professional university classes”, the kind of people who now dominate both Parties, but the Labour Party perhaps in particular. He had been an Economics Don at London University before going into politics, and so he did not have the kind of background in the working class movement that the older leaders had. When Gaitskell became Chancellor in October 1950, Aneurin Bevan wrote a letter to Attlee protesting about the appointment, saying that Gaitskell had no roots in the labour movement – he was rootless, he did not understand, he had no experience of working class life, and therefore it was a bad appointment. This rivalry between Gaitskell and Bevan continued throughout their lives, and both of them died early, Bevan in 1960, Gaitskell in 1963. This played a large part in keeping Labour in opposition in the 1950s, and it reached a climax, in something I will describe later, in a battle over the National Health Service in 1951, over the seemingly trivial, but I think quite important, symbolic issue of whether you should introduce charges for false teeth and spectacles, and that led to the resignation of Bevan from the Government and in effect the break-up of the Labour Government.
Now, the Labour Party won the General Election in 1945 with a majority of 146, a great shock to many people, though there was just one opinion poll at that time, the Gallup opinion poll, and on the day of the Election, it gave absolutely the correct figures, but no one believed it. Everybody thought that Winston Churchill would be bound to win the Election, and indeed, the Labour Party leaders themselves thought that Churchill would win because, at the end of the War, Churchill made a proposal that the Coalition be continued, and that was turned down by the Labour Party. Later on, it was found out that what had actually happened was that Churchill had made this proposal after consulting Attlee and Bevin, and they both said, yes, let’s continue the Coalition – in other words, they did not want an Election at which they thought they would be defeated. But when they took that proposal to the National Executive of the Labour Party, they were defeated on that proposal, so they were driven out of the Coalition against their own wishes. But, as I say, this became known later, but it was not known at the time that that was going to happen.
If you had followed opinion polls - the Gallup poll was introduced into Britain in 1937 – there would have been no doubt that the Labour Party was going to win the Election. They were 12% ahead in the opinion polls in February 1945, six months before the Election in July. In July, they were 6% ahead. Shortly after the publication of the Beveridge Report, in December 1942, they were 18% ahead, so they had an enormous lead. A lot of people, when writing about the Election, mention the way Churchill conducted the campaign – he made an extreme attack on the Labour Party, saying you could not introduce socialism without some form of Gestapo, which seemed rather odd when you had been working with these same Labour Party people in Government, and people did not think Attlee was very much like Hitler and Himmler, and so it came across as sounding rather foolish. But, there is no evidence that the Election campaign altered people’s minds at all. Indeed, you may argue that, without Churchill and the Conservatives could have done even worse, and I think the reason for what happened in the Election must be sought not in the campaign but what had happened before, in the growth of ideas of social responsibility and socialism.
In 1945 Attlee wrote to a Labour Party theorist that, “Although you are a theorist and I am only a working politician, I think that I give more and you give less attention to changes of conception than to legislative achievements. For instance, I have witnessed now the acceptance by all the leading politicians in this country and all the economists of any account of the conception of the utilisation of abundance. From 1931 and onwards, in the House, I and others pressed this. It was rejected with scorn. It is now accepted and important results flow from it. It colours all our discussions on home economic policy. There follows from this the doctrine of full employment. The acceptance of this, again, colours our whole conception of the post-War set-up in this country. You will appreciate that, in discussions with Cabinet colleagues not of our Party, the full acceptance of these conceptions concedes much of our case in advance.”
In other words, he said that the case for socialism had been made during the War, and emphasised by memories of what happened after the First War, the supposed betrayal. For him, the Second World War was a people’s war, followed by a people’s peace. The Attlee Government did, I believe, lay the foundations of what became a post-war settlement. It set the weather perhaps even up to today. Margaret Thatcher tried to undermine parts of it, but even she, in her memoirs, pays great tribute to Attlee, said he was a great radical patriot and she greatly admired him. But regardless, a lot of Attlee’s legacy still remains, and it was in this post-war period that the whole framework for the future was set up.
What was the settlement and how did it come about during the War? I mentioned the Beveridge Report a few moments ago, and that was absolutely crucial. It came out in December 1942, in the middle of the war. It had a huge sale: 100,000 copies were sold in the first month; an abridged edition sold 600,000 copies shortly afterwards. No Government document out-sold it until the Denning Report on the Profumo Affair in 1963.
Beatrice Webb predicted that this would be “a bomb thrown into the political arena”, and so it was, because it suggested widespread change. It was dismissed by the Conservatives, which can be considered to be Churchill’s crucial blunder. He dismissed it as “false hopes and airy visions of Utopia and El Dorado”. The Conservatives claimed that we could not afford it, and the Conservative Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir Kingsley Wood said: “Many in this country have persuaded themselves that the cessation of hostilities will mark the opening of the Golden Age. Many were so persuaded last time also. However this may be, the time for declaring a dividend on the Golden Age is the time when these profits have been realised, in fact, not merely in imagination.” That idea might have been thought sensible in the 1920s and ‘30s, and you might think it sensible now – do not have these social advances until you can afford to pay for them – but that was not what people thought then. They saw it as a matter of their having been cheated at the end of the last war and so they wanted them now, and so people were worried that the Conservatives would stop the implementation of the Beveridge Report.
In February 1943, there was a Labour Backbench Motion, which the Government resisted, that the Beveridge Report should be put into immediate effect. 121 MPs voted for that amendment, which was against the Government. Of this, 97 Labour MPs voted for it, and only two Labour backbenchers out of the Government actually supported the Government, so the Labour Party as a whole voted for the immediate implementation of Beveridge. Interestingly enough, this was Lloyd George’s last vote in Parliament and he voted he too voted for this amendment. It was at this vote that I was say that Labour became the majority Party in the country – it understood the mood and desire of the people, the idea of social security for all, from the cradle to the grave.
Beveridge said there were five giants that had to be slain, and they were: want, disease, ignorance, squalor and idleness. His report was primarily dealing with want; disease would be dealt with by Nye Bevan’s Health Service; squalor would be dealt with by the Labour Party’s programme in municipal housing; education was being dealt with by the 1944 White Paper of the Coalition Government, proposing universal secondary education for all; and idleness was also going to be dealt with by a doctrine of full employment.
Beveridge said that his plans had three assumptions built into them. The first was that, in the post-War period, we would have full employment, because, he said, his insurance system cannot insure against mass unemployment. We had seen that before, as those who were here at the lectures last year should remember, as the insurance system broke down with mass unemployment earlier in the century. There were hopes that were actually met, that unemployment could be kept below 3%. That was the doctrine of the White Paper on full employment in 1944, and in the immediate post-War years, it was much below that. Therefore, in practice, there was full employment, and that meant you could insure against other employment, which would be purely transitional, an interruption to earnings. So, because this could be insured against, anyone in that position would be benefited from the insurance fund.
The welfare state is sometimes caricatured as a kind of charter for malingerers, but Beveridge had no sympathy with that at all. He said that anyone who was not prepared to work should be sent to a compulsory re-training camp, and he said that young people who were not working should be given no benefit at all; that they should get trained and get a job. He was not the caricature of Santa Claus, as is sometimes thought. Indeed, in his own life, he was highly austere. He used to wake up, at six o’clock, to an icy bath, and he then did two hours work before breakfast. During the War, after his Report was issued, he became, for a brief time, a Liberal MP, from 1944-5, and was defeated in 1945, he then became Leader in the House of Lords of the Liberals, but he was not, in any way, if you like, a “softie”.
So, Beveridge’s first pre-supposition of his report was that there should be full employment. The second pre-supposition was that there should be family allowances. This was because poverty in large families could not be dealt with by insurance, and that would remove, he said, the most single important cause of poverty. This was introduced by the caretaker Conservative Government that succeeded the Coalition while they were preparing for an Election. In 1945, family allowances were introduced, and, significantly, these allowances were not means-tested, because, if they had been, the low-paid with large families would be better off out of work, unless the benefit rates were dangerously low. So, if you wanted decent benefits, they would not be means-tested.
The third pre-supposition of the Beveridge Report was that there should be a National Health Service. Beveridge thought that this would be particularly important because it would restore the sick to the labour market very rapidly – he said that was a hidden benefit of a National Health Service which does not show in the account books. In Beveridge’s view, the National Health Service should also not be based on insurance, but financed by the taxpayer.
So, these three areas are the pre-suppositions: full employment, family allowances funded by the taxpayer, and then a National Health Service funded by the taxpayer. Then, Beveridge said, all the remaining social security problems could be dealt with by national insurance, and in return for a single weekly contribution, you would receive a pension, sickness benefit, and unemployment benefit when you were unemployed, and that would apply to everyone – all wage earners, all the self-employed, and their families. So, it was a new unified system, which would cover everyone in the country, in place of the piecemeal patchwork. That this was to be financed not out of taxation but out of contributions was fundamental for Beveridge because he said that was a mark of citizenship. You may think this is optimistic, but he said, “Benefits in return for contributions rather than free allowances is what the people of Britain desire.” He said they do not want something for nothing, they want benefits in return for contributions, and the important thing is that it would be universal and not just for those in need. The majority of people who would get the benefits would not be in need, and that was fundamental for Beveridge because he said, if you are going to get the welfare state to work, you have to have a middle class constituency for it. He said, if it is just residual and applies just to the poor, there will be no political pressures to keep up the standards, but if it benefits everyone, you will have those standards, and so it is much easier to finance the welfare state if the middle classes are involved in it, if they receive the benefits for which they pay taxes.
