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One of the main problems oral patients suffer from is oral malodor (bad breath).
Oral malodor/bad breath is caused by a gas known as volatile sulphur which is actually the waste material released by dead bacteria in the mouth. Bad breath is mainly caused by in-mouth factors. An oral infection, an intense gum disease or the bacteria bedded on the food remnants in the mouth may result in foul breath. Other systemic problems which lead to oral malodor are; tonsillitis, lung failure, sinusitis, diabetes, stomach and intestine failures, kidney failure (fish odor syndrome), liver disease etc.
The first step of the treatment is to diagnose the cause of the malodor/bad breath, after which the treatment may be conducted accordingly.
The most common location for mouth-related malodor/bad breath is the tongue. Tongue bacteria produce malodorous compounds and fatty acids, and account for 80 to 90 percent of all cases of mouth-related bad breath. Large quantities of naturally-occurring bacteria are often found on the back surface of the tongue, where they are relatively undisturbed by normal activity. This part of the tongue is relatively dry and poorly cleansed, and bacterial populations can thrive on remnants of food deposits. Brushing your tongue –especially the back of your tongue—along with your teeth is essential for preventing bad breath. If you feel uncomfortable while brushing your tongue you can also scrape the surface of the tongue by using a clean plastic spoon. For a comfortable and proper cleansing you may also use tongue brushes or tongue scrapers which are easily found in any drugstore.Keep in mind that mints, oral sprays or mouthwash products do not prevent bad breath. They only repress the odor for a limited amount of time (approximately 5-7 minutes).In preventing bad breath a mouthwash product which you can prepare yourself by mixing 50% water and 50% hydrogen peroxide will prove to be helpful.If the odor is food-originated (garlic, onions, alcohol etc.) a glass of cold milk in the morning of the following day will reduce the odor remarkably.
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Exodus 1; Luke 4; Job 18; 1 Corinthians 5
“THEN A NEW KING, who did not know about Joseph, came to power in Egypt” (Ex. 1:8). Those who learn nothing from history are destined to repeat all its mistakes, we are told; or, alternatively, the only thing that history teaches is that nothing is learned from history. Whimsical aphorisms aside, one cannot long read Scripture without pondering the sad role played by forgetting.
Examples abound. One might have expected, after the Flood, that so sweeping a judgment would frighten postdiluvian human beings into avoiding the wrath of God, but that is not what happens. God leads Israel out of bondage, deploying spectacular plagues and the crossing of the Red Sea, but mere weeks elapse before the Israelites are prepared to ascribe their rescue to a god represented by a golden calf. The book of Judges describes the wretched pattern of sin, judgment, rescue, righteousness, followed by sin, judgment, rescue, righteousness – the wearisome cycle spiraling downward. One might have thought that under the Davidic dynasty, kings in the royal line would remember the lessons their fathers learned, and be careful to seek the blessing of God by faithful obedience; but that is scarcely what occurred. After the catastrophic destruction of the northern kingdom and the removal of its leaders and artisans to exile under the Assyrians, why did not the southern kingdom take note and preserve covenantal fidelity? In fact, a bare century-and-a-half later the Babylonians subject them to a similar fate. Appalling forgetfulness is not hard to find in some of the New Testament churches as well.
So the forgetfulness of Egypt’s rulers, aided by a change of dynasty, is scarcely surprising. A few hundred years is a long time. How many Christians in the West have really absorbed the lessons of the evangelical awakening, let alone of the magisterial Reformation?
Not far from where I am writing these lines is a church that draws five or six thousand on a Sunday morning. Its leaders have forgotten that it began as a church plant a mere two decades ago. They now want to withdraw from the denomination that founded them, not because they disagree theologically with that denomination, not because of some moral flaw in it, but simply because they are so impressed by their own bigness and importance that they are too arrogant to be grateful. One thinks of seminaries that have abandoned their doctrinal roots within one generation, of individuals, not the least scholars, who are so impressed by novelty that clever originality ranks more highly with them than godly fidelity. Nations, churches, and individuals change, at each step thinking themselves more “advanced” than all who went before.
To our shame, we forget all the things we should remember.
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Life expectancy has stopped improving for the first time in more than 100 years, and has actually declined for England’s poorest women, according to a new study.
Professor Sir Michael Marmot has published a new update following his landmark review on health inequalities in England ten years ago.
He has found that health inequalities have widened in the past decade, with people spending more time in poor health since 2010.
Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On, published by the Institute of Health Equity, reveals that the more deprived the area, the shorter the life expectancy for people.
Professor Sir Marmot said: ‘This damage to the nation’s health need not have happened. It is shocking. The UK has been seen as a world leader in identifying and addressing health inequalities but something dramatic is happening. This report is concerned with England, but in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland the damage to health and wellbeing is similarly unprecedented.’
He added: ‘Poverty has a grip on our nation’s health - it limits the options families have available to live a healthy life. Government health policies that focus on individual behaviours are not effective. Something has gone badly wrong. We will be monitoring and reporting on inequalities in health and expect the government to listen.’
The report calls on the Government to publish a national strategy for action on the social determinants of health, reduce child poverty by 10%, and monitor health inequalities.
Dr Jennifer Dixon, chief executive of the Health Foundation, said: ‘Having secured new support from voters in ‘red wall’ areas, there is a real opportunity for the Government to show more leadership to narrow the health gap. Existing efforts are welcome but fragmented and under-powered.
‘We urgently need a new national health inequalities strategy, backed by investment in the factors that have the most powerful impact on health such as early years and youth services, housing, education, social security and good quality work.’
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Lancaster Sound—the eastern entrance of the critically important Northwest Passage—is one step closer to becoming a marine protected site.
Shell has handed over more than 8,000 kilometres squared—an area larger than Banff National Park—of offshore permits in the area to the National Conservancy of Canada (NCC), who have subsequently passed them off to the government.
Currently, a federal proposal for a conservation area in Lancaster Sound includes 44,500 kilometres squared of marine territory, and the hope is that Shell’s addition will move the process along.
“[Establishing a marine protected site] can be a very long process, but I think what we see now is a lot of motivation with Shell and with the government, so we are optimistic that this can happen quickly,” says Lisa McLaughlin, chief conservation officer at the NCC.
The announcement was made on June 8, World Ocean’s Day, at the Ocean Summit held in Ottawa.
“When I speak with our next generation of leaders it’s clear that they not only hope we will find ways to reconcile the environment with the economy, but they expect us to,” says Michael Crothers, Shell Canada president and country chair. “I’m really pleased that our contributions will play a major role in protecting the Lancaster Sound area for future generations.”
Establishing Lancaster Sound as a protected site will aid in the government’s goal of increasing Canada’s marine protected areas to 10 per cent by 2020. Presently, less than one per cent of Canada’s ocean’s are fully protected—one of the smallest amounts of marine protection in the developed world.
Lancaster Sound is home to an astounding display of biodiversity—narwhals, walrus’, polar bears, and beluga whale, to name a few—and is critically important to the sustainability of many coastal Inuit communities.
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The key feature of this technology is the way in which a mixture of elemental powders is accurately and directly fed into the laser's focal point, heated by the laser beam, and deposited on a substrate in the form of a melt pool, which finally solidifies to create a unique fully-dense alloy button with precise stoichiometry.
In contrast to the traditional slow trial-and-error approach, the Accelerated Metallurgy project advocates the accelerated discovery and optimisation of higher-performance alloy formulations using combinatorial principles. By rapidly and automatically synthesising large numbers of compositionally-varying alloy samples (less than 60 seconds per sample) followed by high-throughput testing of their structures and properties, it is now conceivable to intelligently screen large compositional landscapes in search of special alloys that have, up to now, remained unexplored. This robotic alloy synthesis is 1000 times faster than conventional manual methods. Once produced, these discrete mm-sized samples are submitted to a range of automated, standardised tests that will measure chemical, physical and mechanical properties. The vast amount of information will be recorded in a "Virtual Alloy Library" and coupled with computer codes such as neural network models, in order to extract and map out the key trends linking process, composition, structure and properties.
|Potensielle anvendelser av ACCMET – basert på de industrielle partnerene som deltar i prosjektet|
The most promising alloy formulations will be further tested, patented and exploited by the 20 end-users. Industrial interests include:
- New lightweight fuel-saving alloys (<4.5 g/cm3) for aerospace and automotive applications.
- New higher-temperature alloys (stable>1000 °C) for rockets, gas turbines, jet-engines, nuclear fusion.
- New high-Tc superconductor alloys (>30K) that can be wire-drawn for electrical applications.
- New high-ZT thermoelectric alloys for converting waste heat directly into electricity.
- New magnetic and magnetocaloric alloys for motors and refrigeration.
- New phase-change alloys for high-density memory storage.
The accelerated discovery of these alloy formulations will have a very high impact on society.
- The ACCMET partnership gathers 29 entities coming from 10European countries. The project is hosted by European Space Agency. 14 ACCMET partners are companies: Rolls Royce Plc, Centro Ricerche Fiat Scpa, Avio S.P.A ,Airbus group (EADS Deutschland Gmbh), Bruker EAS Gmbh, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Ocas - Onderzoekscentrum Voor Aanwending Van Staal N.V. (Arcelor), Norsk Titanium Components AS, Johnson Matthey Plc., Aktsiaselts Silmet , Tls Technik Gmbh & Co. Spezialpulver, Renishaw plc, Granta Design Ltd, Avantys Engineering Gmbh. This pool of industrials is supported by 9 academic partners (Cardiff University, Universitaet Ulm, Universita Degli Studi Di Torino, Universite De Rouen, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet (Riso), The University of Sheffield, The University of Cambridge, Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza Im. Stanislawa Staszica W Krakowie and The University of Birmingham) and 5 experienced research organizations (Stiftelsen SINTEF , Flamac, Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Zur Foerderung Der Angewandten Forschung E.V , Installation Europeenne De Rayonnement Synchrotron (ESRF), Institut Max Von Laue - Paul Langevin (ILL).
- ACCMET is a project co-funded by the 7th Framework Programme of the European Commission, coordinated by the European Space Agency. The total budget is 22.0 Mio €, and the area of activity of the project is FP7-NMP-2010-LARGE-4
Example publications from project:
- García-Cañadas, J. & Min, G. (2014). Multifunctional probes for high-throughput measurement of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity at room temp. Review of Scientific Instruments (vol. 85, 043906, p. 1-4). AIP Publishing / doi: 10.1063/1.4871553
- Caraballo, I.T., Nava, E.G. & Diaz-del-Castillo, P.R. (2014). Discovery of new materials and heat treatments: Accelerated Metallurgy and the case of ferrous and magnesium alloys. Materials Science Forum (vol. 783-786, p. 2188-2193). Elsevier / http://www.scientific.net/MSF.783-786.2188
- Jasiewicz, K., Cieslak, J., Kaprzyk, S. & Tobola, J. (2015). Relative crystal stability of AlxFeNiCrCo high entropy alloys from XRD analysis and formation energy calulation. Journal of Alloys and Compounds (vol. 648 307). Elsevier / doi:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.06.260
- Mackie, A.J., Hatton, G.D., Hamilton, H.G.C., Dean & Goodall, R. (2016). Carbon uptake in Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) processed Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)z. Materials Letters (vol. 171, p. 14-17). Elsevier / doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2016.02.049
- Cornide, J., Calvo-Dahlborg, M., Chambreland, S., Asensio Dominguez, L., Leong, Z., Dahlborg, U., Cunliffe, A., Goodall, R. & Todd, I. (2015). Combined Atom Probe Tomography and TEM investigations of CoCrFeNi, CoCrFeNi-Pdx (x=0.5, 10, 1.5) and CoCrFeNi-Sn. Acta Physica Polonica (vol. A128, p. 557-560). Acta Physica Polonica / http://dx.doi.org/10.12693/APhysPolA.128.557
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How much do you know about the behind-the-scenes world of the garment industry?
Take this interactive quiz and find out http://www.trustedclothes.com/blog/2016/12/07/take-fast-fashion-quiz/
Fashion is a part of just about everybody’s lives, as we all wear clothes. Unfortunately it is also a source of much abuse, both of people and the environment.
All over the world garment workers are being exploited. These people work in appalling conditions for very little money, so we can buy our clothing at “bargain” prices.
It is a well-known fact that the fashion industry is responsible for much ecological havoc. Deforestation either to create fabrics such as viscose or rayon, or to make space for other fabric-producing crops such as cotton, excessive water consumption by those crops (1500 litres go into the cotton plants that produce one T-shirt), fertilizer leeching into ground water, ditto chemicals used in the production of fabric, run-off dyes polluting whole rivers, waste fabric and discarded clothing clogging landfill…. The list goes on.
A river in Indonesia polluted by run off dye from a textile factory
Textiles on a landfill in America
As the shadow of climate change looms ever darker, the clothing industry is seriously having to consider its contribution to pollution, the proliferation of greenhouse gasses, and global warming.
Fortunately, across the globe, concerned fashion practitioners are trying to find innovative ways not only to offset the effects of fashion on the planet, but also improve working conditions within the industry.
We at Elizabeth Galloway feel strongly about fostering sustainable, ethical fashion, and want to encourage and equip our students to make a positive difference out there.
So what is being done right now, and by whom?
1. Fashion-specific awareness campaigns
Rainforest Action Network (RAN) is an organization who has launched “Out of Fashion”, a campaign naming companies that use textiles made by dissolving pulp from trees, and demanding they commit to removing forest destruction and human rights abuses from their supply chains.
In the wake of the 2013 Rana Plaza disaster in which 1129 garment workers were killed and 2500 injured, Fashion Revolution started the “Who Made My Clothes” campaign to raise awareness of the plight of workers and improve standards of safety as well as general working conditions. The 24th of April has been designated as world-wide Fashion Revolution Day, commemorating the catastrophe and serving as a further call to action.
2. Promote the use of sustainable fabrics
Synthetic or man-made material from petrochemicals such as nylon and polyester justifiably have a bad reputation, but not all natural fibres are perfect either.
Cotton is still the most widely used fabric in the clothing industry, but is not at all ecologically friendly. Organically grown cotton is a step in the right direction, but there are other sources of textile out there that have fewer harmful effects as well as more positive qualities.
Wool is a natural fabric with many desirable attributes, but being of animal origin, its use gives rise to moral and ethical considerations, as for that matter, does silk. An alternative is milk protein, from which a synthetic fabric with a pH similar to that of human skin can be manufactured. Although this fabric is not very durable and wrinkles easily, it dyes well, is fully bio-degradable and is a renewable resource. “Qmilch” was developed by German fashion designer and micro-biologist Anke Domaske.
Anke Domaske with dresses made from “Qmilch”
Viable cellulose (plant) fibres for the fashion industry, include rayon and tencel (from wood pulp and so to be avoided); linen and bamboo (both of which require harsh chemical processes); and soy and hemp which would appear to be the best options. Soy, however, requires a fair amount of pesticides, while hemp requires none.
Many countries including South Africa prohibit the cultivation of industrial hemp because of fears that it could somehow encourage the use of cannabis. Fortunately change is starting to happen, as this truly is a miracle crop which can be used as food, clothing, building material, packaging and many other purposes. Canada is one country with a well-established hemp clothing industry. In South Africa a six year exclusive permit was granted to House of Hemp to establish the industry, and some beautiful but expensive fabric was manufactured. As the permit expired in 2016, we are awaiting further developments. Designers creating demand for the product would probably help speed things up, as well as drive down the price.
Hemporium is a Cape Town company that produces and sells a range of hemp clothing.
3. Eco-friendly manufacturing processes
In 2011, Levi’s re-thought the finishing processes of their jeans so as to use up to 96% less water. The aim is to manufacture 80% of their apparel in this way by 2020.
Fabric dye is a big culprit in the pollution of increasingly scarce water resources. Synthetic dyes contain harmful toxins, including heavy metals such as chrome, copper and zinc (all known carcinogens). These get into our ground water, and affect the food we eat. It also flows into the oceans and contaminate marine life to the extent that some seafood is becoming unsafe for human consumption.
Organically dyed yarn
There is an upsurge in interest in ancient and traditional practises, including the manufacture and use of organic dyes. Numerous plants, vegetables and herbs can be used to create biodegradable, non-toxic colorants, and Elizabeth Galloway students can experiment with this method.
Colorep, an American company, has patented AirDye®, a process which applies colour to fabric without the use of water. Fabrics dyed with this technology have been used by New York designers Costello Tagliapietra in their Spring/Summer 2010 runway collection.
Costello Tagliapietra SS2010
4. Reducing waste
There are two approaches towards this goal, namely pre-consumer and post-consumer.
Pre-consumer waste reduction centres on Zero waste design, in other words designing garments in such a way that no or very little fabric needs to be cut away from a piece of cloth (normal design generates 15-20% fabric waste). Traditional costumes such as the kimono, sari, chiton and kilt are good examples of this, but contemporary designers such as Claire McCardell and Zandra Rhodes have also experimented with the technique.
A design by Skunkfunk, a brand that specializes in Zero-waste fashion. Originating in the Basque region in Northern Spain, they now have stores on all continents except Africa.
Another method is to utilize offcuts in other designs, such as this one, also by Skunkfunk
Post-consumer waste design utilizes the remnants of the fashion cycle to produce new garments from second hand or surplus goods. Martin Margiela is an exponent of this approach. This leather jacket was created out of surplus belts.
Vivian Westwood, famous designer and climate change activist preaches the waste hierarchy consisting of the three ‘R’s’ – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. She urges consumers to buy less clothing, but of better quality and classic cut, so that garments last longer.
Fairtrade is an ethical certification whose main aim is to promote more equality and sustainability in the farming sector. Fairtrade standards are rigorous, and focus on improving labour and living conditions for farming communities and on promoting a way of farming that doesn’t harm either people or the environment.
Produce carrying the Fairtrade mark include coffee, tea, wine, chocolate and cotton. Cosmetics, jewelry, handbags, sneakers and textiles are also covered.
There are 35 Fairtrade-certified apparel brands. Most of them are based in the USA, UK and Canada, and there are also a couple in Australia and Cambodia. South Africa, to our shame, have none.
People Tree, the first apparel company to be Fairtrade-certified, brought out this collection in collaboration with actress Emma Watson.
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Cells of different size classes all have a similar total mass, such that small, numerous cells such as red blood cells contribute the same amount to the body’s total mass as the largest cells, as reported by researchers in the September 18 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
Meet the new
Simons Foundation brand
We’re evolving our look and voice to help champion transformative ideas in basic science.Find Out More
Our grantmaking efforts focus on mathematical and physical sciences, life sciences and autism research.
Founded in 2014, the Simons Society of Fellows is a community of scholars that encourages intellectual interactions across disciplines and across research centers in the New York City area.
Senior Fellows are distinguished scientists based in New York City. Junior Fellows are outstanding young scientists who receive support from the foundation for three years to conduct independent research at an institution of higher learning in New York City, with no teaching obligations.Learn More
The current-carrying ability of so-called strange metals defies the known rules of electricity. Now Aavishkar Patel of the Flatiron Institute and his colleagues have an explanation for why.
What the hairiest problem in math can teach us about wind, antennas and nuclear fusion.
Magnetars possess magnetic fields that are trillions of times stronger than those of ordinary stars. Flatiron Institute astrophysicist Christopher White comments on the work being done to pin down possible pathways to a magnetar.
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New Frontiers in Research
Most important in the battle against cancer is research. Our research programs are centered on areas that will help translate exciting scientific discoveries into new treatments for cancers that are particularly prevalent in our region.
Cancer Imaging Research
Because every patient is different, every cancer is different.
Molecular imaging allows for previously impossible precision in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and other diseases. Our Center for Imaging Research is one of only a few facilities with a positron emission tomography (PET) scanner and cyclotron located in close proximity, offering significant capacity for new breakthroughs in molecular imaging and precision medicine.
Our Institute for Genetics and Translational Genomics serves clinical and research programs throughout campus and is a crucial component of those that involve molecular imaging. This core facility equips us to make major contributions in this increasingly consequential field and those it supports.
A signature research program in molecular imaging, in combination with genomics, would position us to conduct some of the most compelling, cutting-edge cancer research being done anywhere. One area of interest involves using molecular imaging to catch cancer in its “predisease” state, based on minute molecular changes this advanced imaging reveals even before symptoms appear—and before other diagnostics would suggest an abnormality.
Health Disparities in Cancer
By studying our region’s unique health disparities, we benefit minority patients locally, influence research and best practices nationally and help improve patient outcomes globally.
Loma Linda University Health serves the diverse population of a vast region, including communities that face some of the nation’s most significant socioeconomic challenges—and correspondingly worrisome health indicators. Ten years ago, we formalized a response to our region’s health disparities by opening our Center for Health Disparities and Molecular Medicine, which the National Institutes of Health have now designated as a Center of Excellence in Health Disparities and Minority Health—one of only four in California and 48 in the nation.
The center’s work has given us a proven track record for health disparities research. We could build on this strength and create a signature research program focused on health disparities specific to cancer.
Pediatric Leukemia Research
Our researchers are one step closer to curing one of the most deadly forms of cancer in children.
Kimberly Payne, PhD, and her research team are working to solve an especially aggressive form of pediatric cancer called B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, which has a survival rate of only 30%. They created a model that replicates the development of this disease in an environment that mimics the human body. This allows the team to test treatment options, moving the researchers ever closer to a cure.
Scientists anticipate that preclinical models such as the one Dr. Payne and her team created will become indispensable for fighting cancer. Our success in this area of study, our national leadership in pediatric cancer clinical trials, and our role as the region’s only children’s hospital are among the many factors that make pediatric leukemia an obvious choice as one of our signature research programs.
Maximizing Safety in Radiation Medicine
A signature research program in radiation medicine would help us make proton therapy even safer and lead to more patients being free of cancer for the rest of their lives.
More than 25 years ago, we pioneered hospital-based proton therapy as a safer, more effective alternative to large area radiation treatment for cancer. For more than 20 years, our medical physicists have partnered with NASA to study the effects of radiation exposure on astronauts’ health. Our experiments have been included on five space flights and have been significant in defining radiation risks.
We have translated these findings into patient care, using them to help us adjust radiation dosing and make additional refinements to proton therapy delivery at our proton treatment center. Creating a signature research program that builds on our work with NASA and on our leadership in radiation medicine would lead to better and more effective treatment methods and better patient outcomes.
Cancer Stem Cell Biology Research
This emerging field promises breakthroughs that will lead to fewer patients ever being told, "You have cancer," "Your cancer has spread," or "Your cancer has returned."
David Baylink, MD, one of the world’s leading experts on osteoporosis, has had stunning successes in cell-based therapeutics — including programming stem cells to help fractures heal 33% faster, regenerate bone in osteoporosis patients, and improve inflammatory bowel disease symptoms by 80% in just six days.
There is great potential for us to advance our understanding of cancer by building on our expertise in stem cell biology. Cancer stem cells drive cancer at every phase — prompting it to develop, to metastasize and to come back. A signature research program in this field could impact cancer prevention, treatment and control.
Population Sciences Research on Cancer
The Adventist Health Study series has so much more to reveal about how to keep from getting cancer.
For nearly 60 years, our groundbreaking wellness research has been capturing the attention of epidemiologists throughout the world. With 96,000 participants, the current Adventist Health Study is among the most comprehensive investigations of diet and cancer ever conducted.
Creating a signature oncology research program based on this seminal study series will vastly broaden medical science’s understanding of cancer, serve as the basis from which further translational work will emanate, and help extend not only life but wholeness.
Wholeness and Cancer
What we know about wholeness could help survivors thrive after cancer.
For research, our whole person paradigm means looking at diseases such as cancer in the larger context of the whole body, the environment, the population. It also means studying not only the factors that contribute to disease but also those that prevent sickness and promote wholeness. Our distinctive focus on “whole living” would make a signature research program on cancer survivorship unique among cancer centers.
Cancer survivorship is a new field that explores how to help cancer patients resume their normal lives after treatment. Treatment can leave physical and emotional side effects that keep survivors from fully returning to the quality of life they once enjoyed. Healthful living, together with natural remedies, may be the keys to living a whole life after cancer.
Shared Resource Facilities
"Join me in congratulating Loma Linda University Cancer Center on its recognition as a NCI HPS, and thank someone near you who has participated in a cancer clinical trial. Without realizing it, they have done something that will save your life in the future."
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As I reported after seeing Pixar’s animated feature ‘UP’, it is a very adult film with adult concerns (love, loss, anxiety, quests left unfinished) and humor thrown in for the kiddie’s sake. What I failed to see was how this is a trend in Pixar’s films that echos the earliest of Walt Disney’s feature animated works.
But it all became clear to me after finding Michial Farmer’s two very insightful posts on the dark existential dream of early Disney Feature Animation and how Pixar appears to be recapturing that anxiety.
First, moved by watching ‘UP’, which Farmer considers the darkest animated film ever made by Disney or Pixar, he looks back at the early Walt Disney classics and the dark topics they explore.
Here, in other words, is what makes Pixar in 2009 closer to Disney in 1941 than Disney in 2009 or even 1992. All of the early Disney features—for our purposes, let’s define “early” as prewar, which would allow us to work with Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Pinocchio, Fantasia, Dumbo, and Bambi—are shiny and beautifully drawn, but all of their prettiness only serves to hide the deep, existential dread at their cores.
That all changes with the post World War II optimism and never lets up.
In his second post, Farmer looks at Pixar’s films and delves into how anxiety, a dark portion of the human condition, is the focus of the central conflict in each film. After brief consideration of the earliest Pixar films, Farmer starts with Monster’s Inc.:
which taps into a very specific but universal childhood fear: the monster in the closet. Never mind that most of these monsters turn out to be essentially good people—the operative point is that there’s a deep-seated need in Monstropolis for children to be afraid. If anxiety is defined (as it is by Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and others) as fear without an object, that’s certainly what we’re dealing with in the world influenced but outside of the movie. Children are afraid of monsters, which deep down they know do not exist—therefore, they are afraid of nothing, of an empty space in their closet. Monsters, Inc. plays off of this fear, exploits it before finally putting it (no pun intended) to bed.
Many people have said that the secret to Walt Disney’s success (other than his massive amounts of hard work and dedication to his dreams and ideals) was his ability to tap into the American gestalt. To intuitively know what audiences would want to see because that was what he wanted to see. The story trust at Pixar has been said to have the same talent. If Pixar is tapping into this sense of anxiety felt across America, what does that say about where America is right now?
See also this Pediatrician’s take on ‘Up’. It’s not a rant against the film, per se, but rather that reviewers aren’t doing their jobs warning parents about the very adult themes in the film Although I disagree with the severity of her claims, you have to know the limits of your own child.
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Their Ways and Means of Living
Sometime in spring, earlier or later according to the latitude or the season, the fields, the lawns, the gardens, suddenly are teeming with young grasshoppers. Comical little fellows are they, with big heads, no wings, and strong hind legs (Fig. 1). They feed on the fresh herbage and hop lightly here and there, as if their existence in no way involved the mystery of life nor raised any questions as to why they are here, how they came to be here, and whence they came. Of these questions, the last is the only one to which at present we can give a definite answer.
If we should search the ground closely at this season, it might be possible to see that the infant and apparently motherless grasshoppers are delivered into the visible world from the earth itself. With this information, a nature student of ancient times would have been satisfied—grasshoppers, he would then announce, are bred spontaneously from matter in the earth; the public would believe him, and thereafter would countenance no contrary opinion. There came a time in history, however, when some naturalist succeeded in overthrowing this idea and established in its place the dictum that every life comes from an egg. This being still our creed, we must look for the grasshopper's egg.
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Things You\’ll Need
Soft scrub brush or pad
Lichens are a combination of a fungus and an alga.
Lichens are composed of a fungus and an alga living together cooperatively. They generally don't harm the plant they grow on, since they make their own food from sunlight, water and air. Many people enjoy the color and patterns lichens create. However, they can decrease the ornamental value of the plant they're growing on and can obscure features like colored or ornamental bark. If lichens are so plentiful they cover the plant, they can interfere with the plant's intake and outgo of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Usually lichens grow on plants with more exposed stems where lichens get the sunlight they need, so their presence may indicate thinning leaves and branches due to disease or other problems.
Video of the Day
Call in a Cooperative Extension Agent or a Master Gardener to help identify any health problems of the plants that have lichen growth on branches or bark.
Carry out suggested measures to increase plant health that would lead to increased canopy shade, which would result in decreased lichen growth.
Put shade cloth over affected branches or trees to temporarily create shade. Cut shade cloth to fit individual azalea branches or tree trunks. Tie the shade cloth down with rope or string if necessary. Lichens will eventually die without sufficient sunlight.
Remove lichen physically. Moisten the affected area with water, or wait until after a soaking rain.
Gently rub affected areas with a soft scrubbing brush or pad. Rinse the brush or pad frequently in a bucket of water. Empty the bucket and refill it with clean water as needed.
Rub softly on ornamental bark surfaces so the surface is not damaged and on azalea branches, which are brittle.
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* Prices may differ from that shown
The most historic ensemble, one of the most widely used and certainly the most diverse, the orchestra is a grand group of instruments that has evolved massively over centuries. It began as a small ensemble and has grown enormously over time, and numbers and options are endless, ranging from as little as approximately 40 players to - well, unlimited amounts - Mahler's 8th is coined "Symphony of a Thousand" for a reason. It can actually be quite an intimidating force - I know in the past I have found it quite overwhelming, with 19th/20th century composers such as Beethoven, Strauss, Elgar and Stravinsky utilising the ensemble to awesome effect. But it can be broken down, and here I give a little crash course into the epic, enigmatic musical group.
The orchestra is basically split into four sections: brass, percussions, strings and woodwind, and auxiliary instruments may be added (such as a harp, piano, although these often fall into one of the above categories - strings and percussion respectively). Brass fundamentally consists of horns, trumpets, trombones and tubas; strings: violins, violas, cellos and double basses; woodwind: flutes, oboes, clarinets and bassoons; percussion is viewed as far more optional, but I will return to this. It's all about balance, really, and it entirely depends on your music. Many composers since the 19th century have authoritatively tweaked numbers to suit their needs, and while numbers generally grew from 1830 until the early 20th century, the numbers are constantly changing. So I'll give you a somewhat standard example: 2 flutes (1 doubling piccolo - in that 1 flautist may switch to a piccolo (but they must be given ample time to switch)), 1 oboe, 1 cor anglais (a tenor version of the oboe), 2 clarinets, 1 bassoon and 1 contrabassoon (an even lower version of the bassoon); 6 horns; 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, 1 bass trombone, 1 tuba; timpani, bass drum, cymbal; 2 harps; 2 violin sections, 1 viola section, 1 cello section, 1 double bass section. You may have noticed that I separated the horns from the rest of the brass, and my reasons are that horns are often treated as members of the woodwind section, and further are referred to as "wind" instruments. Percussion is easily the most diverse section, with a myriad of standard to exotic instruments at a composer's disposal: timpani, bass drum, cymbal, gong, triangle, woodblock, xylophone, marimba, waterphone - the list just goes on. And composers are always welcome to spice up the orchestra with many other instruments too, but most common non-percussive 'auxiliary' instruments include the piano, harp, saxophone and euphonium. Now that's a lot to take in, but in summary, there is a lot of room to manoeuvre despite being in place a traditional skeleton.
The fifth 'section' of the orchestra consists of one man, and is traditionally most certainly mandatory: the conductor. Although conducting in one way or another began in the 16th and 17th centuries, it truly flourished with the input of musicians such as Wagner, Berlioz, Spohr and most importantly, Mendelssohn. The conductor's main roles are to orchestrate the rehearsals (although this was not always case), and this is hugely superior to anything 'on the night', to beat time during performance, to enforce and appear as an authoritative figure, and to encourage emotions and performing styles. The conductor is the leader. The performance becomes his (or her) performance, whereby his name will appear on the recording sleeve notes, rather than the performers - and he has quite a big job, to be fair. Every performance is different, and different conductors can create vastly different versions of a certain piece as each conductor interprets the pieces differently. That said, should a specific interpretation turn the piece upside down or change it completely, the said conductor might find his or her reputation rapidly dwindling.
Without delving too far into compositional methods, it is important to review how exactly instruments are used. On the surface, instruments can either be used solo or in combination, and when all instruments play, this is known as 'tutti', an Italian word meaning 'all' or 'together'. The orchestra is specifically designed so that there is a bass, middle and treble, or high-end, like most other ensembles, and as soon as you start tweaking numbers, there is potential to spoil the balance. While you can use your double basses, tubas and bassoons to provide bass parts and violins and flutes to provide a melody, this is basic, albeit used very often; one thing I can't stress enough with the orchestra is that possibilities are endless - feel liberated when writing. If you want your cellos to play at the top of their register while the trumpets are playing at the bottom, then go right ahead; if you want the melody in the bass instruments, then do it! The repertoire provided by renowned composers, particularly those post-Beethoven (including his contemporaries) like Wagner, Mahler and Strauss, offer shining examples of how to exploit the instruments of the orchestra; but they've collectively far from exhausted the options. Some orchestral techniques include divisi, whereby a section of instruments, such as the violas, are split into multiple sections (usually not exceeding 3), solo, where any instrument can play alone, whether that be a flute, one of your violins from one of your violin sections, or a timpani, and tutti, as previously mentioned. You need to decide, when writing, how many instruments you want playing when. Create moods, build excitement and keep the orchestra on their feet; or keep things the same like Ravel did with 'Bolero' - it's not wrong, and it's certainly still enjoyable. You could have all of your higher instruments playing in unison; you could have only your brass section playing a fanfare. Worth noting is that certain instruments and sections do have popular roles, though they are by no means obligatory. For example, you may never give the melody to the violins in a piece, although they are one of the most common instruments to carry one. A reputable technique is to fluently employ the woodwinds throughout a piece, as amateur composers may only bring them in to highlight a section - equally, the world (or orchestra, rather) is your oyster, so do whatever you want.
I've made reference to a few composers in this discussion, particularly those of the 19th and 20th centuries; it is worth collating these, whilst not excluding pre-19th century composers who wrote for orchestra, such as Bach, Lully, Scarlatti, Haydn and Mozart. 19th/20th century composers, however, include Schumann (a good example of a composer who perhaps had orchestral-balancing troubles), Berlioz, Lizst, Brahms, Wagner, Mendelssohn, Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, Debussy, Elgar, Ravel (a top-class orchestrator), Strauss (ditto), Mahler (also ditto, but so much more - he was essentially the last developer of the symphony), Stravinsky, Prokofiev, Bartok, Vaughn-Williams, Britten, Shostakovich, Schoenberg, Bernstein, Ives, Cage and Glass - and I emphasise the word include, as I have inevitable missed out some key composers from this list. One I have deliberately left out, however, is Beethoven, as he deserves a section for himself...
Ludwig van Beethoven is one of the most known names in Classical music, perhaps only rivalled by Mozart. He was an eccentric man; a genius, and a revolutionist. It is commonly believed that with his third symphony, 'Eroica', originally dedicated to Napoleon but now only to a once-"great man", that the Romantic period began - his composition and use of the orchestra was groundbreaking and rather controversial. But he inspired a generation, and continues to inspire to this day. 'Eroica' is one my favourites, and I would strongly urge you to give it a listen. He was not a melody-writer, per se - that was left to the likes of Schubert - but his overall compositions are unsurprisingly fantastic and it's his revolutionary outlook that causes him to be respected and his repertoire revisited to this day. And it's thanks to him, in some cases greater than others, that the above listed 19th/20th century composers came to be and wrote in the style that they did - and ultimately, utilised the orchestra in the way that they did, to the point where John Cage would stand on the conductor's podium with hands poised for 4 minutes and 33 seconds, with the orchestra sitting in complete silence (see '4.33', or just stay silent for that length a time - your call).
Although there is a diverse world in what we call Modernism (our present day Classical music), the orchestra can be heard most commonly these days in film music. From the late 19th century with films being scored, most notably Soviet Union productions, film music has always, at least somewhere, called for an orchestra. The golden age of Hollywood saw composers such as Bernard Herrmann, Max Steiner and Erich Korngold; later years saw composers like Jerry Goldsmith, John Williams and Alan Silvestri - and all of the above are heavily influenced by 19th/20th century output - certain Wagnerian music could easily be mistaken for John Williams. More recently, composers such as Alexandre Desplat and David Arnold have maintained the well-rounded orchestra, whereas composers such as Hans Zimmer have broken it down and made his instrumentation more selective, although Zimmer, amongst others, rely heavily on electronica. In a world that sees 'pop' (or 'popular' music) as a range of dance music and Justin Bieber, film music carries through the legacy of the orchestra.
I'm currently in my third year studying BA Music at University of Leeds, and I owe a lot of my knowledge on this subject to what I have learnt there, although a large portion of it is down to own research inspired by what I have learnt. Thank you for being patient and taking the time to read this - I enjoy sharing my interests and Classical (encompassing 19th/20th century music) music is progressively becoming one of my main ones. I strive to write music for film/TV, and I strongly believe studying these 19th/20th century composers and how they write music and utilise the orchestra is paramount in gaining a broader understanding. In the meantime, I hope you have learnt a little bit about the orchestra yourself.
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Original Holy Day is Saturday
Firstly, a small correction, holy day of the week for Judaism is Saturday known as Sabaath. Even in the general usage of Arabic and Hebrew BOTH, Saturday is called as sabaath (as-sabath and yom sabaath respectively).
Even the Quran acknowledges the establishment of as-sabaath as the holy day for the Jews.
And We raised over them the mount for [refusal of] their covenant; and We said to them, "Enter the gate bowing humbly", and We said to them, "Do not transgress on the sabbath", and We took from them a solemn covenant. (Quran 4:154)
Why was it changed to Sunday in Christianity?
Why Christianity changed it to Sunday is something that is covered by the experts on Christianity.SE.
Why was it changed to Friday in Islam?
Friday is called as "Juma" in arabic. There is a chapter al-Juma(#62) in the Quran that is dedicated to Friday. The verse actually does not necessitate resting like Jews were required to rest on Sabaath (Saturday).
O you who have believed, when [the adhan] is called for the prayer on the day of Jumu'ah [Friday], then proceed to the remembrance of Allah and leave trade. That is better for you, if you only knew. (Quran 62:9)
The above verse does not require us to be resting on Friday, rather be involved in trade and leave it only at the time of the Friday prayers.
As Muslims we know that Allah has not forgotten sign from the Quran in comparison to the signs in the Torah, Psalms & Gospel. Rather replaced it with something similar or better.
We do not abrogate a ayah or cause it to be forgotten except that We bring forth [one] better than it or similar to it. Do you not know that Allah is over all things competent? (Quran 2:106)
Does Friday have pagan origins?
The issue with pagan rituals are that they are inconsistent and have multiple gods. The number gods are so large that any given day or month is associated with a god.
In Jewish tradition the presiding pagan race was Mesopotamian and they associated Saturday with NINURTA an eagle god of war and irrigation. BUT the sabaath comes from resting and has NOTHING to do with that pagan practices associated with ninurta.
In Islamic tradition, the very word "Jumah" means gathering, even though there might have been some god associated in pre-Islamic arabia to Friday. It has nothing to do with those pagan practices.
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Written by Samantha James
This is part three of the Lewis & Clark Series. If you missed part one, Click Here. If you missed part two, Click Here.
Sacajawea is one of the most inspirational figures behind the Lewis and Clark story. She was the daughter of a Shoshone Chief and a very crucial person to the Expedition. It is believed that she was born around 1788 in the rocky mountain’s of Lemhi County, Idaho. During Sacajawea’s childhood, the Shoshone’s would be constantly at war with another tribe. Due to these hostilities with the tribe known as Hidatsa . This enemy tribe was based near Bismarck, North Dakota. Sacajawea’s young life was already very difficult due to the traditions of her tribe. She was a female and they were not favored among the people. Meriwether Lewis notes these practices and the inconsistencies of treatment given between the genders in his journal. He writes …
“They seldom correct their children particularly the boys who soon become masters of their own acts.” Lewis continued, “They give as a reason that it cows and breaks the spirit of the boy to whip him, and that he never recovers his independence of mind after he is grown. They treat their women but with little rispect (respect), and compel them to preform every species of drudgery.”
Sacajawea’s already troubled existence would only get worse. The animosity between the Shoshones and Hidatsa Indians would mean tragic implications to the young Sacajawea. She was kidnapped and taken hostage at the young age of twelve or thirteen; however, Sacajawea would be sold to a french-Canadian trapper who would make the girl his wife. Sacajawea’s new husband was named Toussaint Charbonneau. They lives on the Missouri River Upper Area relatively close to Hidatsa and Mandan Indians. According to all accounts I can find of the girl. It does not seem like she never really had any options. In some accounts Toussaint Charbonneau is thought to have won her during a game. Whether he had purchased or won her really is not clear. Charbonneau also was married to another Shoshone woman and considered both to be his wife.
While Sacajawea is pregnant with her first child an opportunity emerges that will change life forever. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark meet her husband Charbonneau while holed up at the newly made Fort Mandan for the winter. The Corps of Discovery officially hire him as a guide and interpreter for their trip moving west further into the mountains. It is decided that Sacajawea will accompany the group along with her husband. She was good with languages and it was thought she would prove to be helpful on their journey.
In the early months of 1805 Sacajawea would gives birth to a son that would be named Jean Baptiste Charbonneau while traveling with the Corps Of Discovery. Lewis writes in his journal the noteworthy addition to the party. He says …
“About five oClock this evening one of the wives of Charbono [Sacajawea] was delivered of a fine boy. It is worthy of remark that this was the first child which this woman had boarn, and as is common in such cases her labour was tedious and the pain violent . . .”
Sacajawea was able to prove herself valuable to the group despite carrying a new born baby throughout the trip. On the simplest of levels she was able to point out edible plants, herbs, and berries to the expedition. Clark takes a note of this in his journal. He writes …
“The men who were complaining of the head ake and cholick yesterday and last night are much better to day. Shabonos Squar gathered a quantity of fenel roots which we find very paliatiable and nurushing food”
She was a quick thinker and when disaster struck one of the boats she was there to aid. Sacajawea managed to save important documents and supplies the group would need. The most useful thing about Sacajawea was what it symbolized to tribes and those they crossed. The Shoshone’s very presence made others less suspicious of the group.
William Clark describes one situation that Sacajawea’s presence and that of her child was able to diffuse a possible hostile meeting in his journal. He wrote …
“In the greatest agutation, Some crying and ringing there hands, others hanging their heads”. As soon as they saw the Squar wife of the interpreter they pointed to her and informed those who continued yet in the Same position I first found them, they imediately all came out and appeared to assume new life, the sight of This Indian woman, wife to one of our interprs. Confirmed those people of our friendly intentions, as no woman ever accompanies a war party of Indians in this quarter”
As Clark notes in his journal, Sacajawea was vital to how successful the group could be with the tribes and Indians they were to meet.
During the expedition the group comes across some Shoshones and need a horse in order to travel through the Rocky Mountains. The chief they meet turns out to be Sacajawea’s brother Cameahwait. They enjoy a small reunion and the group makes the trades they need.
As noted on the timeline. his was August 17th, 1805.
“Having discovered a village of Shoshones, Lewis tries to negotiate for the horses he now knows are all-important to cross the daunting mountains. On this day, Clark and the rest of the expedition arrive and Sacagawea is brought in to help translate. Remarkably, the Shoshone chief, Cameahwait, turns out to be her brother. The captains name the spot Camp Fortunate. “
The expedition would eventually make it to the Pacific Ocean and Sacajawea would be allowed to add her vote into the decision of where to build a Fort. They would need to settle in for the winter. While traveling with Sacajawea and her son it is said that Clark became especially fond of Jean Baptiste. Sacajawea would later leave Jean in Clark’s care a few years after the expedition in 1809 after going to St. Louis to see him.
Sacajawea would wide up at Fort Manuel near what is now Kenel, South Dakota. She had a second child three years later, a little girl named Lisette. A few short months after the birth Sacajawea died. William Clark would ultimately raise and educate both of her children. He would have eventual custody of them. Jean Baptiste would grow up into a well known explorer traveling on his own expedition across oceans.
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Jerusalem’s Hadassah University Medical Center has announced a breakthrough in methods for cultivating embryonic stem cells that enables the next step in the development of stem cell therapy, and the world has taken notice.
Citing medical breakthroughs in the scientific community can be irresponsible. Such announcements can raise expectations and false hopes for cures that are plausible only decades in the future, or even impossible to attain.
However, Hadassah’s advance, as the scientists report in the prestigious journal Nature Biotechnology, takes stem cell researchers closer to realizing their dream of manufacturing mass market stem cell treatments for disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, diabetes and age-related macular degeneration.