Beveridge did admit that there would be some people who just could not work under the system, so you would have public assistance for those people, and that would be means-tested out of taxation. There would be a small number of people – what he called “inadequates” – who would not be able to work or help society, and that would be funded out of taxation, and therefore means-tested, but this was a residual element. He said to a delegation of trade unionists, “There are not many people who will not behave properly.” Again, you may think that was optimistic. “There are not many people who will not behave properly, but those who do not behave properly have got to be made to do so.” So, there would be a stigma attached, in those days, to getting what he called “public assistance”, and Beveridge thought that no irreducible class of the feckless and lazy people who didn’t want to work, independent of the “inadequates” – everyone, he thought, wanted to work.
The advantages of the system, as he put it forward, were huge. First, you end the degrading means test of the inter-War years, where you had to prove your income and whom you were co-habiting with and all the rest. Secondly, there was no supervision of individual behaviour – whether you genuinely seeking work or not. The only test was whether you had made your contribution. And insurance would be a part of citizenship. It would encourage work and saving. It was also an encouragement to voluntary action and thrift because people would get more benefits from the compulsory ones if they saved and took out their own private social security schemes, pension schemes or private sickness insurance, whatever it is – there would be more of that.
Now, all this was attacked from the right wing as going to lead to fecklessness and laziness, which Beveridge had not wanted. One right-wing MP, A.P. Herbert, produced a jingle at the time the Beveridge Report came out:
Oh, won’t it be wonderful after the War,
There won’t be no rich and there won’t be no poor;
We’ll all get a pension, about 24,
and we won’t have to work if we find it a bore;
Oh, won’t it be wonderful after the War,
The beer will be better and quicker and more.
And there’s only one thing I would like to explore:
Why didn’t we have this old War before?!
But this is very unfair. Beveridge, I should say, hated the term “welfare state”. He never used it, did not like it. He said it was not the Santa Claus state that gave out something for nothing. The phrase he liked was the “social service state”, putting the emphasis on the social service side of it. He did not like “welfare state”, because what he meant was that everyone should be a citizen, a bit like New Labour’s vision, in some ways.
The weaknesses of the system, even then, were quite striking. The first one was that it did not make proper provision for women, because the vast majority of women were not in the labour market: seven-eighths of married women at that time did not work, and so the benefit they got was based on their husband’s contribution. The benefit for employed married women was lower than that for the men since the men provided the home and more important that they should be provided for. But, most important of all, the single woman at home, who would be caring for elderly relatives, of which there were a large number then, were not getting any benefit at all, and they had to rely on public assistance. Nevertheless, one female Labour MP, Edith Summerskill, said Beveridge was a new Magna Carta for women, on the grounds that it treated women equally but differently, that married women were seen as part of the team, as it were, and the benefit was calculated in that way.
Secondly, Beveridge presumed full employment, which began to collapse in the 1970s. With less than full employment, you could then be unemployed, through no fault of your own, for quite long periods, as had happened in the inter-War years.
Thirdly, benefits, Beveridge said, should be above subsistence level, but they were being eroded gradually by inflation. Gradually, as we all know, the pension came to be much lower than the subsistence level, and now, there are about ten million people on means-tested relief, which Beveridge did not want, and the contributory insurance idea is a useful fiction. In 1999, the Inland Revenue and the Contributions Agency merged, and National Insurance is now just a kind of poll tax – it is not really any form of insurance. What we do now is to fund, out of direct taxation, with a means test, targeting the poor, which is exactly what Beveridge did not want.
A further point is the greater resistance to high taxation in the post-War period. In 1945, taxation would be paid by a married man with two children just above average earnings. Now, someone on 30% of average earnings is paying income tax, so that more people are brought into taxation.
The current system is much more like the means-tested system that Beveridge sought to replace. It is a paradox on the whole thing. Beveridge hated the phrase “welfare state” and he would have hated what we have now: an entirely means-tested system whereby, for this reason, the system has become residual. It is a benefit for the poor only who use it, so it does not have middle class support, and that is why there is much more of a political constituency for spending on the Health Service and on education, which almost uses at some point in their lives.
Beveridge, you may say, also made some very optimistic assumptions about human beings, and I think that is the deepest change that has occurred since the 1940s. We had the Dunkirk spirit at that time – the end of rationing, planning, the idea of service, solidarity – all that has gone away. One of the reasons why Nye Bevan was so hostile to charges in the Health Service was he said it implied people were not using it responsibly. He said, “Of course the British people will be responsible with the Health Service,” and that the only reason that health expenditure had increased is the deficit from the 1930s, but you should not assume that people will use the Health Service irresponsibly. In a lecture in 1950 to the Fabian Society, Nye Bevan said he wanted to create a new kind of authoritarian society – and that shocked people – “…one where the authority of moral purpose is freely undertaken” – that is what the Labour Party was about, that people, and particularly the working class – “can be motivated by something other than the capitalist incentives of fear and acquisition.” He said full employment would diminish fear, and austerity, because they were holding down consumption, with rationing and so on, would diminish the possibility of acquisition. “Capitalism,” he said, “breeds desire for instant gratification; socialism teaches people to strive for better things.” He said, “Look about you: absenteeism is down at work, production is up, we have got voluntary wage restraint.” He said that this meant that all these ideas in Beveridge can actually work. But, from the 1950s onwards, there was an emphasis on affluence and consumption, and a move away from the collective society, a move from the left to right, and society has moved rightwards since.
It is important to make it clear that there has been a movement to the right, fairly steadily I think, certainly up to Margaret Thatcher, then perhaps a slight reversal, but we have not gone back to Attlee.
And, as I said, the Labour Party just lost the Election in 1951 by a whisker, by 17 seats, but it got more votes than the Conservatives. It is now clear that any Government that won the 1951 Election would almost certainly win the Elections of the rest of 1950s, because you had a world boom, consumption boom, and so on.
Sometimes people talk about post-war consensus, but I want to put to you the proposition that, suppose the Labour Party had won in 1951, might we have moved in the direction that Attlee and Bevan foresaw, towards a different kind of society? In other words, might we have moved towards a Scandinavian direction and become a Scandinavian sort of social democracy – perhaps with higher rates of taxation, a greater role for the State, the public sector? Might Britain have become what Nye Bevan hoped it would become, a social democratic kind of laboratory? It seems to me a possibility…
I will just end with a comment Bevan made, rather sadly, at the end of his life. After Labour had lost the 1959 Election, the third one in a row, he said, “The British working class had its historic opportunity, but it missed it.” Is that part of the history of what might have happened in the post-war years. That turning to the Left, was it one which we almost took, or were we going not to take that turning anyway? In other words, were the assumptions of socialism, of Attlee and Bevan, just so contrary to human nature that they would never have been fulfilled and we would have moved in that market direction, whatever the result of the 1951 Election? Of course, that is an unanswerable question – which is why I ask it.
I will continue next time with the National Health Service and the other reforms and achievements of the Labour Government.
© Vernon Bogdanor 2011
Gresham College has offered an outstanding education to the public free of charge for over 400 years. Today, Gresham plays an important role in fostering a love of learning and a greater understanding of ourselves and the world around us. Your donation will help to widen our reach and to broaden our audience, allowing more people to benefit from a high-quality education from some of the brightest minds.
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By: Eunice Kim
The Granada Hills Charter High School (GHC) Science Team received a $10,000 InvenTeams Grant from the Lemelson-MIT Program in October, which will give its members the opportunity to create an invention that solves a real-life issue of their choice.
The device the team members proposed is the System of Electromagnetic Assisted Locking (SEAL). By attaching the electromagnetic lock mechanism to the inner lid of trash cans, the receptacle is able to remain closed when problems like high winds or animal attempts to access the bin’s contents arise. It engages when tipped to a particular angle.
Thus, the contents of the trash cannot spill and pollute the neighborhoods, waters, and local ecosystems.
One of the two sets of the locking mechanisms will continue to allow people to open the trash cans as usual; the device will also not disrupt the trash collection process.
Each year, the Lemelson-MIT program, administered by the School of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in collaboration with the Lemelson-Foundation, awards grants of up to $10,000 to 15 teams of U.S. high school students, educators, and mentors.
The InvenTeams are an initiative of the Lemelson-MIT program, which drives young inventors nationwide to turn their ideas into working prototypes. One team has been assembled at GHC to compete in the InvenTeams competition.The program encourages students to get hands-on experience while applying science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) skills.
“There are lots of STEM opportunities within the Science Team. InvenTeams offers kids the ability to participate in an engineering project that will actually come to fruition. They get to solve problems throughout the year, learn how to use different machinery and techniques, such as a 3D printer, and will get to work with professionals in the field,” senior and team president Kyle Friedman said.