Lead researcher in the Hadassah study, Prof. Benjamin Reubinoff, director of the Hadassah Human Embryonic Stem Cells Research Center and an established and recognized researcher in the field, tells ISRAEL21c that stem celltherapy applications are not just science fiction.
Within the next year or two, companies in the US and Hadassah’s technology company in Israel will start clinical trials on humans. His center’s advance – a novel technique that allows researchers to grow and cultivate embryonic cells in suspension – paves the way for making this therapy available to everyone, not just the rich.
A decade in the making, so far
“This advance is one important step forward,” says Reubinoff. “Human embryonic stem cells were derived more than 10 years ago. And during these years many scientists worldwide have been working on solving the problems and obstacles along the way to be able to exploit the potential for stem cell therapy. We’ve found a way to solve this obstacle, a concept known and existing for 20 years.”
In their study, the scientists show how human-derived embryonic stem cells can be grown while floating in a solution. Until now, for cultures to grow, the stem cells had to be grown on a substrate, which is extremely labor intensive and limits the number of cells developed through cultivation.
“There is an application to the FDA for a trial [in the US] to transplant stem cells into patients with spinal cord injury and they hope this clinical trial will start within the next year or two,” says Reubinoff, who adds that in Israel, “we are not very far away from the time we will start initial clinical trials. We still need to see that the cells [selected] will have a therapeutic effect and that the cells are constructed in a careful way – to avoid tumor formation.”
The research team at Hadassah has started its own company called Cell Cure Neurosciences and is also hoping to begin clinical trials within the next two years, using stem cells to attempt to repair age-related macular degeneration in the eye, for which there is currently no cure.
With the upcoming trials in humans in both the US and Israel, the promise that stem cell therapy may be able to “repair” degenerative or genetic diseases may be fulfilled sooner than was anticipated.
Stem therapy accessible to millions
But before any immediate application, whether for eyes, Alzheimer’s, diabetes or Parkinson’s, the researchers in Israel are happy just to contribute to this promising field. Their discovery, they say, opens up the possibility that stem cell therapy could be within reach of millions of people, not just the select few with the means to afford it.
The aim in stem cell therapy is to grow millions of embryonic stem cells that can be matured into any kind of cell found in our body, potentially providing an endless supply of cells that could repair damage caused by specific diseases or replace missing cells. Until now, researchers have been extremely limited in the scope of their applications because cultivating stem cells is so labor intensive.
With their new advance, the Hadassah researchers say they have created optimal conditions for the embryonic stem cells to grow while floating in a medium. Via this method, they say, the cells do not differentiate into specific cell types, which is an undesirable and dangerous effect.
“Until now human embryonic cells derived from embryos developed in colonies,” Reubinoff explains. “We showed you can actually take an embryonic cell and place it into a medium without it being attached to surface and feeder cells. In our research we took an IVF embryo, with permission, one that was five days old. The stem cells multiplied and gave rise to many cultures.
“We show that under specific conditions we’ve developed you can divide and grow the cells in suspension, opening the window for the development of systems that will allow the large scale development of bulk cultures of stem cells needed for patients,” concludes Reubinoff.
This means that stem cells could be grown in large tanks, and cultivated in quantities big enough to meet the world’s needs.
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Last updated: November 25, 2019
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Most of us see in three dimensions but the camera sees in two. In this chapter, as we learn how to Think Like a Camera, we will need to understand how the camera flattens shapes and how to use those spaces we see in three dimensions to become building blocks of our compositions in two dimensions.
In the opening cover shot, note how all the plant shapes are stacked up and arranged in the composition to overlap and fill the frame. When a photo is filled with such shapes and textures I call them tapestries and many of my favorite photos use this technique.
For some reason I have always loved medieval tapestries, and I will go out of my way to visit museums that feature them. The best ones tell intricate stories of great deeds and fables from ancient times. Woven with no sense of depth perception, tapestries are crammed with shapes and the spaces around each shape always seem balanced.
The concept we want to be aware of when we are taking pictures is to think about how the blocks of shapes that will be rendered. To be a pleasing composition those shapes need to fit together like a jigsaw puzzle.
Even a typical garden scene needs be considered in the shapes you put together.
The three dimensional scene becomes two. The spaces each of those shapes will occupy within your frame equals the composition. We have already worked with focal points and forced perspective but these now we need to work within the blocking of the composition.
Another very useful tool for using blocks of shapes to create a composition is color. Blocks of color are graphic ways to allocate space.
Note the shapes of these spaces are nearly identical to the earlier photo with the path; and again we are taking a three dimensional scene and finding some fundamental shapes so that it translates into the two dimensions of a photograph.
Before I go back to the more complex tapestries, let’s look at another example of color blocking with shapes.
This photo of the native bunchgrass, Prairie Dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis) is its own shape and dominates 2/3 of the composition. I found a vantage point where I could find two other shapes to compliment the remaining 1/3 space.
Actually, in my original frame I confused myself trying to include a fourth shape at the top. I think this was a mistake and cropped it in post production.
OK, I am going to treat myself to one of my current favorite photos, a tapestry of shapes.
And now with the artistic potential. (More on artistic treatments in Chapter 4 – The Camera and the Computer)
Another example of this painting technique is on my Mental Seeds blog.
A really important concept about shapes in a composition involves negative space. Negative space is a block within a composition that is not part of your story. It carries no real content but is a balancing shape, and is usually bounded by the edge of the frame.
It can be a single block of muted color and texture, like the sunlit garden in the out of focus distance behind these Iris.
Or negative space can be a a group of dark spaces with strong graphic appeal in this macro detail of frosty Berberis leaves.
Conscious framing will often create unused spaces that the artful photographer will use to balance the composition. The five background shapes around these frosty leaves were carefully created by using the edges of the frame.
From my November 2009 Gardening Gone Wild post Composing With Color comes an example where negative space is fundamental to the composition:
Space and shape. This is a concept that is not easily taught. We must each develop our own sense of composition and balance, our own style. Carefully and with firm intention fill your frames with shapes and spaces.
As the book continues we will dissect even more examples. The most complex examples, the tapestries, tend to be the most artistically rewarding. Lots of interlocking shapes.
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Hello everyone. Health is everything that one should pay attention to the most. You always want to have good achievements. You want to feel happy and excited. Life has so many ups and downs. You should be ready to face the worries of life. We will discuss the Connection Between Gut Health And Mental Health. Before moving forward, let’s clear about what is mental health and gut health.
How adaptable someone is in dealing with stress in daily life is frequently used to assess the quality of someone’s mental health.
A person’s ability to use their skills, be effective, make decisions, and take an active part in their communities is dependent on their mental health. It influences our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors as we navigate through life. It also influences our decision-making, interpersonal relationships, and stress management. Throughout all ages, from childhood and youth through adulthood and aging, mental health is crucial.
The equilibrium of bacteria in the digestive tract is referred to as gut health. Immunity, as well as other aspects of physical and mental health, depend on maintaining the proper balance of these microbes in the gut. In the end, all food is digested in the gut to a basic form that can enter the bloodstream and give nutrients to all parts of our bodies.
A sound digestive system is necessary for this. Healthy intestinal flora and immune cells protect against pathogenic organisms like bacteria, viruses, and fungus. Through neurons and hormones, a healthy stomach also communicates with the brain, preserving overall health and wellbeing.
The connection between Gut Health And Mental Health
Stomach and intestinal functions are directly influenced by the brain. For instance, before food ever enters the stomach, the act of thinking about eating might cause it to release digestive juices. It is a two-way relationship.
Both a disturbed brain and a problematic intestine are capable of communicating with one another when they are both in distress. In this way, worry, stress, or depression can either induce or result in gastrointestinal or stomach discomfort in a person. The reason for this is the close relationship between the brain and the digestive system.
Ways To Manage Good Mental Health With Healthy Gut Health
Although mental health and gut health are interrelated, you need to have some ways to maintain good mental health and gut health. Let’s discuss a few of them :
1. Have a Good Balanced Diet
The best method to improve your gut flora and overall health is to include a variety of foods in your regular diet. Eggs support a healthy digestive system and can be beneficial for short-term digestive issues when consumed as part of a balanced diet. Compared to several other high-protein foods, such as meat and legumes, eggs are typically simple to digest in addition to being nutrient-dense.
Also Read: Concepts About Psychology
Additionally, remember to sip on water frequently during the day. Water helps your digestive system and the rest of your body function normally, as well as allowing the fiber to do its job effectively in your stomach.
2. Focus On Good Digestion
Eating smaller meals more frequently is an excellent approach to help reduce indigestion, bloating, heartburn, and other digestive health issues. Also, slow down. Starting to feel full takes time. You won’t be tempted to consume more than you intended.
3. Do Exercise Properly
Powerful medicine is exercise. A healthy lifestyle includes regular exercise. Exercise can aid in stress reduction while also strengthening your body, boosting energy, and preventing health issues. Additionally, it might suppress your appetite and aid in maintaining a healthy body weight.
4. Have Good Sleep
A healthy sleep pattern is mostly dependent on getting a sufficient amount of sleep. According to the National Sleep Foundation, most adults should receive between 7 and 9 hours of sleep each night, while seniors over 65 should aim for between 7 and 8 hours.
When you have an easy time falling asleep, don’t fully awaken during the night, don’t wake up too early, and wake up feeling rested, you’ve had a good night’s sleep. For healthy individuals of any age, regularly having trouble falling asleep or sleeping through the night is not typical.
5. Seek Help When Needed
Signs that someone needs assistance include: struggling to maintain a household, parent, or both. unable to manage stress using standard coping mechanisms. having trouble keeping up a normal appetite or losing a lot of weight.
6. Take A Probiotic Diet
Living germs like the gut’s probiotic bacteria are present in probiotic meals. The number of good bacteria in your body can be increased by eating probiotic foods.
By introducing bacteria to food or enabling fermentation to occur, probiotic meals are created.
Also Read: Best Moment In A Relationship
Probiotic food examples include:
The soy products tempeh, miso, and natto are all fermented
Tea that has undergone fermentation
both dairy- and non-dairy-based yogurt
7. Stay Hydrated
Your body needs fluids to be hydrated and to eliminate waste. Water, juices, tea, and other drinks are available for sipping. You might not need to drink 8 glasses of water every day as they are also found in meals. How much you should drink and which types are ideal will depend on what your doctor or nutritionist recommends.
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Logistics management deals with the coordination of organizations’ flow of goods, raw materials and information from their origination to the intended destination. Logistics management can also be needed for the supply chain in the areas of transportation, shipping, receiving and storage. Also important are the areas of inventory, warehousing, packaging, disposal and security.
When supply and distribution systems become more complex, logistics management professionals work out systems to deal with them. Making sure materials and finished products get to where they are needed at the right times for maximum efficiency. Although most larger businesses now use logistics management, the concept started in the military in order to get supplies to troops in the field.
Logistics is Essential
Whether it’s a company or the military, organizations need logistics to find suppliers and materials for their manufacturing processes. They also need storage for their inventory and distribution channels for their finished products. Although these processes may not seem complicated, they must be handled the right way for a company to run optimally.
If an organization can find less expensive raw materials, they could increase their profit margin significantly as a result. Cost-cutting is only one aspect of logistics management. Cutting the time it takes from raw material to finished product and keeping everything safe is key.
Globalization and Third Party Logistics
Organizations have become increasingly global entities, which makes logistics even more complicated. Many organizations have found that third party logistics can improve efficiency by bringing needed expertise to the overall operation.
An organization with supply chains in different countries, for instance, may need companies that know how to operate in those countries to provide logistics support that others would not know how to provide. A third party may know the laws and regulations and be able to navigate more successfully than someone within the company without that knowledge.
Logistics management improves efficiency for organizations.
Another growing specialty of logistics management is logistics consulting services. In this field, logistics experts give advice and help to those looking to create efficient supply chains and distribution channels for their organizations.
Careers for logistics management professionals are growing faster than jobs in other areas. Consequently, it has become a lucrative and needed profession. Florida Tech’s Master’s in Logistics Management focuses on military logistics and covers supply chain management, transportation, marketing principles and organizational behavior.
Relationships with military agencies offer Florida Tech students unique opportunities for hands-on learning. Specializations within the degree include humanitarian and disaster relief, acquisition and transportation logistics and supply chain management. Students can develop skills in all areas of logistics management to build a career in the military or anywhere in the world.
Interested in learning more? Download the Master’s in Logistics Management brochure to find out about our program.
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With cholesterol-lowering medications featured during seemingly every TV commercial break, Americans are increasingly faced with the question of whether they have a healthy blood cholesterol level. With an estimated 107 million American adults reporting a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl or over, the answer for many individuals may be “no.”
This waxy, fat-like substance can be found in every cell of the human body. “There are many important functions of cholesterol such as digesting fat, strengthening cell membranes and making hormones,” says Tyler Cymet, DO, an osteopathic family physician from Baltimore, Md. “Problems such as heart disease, obesity and stroke begin when these levels reach a high point.” When it has reached these levels, build-up forms on the artery walls, making it difficult for blood to flow.
Good vs. Bad Cholesterol
There are two major lipoproteins that transport cholesterol throughout the body – low density lipoproteins (LDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL). LDL, the “bad” cholesterol, contributes to most of the build-up on artery walls. Decreasing LDL means decreasing the risk of heart disease. On the other hand, HDL, the “good” cholesterol, makes up smaller amounts of cholesterol carriers and transports the substance to the liver to be metabolized.
Cholesterol levels should be checked as part of a physical exam to avoid leading to serious diseases. If parents are concerned about checking their children’s cholesterol levels, they should consult with their family physician or pediatrician. For people 35 years and older, blood cholesterol should be checked at least once every five years.
These tests consist of four readings: total cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyecerides. Triglycerides are the chemical form in which most fat exists in food and in the body. In relation to cholesterol, triglycerides form the plasma lipids.
“It is important to look at all four readings and not simply focus on the total cholesterol level because there are recommended levels for LDL and HDL as well as for total cholesterol and triglycerides,” Dr. Cymet emphasizes.
Recommended Cholesterol Levels
For individuals without any risk factors, the National Cholesterol Education Program recommends the following goals for cholesterol readings: less than 200 mg/dl for total cholesterol, less than 120 mg/dl for LDL and greater than 35 mg/dl for HDL. If readings are above and/or below these, recommendations, Dr. Cymet advises that people visit their physicians for advice on achieving appropriate levels. For individuals with risk factors, their physicians will suggest much lower levels.
There are several controllable factors that can influence cholesterol levels. For instance, exercising more can decrease the LDL levels while increasing HDL levels. The best type of exercise for lowering cholesterol is aerobic exercise where large muscle groups endure continuous, rhythmical movement. In order to achieve the greatest effect, it is recommended that this level of activity be performed at least three times a week for a minimum of 30 minutes. Other factors to consider include weight control and diet.
Many people believe that a fat-free diet alone is the most health-conscious way of eating, but that is not the case. People need to pay attention to the type of fat they are consuming. Saturated fat is the worst fat to consume and is found in beef, pork and butter.
Monosaturated fat, found in canola and olive oil, is much healthier. The average American consumes about 350-450 mg of cholesterol every day with fat being about 35-40% of total caloric intake. Recommended consumption levels are less than 300 mg of cholesterol with fat being 30% of total calories.
While it may be difficult to reduce cholesterol and saturated fat from your diets, remind yourselves of the benefits of lower cholesterol levels. Controlling the intake of cholesterol allows you to take better control of your health by slowing down the fatty build-up in arteries and decreasing risk of heart attack.
“Watch what you eat, exercise more, and you can be on your way to a healthier lifestyle,” explains Dr. Cymet.
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The security check and requirements of rail fishplate and rail bolt overview
The railway fishplate is an important connection between two rails. It is mostly known with another name - rail joint
. Combined with rail bolt
, it becomes a system to connect and fasten the two rail tracks. So if the quality of the railway fishplate is poor or the manufacture happens to occur any error, the caused consequence would be unimaginable. To reduce the risk of security, the surface of railway fishplate has a strict requirement during the manufacture.
Firstly, the surface of railway fishplate should be clean and smooth without any defect such as cracks, scarring, scratches and so on. And there are no shrinkage cavity mark or intercalation on the end faces. As for the allowed surface defects and relative geometrical quantity of light/heavy rail, it should be in the range of standard provisions.
Secondly, after rolling process, the railway fish plate should be straight without significant bending or torsion.
Assembling and maintenance of railway fishplate
To ensure the fine use of railway accessories, we need to maintain the railway fishplate from time to time in order to improve quality and avoid any accidents.
Assembling and maintenance standards of railway fishplate
1.the bolts well fastened and no wounds or cracks on the assembling device of railway fishplate.
2.No wounds or cracks on each connected rod or out-lock device. No grinding or corrosion on the rod body and abrasion pin hole less than 1mm with good insulation.
3. All iron rods’ connection is with good insulation and the insulation link between out-lock iron and gauge rod are both fine. At uninsulated condition, 3mm gap should be kept and not into other parts. And bolts are fastened well.
4. To ensure no cracks on the shell of the switch machine to assembling railway fish plate, and the installation is firm under good lock condition.
5. To ensure the oil tank circuit in good protection without damage or being buried by ballasts or other debris.
Fastening and maintenance of railway bolts
It is difficult to recognize the condition that the common railway bolts are fastened or not only through the surface. Therefore, no twist or fastened twice times can be regular. The maintenance includes exhaustive test and sampling survey.
Firstly, the exhaustive test is the process of using a hammer to knock the railway fish plate one by one. According to the differences of sound, we can find the no twist bolt to twist it again.
Secondly, the sampling survey is the process of checking the fastening axial force meet the standard requirements or not. We check every joint one by one. The number of joint bolts participated in the sampling survey should account for 10% of the total and less than two. After the sampling survey, if the bolts don’t pass the check, we should check it again with the number twice as large as before. If the bolts still don’t pass the check in the second time, some measures will be implemented: To loose twist bolts, we should twist them again with the torque 10% larger than before. As for tight twist bolts, we should replace them all.
The fastening bolt should be in a certain order, because sometimes the common connection plates can be unsmooth. Arbitrary fastening or fastening at one or two ends can produce additional internal force and empty drum on the rubbing surface, thus affect the transfer of friction.
Security check of railway bolts
In general, rails are fastened with bolts, but if the chosen of the bolt is improper or the quality is poor, it would lead to the fault. So the quality check of railway bolts is necessary before leaving the factory.
The detection includes human check and machine check. Human check is an original way generally used in our life. In order to reduce the outflow of the defective products, the producers always check packaging or deliver products by means of visual inspection.
Machine check is a full-automation way, it is mainly consist of magnetic particle inspection. Magnetic particle inspection uses the interaction between magnetic flux leakage and magnetic particle of bolts’ defect, aiming at the difference between steel permeability and permeability of defects of bolt such as crack, slag inclusion, mixing material, etc. After magnetization, the magnetic field of discontinuities will be distorted. And magnetic flux leakage occurs on the surface of workpiece which formed part of magnetic flux leak, so as to attract the magnetic particle to form magnetic particle accumulation in the defects--magnetic particle indication. Then in the condition of proper lighting, it can reveal defects’ location and shape. After observation and interpretation on the accumulation of these magnetic particle, the purpose of reducing the outflow of the defective products is realized.
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Ever wonder how much work it takes to take salt ponds and revive them to working wetlands? Well, 12 hardy souls joined San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory biologist Cole Jower and a few staff interns to remove weeds and plant native seedlings to improve habitat for many of the wetland wildlife.
At a location on a levee of the Don Edwards Refuge where California Goldfields had recently been planted, volunteers learned a bit about the restoration efforts and the hard work that has been in the making for decades to breach levees, maintain select levees, the wildlife that requires restored habitat, such as the threatened Ridgway's Rail bird and endangered Salt Marsh Harvest Mouse, and the advance of sea level rise.
First, volunteers removed weeds, such as the New Zealand Spinach and ice plant.
Additional volunteers removed grasses that were smothering side of the levee.
Finally, about 50 native coastal gum plant seedlings were planted alongside the levee to help provide habitat, food, and support along the levee. And, working away, a pupa of large yellow underwing moth.
All seemed to feel a sense of accomplishment while enjoying opportunities to listen to the birdsong and view quite a variety of birds, including western gulls, coots, egrets, and herons.
We hope you have an opportunity to visit the refuge and take in the beauty of the wildlife and views.
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November 21, 2012
A new video from Japan [embedded below] shows liquefaction occurring at a scale and scope that I haven’t seen before in video footage. The video is from Urayasu town, Chiba Prefecture–an industrial suburb of Tokyo that appears to be sited on made land adjacent to Tokyo Bay. No wonder it sloshes so heavily: made land (fill) is particularly susceptible to liquefaction. We just can’t pack things down the way nature can over millennia.
The video starts in the aftermath of the March 11, 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake, where sediment-filled ground water is bubbling up through gaps in the pavement, or any other fractures that represent escape routes. Within minutes, the M7.9 aftershock hits, and you can see light poles, trees, and buildings shaking violently. All the while, the engineered infrastructure sloshes and bobs, essentially floating on a thick package of fluid-saturated mush. The differential swaying you observe is effectively the dramatic reduction of seismic wave velocity in the loose, fluid-supported substrate. The sound you hear is largely the metal guard rails creaking as they’re stretched and bent. The oscillations last for a very long time.
Liquefaction commonly accompanies large earthquakes in areas where a shallow groundwater table supports suspension of soft soils when it’s shaken. I’ve posted videos of the phenomenon before. It occurs during any earthquake that strikes an area with the right mix of water-saturated sediments. It was widespread throughout Christchurch in each of their big jolts in 2011, and occurred pervasively in the shoreline areas of Japan during their monstrous 2011 quake. Fractures opened during shaking provide conduits for this newly mobile soil slurry to escape surface-ward under the weight of dry material above, producing sand volcanoes, like the one pictured in the righthand image of this blog’s banner.
After watching these videos, it’s clear why this phenomenon results in such destruction, particularly to pipelines and underground utilities. Water main failures may add to the fluid pressure mobilizing all the soil.
When you hear about the danger of living on “fill” and the destruction of liquefaction, these illustrative clips should come to mind.
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Vision of Educational Technology Leadership:
Educational technology leadership is not the responsibility of a lone individual or department but instead the responsibility of the administration, teachers, parents and students. We all have different skills and experiences that we have developed over time and it is the responsibility of all to help develop the skills of those around us. As we work to develop those skills for ourselves and others, professional development needs to be at the forefront and included in every thing we do. It will be through professional development at the start and continued professional development that we will be able to utilize the tools and technologies at our disposal to be successful in the 21st century. This will look different for every one but that is the point, there is not a one size fits all model in today’s world.
The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) is a membership organization that aims to empower connected learners in a connected world. ISTE has an annual conference with the location changing each year that focuses on technology, integration, classroom instruction and much more.
ISTE has developed a set of standards that they state are the standards for learning, teaching and leading in the digital age. The standards developed by ISTE are unique in the fact they have standards for Students, Teachers, Administrators, Coaches and Computer Science Teachers.
The utilization of the ISTE standards along with the Ohio Technology Standards provide a solid foundation of the skills expected of all stakeholders in the world today. The important thing to note here is that these standards are not stand alone standards but can be integrated into other academic content areas.
A review of transformational leadership and the challenges surrounding the implementation of change and leadership within an organization.
A creative look at how an every day item such as glass and technology come together to create a new product. Is this a product that will become as common as the microwave, dishwasher or television in our everyday lives.
Sir Ken Robinson takes a look at how schools kill creativity instead of fostering it’s development.
Sir Ken Robinson discusses how we are on the brink of a learning revolution.
Sir Ken Robinson discusses the education paradigm and how we need to change it to be successful.
Resources listed below will be designated by the following codes: A– Administration, P – Parents, S – Students and T – Teachers.
Screen Capturing – A,P,S,T
This is a presentation on one of many screen capturing programs that are available. The ability to screen capture a step by step process or take a screen shot allows you to communicate in a manner that is visual. Another screen capturing program to take a look at is Skitch
Google Maps – A,P,S,T
You may have used Google Maps to plot your course from Point A to Point B but there is so much more you can do with Google Maps including creating your own maps with points of interest.
Google Docs (Drive) – A,P,S,T
Google Docs (Drive) is a free web based suite of office productivity applications. The ability to share and collaborate with others in real time is at the base of the feature set. It also has the ability to convert documents of varying types to a Google Doc format. More advanced uses of the office suite allow for the creation of scripts designed to accomplish various tasks.
Google Sites – A,P,S,T
An easy to use WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) web editor that allows for the creation of websites. Basic site construction is easily achieved but through the power of Google you can integrate into the site items such as Maps, Docs, Youtube Videos and more.
Livescribe – A,P,S,T
Livescribe is a pen on steroids. The Livescribe pen through it’s special dot paper not only records the audio of what is being said but also includes a recording of the handwriting that you are doing.
Software allowing for the mixing and editing of audio tracks to create a new product. Also allows for recording.
Scratch – S,T
Scratch is a programming language utilizing a visual approach to understanding programming syntax through puzzle pieces. Scratch was developed by MIT.
Code Academy – S,T
Code Academy is a great introduction or next step website if you have explored with Scratch. A variety of programming languages are presented in easy to use modules to learn.
Google Apps Scripts – A,S,T
An introduction to the Google Apps Scripting language which allows you to automate and perform tasks with Google Docs.
Evernote – A,P,S,T
A program that simply remembers everything. A note creation software that allows for the creation of notes with various types of content that synchs across all of your devices.
Postach.io – A,P,S,T
Postach.io is a blogging platform (This website runs off of it!) that takes advantage of Evernote and creates blog posts from your notes found within Evernote. This webpage is an example of a note.
Wikipedia – A,P,S,T
An online Wikipedia that has been crowd sourced and created by the users.
Flickr – Creative Commons – A,P,S,T
Pictures uploaded by the Flickr Community taking advantage of various Creative Commons licensing that allow for reuse with restrictions based on the license type.
Khan Academy – P,S,T
Ted Talks – A,P,S,T
Wordle – A,P,S,T
EDCAMP – Columbus March 1st 2014 – A,P,S,T
EDCAMP – Cleveland 2014 Date TBA – A,P,S,T
Edcamp is a form of professional development that does not have a preset agenda or topics. The agenda and topics for the day are set in the first hour of the event and are created by the participants. The Edcamp model is known as an unconference.
You can read more about Edcamp here
Twitter is a great platform for collecting and sharing with other educators. Topics of discussion often have scheduled times where questions surrounding a topic are discussed. #ohedchat is a discussion of Ohio Education that occurs on Monday’s at 9 PM. Twitter can also be the foundation for professional learning networks. More information on #ohedchat
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REDUCTION OF VOTING AGE
SECTIONS 1 AND 2 .
The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.
The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
THE EIGHTEEN-YEAR-OLD VOTE
In extending the Voting Rights Act of 1965 in 1970,1 Congress included a provision lowering the age qualification to vote in all elections, federal, state, and local, to 18.2 In a divided decision, the Supreme Court held that Congress was empowered to lower the age qualification in federal elections, but voided the application of the provision in all other elections as beyond congressional power.3 Confronted thus with the possibility that they might have to maintain two sets of registration books and go to the expense of running separate election systems for federal elections and for all other elections, the states were receptive to the proposing of an Amendment by Congress to establish a minimum age qualification at 18 for all elections, and ratified it promptly.4
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JOHN FITZGERALD KENNEDY - 1917-1963
President John F. Kennedy was shot, on the 22nd day of the 11th month of 1963, and killed, in an event which would prove to live in history.
Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested an hour and twenty minutes after the shooting, but Oswald was shot and killed by Jack Ruby before he could be brought to trial.
Conspiracy theories abound on the number of shots fired, the number of shooters, and the location and identity of the shooter(s).
Discovery Channel has recreated the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. Using modern blood spatter analysis, new artificial human body surrogates, and 3-D computer simulations, and a mock-up of the Dallas, Texas crime scene (including the depository, the "grassy knoll," and other nearby landmarks) the two experts found a simulated gunshot wound to the head that closely matched the wound Kennedy suffered. Most of the simulated body material had spattered forward into the car, consistent with a shot that entered the back of the head and exited toward the front..
"We might never know if Oswald pulled the trigger, but when you look at the wind pattern, the spread of the debris, the angles and distances involved, it's consistent with a shot from the sixth floor depository,"~Doug Martin
NOVEMBER 22ND, 1963 : COMPLETE NBC NEWS COVERAGE :
Do you Lib's still want to call your boy "The Next JFK"... or "Lincoln"?
Be careful what you wish for.
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Culex tarsalis mosquitoes are the type of skitters that can carry and transit the West Nile virus that has caused so much excitement in North America. The fact that mosquito traps caught a few more just proves that they are there and they are here to stay. Nobody seriously believes that we will ever be able to get rid of mosquitoes in Manitoba. So don’t hope that all the spraying in the World will rid us of: Culex tarsalis.
On the lighter side, the findings were still a bit away from the Eastern Beaches area, they were in: the towns of Deloraine and Boissevain. But I am sure they won’t stay there, but we may have a respite of a year or two.
Also, the infection caused by the West Nile virus is similar to a flu infection. It can be very mild, hardly felt at all, or turn deadly. It depends on the constitution of the infected person and on other prior health risks. In that respect maybe we should just regard it as another type of influenza and live with it. There’s enough flu bugs around, so one more or less won’t make that much of a difference.
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A sensitive tooth can be a real irritant, stopping you from eating your favorite food or eating anything peacefully. You will have to think twice before consuming hot or cold foods when your teeth are sensitive. Several factors can contribute to tooth sensitivity. Tooth decay, wearing away of the enamel, worn fillings, cracked tooth, exposed tooth root, and gum disease are some of them. However, there are home remedies, which are capable of fighting sensitive teeth. Here are a few of them.
Providing an alkaline oral pH, baking soda keeps your teeth free from bacterial infections. It, thus, effectively reduces the presence of bacteria, which may be a reason for your sensitive teeth.
Mix a quarter teaspoon of baking soda into a half glass of water. Use this drink to rinse your mouth. You can also brush your teeth with baking soda-water mixture.
Increasing the pH balance of your mouth, salt water creates an alkaline environment. This prevents the growth of bacteria in your mouth.
Take ½ a teaspoon of salt and add a cup of warm water to it. Mix well. Rinse your mouth with salt water. Do it twice daily. Salt water is also hailed as a gentle healing aid and works well after a procedure or surgery.
The analgesic effects of clove essential oil help you treat sensitivity. Clove oil can also ward off tooth decay and dental plaque. The antibacterial properties of clove can also reduce oral infections.
Grind 2 whole cloves. Combine it with a little olive oil to make a paste. Place this paste on your affected tooth for at least 30 minutes. You can also rinse your mouth with a glass of lukewarm water mixed with 5 or 6 drops of clove oil. Or else dip a cotton ball in clove oil and keep it on the affected tooth for 20 to 30 minutes.
Garlic, which is high in allicin, has antibacterial properties. It is considered a natural anesthetic and can lower the pain associated with tooth sensitivity.
Blend 1 crushed garlic clove and 2 or 3 drops of water. Add some table salt and make it into a paste. Apply it on the affected area and leave it on for some time. For best results, rinse it off with warm salt water.
Fresh, tender guava leaves can give you a quick relief from a toothache coming from tooth sensitivity. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic properties of these leaves work in favor of you.
Boil a cup of water with 4 to 5 guava leaves in it. Boil it for 5 minutes. Wait for it to cool down. After adding some salt, this solution can be used as a mouthwash. Or for a sudden relief, chew guava leaves for some time and spit it. Go for fresh guava leaves.
Use A Mouth Guard
Another reason for your sensitive teeth might be your tooth grinding habit. You may not even know this because this happens often at night while you sleep. When you are stressed or tensed you may grind your teeth. And this damages your teeth enamel. To save yourself from the grinding habit, use a mouth guard at night.
Apart from these home remedies taking a few precautions can help you prevent a sensitive tooth. Certain foods may result in sensitivity. Coffee, carbonated drinks, citrus fruits, and yogurt are some of them. They may accelerate the decay of enamel. Additionally, instead of a hard-bristled toothbrush use a softer product. Hard bristles may aggravate the erosion of enamel, especially when you have sensitive teeth. Also, brush your teeth gently in a back and forth motion. Using a fluoride rinse after brushing your teeth will help you control sensitive teeth.
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The American Civil War proved to not only be a period filled with turmoil, but also a time of innovation. The Gatling Gun, ironclad warships, and improvements to railroads and telegraphs are only a few of the innovations that flourished during the Civil War. One of the lesser-known creations was the Coffee Wagon.
The History of Coffee in America
Coffee was not a particularly popular beverage in America until after the Boston Tea Party in 1773. At that point, as Tori Avey states in her article The Caffeinated History of Coffee, “…making the switch from tea to coffee became something of a patriotic duty.” Coffee’s popularity was encouraged by the Civil War because of the boost of energy soldiers got from the caffeine. During the Civil War, the U.S. Christian Commission (U.S.C.C.) made it their mission to provide different comforts to soldiers during the war, including coffee. The U.S.C.C. made multiple coffee wagons which were based on the design patented by John Dunton on March 24th, 1863.
The Coffee Wagon and the Civil War
Dunton based his design on an ammunition caisson which allowed these coffee wagons to be drawn by horses. The U.S.C.C. would have roasted and ground the coffee beans themselves, which was a bit of a luxury for the soldiers as they typically would have had to roast and grind their own beans if they wanted coffee. The coffee wagon was designed with multiple boiler units. Each boiler unit had its own firebox below it which was attached to its own chimney. Each boiler unit also had a spigot on the front where the coffee would be poured from. The coffee wagon could produce as many as 108 gallons of hot coffee an hour which warmed the spirits of many troops during its heyday.
A Coffee Wagon on Display at Historic St. Luke’s
One of these coffee wagons will be on display at Historic St. Luke’s Church in Smithfield, Virginia during their Civil War Weekend on April 1st and 2nd. The U.S.C.C. coffee wagon will temporarily be on loan from the Armed Services YMCA of Hampton Roads. Today, these coffee wagons are very rare, but a few still remain as examples of the amazing innovations that were born during a turbulent time in America’s history.
Come check out the U.S.C.C. coffee wagon in person by visiting Historic St. Luke’s Church for their Civil War Weekend on April 1st from 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. or on April 2nd from 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. There will be reenactors, demonstrations, period merchants, barbecue, and more!
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Origins and nature
Launched on January 15, 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger it is a free, collaboratively edited, and multilingual Internet encyclopedia supported by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Its 23 million articles, have been written collaboratively by volunteers around the world. Almost all of its articles can be edited by anyone with access to the site,and it has about 100,000 active contributors.
The Encyclopaedia is seen as unscientific, flawed and even dangerous by many prominent scholars and academics. As the entry on Wikipedia itself states it: "The open nature of Wikipedia has led to various concerns, such as the quality of writing, the amount of vandalism and the accuracy of information. Some articles contain unverified or inconsistent information." These concerns are constantly being debated. However, it can nevertheless be immensely useful as a research tool, providing quick (even if suspect of unsubstantiated) information on just about everything.
Wikipedia and Theatre in South Africa
Wikipedia has a wide range of information and data on Theatre and Performance internationally, as well as in South Africa. Particularly international artists and academics who have worked in or influenced the arts in Southern Africa, as well as Southern African artists and academics who have become prominent internationally, and expatriate Southern African artists and academics.
ESAT and Wikipedia
ESAT also employs the Wiki software platform utilised by Wikipedia, and many of the entries in ESAT acknowledge Wikipedia as a source, or refer readers to related Wikipedia entries. ESAT also employs a similar strategy ot the Wikipedia one - i.e. it is free and open acess and can be contributed to and commented upon by readers and users - though access is controlled to a greater extent, to avoid vandalism in particular.
Return to The ESAT Entries
Return to Main Page
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The Moses Harman Story
by William Lemore West
Spring 1971 (Vol. 37, No. 1), pages 41-63;
Transcribed by Larry Wilgers; composed in HTML by Name withheld upon request;
digitized with permission of the Kansas Historical Society.
REFORM MOVEMENTS, successful and unsuccessful, have occupied an important place in Kansas history. During the late 19th century such questions as prohibition and woman's suffrage attracted much attention, as did other movements which were spectacular at the time but are less well known today.
One of these was lead by a controversial free-thought journalist named Moses Harman who not only denounced all forms of government and religion, but added a new dimension in reform by advocating that women be freed from sexual slavery by abolishing the institution of marriage. Harman did not develop these views until comparatively late in his life.
Born in Pendleton county, W. Va., on October 12, 1830, Harman lived briefly in Ohio and Indiana until his parents moved to Crawford county, Missouri, in the fall of 1838. He received his early education at home, worked his way through the college at Arcadia, Mo., taught school, and later was ordained as a Methodist minister. He spent some time as a circuit rider before the Civil War but severed his connection with the church because he could not accept its views on the slavery issue. By 1860 he had turned to farming as an occupation.
With the outbreak of the Civil War, Harman helped organize the 32d regiment of Missouri volunteers headquartered at Rolla, Mo. Even though Crawford county was Proslavery, he volunteered for a Union cavalry unit but was rejected because of a physical disability. He then tried to reach the front lines as a nurse but was turned back. In recalling the events of the war, Harman later pointed out the deplorable conduct of both Confederate and Union troops in southern Missouri. He recalled neighbor fighting against neighbor while prisoners of war were being murdered in cold blood in his community.
After the war Harman retuned to teaching, taking a school in Crawford county where he remained until 1879. He married Susan Shook on July 25, 1866. A son, George, was born in 1867, and a daughter, Lillian, two years later. In 1877 a third child died in infancy. A few days after the child's death, Mrs. Harman passed away.
II. Career in Journalism
In June, 1879, Harman and his two children settled in Delaware township, Jefferson county, Kan., where he was again engaged in teaching by 1880. In this year he married Isabel Hiser, a native of Valley Falls. It was at this time that Harman began to discuss religion from an agnostic viewpoint. He soon became involved in the activities of the Valley Falls Liberal League and was elected secretary of the local free-thought organization. In November, 1880, Harman and A. J. Searl of Valley Falls were elected editors of the Valley Falls Liberal, a publication of the Valley Falls Liberal League.
The monthly four-page paper, edited by Harman and Searl, was designed to provoke controversy and to bring written comments from the subscribers. The two editors ridiculed the agents of Christianity through numerous jokes and general verbal attacks on the clergy. The paper, "free to all who desire communication on all subjects," had a yearly subscription rate of 50 cents.
In September, 1881, the paper was renamed The Kansas Liberal and Moses Harman became its sole editor. The theme of the publication was "Total Separation of the State from Supernatural Theology. Perfect Equality before the Law for all Men and Women. No Privileged Classes or Orders -- No Monopolies." Along with the controversial articles included in the paper, Harman advertised books and pamphlets that were anti-religious in nature. The Kansas Liberal was published in Lawrence during a six-month period in 1882. The offices of publication were returned to Valley Falls in September, 1882.
"Yes, I believe in Freedom -- equal freedom. I want no freedom for myself that all others may not equally enjoy. Freedom that is not equal is not freedom. It is, or may easily become, invasion, and invasion is the denial or the death of freedom. The Spencerian formula -- 'Each has the right to do as he pleases so long as he does not invade the equaal right of others,' tells what freedom means. It is equivalent to saying that liberty, wedded to responsibility for one's acts, is the true and only basis of good conduct, or of morality." -- From a "Free Man's Creed," by Moses Harman. The picture and quotation were copied from the Memorial of Moses Harman.
Moses Harman devised his own system of dating for the "Era of Man," beginning January 1, 1601. Thus the date December 6, E.M. 289, shown on this part-page reproduction of an issue of Lucifer, the Light Bearer corresponds to December 6, 1889.
[Select image to read transcription]
The publication changed title again in 1883. Harman maintained that subscribers objected to the term "Kansas" in the paper's title because the name was local in character. His subscribers also opposed the term "liberal" since so many newspapers and journals used the term in their titles. For these reasons he changed the publication's title to Lucifer the Light Bearer (hereafter called Lucifer). The title was selected, stated Harman, because it expressed the paper's mission. Lucifer, the name given the morning star by the people of the ancient world, served as the symbol of the publication and represented the ushering in of a new day. He declared that freethinkers had sought to redeem and glorify the name Lucifer while theologians cursed him as the prince of the fallen angels. Harman suggested that Lucifer would take on the role of an educator. "The god of the Bible doomed mankind to perpetual ignorance," wrote Harman, "and [people] would never have known Good from Evil if Lucifer had not told them how to become as wise as the gods themselves."
Shortly after renaming the publication, Harman announced that Lucifer was no longer the mouthpiece for the Liberal League but represented only the editors and contributors speaking for themselves. He later indicated that Lucifer's editors would use plain and scientific terms as the applied to the human body. Individuals expressing shock in Lucifer's terminology, stated Harman, would be better off if they cancelled their subscription to the publication. Among the many objectives of Lucifer's editors was the abolition of paternalism as generated by the church and the state.
Harman did not accept the orthodox calendar in dating the issues of Lucifer. Rather than use the method of determining a given year by dating from the birth of Christ, he marked the beginning of his dating system with the execution of the astronomer Giordano Bruno in 1601. The year 1601, stated Harman, marked the beginning of a great new age, the era of man (E. M.). He alleged that the years prior to 1601 were dominated by Bible teachings concerning the concepts of heaven and hell whereas the period after 1601 was highlighted by the advent of a new science spearheaded by the astronomical discoveries of Copernicus, Galileo, and Bruno.
The Lucifer staff included Harman and his coeditor, E. C. Walker. While in Valley Falls, they were assisted by Harman's two children and by E. C. Walker's mother. During his imprisonment in Kansas in the 1890's, Harman relied on the services of Clarence L. Swartz, Abner Pope, Lillie White, and Lois Waisbrooker as assistant editors. Among the regular contributors to the columns of Lucifer were Elmina D. Slenker, Celia B. Whitehead, Lois Waisbrooker, Lucinda B. Chandler, Dr. E. B. Foote, and Dr. J. W. Severance. Lucifer's correspondents often carried on open debates on the questions of marriage and sex. Harman disclaimed responsibility for the opinions of the contributors to Lucifer though acknowledging that he usually supported the ideas of most of them, but he declared his paper was open to Agnostics, Spiritualists, Christians, Mohammedans, and the like.
In September, 1890, Harman announced that he would leave his farm home near Valley Falls and move to Topeka. The first edition of Lucifer from the Topeka was dated October, 10, 1890. While considerable attention had been given to the discussion of problems relating to sex, Lucifer's editor was now clearly committed to the discussion of women's emancipation from sexual slavery "through a better understanding of sexology." Meanwhile, Harman continued to advertise books and pamphlets relating to sex and marriage.
Throughout his stay in Kansas, Harman was plagued by financial difficulties. The limited number of subscriptions and expenses incurred during his numerous sessions in court often threatened the discontinuance of the paper. He constantly threatened delinquent subscribers with cancellation of their subscriptions. He often tried gimmicks to gain new subscribers. At one time he offered prizes, in the form of freethought books and pamphlets, to the person who would turn in the longest list of new subscribers on a given date. In addition, funds were established for Harman's defense in court as well as funds for the purchase of a badly needed press for the continuance of Lucifer's operations.
In April, 1896, Harman told his readers that he had decided to move the office of Lucifer to Chicago due to the problems dealing with publication. He went on to admit that "we may live to regret the day we leave Kansas and the goodly little city, Topeka." The first issue of the paper from Chicago was dated May 8, 1896. Harman continued to devote the columns of Lucifer to the discussion of sex and marriage after moving to Chicago. While Lucifer's publishing office was in Chicago, Harman spent time traveling and lecturing throughout the nation for the cause of freethought.
In 1906 Harman decided to change the title of his publication to The American Journal of Eugenics. The journal, which emphasized "right generation of human beings," was the first paper of its kind in the United States. Believing a more liberal attitude prevailed on the West Coast, he moved the publication's offices to Los Angeles, in June, 1908. The journal continued to be devoted to (1) natural selection through freedom of motherhood, (2) self ownership of women in the realm of sex and reproduction, and (3) intelligent and responsible parenthood with the woman being dominant in the home. Harman called the eugenics movement an almost forgotten science once openly taught by the Greeks and Egyptians. He referred to eugenics as the "Science of Right Borning."
Lack of funds often threatened the discontinuance of the journal in Los Angeles as had been the case in Kansas and Chicago. In the final issue of The American Journal of Eugenics preceding his death, Harman made an impassioned plea for financial support to keep the journal in operation.
III. Harman's Reform Efforts
Moses Harman had ample opportunity to express himself on a wide range of topics during the nearly 30 years of his career in journalism. He often suggested reforms through the editorial columns, by answering letters of correspondents in his newspaper, and in lectures delivered for the cause of freethought.
Harman was extremely critical of the role of government from the national to the local level. He contended that the United States government was a government "for and by" the people in theory, but not in practice. Harman did not resent being called an anarchist. He believed that anarchists were opposed to the form of government in which the rights of the governed were made secondary to the rights of the governing power. To Harman, anarchy did not mean lawlessness and confusion but rather it represented "the epitome of law and order since it confines every man within his proper sphere." He thought that anarchy was government from within rather than government from without.
Harman condemned national leaders such as Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, and John Sherman. He considered them as victims and executioners of a vicious criminal system that allowed for more widespread crime under the cover of law than criminals who plundered without the cover of law. Harman was equally bitter toward local government officials. "Here in Valley Falls," he declared in 1888, "we have much more cause to fear those who are trying to rob us by authority of law than we have to fear those who would rob us in violation of law."
Harman had no faith in political parties but admitted supporting Republican party principles at one stage in his life. Even though he ridiculed the Republican party of the 1890's as the "party of retrogression," he indicated that he was not ready to support the emerging Populist party.
All laws passed by a legislature, stated Harman, were in violation or invasion of natural human rights. He felt that the only acceptable laws were those which repealed other more evasive laws. Therefore, the vote was not to be used as a majority tactic but as an instrument of repeal. He further suggested:
Vote if you must, but vote to abolish rather than to enact laws. But while exercising your natural, your civil right to vote, remember that you have no right to force your methods on others. . . . In fewer words, use your governmental crutch until you are able to walk without it.
While Harman wanted no government leaders or governing class, he advocated the formation of compacts for mutual defense against evil doers. "We want a few -- a very few, policemen, and a very few umpires or judges to decide in disputed cases. But these should always be regarded as the servants, not the masters, of the citizen." Even though Harman proposed changes in the machinery of government, he was not in favor of violent revolution. Instead he sought peaceful evolutionary changes brought about by agitation and education.
Harman often criticized labor's subordination to management and looked for the day when labor would be supreme and capital would be the servant. To accomplish the reversal, he called upon labor to organize, agitate, and educate for its undertaking. Strikes and labor revolts, said Harman, were futile as genuine reform; but such efforts were a good sign that the laborer realized the danger into which he was drifting.
Aroused by the evils of the accumulation of capital by the few, Harman called for reform in the nation's wage system. He proposed to substitute a plan of "voluntary cooperation" in which the capital necessary to carry on the business would be owned by the workers themselves. This plan was expanded as part of the "Labor Exchange" which he outlined in 1893.
He was also opposed to financial lending agencies and called for the abolition of all laws restricting or prohibiting the free issue of the circulating medium. He urged farmers and laborers to organize their own credit in order to "free themselves from this vulture, usury, that now feeds and fattens upon their vitals."
Religion, particularly Christianity, came under heavy verbal attack by Harman. He contended that religion was based on ignorance of nature's methods and fear of the unseen powers that were supposedly warring over human destiny. Religion was dangerous, declared Harman, because "fear begets hate, and hate results in oppression, war, and bloodshed." Later he suggested:
Cling not to the cross of a dead god for help in time of trouble, but stand erect like a man and resolutely meet the consequences of your acts, whatever they may be. . . . Every man [and woman] must be his own physician, his own priest, his own god and savior, if he is ever healed, purified, and saved.
While Harman claimed to have no fear of death, he pictured the religious man as always worrying about his soul because he had no confidence in good works or natural morality to keep his soul in condition.
Lucifer's editor often ridiculed the religious organizations in his community. On one occasion he told of the destruction of the Lutheran church in Valley Falls by lightning in August, 1886. He reported the subsequent rebuilding of the edifice modeled after the old church. Harman suggested to his Lutheran friends in Valley Falls that God had allowed the lightning to strike because of dislike for the old church; therefore the new church was in jeopardy. Nevertheless, he alleged that the building committee of the Lutheran church had grown wiser through their experience by showing lack of faith in God's protection. "They reported a $2,500 insurance," wrote Harman, "against lightning, cyclones and other agents of God's displeasure!"
As editor of Lucifer, Harman stated boldly that he dared to investigate the problems of life from the standpoint of nature rather than theology. Objecting to the church's anti-naturalistic prejudices, he stated that the confession of ignorance was often the first step to the gaining of knowledge. "Dogma, assumption, creed, confessions of faith, written constitutions . . ., these are the greatest obstacles in the way of improvement of progress in knowledge."
Although Harman was a total abstainer from strong drink, he nevertheless opposed enforced prohibition. He asserted that although the prohibition movement was founded on unchristian principles the Protestant sects had recently taken the leadership in its cause. Harman maintained that prohibition was repressive in its reform intent. Therefore, he said, it would be better to allow free whiskey which would lead to man's eventually being temperate, truthful, and honorable.
The most needed reform, according to Harman, was in the area of sex. While he recognized the need for other reform, his newspaper eventually dealt most exclusively with sex-related problems. Why did he devote such emphasis to sex reform? Harman answered:
It is hopeless to expect to reform the present generation of men, but if we begin now, with the mothers and prospective mothers of on-coming generations of men -- if we give these mothers what they need in the way of education in all that pertains to heredity, and if we supply them with the conditions necessary for perfect motherhood, we shall then have rational ground of hope that the grandchildren of the present generation will need no reforming -- but will be so well born that they will not need to be born again.
Harman opposed the institution of marriage because he considered it an unequal yoke. He maintained that marital rights were limited to the rights of the husband, with the wife being but a slave to her master husband. The promises of marriage to "love, obey, and honor," said Harman, were immoral because there was no reasonable assurance that the two persons would be able to carry out the promises. Love and freedom were supposedly destroyed by marriage. "If love survives marriage," alleged Harman, "it is not because of it but in spite of it."
Harman asserted that marriage and divorce laws were antiquated. He felt that the laws relating to marriage must be reconstructed on the basis of strictly voluntary cohabitation between the sexes. According to Harman, the best method of sex union for human beings would be resolved only after polygamy, monogamy, polyandry, and absolute freedom were given a fair trial. He suggested that unhappy marriages be quickly terminated by divorce because, as R. G. Ingersoll said, "the death of love is the commencement of vice." He believed that the abolition of marriage would result in the birth of fewer children since children would be welcomed and cared for by mutual affection. He looked forward to the emergence of a new "rational" family where each member would "drop to his place like stones in an arch when artificial props are removed." This new family would be under the domination of the mother.
As for mothers and future mothers, Harman believed the most important right for woman was her natural right to the "best possible fertilization during what may be called the flowering period of her existence." On another occasion he stressed that women would never have political independence until they earned enough money to command respect. This was not possible, said Harman, because women spend most of their good years bearing and rearing children.
A recommendation for a program of sex education was proposed in an effort to solve many of the problems relating to sex. Since he considered knowledge the child's birthright, Harman proposed that children were to be taught to ask questions and were to be told all that was known about the facts of generation or the origin of life. He declared that students would be benefited by blackboard illustrations of the reproductive system and felt that such teaching was possible in mixed groups if carried out by judicious instructors. He later restated his position by saying:
Let education and enlightenment be made universal by the removal of all statutory limitations upon saving knowledge. . . . Let Sexology, the science of creative life, be taught in the family and in schools, also from pulpit and public platform, as the most important of all branches of human knowledge.
Lucifer's subscribers were often confronted with their editor's views concerning the nature of obscenity and the use of obscene materials. Harman charged that teachers in schools and universities denied youth legitimate channels through which they might seek information concerning their own bodies. This, said Harman, led to their seeking information through dealers in obscene books and pictures. He accused teachers and administrators of depriving youth of one of the most important departments of human knowledge.
Harman saw great danger in defining what was meant by obscene. In order to punish someone for distributing or utilizing obscene materials one must have an authority to define what materials were obscene. The problem was, declared Harman, that there was no infallible standard for judgment. Therefore, any laws relating to obscene materials were likely to be arbitrary and tyrannical. "In a land of equal rights," wrote Harman, "no man can rightfully compel that neighbor to conform to his code of morals anymore than he can rightfully compel that neighbor to conform to his own religious observances." He challenged the clergy and censors of the press on their definition of obscenity and suggested that the problem of obscenity would be resolved if one viewed the subject of sex as a scientist since,
He sees in sex the "promise and potency" of all the possibilities of advancement for humanity. He sees, or thinks he sees, that here if anywhere ignorance is criminal, ignorance is DEATH! and hence he would open all the avenues to knowledge as to the real facts and principles that go to make up the problem of the right use or the abuse of sex.
Harman not only advocated changes in the marriage laws and the relationship of man and woman but in one instance he actually tested his theory on marriage. On September 20, 1886, Moses Harman presided over a ceremony that united his 16-year-old daughter, Lillian, with E. C. Walker, coeditor of Lucifer, in what was described as being an "autonomistic sex-relation or union." With no clergyman or justice of the peace present, Harman opened the ceremony by reading a lengthy statement of principles in reference to marriage. This was followed by a short statement by Walker in which he repudiated the marriage doctrine and instead gave recognition to the woman's right to control of her own person. Lillian Harman responded with the following statement:
. . . I enter into this union with Mr. Walker of my own free will and choice, and I agree with the views of my father and Mr. Walker as just expressed. I make no promises that may become impossible or immoral for me to fulfill, but retain the right to act always, as my conscience and best judgment shall dictate. I retain, also, my full maiden name, as I am sure it is my duty to do so.
The ceremony concluded with Moses Harman giving consent to the union.
Following the ceremony in Valley Falls, a complaint was filed with the Jefferson county justice of the peace, Richard D. Simpson, stating that Lillian Harman and E. C. Walker were living together as man and wife without being married. The complaint was rendered by W. F. Hiser, Harman's stepson. A warrant was then issued for the arrest of Lillian Harman and Walker. They were brought before the judge at Oskaloosa, who set a combined bail of $1,000 and announced a trial date. The couple remained in jail in Oskaloosa until the trial since bond was not posted.
When the trial open in October, the defense attorneys, David Overmyer and George Clemens, petitioned for a change of venue because of prejudices reportedly expressed by the people and newspaper editors in Jefferson county. The defense attorneys cited newspaper reaction to the Harman family and the upcoming trial as examples. In one case, the editors of the Oskaloosa Independent had commented: "We honestly believe it to be the duty of the citizens of Valley Falls to get rid of the free love and anarchist organ there as soon as possible for the reputation of the town and county." Earlier the same newspaper reported that "a crank-brained chap named Harman runs the paper [Lucifer], assisted of late by one Walker," who made an agreement to live with Lillian Harman without an official marriage. "The common and emphatic expression is that the decent people up there ought to dump the outfit into the Delaware, and drive the gang who ran it out of town." The defense attorneys also cited an article appearing in the Osawakie Times in which the author ridiculed Harman by saying: "Now arrest the king bee of the tribe and close the rotten concern and Valley Falls will smell more like roses than she has for many a day." Despite the evidence, the request for change of venue was denied by Judge Crozier.
The trial, held in the Jefferson county criminal court in Oskaloosa, pivoted on the question of whether there was an actual marriage. The case was delivered to the jury on October 20, 1886, with a verdict of guilty being returned the same day. Walker was sentenced to 75 days in jail while Lillian Harman was given a shorter term of 45 days.
Following the trial, Lucifer's columns were filled with nationwide reaction to the episode. A special defense fund, originated by Moses Harman, was established to aid the convicted parties. Lucifer's editor continued to defend the union between his daughter and E. C. Walker on the grounds that the state and church were not to override and control the better judgment of individuals. Meanwhile, Lillian Harman and E. C. Walker remained in jail beyond their stated terms of sentence because they refused to pay the court costs imposed.
The defendants appealed their case to the Kansas supreme court where, on March 4, 1887, the verdict of the county criminal court was affirmed. In issuing the principal opinion of the supreme court, Justice Johnston indicated that the legislature had the power to prescribe reasonable regulations relating to marriage and that punishment would be inflicted upon those who entered the marriage relation in disregard of the prescribed statutory requirements. He concluded by warning the defendants that they must marry to avoid further punishment, but he did concede that Lillian Harman would be able to retain her maiden name. In response to the supreme court's decision, Moses Harman stated that technically they had lost; but they had also won a great moral victory. He pointed to Justice Johnston's concessions to Lillian Harman as being the greatest concessions of that type ever given by the highest judiciary of any state.
The episode closed with the release of Lillian Harman and E. C. Walker from the Oskaloosa jail on April 4, 1887. Moses Harman paid court costs of $113.80 for the release of what he termed "two peaceable, unoffending citizens accused of the crime of -- minding their own business."
IV. Harman Versus the Courts of Law
The autonomous marriage incident was but a prelude to Moses Harman's long battle with the courts of law in his effort to continue publishing a newspaper dealing primarily with sex reform. On several occasions he had voiced opposition to the nation's postal laws relating to obscene literature. His opposition to the Comstock postal laws was based on the contention that the national government had no more right to establish national morals than it had the right to establish a national religion. According to Harman, the national postal laws had opened the way for an endless chain of abuses.
Harman and his son, George, were first arrested on the evening of February 23, 1887, on the charge of depositing obscene materials in the mail. Leaving the newspaper office in Valley Falls where the arrest was made, they were taken to Topeka by United States Marshal Thompson where they consulted with their attorney, David Overmyer. Being unable to prepare for their defense, Overmyer requested that the examination of the two men be postponed. Both men were released after bond had been posted. The federal grand jury in Topeka indicated the editors of Lucifer charging them with depositing in the post office at Valley Falls ". . . a certain obscene article of an indecent character contained and printed in a publication entitled 'Lucifer'."
Strongly worded protests relating to Harman's upcoming trial appeared in Lucifer following the arrest and indictment. Lucifer's columns contained letters from the editors of the Kansas Kritic, Concordia, and Foote's Health Monthly which condemned the arrest of Harman and his associates on the grounds that the arrest violated free-press principles. Harman contended that the arrest was part of a movement to suppress knowledge and to aid the cause of ignorance. He maintained that no crime had been committed because no one had been injured by their actions. The so-called crime was not a question of fact, said Harman, but simply a question of opinion. He repeatedly stated that the United States government had not established any guide to determine whether he was sending out obscene material from week to week. In fact, Harman stated his intentions were to send out a paper which was exactly opposite from being obscene or demoralizing. Harman implicated R. E. Van Meter of the Valley Falls New Era as the "zealous Christian" who had done so much to suppress Lucifer and help bring about his arrest. To help defray the costs of the impending trial, Lucifer's editors established a defense fund. Contributions to the fund came from interested parties throughout the nation.
In the case of the alleged sending of obscene materials by Lucifer's editors, Harman's lawyer, David Overmyer, claimed on demurrer that the identification of the obscene matter by the federal grand jury was insufficient since neither the date, title, or nature of the article was given in the indictment. Judge Cassius Foster, of the federal district court in Topeka, upheld the demurrer to the indictment in April, 1888. He stated that the accused were entitled to know what specific charges were being directed against them. Foster indicated it was insufficient for the grand jury to allege that the objectionable material was too obscene to allow it on the court records for "surely the objectionable matter can be described or identified in some way, without giving offense to the court, or defiling its records with scandalous and indecent matter." To Harman's chagrin, however, within a few days the district attorney had a new indictment, designed to remedy the defect. The defendants again demurred but Judge Foster overruled the demurrer and sustained the indictment in May, 1889. Therefore, Lucifer's editors would have to stand trial.
Following the notification to Harman that he must stand trial, two significant developments took place preceding the trial in 1890. First, Moses Harman attempted to clarify his position by republishing the four articles from Lucifer which served as the basis for the indictment. He offered to send the articles by mail to any interested party. While Harman realized that there would be diversity of opinion on republishing the articles, his purpose in so doing was:
. . . not to get a decision on questions of propriety or taste, but simply upon the question of the citizen's right to speak, to utter, to publish and to send by mail, all of one's honest thoughts, whatever they may be, provided always that no personal rights of property or reputation are invaded by such acts of utterance or of publication.
The first of the four articles was Dr. W. G. Markland's letter which appeared in Lucifer on June 18, 1886. In the letter, Markland asked several questions concerning "legal rape." The physician then related a case where a mother, following the birth of a child, was seriously injured by the sexual abuses of her husband. Markland asked whether the law protected the woman in marriage and whether the action constituted legal rape.
The second indictment article had been copied from the Kansas Democrat. It told of a 36-year-old woman who had been led to insanity by the sexual abuses of her husband.
A letter, sent to Lucifer's editors on June 3, 1886, formed another basis for indictment. Written by Celia B. Whitehead and directed toward Elmina D. Slenker's previous comments in Lucifer on the universal need for contraceptives, the letter stated that nature designed women as free mothers and they must learn that they were made for men.
The fourth article appeared in Lucifer on July 33, 1886, and told of a Millerite couple preparing for the day of judgment. On the evening prior to the supposed judgment day, the couple proceeded to engage in a soul-searching dialogue concerning their married life. In revealing her domestic secrets, the wife confessed that each of their four children had a different father. After the initial shock, the husband cried out, "Gabriel blow your horn! I want to go now!"
Harman's position was further complicated by the printing of an article in Lucifer by Dr. Richard V. O'Neil of New York City. The article, entitled "A Physician's Testimony," dealt with cases the physician had observed involving sexual abuse and unnatural sexual behavior. Harman admitted tempting fate by publishing the O'Neil letter since he was already under bond for previous indictments. Consequently, he was arrested on the afternoon of February 18, 1890, on complaints stemming from the publication of the O'Neil letter. He was brought before the Topeka commissioner where bond was fixed at $1,000. Harman was released from custody when Noah Harman posted the necessary bond.
After many delays and postponements, the case of the United States vs. Moses Harman was tried in United States district court in Topeka on April 17, 1890. Ten Valley Falls citizens, serving as witnesses for the state, testified to receiving the issues of Lucifer which contained the indictment articles. All who testified swore to the honesty and purity of Moses Harman's personal life. Many of the witnesses indicated that Harman was a crank on the sex issue but none implied that he was insane.
Employing Colonel Bradley of Topeka to assist as his counsel, Harman revealed that the defense would argue that the articles were not obscene, that he did not deposit the offending articles in the post office, and, on the question of the right relation of the sexes, that the defendant was insane. Early in the trial, Harman denied delivery of the papers mentioned in the indictment. Later, he took all the blame for mailing the papers in question but maintained that the articles were not obscene. Harman claimed that by publishing the Markland letter he had hoped to vindicate the right of free discussion and publication and to vindicate the woman's right to self-ownership. On being cross-examined by United States Attorney J. W. Ady, Harman told the court that the advantages outweighed the disadvantages in his decision to publish the articles. He continued by stating:
Knowing that it would be objectionable to many people I published it notwithstanding, because I found that people are not very careful about offending me. . . . I see no reason why a matter of that sort should not go into the family and be read by women and children. There is nothing referred to except a free given allusion to human conduct and different members of human anatomy. I do not deem any of these obscene. All the words that are in the article are in Webster's dictionary.
On the second day of the trial after arguments were completed, Judge Cassius Foster directed the jury to decide whether the articles were obscene. After four hours of deliberation, the jury found Moses Harman guilty on four counts as charged in the indictment. The verdict, delivered on April 18, 1890, was based on the Markland and Whitehead letters.
While Harman was awaiting sentence, evidence of a possible discrepancy in the trial was revealed. According to a letter attached to the note requesting a new trial, three jury members admitted to Judge Foster that the verdict was a result of compromise. They stated that three of the jurors believed Harman insane and that:
. . . It was agreed in the jury room that if the jurors who believed him insane would concur with the others in finding him guilty on four counts that all the jurors would recommend him to the clemency and mercy of the Court.
A motion to secure a new trial for Moses Harman was overruled by the court.
The Topeka Journal reported the sentencing of Harman which occurred on April 30, 1890. After being coaxed into standing before the court by his attorney, Harman was given 10 minutes to explain his position. He indicated that he was a martyr for opinion's sake and that his cause was that of emancipating women from certain social evils. Judge Foster responded by telling Harman that the effect of his teachings were bad and that his attitude throughout the trial had been defiant. According to the Journal, Foster concluded his remarks by stating: "He had seen circus performers stick their heads into lions' mouths, but he had never seen them have the temerity to twist the beast's tail or kick them in the ribs while performing the risky act." After the laughter in the courtroom subsided, Judge Foster sentenced Harman to serve five years in the Kansas penitentiary and to pay a fine of $300.
Harman's first imprisonment was terminated on August 30, 1890, when he was released from the penitentiary at Lansing by order of Judge Henry Caldwell of the United States circuit court. On the basis of a writ of error, a new trial was to be ordered for Harman.
In January of the following year, Harman was brought to court to stand trial for publishing of the O'Neil letter in the columns of Lucifer. After Harman waived a jury trial, Judge John D. Philips, district judge for the Western district of Missouri, rendered an elaborate opinion in the case. Answering Harman's defense counsel, who argued that his right to freedom of the press was violated, Philips asserted: "Liberty in all its forms and assertions in the country is regulated by law. It is not an unbridled license. Where vituperation or licentiousness begins, the liberty of the press ends."
Judge Philips went on to state that the O'Neil letter was so filthy in thought that it would be a shock to common decency and modesty to recite its contents. He maintained that the federal government ought not to take on the role of censor but nevertheless concluded that congress, through passage of the postal laws, had regard for the common consensus of the people and held the right to deny the mailing of material of Lucifer's type. Philips proceeded to pronounce Harman guilty on three of the counts of the indictment charging him with the publication of the O'Neil letter. Harman was then sentenced to one-year imprisonment in the penitentiary at Lansing but commitment was delayed after an appeal by the defense.
Harman reacted to the sentence of the district court by calling upon the editors and publishers of the United States to rally to his aid by requesting a halt to the censorship of the press. He went on to state that "the freedom of the press means the freedom of the persons who conduct or represent the press. If a publisher must forever run the gauntlet of a secret and irresponsible postal censorship, then we have an end to the freedom of the press." The editor of Lucifer gave considerable column space to public reaction to his latest case in court. Letters from the editors of the Boston Liberty, Chicago Open Court, and the Toronto Secular Thought generally deplored Harman's philosophy on sexual freedom, but they were sympathetic toward him because they believed he was making an attempt to publish the truth.
In June, 1892, Judge Henry C. Caldwell ordered Moses Harman to be imprisoned in the Kansas state penitentiary for one year. The commitment was based on Judge Philips' one-year sentence handed down in January, 1891. Harman received word of his impending imprisonment on June 21, 1892, and was taken to Lansing shortly thereafter. To Harman's surprise, Judge Caldwell ordered his release from the penitentiary at Lansing in February, 1893. The basis of his release was a ruling on a technicality of his sentence.
Two years later, the federal district court acted upon Judge Caldwell's order that the Harman case, stemming from the verdict and sentence of April 18, 1890, be returned to the same district court for possible resentencing. Following United States Attorney W. C. Perry's motion to resentence Harman on the verdict returned and filed on April 18, 1890, Judge John Philips went on to review previous court cases in an effort to decide on Harman's case. Philips maintained that the district court would resume jurisdiction of the case at the point where the original error supervened, which was after the verdict. In rendering the decision, Judge Philips stated:
Out of regard for the infirmity of the defendant, and with the hope that he may not persist in opposing his individual opinion as to what the law ought to be against what the Courts declare it to be, and thereby invite further trouble, I shall modify the measure of punishment the trial court sought to mete out to the defendant by directing sentence to be entered that he be imprisoned, at hard labor, in the Penitentiary of the State of Kansas for one year and one day from this date.
Harman was committed to the penitentiary at Lansing on June 2, 1895. Shortly after arriving in Lansing, Harman wrote to Lucifer's interim editor that he considered it an honor and privilege to wear prison stripes for the cause of women's right of self-ownership and the cause of eugenics. Harman was transferred from the penitentiary at Lansing to the United States penitentiary at Leavenworth in early July, 1895. Informing his readers through letters printed in the columns of Lucifer, Harman wrote that he had been troubled by insomnia, malaria, rheumatism, and sore eyes before being transferred from his job of peeling potatoes in the "damp unwholesome cellar" to be placed in charge of the prison's printing office. Soon after, in October, 1895, he was again transferred to a clerk's job in the prison hospital. After serving less than the full year of his sentence, he was released from Leavenworth penitentiary on April 4, 1896.
Harman was described as appearing in good physical condition upon his release from prison. With his return to Topeka, a party was held at the Lincoln Post hall where many speeches were delivered and letters read which welcomed him back. Later, Harman personally thanked the press in Topeka and elsewhere for the generally fair treatment of himself and his newspaper during his absence. Unbroken in spirit, he went on to give illustrations of what seemed to be a weakening of the mail censors. Shortly after Harman's release from prison, E. C. Walker, writing in Lucifer, attempted to bolster the position of his former partner by stating:
Moses Harman has suffered as a victim of those who fear to hear all sides of all questions. He represents the principle of freedom of speech and press. That question must be maintained or all progress ceases. We must stick to the main issue, it is not true that the Editor of Lucifer stands before the world as a representative of any particular school of sexual reformers; he represents whoever desires to speak his convictions, no matter how divergent those convictions may be from Moses Harman's or yours or mine.
As previously mentioned, Harman left Kansas in 1896 and moved to Chicago where his journalistic activities continued to focus on the issue of sex reform. Nine years later, he was again arrested and charged with sending obscene materials through the mails. He was indicted by a federal grand jury in Chicago, and later stood trial in the United States district court. After being given a sentence of one year in prison at hard labor by the district court, Harman appealed his case to the circuit court of appeals where his previous sentence was upheld on January 9, 1906.
After being confined for a short time in Chicago's Cook county jail, Harman was sent to the prison at Joliet, Ill., on March 1, 1906. He was transferred to the federal prison at Leavenworth on June 28, after complaining that the Joliet jail was "full of tuberculosis." He was released from Leavenworth on December 26, 1906, after serving 10 months and three days of his one year sentence. His release from prison in 1906 marked the end of Harman's perennial struggle with the courts although he continued to devote the columns of Lucifer and the American Journal of Eugenics to the cause of sex reform.
V. The Death of Harman
Moses Harman concluded his often interrupted journalistic career in Los Angeles. He died of angina pectoris on January 30, 1910, having spent the previous day working on the details of mailing the latest issue of the American Journal of Eugenics. Several friends were reported to have offered testimony to Harman at the funeral presided over by Dr. Adah Patterson. According to an observer, Dr. Patterson concluded the funeral ceremony with the following remarks: "He was a most determined man, and had he been less so, the world would be the loser. In coming years the people will hold anniversary meetings for Moses Harman, the same as they now do for Thomas Paine." According to Harman's wishes, his body was cremated in Los Angeles on February 5, 1910.
A memorial edition of the American Journal of Eugenics was published by Lillian Harman following his death. Besides relating the highlights of Harman's career and imprisonment, the issue included several testimonials to Harman's memory. One of them, a letter addressed to Lillian Harman by George Bernard Shaw, said:
It seems nothing short of a miracle that your father should have succeeded living for seventy-nine years in a country so extremely dangerous for men who have both enlightened opinions and the courage of them as the United States of America.
William Lemore West, native of Clarkfield, Minn., received his B. A. degree from Augsburg College, Minneapolis, Minn., and his M. A. from the University of Kansas, Lawrence. He is presently teaching history in the high school at Rush City, Minn.
1. Lucifer the Light Bearer, October 11, 1906; The Farmer's Vindicator, Valley Falls, February 11, 1910. Harman's date of birth was in question. His daughter, Lillian, in 1906 gave the year as 1830 as did the authors of Portrait and Biography Album of Jackson, Jefferson, and Pottawatomie Counties, Kansas (Chicago, 1890), p. 544. His son, George, writing his father's obituary in 1910, gave his birth date as October 12, 1828.
2. "Population Schedule," U. S. Census, 1860, Crawford county, Missouri.
3. The Farmer's Vindicator, February 11, 1910. At age 12, Harman sustained a knee injury which left an open sore for 40 years thereafter.
4. Lucifer, June 8, 1888.
5. The Farmer's Vindicator, February 11, 1910.
6. Ibid. Portrait and Biography Album of Jackson, Jefferson, and Pottawatomie Counties, Kansas, p. 544. U. S. Census, 1880, inhabitants in Delaware township, Jefferson country.
7. Valley Falls Liberal, November, 1880, and January, 1881. The platform of the Liberal League was: "Perfect freedom of thought and action for every individual so far and so long as he does not infringe the rights of others." -- Valley Falls Liberal, December, 1880.
8. Ibid., January, 1881.
9. Ibid., September, 1850.
10. Ibid., August, 1880.
11. The Kansas Liberal, September 1, 1881.
12. Ibid., August 3, 1882.
13. Ibid., April 13, 27; September 22, 1882.
14. Lucifer, August 24, 1883.
15. Ibid., September 14, 1883.
16. Ibid., June 18, 1886.
17. Ibid., May 22, 1885.
18. Ibid., July 8, 1887. The year 1887 was represented as 287 E. M. by Harman. To avoid confusion, the accepted A. D. dates are used in the footnotes.
19. E. C. Walker served as coeditor of Lucifer until he resigned in 1888 to become the editor of Fair Play, a free-thought paper in Valley Falls.
20. Lucifer, April 24, 1885.
21. Ibid., April 25, 1890, January 29, 1892. Clarence Swartz was the former editor of the Voice of the People, Kingman, while Lois Waisbrooker was one of the chief contributors to the columns of Lucifer.
22. Ibid., January 17, 1890. Slenker and Waisbrooker took opposite views on the questions pertaining to sex.
23. Ibid., September 21, 1888.
24. Ibid., September 26, 1890.
25. Ibid., October 10, 1890.
26. Ibid., January 2, 1891.
27. Ibid., May 26, 1893. Among books offered for sale were Lois Waisbrooker's The Occult Forces of Sex, and George A. Miller's The Strike of the Sex.
28. The Federal Reporter, v. 45, p. 415. Harman testified at a trial hearing in 1891 that Lucifer had 1,500 subscribers in the United States. In 1886 he pointed out that less than 10 percent of Lucifer's patronage came from Jefferson county. -- Lucifer, September 24, 1886.
29. Lucifer, November 2, 1888. Some patrons were reported being behind in their payments as much as four years.
30. Ibid., May 25, 1894.
31. Ibid., April 22, 1887, July 24, 1885.
32. Ibid., April 17, 1896. He indicated he had been contemplating the move to Chicago for seven years.
33. Ibid., May 8, 1896.
34. Ibid., April 27, 1898. Not all subscribers were happy with Harman's overemphasis on sex and marriage in his paper. In 1898 an unidentified journalist called upon Harman to devote more attention to the discussion of the Spanish-American War.
35. Ibid., April 29, 1899.
36. Ibid., June 6, 1907. The first issue of the American Journal of Eugenics was dated July 1, 1907.
37. American Journal of Eugenics, June, 1908. Concerning his moves, he referred to the transfer from Kansas to Chicago as a grave mistake by saying: "Public sentiment in Kansas is puritanic, reactionary, meddlesome, and evasive, but public sentiment in Chicago is far more completely dominated by the elements of human character than is that of Kansas." -- Ibid., February, 1908.
38. Ibid., January, February, 1910.
40. Lucifer, June 3, 1892.
41. The Kansas Liberal, August 3, 1883.
42. Lucifer, September 28, 1894.
43. Ibid., April 20, 1888.
44. Ibid., March 3, 1893.
45. Ibid., March 27, 1885.
46. Ibid., November 4, 1887.
47. Ibid., October 14, 1887.
48. Ibid., August 12, 1887.
49. Ibid., May 8, 1885.
50. Ibid., August 3, 1883. Later he stated his opposition to socialism and "select communistic socialism." -- Ibid., May 8, 1885.
51. Ibid., April 16, 1886. Harman later defended the Chicago anarchists involved in the Haymarket Square incident. -- Ibid., November 18, 1887.
52. Ibid., September 3, 1886.
53. Ibid., September 29, 1893. The proposed "Labor Exchange" had seven specific objectives designed to aid the cause of labor. Essentially the proposed exchange was a voluntary cooperative organization doing business for the benefit of its members. Harman hoped that such an organization would furnish employment for the idle and provide wages or "labor checks" based on the products of labor which could not be mortgaged.
54. Ibid., February 27, 1885.
55. Ibid., January 8, 1886.
56. Ibid., April 2, 1886.
57. Ibid., August 24, 1888.
58. Ibid., February 8, 1884.
59. Ibid., December 23, 1887.
60. Ibid., February 1, 1889.
61. Ibid., June 13, 1884. He opposed the use of strong drink, but he saw the need for an inexpensive and slightly exhilarating drink. He felt wine and beer were too fiery for those who experienced the sun and hot winds of America. "Hence we think the National Beverage for Americans has not yet been invented. . . . Blessings on the man who will invent the American Beverage!" -- Ibid., June 11, 1886.
62. Ibid., January 25, 1884.
63. Ibid., August 24, 1883.
64. Ibid., March 17, 1893.
65. Moses Harman, Love in Freedom (Chicago, Moses Harman pub., 1900), p. 22.
66. Lucifer, December 30, 1892.
67. Ibid., August 7, 1885.
68. Harman, Love in Freedom, pp. 9-11.
69. Lucifer, September 28, 1883.
70. Ibid., May 3, 1895.
71. Ibid., August 31, 1888.
72. Harman, Love in Freedom, pp. 16, 17. Harman indicated that he had no grudge against marriage due to his own experience in marriage. He denied that he had been influenced by such writers as Rousseau, Byron, and Shelley. He said: "I wanted to be able to say to my critics that my opinions on heretical questions are my own -- not borrowed nor adopted from anyone else." -- Ibid., pp. 28-30.
73. Lucifer, March 8, 1895.
74. Moses Harman, Digging For Bedrock (Valley Falls, Lucifer Publishing Company, 1890), pp. 13, 14.
75. Lucifer, November 8, 1889. The use of an infallible device to prevent conception would do more for the emancipation of women than anything else in the world stated Harman.
76. Ibid., June 25, 1886.
77. Ibid., February 16, 1905.
78. Ibid., October 12, 1883.
79. Ibid., June 25, 1886.
80. Ibid., February 3, 1888.
81. Ibid., September 17, 1886. This issue of Lucifer was delayed in mailing until after the ceremony described therein.
82. Ibid., October 1, 1886.
83. "Complaint. The State of Kansas vs. E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman." -- Filed September 20, 1886.
84. "Misdemeanors, Arrest, Examination Offenders Warrant." -- Filed on September 20, 1886, by R. D. Simpson, justice of the peace, Jefferson county.
85. Lucifer, September 24, 1886. Harman contended that the Valley Falls freethinkers failed to post bond for the couple because they feared social ostracism or personal violence.
86. "The State of Kansas vs. E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman," District Court of the County of Jefferson in the State of Kansas, bill of exceptions, notice of appeal, October 19, 1886.
87. Oskaloosa Independent, October 9, 1886.
88. Ibid., September 25, 1886.
89. Osawkie Times, October 8, 1886.
90. Lucifer, October 15, 1886.
91. State attorneys W. F. Gilluly and S. B. Bradford pointed out that the laws of Kansas stated that any persons living together as man and wife without being married were guilty of a misdemeanor. The state alleged that the Harman family had advocated the different marriage doctrine and had eagerly sought the opportunity to show their followers that "they dared, even in face of law, to practice what they had been preaching; and it may not be improper to add they are now reaping their reward [monetary] for their boldness." -- Brief For Appellee, State of Kansas vs. E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman, No. 4312 (Topeka, Kansas Publishing House, 1886), p. 6. Defense attorney Overmyer argued that a marriage had actually taken place because of the honest intentions and consummation of the marriage by the couple on trial. -- David Overmyer, Supplemental Brief for Appellants, The State of Kansas vs. E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman (Valley Falls, Moses Harman and Son, Printers, 1886), pp. 23, 24.
92. "Criminal Appearance Docket," district court, Jefferson county, 1886, p. 349.
93. Lucifer, October 22, 1886.
94. Ibid., October 29, 1886.
95. Ibid., December 10, 1886. In a letter to Lucifer from the jail in Oskaloosa, Lillian Harman indicated she remained in jail against her father's interests. She went on to say, "imprisonment may ruin our health; it cannot daunt our spirits."
96. "The State of Kansas vs. E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman, Mandate From Supreme Court." -- Filed March 12, 1887.
97. "The State of Kansas vs. E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman, Appeal From Jefferson County" (affirmed), Judge Johnston's opinion.
98. Lucifer, March 11, 1887.
99. Ibid., April 8, 1887.
100. Ibid., September 28, 1883. Quite often the attacks were led against Anthony Comstock, the individual who supposedly led the fight for postal censorship.
101. Ibid., February 24, 1887. The bondsmen were J. W. Rigdon, N. J. Holum, C. Bowman, and David Overmyer.
102. "Grand Jury Indictment of Moses Harman, George Harman, and E. C. Walker" (no date on copy of indictment). Harman said the grand jury would hear his case on April 11, 1887 (approximate date). -- Lucifer, March 11, 1887.
103. Lucifer, December 16, 1887.
104. Ibid., November 4, 1887.
105. Ibid., January 20, 1888.
106. Ibid., February 17, 1888.
107. Ibid., February 24, 1888. As of the date of this issue, $451.29 had been contributed to the defense fund.
108. The Federal Reporter, v. 34, p. 872. Harman had been indicted under Section 3893 of the postal service laws first passed by congress on June 8, 1872, later amended in 1876 and 1888. United States Compiled Statutes, v. 2, p. 2658.
109. Lucifer, April 20, 1888; The Federal Reporter, v. 34, pp. 872, 873.
110. Lucifer, April 27, 1888, May 24, 1889. According to Harman, Judge Foster stated: "The question of obscenity in any particular case must largely depend upon the place, manner and object of its publication. It would not be proper to discuss certain matters in a family newspaper which might with propriety be discussed in a medical journal." -- Ibid., May 31, 1889.
111. The Kansas Fight For Free Press, The Four Indictment Articles (Valley Falls, Lucifer Publishing Company, 1889), pp. 2, 3.
113. Lucifer, February 14, 1890.
114. Ibid., February 21, 1890.
115. Editorial from the Topeka Capital reprinted in Lucifer, February 21, 1890. Noah Harman, Moses' cousin, founded the Farmer's Vindicator in Valley Falls.
116. No. 2584, "The United States vs. Moses Harman, Bill of Exceptions." -- Filed July 28, 1890, by J. C. Wilson, clerk. One of the witnesses for the state was Richard D. Simpson, former justice of the peace, before whom E. C. Walker and Lillian Harman were prosecuted. He testified that he had written to Washington, D. C., about the matter after Harman had refused to publish an article Simpson had written.
Another prominent witness for the state was A. M. Geiger, the pastor of the Lutheran church in Valley Falls. He testified that he was not a subscriber to Lucifer but he had received copies of the Whitehead letter through the mail.
117. Lucifer, April 28, 1890. Harman indicated dissatisfaction with his defense counsel. Overmyer and Clemens had withdrawn from the case because of differences of opinion as to the best line of defense. He had hoped that E. C. Chamberlain of New York City would have arrived in time to act as an advisory counsel. Harman acknowledged that he allowed the insanity plea to go to the jury as a delay tactic and because he was curious to see if a jury of sane men would judge a man insane because he demanded to secure for women the natural right of self-ownership.
118. No. 2584 "The United States vs. Moses Harman. Bill of Exceptions." -- Filed July 28, 1890, by J. C. Wilson, clerk.
119. Ibid. Judge Foster made it clear to the jury that "every person is presumed to know what the law is, neither does it relieve a party from the penalty of the law because that party sincerely believes that the article is not obscene, that there is nothing obscene will not bear the test of reason, will not bear the test of law, the real question is, is it obscene?"
120. Lucifer, April 18, 1890.
121. No. 2584, "The United States vs. Moses Harman. Verdict." -- Filed April 18, 1890, signed by jury foreman, John C. Hamilton.
122. Lucifer, April 18, 1890.
123. No. 2584, "The United States vs. Moses Harman. Motion for New Trial" (letter attached). -- Filed April 21, 1890, by J. C. Wilson, clerk. The letter was signed by jurors John Reafsnyder, W. H. Breed, and John Reid.
124. State Journal, Topeka, May 1, 1890.
126. Lucifer, August 29, 1890. Delayed issue. On June 6, 1892, Henry C. Caldwell, judge for the circuit court of the United States, announced that the federal district court of Kansas was in error since hard labor was not a part of the punishment of the defendant as required by law. He ordered that the judgment of the court be reversed and that the case be returned to the same district court for further action. -- No 2584, "United States vs. Moses Harman. Copy. Judgment of Circuit Court." -- Filed June 13, 1892, J. C. Wilson, clerk.
127. Lucifer, January 16, 1891. Harman indicated he had been slighted by his attorney, Overmyer, since he wasn't allowed to speak for himself.
128. The Federal Reporter, v. 45, p. 416.
129. Ibid., p. 418.
130. Ibid., p. 424.
131. Lucifer, January 16, 1891.
133. Ibid., February 13. 1891.
134. Ibid., June 24, 1892.
135. Ibid., February 24, 1893. The sentence was based on the first, second, and fourth counts of the indictment. It directed that he be imprisoned for four months on each of the counts. Harman's attorney had petitioned the court for his release on the grounds that the sentence did not state that the sentence was to run concurrently.
136. Refer to Footnote 131.
137. No. 2584, "United States vs. Moses Harman, Motion for Resentence." -- Filed on February 28, 1895, by George F. Sharitt, clerk.
138. No. 2584, "United States vs. Moses Harman. Opinion: Judge Philips." -- Filed June 1, 1895, in the district court of the United States for the district of Kansas, first division.
139. Lucifer, May 31, 1895. Notice of imprisonment appeared in a supplement page of the late edition of Lucifer.
140. Ibid., June 14, 1895.
141. Ibid., July 12, 1895.
142. Ibid., September 13, 1895, reported to Lucifer's editor by Lillian Harman.
143. Ibid., October 11, 1895.
144. Ibid., April 10, 1896.
145. Editorial in the Topeka Daily Capital, reprinted in Lucifer, April 10, 1896.
146. Lucifer, April 10, 1896.
147. Ibid., April 17, 1896. He cited a recent case in Kansas where a certain J. B. Wise was fined 50 dollars for sending obscenities through the mails.
149. Ibid., March 2, 1905. The arrest was made in the latter part of February. No exact date was given. The indicated articles were written by contributors to Lucifer's columns.
150. Ibid., May 25, 1905. Harman indicated that he had asked Clarence S. Darrow to conduct the defense but he had declined stating he was too busy.
151. Ibid., January 4, 1906. This issue was held up in delivery by the postal authorities in Chicago.
152. Ibid., March 1, 1906.
153. Ibid., March 15, 1906.
154. Ibid., July 5, 1906. George Harman had requested the transfer through a congressman from Kansas. In the same month, Harman's application for pardon was denied.
Following Harman's death, Lillian Harman related the type of treatment inflicted upon her 74-year-old father in the Joliet prison. She spoke of "forced vaccination" and his confinement to the rock piles. She indicated that her father believed prison authorities were trying to work him to death. -- Lillian Harman, "Return to Home and Friends," The American Journal of Eugenics, Moses Harman Memorial (Chicago, Lillian Harman, 1910?), p. 5.
155. Lucifer, January 3, 1907.
156. Valley Falls New Era, February 10, 1910. Lillian Harman, "Farewell Tributes," The American Journal of Eugenics, Moses Harman Memorial, pp. 7, 8. Lillian Harman told of her father being stricken with chest pains which might have been brought on by dust he was forced to breathe when breaking stones at a Joliet prison four years before.
157. Ibid., p. 10. Flora Wardell-Fox reportedly was one of the last persons to see Moses Harman alive. She attended his funeral and corresponded with Lillian Harman on the details of the ceremony.
158. Valley Falls New Era, February 10, 1910. This excerpt from Harman's obituary was somewhat contradictory to terms of Harman's will, drawn up while he was in prison in 1906. At that time he offered to donate his physical remains to some physician for use in anatomy classes. He also indicated that he wanted his body disposed of in a simple gave without benefit of a coffin. -- The American Journal of Eugenics, July, 1908.
159. "George Bernard Shaw Speaks," The American Journal of Eugenics, Moses Harman Memorial, p. 11.
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Researchers Gain Insight into Retinal Detachment After Open Globe Injury
Findings published in January issue of Ophthalmology
Contact: Mary Leach
BOSTON (Jan. 6, 2014) -- Ocular trauma causing open globe injury, or a breach in the wall of the eye, remains an important cause of vision loss, with more than 200,000 open globe injuries occurring worldwide each year. In many cases, retinal detachment follows the traumatic injury, causing significant vision loss or blindness.