Coaches Ellen Reavey and Jeanette Chipps had to first apply and be selected as an Excellence in Custom Installed Technologies and Electronics (EXCITE) Award recipient prior to the proposal. Upon receiving the award, Reavey spoke with teams across the nation and different administrations from the Lemelson-MIT Program.
Then, to obtain the InvenTeam grant, the team had to compose an invention proposal: an explanation of the importance of the issue and how the device would work, as well as its feasibility.
“It’s great to see students that are so passionate about using science to solve problems in our community. These students wrote a strong grant application,”Ms. Chipps said.
The goal of the Science Team is to have four to five working prototypes and to work with the Los Angeles Sanitation Department to complete a pilot test. To accomplish that, students will work with teachers and other mentors to complete the designs of their invention. The team has designated the remainder of this year for a section of the team to improve the design of the SEAL and progress on constructing a prototype, which will eventually lead to a finished product.
During the summer of 2019, a group of students from the Science Team will travel to MIT in Cambridge for the Lemelson-MIT Program’s EurekaFest, where the InvenTeams can display their working prototypes at its public exhibit.
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The 2011 Anja S. Greer Conference on Secondary School Mathematics at Phillips Exeter Academy provided many opportunities to hears others’ ideas about the purpose of our High School Mathematics Curriculum. Some of the statements I noted were (with apologies that none are exact quotes, and my lack of attribution on some):
In life, not to mention just about any academic subject, students should question information they come across, then work to support or refute it using numbers as needed.
Quantitative situations can be found in poems, literature, environmental claims, social justice issues, and social service needs. We teach mathematics so that students can decide for themselves whether the quantities involved make sense or not. Ray Williams (St. Mark’s School, Perth, AU) presentation.
Let the students ask the questions, then gather the data to answer them. Dan Meyer TED Lecture.
Most high school mathematics will be used for modeling, so why not base most of our high school curriculum on modeling a variety of situations?
Why continue to devote 4 years of high school curriculum to preparing students for calculus when over 90% (on average, nationwide) will never complete a calculus course? Nils Ahbel (Deerfield Academy) presentation.
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Understanding methane migration
Credit: UT Arlington
Nearly 2 million miles of natural gas pipelines crisscross the United States, most buried underground, and some of those pipes develop leaks and allow gas to escape. As evidenced by several recent high-profile incidents, these leaks may lead to catastrophe.
Kathleen Smits, an associate professor in the Civil Engineering Department at The University of Texas at Arlington, recently received a $414,000 grant from the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration to develop a method to predict the conditions under which gas migration may occur and establish best practices to improve response to gas migration incidents, and finding and fixing leaks.
She will lead a team of researchers at Colorado State University and UTA in collaboration with state agencies such as the Texas Railroad Commission and the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, and industry partners including pipeline operators and service providers.
When a pipe develops a leak underground the gas generally doesn’t rise straight up from the leak site. Rather, it disperses in different directions depending on the type of soil, temperature, pressure and other factors. Eventually, it rises to the surface, but it may not be anywhere near the leak and the levels of gas in the atmosphere where it comes out at another location are often not detectable with current instruments, even though large pockets of gas may still be trapped underground. This migration and difficulty in detection costs time in finding and repairing the leak. It also may lead to greater danger as the gas continues to build up.
Smits and her colleague, Dan Zimmerle of Colorado State University, created a pipeline test bed as part of the Methane Emissions and Technology Evaluation Center or METEC that allows them to control the pipeline leakage rate, subsurface conditions, moisture, surface conditions and other factors, and use sensors to monitor how gas moves underground and how it acts once it reaches the surface. Using the data collected, the team has created a data set that can predict how gas will act under specific subsurface and atmospheric conditions. Smits is now working to apply this modeling to create an algorithm that can be applied in the field by industry leak first responders.
“Our research shows interesting results that go against the conventional wisdom that if there’s a large leak you’ll be able to see it or easily detect it aboveground. In fact, we have found that the concentrations of gas in the atmosphere are often very small in comparison to the size of the leak,” Smits said.
“The methods being used today to detect natural gas leaks from pipelines are flawed because most of the technologies are not sensitive enough, the methods aren’t consistent enough, and there’s a general denial that there’s a problem. We’re hoping that by providing data-based guidelines for industry first responders that allow them to take all of the environmental and geological factors into account at a potential leak site, leaks will be detected and repaired before they become a larger problem.”
Once Smits completes her algorithm, she and her team will accompany first responders from five industry leaders to leak sites to test whether their modeling works and get the industry on board with the new guidelines.
“It’s important for oil and gas companies to show that they’re trying to get a handle on the problem. With so many pipelines and aging infrastructure, leaks are inevitable. Companies need to be able to reassure their customers and communities that they are able to detect and repair leaks effectively to ensure safety,” Smits said.
Smits’ research is an example of data-driven discovery, one of four themes of UTA’s Strategic Plan 2020, said Ali Abolmaali, chair of the Civil Engineering Department.
“Natural gas has led to several deadly explosions in the past few years that could have potentially been avoided if there was a better understanding of how gas acts when it leaks from a pipe and how to better detect it. Dr. Smits and her team have done excellent work in their research, and in getting cooperation from industry to apply their findings in a way that could save lives and property,” Abolmaali said.
– Written by Jeremy Agor
About Civil Engineering
The Civil Engineering Department enrollment exceeds 1,200 students. The faculty, staff and students have transformed the department to a new level of excellence in research and teaching that directly addresses local and national engineering needs by providing innovative solutions to the most challenging problems facing this country’s infrastructure. The CE graduate program ranks No. 89 in U.S. News and World Report 2018 rankings. The American Society of Civil Engineers’ Structural Engineering Institute honored UTA’s ASCE Graduate Student Chapter as its graduate student chapter of the year in 2017. And the department is now offering new bachelor’s degree programs in architectural engineering and construction management, the latter of which complements the department’s master’s of construction management program.
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Harvesting Operations & Timber Sales
The primary objective of a harvesting operation is to make the harvest as economically feasible as possible while sustaining yields of forest products, attaining full productivity, maximizing use of the extracted material, and providing the highest returns to the landowner.
See our Harvesting Methods page for additional harvesting information.
Check our Bulletin Board for the most recent Timber Price Trend Graph.
- harvesting: removing products from the forest to make room for a new crop
- logging: felling timber to be removed from the forest
- harvest cutting: felling a timber crop in a final, single cutting (as in even-aged management), or a series of regeneration cuttings (as in uneven-aged management)
- extraction: removing timber from place of growth
- skidding: hauling logs by skidding them along the ground
- forwarding: moving logs from stump to landing
- transportation: hauling logs to a mill
There are 7 basic steps in a logging operation:
- Felling or cutting the trees
- Delimbing the main stem
- Bucking or cutting the stem into logs or bolts
- Forwarding trees or logs to a landing (sometimes before bucking)
- Sorting and loading individual logs or pieces onto trucks
- Transporting logs or pieces to a mill
- Unloading at the mill yard
During a logging operation, we want to maintain the productive capacity of the site and enhance it to the highest degree possible by:
- Insuring continued vegetative cover - "trees after trees"
- Maintaining stable soils, safeguarding the rooting medium and preventing siltation
- Safeguarding the basic landforms to prevent alteration of drainage and massive soil movement
See our Florida's Silviculture Best Management Practices page for more information.
The logging plan is the "blueprint" by which a harvesting operation is carried out. The plan usually shows truck roads, both existing and to be constructed; the landings to which logs will be yarded for loading onto trucks; and the boundaries of areas from which timber will be skidded to each landing. The plan also specifies which units or areas will be logged and the logging method planned for each.
A very helpful component of the logging plan is the map, which shows the location of the tract, the existing and proposed roads, the areas to be cut, the cutting system, and the regeneration methods proposed.
The first step in planning a harvest operation is to collect all available data relating to the tract. These may include some or all of the following:
- topographic maps showing the topographic contour of the land
- timber type maps showing boundaries of species, species composition, size class, and degree of stocking of each type - this map is usually made in connection with the timber cruise
- geological maps show the geological structure, parent rock and land forms, and the nature of the soil materials - these may be available from the state geology department
- soil survey maps and reports are made by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service and other state agencies
- Aerial Photographs: the Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, Soil Conservation Service, and the Florida Division of Forestry have, or have access to, aerial photographs.
- Route Survey Notes: the plans and profiles of adjacent areas are helpful in road system planning. Route surveys that may be available include highways, county roads, forest roads, power lines, and pipelines.
- Timber Stand Data: may include forest inventory data. Where single tree or group selection is practiced, marking and enumeration of marked trees should be done before the road system is planned.
- Cost Data: all available logging cost data that are applicable to the tract should be assembled.
Marketing timber involves selling forest products in a competitive market to get the best return on your investment or to meet other objectives. This process requires some planning and pre-sale preparation before you advertise or talk to prospective buyers. Timber sales should be approached in a business-like manner to ensure that both the seller and buyer are satisfied with the results. It is highly recommended that landowners get the help of a professional forester to sell timber. See these publications or pages for all the steps of the process and how to get help:
Florida Forestry Information
University of Florida Extension Publications
The objective of appraising stumpage is to estimate the monetary value of standing timber as accurately as possible. The value of your timber first depends on what products you have:
|General Product Specifications for Southern Pines and Hardwood|
Diameter at Breast Height (DBH)
6 inches +
8 - 11 inches
12 inches +
Products specifications for plylogs and poles vary by region and may not be comparable by region or time. See the Forest Product Volume / Weight Conversion Factors on About.com for conversion information.
These elements are usually accounted for when determining stumpage value:
- logging costs
- milling costs
- selling price
- profit and risk
selling price − (logging costs + milling costs) = stumpage + margin for profit and risk
Stumpage appraisal should be done by an experienced professional. Contact a consulting forester or public forester for more information. See our Consulting Foresters page for a list of consultants by region. Read the Extension publication, Selecting a Consulting Forester , for tips on selecting a consulting forester.
See these sites for more information and services associated with selling timber. Registration is required for some of these servcies.
- Forest Product Volume / Weight Conversion Factors
- Timber Mart-South
- Vardaman Virtual Forestry Company
- Return to Timber Management
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Adulthood continues to change from generation to generation. Expectations and reality differ from what our grandparents and parents experienced. And now, 39% of middle aged American population find themselves as a part of the Sandwich Generation—adults in their 40s or 50s who either take care of their parent 65 years and older and/or take care of their grown child. This population increased 9% since 2010.
Caregivers who find themselves in this situation have more interest in seeking health information. According to the Pew Internet & American Life Project, caregivers, as opposed to non-caregivers, have more concern for consulting online reviews of drugs, getting information or support from others with the same condition, going online for a diagnosis, participating in online social activity related to health in the past year, getting information or support from friends and family and gathering health information online.
Technology proves to be a helpful tool in caregiving and managing juggling lives of the Sandwich Generation. According to the Pew study, 59% of caregivers who use Internet access found the online resources to help them in caregiving. Additionally, with technology advancing, Internet access becomes available virtually on almost all devices. 37% of the caregivers who own a cellphone report that they use their phone to look up health information online. Having Internet on demand via cell phone helps seek out medical information whenever the caregiver needs it.
The Pew Internet & American Life Project reveals caregivers, as opposed to other Internet users, as the majority of information seekers on all health topics in the study. For example, 71% of online caregivers look online for information about a specific disease or medical problem, as opposed to 44%. Not surprisingly, 25% of online caregivers seek out information on caring of an again relative or friend as opposed to 7% of other Internet users. Caregivers using the Internet search for information on certain medical treatments or procedures, health insurance, food and drug safety and recalls, advertised drugs, medical test results and more.
Young caregivers find more value in Internet use than adult caregivers, naturally. 70% of young caregivers find online resources more helpful, compared to only 51% of older caregivers. Again, with technology evolving, caregiving will become easier, especially for those caring for their children and parents.
Caregiving demands time, emotional and physical strength and motivation. The Sandwich Generation may find caregiving very difficult to manage in their lifestyle since most of these people are still in the workforce. Finding Mom and Dad care can help alleviate the struggles of supporting two generations.
Find senior care at Caregiverlist. Seniors will be matched to their needs depending on what type of care they need, monthly budget, and, if applicable, special and unique needs.
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Covering an article by writing a LEDE with quotes from the article
November 5, 2022
Covering an article
Ok, I have this assignment due. You are writing a lede and covering a speech giving by someone else. It is crucial that you use quotes directly from the speech. A lede is the opening paragraph of a news story that immediately grabs the attention of the reader.
link to articlehttps://uh.edu/president/communications/fall-address/2022/(25 points) LEDE. Your lede should summarize the message of her speech — either focusing on one specific point or summarizing multiple points. It should NOT just say that she made a speech. You do need to make a reference to the fact that the message was delivered during her annual Fall Address in either the first or second paragraph. You should also use her name in the lede. IN the first three sentences, you should say this was in her 2022 Fall Address.
(25 points) QUOTES You should include at least three direct quotes in the article. The first reference is to Chanellor Renu Khator and all other references are to Khator, she or the chancellor. If you misspell her name, you will lose 20 points automatically. All direct quotes need attribution and all statements that include opinion, even when they are paraphrased need attribution. So “Khator said” or “she said” needs to be sprinkled at the end of several sentences.
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Do you find yourself struggling to stay positive, motivated, and mentally strong? Many of us do. Mental strength requires disciplined effort and practice. Developing mental strength is essential for succeeding in life’s challenges, big and small. This guide provides practical steps to help you strengthen your mind. It will help you become more resilient and better equipped to handle life’s challenges.
1. Neuro linguistic programming
Neuro linguistic programming (NLP) is a powerful psychological tool. It helps you to identify the underlying patterns and thought processes in your thinking so that you can reprogram those thoughts for success. NLP can help you become aware of any negative thoughts and break through mental blocks that may be holding you back. When used regularly, NLP will help increase your self-confidence, enhance your decision-making skills and improve your overall mental focus. The neuro linguistic programming benefits are vast, and the process is fairly simple. It involves breaking down your thoughts and beliefs into smaller components, then restructuring them in a way that is more conducive to success.
Practicing meditation regularly has been proven to significantly reduce stress levels and clear mental clutter leaving more room for positive thinking. It allows us to step outside our minds and see our lives objectively which often reveals solutions we would have otherwise missed while caught up in our thoughts. Meditation is an excellent way to stay connected to ourselves and create a greater sense of self-love and acceptance. It also helps us to gain clarity on our goals and become more focused on achieving them. There are many different types of meditation, so it’s important to find one that works best for you. Whether it’s guided meditation or mindfulness, there are many ways to reap the benefits of meditation.
Journals can be extremely beneficial in helping us work through challenging situations and maintain mental strength. Writing down your thoughts allows you to process them objectively, making it easier to come up with solutions that would otherwise remain hidden if left in your minds. The act of journaling also helps to bring a greater awareness of our emotions and innermost thoughts, allowing us to more effectively combat negative thinking patterns and cultivate a more positive mindset. Journaling can be done as often or as little as you like. It’s important to find what works best for you when it comes to writing down your thoughts and feelings.
Self-care is an essential part of mental health and well-being. It involves taking the time for yourself to relax, unwind, and recharge. Whether it’s a warm bath, getting a massage, reading a book, or simply going for a walk — self-care should be an important part of your routine. Permitting yourself to take time away from the hustle and bustle of everyday life can help reduce stress levels, clear your mind and ultimately increase your mental strength. If you’re feeling anxious or overwhelmed, allow yourself some extra time for self-care activities that bring you joy. Taking care of yourself sends the message that you matter, which in turn increases self-esteem and confidence.
Exercise is not only beneficial for physical health, but for mental health as well. Regular exercise has been proven to reduce stress, boost confidence and even improve sleep. Working up a sweat releases endorphins — the hormones responsible for making us feel positive and happy — which can help improve our moods and make it easier to handle difficult situations. Exercise doesn’t have to mean going to the gym or running marathons — even taking a brisk walk around your neighborhood can do wonders! Not only will you benefit from feeling better mentally, but you’ll also reap the physical benefits of exercising regularly.
6. Eat Well
Eating a balanced diet is essential to maintaining good mental health. Consuming the right nutrients helps keep our bodies and minds functioning at their best, which can lead to increased energy levels, improved cognitive performance, and better overall moods. Whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats are all packed with vitamins and minerals that can help boost your mental health. Additionally, avoiding processed foods and sugary drinks can help ensure you’re consuming only what your body needs. Making sure you’re eating well is an important part of improving mental strength!
Why is being mentally strong important?
It’s important to be mentally strong because it allows us to better cope with challenges, both big and small while finding solutions that work for our individual needs. Mental strength helps us stay focused and resilient in the face of adversity and make decisions based on what’s best for us. It also provides us with the tools needed to recognize our strengths and weaknesses to reach our goals and lead a more fulfilling life.
By committing to these practices on a regular basis, you will be well on your way towards developing the mental strength needed to handle life’s challenges and reach your goals. So take the first step today by trying out one of the above methods, and watch your mental strength grow! Good luck!
- Mental Health: 5 Foods to help improve depression
- Essential Tips for Moms to Lessen Their Mental Load and Live a Stress-Free Life
- Why Mental Health Is Important For Your Daily Activities
- The Importance Of Mental Health And How To Nurture It
- Overcoming Mental Health Issues: 6 Medical Tips to Help You
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Climate change will threaten the global financial system and the world’s long-term prosperity unless rules are put in place for full disclosure about carbon emissions, Mark Carney says.
The former Bank of Canada governor and current Bank of England governor also reiterated his warning that much of of the world’s oil reserves risk becoming “stranded” assets as the world shifts to a low-carbon economy.
“While there is still time to act, the window of opportunity is finite and shrinking,” Carney told an audience at insurer Lloyd’s in London Tuesday.
Carney pointed out that insurance companies are at the forefront of risks created by catastrophic climate events.