Researchers from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates and Harvard Medical School Department of Ophthalmology report on the first study in 35 years that reviews the circumstances around retinal detachment after open globe injuries (OGI) and describes a new tool that may help ophthalmologists predict which patients are at higher risk after open globe trauma so they can potentially prevent retinal detachment from happening or identify – and repair – it more quickly, thus saving vision. The paper is posted online in the journal Ophthalmology and slated for the January print edition of that publication.
Researchers performed a retrospective review of 1,036 consecutive OGIs evaluated by the Eye Trauma Service of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear from Feb. 1, 1999, to Nov. 30, 2011. A total of 143 charts were unavailable for review or incomplete and so were excluded from analysis, yielding a total cohort of 893 eyes. Open globe injuries were treated urgently at presentation. After open globe primary repair, patients were admitted for 48 hours of intravenous antibiotics.
Demographic and clinical data from these 893 charts were entered into a database. Variables included were age, sex, date, time and place of injury, mechanism of injury, initial clinical findings, date and time of open globe repair, ocular trauma score, zone of injury, date of retinal detachment diagnosis, date of retinal detachment surgery, and last date of follow-up (censoring date).
Patients who developed retinal detachment were older (mean age, 46 vs. 38 years; P < 0.0001), had a poorer median visual acuity (light perception vs. 20/400; P < 0.001), were less likely to have a visual acuity of ≥20/200 (1.6% vs. 43%; P < 0.001), were more likely to have an afferent pupillary defect (34% vs. 8%; P < 0.001), and were more likely to have vitreous hemorrhage (85% vs. 32%; P < 0.001) compared with patients who did not develop RD. In both groups, most patients were male (78% vs. 80%; P = 0.65).
“We took this information, along with other variables, and created the Retinal Detachment after Open Globe Injury (RD-OGI) score,” said Dean Eliott, M.D., senior author, associate director of the Mass. Eye and Ear Retina Service and Stelios Evangelos Gragoudas Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School. “After prospective validation with independent cohorts, the RD-OGI score may be useful to help the ophthalmologist predict which patients are at higher risk for retinal detachment after open globe trauma.”
Authors of the paper are: Thomasz Stryjewski, M.D., M.P.P., Christopher Andreoli, M.D., and Dean Eliott, M.D.
This work was conducted with support from Harvard Catalyst/ The Harvard Clinical and Translational Science Center (National Center for Research Resources and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health Award 8UL1TR000170-05, and financial contributions from Harvard University and its affiliated academic health care centers). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of Harvard Catalyst, Harvard University and its affiliated academic health care centers, or the National Institutes of Health.
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The Department of Transportation has announced that it is working towards mandating vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication technology, where cars will communicate with each other to avoid accidents.
Through research, V2V technology has shown the potential to help drivers avoid or reduce 70-80% of crashes involving unimpaired drivers. The National High Traffic Safety Administration is currently analyzing the data from the yearlong study and once completed, a report will be available for public comment. According to Acting Administrator of the NHTSA, David Friedman, “V2V crash avoidance technology has game-changing potential to significantly reduce the number of crashes, injuries and deaths on our nation’s roads.”
Read more about the V2V technology and the system that can alert drivers to potential dangers on the roads.
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Why Do Parents Over-indulge?
This book has invaluable resource to nurturing cooperation, good character, and positive life skills in children. You'll learn how to:
-Avoid power struggles with your children
-Maintain schedules, plan meals, and reduce stress through effective time management
-Learn the power of family meetings in tackling discipline and developmental problems
-Help those who care for your children understand the important philosophy of kindness and firmness in setting boundaries
Busy parents shower their love for kids by spending excessive amount decorating kids room with all modern facilities and buying expensive gifts. With both working parents competing with each other in hiking their career graphs, each tries to beat the other in appeasing the neglected child by providing wrong signals. They do not realise that more than the material goods, what the child needs is emotional security, which the parents have no time for. Parents go overboard exhibiting their parental instincts of their own interest and the same child actually resent this over indulgence as over the years. They grow to regard this as interference. What I think is that it is neither indulgence nor interference but involvement that the child needs most. According to Daniel Goleman, childhood is
"a special window of opportunity for shaping children's emotional habits." We must help children recognize and understand their emotions and the emotions of others. For this kids need time, love, attention, a sense of belonging, structure, and for the adults to model humane, honest behavior, Listening and communicating skills.
Pause, think - shower love with gifts but spend value time with kids as no amount of expenses incurred can compensate for parental love, afterall!
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Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative: Interview With Jessica Langbaum
The number of people living with Alzheimer's disease is expected to rise drastically over the next ten years. With so many people affected, it's important to educate the public on the signs of Alzheimer's -- and equally imperative to continue researching prevention and treatment of the disease. The Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative does just that. Principle Scientist Jessica Langbaum tells us more about the organization's important work.
What are some of the things that are at the top of your list in terms of educating people about Alzheimer's? Why?
Jessica Langbaum, principle scientist, Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative: Alzheimer's is not a normal part of the aging process. While it is normal to experience some decline in memory and thinking abilities as a person ages, Alzheimer's and other dementias are progressive diseases that worsen over time, eventually impacting a person's ability to carry out activities of daily life.
Second, there can still be hope and joy following a diagnosis of Alzheimer's. For instance, Banner Alzheimer's Institute's Family and Community Services program is committed to meeting caregivers' ever-changing needs to find success and joy in everyday living.
Lastly, thanks to the efforts of researchers and study volunteers, we now know that the disease process begins in a person's brain 10 to 20 years before the first signs and symptoms appear, providing another time to intervene.
What is the Alzheimer's Prevention Registry? And why is it important to Alzheimer's caregivers?
JL: The Alzheimer's Prevention Registry is an online community created to help overcome one of the biggest obstacles that researchers face: participation in clinical trials. The Registry connects interested members to research studies taking place in their communities. This is critically important, since scientific advances and our ability to one day prevent or cure this terrible disease are limited by our ability to identify people willing to step forward and participate in research. In fact, 80 percent of research studies are delayed because they are not able to meet their enrollment goals. Just like the people who volunteered to help create a vaccine for polio, we now need people of all ages, with and without memory and thinking problems, to participate in research and help eradicate this disease.
Joining the Registry is free, quick, and easy. It is open to anyone age 18 and older and only requires an e-mail address to begin the sign-up process. All of your information is kept completely confidential, and you are under no obligation to join a research study. The Registry is led by the Banner Alzheimer's Institute and is proud to have a number of leading organizations as partners.
The Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative (API) recently reached a milestone with some new research. What makes something a "milestone" and what types of discoveries do you hope to see with new research?
JL: In December 2013, the Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative announced that we began dosing participants enrolled in our first trial, being conducted in partnership with Genentech, the National Institutes of Health, and the University of Antioquia in Medellín, Colombia. This trial includes approximately 300 cognitively unimpaired people from a large extended family in Colombia who share a risk for a rare genetic mutation that typically triggers Alzheimer's symptoms around age 45. This was considered a significant milestone because of the many years of planning and infrastructure development that were required before enrollment could begin. Additionally, we believe this brings us one step closer to redefining Alzheimer's prevention research as we know it. While results from this particular trial are still several years away, the findings from it and other studies will provide the best answers yet to what researchers refer to as the "amyloid hypothesis" and will make an impact on drug development.
Alzheimer's disease stats and figures say there are currently 5 million Americans living with Alzheimer's disease, and that number will more than triple to 16 million by 2050. How does the Alzheimer's Prevention Registry work with families in the U.S. to slow down or prevent the number of Americans projected to get Alzheimer's?
JL: Several Alzheimer's prevention clinical trials and research studies are already underway, with more to come in the next few years. The types of studies vary from online surveys to drug clinical trials. But in order for researchers to help cure this disease, we need healthy people willing to step forward and take part in the study process. The Alzheimer's Prevention Registry was created to overcome this hurdle. The Registry keeps members up to date with the latest news and information about progress in prevention research, and as study opportunities become available in a member's community, they are notified via e-mail. Members are under no obligation to join a research study and their information is kept confidential. This approach has been extremely successful for breast cancer research; studies that would take months to years to enroll are now full in a matter of days to a week. Now it's the Alzheimer's community's turn to step forward and participate in research to help in the fight against the disease.
Is there anything else you'd like to tell us about the Alzheimer's Prevention Registry?
JL: We have an ambitious goal of enrolling 250,000 people into the Registry in order to find enough participants in prevention research studies across the U.S. Every person who joins can make an impact and bring us one step closer to ending Alzheimer's. The memories you save could be your own.
I am 89 years old. Have short term memory problems. My VA doctor has prescribed Aricept to see if it will help. If it helps would that mean that I do have Alzheimers dementia?
The clinical trials are very important and crucial to finding a cure for any disease. My husband has been battling Alzheimer's for twelve years now. I had to take him to Botswana where I can afford to take care of him at home. But it is isolated here. I only get information about progress on research on the internet. If we were still in the US, we would definitely join the trials. But we would be glad to help anyway we could from here.
Stay Connected With Caring.com
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NEET is an acronym for National Eligibility cum Entrance Test. It is a competitive entrance examination held annually in India for medical aspirants who wish to pursue undergraduate medical courses (MBBS/BDS) in government or private colleges. The test is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA).
Admission to MBBS and BDS courses in India is done on the basis of NEET percentile scores. The percentile score is the percentage of candidates who have scored below a certain rank in the NEET exam.
For example, if a student scores in the 99th percentile, it means that the student has scored better than 99% of the candidates who appeared for the exam. The NEET percentile is calculated using the NEET score and the total number of candidates who appeared for the Exam.
The NEET percentile is calculated using a variety of factors, including the number of students who take the exam, the difficulty of the exam, and the student's score. The percentile is then determined by comparing the student's score to the scores of all other students who took the exam.
The NEET percentile can be calculated in two ways: by marks or by rank. If you wish to compute the percentile based on marks, you must first know the total number of candidates that took the exam and the grades each candidate received. The percentile is then calculated by dividing the marks scored by the candidate by the total number of candidates.
If you wish to calculate the percentage based on rank, you must first know the total number of candidates that took the exam and the candidate's rank. The percentile is then calculated by dividing the rank of the candidate by the total number of candidates.
The NEET percentile is calculated using the student's raw score, which is the number of correct answers on the exam. After that, the raw score is turned into a percentile score, which is then used to rank students. The percentile score is calculated using a bell curve, with the average score being the 50th percentile.
To qualify for NEET, candidates must meet the minimum percentile requirements for their category. For General category candidates, the minimum percentile is 50th, for OBC/SC/ST category candidates, the minimum percentile is 40th, and for PWD category candidates, the minimum percentile is 45th.
NEET is a highly competitive exam, and meeting the minimum percentile requirements is just the first step to getting into a good medical school. There is no minimum percentile required to qualify for NEET. However, the score required to get into a good medical college may vary from year to year. For the year 2020, the score required to get into a good medical college was around 550.
If you want to have a better chance of getting into a good medical college, you should aim for a score of 600 or above. This will give you a good chance of getting into a top college.
There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question. Every student's situation is different, and therefore the best way to improve your NEET percentile will vary depending on your individual circumstances. However, there are a few general tips that can help you boost your score.
To sum up, let’s have an example: When 7,00,000 candidates applied for the NEET that year and B received a rank of 90, the following percentile calculation can be used to determine B's performance:
[(7,00,000 - 90)/7,00,000] x 100 = 99.98] is the NEET Percentile.
This explanation of the NEET percentile calculation and how to calculate it is very helpful and easy to understand. Visit rabbit for more information on how to convert percentile to marks, and to find out more about NEET.
This is the only website that let's you access all its resources for FREE. Analyse your progress, practice problems, take unlimited mocks, discuss and many more.
World's first site where you can create your own mock tests for FREE
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South Korea implemented various policies and initiatives in areas such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable transportation. Some of the key aspects of the market in South Korea are:-
- Renewable energy: A goal of 20% renewable energy by 2030 has been set by South Korea to invest in solar and wind energy.
- Energy efficiency: South Korea also implemented various policies and programs to increase energy efficiency in buildings, industry, and transportation to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
- Sustainable transportation: Investment in sustainable transportation such as electric vehicles, public transportation, and cycling infrastructure.
- Sustainable cities: The development of sustainable cities has been promoted with a focus on reducing greenhouse gas emissions, energy efficiency, and improving the life quality for citizens.
- Green Industry: It has been developed with a focus on industries such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, and green building.
The sustainability efforts in South Korea led to significant environmental and economic benefits and a leader in the global platform to promote sustainable development.
Source: OECD, sustainabledevelopment, nextrendsasia, worldbank
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Education of Dedication
By Rabbi Pinchas Winston
Many people are aware of the great emphasis Judaism places on education. From a very early age, the Jewish parent
begins the process to bring his or her child up as an intelligent, God-fearing Jew, to the best of the parents' and child's
ability. As one rabbi put it, "Where some societies bronze the first pair of shoes a child wears, Torah-observant Jews
'bronze' their child's first question ..."
We see the importance of children's questions, and the parent's responsibility to custom-design the answer to each child's
question, in the account of the Four Sons of the Haggadah of Pesach. Very often, it is the early questions that train the child
not to be shy to ask questions, and to have the confidence to seek answers. A parent, and rebi, should never belittle the
little one's questions, no matter how silly they may sound.
The question is, just how far does the responsibility go to teach a student go? This week's parsha deals with this very issue.
The parsha begins, "These are the judgments that you will place before them." Why does God command Moshe to "place"
the judgments before them, as opposed to merely teach them to them? Rashi, basing himself on the Mechilta, answers by
saying that God wanted to let Moshe know that his job as rebi of the Jewish people went far beyond simply transmitting the
Torah, far beyond simply repeating the halacha two, or maybe three times, until they could repeat it verbatim. Rather,
Moshe's responsibility was to make Torah accessible for the people, in very much the same way a set table makes eating
easy and appealing (hence, the name of one of the most important bodies of Jewish law, "The Shulchan Aruch," which
means "Set Table").
The Talmud (Eiruvin 54b) develops this discussion further. It states that a person is obligated to teach his student a lesson at
least four times, and if that is not enough, until the student sufficiently learns it. The rebi has to make sure the student can say
the halacha or idea clearly, and explain it to the student so that he understands the meaning of it. To support these ideas, the
Talmud quotes the first verse from this week's parsha, "These are the judgments, etc."
How much does such dedication to teaching mean to God? (Incidentally, the word "chinuch," which means "education,"
comes from the same word that means "dedication.) The Talmud illustrates this point with a story:
Rebi Preida once had a student that had to be taught something 400 times before he could understand it. One
day, the rebi was asked to do a mitzvah, and the student failed to learn the lesson. "Why is it different today
than all other days?" he asked his talmid. "Because," he answered, "from the moment the master was asked to
do the mitzvah, I was distracted, thinking to myself, 'Soon the master will have to get up ... Soon the master
will have to get up ...'." Rav Preida said, "If that is so, let me teach the lesson to you again." He then repeated
the teaching another 400 times, and because of this, a heavenly voice called out to Rav Preida, "Which reward
do you want? Either you can live a long life, or you and your generation can merit The World-to-Come?" He
answered, "I request that I and my generation merit The World-to-Come." To this God responded, "Give him
Teaching a student a single idea 800 times seems both tedious and strenuous. However, it also seems to be a small effort to
make to earn Eternal Life! Yet, through this, Rebi Preida not only guaranteed himself a portion in The World-to-Come, but
he even guaranteed his his whole generation a portion in The World-to-Come!
And if this is so, then how can we understand another section of the Talmud, which records a dialogue between Rebi Preida
and his students, who asked their rebi, "Rebi, to what do you owe your long life?" Rebi Preida answered them, "No one
ever arrived at the Bais Medrash in the morning before me" (Megillah 27b).
This may have been true of Rebi Preida, that he was the first one to the Bais Medrash every morning, but the gemora in
Eiruvin said that his long life was the result of his patience in teaching his student an extra 400 times! Why didn't Rebi Preida
answer his students with the reason stated in Eiruvin?
The answer to this question is what makes the Jewish people unique as a nation, and the truth is, even the evil prophet
Bilaam recognized this for himself.
Every morning when we walk into shul we say the words, "How good are your tents, Ya'akov; your dwelling places,
Yisroel." Where did these words come from? They were the words from Bilaam's prophecy regarding the Jewish people in
Parashas Balak (BaMidbar 24:5). The rabbis explain that "tents" refer to our Battei Midrashos, and the "dwelling places"
refer to our shuls. Furthermore, the rabbis tell us, if you want to understand what kind of curses Bilaam tried to heap onto
the Jewish people, look at the blessings God forced him to say instead (they're merely the curses transformed into
blessings). If so, then Bilaam was trying to curse us in our places of learning, and our shuls!
That Bilaam should curse us in our shuls is understandable; that's where we pray to God. If you are trying to disrupt the
relationship between God and the Jewish people, the shuls are a good place to do it. But why curse the places of studying
Torah? And why place them in the curse before the shuls?
The concept of prayer is not new, nor is it unique to the Jewish people. Anyone who has sought a relationship with God has
intuitively expressed himself or herself in words of prayer. However, though prayer can be a measure of one's dedication to
truth, it is not necessarily so. On the contrary, it is evident that people often pray to God for selfish reasons, or just to feel
they have paid God homage before returning to their own lives and concerns.
This is not the case with learning Torah. Just to learn Torah, to sacrifice time to study it and its myriad of details is by
definition a measure of dedication to God. Just to "engrave" Torah on one's own heart is a tremendous indication of one's
commitment to truth, and the upholding of it. How much more so is the dedication to helping others reach this level the
measure of one's commitment to God and His Torah? Can there be a greater act of kindness than this?
Such dedication doesn't grow in a vacuum. It must be the product of its leaders, and the Torah environment they foster. The
more dedicated the leaders of Torah are, which will indicated by their willingness to take the time to thoroughly explain the
subject matter and answer their students' questions, the more the true message of Jewish education comes through: learning
is for the sake of reaching higher levels of dedication to God and His Torah.
This was Rebi Preida's answer to this students. "The reason I have lived a long life," he told them, "is because of my
dedication to Torah, not just my learning of it. How is this indicated? By going to the 'home' of Torah, the Bais Medrash,
long before there was anyone there who could see me learn, whom I could impress, and whom I might need to encourage
me to learn. Just knowing that the Bais Medrash was a place to become immersed in Torah was enough incentive to draw
me there early in the morning while others slept. Furthermore, it was that same dedication that inspired me to be so
concerned as to teach my students 400 times, if not 800 times, until Torah became engraved on their hearts."
God's response to that is: Such people justify their existence in This world, and The Next World. Bilaam understood that
this was the key to the intimate relationship the Jewish people had with God, and therefore, the secret to their Divine
protection. It was this, the Jewish people's dedication to becoming one with Torah, that Bilaam tried to curse,
thereby undermining that relationship and making the Jewish nation vulnerable to attack.
And where the rebi goes, so too must the students follow, because such a relationship breeds interdependency. As rebi
said, "I learned much from my colleagues, even more from my friends, but the most from my students." A long life This
World can increase one's personal portion in The World-to-Come. But a rebi is concerned about his students portion in
The World-to-Come as much, if not more, than his own. Furthermore, such a rebi has the power to elevate his whole
generation, even to the heights of The World-to-Come. This is why the Rambam states that, in Jewish law, one's concern
for his rebi precedes that of his own father, because, whereas the father's interest is for his son's welfare in This World, his
rebi is focused on getting his student into The World-to-Come. Such a focus can't help but dramatically affect the quality of
chinuch of any institution, and the level of understanding of a whole generation!
No person understood this message better than Moshe "Rabbeinu"-the rebi for all the generations throughout our long
history. And no better place was there to teach this central concept than right after the giving of the Ten Commandments, at
the beginning of a barrage of details of technical laws. For, as the Talmud points out, "God dwells within the four ells of
Jewish law," and more precisely, among those who are dedicated to knowing, understanding, and living by them.
This Parsha Page is dedicated to all those who are dedicated to dedicated education.
Have a great Shabbos
Copyright © 1997 by Rabbi Pinchas Winston
and Project Genesis, Inc.
Rabbi Winston is a teacher and author of many books on Jewish philosophy
(hashkofa). If you enjoy Rabbi Winston's Perceptions on the
Parsha, you may enjoy many of his books.
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"In proportion as the mind is absorbed in the thought and care of the things of this world do we lose the fervor of our devotion, and drift away from the things of heaven."And later in the text:
"God is the “form” of the soul upon which he must impress his own image, as the seal on the wax or the stamp on the object it marks."How have we today sacrificed our will for His Will enabling God to use His "form" in us so that His own image comes through?
nod to Doctors of the Catholic Church
The scientist and Doctor of the Church, St Albert the Great, that we celebrate today, writes in the Meditation today from the Magnificat Publication.
Meditation of the Day
The Kingdom of God among Us
In proportion as the mind is absorbed in the thought and care of the things of this world do we lose the fervor of our devotion, and drift away from the things of heaven.-Saint Albert the Great (+ 1280) was a German Dominican priest and the teacher of Saint Thomas Aquinas. He is the patron of scientist. There is a popular adage about St. Albert which runs: "He was great in magic, greater in philosophy, greatest in theology." "Magic" here would mean science. It has also been said that St. Albert was a scientist by temperament, a philosopher by deliberate choice and a theologian by mood."
The greater, on the other hand, our diligence in withdrawing our powers from the memory, love and thought of that which is inferior in order to fix them upon that which is above, the more perfect will be our prayer, the purer our contemplation. The soul cannot give itself perfectly at the same time to two objects as contrary one to another as light to darkness; for he who lives united to God dwells in the light, he who clings to its world lives in darkness.
The highest perfection, therefore, of man in this life lies in this: that he is so united to God that his soul with all its powers and faculties becomes immersed in him and is one spirit with him. Then it remembers nothing but God, nor does it relish or understand anything but him. Then all its affections, united in the delights of love, repose sweetly in the enjoyment of their Creator.
The image of God which is imprinted upon the soul is found in the three powers of the reason, memory, and will. But since these do not perfectly bear the divine likeness, they have not the same resemblance to God as in the first days of man’s creation.
God is the “form” of the soul upon which he must impress his own image, as the seal on the wax or the stamp on the object it marks.
This can only be fully accomplished when the reason is wholly illuminated according to its capacity by the knowledge of God the Sovereign Truth; the will entirely devoted to the love of the Supreme Good; the memory absorbed in the contemplation and enjoyment of eternal happiness, and in the sweet repose of so great a state.
As the perfect possession of this state constitutes the glory of the blessed in heaven, it is clear that in its commencement consists the perfection of this life.
St. Albert, 1200-1280. Doctor of Science, Feast Nov. 15th.
Albert is a great model for all Christians, especially scientists. Many scientists like Albert have been blessed with independence of mind and great mental prowess. In this category, many rely more on reason and memory than faith. One recent survey from a national newspaper showed that there is least difference between the faith of eighty years ago (1917) and today (1998) among Physicists, Biologists and Mathematicians. Those who believe in God were around 40 percent and those who did not believe were 45 percent. Doubt and agnosticism resulted in about 15 percent.
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The Target Group: Chronically Homeless Adults
The plan did not involve a new federal funding initiative. Rather, federal agencies that typically addressed the problem of homelessness prioritized chronic homelessness in various funding opportunities for federal homelessness assistance provided by the McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, such as HUD’s Continuum of Care Program. The various branches of the federal government defined "chronic homelessness” as follows:
An unaccompanied homeless individual with a long-term and disabling condition (severe mental illness, substance use disorder, dual diagnosis, a chronic medical condition, or two or more conditions that restrict work or the activities of daily living) who has either (a) been continuously homeless for a year or more, or (b) has had at least four episodes of homelessness in the past three years.
Tracking Homelessness Nationwide: “Point-in-Time” Counts
Progress toward the goal of ending chronic homelessness has been measured with the annual “point-in-time” count of unsheltered and sheltered homeless people, mandated by Congress in 2001, and implemented in 2005 (Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress). The point-in-time counts utilize data from the HUD Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) which collects client-level data and data on the provision of housing and services to sheltered homeless individuals. Coupled with a one-night count of unsheltered people in the streets and public places, the HMIS data and street counts provide the best estimate of the annual prevalence of homelessness nationwide (USDHUD, 2015). Occurring on a night during the last week of January, the point-in-time count is carried out by the local planning groups responsible for coordinating homeless services in a specific geographic area. The count involves classifying homeless people in various ways, such as whether the individual is homeless alone or a member of a family, is a veteran, or was staying in a street or a shelter location. Although there is a fairly specific definition of chronic homelessness, there is no guarantee that all raters involved in the point-in-time counts have applied this definition in a consistent manner. The counts have been affected to some extent by definitional changes mandated by HUD regarding the disability requirement for defining chronic homelessness, and the reclassification of some shelter and transitional housing beds from homeless beds to rapid rehousing.
In addition, there is variability in how cities report year-to-year changes in the number of homeless people.
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“No matter how dark things seem to be or actually are, raise your sights and see the possibilites — always see them — for they are always there. -Norman Vincent Peale
Dark matter. I talk about it a lot here for a number of reasons. These include:
- the fact that it makes up about 85% of the mass of the Universe,
- the only way (so far) that it appears to interact with anything is gravitationally, and
- from our observations, we’ve learned that it’s made up of slow-moving, massive particles.
You put what we know about dark matter into a simulation, and it tells you what type of structure you expect to get out. For example, if you run a simulation on the scale of about a billion light years, you would expect galaxies to be distributed like so. (Image credit: Martin White.)
When you compare your simulation with what we actually observe, you get an idea of whether your theory makes sense or not. Here’s a map of the observed galaxy distribution from the two-degree-field galaxy redshift survey. (Image credit: 2dFGRS team.)
The agreement is spectacular! Well, what if we go down to a smaller scale, like say, down to the size of an individual galaxy? You have a pretty good idea of what a typical galaxy looks like; after all, we’re in one!
What our simulations tell us is that — pretty universally — all galaxies should be surrounded by a huge, spherical halo of dark matter. How huge? It should extend out around a million light-years for a galaxy like ours. That is tremendous, considering that our galaxy is “only” about 50,000 light-years in radius.
What’s more than that is that our simulations tell us what the density of this dark matter halo should be like. Towards the edges, it should be very diffuse, but the density increases very quickly as you come in towards the disk of the galaxy, and then increases more slowly until you reach the center. And that’s what our simulations tell us.
Not so fast, though. Does this make sense? A new paper out this week says perhaps not. You see, at the center of each galaxy (including our own!) lives a supermassive black hole, millions to billions of times as massive as our Sun. And, like all black holes, when matter falls into it (whether it’s normal matter or dark matter), it cannot escape, and causes the black hole to grow larger and more massive.
But this doesn’t happen! So something is amiss. What gives? Do black holes simply not absorb dark matter? Improbable!
What it probably means is that something more complicated than our simulations are telling us is happening in the inner parts of these dark matter halos. We’ve had many clues (such as the rotation curves of spiral galaxies) that dark matter simulations get us close, but don’t get it quite right.
This new paper appears to point toward the same idea: our simulations of dark matter get us close to the right answer most of the time, but there needs to be more to the story. It makes sense that what you’d ask next is what’s actually going on. For example, how do these dark matter halos actually achieve a lower density in the center than we predict?
If you’re wondering that, I congratulate you! You are now where I am: on the cutting edge of cosmology, trying to answer one of the open questions we have today. My best guess is that there’s a process we haven’t yet discovered where dark matter does interact by some means other than through its gravity; that could explain both of these discrepancies, and is a property predicted by many dark matter models. (The scientific term would be that the dark matter halo becomes isothermal.)
Amazing, isn’t it? That looking at the most massive black holes in the Universe gives us clues to the nature of dark matter, but here we are! Any ideas on your end?
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Two crossed polaroids, oriented vertically and horizontally, are placed in front of a goose-neck lamp, thereby preventing light from passing to the viewers. When a third polaroid is inserted between the two crossed polaroids at an angle of 45 degrees with respect to the original axes, light can be seen passing through the system.
This demonstrates that the electromagnetic field of which the light consists is a vector. The diagonal polaroid passes a component at 45 degrees with respect to the original light, and the second polaroid passes a component at 45 degrees with respect to the diagonal polaroid. The component of a component is actually perpendicular to the axis of the second original polaroid.
The real paradox involving this system involves an analysis of single photons. How can a single photon originally polarized parallel to the first polaroid have its angle of polarization rotated 90 degrees and exit the final polaroid polarized perpendicular to its original plane of polarization?
Compare M7-03, a simpler demonstration using only two polarizing filters.
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Today, the forgotten lecture in your math course. The
University of Houston's College of Engineering presents
this series about the machines that make our civilization
run, and the people whose ingenuity created them.
What engineer doesn't remember
dozing off in math class when the professor took up
existence and uniqueness? Those words have
a special meaning in math. Not all problems have
solutions, and, if they do, there might be more than one.
A problem with no solution isn't much use. And
more than one solution puts us in a quandary.
Engineering students grow impatient with those issues
because equations that reach their classrooms almost
always do have unique solutions. Suppose, for example, a
fast-moving car hits a turn. It either rolls over or gets
around the curve safely. It doesn't do both. We'd better
get just one solution when we solve the problem. It's
cold comfort if our math tells us it will both roll over
and get around safely. We need to know which will
Try another kind of accident. I have a long slender glass
rod -- say a yard long and an eighth of an inch in
diameter. I stand it, on end, on the floor -- then begin
pressing downward on the top. Nothing happens, so I press
harder. I finally reach a point where the rod suddenly
bows outward and breaks. If I set up the math correctly,
it'll tell me how much load the rod will take.
But that solution is not unique. There's another
solution. It has the rod bending into an S-shape instead
of simply bowing outward. More solutions also exist: a
triple bow, a quadruple bow, and so on. Since the fancier
failure modes take a lot more force, the rod usually
collapses by simply bowing outward. We trigger that
simple failure mode as we increase the load slowly. But
suppose we add a greater load all at once. Then those
fancy collapses actually can occur.
If you hold the glass rod by its end, high above a
concrete floor, then drop it, the load is applied so
suddenly that the rod will collapse in one of those wavy
shapes. I once did that. The glass broke into six pieces,
all the same length. The rod had been wavy as a snake
when it collapsed under an enormous shock loading.
That taught me a fine lesson about the limitations of my
work. Louis Pasteur once remarked that "Chance favors only the prepared mind."
If I can paraphrase that, I'll
say that rod taught me to expect surprise. Even
when we've polished and honed our means of prediction,
outcomes might still not be unique. Nature has all kinds
of alternatives up her sleeve, and we'd better be ready
Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler solved the collapsing
rod problem in the eighteenth century. Determinism then
appeared to be the way of the world. Now the twentieth
century has given us first quantum indeterminacy and then
chaos theory. We struggle to create new descriptions of a
reality that's not so straightforward. We once could yawn
when math teachers began talking about existence and
uniqueness. Now our ears prick up. For we no longer live
in that simple world where only one outcome is thinkable.
I'm John Lienhard, at the University of Houston, where
we're interested in the way inventive minds work.
For some discussion of mathematical existence and
uniqueness, see, e.g., Sneddon, I. N., Elements of
Partial Differential Equations. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, Inc., 1957, pp. 9 and 48.
For a very good account of the Euler column analysis,
see: Pippard, A.J.S., The Analysis of Engineering
Structures. London: Arnold, 1957; or Popov, E. P.,
Introduction to Mechanics of Solids. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1869.
Three modes of failure of a column. (The force needed
to cause a collapse rises as the square of n.)
The Engines of Our Ingenuity is Copyright
© 1988-2001 by John H. Lienhard.
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The heart and brain in the constant exchange
Our heart and our brain communicate continuously with each other. In this case, the brain reacts on the heart, and the heart to the brain. How this constant exchange takes place, shows a German research team in a recent study.
Researchers work at the end of the Max-Planck-Institute for human cognitive and brain Sciences and the Berlin School of Mind and Brain, decrypted, how the communication between the heart and the brain. The results of the research were recently presented in the prestigious scientific journal “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)”.
Altered perception during a cardiac cycle
A cardiac cycle consists of a contraction phase (Systole) and a relaxation phase (Diastole). In the contraction phase, blood is pumped from the ventricles into the circulation, while the chambers of the heart in the relaxation phase filling with blood again. From previous studies it is already known that in the course of a heart cycle, the perception changed.
The heart and the brain from talking
Our brain continually receives signals from the body and the environment. Even though we are internal physical processes, such as, for example, the heart beat, usually not aware of, can affect these signals in our perception. Thus, the brain does not respond to the periodically-recurring beating of the heart and the associated changes, is suppressed during the contraction phase is a crucial part of the brain activity, explain the researchers.
Reduced stimulus perception during Systole
The current study shows for the first time how the beating of the heart and the brain modulate conscious perception. The researchers identified two different heartbeat-related influences on conscious perception. So, during the contraction phase less frequent stimuli and correctly localized as in the relaxation phase. Thus, the study uncovers a mechanism that links the heart, brain, and perception each other.
This control of the Transition of perceptions into consciousness is referred to in medicine as a “P300 component”. This component is intended to ensure that the brain is not disturbed at each pulse beat. At the same time, this mechanism seems to have the effect that external stimuli are perceived during Systole is reduced, especially if the stimuli are weak, as, for example, a tingling sensation on your Finger.
The heart and the brain are inseparable
The exact backgrounds for these identified mechanisms are not yet well understood. Study Director Arno Villringer sees this as a possible explanation of why people fall ill after a stroke, often at the same time on the heart, or why people with heart disease, often at the same time in their cognitive skills are limited. (vb)
Authors and source of information
This Text meets the requirements of the medical literature, medical guidelines, as well as current studies and was examined by doctors and Medical scientists.
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History of medicine; healing; herbalism
Submitted by Milica on Sat, 2004-09-11 10:40
A new study by the Ohio State University states that Northern European men of the early Middle Ages were nearly as tall as modern-day Americans.
Submitted by JaneStockton on Thu, 2004-07-29 20:23
A new study shows that Viking men had the same performance concerns as their modern brothers.
Submitted by Galen_of_Ockham on Fri, 2004-07-02 16:40
Friar Galen of Ockham, former Chirurgeon General of the SCA (and a modern-world medical doctor) has kindly allowed SCAtoday.net to share with you an article he has recently written about hydration for reenactment events.
Submitted by Aoife on Thu, 2003-02-20 18:53
This week's collection of annotated links from Aoife deals with Medieval Science, Math and Medicine.
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Carotid endarterectomy: Endarterectomy (a surgical procedure designed to clean out material occluding an artery) done on the carotid artery (a major artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain) to restore normal blood flow through it to the brain and prevent a stroke.
About Us. Board of Directors; Bylaws; Councils, Committees, Sections; Distinguished Fellow Designation; Financial Information; History of Vascular Surgery
Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove deposits of fat, called plaque, from the carotid arteries in the neck.
Description of Carotid Endarterectomy, the procedure to remove fatty plaque from neck arteries. Recommendations from the American Heart Association.
Carotid Endarterectomy. What is a carotid endarterectomy? A carotid endarterectomy is a surgical procedure in which a ...
A backgrounder with questions and answers about carotid endarterectomy.
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The History of the present King of Great Britain
In referring to "the history of the present King," Jefferson is of course referring to King George III, whose reign began in 1760. It was during his reign that the disagreements and tensions between the Americans and the British government became acute. Prior to his reign, American relations with the British were often strained, but never to the point of an open break. There had been long quarrels between the American colonial legislatures, elected by the people, and officials appointed by the king, over policy and taxes. But now, as the Declaration charted, King George's actions displayed the intention of establishing "an absolute Tyranny over these States." This was strong language indeed, and it reflected the Americans' conviction that the British government was no longer content to allow the colonies to govern themselves, in most of their affairs, through assemblies elected in America.
Tyranny may be defined, from the point of view of the Declaration, as a form of government that violates the principles of the consent of the governed and securing the unalienable rights of the people, and so may be rightfully resisted. The point of the long list of the charges against the King was to demonstrate to all the world that King George was a tyrant.
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Building a platform for global teaching competencies to advance equitable education in diverse classrooms
7th November 2023
Author: Joyce A. Pittman, Ph.D., Clinical Professor Emeritus, Drexel University School of Education - Center for Pedagogical Innovation
Research into threats to providing quality and equitable education confronting teacher education and professional development infrastructure is influencing thinking about curriculum and instruction in an increasingly interconnected world.
Dr Joyce Pittman, Principal Investigator and Research Professor Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania and Drexel University, Schools of Education, highlights the impacts of the research, including the launch of a five-year research study on developing teachers global teaching competency skills.
Preparing teachers and learners for global engagement
In an increasingly interconnected world, we have observed the importance of preparing teachers and students for global engagement. Our research addresses the critical need for educators to possess global teaching competencies to effectively navigate diverse classrooms and cultivate global competence in their students. The research stems from recognising a significant portion of modern world jobs are linked to international trade, emphasising the urgency of equipping students with skills to thrive in a globalised workforce.
Our team champions a collaborative initiative between the Drexel University's School of Education and University of Pennsylvania to develop a comprehensive curriculum and professional development approach centered on global teaching competencies. As educational researchers, leaders and pedagogists, we recognise the evolving dynamics where students represent a myriad of cultures, languages, and backgrounds. The goal is to create equitable and inclusive educational environments by empowering educators to teach across cultural boundaries (SDG 4).
Our study draws from NAFSA's Global Preparation Lens for the InTASC Model Core Teaching Standards, which identifies key knowledge, skills, and dispositions necessary for globally competent teaching. However, we find a critical gap exists in understanding how GT competencies are integrated, assessed, and implemented within teacher education programs and K-12 classrooms. This research examines perceptions of teacher education professors, preservice teachers, and educational leadership students regarding the meaning of global competence and its practical application.
Global competence and beyond
We can see from the growing diversity this research is timely, given the growing recognition that global competence extends beyond personal interactions to a pivotal role in a nation's economic growth and competitiveness. The work in this initiative ask a guiding question: Can educators effectively empower their students with global knowledge and skills if they themselves lack the requisite global teaching competencies?
By leveraging a five-year planning sub-grant from the University of Pennsylvania Area Studies Centers Title VI U.S. Department of Education grant, this initiative takes a holistic approach to exploring global teaching competencies. The project's multidisciplinary nature ensures a comprehensive look into incorporating elements of global and international education, intercultural competence, social justice, equity, and language learning. Moreover, the initiative aligns with several UN Sustainable Development Goals, further highlighting its potential for driving positive societal change. In particular, SDG 4 Quality Education.
"ENSURE INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION AND PROMOTE LIFELONG LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL.
Education liberates the intellect, unlocks the imagination and is fundamental for self-respect. It is the key to prosperity and opens a world of opportunities, making it possible for each of us to contribute to a progressive, healthy society. Learning benefits every human being and should be available to all."
Global Teach Connection (GTC)
Ultimately, we aim to offer students, teachers, and leaders the essential resources, support, and opportunities to develop understandings required for the seamless integration of global competencies into their classrooms and teaching practice. We believe this preparation is vital to equip students for success in an ever-evolving world.
Reimagining global competence and impact
Improving your global teaching skills takes time and effort, but it is worth it. By teaching for global competence, you can help your students to develop the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in our increasingly interconnected world.
Global competence is the capacity to examine local, global, and intercultural issues to understand and appreciate the perspectives and world views of others, to engage in open, appropriate, and effective interactions with people from different cultures, and to act for collective well-being and sustainable development (OECD, 2018).
Reflecting on growing your global competence
What are you doing well? What areas do you want to improve? You can do this by thinking about your teaching practices, the resources you use, and the feedback you have received from students and colleagues.
In conclusion, this emerging research responds to a pressing need in modern education by focusing on the development and implementation of global teaching competencies.
By collaborating between two prominent institutions, the study strives to empower educators to prepare students for the challenges and opportunities of a globally interconnected world.
Ultimately, the research seeks to promote practical integration of global competence within teacher education and classroom practice, contributing to a more inclusive and globally conscious education system.
Visit Drexel University School of Education for more information about the Global Teach Connection Initiative and Research.
Quality education for all
We believe in quality education for everyone, everywhere and by highlighting the issue and working with experts in the field, we can start to find ways we can all be part of the solution.
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I’d like to explain a conjecture about Wigner crystals, which we came up with in a discussion on Google+. It’s a purely mathematical conjecture that’s pretty simple to state, motivated by the picture above. But let me start at the beginning.
Electrons repel each other, so they don’t usually form crystals. But if you trap a bunch of electrons in a small space, and cool them down a lot, they will try to get as far away from each other as possible—and they can do this by forming a crystal!
This is sometimes called an electron crystal. It’s also called a Wigner crystal, because the great physicist Eugene Wigner predicted in 1934 that this would happen.
Only since the late 1980s have we been able to make electron crystals in the lab. Such a crystal can only form if the electron density is low enough. The reasons is that even at absolute zero, a gas of electrons has kinetic energy. At absolute zero the gas will minimize its energy. But it can’t do this by having all the electrons in a state with zero momentum, since you can’t put two electrons in the same state, thanks to the Pauli exclusion principle. So, higher momentum states need to be occupied, and this means there’s kinetic energy. And it has more if its density is high: if there’s less room in position space, the electrons are forced to occupy more room in momentum space.
When the density is high, this prevents the formation of a crystal: instead, we have lots of electrons whose wavefunctions are ‘sitting almost on top of each other’ in position space, but with different momenta. They’ll have lots of kinetic energy, so minimizing kinetic energy becomes more important than minimizing potential energy.
When the density is low, this effect becomes unimportant, and the electrons mainly try to minimize potential energy. So, they form a crystal with each electron avoiding the rest. It turns out they form a body-centered cubic: a crystal lattice formed of cubes, with an extra electron in the middle of each cube.
To know whether a uniform electron gas at zero temperature forms a crystal or not, you need to work out its so-called Wigner-Seitz radius. This is the average inter-particle spacing measured in units of the Bohr radius. The Bohr radius is the unit of length you can cook up from the electron mass, the electron charge and Planck’s constant:
It’s mainly famous as the average distance between the electron and a proton in a hydrogen atom in its lowest energy state.
Simulations show that a 3-dimensional uniform electron gas crystallizes when the Wigner–Seitz radius is at least 106. The picture, however, shows an electron crystal in 2 dimensions, formed by electrons trapped on a thin film shaped like a disk. In 2 dimensions, Wigner crystals form when the Wigner–Seitz radius is at least 31. In the picture, the density is so low that we can visualize the electrons as points with well-defined positions.
So, the picture simply shows a bunch of points trying to minimize the potential energy, which is proportional to
The lines between the dots are just to help you see what’s going on. They’re showing the Delauney triangulation, where we draw a graph that divides the plane into regions closer to one electron than all the rest, and then take the dual of that graph.
Thanks to energy minimization, this triangulation wants to be a lattice of equilateral triangles. But since such a triangular lattice doesn’t fit neatly into a disk, we also see some ‘defects’:
Most electrons have 6 neighbors. But there are also some red defects, which are electrons with 5 neighbors, and blue defects, which are electrons with 7 neighbors.
Note that there are 6 clusters of defects. In each cluster there is one more red defect than blue defect. I think this is not a coincidence.
Conjecture. When we choose a sufficiently large number of points on a disk in such a way that
is minimized, and draw the Delauney triangulation, there will be 6 more vertices with 5 neighbors than vertices with 7 neighbors.
Here’s a bit of evidence for this, which is not at all conclusive. Take a sphere and triangulate it in such a way that each vertex has 5, 6 or 7 neighbors. Then here’s a cool fact: there must be 12 more vertices with 5 neighbors than vertices with 7 neighbors.
Puzzle. Prove this fact.
If we think of the picture above as the top half of a triangulated sphere, then each vertex in this triangulated sphere has 5, 6 or 7 neighbors. So, there must be 12 more vertices on the sphere with 5 neighbors than with 7 neighbors. So, it makes some sense that the top half of the sphere will contain 6 more vertices with 5 neighbors than with 7 neighbors. But this is not a proof.
I have a feeling this energy minimization problem has been studied with various numbers of points. So, there either be a lot of evidence for my conjecture, or some counterexamples that will force me to refine it. The picture shows what happens with 600 points on the disk. Maybe something dramatically different happens with 599! Maybe someone has even proved theorems about this. I just haven’t had time to look for such work.
The picture here was drawn by Arunas.rv and placed on Wikicommons on a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
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* Provides reviews of long-term datasets
* Incorporates meta-analyses of studies about climate change effects on birds
* Includes guidelines and suggestions for further studies
Temperature and other climate variables are currently changing at a dramatic rate. As observations have shown, these climatic changes have serious consequences for all organisms and their ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Birds are excellent model organisms, with a very active metabolism, they are highly sensitive to environmental changes and as highly mobile creatures they are also extremely reactive. Birds and Climate Change discusses our current knowledge of observed changes and provides guidelines for studies in the years to come so we can document and understand how patterns of changing weather conditions may affect birds.