He noted that insurers’ losses from weather-related events have grown to some US$50 billion a year, from US$10 billion a year in the 1980s. The number of weather-related events insurers have had to cover has tripled in that time.
And “the challenges currently posed by climate change pale in significance compared with what might come,” Carney said.
He argued it’s not too late to build market-based mechanisms that would help the world to reduce emissions and keep global temperatures from rising more than 2 degrees Celsius, the goal set by international climate groups.
But this would require a full accounting of carbon emissions in economies around the world, he said.
“We are considering recommending to the G20 summit that more be done to develop consistent, comparable, reliable and clear disclosure around the carbon intensity of different assets,” Carney said.
The central banker, lauded in past years as a “superstar” for helping guide Canada through the Great Recession, reiterated his position that much of the world’s oil reserves will have to be left in the ground if global temperature increases are to be kept to within the two-degree limit.
He noted that, based on IPCC estimates, the world can only burn one-fifth to one-third of its proven oil reserves.
“If that estimate is even approximately correct it would render the vast majority of reserves ‘stranded’ – oil, gas and coal that will be literally unburnable without expensive carbon capture technology, which itself alters fossil fuel economics,” he said.
The Bank of England has been studying the risks posed by the potential bursting of a “carbon bubble” if energy companies’ assets prove to be worthless in the future.
Carney has faced controversy over these sorts of activities at the Bank of England, with critics arguing that Britain’s central bank shouldn’t be inserting itself this forcefully into the climate debate.
Nigel Lawson, a former Chancellor of the Exchequer and climate change skeptic, attacked the Bank this year for “focusing on green claptrap” instead of paying attention to the financial sector’s problems.
Also on HuffPost
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Cae Pobl is a field which used to be home to a few alpacas. Due to the types of grasses in the field, it was deemed unsuitable for the animals so they were relocated.
Carmarthenshire County Council asked us to help with the biodiversity of the site by introducing native species to the field. Over the past year, we’ve been growing on natives behind the scenes for the council. The plants were grown using deep ‘root trainer’ trays so that they’d have a good root run before planting. This was essential as the field is predominantly boggy.
On the day of planting we managed to get over 900 plants in the ground which included – devil’s bit scabious (Succisa pratensis), purple moor grass (Molinia caerulea), whorled caraway (Trocdaris verticillata), meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria), knapweed (Centaurea nigra), angelica (Angelica sylvestris), burnet saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga) and betony (Betonica officinalis) – all great native grassland plants for pollinators.
The intention is that these natives help regenerate the field into a pollinator-friendly hotspot. The wildflowers will provide flowers for butterflies to forage nectar from and hopefully the field will act as a corridor to connect key breeding sites.
If you’re passing, keep a look out for those little pops of colour over the next few months!
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There are a large number of diseases that develop with as little notice as possible. Having a check-up at least once a year will help to exclude risks or, if a disorder does occur, to treat it quickly and effectively at minimal cost.
It will either rule out or show that a person has a cardiovascular disorder or is at risk of developing cancer or other types of disease. Most diseases that are at an early stage of development are easy to treat and can greatly increase a person's standard of living and life expectancy. If a check-up shows that you are completely healthy, you can continue to enjoy life.
It helps to detect complications from coronavirus in a timely manner.
Occasionally, a person who has had coronavirus will experience some after-effects.
Symptoms are most often subtle, so people write it off as normal drowsiness. It is then that latent pathologies begin to develop, which can lead to serious consequences. For example, the increased clotting in the blood causes high-density blood clots that get stuck in the blood vessels and prevent oxygen from reaching vital organs, including the heart. Or thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid gland, occurs. This causes hair loss, weight gain, and damage to the kidneys and liver, and the oxygen supply to the heart becomes less.
The nutrition check-up
Find out what you need to eat right and how your current diet is affecting your health.
According to the WHO, lifestyle has the most impact on a person's health. And 80% of all health outcomes depend on proper nutrition. So what kind of nutrition is right? Each person has his own set of nutritional principles and the right foods. Some people lack proteins or fats, others have to avoid gluten and dairy products. All these factors have an impact on health and well-being, but usually remain in the shadows. Read the checklist to find out what kind of diet you need, which foods you need to eliminate completely and which foods you need to add.
Diagnose diseases and infections of the reproductive system in good time.
This is important because most STIs are hardly noticeable until they cause complications: from painful menstruation to infertility. You will be able to detect all the pathologies you have, from the most common herpes to precancerous lesions.
An intravaginal pelvic ultrasound will help you determine the condition of your ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes, and an STI smear will tell you whether or how severe your disease is. You will receive a full transcript of the examination as well as the gynaecologist's recommendations, which are included in the check-up. In addition, the examination includes a PAP test, which determines whether there are cancerous and precancerous cells in the vagina or cervix.
Micronutrients and vitamins
Find out if you are getting enough of your essential micronutrients and minerals. Severe swelling, weak nails and hair are often the result of micronutrient deficiencies. And vitamin deficiencies lead to poor health, drowsiness and low immunity, which increases the risk of recurrence of chronic illnesses and frequent colds.
STIs and prostate diseases can develop implicitly, so early diagnosis is essential.
Get tested for common STIs and have an ultrasound scan of the representative gland. A PSA test is also part of the check-up. This will help detect prostatitis and assess your risk of developing prostate cancer. At the end of the examination, you will receive the results of your tests, a full transcript and the urologist's recommendations, which are already included in the cost of the examination. If a man has a good immune system, diseases can develop extremely unnoticed. Have a check-up at least once a year, as infections that are not detected in time cause many complications, including infertility.
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There are plenty of easy food-related actions to lighten your carbon footprint while eating healthier.
Buy Locally and in Season
Not only does eating locally grown fruits and vegetables save fossil fuels used for long-distance transport, food is likely fresher and may taste better, cost less and retain more nutrients. Plus, it supports local farmers and keeps dollars in the community. Look for options at the grocery store from local farms. When possible, check out local farmers markets, as well as community-supported agriculture programs, with the USDA's Local Food Directories.
Eat More Plant-based Foods
Choosing more plant-based protein foods such as beans and lentils in place of animal-based protein foods is one way to reduce your carbon footprint. Plant-based eating styles use fewer natural resources and have been associated with less damage to the environment.
Buying in bulk reduces the amount of plastic, paper, metal and energy that goes into manufacturing the packaging. If bulk isn't available, buy in larger packages such as "family sizes" rather than individual sizes. If you can, choose reusable containers and recycle materials like glass, metal, paper and plastic depending on the items that can be recycled in your area.
BYOB to the Grocery
Bring your own bags. Even reusing paper or plastic supermarket bags from previous visits can lessen the impact of the petroleum-based plastic bags used each year in the U.S., which often end up as litter, in the landfill and as a pollutant of our fresh waters and oceans.
Conserve Energy in the Kitchen
Purchase energy-efficient appliances when possible. Other energy-saving tips:
- Think about what you need before you open the refrigerator or freezer, to limit how long the doors stay open.
- Cover the pot to heat food more quickly or use a pressure cooker.
- During summer months, run the hood fan to keep gas and heat out of your kitchen so you require less air conditioning to cool the house.
- Cook larger quantities and freeze in single meal portion sizes, which not only saves energy, but gets you almost instant home-cooked meals on other days.
It is predicted that water, not fuel, will be our scarcest commodity in the not-to-distant future. So, don't let the sink faucet run.
- Soak dishes in a sink of hot, soapy water to loosen food, wash and rinse all at once.
- If you use a dishwasher, don't bother rinsing the dishes (just scrape them) and run the dishwasher only when it is full.
- Repair leaks and drips.
- Install aerators in faucets to make less water more efficient.
- Don't use running water to defrost frozen food; plan ahead instead and thaw it in advance in the refrigerator.
BONUS TIP: Decrease Garbage
In addition to reducing the packaging you bring home, try composting some of your food waste. Rather than filling the trash can with fruit and vegetable scraps — save them to nourish your garden. Use any container by the sink and haul it outside when it's full. Some municipalities offer free or reduced-price composting bins or bins can be purchased at local garden shops.
Use ceramic dishes and reusable silverware and cups. Avoid using disposable products. If you must use disposables, choose ones that are accepted as part of your neighborhood’s recycling program or can be composted.
Information provided by Renee Hoffinger, Christine McCullum-Gomez, PhD, RD, and Anne-Marie Scott, PhD, RD, of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' Hunger and Environmental Nutrition Dietetic Practice Group.
Find a Nutrition Expert
Looking for credible nutrition information and recommendations? The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics' network of credentialed food and nutrition practitioners are ready to help!
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Cosmic-ray Energy Spectrum
»»» shows where students could discuss/think about a topic/concept. shows where an activity is introduced. »»»
IceTop is a cosmic-ray detector. It is an array of instruments that observe the air showers of secondary particles created by cosmic rays when they interact with the Earth’s atmosphere. This data allows us to study the composition of cosmic rays, the distribution of the cosmic-ray arrival directions, and the high-energy spectrum of cosmic rays.
Cosmic rays include particles such as electrons, protons, and heavier nuclei. Their sources are not yet known, but we expect them to be both galactic and extragalactic. The energy spectrum of cosmic rays, which is how the rate changes with increasing energy, has been measured by many detectors, including IceTop. Extragalactic sources are expected to be more abundant as energy increases and to be the only ones responsible for very high energy cosmic rays.
Precise measurements of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum can help us learn more about the transition from galactic to extragalactic sources and, thus, about the properties of the cosmic-ray sources.
IceTop detects cosmic rays in the energy range from about 100 TeV to 1 EeV, which happens to be the region of the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays.
However, the cosmic-ray rate measured by IceTop cannot be directly compared to other experiments. Can you think of a quantity that could be used to compare results among several detectors?
Hint: The number of cosmic-ray events observed by a detector depends on its geometry and location.
Physicists use the cosmic-ray flux, i.e., the rate at which cosmic rays arrive at Earth for a given area and a given angle, to compare measurements from different detectors.
What does IceTop measure?
Let’s see what IceTop sees and can measure.
Here we have two simulated cosmic ray showers.
In both cases, it’s a 100 TeV proton. On the left, it’s a vertical shower. On the right, the shower axis is 30 degrees off.
As you can see in the movies, for each cosmic-ray air shower there can be a million or more particles hitting the ground. IceTop will only detect some.
Can you identify a few properties of the shower that allow you to characterize it?
Now look at a cosmic-ray event in IceTop.
Several IceTop stations light up for each cosmic-ray event. Each one records the passage of one or more particles from the cosmic-ray induced air shower. Red colors indicate the first stations to detect particles, while green/yellow are later detections. The size of the colored bubble around each station scales with the energy measured at that specific station.
Can we find out the direction of the incoming cosmic ray by looking at the pattern of light in IceTop? And what about the location of the shower core?
Remember: IceTop detects electrons, photons, muons, and charged hadrons in the shower thanks to the blue light, called Cherenkov light, that they produce when crossing the detector. See this Cherenkov light in a nuclear reactor here.
Can we learn about the energy of the incoming cosmic ray from the measurement of the energy in the IceTop array?
Hint: Physicists have been studying cosmic-ray air showers for a long time. We know how to simulate what they look like and what signal we should expect in IceTop. We have learned that the shower scales with energy, i.e., it’s a good proxy for the energy of the original cosmic ray.
See some events in IceTop here. Some of them are real events, and some are just simulations. Can you guess which one is which? As you will see, real and simulated events are indistinguishable.
Let’s look again at the same events but this time try to measure the shower. Using the different displays (see the image below), try to locate the core of the shower (right display) and fit it to its lateral distribution (left display). You can also change the direction of the shower by moving the zenith and azimuth angles. Save the results once you have done it for the full set.
Hint: Remember that the shower front should be flat. The dashed line on the top-right display is the projection of the shower front, i.e., it’s orthogonal to the shower axis.
Energy calibration and the cosmic-ray flux energy spectrum
Using your results, we will first calibrate our detector. To do that, use the simulated events in your table of results (those are the ones for which you know their energy, i.e. E>0).
Hint: Each event, whether data or simulated, also has a weight in your table of results. This is because your set of events has been pre-filtered. IceTop sees thousands of cosmic rays per day, and there is not enough time to look at all of them. The events that you have been exploring are events that represent the rate for given energy range. The weight tells you how many events in this energy range were found in the real/simulated total sample, which was one day of IceCube data. The dependence between the rate and the energy is a power law. Use logarithmic scales to obtain a simple calibration curve.
Now you can use this calibration curve to estimate the energy of the real events and obtain the cosmic-ray flux energy spectrum with IceTop.
Hint: Remember that we need to normalize the rate by the exposure of our detector. If you use all the events of one color, the exposure is 1/6 day of IceTop data = 8.186 109 m2 sr s. And do not forget to divide by the energy interval covered in each bin.
If you want to compare the results with a real paper by the IceCube Collaboration, you will get a better agreement if you use all six sets of events on the IceTop online tool.
Read the news about this analysis on the IceCube website.
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Introduction to Teaching Fundamentals & Student-Centered Learning at COCC
Welcome to Teaching Fundamentals! This is the site devoted to understanding the basics of good teaching and successful student learning at COCC.
Good teaching begins with good planning. And, good planning includes
- considerations of who your students are,
- what they bring to the learning experience,
- what they are actually learning in your course.
We have included several items that are critical to the learning process. They include how to pre-plan your course around core assumptions through how to assess your course outcomes. We include basic tips for classroom management that all faculty wonder about.
COCC is an institution committed to Student-Centered Learning. Faculty consider carefully how to establish safe learning environments where all opinions and ideas are invited and supported within the agreements of fair exchange and communication. Faculty respect what students bring to the learning process and take pride in assisting all students to become successful. This does not mean that students are consumers who have a right to shop for the easiest way to obtain a grade. COCC strives to be a learning community where students are partners in the process and faculty learn as well as students so that they, too, can improve and grow.
This paradigm shift from a teaching-centered approach to a student-centered one is not easy and in many cases requires a major overhaul of a program or course, focusing on both the delivery system and student assessment. It is the next logical step in a curriculum that has developed student outcomes which is now firmly a part of the COCC culture.
Research is clearly showing that the “Guide by the Side” approach is more successful in achieving student learning than the “Sage on the Stage” approach. The “sage on the stage” approach is still prevalent with many teachers, where instructors lecture with relevant material and then test the students on how much of that knowledge is retained. The student-centered or “guide by the side” approach actually places the responsibility of learning on the students as well as the teacher. They become more responsible for their own learning and less dependent on the teacher. This approach actually requires more structure by the teacher, but it is more transparent to the students if done well. Teachers can then focus more on planning for student success. The teacher becomes more of a facilitator than a director on stage. Students tend to get more frequent and relevant feedback since they are assessed more often using a variety of techniques and on specific skills presented at the beginning of the lesson. This concept is not a process or project, but a philosophy.
By mastering the fundamentals of teaching COCC intends to insure that faculty achieve success as well. We will add to these pages as workshops and trainings take shape so that everyone can move forward.
If you have ideas of comments on these pages contact: The Instructional Deans office at the Bend campus, Metolius Hall, 211, (541) 383-7283.
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Careful selection of early-ripening melon varieties makes all the difference, and the surest route to a healthy patch is to plant cultivars with built-in disease resistance. The number in brackets indicates days to maturity from transplants.
The familiar orange-fleshed netted fruit; sometimes called muskmelons.
- ‘Athena’ (78 days): Oval fruit up to two kilograms; tolerant of powdery mildew and fusarium wilt.
- ‘EarliChamp’ (72 days): Medium-sized, oval fruit with small seed cavity, sweet flesh and good disease resistance.
- ‘Earliqueen’ (65 days): Medium-sized, oval fruit. Bred to take a bit more cold and usually the first to ripen.
- ‘Earlisweet’ (65 days): Small, plentiful fruit; productive even in cooler, short-season areas.
- ‘Passport’ (73 days): Medium-sized, round fruit. Looks like a cantaloupe on the outside, but has the light green flesh and exotic flavour of a honeydew. Earliest of its kind.
The big, elongated southern blimps are not for most Canadian gardens. Instead, look for the smaller, round types with red, yellow or orange flesh.
- ‘Jade Star’ (74 days): Round, four-kilogram fruit with black-green rind and red flesh. Reliably productive.
- ‘Orange Orchid’ (72 days): Round, three-kilogram fruit with light orange flesh and few seeds; does well in cooler conditions.
- ‘Tiger Baby’ (80 days): Round, three- to four-kilogram fruit. Striped rind and pinkish red flesh; vines resistant to fusarium wilt.
- ‘Yellow Doll’ (68 days): Round, 2.5-kilogram fruit with light-and-dark-green-striped rind and crisp, yellow flesh. Good for short-season areas.
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Key country characteristics
- Lower-middle income country in East Asia & Pacific
- Population: 270.6M
- GDP Per Capita: $12.3K
- Life expectancy at birth: 69
Indonesia, a geographically complex nation made of up an estimated 17,000 islands, is currently the fourth-most populated country with a diverse population of 264 million that speak 724 languages and/or dialects. The country faces the unique challenge of providing health care across 900-1000 inhabited islands and 34 provinces with a mix of public and private providers. 12 In the 1960s, recognizing the need to provide better health services to individuals and communities, Indonesia introduced puskesmas into the primary health care system. Puskesmas – community health centers that still function today – targeted primary health care gaps including primary care delivery, population health management, and geographic and financial access. 1 Over the next 50 years, Indonesia has faced challenges within its primary health system but has been able to adapt and respond to them by addressing challenges while still maintaining service delivery through the puskesmas network as a major source of primary care. The flexibility of the national approach to the puskesmas model is an example of continual improvement of the health care system, engaging multiple stakeholders to address identified gaps, and remaining a critical method for ensuring the successful rollout of Indonesia’s universal health care (UHC) program in 2019.