Scientists and academicians studying ecology, evolution, plant biology, physiology, the environment, population biology, and entomology.
Birds and Climate Change, 1st Edition
Arrival and departure dates
Migrators fuelling and global climate change
Using large scale data from ringed birds for the investigation of effects of climate change on migrating birds: pitfalls and prospects
Breeding dates and reproductive performance
Global climate change leads to mistimed avian reproduction
Analysis and interpretation of long-term studies investigating responses to climate change
Photoperiodic response and the adaptability of avian life cycles to environmental change
Microevolutionary response to climatic change
Climate influences on avian population dynamics
Importance of climatic change for the ranges, communities and conservation of birds
The challenge of future research on climate change and avian biology
Quotes and reviews
"...a valuable reference for ornithologists, for those interested in specific biotic effects of climate change, and for those looking for a portal to data sets amenable to building predictive climate-effect models."
- Jason Jones, Vassar College, for ECOLOGY
"One of the strengths of this book is the breadth of topics covered in a relatively short volume...Chapters on timing of migration and the energetics of migration are at their strongest when discussing the specifics of avian ecology...The editors provide a broad range of questions that will interest academic avian biologists...Birds and Climate Change is at its best in helping scientists take advantage of a 'unique opportunity to study the adaptation of organisms to their changing environments'. Those seeking to understand and perhaps limit the impacts of human-caused environmental change on birds and other organisms can certainly benefit from the insight presented here."
-John P. McCarty, Department of Biology, University of Nebraska in THE CONDOR
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How wire replaced fiber rope for riggingJan 1, 2003
|From Ocean Navigator #84 |
When the tables were compiled, the USS Pennsylvania, a 120-gun, three-deck Ship of the Line, was the largest vessel in commission. Rigging her required 70,685 feet of hemp rope (13.4 miles). In addition, she was expected to go to sea with 81,120 feet of manila clothes lines, 6,400 feet of hammock girt-lines, and 864 feet of hammock tricing lines. A small amount of leather was thrown into the mix for topsail ties, truss pendants, and reef pendants.
The rigging also contained a good quantity of iron in the form of chain, bar, or plate. The bobstay, bowsprit shrouds, gammoning, martingale stays, martingale guys, bumkin braces, shank painter, cat-stoppers, fore and main yard slings, cross-jack yard slings, topsail slings, and a more than a dozen other fittings were all formed of that metal. However, not a single inch of wire rope appears in the Kedge-Anchor's tables, nor is there a reference to it anywhere in the 400 pages of text. In 1847, as far as the Navy was concerned, wire rope did not exist. That judgment was not quite accurate.
The Navy in 1847, as well as the marine industry in general, was not quite certain about the use of iron in any form. Not even the ground tackle of a three-decker was completely reliant on iron chain. Roughly half the anchor cables were hemp despite the fact that the weight-to-strength advantage of iron was well known and appeared in tabular form in The Kedge-Anchor.
In 1851 A New Rig for Ships and other Vessels Combining Economy, Safety, and Convenience was published in Boston. Its author, R.B. Forbes, had no reservations about the use of iron rigging.
"I will not undertake to advocate any particular kind of rope where most of the rope in use is good enough; but I have a word to say on the manner of using it," Forbes wrote.
"The Massachusetts, Samoset, Reindeer, and others have iron plates and bands, to which the lower rigging is attached at the mast-heads. They have had the experience of several years; and I have not only heard no complaint of this mode of fitting lower rigging, but I find it is much approved of. The ship Great Britain's rigging is also fitted to bands, but so clumsily done that I should condemn it if the rigging would answer to fit in the usual way.
"The advantages of this mode, as applied by me, are, first, there is much less chance for slack rigging, less liability to rot the mast-heads and the rigging itself, less wear and tear and chafing; the rigging can be sent down easily at sea or in port, two shrouds at a time, for repairs; the parts bear more equally than in the ordinary mode; and lastly, the rigging looks snugger. The objection generally made to the plan is, 'I don't like to trust iron aloft:' which objection is met by the simple question,Why is not iron as strong up there as at the lower end, where you trust to the dead eye strap, and chain plate of iron? It is true, that, if you carry away any, you necessarily derange two shrouds, instead of one; but the liability to carry any away is so much less, that this objection amounts to little. We put iron now in many places subject to violent and sudden strains with entire confidence, as bobstays, gammoning, trusses, pareils, &c.; why not the standing rigging?"
Forbes' primary interest was rigging and particularly in the use of iron, which he saw as a significant advance.
The employment of iron as a structural element occurred in bridge building decades before thought was given to any marine application other than anchor chain. Ironically, it was anchor chain that permitted the construction of the first substantial suspension bridges.
Some uncelebrated genius in the north of England used anchor chain to construct a suspension bridge in 1741. Its physical span was a mere 39 feet. Its conceptual impact was immeasurable.
In the United States alone, some 40 chain suspension bridges were constructed between 1800 and 1820. By 1810 the manufacture of chain intended for use in bridge building was well established in England under the proprietorship of Capt. Samuel Brown of the Royal Navy. Chain, however, had its shortcomings, and iron eyebars soon began to replace chain in new bridge construction. In 1820 Brown built a suspension bridge across the River Tweed near Berwick, England, using circular eyebar suspension chain. The bridge, and its original components, is still in use.
But iron, whether chain or eyebar, presented problems to the builders of suspension bridges who were looking for maximum flexibility and minimum weight without loss of strength. The answer was wire cable.
The first use of wire cable in bridge construction was at Fribourg, Switzerland, in 1834. The composition of early 19th century wire cable varied. One formulation called for 278 wires to be twisted into a single strand; 19 strands to be twisted around a core of soft iron wire to form a single cable. The number of cables required to support the weight of a bridge also varied greatly. In the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge (which employed steel, not iron) the main cables were composed of 25 cables twisted into a specific pattern. Chain and eyebars did not immediately give way to cable, but that change was not long in coming.
Even before the first edition of The Kedge-Anchor went into circulation, at least two wire rope manufacturing facilities had been established in the United States. In Pittsburgh, John A. Roebling, designer of the Brooklyn Bridge, had been turning out commercial quantities of wire rope for several years. In 1845 he employed wire rope in the construction of a suspension aqueduct over the Allegheny River. In Mauch Chunk, Pa., the Hazard Wire Rope Works opened its doors in 1846. Both facilities considered bridge building their primary market.
When was wire rope first used in the rigging of ships? The date is unclear. According to Forbes it was no later than 1851. And using The Kedge Anchor as an indicator, it was probably no earlier than 1847. The corporate records of the Hazard Wire Rope Works (later to do business as the Hazard Wire Rope Division of the American Chain and Cable Company) pointtoward1847asthestartingdate.
Whatever the year, by the 1880s wire rigging was sufficiently well established to be carried regularly by major marine suppliers. In its 1888 catalog, Merwin, Hulbert & Co. (New York City) offered six sizes of wire rope, tinned or galvanized, ranging from inch to inch. It was steel wire, however, not iron, an advance made possible by the use of steel wire in the construction of the Brooklyn Bridge five years earlier. By 1898, L.W. Ferdinand & Co. (Boston) not only listed 23 sizes of wire rope in its catalog but included clamps, stay cleats, and thimbles as well as a wire rope splicing service"Wire Ropes spliced and made endless." The Ferdinand catalog, incidentally, referred to wire rope as "charcoal rope." Within a decade, the Topping Brothers' (New York City) catalog had added eye blocks, cheek blocks, clips, sheaves, and sockets to the list of products specifically intended for use with wire rope.
Working with wire rope presented a challenge for riggers long accustomed to handling hemp and manila. In 1893, the seventh edition of The Rigger's Guide & Seaman's Assistant addressed the problem in a section that covered "Directions to Measure for Lower Rigging," "Cutting Out Wire Rigging," and "Fitting Wire Rigging." A few years later, in 1898, The Boat Sailor's Manual took two pages (out of 265) to explain wire rope splicing to the amateur.
By the turn of the century there was no question that hemp standing rigging was on its way out.
In 1902 the 5,081-gross ton Preussen (Prussian), arguably the most powerful sailing vessel ever built, was launched. She was 407.8 feet overall, had a 53.6-foot beam, drew 27 feet and was fast enough to outdistance all but the swiftest liners. A full-rigged ship, her five towering steel masts carried 60,000 square feet of canvas.
Her rigging requirements were almost double those of USS Pennsylvania: wire standing rigging, 35,424 feet; wiring running rigging, 43,394 feet; chain, 2,296 feet. The only hemp on board was used as running rigging, 56,613 feet of it.
After only a few years of service the Preussen was rammed in the Strait of Dover by a Channel steamer that holed her steel hull and sent her to the bottom.
Industrial hemp suffered a corresponding fate in the 1930s when the Uniform Narcotic Act and the Marijuana Tax Act torpedoed further cultivation in this country. There is now a movement to legalize it again. Even though its use as rope aboard ship is undoubtedly a thing of the past, hemp may go to sea once more as fabric (particularly canvas) and oakum, which is used for caulking wooden hulls. Hemp hats, shirts, shoes, socks, wallets, field bags, duffels, and attaché cases are already available via mail order. A store in New York City sells hemp pillowcases, napkins, tablecloths, and curtains. Hemp also can be used in paints, paper, cordage and oils, both edible and inedible. None of these products would come as news to our forefathers. The Declaration of Independence was drafted on hemp paper and Betsy Ross's flag was made of hemp fabric.
But what about its psychoactive component? Although both are members in good standing of the family Cannabis sativa, marijuana and hemp are actually distant cousins, marijuana being at least 10 times more potent. Something to contemplate the next time you're high in the rigging.
Michael Neyer, who writes often on marine historical topics, is a freelance writer and sailor living in Roslyn N.Y.Edit Module
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John Z. Young (1907-1997), a zoologist and neurophysiologist specializing in the nervous system of cephalopods, developed his view of models, learning, and the mind in a number of his published works, but particularly in A Model of the Brain, in 1960 and Philosophy and the Brain, in 1987. He discovered the giant axon inside the brain of cephalopods which was so essential for understanding how human minds work. Interestingly enough, he was also a descendant of Thomas Young (1773-1829), the famed British polymath. Young’s way of thinking about homeostasis and how we develop ways of interacting with the world is decidedly Neo-Kantian, though he never had much formal philosophical training, and was derided by the legion of academic philosophers during his own time. While it’s true that his thought was not always the most rigorous or deep, it nevertheless bears some serious consideration.
His neurological and evolutionary understanding of mental models, their behaviour and function casts doubt on their capacity to demonstrate unmediated, objective reality. What we can only say about them is that they represent how complex organisms come to know things, but that their role outside of basic survival towards some higher truth is questionable. The Kantian and neo-Kantian influence on this thought is also evident, and will help to explain both his view of perception as an active part of the life of an organism and how he reconciles his belief in a real world with the convenient fictions of evolved perception.
In What Squids and Octopuses tell us about Human Brains he expresses his dissatisfaction with the language of action potentials and nerve impulses because he thinks that they are ambiguous and evasive terms that only serve to mask the fact that physiologists do not know what these impulses communicate within the nervous system. Young’s issue with the neurological discourse of his time is similar to the “illusion of understanding” mentioned by Craver in the case of black boxes, and filler terms. What is even more striking is that Young’s own evasive critique seems to be directed towards figures such as Andrew Huxley and Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, who won a Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for their model of how neurons behave. Yet as Young says:
“curiously enough the physiologists who win Nobel Prizes for the study of nerve fibres seldom, or never, use words such as ‘code’ or ‘symbol.’ They stick to the dear old terms ‘nerve impulse’ and ‘action potential.’ They have indeed been able to find out a very great deal about the physical changes that are involved in the transmission of the nerve message, without thinking much about what the message communicates. To be unkind one might say it was like giving a Nobel Prize for Literature to people who had advanced knowledge of typewriters, or of ink, or perhaps of radio transmission!”
This critique is an unusual one, especially considering Huxley’s and Hodgkin’s own attitude towards their model. As Craver has made clear, neither of them claimed that it was representative of reality, but only served as an important groundwork for further investigation. Yet before we disregard Young’s claim as the product of academic jealousy, it is wise to consider whether or not it has any substance. In many ways their self-conscious use of models is beside the point for Young, since even then their accomplishment serves to perpetuate physiologists ignorance about the actual activity of the nervous system, which for him rests in what is communicated, not how it is done. Here Young points out that:
“The trouble is that in the more interesting parts of the brain we cannot specify what the ‘function’ is. So when we say that when we see red certain nerve fibres from the eye transmit something called nerve impulses we do not really know what we are saying. In what sense do nerve impulses transmit redness?”
Instead, we need to come to an understanding of how the nervous system serves for communication, and how it represents symbols to the organism.
The only way out of the black box that Young sees in the study of action potentials and nerve impulses is to treat them as codes in a larger system of communication. As he says:
“The significance of signals in a code is that they symbolize the matters to be communicated. If we are to describe the effects of our nerve impulses properly, in this analogy we must say that they are significant because they are symbols, that is, they stand for or represent either some event in the outside world or some inner need or some action to be performed at the decoding end of a communication channel. We say that a sign or a signal becomes a symbol or representation for something else when it has the effect upon us of that something.”
The operation of nervous systems as such, then, is to represent some external or internal change for an organism or provide instructions for action from the brain to some muscle or gland. Young sees these representations as models built up within the organism, but before we can discuss these models in detail, it will first be necessary to see his view of the organisms that make use of them.
For Young, the essential feature of all organisms rests in the relationship between their internal condition and that of the environment around them. The primary quality that separates them from other systems is that they are homeostats, systems which strive to maintain a steady state, as opposed to inanimate objects whose conditions fluctuate along with that of their surroundings. The most effective homeostats will be those who have some way of acting in response to changes in their environment.
It is for this reason that the development and function of the nervous system plays such an important role in his thought. The primary function of all nervous systems, from that of the lowest worm to that of the human being, is to regulate and manage inputs from the environment and propose outputs, or actions, in response in order to maintain this steady state. As Young points out:
“Like all representations in codes, models in the nervous system are used for transmitting, storing, or manipulating information that helps in making predictions by which homeostasis is ensured. In particular, the conception often, though not necessarily, contains he idea of something that ‘works’.”
An example of this feature in cephalopods can be seen in the way that their statocysts allow them to respond to gravitational forces. As Young says:
“To meet the task of correct orientation in relation to the earth’s surface, there is present in the statocyst a little model to represent gravity, a stone hanging upon sensory hairs. These hairs send streams of action potentials whose pattern thus symbolizes the position of the animal in relation to gravity. […] If the statocysts are destroyed this is no longer possible. Notice, then, that the model serves to allow the action system of the animal to maintain its proper relation with the rest of the world- the essential feature of living.”
The power of the nervous system of most organisms rests in its ability to create models of the individual’s environment that serve as a means of survival. The more effective the individual’s nervous system is at representing those features of its environment that are vital to life, the more successful the organism will be.
To help facilitate homeostasis and survival, organisms actively seek out specific inputs that apply to their internal models. One of the most striking consequences of this is that their perceptions, rather than passively taking in the environment, come to play an active role in what organisms perceive, “looking” for some stimuli, while ignoring others. Taking traditional views to task, Young comments that: “in most observations about perception made by psychologists and physiologists or considered by philosophers the stimuli are given to the human or other organism, not sought out as they usually are in life”. However, passivity is not the case, and he defines perception as the active search by organisms for the ordered features of their environment, or information, that is relevant to maintaining the homeostasis of their life processes. As Young states, this property of living things is universal:
“Each type of animal has transducers that are appropriate to its environment and mode of life. This already places restrictions on what can be perceived […]. Each species has analysers which reorganize the signals received form the transducers and select among them so that they will report features that are relevant for its life.”
The consequence of this is that the way things appear is never merely a function of their individual nature, from the simplest observation to the most specialized analysis. Furthermore, it is exactly because models are the basis of the nervous system that perception is selective in this way, and has its part to play in what is selected by evolution and through learning.
The model-based structure of organisms as homeostats has consequences for how we view both evolution and the individual. On the level of evolution, Young believes that natural selection largely selects based upon the fit of organisms’ internal models with their environment, so that the process of evolution itself can be conceived of as an evolution of models. This is why he can say that:
“As the result of a process of natural selection the inherited DNA of every individual provides for the formation of a creature able to live under certain conditions. In this sense we can say that the DNA is a representation of that environment. The organism that it produces literally re-presents actions appropriate to those conditions.”
Thus Young’s neurological view of model building in organisms applies just as much to complex animals as it does to the organic molecules that compose them.
Reflexes are a particularly good example of the process of evolutionary selection of models in the nervous system. He uses the example of the reflex to pull one’s hand away from a very hot object, which is valuable both because of its clearly genetic basis and because the process itself does not take place in the brain, but in the spinal cord:
“it is clear that the arrangement of all these sensory fibres and synapses and nerve cells serves as a representation of the actions that are likely to be effective after contact of the skin with a very hot object. […] The spinal cord is capable of thus computing an avoidance response, a type essential for survival, without reference to the brain”.
However, the kind of modeling performed by reflex responses is limited to within a relatively set range of environments, and relies upon the sometimes-false premise that the future will resemble the past. A more elaborate method of modeling is seen in learning.
On the level of the individual, learning is the process whereby organisms come to develop new internal models based on their experience in their own lifetime. Young summarises the essence of learning in biology as:
“the attaching of symbolic value to signs from the outside world. Images on the retina are not eatable or dangerous. What the eye can provide is a tool by which, aided by a memory, the animal can learn the symbolic significance of events. The record of its past experiences then constitutes a program of behavior appropriate for the future.”
This “program of behavior” is the development of an internal model which represents certain key features of an organisms environment, but which allows for the establishment of yet further models through individual experience. It is the success of this method in evolution that contributed to the increase in complexity of the nervous system of the “higher” animals, even at the cost of a much longer period of growth than in organisms with simpler systems. In many ways the evolutionary success of the nervous system highlights the active nature of perception previously discussed. As Young elaborates: “All animals make some form of search for their livelihood (indeed so do plants), but the ‘higher’ animals must seek for and find a much more elaborate world than is available to the ‘lower’, because they exist in conditions that are less directly suited to the support of life”.
Furthermore, the process of learning in an individual reciprocates the process of model development through evolutionary means. As Young points out: “It is clear enough that the two methods must stand in some reciprocal relationship. The better the means of repair, adaptation, and learning, the less often will it be necessary to undertake a basic revision of the instructions of the homeostat”.The understanding of organisms as homeostats with a vested interest in regulating their inputs, perceptions, and outputs, actions, allows these learned or inherited internal models to function in much the same way. Both systems of model development function by means of interpreted codes from within the organism and from the environment. In the case of the nervous system, natural selection has often selected for the refinement and multiplication of any kind of model that re-present those features of a homeostat’s environment that are essential to its life. This demand, as well as insuring the development of models that help the organism maintain homeostasis, also puts limitations on what can be perceived and known, often, if not always, for the purpose of survival. It is to the historical precedent of these limitations that we now turn our attention.
Even thought Immanuel Kant makes few personal appearances in Young’s works, it is clear from his discussion that his thought resonates with many Kantian and Neo-Kantian undertones. Kant is only mentioned by name in four places in Philosophy and the Brain, although Young often discusses perception in a very similar vein to his idea of representation and clearly states that it (vorstellung\representation) was a term used by the philosopher. Young’s study of perception, particularly vision, also brings him into many of the same realms as Hermann von Helmholtz, who was himself a Neo-Kantian. This is particularly evident when we consider his comments on the selectiveness of perception, for, as he says:
“These facts [about perception] are fundamentally important for philosophers. They provide direct evidence that what is perceived is selected largely unconsciously as a result of the history and activity of the perceiver. This was recognized long ago by Helmholtz.”
Despite the scarcity of direct references, the content of Young’s evolutionary and neurological analysis of perception possesses many of the salient features of Kantian thought, such as the relative inaccessibility of the thing-in-itself, the ordering limitations on human thought, and the active nature of perception as previously mentioned. This similarity is further highlighted by a consideration of his thought on the senses of sight and hearing.
After discussing the process of hearing and how it is interpreted by the “models” within the human nervous system, Young questions its ability to provide “true knowledge of the pattern of variation of air pressures”, and concludes that: “A naïve realist would be hard put to it to show that with immediate data of auditory perception we acquire valid knowledge of reality without any interposing ‘ideas’ or other such entities”. By “interposing ideas” he means the active models of reality that have developed in the nervous system both through evolution and learning to facilitate the survival of the homeostat called the human being. The demand for an unmediated sense of reality, then, ignores the evolutionary and physiological basis of humanity, attributing to its perceptions a direct connection to the essence of things which they do not possess. The situation is much the same for vision, with the added evidence of the blind who have later been given the ability to see, but who have not developed the internal models that seek out and interpret the salient features of their new visual environment. Here Young is blunt about the indirectness of the information received through vision, saying that:
“The very daylight we see is our own creation. What falls on the retina is a flux of electromagnetic radiation, which is absorbed in steps called quanta or photons. […] What the observer perceives, people, trees, houses and the rest, is selected from those patterns by programs [models] learned since birth because of their significance for him. People who have been born blind and are later given sight by an operation find that they can ‘see’ light, but none of these other things. They may see a confused mass of colours […]. Later they may learn to see shapes.”
As the case of the blind demonstrates, and as Young has often repeated throughout his writings, while the eye itself may function like a camera, the faculty of vision, the process of interpretation that makes it relevant to the life of the homeostat, certainly does not.
Young understands that the evolutionary nature of perceptions may place limitations on what we can know, and that we may not be able to go further beyond these mental models. As he says near the end of Philosophy and the Brain, these limitations can be partially overcome, for example, by developing instruments that allow us to “perceive” things such as ultra-violet light. However, there may also be some major practical limitations placed on the way that the brain can be used to think and reason: “At several points it has been emphasized that there is evidence that the brain may be organized on a basis of the use of certain concepts, for instance about order and space”. It does not seem likely that Young should mention order and space as fundamental categories of human perception without knowing that it was just these qualities (order in time and space) that Kant described as two of his own a priori categories of understanding. In the case of his own biological interpretation, since the underlying models upon which human experience is based have been selected exclusively as a means for survival, there is no definitive way to dispel scepticism about the “ultimate” origin of our perceptions. However, much like Kant, Young stresses that there is a reality underpinning them:
“There is little doubt about the veracity of the resulting perception. The person who has trodden on a sea urchin has indeed detected a small spiky section of the universe, thought he learns nothing about its shape or extent: it might be a sea urchin or a broken bottle.”
Elsewhere he likewise comments that: “one can hardly avoid hearing a clap of thunder, nor can one reasonably doubt the ‘reality’ of the noise”. From these comments it is apparent that Young is not a relativist in the traditional sense of the term, but that his understanding of models in human thought and perception does preclude any pure, unmediated knowledge of the world, or, in its Kantian articulation, the thing-in-itself.
If Young’s account of the relationship between modeling, organisms and their environment is sound, it would have profound epistemic consequences. What would this understanding of the human brain as a system of models mean for the human capacity to construct their own models of the world? For if the function of the nervous system is primarily to look for certain key features of the external environment at the expense of others, and our own models are likewise limited to certain key features, then both the resulting phenomenological or explanatory model can said to be at best twice removed from any ideally conceived form of objective reality. Furthermore, when this kind of human understanding is seen within its neurological and evolutionary context, what we call knowledge or explanation would then only be a way of discussing some kind of process of survival or procreation, albeit, one removed from the traditional meaning of the term “survival”.
In his entire discussion, Young stresses the need to place human reasoning on the same continuum as that of animals, that this has not been done by philosophers of his day, and that from this position some of our deepest epistemological commitments must necessarily be shaken. Survival in the case of human modeling of the world, however, is not always to be construed in exactly the same way as we see basic animal survival. Young began writing in this vein in the 1960s, though his thoughts culminated in 1987. The discussion of memes first began in 1976 with the publication of Richard Dawkins’ work The Selfish Gene. What is striking about Young’s conception of mental models, human survival and its relationship to how humans come to know the world is how his own work on the nervous system led him in much the same direction as later biological thinkers such as Dawkins and Daniel Dennett, albeit with more significantly Kantian undertones. For this reason, if nothing else, Young stands out as one of the earlier biological philosophers who would later cause such academic turmoil in the eighties and nineties, and hence provides further opportunities for the historian or philosopher of science to delve into the structure and consequences of his thought. Personally, I think he surpasses both of these other thinkers in the depth of his reasoning, particularly Dawkins, who tends to present a very shallow view of nature, masked by an only-half felt sense of Darwinian wonder.
Ultimately, it has been worthwhile to present the core of Young’s biological philosophy of models and cognition, for in doing so we can see how his understanding of the organism as a homeostat led to the primacy of models in his thinking. The evolutionary demand that environmental inputs be represented, or modeled, through the homeostat’s outputs helps to account for the development of complex nervous systems. It further demands an approach to perception as an active process of searching for key features of our environment, rather than a passive reception of the entirety of the world. Another benefit of Young’s approach is that it demonstrates the reciprocity of the evolutionary development of the nervous system, and the subsequent use of that system in individual learning, allowing both to be understood in relationship to the other. The evolutionary origins of learning through models further serves to throw doubt upon the possibility of an unmediated relationship with reality through a line of reasoning much similar to that of Kant, and physiological Neo-Kantians such as Helmholtz. It is a debt that is hinted at in Young’s writing, but never explicitly stated or developed. Realizing this connection helps to clarify his belief in an underlying reality despite the highly mediated nature of perception.
Aside from the conclusions he himself draws in his consideration of models, if taken a step further to the process whereby human researchers consciously develop their own models of some feature of nature, there is the concern that what they subsequently produce will necessarily be twice removed from any absolute “target system”. All that can be said for certain about the results of the researcher’s model is whether or not it seems to work. Explanation, or indeed knowledge itself, if seen in its place along the continuum of biological nature through which evolution hit upon the human nervous system can not help but be bent towards some kind of survival or reproduction, “what works”. However, what is meant by this “advanced” survival of the human homeostat is open to discussion, and may very well be most fruitfully seen alongside the memetic theories of the last thirty years.
Young saw his work on biology, models and cognition as having definite value to philosophy, and wrote with this in mind. It is a value which has not yet been fully recognized, though, as we have now seen, it is one that must warrant further study and consideration as the tide of academic opinion turns towards an alternative view of models and memetics more in keeping with what Young had in mind long before it became fashionable.
For More Information:
Craver, C.F. “When Mechanistic Models Explain” in Synthese: An International Journal
for Epistemology, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, (2006). Vol. 153 (3), 355-376.
Dawkins, Richard. The Selfish Gene. Oxford University Press; Oxford, 1976.
Thomas, P.K. “John Zachary Young, F.R.S., Hon. F.B.A., M.A. (1907–1997)” in Journal
of Anatomy (1998). Vol. 192. 313-314.
Young, John Z. Philosophy and the Brain. Oxford University Press; Oxford, 1987.
—. What Squids and Octopuses Tell Us About Brains and Memories. The American
Museum of Natural History; New York, 1977.
—. A Model of the Brain. The Clarendon Press; Oxford, 1964.
—. Doubt and Certainty in Science: A Biologist’s Reflections on the Brain. The
Clarendon Press; Oxford, 1950.
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One of the most well-accepted physical theories makes no logical sense. Quantum mechanics, the theory that governs the smallest possible spaces, forces our human brains to accept some really wacky, uncomfortable realities. Maybe we live in a world where certain observations can force our universe to branch into multiple ones. Or maybe actions in the present influence things earlier in time.
A team of physicists did some thinking, and realised this latter idea, called retrocausality, is a consequence of certain interpretations of quantum mechanics, and therefore, certain interpretations of the nature of reality. Their new paper is more of a “what-if,” an initial look at how to make some of those quantum mechanical interpretations work. Some people I asked thought the work was important, some thought it didn’t matter. Others felt the authors’ interpretation of quantum mechanics avoids the problems posed by the new paper. But no matter what, quantum mechanics will force us to make some uncomfortable conclusions about the world.
“The foundations of quantum theory are very controversial. We all agree how to use the theory but there’s no consensus about the reality it gives us,” study author Matthew Leifer from Chapman University told Gizmodo. This is an unusual situation for a theory in physics, since other theories are mostly based on intuitive things we can see and test. Quantum mechanics’ math, and its predictions, describe the world perfectly, but it’s sort of impossible to fully grasp what’s actually happening beyond the equations.
Quantum mechanics starts with the observation that at the smallest scale, stuff, whether it be light or a piece of an atom, can act simultaneously like a wave and a particle. That means that scientists deal with some level of probability when it comes to tiny things. Send one electron through a pair of parallel slits in a barrier, and you’ll see it hit the wall behind the barrier like a dot. But if you send many electrons, you’ll see a striped pattern as if they travelled like a light wave. You can’t predict exactly where one electron will hit, but you can create a list of the most likely spots.
Trouble is, describing particles with probabilities leads to some messy stuff. If you have two particles interacting and one’s innate physical properties relies on the other’s, then their associated probabilities, and therefore their identities, are intertwined. As an example, let’s say there are two bags, and each has one of two balls, red or green. You give a bag to your friend. Quantum mechanics only gives the probabilities that your bag contains either ball colour, and that’s all you know before making the observation. At human scales, each bag already contains a red or green ball. But on the particle scale, quantum mechanics says both balls are red and green at the same time—until you look.
That’s weird on its own, but it gets worse. If you look at your ball, the other ball automatically takes on the other colour. How does the other ball know that you looked? Maybe there is hidden physics, or faster-than-light travel that allows the information to be communicated. One popular interpretation is that we live in a multiverse. In that case, the probabilities don’t say anything about the ball, but about which universe we live in. Seeing a certain ball colour just means that you’re in the universe where your bag had the green ball. In the other universe, you saw a red ball.
So, researchers want to know which of these interpretations is correct. In their new paper, they specifically tackled cases where observing the first ball directly influences the ball in the other bag, through some form of communication. At first glance, this requires information to travel faster than the speed of light. And that sucks, because there’s already a theory that says nothing can travel faster than light. But that’s okay, say the researchers, if things can influence other things back in time. Forwards in time, I’d look at my red ball, then your bag would mysteriously contain a green ball. The retrocausality case says that backwards in time, we already know both ball colours, and my ball must be red because you already knew your ball was green. Then, the balls go hidden into the bag where they become red and green simultaneously. Basically, in this case, you can’t run an experiment where you can control for the effects the future has on the past.
This idea of events in the present influencing things in the past is a mathematical consequence of a pair of the author’s assumptions. The first assumption is that quantum mechanics should satisfy their definition of time-symmetry, like lots of other physics theories. That means that particles should behave the same way both forward and played in reverse—a billiard ball hitting a stationary ball looks the same no matter how you play the tape. The theory should also be “real,” as Leifer says. This means that the particles are more than a list of numbers, but are instead actual things that behave the same yesterday as they will tomorrow, and have properties that are innate, whether or not the experimenter is able to observe them.
Add the maths, and according to the new paper published in Proceedings of the Royal Society A this past week, boom. If you want your theory to be “time symmetric,” and work the same every day, retrocausality is required.
Most would say this is horrible, of course. If things can influence other things in the past, then who cares about all of science? Why test something at all if the result could be causing the cause? Leifer does offer a solution—a sort of block universe, where events in space and time don’t cause one another, but instead fit together like a jigsaw puzzle. But this idea hasn’t been developed into a mathematical theory, yet.
Basically, if retrocausality is true, then cause-and-effect is an illusion due to the fact that humans only see things in one direction. The paper is only dealing in what-ifs here, and doesn’t get into the specifics of how this effect would manifest, aside from in experiments. But the effect would be built into the very fabric of the universe.
Some physicists didn’t find this idea compelling. Christopher Fuchs from the University of Massachusetts, Boston told me that these so-called block universes “are neither living nor forced nor momentous for me.” He takes these terms from the philosopher William James, and means that the hypothesis doesn’t sound like a genuine possibility. It doesn’t force him to make a decision one way or the other, and essentially, it isn’t groundbreaking. “In my mind a far more viable path has already been blazed through very different considerations,” treating the observer of the universe as the most important agent, and sort of avoiding the impossible-to-observe.
Physicist Sean Carroll from CalTech thought the new paper was interesting, but he happens to like the already-strange many worlds theory, that says different results manifest in different universes described under the same probabilistic description. That’s the one where, in the red/green ball case, there are actually two universes, one where I saw the red ball and one where I saw the green ball. “It is perfectly time-symmetric and reversible under the conventional definitions,” he said. “And it certainly doesn’t require retrocausality. So as usual, if you are willing to take seriously the many worlds inside the wave function... much less weirdness is implied by quantum mechanics in other ways.” Essentially, he’s willing to trade the weirdness of retrocausality for the weirdness of many worlds.
But another expert I spoke to with was far more forgiving, and instead thought of this work as an important go/no-go idea for this line of thinking. “This paper makes a mathematical statement around retrocausality,” said Renato Renner from ETH Zurich in Switzerland. “It says maybe we need it if we want time symmetry,” a theory that still works if you play the physics in reverse. He thought this paper was one of the first pieces of research make such a well-defined statement about that concept.
So now, researchers have sat and wracked their brains about a solution to a problem that only arises if they assume certain things about the world—in other words, it’s a new idea, it’s only a requirement of the universe if you assume certain other things, and it’s kind of fringe. But as of now, no matter how you want to understand the fabric of the universe, you’re going to need to accept something that feels ridiculous, be it a multiverse, faster-than-light communication, or maybe even a world where the future influences the past.
“There’s a substantial group of people trying to understand the question of what’s really going on, and can we construct a theory based on stuff that really exists out there,” said Leifer. “The more different approaches we can think of and try out the better.” [Proceedings of the Royal Society A]
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ADAM (אָדָם), the first man and progenitor of the human race. The Documentary Hypothesis distinguishes two conflicting stories about the making of man in Scripture (for a contrary view, see U. Cassuto, From Adam to Noah, pp. 71 ff.). In the first account of Creation in the Bible (attributed by critics to the Priestly narration; Gen. 1) Adam was created in God's image (verse 27), as the climax of a series of Divine creative acts, and was given dominion over the rest of creation (verses 28–30). In the second story (attributed by critics to the J or Yahwist strand; Gen. 2–3), after the completion of heaven and earth, God fashioned "the man" (ha-adam) from dust of the ground (ha-adamah), breathed life into his nostrils, and placed him in the Garden of Eden to be caretaker. Permission was given to eat freely from any tree of the Garden except, under penalty of death, from the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Bad. In order that the man might not be alone but would have appropriate aid, God formed the various animals and had the man determine what they should be called. The man gave names to all the animals, but found among them no suitable help. God then put the man to sleep, extracted one of his ribs, and fashioned it into a woman, and presented her to the man who found her eminently satisfactory and congenial. The naked pair had no feeling of shame until the serpent seduced the woman to eat the fruit of the forbidden tree. The woman shared the fruit with her husband with the result that they became aware of their nakedness and hid from God. As punishment for this transgression, the serpent was condemned to crawl on its belly and eat dust. The woman was sentenced to the pangs of childbirth, a craving for her man, and subjection to him. The man, for his part, for listening to his wife and for violating the prohibition, was destined to toil and sweat in order to wrest a bare living from an accursed and hostile soil until his return to the dust whence he came. Perpetual enmity was established between snake and man. God then made skin tunics (better: "tunics for the skin") and clothed the man and woman. The man had now become like one of the divine beings "knowing good and bad" (Gen. 3:22, i.e., everything; cf. Gen. 31:24; Lev. 5:4; ii Sam. 13:22; Isa. 41:23). To keep the man from taking and eating of the Tree of Life and thereby acquiring the other quality that distinguished the divine beings, immortality, God expelled him from the Garden of Eden and barred access to the Tree of Life by means of the *cherubim and the flaming sword. Next one reads that "the man" had experience of his wife *Eve, who bore him *Cain and later *Abel (Gen. 4:1–2), and further on that "Adam," at the age of 130 years, sired *Seth by his wife (4:25; 5:3), after which he lived on for another eight centuries without report of further events, except that he "begot sons and daughters" and died at the age of 930 (5:4–5).
The presence of the article before the word adam in Genesis 2:7–4:1 militates against construing it as a proper name. However, in 4:25, and also in 5:1–5, the article is dropped and the word becomes Adam. The masorah takes advantage of the ambiguity of the consonantal spelling (l"dm) which can mean "to/for the man" or "to/for Adam," depending on the vocalization, to introduce the proper name Adam into Genesis 2:20 and 3:17, 21, contrary to the import of the passage. Similarly, the Septuagint and Vulgate begin at Genesis 2:19 to translate ha-adam as the proper name Adam.
The only further mention of Adam in the Bible occurs in the genealogical table of i Chronicles 1:1. It is moot whether adam in ke-adam of Hosea 6:7 and Job 31:33, and benei adam of Deuteronomy 32:8, is to be taken as the proper name. In the apocryphal books, however, there are several probable allusions to Adam and the creation story (Ecclus. 17:1; 49:16; Tob. 8:6; Wisd. Sol. 2:23; 9:2; 10:1).
The etymology of the word adam is ambiguous. The feminine form adamah designates the ground or soil, and the play on the two forms adam and adamah in Genesis 2:7 suggests for adam the meaning "earthling." The root אדם ('dm) is also connected with the color "red," which might apply to the color of the soil from which man was formed. The word adamu is used in Akkadian for "blood," adamatu for "black blood" in pathological conditions, and the plural adamātu for "dark, red earth [used as dye]." The word admu/atmu ("child") probably has no relation to adam but is rather to be connected with a root wtm and related to Hebrew yatom ("orphan"). In Old South Arabic 'dm has the meaning "serf." The occurrence of 'dm as the apparent theophorous element in few personal names such as ʿbd'dm ("servant of 'dm"; mt, Obed-Edom, ii Sam. 6:10 ff.), suggests a deity 'dm, but there is little additional direct evidence for this. In an Akkadian synonym list the word adamu is equivalent to an "important, noble person." The personal names A-da-mu, A-dam-u also appear in Old Akkadian and Old Babylonian (Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, 1, part 1 (1964), 95, s.v. adamu B; cf. also W. von Soden, Akkadisches Handwoerterbuch, 1 (1965), 10).
[Marvin H. Pope]
In the Aggadah
Adam was formed from a mixture of water and earth, as is implied in Genesis 2:7. According to Greek mythology too, Prometheus formed men from water and earth (Apollodorus, 1:7, 1); and Hesiod (Opera et Dies, 61) relates that Hephaestus kneaded earth and water and made woman. The ancient Egyptians also believed that "man was formed from miry and swampy land" (Diodorus 1:43, 2).
There is no reference in the existing texts of the Septuagint to the statement of the aggadah (Mekh. 60:14) that the translators of the Bible changed Genesis 1:26 from the plural "Let us make man in our image, after our likeness," to "I will make man in my likeness and image" in order to remove any suggestion of anthropomorphic polytheism. The aggadists were actually more concerned with possible polytheistic interpretations than with the suggestion of anthropomorphism, the belief in anthropomorphism being widespread in both Hellenistic and philosophical works (e.g., among the Epicureans). In any event, many of the aggadists attempted to remove these anthropomorphisms. Some of them explain, "in His image" as meaning "with the dignity of his Maker" (see Tanh. Pekudei 2; Gen. R. 11:2).
In the creation of the universe, whatever was created later had dominion over what preceded it, and Adam and Eve were "created after everything in order to have dominion over everything" (Gen. R. 19:4). They were "created last in order that they should rule over all creation… and that all creatures should fear them and be under their control" (Num. R. 12:4). The subjection of the creatures is also greatly stressed in Adam 37–39; Apocalypsis Mosis, 10–12. Another reason for man's being created last was "that he should immediately enter the banqueting hall (everything having already been prepared for him). The matter may be likened to an emperor's building a palace, consecrating it, preparing the feast, and only then inviting the guests" (Tosef. Sanh. 8:9). On the other hand, Adam was created last, so that "should he become conceited, he could be told, 'The gnat was created before you'" (ibid. 8:8). Adam alone, of all living things, was created "to stand upright like the ministering angels" (Gen. R. 8:11; cf. Ḥag. 16a). Both Adam and Eve were created "fully developed… Adam and Eve were created as adults 20 years of age" (Gen. R. 14:7). In fact, everything created, "the sun and the moon, the stars and the planets, all were created fully developed, all the works of creation being brought into existence in their completed state" (Num. R. 12:8). The same opinion was held by Philo and by a number of Greek and Roman scholars (Dion Chrysostomus, 36:59).
Thales, "father of philosophers," used to say, "Every thing that exists is very beautiful, being the work of God" (Diogenes Laertius, 1:35). In the same vein, Philo maintained (Op., 47:136–41) that Adam was a perfect creature. The aggadists exalt the beauty of Adam, saying, "The ball of Adam's heel outshone the glory of the sun: how much more so the brightness of his face" for "Adam was created for the service of the Holy One, and the orb of the sun for the service of mankind" (pdrk 101).
The rabbis interpret Genesis 1:27 to mean that Adam was created as a hermaphrodite (Er. 18a; Gen. R. 8:1; cf. also Jub. 2:14; 3:8). He was created on New Year's Day, the first of Tishri, and all that is related of him occurred on that very day. In the first hour his dust was assembled; in the second he was rough-hewn; in the third his limbs were articulated; in the fourth the soul was breathed into him; in the fifth he stood erect; in the sixth he gave names to all creatures; in the seventh Eve was brought to him; in the eighth they begot Cain and Abel; in the ninth they were forbidden to eat of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil; in the tenth they sinned; in the eleventh sentence was passed; and in the twelfth they were driven out of Eden (Sanh. 38b; cf. also Lev. R. 29:1).
When Adam was to be created, the angels were consulted. Some favored his creation for the love and mercy he would show; others were opposed to it because of the falsehood and strife he would stir up. In the end, the Holy One decided to create man (Gen. R. 8:5; Mid. Ps. to 1:22). The angels were filled with such awe at his creation that they wished to worship him, whereupon Adam pointed upward (pdre 10; Tanh. Pekudei 3), or, according to another version, God caused a deep sleep to fall upon him and the angels realized his limitations (Gen. R. 8:10). All the angels were ordered to bow down to him and they did so, all except *Satan, who was hurled into the abyss and conceived a lasting hatred for Adam (pdre 13). This myth of Satan's fall is to be found in the Apocryphal books, e.g., Adam 12–17.
It is characteristic of the book of Genesis that it gives the history of its principals up to a certain stage in their lives and then leaves them, taking up the story of their successors. Likewise, in the case of Adam, the Bible gives his story up to his expulsion from the Garden of Eden, and then deals with the succeeding generations, though Adam lived on for many years. No account is given of how Adam familiarized himself with the strange new world, which lacked those ideal conditions to which he had been accustomed. The aggadah, to some extent, attempts to fill the gap. It relates that "when the sun set (after he was driven out) darkness began to fall. Adam was terrified… thinking, 'The serpent will come to bite me.' The Holy One made available for him two flints (or, two stones) which he struck, one against the other, producing light" (Pes. 54a; Gen. R. 11:2). This subject is also dealt with by Adam and Eve 2:1, which relates that "the Lord God sent diverse seeds by Michael the archangel and gave them to Adam and showed him how to work and till the ground that they might have fruit, by which they and their generations might live." This is greatly developed in the Christian Adam books, the Cave of Treasures and the Conflict of Adam and Eve. This aggadah also hints at the answer to another question, how human civilization developed. This theme, especially the origin of light, the catalyst of all human development, greatly occupied Greek scholars. According to other aggadot, darkness itself and the seasonal change to winter terrified Adam until he became familiar with the order of the universe – sunset and sunrise, long days and short days (Av. Zar. 8a).
When Adam sinned, he lost his splendor. As a result of his sin, all things lost their perfection "though they had been created in their fullness," (Gen. R. 11:2; 12:6). Like Philo, the aggadists held that the beauty of the generations was slowly diminishing. All other people "compared to Sarah, are like apes compared to a man; Sarah compared with Eve, is like an ape compared to man, as was Eve compared to Adam" (bb 58a).
Satan selected the serpent as his tool because of its being the most subtle of beasts and the nearest to man in form, having been endowed with hands and feet (Gen. R. 19:1; 20:5). With regard to the identification of the tree of good and evil, the vine, the wheat, the citron, and the fig are suggested. According to this last view, it was because the fig tree had served as the source of Adam's sin that it subsequently provided him with the leaves to cover his nakedness, the consciousness of which was the direct result of that sin (Ber. 40a; Gen. R. 15:7; compare the Syriac Apocalypse of Adam (ed., Renan; 1853), 32). Adam was sent forth from the Garden of Eden in this world; whether he was also sent forth from the Eden of the next world is disputed (Gen. R. 21:7). With Adam's sin, the divine presence withdrew from this world, returning only with the building of the Tabernacle (pdrk 1). Adam learnt of the power of repentance from Cain. When Cain said to him, "I repented and have been forgiven," Adam beat his face and cried out, "So great is the power of repentance and I knew it not." Whereupon he sang the 90th Psalm, the Midrash interpreting its second verse as, "It is good to make confession to the Lord" (Gen. R. 22:13). In the Life of Adam and Eve, however, Adam and Eve's repentance after the expulsion from the garden is described at length (Adam 1–11). Adam was given the Noachian Laws (Sanh. 56b) and was enjoined to observe the Sabbath (Mid. Ps. to 92:6). He would have been given the whole Torah if he had not sinned (Gen. R. 24:5; 21:7). He was the first to pray for rain (Ḥul. 60b) and to offer sacrifice (Av. Zar. 8a). During the time he was separated from his wife, before he begot Seth, he gave birth to demons (Er. 18b; Gen. R. 20:11). The Zohar (7:34; 3:19) states that *Lilith, a demon, was the wife of Adam before the creation of Eve.
[Elimelech Epstein Halevy]
Medieval Jewish Philosophy
In Hellenistic and medieval Jewish philosophy Adam is often regarded as a prototype of mankind, and Genesis 2:8–3:24, interpreted as an allegory on the human condition. In spite of their predominant interest in the allegorical interpretation of the creation of Adam and his stay in the Garden of Eden, most Jewish philosophers appear to accept the historicity of the biblical account. For them the biblical story of Adam has both a literal and allegorical meaning.
Philo, following a Platonic model, sees in the twofold account of the creation of Adam a description of the creation of two distinct men, the heavenly man, created in the image of God (Gen. 1:27), and the earthly man, formed out of the dust of the earth (Gen. 2:7). The heavenly man is incorporeal. The earthly man is a composite of corporeal and incorporeal elements, of body and mind (Philo, i l.a. 12). Philo maintains that it is the mind of man and not his body which is in the image of God (Philo, Op. 23). The earthly Adam excelled all subsequent men both in intellectual ability and physical appearance, and attained the "very limit of human happiness" (Philo, Op. 3). But Adam did not remain forever at this level. Through eating from the forbidden tree of the knowledge of good and evil he brought upon himself a "life of mortality and wretchedness in lieu of that of immortality and bliss" (Philo, Op. 53). Philo interprets the eating from the forbidden tree allegorically as the indulgence in physical pleasures. Because Adam succumbed to his physical passions, his understanding descended from the higher level of knowledge to the lower level of opinion. While Philo at times does accept the literal interpretation of certain elements in the story, he generally rejects the literal meaning entirely and interprets all the elements of the story allegorically. Adam becomes the symbolic representation of mind; Eve, the representation of sense-perception; the serpent, the representation of passion; and the tree of knowledge, the representation of prudence or opinion. Though Philo did not exert any direct influence upon the medieval Jewish philosophers, there are many similarities between his conception of Adam ha-Rishon and that of medieval Jewish philosophy. The similarities in the descriptions of the perfections of the first man may have their origin in the midrashic descriptions of Adam, while the similarities in the interpretation of his sin probably result from the philosophic concerns common to Philo and the medievals.
*Judah Halevi maintains that Adam was perfect in body and mind. In addition to the loftiest intellect ever possessed by a human being, Adam was endowed with the "divine power" (ha-ko'aḥ ha-Eloḥi), that special faculty which, according to Halevi, enables man to achieve communion with God. This "divine power," passed down through various descendants of Adam to the people of Israel, is that which distinguishes the people of Israel from all other peoples (Kuzari, 1:95).
*Maimonides explains that when the Bible records that Adam was created "in the image of God" it refers to the creation of the human intellect, man's defining characteristic, which resembles the divine intellect, rather than to the creation of the body. Unlike Halevi, Maimonides believes that communion with God can be achieved through the development of the intellect, and that no special faculty is necessary. Thus, Maimonides emphasizes the intellectual perfection of Adam. Before the sin Adam's intellect was developed to its fullest capacity, and he devoted himself entirely to the contemplation of the truths of physics and metaphysics. Adam's sin consisted in his turning away from contemplation to indulge in physical pleasures to which he was drawn by his imagination and desires. As a result of his sin, Adam became occupied with controlling his appetites, and consequently his capacity for contemplation was impaired. His practical reason which before the sin had lain dormant was now activated, and he began to acquire practical rather than theoretical knowledge, a knowledge of values rather than of facts, of good and evil rather than of truth and falsehood, and of ethics and politics rather than of physics and metaphysics. It is clear that for Maimonides practical wisdom is inferior to theoretical wisdom, and that, therefore, the activation of Adam's practical reason at the expense of his theoretical reason was a punishment (Guide, 1:2).
Maimonides interprets various Midrashim on the story of Adam and the Garden of Eden allegorically in accordance with his interpretation of Adam's sin as the succumbing to physical passion. The Midrash describes the serpent as a camel ridden by Samael. According to Maimonides the serpent represents the imaginative faculty, while Samael, or the evil inclination, represents the appetitive faculty. Maimonides suggests that in the midrashic description of the tree of life in Genesis Rabbah 15:6 the tree represents physics and its branches metaphysics. The tree of knowledge, on the other hand, represents ethics or practical wisdom rather than physics and metaphysics. Instead of eating from the tree of life, i.e., devoting himself to the study of physics and metaphysics which would have enabled him to attain immortality, Adam ate from the forbidden tree; he followed his imagination and succumbed to his passions, thereby impairing his capacity for the contemplation of truth, and acquiring the capacity for the acquisition of a knowledge of ethics (Guide, 2:30).
Joseph *Albo maintains that Adam, as the prototype of mankind, is the choicest of all the creatures of the sublunar world and the purpose of the creation because he is the only creature that has a knowledge of God. All other creatures exist for his sake, and he has a dominion over them. Albo, too, interprets the story of the Garden of Eden allegorically, regarding it as a "symbolic allusion to man's fortune in the world" (Sefer ha-Ikkarim, 1:11). In his interpretation Adam represents mankind; the Garden of Eden, the world; the tree of life, the Torah; and the serpent, the evil inclination. The placing of Adam in the garden, in the midst of which stands the tree of life, symbolizes the fact that man is placed in the world in order to observe the commandments of the Torah. In the banishment of Adam from the Garden of Eden after he ate from the forbidden tree Albo sees an allusion to the punishment that will befall man if he disobeys the Divine commandments.
[David Kadosh /
In Christian Tradition
Adam as the progenitor of the human race and as the type of humanity as such, plays a far greater role in Christian theological thought than in classical Judaism, since the former uses the account in Genesis 1–2 (and especially the story of Adam's sin and expulsion from Paradise) as a basis for its doctrine of man and his relation to God. Endowed with many extraordinary qualities as the crown of God's creation (e.g., perfect righteousness, sanctifying grace, absence of concupiscence, viz. evil inclination, immortality, etc.), he lost these at his fall ("original sin") and transmitted his fallen and corrupted nature to all his posterity. Only by the coming of Jesus, the "Second Adam," was humanity restored to its original grandeur and perfection "for as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive" (i Cor. 15:22). As the heavenly Adam succeeded the earthly Adam, so humanity of the flesh will become a spiritual humanity (i Cor. 15:44–49). The teaching of Paul greatly influenced Augustine and later Calvin in their formulations of the doctrine on original sin, implying as it does the innate corruption of human nature.
According to one Christian tradition, Adam is buried not in the Machpelah cave at Hebron but under the Calvary in the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, so that the redemptive blood of Jesus shed at the crucifixion, flowed on his grave. In the Greek Orthodox Church a feast in honor of the parents of humanity, Adam and Eve, is kept on the Sunday preceding Christmas.
In Islamic Legend
Adam is more favorably presented in the Koran than in the Bible. The Adamic legend, as Muhammad related it, is as follows: Allah created Adam to become his regent (caliph) on earth (Sura 2:28) and made a covenant with him (Sura 20:114; cf. Hos. 6:7 and Sanh. 38b). At first the angels opposed it, fearing that man would evoke evil and bloodshed. However, Allah endowed Adam with the knowledge of the names of all things. The angels, who do not know these names, recognize Adam's superiority and pay him homage. Only Iblīs (Gr. diábolos, the Devil) revolts, claiming that he who is born of fire should not bow before one who is born of dust, whereupon Allah expels Iblīs from Paradise. Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of a tree, but Šayṭān (Satan) appears and whispers in their ears: Allah has forbidden this tree to you, so that you will not live eternally like the angels (Sura 7:19). They eat from the tree, become aware of their nakedness, and cover themselves with the leaves of Eden. Allah proclaims eternal enmity between Man and Satan. Then Adam repents for his sin.
*Geiger recognized that the concept that God had consulted the angels and that voices had been raised against the creation of man belongs to an old aggadah (Sanh. 38a–b; Gen. R. 8:1). The fact that the Koran knew nothing of the serpent but placed Satan in its place points perhaps to Christian influence. Umayya ibn Abi'l-Salt, Muhammad's contemporary, knew of the serpent in connection with Adam's disobedience, but not the Satan.
Later Muslim interpreters and collectors of legends completed the story of the Koran from the Bible, aggadah, and their own poetic elaboration: Allah sent his angels, Gabriel and Michael, down to Earth in order to fetch dust for the creation of man; but the Earth rejected them and the Angel of Death forcibly took dust from the surface (surface of the earth in Arabic, Adīm, thus Adam). Adam was created from red, white, and black dust – hence the various skin colorings of mankind. The dust for the head came from the Ḥaram in Mecca; the chest, the sanctuary in Jerusalem; the loins, Yemen; the feet, Ḥejāz; the right hand, the East; and the left hand, the West. For a long time the body was lifeless and without a soul. Suddenly the spirit penetrated the body, Adam sneezed and exclaimed with the angels, "Praise be to Allah."
The notion of the homogeneity of the human race, as expressed in the legend which says that dust was gathered from the whole Earth to create Adam's body, is found in the Talmud (Sanh. 38a). Rav, however, suggested the following: dust was taken for the body from Babylon; the head, Ereẓ Israel; and the remaining limbs, the rest of the countries (Sanh. 38b). The idea that in the beginning Adam lay still as a figure of clay without a soul (golem), also originates from an aggadah (bibliography and interpretation in Bacher, Pal Amor, 2 (1896), 50–51; in addition, Mid. Hag. to Gen. 2:7). The aggadah and the Islamic legend both share the belief that God was the first couple's "best man," and that the forbidden fruit was wheat. This is the reason why Gabriel taught Adam agriculture: wheat banished man from Paradise, but wheat also introduced him to the earthly world. The aggadah is interested in calculating just how the hours of Adam's first day were spent (Sanh. 38b). That Adam did not stay an entire day in Paradise is derived from Psalms 49:13: "But man abides ["spends the night"] not in honor." According to the Islamic legend, Adam foresaw the future generations and their prophets. In the aggadah there is also a most impressive description of how one generation after the other – with its great men and sages – file past Adam (Sanh. 38b; Av. Zar. 5a; arn 31:91; Gen. R. 24:2; pr 23:115).
Nor is there any doubt as to the reciprocity between the Islamic legend and the late Midrash. Thus, for instance, the specific statement that Adam was formed from red, white, and black earth – hence the differences in the complexion of mankind – is a further development of both the late aggadah (Targ. Yer., Gen. 2:7; pdre 11) and the Islamic legend. The Koran (2:28–32) recognizes Adam's superior status in that he knew the names of the creatures and things. Familiar is the Islamic oath: "By Allah who taught the names to Adam" (see Gen. R. 17:4). Pirkei de-R. Eliezer 16 says – under Islamic influence – that Samael came to Eden riding on the serpent; what the serpent said, all came from Samael (similar, Mid. Hag. to Gen. 3:1–5). The following example appears to be significant concerning the mutual influence of aggadah and Islamic legend: Genesis Rabbah 19:8 cites Genesis 2:17: "On the day on which you eat from it, you will die," in connection with Psalms 90:10: "The number of our years is seventy," and thus interprets: "One Lord's Day, that is, 1,000 years [Ps. 90:4] was allotted to Adam, but he only lived 930 years and gave 70 years to each of his descendants." Pirkei de-R. Eliezer 19 relates that Adam gave 70 years of his life to David. According to Tabari (1:156), Adam let David have 40 of his own years.
Adam and Eve often appear in illuminated manuscripts, especially in the scenes of the Temptation and the period after the Fall. Among them is the Hebrew manuscript (British Museum Add. 11639), where the serpent is shown with a human face. This indicates the influence of the Jewish legend, which relates that before the Temptation of Eve, the serpent had wings, hands, and feet and was the size of a camel. Other illustrations are more conventional in examples such as the British Museum Haggadah (Ms. Or. 2884) and the Haggadah of Sarajevo, but it is interesting to note that the non-Jewish manuscripts such as Octateuch in Istanbul (Serail, Codex 8), a Bible Moralisée in the British Museum (Add. 15248), and Hugo van der Goes' diptych in Vienna are influenced by this Jewish legendary approach.
In the Arts
The story of Adam and Eve is frequently exploited in Western literature because of its theological association with the Christian doctrine of Original Sin. The oldest surviving treatment is the 12th-century Anglo-Norman Jeu d'Adam. In medieval English, French, and Spanish miracle plays Adam is represented as a precursor of Jesus. An early Protestant interpretation was Der farend Schueler im Paradeiss (1550), a comedy by the German dramatist and poet Hans Sachs. The drama L'Adamo (1613), by the Italian actor-playwright Giambattista Andreini, probably influenced the English Puritan John *Milton, whose Paradise Lost (1667) depicts Adam as a free agent overcome by Satan, but sustained by his belief in ultimate redemption. This post-medieval conception of the first man also permeates two Dutch works, the Adamus Exul (1601) of Hugo Grotius (Hugo de Groot) and Adam in Ballingschap ("Adam in Exile," 1664) by Joost van den Vondel. Milton's epic poem was dramatized by John Dryden as The State of Innocence, and Fall of Man (1677), while a Rousseauesque yearning for an imagined Golden Age appears in the drama Der Tod Adams (1757) by the German poet F.G. Klopstock.
Some later plays on this theme are Az ember tragédiája ("The Tragedy of Man," 1862) by the Hungarian writer Imre Madách; Adam Stvořitel ("Adam the Creator," 1927) by the Czech authors Josef and Karel Čapek; Nobodaddy (1925) by the American writer Archibald Macleish; and the first part of G.B. Shaw's Back to Methuselah (1921). The English writer C.M. Doughty based his "sacred drama" Adam Cast Forth (1908) on a Judeo-Arabian legend; while Arno *Nadel wrote his play Adam (1917) on the basis of a fragment by S. *An-ski.
In the sphere of art there are early treatments of the Adam and Eve theme in second-century frescoes at Naples and in the Christian chapel at *Dura-Europos in Syria, as well as on Roman sarcophagi. There are also representations in medieval mosaics and in metal and in both Christian manuscripts and Jewish *Haggadot of the Middle Ages. Scenes from the creation of Adam to the expulsion from Eden were much favored by medieval artists and early sculptures include the reclining Eve by the 12th-century French sculptor Gislebertus, and a pair of gaunt figures at Bamberg Cathedral in Germany (c. 1235).
In the 15th century the reawakening feeling for the beauty of the human body gave artists an opportunity to depict the nude within the framework of religious art, particularly in Renaissance Italy. Masaccio's fresco in the Brancacci Chapel in Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence (1427) shows Adam and Eve leaving the Garden of Eden with their faces buried in their hands in a striking gesture of despair. In the best-known representation of the theme, Michelangelo's The Creation of Adam (1511) in the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican, the newly created man reclines on a rock while the Creator sweeps by with the heavenly host. Other treatments are those of Raphael and Tintoretto, and Titian's robustly sensual Fall (1570) in the Prado, Madrid. Adam and Eve were also represented by various masters of the Flemish, Dutch, and German schools, notably the brothers Van Eyck, Albrecht Duerer, Hieronymus Bosch, Lucas Cranach, and Hugo van der Goes. In the painting The Spring by the French artist Nicolas Poussin (1660–64), Adam and Eve are seen in a peaceful landscape resembling a vast park (in the Louvre, Paris). A century later the theme inspired a watercolor by William *Blake, while Marc *Chagall painted a Creation, a Paradise, and an Expulsion from Eden, all remarkable for their iridescent colors. Two modern examples are Rodin's Eve (1881) for his Gates of Hell, and Jacob *Epstein's heroic and deliberately primitive Adam (1938).
The earliest musical work of any distinction based on the Bible story is the opera by the German composer, J.A. Theile, Der erschaffene, gefallene und wieder aufgerichtete Mensch (1678). There have been many librettos based on Milton's Paradise Lost and on its Continental imitations, notably Klopstock's Der Tod Adams, which was set to music as La Mort d'Adam (1809) by the French composer J.-F. Lesueur. Anton *Rubinstein's first oratorio, Das verlorene Paradies (1858), and E. Bossi's Italian "poema sinfonico-vocale," Il paradiso perduto (1903), were both based on Milton's epic. Two interesting French compositions were F. David's L'Eden (1848) and Jules Massenet's stage music for the "mystère" Ève (1875). The American composer Everett Helm's Adam and Eve (1951) is a modern adaptation of a 12th-century mystery play.
See also: *Creation in the Arts.
bible: Amsler, in: Revue de Théologie et de Philosophie, 2 (1958), 107–12; N. Sarna, Understanding Genesis (1966), 1–36. aggadah: Guttmann, Mafte'aḥ, 1 (1906), 621–48; Ginzberg, Legends, 1 (1942), 49–102; 5 (1947), 63–131; Altmann, in: jqr, 35 (1944/45), 371–91; J. Jervell, Imago Dei (1960); Smith, in: bjrl, 40 (1957/58), 473–512; idem, in: E.R. Goodenough Memorial Volume (1968), 315–26.; M. Stone, History of the Literature of Adam and Eve (1992); G. Anderson, The Genesis of Perfection (2001); P. van der Horst, ddd: 5–6. philosophy: Guttmann, Philosophies, 289; D. Kaufmann, Meḥkarim ba-Sifrut ha-Ivrit shel Yemei ha-Beinayim (1962), 126–35; Talmage, in: huca, 39 (1968), 177–218; H.A. Wolfson, Philo, 2 (1947), index. add. bibliography: D. Steinmetz, in: jbl, 13 (1984), 193–207; J. Barr, Garden of Eden (1992); D. Carr, in, zaw, 110 (1998), 327–47; E. Pagels, Adam, Eve, and the Serpent (1998); N. Sarna, Genesis the jps Torah Commentary (1989), 16–30. christian tradition: Driscoll, in: Catholic Encyclopedia, 1 (1907), 131–2; Dictionaire de Théologie Catholique, 1 (1929), 368–86; J. Daniélou, Sacramentum Futuri (1950), 3–52 (Fr.); Jeremias, in: G. Kittel (ed.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, 1 (1964), 141–3. islam: J.W. Hirschberg, Juedische und christliche Lehren im vor und fruehislamischen Arabien (1939), 47–53, 105–114; A.I. Katsch, Judaism in Islam (1954), index. add. bibliography: Adam, in: eis2, 1, s.v. (incl. bibl.). in the arts: T. Ehrenstein, Das Alte Testament im Bilde (1923), 1–78; The Bible in Art (1956), 5–17; Weitzmann, in: Muenchner Jahrbuchfuer bildende Kunst, 3–4 (1952–53), 96 ff.; Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte, 1 (1937), 126–67 (with illustrations).
ADAM is the designation and name of the first human creature in the creation narratives found in the Hebrew scriptures (Old Testament). The word adam may refer to the fact that this being was an "earthling" formed from the red-hued clay of the earth (in Hebrew, adom means "red," adamah means "earth"). Significantly, this latter report is found only in Genesis 2:7, where the creator god enlivens him by blowing into his nostrils the breath of life. Here the first being is clearly a lone male, since the female was not yet formed from one of his ribs to be his helpmate (ʿezer ke-negdo; Gn. 2:21–23). In the earlier textual account of Genesis 1:1–24a, which is generally considered to be a later version than that found in Genesis 2:4b–25, God first consults with his divine retinue and then makes an adam in his own "form and image": "in the form of God he created him; male and female he created them" (Gn. 1:27). If the second clause is not simply a later qualification of a simultaneous creation of a male and a female both known as adam (see also Gn. 5:1), then we may have a trace of the creation of a primordial androgyne.
Later ancient traditions responded to this version by speculating that the original unity was subsequently separated and that marriage is a social restitution of this polarity. Medieval Jewish Qabbalah, which took the expression "in the image of God" with the utmost seriousness, projected a vision of an adam qadmon, or "primordial Adam," as one of the configurations by which the emanation of divine potencies that constituted the simultaneous self-revelation of God and his creation could be imagined. And because Adam is both male and female according to scriptural authority, the qabbalists variously refer to a feminine aspect of the godhead that, like the feminine of the human world, must be reintegrated with its masculine counterpart through religious action and contemplation. Such a straight anthropomorphic reading of Genesis 1:27 was often rejected by religious philosophers especially (both Jewish and Christian), and the language of scripture was interpreted to indicate that the quality which makes the human similar to the divine is the intellect or will. Various intermediate positions have been held, and even some modern Semiticists have preferred to understand the phrase "image of God" metaphorically; that is, as referring to man as a divine "viceroy" (in the light of an Akkadian expression), and this in disregard of clearly opposing testimony in both Mesopotamian creation texts (like Enuma elish ) and biblical language itself (cf. Gn. 5:1–3).
According to the first scriptural narrative, this adam was the crown of creation. Of his creation alone was the phrase "very good" used by God (Gn. 1:30f.). Moreover, this being was commissioned to rule over the nonhuman creations of the earth as a faithful steward (Gn. 1:29–2:9). Out of regard for the life under his domain, this being was to be a vegetarian. In the second version (where the specifying designation ha-adam, "the Adam," predominates; cf. Gn. 2:7–4:1), the creature is put into a divine garden as its caretaker and told not to eat of two trees—the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and the tree of life, that is, the two sources of knowledge and being—under pain of death (Gn. 2:15–17). This interdict is subsequently broken, with the result that death, pain of childbirth, and a blemished natural world were decreed for humankind (Gn. 3:14–19).
This primordial fault, which furthermore resulted in the banishment of Adam and his companion from the garden (Gn. 3:22–24), and the subsequent propagation of the human species as such (Gn. 4:1ff.), has been variously treated. The dominant rabbinic tradition is that the sin of Adam resulted in mortality for humankind and did not constitute a qualitative change in the nature of the species—it was not now set under the sign of sin as it was in the main Christian tradition, beginning with Paul and exemplified in the theologies of Augustine and John Calvin. For Christian theology, the innate corruption of human nature that resulted from Adam's fall was restored by the atoning death of a new Adam, Jesus (cf. 1 Cor. 15:22). In one Christian tradition, the redemptive blood of Christ flowed onto the grave of Adam, who was buried under Calvary in the Holy Sepulcher. The typologizing of Adam in Jewish tradition often focused on him as the prototype of humankind, and so the episode in Eden was read as exemplary or allegorical of the human condition and the propensity to sin. In this light, various spiritual, moral, or even legal consequences were also drawn, particularly with respect to the unity of the human race deriving from this "one father"—a race formed, according to one legend, from different colored clays found throughout the earth. In addition, mystics, philosophical contemplatives, and Gnostics of all times saw in the life of Adam a pattern for their own religious quest of life—as, for example, the idea that the world of the first Adam was one of heavenly luminosity, subsequently diminished; the idea that Adam was originally a spiritual being, subsequently transformed into a being of flesh—his body became his "garments of shame"; or even the idea that Adam in Eden was originally sunk in deep contemplation of the divine essence but that he subsequently became distracted, with the result that he became the prisoner of the phenomenal world. For many of these traditions, the spiritual ideal was to retrieve the lost spiritual or mystical harmony Adam originally had with God and all being.
Apocryphal books about Adam and his life were produced in late antiquity and in the Middle Ages, and the theme was also quite popular in Jewish and Christian iconography, in medieval morality plays, and in Renaissance art and literature. Well known among the latter is John Milton's Paradise Lost, illustrated by John Dryden. Michelangelo's great Creation of Adam in the Sistine Chapel, the Edenic world in the imagination of the modern painter Marc Chagall, and the agonies of loss, guilt, and punishment seen in the works of Franz Kafka demonstrate the continuing power of the theme of Adam's expulsion from Eden.
Fishbane, Michael. Text and Texture. New York, 1979. See pages 17–23.
Ginzberg, Louis. The Legends of the Jews (1909–1938). 7 vols. Translated by Henrietta Szold et al. Reprint, Philadelphia, 1937–1966. See volume 1, pages 49–102; volume 5, pages 63–131; and the index.
Le Bachelet, Xavier. "Adam." In Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, vol. 1, cols. 368–386. Paris, 1903.
Sarna, Nahum M. Understanding Genesis. New York, 1972. See pages 12–18.
Speiser, E. A. Genesis. Anchor Bible, vol. 1. Garden City, N.Y., 1964. See pages 3–28.
Michael Fishbane (1987)
The name given in the genealogical lists of Gn 4.25–5.5 to the first human being, identical in form with the Hebrew word for man, 'ādām. He is named simply Man, not merely because he was the first man, but rather because he was regarded as the type of all mankind (Gn 5.2). However, in the story of paradise and the Fall of Man in Gn 2.4b–3.24 the term is always preceded by the definite article in Hebrew, hā-’ādām, "the man," and therefore in this section it should not be translated as if it were a proper noun. The Hebrew word 'ādām means man in the sense of "mankind"; to designate an individual man, Hebrew must use the term ben ’ādām, son, i.e., member, of the human race. This fact is of some importance in the interpretation of the story of the fall of man, in which the inspired author is speaking not so much about an individual man as about the whole human race typified by this individual.
The derivation of the Hebrew word 'ādām is uncertain. Probably there is nothing more than a folk etymology in Gn 2.7 where it is implied that man is called 'ādām because God formed him out of the dirt of the 'ădāmâ (ground). But in any case, the author of Gn 2.4b–3.24
makes skillful use of this derivation: because man ('ādām ) was formed from the ground ('ădāmâ ), he is destined to till the ground (Gn 2.5) in hard labor (3.17, 23) and ultimately go back to it in death (3.17).
According to the genealogies of the patriarchs, Adam lived for 930 years (Gn 5.5). The children that eve bore him were Cain, Abel and Seth (4.1–2, 25).
After these first few chapters of Genesis, Adam is not mentioned again in the Old Testament until the books written in the last few centuries before Christ (1 Chr 1.1; Tb 8.6; Sir 17.1–4; 49.16; Wis 2.23–24; 9.2–3; 10.1–2), when people began to speculate about the first man. Several curious tales are told about Adam in the apocryphal and rabbinical writings.
In the New Testament, besides the passing references in Lk 3.38, Acts 17.26, and Jude 14, Adam is mentioned in connection with the Christian doctrine on marriage (Mt 19.4–6; Eph 5.31), the position of women (1 Cor 11.7–12; 1 Tm 2.13–14), and especially the teachings of St. Paul on the universality of grace (Rom 5.12–21), the resurrection of the dead (1 Cor 15.21–22), and the state of the glorified body (1 Cor 15.45–49). Paul draws an important contrast between "the first, the old, the earthly Adam" of Genesis and "the second, the new, the heavenly Adam" who is Christ; the former is the "figure" (τύπος) of the latter (Rom 5.14). The Christian must "strip off the old Adam and his deeds and put on the new Adam, so that he may be renewed unto perfect knowledge according to the image of his Creator" (Col 3.9–10).
In theology both Greek and Latin fathers affirmed a privileged state for Adam, head of the human race, before his sin, but the enumeration and analysis of his gifts were arrived at slowly. Some, such as Gregory of Nyssa, tended to elaborate; others, such as Irenaeus, tended to attenuate the Genesis paradisal passages. Augustine formulated the traditional gifts: immortality, impassibility, integrity,
a marvelous knowledge. He made the gift of original justice seem the same as sanctifying grace. Anselm followed Augustine but saw original justice as pertaining to the nature of man. Aquinas taught that Adam was created in grace but left room for a distinction between sanctifying grace and original justice, the former regarded not as a formal constituent of original justice but as efficient cause. He followed Augustine's enumeration of the gifts, as did most scholastics up until the present century. A triple subordination existed in Adam. His reason was subject to God, the lower powers to reason, the body to the soul; and the first subjection was the cause of both the second and third (St. Thomas, Summa theologiae, 1a, 95.1). The Church is more cautious than its theologians. Nowhere are the gifts singly defined. Trent uses the phrase "holiness and justice" to indicate them (H. Denzinger, Enchiridion symbolorum, 1511).
The theory of evolution and the findings of paleontology have proposed many questions about the first man (see evolution). Were there many Adams or just one? Was Adam the paragon of creation or a cave man? Did he know the natures of all created things or was his knowledge very primitive? Contemporary sciences dealing with the origin of man seem to contradict the traditional concept of Adam. "If the details of the evolutionary theory regarding man are still hypothetical, its general direction is uncontestably shown [and] the conception of a primitive paradisal state would seem to be absolutely outside the facts" (Gardeil).
Contemporary theology on Adam has accepted, in general, this trend in scientific thought. Pius XII in 1950 reminded Catholics that "the Catholic faith obliges us to believe that souls are immediately created by God" and that Adam cannot be regarded as representing a certain number of first parents since "it is in no way apparent how such an opinion can be reconciled with what the fonts of revelation and the pronouncements of the magisterium
of the Church set forth concerning original sin" (Enchiridion symbolorum, 3896–97).
Toward a harmony of science and revealed truth, theologians make many points. Three may be mentioned here. There is a parallel between the production of the first man and that of any man. As in the latter case biology cannot ascertain the fact of the infusion of the soul by God, so in the former paleontology cannot ascertain the fact of the divine intervention. Again, sanctifying grace is not to be judged or measured by technology. The first man may indeed have been a primitive; this does not rule out his friendship with god. Finally, the special endowments of Adam may be interpreted now as "germs or possibilities rather than perfections actually realized" (Gardeil).
See Also: eve; creation, articles on; original sin.
Bibliography: Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, ed. a. vacant et al., 15 v. (Paris 1903–50; Tables générales 1951), Tables générales 1:30–33. j. schildenberger, Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, ed. j. hofer and k. rahner, 10 v. (Freiburg 1957–65) 1:127–130. a. robert and a. tricot, Guide to the Bible, tr. e. p. arbez and m. p. mc guire, 2 v. (Tournai-New York 1951–55; v. 1 rev. and enl. 1960) 1:174, excellent bibliog. on European and American lit. to 1960. l. pirot and j. b. frey, Dictionnaire de la Bible, suppl. ed. l. pirot et al. (Paris 1928–) 1:86–134. j. jeremias, in g. kittel, Theologisches Wörterbuch zum Neuen Testament (Stuttgart 1935–) 1:141–143. j. daniÉlou, From Shadows to Reality, tr. w. hibberd (Westminster, Md. 1960). a. vitti, "Christus-Adam," Biblica 7 (1926) 121–145, 270–285, 384–401. c. westermann, Genesis 1–11 (Minneapolis, 1984–86). thomas aquinas, Summa theologiae, 1a, 90–102, and commentary by h. d. gardeil in Somme théologique I.90–102: Les Origines de l'homme, tr. a. patfoort (Paris 1963) 423–451. j. coppens, La Connaissance du bien et du mal et le péché du Paradis (Louvain 1948), also in Revue biblique 56 (1949) 300–308. j. de fraine, The Bible and the Origins of Man (New York 1962). a. m. dubarle, Le Péché originel dans l'Écriture (Paris 1958). c. hauret, Beginnings: Genesis and Modern Science, tr. and ed. e. p. emmans (Dubuque 1964). m. m. labourdette, Le Péché originel et les origines de l'homme (Paris 1953). j. l. mckenzie, Myths and Realities (Milwaukee 1963) 146–181. r. j. nogar, The Wisdom of Evolution (Garden City, N.Y. 1963). h. renckens, Israel's Concept of the Beginning, tr. c. napier (New York 1964). l. f. hartman, "Sin in Paradise," The Catholic Biblical Quarterly, 20 (1958) 26–40, with fine bibliog. c. reilly, "Adam and Primitive Man," The Irish Theological Quarterly 26 (1959) 331–345. c. vollert, "Evolution and the Bible," Symposium on Evolution (Pittsburgh 1959) 81–119.
[e. h. peters/
t. r. heath/eds.]
Play by Joshua Sobol, 1989
Adam (1989), the second of three plays in a Holocaust triptych by Israeli playwright Joshua Sobol, dramatizes the historical struggle for power in the Vilna ghetto between Judenrat leader Jacob Gens and United Partisan Organization (UPO) leader Yitzhak Wittenberg, whom Sobol calls Adam Rolenick in the play. Unlike in Sobol's most popular and widely known drama about the Holocaust, Ghetto, Gens in Adam is not portrayed favorably but rather as an accomplice of the Nazi ghetto liquidator Kittel. In this play Gens and the members of the UPO disagree strongly on the most suitable course of action to take against the Nazis. Gens, believing that the Russian army will rescue them in a few months (they are approaching from the east), demands that the Jews be patient and act peacefully in order to avoid the attention and the wrath of the Nazis. The UPO believes, contrariwise, that the Jews in the ghetto must arm themselves with weapons and fight against the Nazis because the liquidation of the ghetto is inevitable; they must take their fate into their own hands and, if successful in their attempt to fight their way out of the ghetto, join the partisans in the forest. The clash in the methodology pits the two sides on a collision course because Kittel is under orders, as a consequence of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, to liquidate any ghetto that shows evidence of armed underground activity. Therefore, the actions of the UPO could potentially save the lives of the Jews in the ghetto or at least allow them to die with dignity, but, conversely, their actions could incite the Nazis to destroy everyone in the ghetto. Both Gens and the members of the UPO have a plausible argument, but Sobol chooses to tell the story primarily from the perspective of Rolenick (Wittenberg) and his lover, Nadya, who survives the ghetto and whose purpose in the play is to serve as a narrator of the action and an eyewitness.
After a Lithuanian partisan named Kaslaskas is captured by the Nazis and, under torture, provides them with Rolenick's name, Kittel decides to capture Rolenick so that he can torture him, thus finding out all the information he can regarding the armed underground resistance in Vilna. Because of his desire to prevent the liquidation of the ghetto, which would occur if armed resistance and contact with partisans were discovered, Gens works against the UPO, arranging to turn their leader, Rolenick, over to Kittel. When Gens sets up a meeting at night with Rolenick, Kittel is there with some Nazi soldiers to arrest the UPO leader. To Kittel's surprise there are UPO members conducting surveillance of the arrest; they attack the Nazis and free Rolenick, thus allowing him to hide in the ghetto. The UPO attack on Kittel's Nazi officers is simultaneously a success and a failure, for the underground rescues their leader but at the same time exposes their military operations and insults the Nazis, jeopardizing the lives of the 15,000 Jews who inhabit the Vilna ghetto. Gens is then faced with an ultimatum from Kittel: turn Rolenick over to him within a few hours or the ghetto will be liquidated and all of the Jews will die. Once again Gens comes into conflict with the UPO. Kittel successfully turns the Jews against themselves: Gens sends a frantic message to his constituents, claiming that all of them will die unless they find Rolenick within a few hours and turn him over to Kittel. The inhabitants of the Vilna ghetto proceed with a desperate search for Rolenick; the members of the UPO decide initially to fight in order to protect Rolenick, yet they back down because that involves fighting against and injuring their fellow Jews. Ultimately the UPO agrees reluctantly to surrender their leader, much to his dismay. Rolenick asserts prophetically that any organization willing to surrender its leader will never succeed.
Adam Rolenick turns himself over to Gens, who, surprisingly, is rather disappointed. Gens has expected—and even desired—an armed revolt against the Nazis. Gens, therefore, is a very complex character: He works against the armed resistance because of his role as ghetto leader, but he, conversely, sympathizes with the movement and would have enthusiastically joined it if the revolt had occurred. Because Rolenick turns himself in, however, the UPO becomes fragmented and never attempts the military battle that they had planned. As Rolenick correctly predicts, the ghetto is ultimately liquidated with no resistance, as the Jewish inhabitants, who turned against the underground movement, go meekly to their deaths. As for the members of the UPO, some of them escape to the forest, where they join the partisans.
In Adam Sobol dramatizes one instance, based on historical documents and eyewitness accounts, of how the Nazis successfully turned the Jews against themselves. The Jewish inhabitants of the ghetto wanted so desperately to live that they, ironically, helped to destroy the only organization that could have saved them.
ADAM , Jewish monthly literary journal in the Romanian language. The first number of Adam was published in Bucharest on April 15, 1929. The journal was subsequently published for 12 years, until July 1940, in book form. Its founder and director was the writer and publicist I. *Ludo (Isac Iacovitz). He edited the review until 1936, when he left Romania temporarily and sold it to Miron Grindea and Idov Cohn. They continued publication until their emigration from Romania, Miron Grindea to England (where he published a new review under the same name in London in English) and Idov Cohn (Cohen) to Palestine. Adam was a successful publication, reflecting the personality of its editor, Ludo, who wrote most of the articles. He succeeded in attracting various contributors, intellectuals with various outlooks, among them Felix *Aderca, Ury *Benador, F. Brunea-Fox, Ion Calugaru, Avraham *Feller, Benjamin Fundoianu, Jacob Gropper, Rabbi M.A. Halevy, Michael *Landau, Theodor Loewenstein, Marius *Mircu, Chief Rabbi Jacob Niemirower, Eugen *Relgis, and A.L. *Zissu. Some of them (as well as others) served their literary apprenticeship at Adam. It was a review that refused to surrender to the ghetto mentality and also attracted non-Jewish contributors, among whom the best known were Tudor Arghezi, Gala Galaction, Eugen Lovinescu, and N.D. Cocea. Adam also featured many illustrations, including work by Victor *Brauner, Marcel *Jancu, M.H. *Maxy, Jules *Perachim, and Reuven *Rubin. Adam also engaged in polemics. Its basic idea was that Jewish-Romanian writers, before they could be Romanian writers, must be Jewish writers. In 1939, Adam published a yearbook on the occasion of its tenth anniversary.
Adam (1929–40); Almanahul Adam (1939); A. Mirodan, Dictionar neconventional, 1 (1986), 18–21; M. Mircu, Povestea presei evreiesti din Romania (2003), 320–58; H. Kuller, Presa evreiasca bucuresteana (1996), 116–19.
[Lucian-Zeev Herscovici (2nd ed.)]
In Islam, Adam is not only the first human being but the first prophet, entrusted by Allāh with a message for humankind. Allāh is said to have made a covenant with Adam and with his descendants (7. 172), and he is thus in a special sense the father of all humankind.
In the Bible the Book of Genesis describes how Adam was formed from the dust of the ground and God's breath; Eve, the first woman, was created from one of Adam's ribs as his companion. They lived together in the Garden of Eden until the serpent tempted Eve to eat an apple from the forbidden tree; she persuaded Adam to do the same. As a result of this original sin of disobedience they were both expelled from the garden.
Adam comes from Hebrew 'āḏām ‘man’, later taken to be a name.
Adam's apple the projection formed in the neck by the thyroid cartilage, named from the belief that a piece of the forbidden fruit became lodged in Adam's throat.
Adam's rib the rib from which Eve was formed, as in Genesis 2:22.
the old Adam the unregenerate condition or character, and depends on the identification of Adam as the figure referred to by St Paul in Romans 6:6.
when Adam delved and Eve span, who was then the gentleman? popular rhyme particularly associated with the itinerant preacher John Ball, a leader of the 1381 ‘Peasants' Revolt’, who used it to incite the people against their feudal lords.
See also second Adam.
ADAM (Heb. אָדָם), city on the eastern bank of the Jordan River mentioned in Joshua 3:16 as the place where the Jordan ceased flowing at the time of the Israelite crossing. It also appears in the inscriptions of Pharaoh Shishak (10th century b.c.e.). King Solomon's foundries were in the vicinity of Adam (i Kings 7:46; ii Chron. 4:17). The place is perhaps also mentioned in Hosea 6:7 and Psalms 68:19, 78:60, and 83:11 as an ancient site of worship.
The ford that was situated during ancient times at Adam is marked on the *Madaba Map and is still found at a place the Arabs call Damiyeh on the road from Shechem to Gilead and Moab. It is south of the confluence of the Jabbok and the Jordan on the one side and north of the mouth of Wadi Fariah on the other. On the small Tell el-Damiyeh near the ford, potsherds from the Canaanite and Israelite periods (Late Bronze to Iron Age i–ii) as well as from the Roman and Byzantine periods have been found.
Kutscher, in: bjpes, 2 (1935), 42; Torczyner, ibid., 11 (1944–5), 9 ff.; Goitein, ibid., 13 (1947), 86–88; Albright, in: aasor, 6 (1926), 47 ff.; idem, in: basor, 19 (1925), 19; J. Garstang, Joshua-Judges (1931), 355; Noth, in: zdpv, 61 (1938), 288; Glueck, in: basor, 90 (1943), 5; idem, in: aasor, 25–28 (1951), 329–34; Aharoni, Land, index.
ad·a·mant / ˈadəmənt/ • adj. refusing to be persuaded or to change one's mind: he is adamant that he is not going to resign.• n. archaic a legendary rock or mineral to which many, often contradictory, properties were attributed.DERIVATIVES: ad·a·mance n.ad·a·man·cy / -mənsē/ n.ad·a·mant·ly adv.
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Hohenstein Institute interview: Sun protection textiles
23rd August 2010, Bönnigheim
This summer, sun protection is literally a hot topic. Shading textiles such as sunshades, blinds and beach shelters promise to provide cooling shade and protection from harmful UV radiation and there is also more and more specific UV protection clothing to be found in the shops.
But how in fact do textiles protect you from the sun's radiation, and what differences between them should be taken into account? Dr. Andreas Schmidt (AS) of the international Textile Research Centre at the Hohenstein Institute (HI) in Bönnigheim believes he has the facts and answers a number of important questions in this interview with the Hohenstein Institute’s press office:
(HI): Why do special UV protection textiles provide even better protection from the sun than cosmetic sun blockers with a high sun protection factor (SPF)?
(AS): The sun protection is, as it were, built into the processed chemical fibres. Titanium dioxide particles, such as are found in powders and sunscreen, are incorporated into the fibres and act like tiny mirrors there, reflecting the high-energy UV rays and so protecting the skin beneath. In addition, the UV protection in sun protection textiles is increased still further by special ways of constructing the fabrics, for example laying several layers on top of one another, covering the gaps between the fibres that inevitably occur in woven or knitted fabrics.
(HI): Which criteria determine the UV protection factor of textiles?
(AS): As well as the composition of the material, the way it is put together and the weight, the colour and surface finish of the materials also have an important effect on the UV protection factor (UPF) of a textile material.
(HI): What role does the colour of a textile material play in the UV protection factor?
(AS): Dark colours generally give better UV protection than pale colours, because the dye pigments also absorb UV radiation. This is why the Tuareg people in the Sahara have been dyeing their clothing dark blue for centuries. However, thanks to chemical treatments like UV absorbers, it is also possible nowadays to achieve similar results with lighter coloured fabrics.
(HI): Why do natural fibres only offer limited protection from UV radiation?
(AS): The UV protection given by natural fibres such as cotton or linen is relatively low. A white T-shirt has a UV protection factor of 10-15. The reason for this is that cotton fibres in themselves reflect or absorb little UV radiation. This is particularly true once they have become wet - the fibres then become almost see-through. Without this effect, there would be no such thing as wet T-shirt contests, for example (he laughs)! In addition, cotton fibres are kidney-shaped in diameter, i.e. within one fibre the diameter can be very variable. When this is combined with a twisted fibre structure, quite large holes appear in woven or knitted fabrics, through which the UV radiation can penetrate unhindered to the skin below.
(HI): Are there any natural fibres with a good UV protection factor?
(AS): Natural silk has a relatively high UV protection factor, because, like modern synthetic fibres, it contains matting components which reflect and absorb UV rays. The regular fibre structure, with small gaps in woven or knitted fabrics, also prevents the UV radiation from reaching the skin. Depending on the colour, the UPF may be 20 to 30. There is a good reason why in India, for example, silk sarongs are worn wrapped in several layers, which significantly increases the UV protection factor.
(HI): How is the UV protection factor of textiles indicated?
(AS): The protection from UV radiation that textiles provide is indicated as a UV protection factor (UPF = Ultraviolet Protection Factor). This equates to the sun protection factor (SPF) for sun creams and indicates the factor by which the skin's own natural protection time – which depends on your individual skin type - is extended by the textile material. The skin of a person with skin type 1, for example, with red or blond hair, blue eyes and a very pale complexion, has a natural protection time of about five to ten minutes.