For the past fifty years, Indonesia has committed to providing access to primary health care to its citizens. With the creation of puskesmas, Indonesia mobilized its health care system to aim to integrate preventive and curative medicine, and for the subsequent 20 years, the government constructed health centers and hospitals around the country to support care delivery. 13 Seeking to improve geographic access across the country’s islands, the network of care extended to include auxiliary puskesmas (pustus), integrated health posts (posyandus), mobile puskesmas (pusling), village-level labor/delivery posts (polindes), and village health posts (poskesdes) (Figure 1). These additions to service delivery were in response to identified gaps in care: for example, in 1979, recognizing the need to expand to more remote areas, pustus were implemented at the village level to provide preventive and curative ambulatory care. 12 Similarly, puslings, or mobile clinics, were established so that populations that lacked access to formal health services were able to receive such services. 2
The primary role of puskesmas has not changed significantly over time, and they continue to be the infrastructure point that provides preventive, promotive, and curative care at the sub-district level with a focus on both the community and individual. 2 The puskesmas network provides six essential services: 1) Health promotion, 2) Communicable disease control, 3) Ambulatory care, 4) Maternal and child health and family planning, 5) Community nutrition, and 6) Environmental health. 3 One-third of puskesmas also provide basic inpatient care such as Basic Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care(2). Community health efforts of the puskesmas are geared towards preventive and promotive care while primary care focuses more on outpatient and inpatient services as well as home care. Puskesmas are given management assistance from the national level, in the areas of five-year development planning, monitoring and supervision, resource management, and leadership. Over time, the puskesmas network has continuously evolved to reflect identified challenges and incorporate new national initiatives as described below.
After the Asian financial crisis in 1997, Indonesia went through a period of decentralization. With decision-making shifting to the local government, the health system has faced challenges related to this change, such as a workforce unable to consistently deliver high-quality of care, limited resources particularly at the primary care level, growing health care demands of the population, and financial constraints. 1 To address these obstacles, the central government enacted a number of reforms addressing quality and financial access gaps.
In 2008, a set of Minimum Service Standards (MSS) for health were established that focused on primary health care, referrals, epidemiology and prevention, health promotion, and community empowerment. 2 These focused on four types of service which were primarily delivered at PC facilities: 1) 14 basic services at the primary care level, 2) appropriate referral services, 3) outbreak management within 24 hours, and 4) health promotion and community empowerment. Targets were set, and while the government tried to make the standards achievable for remote and urban areas, regional differences in achieving these goals were seen particularly in communities where the income level was lower thus making the standard unattainable. This was a particular problem in Papua where individuals who were members of nomadic tribes rarely visited puskesmas. Understanding the need to better the health of its citizens, in 2016, the government revised and established a new MSS that will go into effect in 2019. With the new MSS model, coverage for each target group is set at 100% for all populations, and innovative community outreach strategies have begun, such as Flying Health Care for hard-to-reach communities. The new standards cover 12 areas ranging from providing continuous health care across the lifespan, chronic disease monitoring treatment, HIV and TB monitoring and treatment, and mental health care. If a facility fails to reach its targets then the local government will face administrative punishment for the first two deviations and eventual replacement if they fail to complete services after one year.
Continuing to respond to the needs of the population and financial barriers, in 2004, the government implemented the National Act No. 40/2004 which established a National and Social Security System (SJSN). To operate the system, the SJSN Act was supplemented by Law 24/2011, which expanded the role of Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial-Kesehatan (BPJS-K), the country’s social health insurance resulting in a single-payer environment. BJPS-K is the public entity that runs the national health insurance program or Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). 245 The JKN program was launched on 1 January 2014 by the BPJS-K, and puskesmas were mandated by law to be JKN providers whereas private providers had the option to join. Through this contract, capitation payments were established with the goal to improve the quality of service at the PHC level, particularly within the puskesmas network. 2 Examples of performance goals include a number of visits, non-specialist to outpatient ratio, visits with patients with chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension, and home visits. Additionally, there is a profiling and credentialing process conducted by BPJS prior to a puskesmas officially contracting with BPJS and becoming part of the JKN program (Jet).
Recognizing that primary care teams and puskesmas are central components to service delivery facilitated by the implementation of JKN, empanelment (also known as rostering) was a strategy of JKN program. All community members must register with a puskesmas, PHC clinic, or local physician within the first three months of enrollment to JKN with their PCP acting as a gatekeeper to receiving higher levels of care. 1 In this model of care, individuals must visit their local puskesmas or primary care clinic in order to receive a referral, and the only exception is for emergency care. In general, JKN members are seeking their first point of contact at puskesmas, but referrals are done if the case is beyond one of the 144 competencies that primary care physicians must be able to treat.
Indonesia’s wide expanse of islands makes health care delivery a challenge. While the creation of the puskesmas network increased geographic access, some islands are so remote that it can take over ten hours to arrive by boat. With that came staffing difficulties, and 23% of puskesmas facilities were inadequately staffed as of June 2018. Staffing shortages ranged from 2.7% of puskesmas being without an adequate amount of nurses to nearly 44% of puskesmas lacking enough dentists. 6 Recognizing the need for human resources, in 2014, the government established the Nusantara Sehat (Healthy Archipelago) program, which deploys multidisciplinary health care teams to puskesmas in remote and border islands. In addition to providing care to remote areas and responding to their specific health needs, Nusantara Sehat also focuses on continuity of care, empowering the community, creating integrated health care, and increasing equitable health services. 7 The teams ensure that the puskesmas are functioning well and meeting targets, which better ensure adequate funding from the government in the future.
Each Nusantara Sehat team (NST) consists of nine types of healthcare workers including doctors, nurses, midwives, dentists, laboratory specialists, technicians, pharmacists, nutritionists, and environmental and public health professionals. Nusantara Sehat depends on volunteers with the younger generation being particularly interested in joining the program. Teams remain in their location for two years with the option to extend their time in the program but in a different location; clinicians change facilities in order to share knowledge learned from the previous puskesmas and improve the next one. As of July 2018, approximately 2800 health workers have been deployed to nearly 500 puskesmas. 7 In addition to the NST, individuals (NSI) can also participate in the program with slightly different requirements: for example, as part of an NST, clinicians are assigned to a given location based on their test (administrative and psychological) results whereas NSI can choose where they would like to be stationed. 8 Staffing resources in puskesmas are also strengthened by the family doctor program, a family care-specific curricula that primary care physicians can complete; currently, 100 puskesmas have physicians with this accreditation.
Coupled with the efforts of Nusantara Sehat is the Healthy Indonesia Program with Family Approach (PIS-PK). 9 This program (2015-2019) is a method of service delivery in the puskesmas network that targets comprehensiveness and first contact and ranges from covering 2000-7000 families. The Family Approach focuses on providing the family unit with preventive and promotive care and in particular: 1) strengthening promotive and preventive care as well as community empowerment, 2) improving access to health care through the optimization of the referral system with a focus on remote and border areas, and 3) the rollout of national health insurance, as previously described. 910 Each household is assessed as a whole, so if one family member is unwell then the health index of the household may be affected. Volunteers visit families and are particularly keen to reach those in high-risk neighbourhoods, for example, those who live near factories or especially remote areas. 7
There are 12 indicators that are measured through the program and include infant immunization and growth monitoring, TB treatment, hypertension therapy, mental illness monitoring and treatment, appropriate WASH standards, and smoking cessation. 8 By providing high-quality preventive care at the family level, the goal is to lower hospital visits and admissions. In addition to home visits, staff encourage stay-at-home mothers to gather weekly at the sub-district office where medical staff from puskesmas come to provide maternal and child care. Lastly, to address financial access, the government provides funds specifically for puskesmas in remote areas that serve poor communities. This focus on equity is important for the development of facilities in remote and border regions.
Strengthening the primary care system in Indonesia is ongoing, and incremental, yet important changes have occurred: Deliveries with skilled birth attendants increased from 43% in 1997 to 83% in 2012 with 64% of women completing one antenatal care visit during the first and second trimester and two visits in the third trimester; related, 9 in 10 mothers reported receiving care from a professional during pregnancy. 1112 Immunization coverage also improved with measles vaccination increasing from 60% to 77% and a similar improvement in DTP3 rates. 11 The infant mortality rate decreased from 22/1000 live births in 2000 to 14/1000 live births in 2015, and maternal mortality dropped from 265/100,000 live births in 2000 to 126/100,000 live births in 2016, but despite these gains, Indonesia missed MDG 5. 13
As of 2018, there are 9825 puskesmas that employ thousands of health care workers at the village level and that generally have a catchment area of 25,000-40,000 individuals. 25 This broad network of services and a model of care designed to provide empanelled team-based care has strengthened the capacity of community public and preventive health as well as health promotion efforts. Through the placement of hundreds of NST/NSI and the Healthy Indonesia Program workers that staff and augment puskesmas, the performance of PHC facilities within this network improved coverage in even the most remote areas targeted. 7 However, despite an impressive increase in puskesmas facilities since their inception and Nusantara Sehat, major regional disparities remain, and 430 sub-districts lack puskesmas, mostly in rural areas outside of Java. 1 Indonesia’s diverse population that spans thousands of islands creates both transportation obstacles and differences in culture and language that make access to care more difficult. However, community outreach efforts persist, and local working groups provide special services, for example, health services for commercial sex workers and children living on the street.