If such a person is exposed to strong sunlight for any longer without protection, they risk dangerous sunburn. If they are protected by a textile material with UPF 80, they can extend the length of time they can remain in the sun by eighty times, without causing any skin damage. That is to say, to a maximum of 6.5 to 13 hours (80 X 5 min = 400 min to 80 X 10 min = 800 min). However, care must be taken to ensure that all parts of the body not covered by textiles are given additional protection with sun cream.
Instead of the UPF, the manufacturers of UV protection textiles often quote what percentage of the UV radiation is blocked by their products. How can consumers evaluate this information?
Such statements are hard for lay people to interpret. If, for example, 95% of the UV rays are blocked, that equates to a UPF of 20. So if you really want to be on the safe side when buying shading textiles, you should always ask detailed questions, have the information carefully explained to you and compare that with your personal requirements, which depend partly on your personal skin type and the resulting natural protection time (see chart).
(HI): You recommend that for both shading textiles and clothing the UPF is measured in accordance with UV Standard 801. Why is that?
(AS): The UV Standard 801 was developed in 1998 to overcome the weaknesses in the previous test standard called the Australian/New Zealand Standard (AS/NZ 4399:1996). This did not take account of the stresses and strains imposed during washing and regular use. By contrast, under the UV Standard 801, the UPF of a textile is determined not only when it is new, but also when it has been stretched and wetted, after mechanical strain and washing and after artificial weathering.
(HI): How many companies have their products tested using this test method?
(AS): There are now over 100 companies making a variety of products offering high UV protection who have them tested and/or certificated under UV Standard 801. On the UV Standard 801 website(www.uvstandard801.de ), you can see a selection of companies which endorse their products using UV Standard 801.
(HI): What kind of products are mainly assessed under UV Standard 801?
(AS): We recommend the measuring procedure under UV Standard 801 because it produces highly practical results for shading textiles like sunshades, blinds and beach shelters and all kinds of clothing textiles. The range of products extends from swimwear and leisure and trekking clothes to the fabrics used for working clothes. The main focus is on swimwear and leisure clothing for toddlers and children, for whom protection from UV radiation is particularly important.
Author: Billy Hunter
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Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a condition due to increased strain on the median nerve at the wrist. In place, this is a pinched nerve at the wrist. Symptoms can include numbness, tingling, and discomfort in the arm, palm, and fingers. You will find a space in the wrist known as the carpal tunnel where in fact the median nerve and nine tendons complete from the forearm in to the hand ( see Figure 1 ). Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when pressure accumulates from swelling in this tunnel and places strain on the nerve. When the pressure from the swelling turns into superb enough to disturb what sort of nerve functions, numbness, tingling, and soreness could be felt in the palm and fingers ( see Number 2 ).
Carpal tunnel syndrome symptoms generally include soreness, numbness, tingling, or a combo of the three. The numbness or tingling frequently occurs in the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingertips. The symptoms tend to be felt at night time but also could be noticed during day to day activities such as for example driving or studying a newspaper. Mothers may quite often notice a weaker grasp, occasional clumsiness, and a inclination to drop things.
Someone who has CTS discovers it difficult to execute simple hand movements, such as for example holding a fork, beginning a jar, fastening buttons, or simply brushing the hair. Undertaking certain tasks is usually a burden and you can accidentally drop objects because of impaired dexterity. A long-term carpal tunnel syndrome can direct result inatrophy of thumb muscles where they turn into smaller and weaker.
Biological factors such as for example genetic predisposition and anthropometric features possessed considerably more robust causal association with carpal tunnel syndrome than occupational/environmental factors such as for example repetitive hand make use a fantastic read of and stressful manual do the job. 60 This shows that carpal tunnel syndrome is probably not preventable by just avoiding certain actions or types of function/activities.
Carpal tunnel syndrome disables an integral nerve, leading to symptoms which range from mild occasional numbness at hand weakness, lack of feeling and lack of hand function. The primary symptom is certainly numbness of the fingertips. With all this widespread familiarity, persons often attribute any irritation or soreness in the side or wrist to carpal tunnel syndrome. However, there are plenty of other conditions that may cause similar complaints. It is vital to learn the difference.
Solution therapies - Acupuncture and chiropractic attention have benefited some sufferers but their effectiveness continues to be unproved. An exception is usually yoga, which includes been demonstrated to lessen pain and improve hold strength among sufferers with carpal tunnel syndrome. A good example of carpal tunnel syndrome is certainly a pinched nerve in the wrist due to an excessive amount of typing at a pc.
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Making babies with female sperm
A team of scientists led by Dr Tomohiro Kono, a biologist at the Tokyo University of Agriculture, had created mice without any sperm. The scientists had fused the genetic contents of two mouse eggs, demonstrating for the first time in 2004 that mammals can reproduce without a male.
“It really struck me,” says Reid, “number one because I’m fascinated by the science of it, and secondly I think it’s sad when people are in love and can’t have children together, whether they’re heterosexual or gay.
“And it’s just never been an option for us, and I thought that would be an incredible option,” she says.
After further research, Reid learned that in April 2006 professor Karim Nayernia, a stem cell biologist at Newcastle University, also produced six live mouse pups using artificial sperm made from female embryonic stem cells.
But the success created in the lab by techniques eliminating the father’s role in mice reproduction is a feat far from ready for human application.
The original motivation behind the science of creating lab-grown sperm was apparently to help straight men with low sperm counts. But Reid jumped on the possibilities for same-sex couples.
“If it was approved and safe, and I was in relationship and I wanted my own biological child with somebody else, you bet I would do it,” she says.
In a mock-documentary format, Reid’s movie (which screens Mar 4 and 7 at Vancouver’s Women in Film Festival) follows a fictional lesbian couple through their pregnancies as they carry their semen-less seeds to term.
It’s not Reid’s first foray into the question of conception. Several years ago Reid and lead actresses Angela Vint (who plays Athena) and Megan Fahlenbock (who plays Lilith) made Succubus together, a short film where the couple’s attempt to conceive their own biological child through science fails.
Six months later, while Reid was at the Toronto festival circuit with Succubus, she learned that both actresses were pregnant.
In record time, the writer, Richard Beattie transformed the short into a feature to allow the movie to shoot over the course of Vint’s and Fahlenbock’s pregnancies.
Beattie admits the movie takes a gigantic leap of faith when the couple uses an experimental scientific process to make sperm from their own stem cells. But he says what interests him are the questions and issues the parents face.
“If you’re going to do something like that you know there’s a certain risk of failure, of catastrophic failure. How do you deal with that?” he asks.
Besides raising social and ethical issues surrounding same-sex reproduction, the movie also includes criticisms from Athena’s rightwing mother. She accuses the couple of trying to play God by hijacking the concept of Immaculate Conception.
Vint believes the film demonstrates that reproductive science can open up a realm of possibilities, not only for same-sex couples but for any couple with fertility problems who want their own biological child. “I think it’s time to move on with the times and I think, of course, there’s going to be an element that believe this is wrong, that it might be against nature, or against religion, or how God might see it. But science is moving at a really fast pace, and I think that society has to start keeping up because the things that we are going to discover in the next 10 or 20 years are going to take us to a higher place.
“Shutting down the possibilities is the wrong way to go,” adds the mother of a now 18-month-old baby.
Dr Albert Yuzpe, co-director of the Genesis Fertility Clinic in Vancouver, says the idea of a lesbian couple giving birth to their own sperm-less child seems more like science fiction than reality at this point.
“I haven’t seen anything in medical literature,” he says. “It’s one thing to do something in animals and another to then reproduce it in humans.”
He agrees that it’s theoretically possible that human stem cells could be manipulated to replicate any tissue type in the human body. If human stem cells could be manipulated into sperm cells or even eggs cells, two people of the same sex could have their own biological child. A gay man could donate skin cells that could be used to make eggs, and scientists could fertilize it with his partner’s sperm and place it into the uterus of a surrogate mother.
But Yuzpe is clear that this science is nowhere close to being around the corner.
Dr Timothy Rowe, the division head of reproductive endocrinology and infertility and a professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of British Columbia, agrees. “Look how long it’s taken to get reasonably successful at in vitro fertilization. In the ’70s, it took about eight years before the first successful pregnancy occurred. And then pregnancy rates remained stuck at about 15-20 percent per embryo transfer for about 20 years. It wasn’t until 1999, 2000 that the rates started to improve significantly.”
While Yuzpe is skeptical about the future of same-sex reproduction, Rowe believes it’s going to be possible to do anything in the future.
Some gigantic hurdles to overcome to make men inconsequential in reproduction include the obvious lack of a male Y chromosome in females. Dr Andras Nagy, a senior scientist at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute in Toronto who consulted on the film, explains that the Y chromosome has a critical function for sperm formation.
“How it is going to be substituted to a female cell is still an open question,” says Nagy. Without a Y chromosome, lesbian couples would be limited to female babies.
Nagy believes public support for stem cell research is important. “We need the public support as much as possible to carry on with the required speed of this research.”
Screens at Vancouver’s Women in Film Festival.
Mar 4, 7 pm.
Mar 7, 12:30 pm.
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In simple terms, biofeedback is the use of body sensors to train you how to control various aspects of your body or mind.
For example, one form of biofeedback monitors heart rate in order to teach you how to lower your heart rate using breathing exercises.
A more complex form of biofeedback is called Neurofeedback, in which EEG electrodes are placed on the scalp to monitor your brainwave activity. Through continual training, you can be taught how to control that brain activity in order to learn how to enhance your concentration or to relax in stressful situations. Here is a Beginner’s Guide to qEEG and EEG
There are many types of biofeedback, but the three most common types are as follows:
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) - Also known as skin conductance response (SCR) or electrodermal response (EDR), this biofeedback method measures the electrical resistance between two points on the body, usually between two fingers. GSR is an indirect, but extremely accurate, measure of relaxation. The higher the resistance, the more relaxed a person is. Consequently, GSR is most often used to help people learn to meditate, relax or relieve stress.
Heart Rate Monitoring - Heart rate can also be an indirect measure of the level of arousal. A low heart rate can indicate relaxation. Also, heart rate monitoring can typically be used to determine the rate of breathing, since heart rate increases and decreases during a single breath. There are also more complex uses of heart rate such as Heart Rate Variability. Primarily, these techniques are used to help train a person to relax, relieve stress, learn proper breathing techniques and become more emotionally stable.
EEG Neurofeedback - EEGs, or electroencephalographs, are used to monitor brainwaves. They do this by placing electrodes on the scalp and measuring the electrical activity of the brain. Neurofeedback is the use of EEGs to help train individuals to produce specific brainwave patterns in order to help alleviate certain conditions like ADD or anxiety.
The easiest way to use biofeedback with our software is to purchase a biofeedback device like the ThoughtStream USB and use it with our Neuro-Programmer 3 software. Our software uses the data received from the ThoughtStream to optimize the brainwave entrainment stimulation. We call this BioOptimization.
BioOptimization does this by analyzing your physiological response to the stimulation and then optimizing the stimulation to increase or decrease that response.
Don't worry, it does all of this automatically. All you need to do is plug in the biofeedback device and turn on our software. It is as simple as that. The program does the rest.
BioOptimization can be done through GSR units or even EEG units like the Emotiv EPOC, Emotiv EEG or NeuroSky EEG.
Another way to use biofeedback with our software is through what is called EEG-Driving, where an EEG is used to analyze brain activity and provide optimal stimulation for the user.
Our Mind WorkStation software is compatible with nearly every EEG on the market and allows flexibility enough to provide EEG-Driving and a wide range of other feedback options, such as the creation of biofeedback games using the on-screen visuals.
There are two devices we recommend to our clients:
These plug directly into the computer, and work with our software with no additional equipment or configuration required.
The other option is an EEG device. You will need an EEG device if plan on doing EEG-Driving or conducting brainwave research.
These are the devices we recommend:
- Emotiv EPOC or Emotiv EEG (recommended for EEG-Driving)
- NeuroSky EEG (recommended for BioOptimization)
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A. Seppänen, K. Parvinen and J.D. Nagy (2012)|
Evolution of Dispersal in American Pika (Ochotona princeps) Metapopulations
Evolutionary Ecology Research 14, 1-29
Question: How might global climate change (GCC) affect American
pika (Ochotona princeps) metapopulation dynamics in the Great Basin,
and how would such effects impact evolutionary dynamics of dispersal? Back to all articles
Mathematical methods: A structured, semi-discrete, mechanistic metapopulation
model in which patch age is the structuring variable. We apply adaptive dynamics
for the evolutionary analysis and derive an invasion fitness proxy for this
Key assumptions: Global climate change potentially alters probability
of patch extinction, dispersal costs, mortality and fecundity. Births and
immigration occur at discrete points in time. Deaths and emigration occur
continuously over time. We model ``average'' patch dynamics.
Results: Potentially viable metapopulations nevertheless can be
destined for extinction via evolutionary suicide driven by climatic forcing.
Specifically, selection can drive down dispersal rates in viable metapopulations,
degrading colonization rates and increasing extinction rates to the point
where the metapopulation crashes.
Conclusions: Exclusive reliance on ecological dynamics without this
evolutionary perspective would miss the phenomenon identified here. This
result arises in realistic ranges of parameters and therefore generates a
testable hypothesis with potential applications to long-term metapopulation
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Table of Contents
Biodiesel Web Sites
- eXtension Biodiesel Resources about Feedstocks, Processing, Safety, and Using Biodiesel.
- Alternative and Advanced Fuels: Biodiesel Information from the U.S. Department of Energy.
- Bioenergy Atlas Two interactive maps, BioPower and BioFuels, which allow you to compare and analyze biomass feedstocks, biopower and biofuels data from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- Energy Information Adminstration’s Renewable & Alternative Fuels Homepage Statistics on renewable fuels production and consumption.
- National Biodiesel Board National trade association representing the biodiesel industry in the United States.
- Biodiesel Education Program, University of Idaho Provides unbiased, science-based information for biodiesel producers and distributors, vehicle fleet operators, and the general public.
- National Bioenergy Center Part of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Biodiesel Safety and Best Management Practices for Small-Scale Noncommercial Use and Production. Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences. 2008.
- Piedmont Biofuels Biofuels curriculum and general information on biodiesel from a commercial biofuels company.
- State Level Biodiesel Incentives & Laws State by state listing of incentives and laws provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.
- Federal Biodiesel Incentives & Laws List of federal biodiesel incentives and laws provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center.
- National Agricultural Law Center Renewable Energy Reading Room Virtual library of legal resources related to renewable energy that contains information specific to agriculture and energy, including an overview article, major statutes and regulations, case law, Center publications, materials from many government agencies and additional resources provided by the National Agricultural Law Center.
- Biomass-to-Biofuels Resources Vermont Sustainable Jobs Fund. Case Studies and Feasibility Analysis reports of small scale biodiesel production.
- Roundtable on Sustainable Biofuels — an international initiative based in Switzerland,the RSB has developed a third-party certification system for biofuels sustainability standards.
- Sustainable Biodiesel Alliance — this Texas-based organization promotes environmental, social, and economic sustainability of biodiesel. They aim to create certification for sustainability in biodiesel.
- Freeways to Fuel — Utah State University and the Utah Department of Transportation are experimenting with growing oilseed crops on unused land near roadways, airports, railroads, and construction sites.
Biodiesel Fact Sheets and Publications
- eXtension Biodiesel Resources about Feedstocks, Processing, Safety, and Using Biodiesel.
- Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs — this 18-page publication is published by the Congressional Research Service.
- Biodiesel: An Alternative Fuel for Compression Ignition Engines This booklet is based on a lecture series presented in 2007 at the Agricultural Equipment Technology Conference. Includes information on biodiesel history, chemistry, processing, and use.
- Building a Successful Biodiesel Business This comprehensive book covers biodiesel production, developing a business, workplace safety issues, and environmental regulations. Authors are experts from Iowa State University, University of Idaho, USDA/NCAUR, and Renewable Products Development Laboratory.
- Biodiesel Handling and Use Guide (pdf 1.4MB) 4th Edition. This 50-page publication from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is considered the definitive publication on biodiesel handling and use. It is intended for those who blend, distribute, and use biodiesel.
- Biodiesel – Do-it-yourself Production Basics ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 2009.
- Small-scale Biodiesel Production and Use North Dakota State University Extension Service. Comprehensive overview, including oilseed preparation, turning oil into biodiesel, quality issues, economics of biodiesel production, use in engines, and storage.
- Biodiesel Analytical Methods NREL, Iowa State University, Renewable Products Development Laboratory, USDA
- Biodiesel Technology and Feedstocks National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Small Scale Biodiesel Production Montana State University
- Small-scale Biodiesel Production and Use. North Dakota State University
- Biodiesel: The Sustainability Dimensions ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 2006. Surveys various dimensions of biodiesel production and use, including net energy balance, sustainable bioenergy crops, scale of production, consumer access, and the economics of biodiesel.
- Promise and Pitfalls of Biofuels Jobs Editorial in Biofuels magazine points out that small-scale biofuels production is likely to create more sustainable jobs than large-scale production.
- The Water Footprint of Bioenergy This article, published by the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, provides information on water usage of various crops that are or could be used for biofuels.
- Biodiesel Production for On-Farm Use: A Curriculum for Agricultural Producers. ATTRA National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service, 2008. Covers the chemistry of biodiesel and various feedstocks. Also presents several case studies of small-scale biodiesel production.
- Guidance for Biodiesel Producers and Biodiesel Blenders/Users EPA Guidance Document citing specific regulations that all biodiesel producers should be aware of.
- Biodiesel Fuel PDF or HTML, Virginia Cooperative Extension, October 2006
- Making Your Own Biodiesel Virginia Cooperative Extension
- Ohio: Want to Start a Biodiesel Production Operation? Environmental Compliance Basics Publication of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency outlining legal issues and environmental compliance concerns for biodiesel producers in Ohio.
- Virginia Biodiesel Environmental Compliance Primer Publication of the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality outlining legal issues and environmental compliance concerns for biodiesel producers in Virginia.
- Biodiesel Benefits for Cattle Producers: Feeding Byproducts of Biodiesel Production Greg Lardy, NDSU, Western Organization of Resource Councils
- Survey of the Quality and Stability of Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends in the United States in 2004 NREL, Magellan Midstream Partners
- Pahl, Greg (2008). Biodiesel: Growing a New Energy Economy, 2nd Edition. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. This is a history of biodiesel in the U.S and around the world.
- Worldwatch Institute (2007). Biofuels for Transport: Global Potential and Implications for Sustainable Energy and Agriculture. London: Earthscan. A global overview of the biofuels industry from a social and environmental perspective.
Biodiesel Powerpoints and Videos
- Biodiesel 101 powerpoint presentation By Steve Howell, Technical Director, National Biodiesel Board,Outreach and Education office, ppt 4MB
- Biodiesel Safety video A 10-minute video that helps home biodiesel producers to understand the safety precautions that must be taken when working with the chemicals used to produce biodiesel.
- Getting Started in Farm-Scale Biodiesel Production A one-hour video from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service.
- DIY Biodiesel: Keeping it Safe, Keeping it Legal The second installment of the biodiesel series from the National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service.
- Energy Independence: On-Farm Biodiesel Fuel Production — a 16-minute video about a Vermont farmer who produces biodiesel for on-farm use from sunflowers and canola seeds that he grows himself.
- Biodiesel Magazine— this magazine aims to support the growth of the biodiesel industry.
- Biofuels Magazine — published by Future Science, this is a peer-reviewed journal providing commentary and analysis on biofuels research.
Biodiesel Case Studies
- Agricultural Marketing Resource Center: Oilseed Case Study and Decision Making Software The opportunities and challenges faced by a small scale oilseed processor located in Northwest Montana are examined this case study. Decision making software that allows users to enter their own capital and operating costs is also provided.
- Agricultural Marketing Resource Center: Biodiesel Case Study and Decision Making Software The opportunities and challenges faced by a small scale biodiesel producer located in western Montana are examined this case study. Decision making software that allows users to enter their own capital and operating costs is also provided.
- On-Farm Oilseed and Biodiesel Production at State Line Farm, Shaftsbury VT This case study by the Vermont Sustainable Jobs Funds provides details of the on-farm pilot project to develop a community-scale oil seed processing and biodiesel producing facility of appropriate scale to New England farms.
- Bio-Diesel Plant Location Decision This case study from the University of Idaho is a lesson plan suitable for undergraduate seniors.
Biodiesel Decision Tools
- Oilseed Cost and Profit Calculator – The Vermont Oilseed Crop Production Cost and Profit Calculator is intended to allow farmers to assess potential costs and profits associated with oilseed production. The tool is based in a Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet and uses a simple, easy to use interface to collect cost factors.
- University of Wisconsin Community Impact of Biodiesel and Bioethanol Plants Calculator – The community-decision software (BDBE) calculates the impact of siting a bioenergy plant in your community. The program is designed for Extension educators and local decision makers to evaluate expected community impacts based on three different activities: 1) total plant employment, 2) total plant sales, and 3) total income earned by plant employees.
Biodiesel for Children
- RenReRe Renewable Energy and Biodiesel Curriculum for Ages 8-12 — this free curriculum was written for 4-H clubs, but can be used by elementary school teachers as well.
- Introduction to Farm Energy – sustainable production and use of energy on the farm
- Introduction to Biodiesel
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Vincent Van Gogh
Dutch Post-Impressionist Painter, 1853-1890
Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 1853 ?C 29 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist artist. Some of his paintings are now among the world's best known, most popular and expensive works of art.
Van Gogh spent his early adult life working for a firm of art dealers. After a brief spell as a teacher, he became a missionary worker in a very poor mining region. He did not embark upon a career as an artist until 1880. Initially, Van Gogh worked only with sombre colours, until he encountered Impressionism and Neo-Impressionism in Paris. He incorporated their brighter colours and style of painting into a uniquely recognizable style, which was fully developed during the time he spent at Arles, France. He produced more than 2,000 works, including around 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches, during the last ten years of his life. Most of his best-known works were produced in the final two years of his life, during which time he cut off part of his left ear following a breakdown in his friendship with Paul Gauguin. After this he suffered recurrent bouts of mental illness, which led to his suicide.
The central figure in Van Gogh's life was his brother Theo, who continually and selflessly provided financial support. Their lifelong friendship is documented in numerous letters they exchanged from August 1872 onwards. Van Gogh is a pioneer of what came to be known as Expressionism. He had an enormous influence on 20th century art, especially on the Fauves and German Expressionists. Related Paintings of Vincent Van Gogh :. | Still Life:Basket with Six Oranges (nn04) | Public Park with Weeping Willow :The Poet's Garden i (nn04) | Garden in Auvers | Weaver,Interior with Three Small Windows (nn04) | Pork Butcher's Shop in Arles |
Related Artists:BELLOTTO, Bernardo
Italian Rococo Era Painter, ca.1721-1780
Bernardo Bellotto (30 January 1720 ?C 17 October 1780) was an Italian urban landscape painter or vedutista, and printmaker in etching famous for his vedutes of European cities (Dresden, Vienna, Turin and Warsaw). He was the pupil and nephew of Canaletto and sometimes used the latter's illustrious name, signing himself as Bernardo Canaletto ?? fraudulently, according to some. Especially in Germany, paintings attributed to Canaletto may actually be by Bellotto rather than by his uncle; in Poland, they are by Bellotto, who is known there as "Canaletto".
Bellotto's style was characterized by elaborate representation of architectural and natural vistas, and by the specific quality of each place's lighting. It is plausible that Bellotto, and other Venetian masters of vedute, may have used the camera obscura in order to achieve superior precision of urban views.Martin, Henri
French Post-Impressionist Painter, 1860-1943
French painter. After winning the Grand Prix at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Toulouse, he moved to Paris (1879) to study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts there under Jean-Paul Laurens, who encouraged his interest in Veronese and other Venetian painters. The literary inspiration of his early work was reflected in such paintings as Paolo de Malatesta and Francesca da Rimini in Hell (1883; Carcassonne, Mus. B.-A.) based on Dante, for which he won a medal at the Salon of 1883. During his subsequent study in Rome, however, on a fellowship awarded to him at the Salon,Addison T . Millar
American, 1860 - 1913
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Have you ever wondered how a computer restarts? When your computer is seemingly powered down for a second or two, how does it roar back to life? Better yet, how does the hardware actually restart? Do you just cut the power to various processors, memory chips, and controllers, or is it far more complicated?
This fundamental question, which most computer users have probably wondered about but never bothered to research, was recently asked over on Superuser, a Stack Overflow site. The answers, as you would expect, are comprehensive — and if you’re into computers, they’re really damn interesting, too.
The basic gist is this: we started off with AT power, which is “hard power”: when you flip the switch, power is instantly cut to the motherboard. Then, with ATX, “soft power” — software-controlled power — made it possible for the operating system to power off or reboot the system. ATX brought a ton of power management changes, but fundamentally it introduced the concept of standby power, where a 5-volt line to the motherboard is always switched on, even when you’re powered down. This 5V current keeps your BIOS, network adaptors, and other basic components ticking over — which is how you turn a computer on with magic packets. In other words, while a computer is plugged in at the wall, it is never truly off — it’s just resting.
But how does a modern, ATX-powered computer actually reboot? Because the 5V current is always there, the motherboard doesn’t physically turn off and on — rather, a reset command is sent to the computer’s power control system: the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI). When this command is received, the ACPI is then tasked with sending reset commands to all logic chips, including the CPU and memory controller. For the most part, this just involves firing a signal down each chip’s reset (RST) pin. Once the computer’s logic has been reset, ACPI proceeds with the standard boot process, as if the power button had just been pressed. Voila, a rebooted computer!
As a corollary, do laptops, tablets, and smartphones reboot in the same way? Do laptops, even in their powered-off state, have a 5V standby line? We can only hope that someone chimes in over at Superuser — or perhaps a knowledgeable reader knows?
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James Robinson was born in Sharpsburg, Kentucky in 1887. He attended Fisk University, one of the premier Historically Black Colleges, founded in Nashville Tennessee in 1866. Robinson graduated from Fisk in 1911. He then enrolled at Yale University. He spent a year completing a second bachelor’s degree in 1912 and began to study sociology in graduate school. He got his master’s for Yale in 1914 and embarked on a Ph. D. He spent the 1914-15 academic year at Columbia.
In 1915, Robinson moved to Cincinnati to teach at Frederick Douglass School and to pursue further research. We can get some idea of the status of the Colored School in Walnut Hills when we realize that one of the best-educated young men of his generation, on either side of the color-line, came to teach here. His research, we shall see, earned the respect of a large segment of the teachers in the Cincinnati Public Schools.
Before turning to Robinson’s work, we need to take a brief excursion through the history of American Sociology. That history is a study in racial politics. WEB DuBois, the most brilliant African American intellectual of the first half of the twentieth century, founded the discipline of sociology in this country. A series of essays DuBois wrote in the 1890’s and collected in The Souls of Black Folk in 1903 set out the fundamental principles of social analysis of “the problem of the color-line.” A New Englander descended from free Blacks in the North, DuBois had graduated from Fisk in 1888, and received a second bachelor’s from Harvard in 1890. After graduation DuBois won a fellowship in Germany where he studied with the founders of the European sociology, including Max Weber. Denied a renewal of his fellowship (and the opportunity to finish his German Ph. D.) DuBois returned to Harvard. He wrote a dissertation in history detailing federal legislative battles over the importation of slaves into the US after importation became illegal – a sure indication that the law did little to stop the trade. His 1895 Harvard Ph. D. came as a sort of consolation prize for the missed opportunity in Germany.
After Harvard, DuBois came to Ohio for a year to teach at the Historically Black Wilberforce College. He moved to the University of Pennsylvania and a meager fellowship where he single-handedly interviewed thousands of residents of one of the African American wards in Philadelphia. His Philadelphia Negro published in 1899 set the standard for field work and statistics in sociology. DuBois then assumed a professorship at the Historically Black Atlanta University, now affiliated with Morehouse and Spellman Colleges. He held a conference each year on significant issues facing American Negros and edited a series of ten annual volumes based on his own research and on the proceedings of the conferences. While at Atlanta DuBois prepared a long essay on race, in German, which Max Weber published in his influential journal. Weber wrote in 1910, “the most important sociological scholar anywhere in the southern states in America, with whom no white scholar can compare, is a Negro – Burckhardt DuBois.” DuBois accomplished all this before he turned to activist journalism as the editor of the NAACP magazine The Crisis in 1910.
James Robinson became a leading sociologist in the Atlanta tradition. In Cincinnati he carried out a real-time study of the Great Migration of African Americans in the South to the cities of the North. Robinson worked with the leaders of the city’s African American community to develop his plans. He also enlisted “every conductor on the four southern railroads converging here” to keep a record of “the migrants from the South destined for this city.” Volunteers reinforced paid assistants in a “house-to-house” investigation like DuBois’s research in Philadelphia twenty years earlier. Moreover, Robinson reported, “three hundred and fifty-seven teachers in the public schools made twenty thousand telephone interviews.” This was what we might call big data in the 1910’s, all tabulated by hand.
Robinson presented his work at the National Conference of Social Work in July 1919. His report, “Revelations of the Cincinnati Negro Survey,” was worthy of the DuBois school. Data driven and thorough, it offered a comprehensive analysis of its subject.
Like DuBois, James Robinson took a detour from the academic world to do policy development and advocacy. He became the Executive Secretary of the Negro Civic Welfare Committee of Cincinnati’s Council of Social Agencies. The solutions he proposed for Cincinnati (in line with his employment at Douglass) advocated the organization and support of institutions within the Negro community. He especially hoped to enlist the organized support of the Churches in the community – not, he emphasized, seeking religious or theological solidarity, but coordinating the provision of Social Services through 53 Church Auxiliaries. He sought the support and development of a Black-run YMCA and YWCA, of the Colored Orphan Asylum, The Crawford Old Men’s Home and a home for Aged Colored Women. His intricate diagram of social support networks included boxes for the Walnut Hills Day Nursery and for “35 clubs” – perhaps the women’s service organizations in the Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs. All these organizations had active supporters and organizers on the Frederick Douglass School faculty.
These efforts did not go unnoticed. In 1924 George E. Haynes, the highest ranking African American in the federal Labor Department, observed:
“Perhaps the most fully worked out and best piece of social engineering in race relations in a northern community has been developed during the past six years in Cincinnati, Ohio, in the inter-racial work of the Council of Social Agencies, with James H. Robinson as executive secretary. They have coordinated the Negro churches, fraternal bodies, women’s clubs, Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A. with the white social agencies and organizations. The Negro population increased from about 20,000 to 35,000 in ten years, largely during the 1916-18 migration. These people have been integrated into the city’s life through their leaders and organizations to an extent which hardly seemed workable ten years ago.”
Robinson remained in Cincinnati through 1928. His Negro Civic Welfare Association, in conjunction with other organizations, established the Shoemaker Clinic to provide free medical services in the West End to poor African Americans.
In 1929 Robinson moved back to Fisk University as a professor and as the supervisor of Negro Welfare in Tennessee. There he conducted another major sociological study for which he earned his Ph. D. in 1934; Yale University Press published it as A Social History of the Negro in Memphis and in Shelby County. Finally credentialed, Dr. Robinson returned to Ohio in 1933 as a professor of sociology and social administration at Wilberforce University, where he served as the Dean of the College of Liberal Arts from 1939-1949.
In 1920, a few years after he left Frederick Douglass School, James Robinson wrote a sort of testimonial for the school that appeared in a booklet commemorating the tenth anniversary of the second Frederick Douglass School building:
“Douglass School is a happy combination of beauty and service. There are few buildings in the country which serve so many colored children and surpass it in grandeur. Its imposing presence is in itself a feature of importance for it is a source of pride to the community and an inspiring example for less progressive parts of the country where the youth is taught in buildings inadequate for the purpose.
“Walnut Hills, the section from which most of its pupils come, is one of the largest of the several communities in which the colored people of the city live. It is an old settlement and has been the scene of events which made history. The school is as inseparably linked with the life of the community of the past as with its problems of today.
“It is a progressive settlement and gives evidence of thrift and even affluence not generally known to exist. Statistics show a low death rate, a low criminal rate and a large percentage of home owners. Many of these homes are not only comfortable but beautiful and reflect a healthy and wholesome family life. The Hill is comparatively free from the unsanitary conditions generally concomitant with tenement life in large cities.
“Not only do children of the normal type attend the school, but the anemic, the defective and the retarded are given a chance to fit themselves for the battles or life which are all the fiercer for them because of their handicaps. The library, evening schools and community meetings afford opportunity for the older people to improve themselves and to give free play to ideas and instincts which would otherwise stifle and die for want of expression. Certainly the colored section and the larger cosmopolitan area owe much to the presence of Douglass School.
“I shall never forget the day when I first witnessed the pupils of the school taking the oath of allegiance. Several hundred little brown hands stretched forth to salute and as many voices with one accord pledged “allegiance to the flag and to the Republic for which it stands-—one nation indivisible with liberty and justice to all.” I know these children and their lot because I was once one of them. I knew them as a teacher and enjoyed their confidence.
“The scene, the setting, the expression epitomized to mind, more than anything else I know, the true spirit of America; it was the spirit which bridges the chasm between hope and reality. The early pioneers faced a wilderness and hoped for a civilization and it was: they later saw 13 colonies struggling each to itself. and hoped for these United States, and it came to be. Again they saw two great sections of our country divided and in conflict and they hoped for peace and a nation indivisible. This, too, came to pass. They hoped and those things are. Now we face a race problem on which statesmen have fallen and sound philosophers disagreed and these little children, its innocent victims in school and out dare to hope for its solution in liberty and justice to all. Because of the faith that abides in those our future citizens, I believe these things shall be.”
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Door Glossary: Terms to Know
Whether you're remodeling your home or are taking part of a new build project, it's important to know the name of the parts that you're working with to be able to communicate effectively with the professionals you may interact with. This stands true for the parts of your exterior doors. This is why we at DoorVida have created a door glossary that you can refer to when you happen upon terminology that you may or may not be quite familiar with.
DOOR TERMINOLOGY YOU NEED TO KNOW
Here is where we will explain different door terminology and parts so that you're able to make the best decision when choosing an exterior door for your home.
BORE HOLE: These are pre-drilled holes where you'll be able to accommodate and install the door lockset.
BRICKMOULD: The brickmould is the exterior trim that is designed to hide the gap between the door frame and the wall. This is typically thicker than most trim and can be made of any material such as wood, PVC, fiberglass, aluminum, or composite materials. Brickmould can be a part of the screen door or storm door that it's attached to.
CASING: Door and window casing trim what hides the gaps between a window or door frame and the wall.
DOOR FRAME: This is the frame of the doorway where the door is fitted. Door frames are made up of the side and head jambs as well as the mullion. They can be made of all sort of materials such as wood, aluminum, and composite materials.
DOOR JAMB: These are the individual sections of door frames. There are the side jambs (vertical) that hold up the head jamb ("header"/horizontal).
DOOR SWEEP: The door sweep is where the majority of the weather-stripping is installed. This is found on the bottom of a door panel and creates a weather-resistant barrier.
GLAZING: Glazing refers to the glass in a door. With newer exterior doors, glazing can comprised of two or more layers of glass. For additional insulation, inert gas will sometimes be injected between the layers two layers of glass and sometimes three. To manage the amount of light and heat that comes into your home, glazing can be coated with material to reflect the heat and light away.
HINGE: This are the pieces that allow for your door to swing open and closed. Most doors have three hinges, but bigger and taller doors may have four or more hinges. The color and finish of a hinge will typically match the lockset.
LATCH: This is the part of the door that will extend into the door frame from the side of the door panel. The latch will retract once the door handle is turned, which allows for the door to open.
LOCKSET: A lockset includes the door handles, locks, latches, strike plates, and possible other additional hardware.
MULLION: Mulls are the seams that form when two windows or a door and window are put together. The mullion is usually hidden by a mull casing.
MUNTIN: These are supporting bars or strips that are found between panes of glass.
PANEL: Panel refers to the whole part of the door that swings back and forth. Panels can also be divided into smaller panels that are found between the stiles, rails, and mullions.
RAIL: These are the narrow horizontal segments on a door panel.
SIDELIGHTS: These are the tall narrow windows that can be found on either or both sides of a door. Sidelights bring in more light into the home and can allow you to see who's at the door with more ease.
SILL: This is the bottom part of a door frame. Sills (thresholds) are only found on exterior doors and are typically sealed and fastened to the floor.
SIMULATED DIVIDED LITE (SDL): This is a door that only has one single glass pane with interlocking muntin bars. This gives the appearance that the door is made up of several separate glass panes.
STILE: Stiles are found on either side of a door panel. They are vertical and are referred to as the lock stile and hinge stile.
STRIKE PLATE: Typically made of metal, this is a piece of hardware that's installed into the door frame that will catch the latch of the lockset and keep the door closed.
WEATHER-STRIPPING: Found on exterior doors, weather-stripping helps seal gaps that are found between a door frame and a door panel. In most cases, weather-stripping is made of a strong and flexible material such as silicone and rubber.
HAVE MORE QUESTIONS?
Here at DoorVida, we know that your front door is almost always the first thing that people will notice about your home. In that sense, why not know everything you can about your door and the parts that make up the entire thing? You can contact us if you wish to learn more about the parts that make up your doors or if you have a question about your order from DoorVida.
Comments are closed.
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There is an overwhelming amount of students who suffer from stress, anxiety, and other problems with mental health. It’s challenging to balance different aspects of life, especially when responsibilities begin to pile up and loom over us like a daunting tower. It can be beneficial to learn how to deal with stress and express emotions in a healthy way. At Morro Bay High School, there is a program that addresses these issues and provides students with multiple ways to cope with their stress. This program is called Voice Through Movement, available for all juniors and seniors.
Voice Through Movement (VTM), a program led by counselor and Dance Fusion director Elena Smith, is a six week program exploring art therapy, integrative movement, and self care practice. Art therapy is a creative method of self expression used as a therapeutic technique. The first and last week of VTM is an art therapy session that prompts participants to center their minds or express their emotions through a painting or drawing. Integrative movement, or in this case yoga, can alleviate stress physically and energize the body. Simple yoga stretches are taught so that students can learn to take time for themselves during and outside of the weekly program. The movements help to alleviate symptoms of stress, scattered mind, depression, procrastination, or other forms of struggles that students face regularly. Senior Faye Vavra, a participant of VTM since her junior year, says her favorite part of the program is “how Smith ties the stretches and exercises to specific parts of mental health that we all struggle with on a daily basis like anxiety and depression.”
VTM takes place on block days once a week during this six week period. It alternates periods so that students don’t keep missing the same classes over and over again. The dance room is transformed into an intimate, peaceful den dimly lit with fairy lights. Yoga mats pattern the floor and essential oils enfuse the air. Subtly energizing but chill instrumental music completes the meditative atmosphere. After participants complete the hour of yoga, they are encouraged to read an inspiring card with a quote or mantra for leading a centered day and healthy life. Overall, VTM provides a safe and intimate place for participants to find ways to improve their lifestyle, attitude, and actively combat negative mental health.
Students who participate in the program speak highly of it. “I signed up for voice through movement because I knew it would be a fun way to relieve stress and to improve my mental health as well as doing art and being with my friends,” Vavra shared. Another student, junior Vienna Laughlin, said that she joined VTM this fall to learn to deal with her stress, and that her favorite component of the program was the art therapy portion.
Smith began this program because of her personal experience of being an artistic athlete her entire life. “I know that art and exercise can have a tremendous positive outcome for oneself. Having a degree in psychology and counseling students with a rise in dealing with anxiety, stress and depression, I pondered how I could create a program encompassing movement to get one’s blood flowing and art therapy to enhance self awareness.” She started the program five years ago to address this. Smith has danced since she was four years old and started practicing yoga eight years ago, taking classes and workshops to maintain healthy mobility and body longevity.
“My hope is that I am making a difference for others by providing positive mental health alternatives like art and mindful movement.” Smith shared when asked about the goals of the program. “The aim is for students to reduce their stress and anxiety, increase self esteem and learn how to relax the mind and body.” Smith commented that after each session she observes students with looks of relief and relaxation on their faces. She mentioned that students who complete the program constantly ask her when the next session will start up again.
There are two sessions every year. Although students can’t join the session that is occurring now in the fall of 2019, the spring session of 2020 is open to juniors and seniors. Students can join by contacting Mrs. Smith. Sign ups are volunteer and happen during the junior fall Counselor classroom presentations every year. The second semester sign ups for newcomers The informational website about VTM is available here.
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If you have ever been in a storm, you know that they're pretty scary! A storm can be loud and dark, and sometimes, they seem like they'll never end. When a storm gets really bad, it can be an emergency situation. In an emergency, you could easily get hurt. Most of the time, a parent, teacher, or guardian is there to keep kids safe. But if you know what to do, you can be super-helpful in keeping yourself and your family safe. How can a kid do that? By knowing what you need and what you should do during a storm. For instance, there are certain things that you'll need to have during any type of storm. You can help your parents create an emergency kit that has these things inside. Blankets, a flashlight, batteries, and a radio that runs on batteries are some of the things that should go inside of an emergency kit.
A hurricane is a type of storm that is very dangerous. This type of storm has very fast winds that are strong enough to send heavy things flying through the air. Hurricanes also cause areas to flood with water. Flooding in places that are near water happens because of high waves. In areas away from the water, flooding happens because of rain. Stay safe during a hurricane by staying inside and away from windows. Families that live near water may have to leave their homes and stay in a shelter that is safer. This is called an evacuation. If you are outside and away from home, find a building with sturdy walls and get inside. You must stay inside until the storm has finished and it is safe to go outside again.
Thunderstorms are very loud, and the lightning can be pretty scary, even for grownups! When there are thunderstorms, you want to be someplace that is safe from lightning. Lightning is more than just a bright light: It's a form of electricity, and it can seriously hurt or even kill anyone it hits. Just like in other types of storms, it's important to stay inside during a thunderstorm and away from windows and doors. Don't watch TV or play with anything electrical until the storm is over. You also shouldn't take a bath or wash your hands during this type of storm. If you're playing outside, go indoors. If there isn't a house nearby, stay away from trees, the tops of hills, open fields, and water. Don't touch anything metal, including your bike.
Tornadoes are one of the most dangerous types of storms. They come from thunderstorms and are cone-shaped when they come down from the sky. Tornadoes are so dangerous that they destroy homes and can lift up heavy objects, even cars! Before a tornado, you'll hear a warning siren or alarm. When that happens, get inside of your house and into the basement with your family. Some buildings don't have basements, but that doesn't mean you can't be safe. Go to the center of the house where there are no windows. Crawl under a table and cover your head with your arms. Don't stay in a mobile home, in a car, or under a bridge: It isn't safe. If you are stuck outside and have no place to go, find a low spot on the ground. Lie as flat as you can. Put your hands over your head, and don't move. After the tornado is over, be careful! Broken glass and sharp objects will be on the ground and can hurt you. If you are outside and see a power line that has fallen down, stay far away from it.
During a blizzard, the air is freezing cold, and it snows a lot. There is so much snow and wind that it can be hard to see! This type of storm is so cold that it can cause damage to people's fingers, toes, and even your nose. Sometimes, the damage is so bad that people can lose the damaged part. This is called frostbite, and it can happen if you are out in a blizzard for too long. Blizzards make the roads dangerous for people to drive on, and they can damage your home. During a blizzard, the most important thing is to stay warm. Don't go outside, and ask your parents to light a fire in the fireplace, if you have one, to help keep the house warm. But be careful: Fireplaces can be dangerous, so don't play around them or get too close. If you know a blizzard is coming, ask your parents to buy more food and water. It might be difficult getting to and from the stores once the storm hits, or they might be closed.
Flooding happens in many severe storms. If you get caught in flood water, you can drown. Flood water can also be dirty with garbage, chemicals, and other things that can make you sick or kill you. Because of that, it's important to never play in or around flood water. Kids should not walk through the water after a flood, either. If there is a risk of flooding, let your family know that there has been a flood warning and go to a higher place.
By: Steven Moore
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The PCR-based test basically take the RNA of the virus converts it to DNA and then doubles the amount of DNA every heating cycle. Assuming we are talking about real-time PCR the PCR cycle of double is what takes time.