Despite the focus on quality and models of care, the functioning of puskesmas within the JKN program is also highly variable. As of 2018, approximately 60% of individuals were registered in puskesmas, 21% in other primary clinics, and 19% in private practices. Despite puskesmas acting as the first point of contact, clinicians provide acute treatment more often than longitudinal preventive care. Reasons for this include incentives for good performance that is more often related to curative care that is then evaluated through assessments conducted by BPJS. Additionally, out-of-pocket spending remains high due to a lack of coverage by JKN, some facilities face inadequate staffing, and weak provider/patient relationships persist; these challenges affect the ability to provide continuous care throughout a patient’s lifetime. 1
Similar to many countries across the globe, Indonesia also faces emerging health challenges as its population ages: chronic diseases such as hypertension, cancers, and diabetes are on the rise while there remains ineffective control of infectious diseases like malaria and drug-resistant tuberculosis. Further compounding the problem is the reemergence of diseases including polio and diphtheria. Puskesmas are trying to meet these growing health needs, and their scope expanded to include coverage of noncommunicable and other chronic diseases. 45 This work was supported nationally including the creation of a national NCD prevention unit and posbindus to allow for community participation to detect and monitor those with NCD risk factors. 1 Additionally, there is an effort to improve existing facilities and upgrade some to provide basic emergency obstetric and neonatal care. 2 Further, an accreditation process began in 2014 to assess PHC services, commitment to environmental health, and community outreach. 1 The goal is to accredit 5600 facilities by end of 2019 - early 2020 with 5227 having been accredited in 3966 sub-districts in 2018, 38 of which are in remote Papua. 2
Indonesia plans to address persistent disparities in access and quality by filling the remaining gaps in care coverage and improving the quality of care through the puskesmas network. This commitment to building primary care services for all and the capacity to learn and evolve has continued to be evident through the series of financial reforms, ongoing efforts to address the growing demands from chronic disease and the threat of reemerging diseases and creative approaches to expand physical access. 5 Workforce efforts to build and expand the reach of NST multidisciplinary teams will need to continue in order to meet growing demands.
Indonesia’s puskesmas have helped to build the foundations of a wider-reaching primary care delivery system. In order to meet UHC and SDG health goals, this foundation will need to be continually strengthened with better trained, motivated, competent, and responsive workforces that have the tools and resources to meet ever-growing health needs and challenges in Indonesia.
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Based on a talk by Edmund Matyjaszek for the 1300th anniversary of the death of St. Wilfrid and local research by Peter Clarke
This year marks the 1300th anniversary of the death of a figure familiar to us on the Isle of Wight. That figure was St Wilfrid, (A.D. 634-709). Bishop, missionary, controversialist, and also son of a Northumbrian thegn, so, in the Anglo-Saxon world, of noble birth, an aristocrat; Wilfrid (634-709) is one of England’s greatest and most controversial Saints. He directly influenced the move away from Celtic to the more orderly Roman church practices and is best known for championing and winning the case for the Roman, as opposed to the Celtic method of calculating the date of Easter at the famous Synod of Whitby in 664. He became Bishop of York with a See covering the whole of Northumbria, built magnificent stone churches at Ripon and Hexham and completed and restored the stone church at York started by the newly converted king Edwin.
It was on the east and approachable side of the Isle of Wight that he would have landed, and the church in Brading – then a port – has always been given precedence as his foundation, Indeed, the spacious and roomy St Mary’s at Brading still breathes an innate dignity and presence within its pre-Reformation stones as of a mother church. Thus, Brading can claim to be “the Canterbury of the Isle of Wight”
This date of 686 has been taken as the point from which the island became Christian, although the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle recalls that in A.D 661, “Eoppa, the priest, at the command of Wilfred and king Wulfhere, was the first to bring Christianity to the inhabitants of the Isle of Wight“. No doubt also, in Roman times, and after there were Christians here, but it was the conquest of the island by Caedwalla, who may have had as his spiritual adviser Wilfrid, then disputed Bishop of York and so in temporary exile from his diocese, and Wilfrid’s work on the island that gave Christianity roots that have to this day not dried up.
But this man whose death in 709 we commemorate this year, 2009 – his feast day is October 12th – is not just a curious figure from a founding past, but a titan in his times, and one of the acknowledged makers of England. He was present at the two critical synods, either in person as at Whitby in 664, or by his proxies at Hertford in 673, that gave the cast to English Christianity as an organised entity, independent of state power, yet recognising a complete allegiance to Rome as the See of Peter and source of authentic teaching and doctrine, that marked it throughout its first thousand years.
What these men of that time did – Columba from Donegal who founded the monastery at Iona, his pupil Aidan who taught Wilfrid, Cuthbert who inspired the north after Aidan, and whose agreement with Wilfrid’s arguments at the synod of Whitby in 664 that the monastic church of Ireland should fold into the universal church linked to Rome gave the nascent English church its template for centuries until the abrupt rupture of the Reformation; Theodore of Tarsus who arrived as Archbishop of Canterbury to create the very shape and frame of England through his all encompassing diocesan system established at Hertford in 673 that stills governs us today and was the first English institution for the whole nation long before any political unity emerged 3 centuries later with the descendants of Alfred the Great, the great Boniface who evangelised Germany & Northern Europe (and who is reputed to have visited Bonchurch here on the Island) and of course Bede in the 720s and after at Jarrow who wrote this all down to convey to us the extraordinary vigour of these missionaries, saints, bishops and controversialists, for they were tough, sometimes bitter men, whose tongues lashed as hard as any reins on the horses they wore out, travelling incessantly backwards and forwards over the country – was to make and shape England itself, beating it into the form that was able to withstand the Viking invasions and not succumb, absorb the brutal Normans, and become the island that spread its language, its institutions, its love of liberty throughout the world in a mission whose extent and fruits are not yet exhausted.
Throughout this period, moved this vigorous, brilliant, difficult yet endlessly vindicated noble and bishop, Wilfrid of York. He was the confidant of kings and rulers across Europe but made many powerful enemies and was twice banished from Northumbria. He made three journeys on foot and horseback through Europe to Rome and was not afraid to seek papal jurisdiction over both crown and church where he felt badly treated. His life was threatened many times being shipwrecked and nearly killed by natives off the coast of Sussex, imprisoned in Northumbria by the king and twice nearly murdered whilst travelling abroad.
How they did what they did, and what they did it for, are critical to us in our time to study and indeed rediscover if the English Church is again to fulfil its historic mission as the soul of this country, its very continuity with its own past, and the source of its liberties and laws.
He is remember in a beautiful stained glass window in St. Mary’s, Ryde. Constructed in 1883 by the famous Victorian architect, Nathaniel Herbert Westlake, R.A., it is one of the finest depicting the Island’s patron saint. Wilfrid’s cope is decorated with seeds to emphasise the start of his mission here on the Island. Small seeds grow into blossoming flowers and plants. This is what St. Wilfrid wished for here on the Island. He is holding a bishop’s crozier. Within the curved top part is a depiction of the Annunciation, with the angel Gabriel asking Mary to become the mother of God’s Son, Jesus. This emphasises the Incarnation and it also reminds us of the birthday of the Countess of Clare (25th March 1793), the Feast of the Annunciation. She founded the first Catholic church here in Ryde and St. Wilfrid founded the first Christian church in Brading.
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Australian doctors are claiming to have found a breakthrough in the treatment of breast cancer by using scans to better predict the success of therapies.
According to Professor Miles Prince from Melbourne's Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre a six-year study using positron emission tomography (PET) would probably change the way breast cancers were treated worldwide.
The centre's study used (PET) scans to monitor breast cancer patients to find out early whether treatments were successful.
Prof Prince said, "It gives us an idea of long-term outcomes. We have data going back six years and there are no other centres around the world with data that goes back that far."
He said that PET scans show the functions of the cells whereas conventional computed tomography (CT) scans show the structure of the body.
He said, "We can now offer patients other treatments and say this current treatment is not working."
According to Professor Rod Hicks, chairman of molecular imaging at the centre the use of PET scans to monitor the success of treatments was a breakthrough.
He said that the use of PET scan revealed success of treatments within weeks whereas conventional scans took months to deliver their verdict on a treatment.
Prof Hicks said, "During that time the patients accumulate the toxicity of that drug or that treatment. If it is not working conventionally, we have to wait for the tumor to grow and that is a terrible thing."
"It is like approaching a reef, and this is like sonar seeing the reef ahead and you can turn away from that reef and skirt around it, to take a different route, and is really what we are trying to do."
Victorian Health Minister Bronwyn Pike has suggested that more of the $2.4 million PET scans could be made available to hospitals in the state if needed.
Ms Pike said, "This new technology, this new research, gives doctors here at the Peter Mac and all around the world now the capacity to target treatments in the most appropriate way and really determine if they are going to be successful and, if they are not, give them the opportunity to change course."
"Certainly, if this is proving as successful as we are pretty sure it is, then obviously we will look to expanding its use in other settings."
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