I have not seen the data on the incubation period and the immune response, to know if these immune detection tests will be able to provide early detection for asymptomatic case . It's probably for symptomatic cases and wanted to ensure it's not flu or another infection and it's COVID-19. This is not to say the test is useless. It actually great inexpensive way of testing the population with symptoms and using more expensive and timely test for early detection. Reducing the overall burden.
worth mentioning are other initiatives that are focusing on cheaper and faster PCR process (though with potential of higher false negative and positive results)
An ELISA works differently. In this case you would present a part of the viral protein, the patient's antibodies will bind to it, and you then use another antibody (this one is conjugated to some sort of readout method, fluorescent or biochemical) which binds to generic human antibody. Now you have a stack: viral protein <> patient antibody <> readout antibody. You read out the signal provided by your readout, usually some sort of colorimetric thing (see home pregnancy tests, also an ELISA, slightly different configuration though). This works fast, can be manufactured in bulk, BUT requires do you have a protein(s) (in this case the viral protein) that is/are universally recognized by patient antibodies. It's a little trickier to develop. You also need to produce that protein at scale which can take a little time as well. Major benefit: with a good ELISA you WILL see not only whether someone IS infected but whether someone WAS infected for some period after illness regardless of symptoms. This is essentially the only way you'll get a really good number for baseline infection rate. That said, you likely actually need a blood draw.
In short, we need both, we probably could do a lot better than we are doing with qPCR in testing volumes and we could also really use an ELISA.
Source: PhD biochemist, have personally run these assays in various forms.
EDIT: Acronym expansion, source
Direct detection of viral particles is substantially harder because for N viral particles you basically get O(N) signal (to put it in CS terms). There are some caveats, your readout antibody can generate an exponential signal for example.
You still need to be presenting the right part of the capsid and have the right material. In the direct ELISA scenario, you need 2 antibodies. One to bind the capsid to your surface, the other to bind it again and either have a readout attached directly or be bound by yet another antibody with the readout (likely the latter). Fortunately, viral capsids are repetitive so you might be able to use the same antibody for both. You ALSO need those antibodies to have low cross-reactivity with sputum or whatever other rough sample you have. When you are looking for a patient's antibodies, the patient's immune system has already taken care of that for you. This is all tricky, obviously it's not THAT hard, but it's not trivial.
RT-qPCR is directly a O(2^N) signal. It's extremely sensitive, requires very little assay development, can be made very specific, can work with little sample prep, so it's a much better front-line, first-to-go test than direct ELISA. Still, we'd all love an ELISA, particularly to patient antibodies.
The signal is actually more like N*2^C where C is the number of cycles (usually around 30). So a huge amplification, but still linear in the starting amount, i.e. O(N). That's actually more useful, generally, since ratios of amplified material stay approximately constant during amplification.
The false negative reported several times from the same patient is interesting, but may be more due to testing source (upper respiratory fluid vs. sputum or lower respiratory sources or blood).
(that is, what's the scale of the fuck up that the machine testing is still being brought online)
From what I can tell (mostly anecdotal and other data from friends I trust) the CDC assay used bad primers, they were noisy, showing a bunch of false positives. They also used a potentially dodgy fluorescence readout. I used to use the same readout, but our scenario was full of internal controls and the input sample was far more consistent. For human sample data a different fluorescent method that is more reliable should have been used.
Important ways this can be screwed up: it's helpful to use the same machine, the same protocol every time. This is because qPCR is an exponential assay, which means small errors can have big repercussions.
TLDR: Scale of fuckup here is massive. This really isn't that hard, and we could just have used what the WHO/others were using. I have no idea why they decided to go their own way.
more info: https://www.propublica.org/article/cdc-coronavirus-covid-19-...
"The tests use what’s called the polymerase chain reaction, a diagnostic method recommended by the WHO that amplifies the virus’s genetic code so it can be detected before the onset of symptoms. The kit comes with two vials: a primer to help detect an infection, and a synthetically engineered piece of the virus, which labs use to produce a surefire positive match to ensure their machines are working correctly. A lab technician combines these ingredients with a patient’s mucus sample—usually from a throat or nasal swab—and results are usually available in a few hours."
Coincidentally, I recently discovered the burgeoning biohacking scene in which many folks are already using affordable PCR thermocyclers in their home labs to do DNA amplification and crispr-cas experiments. I do fungal sequencing for phylogeny myself.
Given the simplicity of the testing process using PCR, why does it seem like the US is moving so slowly with getting tests in peoples hands? Is it the primer or control virus synthesis? Is it the manufacturing process? Is it red tape? If so, which specifically? Is it poor communication? Is it a confluence of factors?
Why isn't every local university or lab working together to at the least, copy the Germans protocol and get to work on manufacturing ASAP? Why isn't there a line of people outside these labs ready to drop-off their sample and get the results online? Where is the American version of the aforementioned biotech startup?
This epidemic and the general response has only reinforced my belief in the future of citizen science and the widespread accessibility of indie biohacking tools and methodologies. There are just too many misaligned incentives in pharma research, leaving huge gaps in the ability to bring new tests and drugs to the market. Look no further than the antibiotic resistant drug problem.
In the US you have this combination of heavy over-regulation and lack of public provisioning. It's like the worst of both combined. Between this, cannabis, ketamine, and the opioid crisis, I absolutely do not understand why there isn't an uproar over overregulation in healthcare getting in the way.
Also were talking about a virulent pathogen sample. Do you truly want to stand in line and collect random snot samples with covid virus without proper training and PPE?
What you might be missing is consistency, which is what the medical system is worried about. You want to avoid false negatives AND false positives when it really counts. Getting that consistency is where the regulations come in. Nowadays I think it's appropriate to relax them a little in the interest of the emergency.
This has already happened in the US, with 1.5 million tests ready to ship, with emergency approval from the US government. In April they will be producing 5 million tests per week. https://ir.thermofisher.com/investors/news-and-events/news-r...
"Mologic said it will invest a part of an expansion to its $4.9m grant from the Bill and Melinda-Gates Foundation to finance access to Sherlock's INSPECTR™ platform, which the Cambridge-based US company licences earlier this year from the Wyss Institute.
Under the agreement, Mologic will provide its lateral flow-based platform CARD, which has been demonstrated to provide a 1,000-fold improvement in sensitivity over current technology, and its immunoassay platform ELTABA for enzyme activity detection. Sherlock Bioscience will provide its synthetic biology-based INSPECTR™ platform, which consists of a DNA hybridization-based sensor that can be easily programmed to detect target nucleic acids (DNA or RNA) with single base pair specificity, coupled with a paper-based synthetic gene network that translates the sensor’s detection into a bioluminescent signal that is easily visualised or captured on instant film. Crucially, this process can be done at room temperature and does not require any instrumentation."
SHERLOCK is an evolution of CRISPR technology, which others use to make precise edits in genetic code. SHERLOCK can detect the unique genetic fingerprints of virtually any DNA or RNA sequence in any organism or pathogen. Developed by our founders and licensed exclusively from the Broad Institute, SHERLOCK is a method for single molecule detection of nucleic acid targets and stands for Specific High Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter unLOCKing. It works by amplifying genetic sequences and programming a CRISPR molecule to detect the presence of a specific genetic signature in a sample, which can also be quantified. When it finds those signatures, the CRISPR enzyme is activated and releases a robust signal. This signal can be adapted to work on a simple paper strip test, in laboratory equipment, or to provide an electrochemical readout that can be read with a mobile phone."
"If the sample contains the RNA of the Zika virus, the test area turns purple."
> its saliva and finger-prick kit could be ready for sale by June for less than $1 apiece
> Mologic and the Institut Pasteur have joint capacity to produce 8 million tests a year
every little helps, and a low-cost test would obviously be a game-changer. but let's keep things in perspective and be realistic. it sounds quite hypothetical right now. there's no indication it works reliably yet.
If it just goes unchecked exponentialy for 2 months then significant fraction of world population will die. Like 2-digit percentage.
Not only that, demographically the hardest hit population (80+) are not in the time of their lives where they spend the bulk of their money nor are they in the most productive time of their lives.
See https://youtu.be/BYTFk34nhoI from the 10 to 12 minute mark.
At which point, once we have fast and reliable testing, we can actually start having people go out more and reduce the isolation, since we can count on better testing to stop the spread.
My niece and great nephews in Victoria, BC just turned up with symptoms for COVID. They were told to self-quarantine and were not tested.
You cannot believe the numbers from any country which does not have a robust testing regime. That emphatically includes Canada along with the USA.
That's not to suggest that 18% of the population is infected. Merely suggests that positive tests is a useless metric because people are not tested.
Number of people admitted to hospital might be a better indicator -- though this has a lot of delay.
It's a symptom of massive under-testing and would be greatly alleviated by an inexpensive test.
Yet the messaging until recently was "no evidence of community spread, risk remains low" with very lukewarm response. Of course there is no evidence if you don't look for it.
I understand they don't want to incite panic but anyone who's been paying attention to other countries can see that community spread is inevitable unless you have strict measures and robust testing, very early on. I'm pissed our politicians have ignored lessons from other countries.
I think this site may be paywalled unfortunately (but there is just a $1 for the first month charge):
The second graph in there shows Canada is tracking exactly the same path as most European countries and the US.
Exponential growth at the current rate would have it burning through the global population by the end of June, but since exponential growth becomes logistic growth after an appreciable fraction of the population is infected, June is probably closer to the halfway point than the end date.
And that's assuming zero curve flattening. The entire point of flattening the curve is to draw it out so that hospitals continue to function for longer. But this also makes the pandemic last longer.
A vaccine isn't expected for over a year, and even then, I'd expect at least a few months of logistical difficulties getting enough manufactured, distributed, and administered, especially given the state that hospitals will likely be in.
We would be screwed, IMHO, based on the current mitigation strategies around curve flattening that are not being communicated realistically to the public. The crop of shutdowns over the weekend were billed as 2-3 weeks.. Err, what? How are we even going to know what effect that's having without massive blanket testing? Then, nobody seems to believe anything less than 8 weeks is enough; and that's full-blown lock-down not fractions of half measures.
But as you say, the just spreads it out. So what happens in 8 weeks when we still can't let up the restrictions because if we did that the number of cases would just explode again among the uninfected population? If we aren't turning the corner by June and getting the 40% of adults who can't afford $400 in an emergency back to work..
I'm sympathetic to the UKs strategy and hope the best for them.
Exactly. People seem to be mistaking the incubation period (~two weeks) for the length of time the pandemic will last (months at minimum).
It's impossible to have a perfect quarantine, so if we were to all go back to normal after a month, the pandemic growth curve will pick up where it left off. Exiting the lockdown will need to be done super carefully to avoid this outcome.
As far as I can tell, this is probably going to be the new normal until we have a vaccine.
An Imperial College paper out today predicts this under its most stringent suppression scenario; see the chart on page 10.
Do the math on those "flatten the curve" graphs and work out the X-axis given the projected infection rates (20%-60% of population), hospitalisation rate (15%-30%), days in hospital required (6-9) and the number of beds available.
This ends with a vaccine or a mutation that gives (partial?) immunity and a lower death rate.
I heard the mask production automation lines cost $50K to $100 in China and TW. Now the price for machines and production materials are 5-10 times the normal.
But once setup, 95% - 99% of the process is automated. There are zero pollution and it is neither labor nor capital intensive. Do need the logistic and abilities to source some raw materials. If setup, the next few months would be like printing $$$$.
TW can make 10 millions masks per day now.
China has production line making 110 millions mask per day.
They were able mobilized the industries like war time - TW actually send enlist Army personnels to the factory to help out.
This is probably OK for ice cream and computer hardware. Less so for medical supplies.
I think the big issue is supply for medical staff. There's a limited supply of legit masks. Medical staff need masks more. We need medical staff more. And the masks are more effective with training / other procedures in place. Other than that - if the masks didn't help you, medical staff wouldn't wear them.
So yes, with supply being low, it's far more useful for infected people to not spread said droplets.
Over here, supply doesn't seem to be low. Lots of smoke recently meant lots of masks in the supply chain. I'm surprised I see so few worn in the shops though, especially since I spent a lot of time in Asia where masks were common during flu season.
Even simpler--don't wear a mask for yourself, but for others.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19193267 “We found that adherence to mask use significantly reduced the risk for ILI-associated infection”
https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD... “Surgical masks or N95 respirators were the most consistent and comprehensive [physical intervention] supportive measures.”
They're trying to conserve masks for health care professionals, and DEFINITELY don't want people using "I'm wearing a mask" as an excuse to go out when they should just stay home, but I can't imagine they don't help a lot.
Imo, this all or nothing thinking is contemporary issue that plays out in many contexts and we collectivelly really should get out of it.
Basic masks can be beneficial for a short time. They need to be replaced at least every hour in order for the benefit to persist. This is routine in a hospital, but is simply impractical for most normal people.
(If a mask stops a droplet containing virus, the virus doesn't disappear. Your own breath and fine droplets keeps the mask material warm and humid—making the mask material great environment for the virus to hang out and spread through the fabric until it can be breathed directly into your lung where it can do the most damage.)
If we only had enough masks, that is.
Masks are only effective in a fairly immediate radius: someone coughs, that droplet goes a little ways then falls on a surface. Medical professionals are in that immediate radius all the time, that's why they need the masks. People are usually not sneezing directly on each other, so that's less of an issue. What IS an issue is the viral particle that is now on a surface. You touch that, move your hand to your face (perhaps to adjust your mask) and bingo you're infected. Washing your hands obsessively is WAY more useful than any mask.
Most of the time in medicine masks are used to stop the medical professional from contaminating the patient, not the other way around (that's what you see in surgery). If you're with someone sick, it would be good to give them a mask, they'll spread fewer particles that way.
TLDR: Masks are minimally useful for the broader public, very useful for those directly in harm's way. Don't buy masks unless you're sick, or someone close to you is sick. Let the supply chain work for medical professionals who actually need them.
That's not to say do or don't do it, just be careful. Handwashing and not touching your face are the single most important things to do.
> Data shows that homemade masks made with a single layer of cotton clothing, or a tea towel can remove around 50-60% of virus-sized particles.
slowhand09 has been unfairly downvoted, because they are factually correct. Epidemiologists are telling the public not to use masks because PPE needs training.
Of course masks are useful, but they're more useful in hospitals / on health care workers' face, than on the average citizen which won't be in contact with the virus that much now that most of the world is starting to get locked down anyway
Have you seen any of them cite a research paper showing that? I haven't, I'm open to suggestions if anyone has one.
Same thing with the "keeping schools open won't spread the virus" thing in the UK; lots of establishment scientists saying "trust us" but a dearth of papers detailing how the established beliefs are wrong that schools are prime transmission vectors for ARI (and closing them has helped to hinder influenza trasmissions in the past).
Not being snarky; if you've got backing for "masks don't hinder viral spread" then lets see it.
The only kind of mask that's going to filter particulate matter out of the air (i.e., be effective against the virus for someone who is not infected) is something that has an airtight seal.
For normal person? They are mostly useless. Only for people, who are already sick, to stop them from spreading virus further. Wearing mask by healthy person doesn't make sense, because there is not much to stop viruses with coming in contact with your eyes. You are always a scratch away from bringing those viruses into your body, negating any benefit from mask. And most of mask, you can buy currently are not dense enough to capture viruses.
OP is correct, unless you are sick or medical worker, you don't need mask. Don't buy them, hospitals need them much more than you.
Is WHO good enough source for you?
They say "If you are healthy, you only need to wear a mask if you are taking care of a person with suspected 2019-nCoV infection."
That assumes you're doing everything else to protect yourself already, like stay away from crowded places.
It also assumes that you know that you're healthy. You could be carrying COVID-19 without knowing it!
One reason health practitioners wear masks is not to infect vulnerable patients with something they might be carrying.
> there is not much to stop viruses with coming in contact with your eyes.
Other than the goggles that you mentioned; yet, nurses in hospitals don't routinely wear goggles, yet do wear masks.
This is probably because your eyes do not suck in air the way your air passages do, and also don't spew viruses into the air.
There is a reason why South Korea officially distributes masks to the public. Everybody in China and Japan wears masks, too.
Um, this is kinda what ordinary people want!!
If you stop it spreading, then most of us don't get it!
Yes, it doesn't stop you getting it, but if it stops you spreading it then we hinder/stop the epidemic [but we're way past that now].
I can't see how reducing transmission "isn't helping".
Sure, they are not as good as respirators. And we as general public should not bulk buy them now.
Has more info on studies related to this. I believe their claim is that tying a cloth around your nose/mouth is 50% as effective as a proper mask.
Maybe my country is outlier, but doctors in non surgical situation use mask (not respirator) and no googles. It is not airtight either.
I don't think they do it because it would be useless.
CDC does not recommend that people who are well wear a facemask to protect themselves from respiratory illnesses, including COVID-19. You should only wear a mask if a healthcare professional recommends it. A facemask should be used by people who have COVID-19 and are showing symptoms. This is to protect others from the risk of getting infected. The use of facemasks also is crucial for health workers and other people who are taking care of someone infected with COVID-19 in close settings (at home or in a health care facility).
Only wear a mask if you are ill with COVID-19 symptoms (especially coughing) or looking after someone who may have COVID-19. Disposable face mask can only be used once. If you are not ill or looking after someone who is ill then you are wasting a mask. There is a world-wide shortage of masks, so WHO urges people to use masks wisely.
WHO advises rational use of medical masks to avoid unnecessary wastage of precious resources and mis-use of masks (see Advice on the use of masks).
The most effective ways to protect yourself and others against COVID-19 are to frequently clean your hands, cover your cough with the bend of elbow or tissue and maintain a distance of at least 1 meter (3 feet) from people who are coughing or sneezing. See basic protective measures against the new coronavirus for more information.
They don't say it useless, just they not recommend it
They can be cleaned. It's not ideal, but very likely better than nothing. Sorry, can't find link, but they tried a variety of different techniques to hit on one that worked.
Antibody tests are more suitable for test strips, and work under 30m, but they need blood test.
Few companies in China are already marketing 30 minute PCR systems. One from Xiamen, another from Nansha.
Based on this, I'd guess they are talking about an antibody based test. There are point of care Influenza tests that work on the same principle. Probably not as sensitive as a PCR test, but definitely cheaper and faster -- if you can get a good antibody.
Unlike other false positives that could lead to unneeded/harmful interventions (surgery, chemo), erring on the side of false positives would actually be desirable for COVID-19.
Unless you are in such an extreme case that you need a respirator or something, in which case they will hospitalize you and you might be around other diseased victims, but if you are in that condition then it is probably not a false positive. There is a shortage of hospital beds worldwide right now, so they are sending everyone home unless hospitalization is considered life-saving.
Some states are banning evictions for a few months, so at least there is that option. But it just means they'll be homeless in June instead of April.
Where the tests are "not very accurate" is the false negative. The false negative rate can be as high as 50-60%, depending on tests and how it's administered. Sometimes they will conduct the test twice to improve accuracy.
The Roche ones recently approved have a lower negative test rate (10%?)
Edit: I removed my mention of 0% false positive rate because nothing in life is absolute.
Need a citation on this. In order to even make a strong statement about the false positive rate you need to have some sort of alternate confirmation mechanism, usually clinical diagnosis or another more comprehensive test. That kind of work takes time and we haven't gotten to the point where we know this.
False positives in the test are one possible reason for the resurgence in Singapore; the initial screenings were overreporting the number of cases leading to a false sense of security, followed by a surge in real cases as the spread continued.
EDIT: A quick look at some of the tests available indicate that currently providers are not publishing specificity/sensitivity numbers in general under the accelerated release guidelines. One I did find was biomedomics test , which claims "The overall testing sensitivity was 88.66% and specificity was 90.63%", so ~10% of negative cases will show as positive.
It seems asymptomatic patients can test negative multiple times on RT-PCR assays but be diagnosed other ways.
I've read somewhere that at least in China, the specificity of the PCR tests is only 60-70%, leaving ~30% undetected.
From the Discussion section of this paper: https://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.2020200642:
"According to current diagnostic criterion, viral nucleic acid test by RT-PCR assay plays a vital role in determining hospitalization and isolation for individual patients. However, its lack of sensitivity, insufficient stability, and relatively long processing time were detrimental to the control of the disease epidemic. In our study, the positive rate of RT-PCR assay for throat swab samples was 59% (95%CI, 56%-62%) which was consistent with previous report (30 - 60%) (6). In addition, a number of any external factors may affect RT-PCR testing results including sampling operations, specimens source (upper or lower respiratory tract), sampling timing (different period of the disease development) (6), and performance of detection kits. As such, the results of RT-PCR tests must be cautiously interpreted."
>That means if the test says you have Coronavirus, you have it.
This line implies the parent comment is talking about the false positive rate of the entire testing process that results in you being told you're infected, not PCR as a platonic ideal, theoretical process.
But I agree that 0% false positive rates are going to be nearly impossible to achieve (for just about anything that isn't mathematics).
What does it mean if the specimen tests positive for the virus that causes COVID-19? A positive test result for COVID-19 indicates that RNA from SARS-CoV-2 was detected, and the patient is infected with the virus and presumed to be contagious
What does it mean if the specimen tests negative for the virus that causes COVID-19? A negative test result for this test means that SARSCoV-2 RNA was not present in the specimen above the limit of detection. However, a negative result does not rule out COVID-19 and should not be used as the sole basis for treatment or patient management decisions. A negative result does not exclude the possibility of COVID-19.
You still haven't addressed the possibility of a protocol error such as a switched sample. The lab test itself may never produce false positives, but that emphatically does not mean that if the lab test comes back positive there is a 100% guarantee that the patient is infected.
If you want to argue on the fact of life that nothing in life is absolute. Fine. you win. If administered properly, and the test kit detects a presence of COHVID-19 RNA in your body, and the person telling you the results is not drunk, then the results is as close as 0% as practical.
* Get DNA out of cells and unwrapped from their histones.
* Cleave the DNA sample with restriction enzymes at boundary sites which should mark the start/end of a stretch of viral DNA.
* Amplify the sample with PCR, using primers which match stretches of viral DNA.
* Run a gel electrophoresis and look for a mass of DNA that matches the expected size of the stretch of viral DNA.
Is that how things work, or are these kinds of diagnostics done differently?
Note: I haven't seen any of the protocols, just what I've been able to learn from press reports.
Edit: Here's a link to the CDC's panel protocol: https://www.fda.gov/media/134922/download
And to add Wikipedia's page on real-time PCR (not to be confused with RT-PCR, which is also used here): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_polymerase_chain_rea... . However, the crux of it is that the reaction contains a chemical that fluoresces in the presence of double-stranded DNA. As the PCR reaction progresses, if there is a valid template in the original mixture (i.e. if there is virus present), then there will be a detectable amount of DNA present after a number of PCR cycles. The lower the number of PCR cycles required to detect this fluorescence, the more viral RNA was present in the initial sample.
While you could have an assay that used sequencing, it wouldn't be nearly as fast or cost efficient.
>RNA isolated and purified from upper and lower respiratory specimens is reverse transcribed to cDNA
and subsequently amplified in the Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Dx Real-Time PCR Instrument with SDS
version 1.4 software. In the process, the probe anneals to a specific target sequence located between
the forward and reverse primers. During the extension phase of the PCR cycle, the 5’ nuclease activity
of Taq polymerase degrades the probe, causing the reporter dye to separate from the quencher dye,
generating a fluorescent signal. With each cycle, additional reporter dye molecules are cleaved from
their respective probes, increasing the fluorescence intensity. Fluorescence intensity is monitored at
each PCR cycle by Applied Biosystems 7500 Fast Dx Real-Time PCR System with SDS version 1.4
I can't tell if you're being sarcastic or not, but 20 years is a very short amount of time if you look back on the history of the advancement of engineering and our understanding of the world. It's very exciting, especially when you look at how little the basic operating concept of computers has changed in the same timeframe.
Also, for an RNA virus, it starts with reverse transcriptase.
If this was worth reporting on, there should be some kind of data showing how effective and cheap the test is when compared to the competition. I wonder what led Bloimberg and other financial news to pick this story up.
They're far from the only ones who've developed a far better test.
Without specifically looking for them, since the outbreak began I've seen 4 or 5 reports of different companies developing far better tests.
Unfortunately, I don't know if any of them have actually been put in to use, or what the obstacles to doing so are.
Were any of the reports more detailed than "hey, we developed a better test. Give us money."
Google Translate Translation
Having said that, Coronavirus is consider a repository illness...so you'd probably perform the same home treatment as any other respiratory illness.
Notably, you should not take ibuprofen or other NSAIDS. Stick to acetaminophen/paracetamol instead.
Guidance from France's health minister:
The Snopes article covers the general gist although there is an early report around that the minister likely read and passed on in the form of a tweet.
Research is changing constantly right now so evidence may or may not show NSAIDs contraindicated with greater risk than other infections.
[Yes, finance isn't that easy, the knock on effects would make the cost possibly greater, maybe less(!)?]
If we had a cheap test that tells us whether we have some kind of illness, corona-flu included, then I'd say that would be tremendously useful.
Then again, the rapid flu test only takes about 5 to 20 more minutes than this, and doesn't really cost much more than any routine diagnostic.
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Carbon sequestration -- taking CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it, well, somewhere -- doesn't generate a great deal of interest among hardcore climate change wonks. That's in part because the various sequestration options each have serious drawbacks, in part because sequestration isn't as easy as it sounds, and in part because sequestration is seen by some as being an 'easy out' for continuing a greenhouse-intensive lifestyle. From this perspective, it's the liposuction of the fight against climate disruption: it might help in the short term, but without changes in behavior, it won't matter much.
As it becomes increasingly clear just how bad the greenhouse gas situation really is, however, we may come to reconsider that position. It's looking increasingly likely that we will need to really crank up the sequestration research on top of shifting hard and fast towards more efficient, greener designs and technologies. To that end, the Washington Post provides a basic overview of current sequestration research. It doesn't touch on every project out there, but it does cover the mainstream ideas: biomass offsets, serpentine neutralization, and liquefying CO2 for undersea insertion.
Lets not forget the low-tech way to sequestrate carbon: Planting trees!
I made a comment off your Feb 18 "warming the oceans" post.
Is anyone (other than me) talking up landfills for this? It strikes me as a low cost (or perhaps even cost saving) approach.
Environmentalists and garderners (myself included) are attracted to waste composting because there is all this "wealth" (plant material, carbon) which is "wasted" when it goes off to the landfill. But as I understand it, composted plants return to the atmosphere relatively quickly. Landfills should lock up carbon for hundreds of years.
I think a similar test should be made when "waste" is burned to generate energy. We should be looking at the conversion efficiency (CO2 per KW), and just landfill the stuff if it cannot beat the efficiency of (say) coal.
This is about being hard as tacks with your CO2 accounting, and not letting warm-fuzzies rule.
Did I make a mistake in my last post attempt?
I was able to track down a document on landfill sequestration. To make a long story short, it says that carbon put into a landfill stays there:
It sounds to me like one of the most cost effective options - just make sure we shift more carbon to the landfill.
One of the presentations given at the Exter Conference posted here: http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/002062.html , called Bio-Energy with Carbon Storage (BECS) mentioned using the charcoal from biomass gasification as a soil ammendment, which would sequester CO2. The incredibly rich anthropogenic soils called Terra Preta in the Amazon have large quantities of char in it. It seems like a win-win, grow trees, create energy, save the char and apply it to degraded fields and increase agricultural productivity at the same time.
Hey Bear, checked out that PDF. The claim of ~5Kyr half-life for charcoal in soil sequestration is ceratinly impressive. It's not something I would intuit from my experience as a gardener ... but it it words, great.
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For the past three years, on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, David Meyer, a sociology and public policy professor at UC Irvine, has reposted a piece on Martin Luther King, Jr.’s insurgency and how this day ostensibly celebrating this man, his values, and his actions came about. King was not popular in his day, he was growing even more unpopular before he was assassinated, and even when Martin Luther King Jr. Day became a national holiday in 1983, there was large-scale ambivalence or worse (to put it lightly) about celebrating this man. Meyer writes:
The King holiday was about Martin Luther King, to be sure, but it was meant to represent far more than the man. King stands in for the civil rights movement and for African-American history more generally. I often wonder if the eloquence of the 1963 “I have a dream” speech winds up obscuring not only a man with broader goals, but a much more contested–and ambitious–movement.
Posterity has rescued an image of Martin Luther King, at the expense of the man’s own broader political vision.
Ironically, in elevating an insurgent to a position in America’s pantheon of historic heroes, we risk editing out the insurgency.
This was a super fun, relatively low key, and very meaningful project. Many thanks to the good folks at 1 Second Everyday both for the inspiration and also the app. I highly encourage folks give it a shot. Try it for a week or a month, and see how you like it.
I also highly encourage folks to take on a making-everyday project, whether it’s for a week, a month, a year, or even longer. This was my second 365 project — I did a photo a day project in 2015. Once again, I learned a lot, I got to exercise some new creative storytelling muscles, and I had a lot of fun (I took this one much less seriously than my photography project). Most importantly, it helped me deepen many of my relationships, and it reminded me of the beauty that surrounds me every day. It was a great way to end the decade. Happy New Year!
Earlier this month, I wrote a blog post over on Faster Than 20 entitled, “Made of Love.” All I wanted to do was to tell a brief story of a remarkable moment I experienced at a meeting I was shadowing and how that moment made me feel. It turned out to be more complicated than that. I wrote a long, confessional draft that made me feel raw and vulnerable, I asked people I trusted for feedback, then I sat on that feedback for a while, before finally deciding to revise and publish the post.
I’m really glad I did. I got a ton of thoughtful, moving responses from friends and colleagues, which has me thinking and wanting to share a lot more.
For the most part, I’m thrilled about everything I cut and rewrote. However, there’s one tiny story that I wanted to share here, because it’s a bit of a North Star for me.
There’s an episode of the PBS cooking documentary, Mind of a Chef, that follows Magnus Nilsson — considered one of the best chefs in the world — through the process of conceiving and creating a dish with a young protege. (You can watch the episode on Netflix if you’re a subscriber. Oh, how I wish for more open access, so I could easily share video clips. Another blog post for another time.) It’s mesmerizing to watch, partially because of the beautiful setting (a frozen lake in the Swedish countryside), partially because of the creativity and skill of execution.
Two things jumped out at me in particular. First was the delight that Nilsson expressed throughout the process, including when he tasted the final product. He clearly was not satisfied by it, and he methodically walked through how he wanted to make it better. But he still seemed really happy about what he had done. Second was the the relationship between Nilsson and his protege. The latter seemed nervous (perhaps more because he was on camera than because of his mentor), but he also seemed… safe? Excited? It’s hard to describe exactly, but it felt productive and loving.
That’s the balance I personally want to strike for when I create something. I actually think I’m a lot more joyful about iterations than others see, but I definitely could let myself appreciate and celebrate more. More importantly, I can let others see this appreciation and joy. I definitely hold back because I don’t want me or others to get complacent, but I think I can strike a better balance.
Yesterday, I tried my first panettone ever. It was delicious! It wasn’t mind-numbingly delicious, and I probably wouldn’t go out of my way to buy one again, but I enjoyed it, and I’d definitely eat it again.
I had never eaten panettone before, probably because of its reputation as a dry and terrible mass-produced holiday tradition. I was drawn to this particularly panettone thanks to a David Changpodcast, where he interviewed Roy Shvartzpel, its creator. Chang’s podcasts are an acquired taste. They are borderline insufferable, a weird see-sawing act of self-aggrandizement and self-flagellation. I’ve recommended episodes to a few friends, and they all complained that it was too bro-y. Still, I’ve enjoyed several of his interviews for their insights into those who are obsessed about craft and, to some extent, the Korean-American psyche.
This interview almost struck the wrong side of this weird balance. I was intrigued by Chang’s bold pronouncements about this panettone and also hyperaware of his proclivity to exaggerate. I was intrigued by Shvartzpel’s origin story as a hoop obsessive, but put off by his comparing his game to Steph Curry’s. I almost turned off the podcast several times, but when they finally got around to talking about Shvartzpel’s story as a cook, I was entranced. His story about how the Italian panettone master, Iginio Massari, took him in made me weepy. And I’m a sucker for honest stories about the grind, especially when they’re about small businesses.
His story made me interested enough to look into buying one of his cakes. They cost between $30-60, outrageous in comparison to the $5 monstrosities you can find at your grocery store, but within the realm of reason when you compare them to buying a high-quality cake at a good bakery. Still, I wasn’t compelled enough to buy one.
That changed earlier this week. I’m in Southern California visiting family and was shopping for groceries when I saw boxes of his panettone on sale. It’s the holidays, I was with family, and it was right there, so I ended up springing for a box, praying that I would not be filled with regret later.
Last night, after a delicious dinner, we finally opened the box and had a taste. As I said, it was delicious. I could see how it might be easy to overlook the craft required to get it to taste as good as it did. However, it was nowhere close to The New York Times’assessment, which I found hilarious:
His domed wonders are unworldly in their featherweight texture: the tender crumb dissolves on your tongue, almost like cotton candy, were cotton candy spun from butter. They seem paradoxically rich and ethereal at the same time.
I’ve only had one experience that I can remember where a baked good lived up to its hype. When Arsicault Bakery opened in my neighborhood in 2016, I wasn’t super interested. I’m neither a croissant nor really any baked good fanatic. When Bon Appetitnamed it America’s best new bakery later that year, I was even less interested. I’m hype-averse, and I’m even more line-averse.
About a year later, I finally tried one, and I couldn’t believe how incredible they were. I’m usually a chocolate or ham-and-cheese croissant guy, but when I go to Arsicault, I always order the plain, because I don’t want any of those other adornments to interfere with the light, flaky, buttery goodness of these masterful creations. For the most part, folks I’ve shared them with agree with my assessment, although, I hear the occasional, “They’re just croissants,” or, “They’re not as good as they are in France.”
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It is highly important to perform saving operation safely to aviod data loss. The most common technique, widely used by all applications, is to create backup file before it is saved. When saving is successfully completed application deletes backup file.
xlCompare uses this way also. The only difference - backup file is not deleted after saving. So, you can get access to the previous verson of your workbook.
Where backup is created?
Open My Documents folder on your PC. There is a xlCompare subfolder. In this subfolder you can find the next one - Backup. This is the folder where all backup files are stored:
Documents | xlCompare | Backup
How to identify the workbook in this folder? This is easy. Backup file is create with it's original name. xlCompare adds data and time of the backup creation to the file name. So, if you've saved Loan Calculator.xls on the 05/12/2014 at 13:07:45, the backup file is - Loan Calculator.2014-05-12 13-07-45.xls.
If something goes wrong and you need to restore original file - you can find it in the backup folder.
You are protected from the data loss, when you are using xlCompare!
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Gout is a painful and potentially disabling form of arthritis that has been around since ancient times. It is sometimes referred to as the “disease of kings,” because people long have incorrectly linked it to the kind of overindulgence in food and wine only the rich and powerful could afford. In fact, gout can affect anyone, and its risk factors vary.
The first symptoms usually are intense episodes of painful swelling in single joints, most often in the feet, especially the big toe. The swollen site may be red and warm. Fifty percent of first episodes occur in the big toe, but any joint can be involved. Fortunately, it is possible to treat gout and reduce its very painful attacks by avoiding food and medication triggers and by taking medicines that can help. However, diagnosing gout can be hard, and treatment plans (/IAmA/PatientCaregiver/DiseasesConditions/LivingWellwithRheumatic Disease/ImportanceofFollowingyourTreatmentPlan) often must be tailored for each person.
Intensely painful, swelling joints (most often in the big toe or other part of the foot) and/or bouts of arthritis that come and go may indicate gout.
Finding the characteristic crystals in the fluid of joints allows health care providers to correctly diagnose gout.
Gout treatments exist, but therapy should be tailored for each person. Treatment choices depend on kidney function, other health problems, personal preferences and other factors.
Patients may need medications to lower their elevated blood uric acid levels that predispose to gout. The goal is a uric acid level less than 6 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL).
There are two types of medicine for gout. For control of acute attacks of joint pain, there are NSAIDs (/I AmA/PatientCaregiver/Treatments/NSAIDs), colchicine and corticosteroids. After gout flares have resolved, there are medications that can lower the level of uric acid over time in order to prevent or lessen attacks.
Lifestyle changes such as controlling weight, limiting alcohol intake and limiting meals with meats and fish rich in purines also can help control gout.
What causes gout?
Gout occurs when excess uric acid (a normal waste product) collects in the body, and needle‐like urate crystals deposit in the joints. This may happen because either uric acid production increases or, more often, the kidneys cannot remove uric acid from the body well enough. Certain foods and drugs may raise uric acid
levels and lead to gout attacks. These include:
Shellfish and red meats
Alcohol in excess
Sugary drinks and foods that are high in fructose
Some medications, such as:
lowdose aspirin (but because it can help protect against heart attacks and strokes, we do not recommend that people with gout stop taking lowdose aspirin)
certain diuretics (“water pills”) such as hydrochlorothiazide (Esidrix, Hydro‐D) and Lasix immunosuppressants used in organ transplants such as cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) and tacrolimus (Prograf)
Over time, increased uric acid levels in the blood may lead to deposits of urate crystals in and around the joints. These crystals can attract white blood cells, leading to severe, painful gout attacks and chronic arthritis. Uric acid also can deposit in the urinary tract, causing kidney stones.
Who gets gout?
Gout affects more than three million Americans. This condition and its complications occur more often in men, women after menopause, and people with kidney disease. Gout is strongly linked to obesity, hypertension (high blood pressure), hyperlipidemia (high cholesterol and triglycerides) and diabetes. Because of genetic factors, gout tends to run in some families. Gout rarely affects children.
How is gout diagnosed?
Some other kinds of arthritis can mimic gout, so proper diagnosis (detection) is key. Health care providers suspect gout when a patient has joint swelling and intense pain in one or two joints at first, followed by pain‐ free times between attacks. Early gout attacks often start at night.
Diagnosis depends on finding the distinguishing crystals. The physician may use a needle to extract fluid from an affected joint and will study that fluid under a microscope to find whether urate crystals are present. Crystals also can be found in deposits (called tophi) that can appear under the skin. These tophi occur in advanced gout.
Uric acid levels in the blood are important to measure but can sometimes be misleading, especially if measured at the time of an acute attack. Levels may be normal for a short time or even low during attacks. Even people who do not have gout can have increased uric acid levels.
Xrays may show joint damage in gout of long duration. Ultrasound and dual energy computed tomography (commonly called dual energy CT) can show early features of gouty joint involvement. These imaging techniques also can help suggest the diagnosis.
How is gout treated?
Treatment of acute attacks
One treatment for active gout flares is colchicine. This medicine can be effective if given early in the attack. However, colchicine can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other side effects. Side effects may be less frequent with low doses. Patients with kidney or liver disease, or who take drugs that interact (interfere) with colchicine, must take lower doses or use other medicines. Colchicine also has an important role in preventing gout attacks (see below).
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (/IAmA/PatientCaregiver/Treatments/NSAIDs)– commonly called NSAIDs – are aspirin‐like medications that can decrease inflammation and pain in joints and other tissues. NSAIDs, such as indomethacin (Indocin) and naproxen (Naprosyn), have become the treatment choice for most acute attacks of gout. There is no proof that any one NSAID is better than others. High doses of short‐ acting NSAIDs give the fastest relief of symptoms. These medicines may cause stomach upset, ulcers or diarrhea, but they are well tolerated by most people when used for the short term. Some people cannot take NSAIDs because of health conditions such as ulcer disease or impaired kidney function or the use of blood thinners. The fact sheet on NSAIDs lists the types of patients who cannot take NSAIDs.
In patients with chronic undertreated gout crystals can be found in uric acid deposits (called tophi) that can damage joints & can appear under the skin. Corticosteroids such as prednisone and triamcinolone are useful options for patients who cannot take NSAIDs. Given orally (by mouth) or by injection (shot) into the muscle, these medicines can be very effective in treating gout attacks. If only one or two joints are involved, your doctor can inject a corticosteroid directly into your joint.
Health care providers may prescribe anakinra (Kineret) (/IAmA/PatientCaregiver/Treatments/Anakinra Kineret), an “interleukin 1 beta antagonist,” for very severe attacks of gout. Though this rheumatoid arthritis (/IAmA/PatientCaregiver/DiseasesConditions/RheumatoidArthritis) drug is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for gout treatment, it can quickly relieve gout symptoms for some patients. Some home remedies may help ease gout pain. Rest the affected joint and apply ice packs or cold compresses (cloths soaked in ice water and wrung out) to that spot.
Treatment to remove excess uric acid
Patients who have repeated gout flares, abnormally high levels of blood uric acid, or tophi or kidney stones should strongly consider medicines to lower blood uric acid levels. These medications do not help the painful flares of acute gout, so most patients should start taking them after acute attacks subside. The drug most often used to return blood levels of uric acid to normal is allopurinol (Lopurin, Zyloprim). It blocks production of uric acid. Another option, febuxostat (Uloric), also acts by blocking uric acid production.
Probenecid (Benemid) helps the kidneys remove uric acid. Only patients with good kidney function who do not overproduce uric acid should take probenecid.
Pegloticase (Krystexxa) is given by injection and breaks down uric acid. This drug is for patients who do not respond to other treatments or cannot tolerate them. New drugs to lower uric acid levels and to treat gout inflammation are under development.
Gout flares often can occur when you first start to use medications that lower blood uric acid levels. Patients can help prevent flares when starting these medications by also using low‐dose colchicine or NSAIDs. Often, doctors advise patients to keep taking colchicine in a low, preventive dose together with the uric acidlowering medicine for at least six months.
If you are taking a uric acidlowering drug, your doctor should slowly raise the dose and keep checking your blood uric acid levels. Once your uric acid levels drop below 6 mg/dL (normal), crystals tend to dissolve and new deposits of crystals can be prevented. You probably will have to stay on this medicine long term to prevent gout attacks.
What works well for one person may not work as well for another. Therefore, decisions about when to start treatment and what drugs to use should be tailored for each patient. Treatment choices depend on kidney function, other health problems, personal preferences and other factors.
What you eat can increase uric acid levels. Limit the amount of highfructose drinks, such as nondiet soda. Also, do not drink alcohol, especially beer. Restrict eating foods that are rich in purines, compounds that break down into uric acid. These compounds are high in meat and certain types of seafood. New research has found purines in vegetables appear to be safe. Low‐fat dairy products may help lower uric acid levels.
In almost all cases, it is possible to successfully treat gout and bring a gradual end to attacks. Treatment also can decrease the number and size of tophi (deposits of uric acid crystals).
Broader health impacts of gout
Gout often is associated with high blood pressure, heart and kidney disease, or the use of medications that increase uric acid levels. Therefore, health care providers should test for these related health problems. Researchers are studying whether lowering blood uric acid levels can help heart disease and kidney disease.
Living with gout
Gout affects quality of life by both the intermittent attacks and the potential for chronic (lasting) arthritis. Compliance with your treatment plan is critical. Lifestyle changes may make it easier to manage this lifelong disease. Suggestions include gradual weight loss, avoidance of alcohol and reduced consumption of fructose‐ containing drinks and foods high in purines.
The rheumatologist’s role in the treatment of gout
Treatment of gout can be difficult because of coexisting illnesses and other medications. As experts in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatologists (/IAmA/PatientCaregiver/HealthCareTeam/Whatisa Rheumatologist) examine patients to learn whether gout is the cause of their arthritis and to educate them about the role and proper use of medications and other treatments for gout. They also act as a resource to primary care doctors.
Written by H. Ralph Schumacher, MD, and reviewed by the American College of Rheumatology Communications and Marketing Committee. This information is provided for general education only. Individuals should consult a qualified health care provider for professional medical advice, diagnosis and treatment of a medical or health condition.
© April 2015 American College of Rheumatology
© 2015 American College of Rheumatology. All rights reserved.
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Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder that affects most individuals at some point in their lives. It may result in significant morbidity, including cutaneous scarring and psychological impairment. Current treatments include topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, topical and systemic antibiotics, and systemic isotretinoin. There are growing concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, significant side effects of isotretinoin therapy, and lack of safe and effective treatment for pregnant females. Recent advances in the pathogenesis of acne have led to a greater understanding of the underlying inflammatory mechanisms and the role the Propionibacterium acnes and biofilms. This has led to the development of new therapeutic targets. This article reviews emerging treatments of acne, including topical picolinic acid, topical antibiotic dapsone, systemic zinc salts, oral antibiotic lymecycline, new formulations of and synergistic combinations of benzoyl peroxide, photodynamic therapy with topical photosensitizers and potential acne vaccines.
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| 0.907267 | 201 | 2.71875 | 3 |
What are the first thoughts that pop into your mind when you see the word ‘grammar’? If you thought of things like , ‘nouns, ‘verbs’, ‘adjectives’, ‘phrases’, ‘tense’, ‘syntax’ …. you are probably with the majority of the people who have been to school. I’ll wager that you didn’t think about grammar involving ‘the context of the situation’.
This week, one of the first questions that Jo Rossbridge from PETAA asked us when we began our ‘Grammar and Teaching’ course on Wednesday was “what is grammar”? We, the participants, suggested things like: a set of rules that describe how language works, the parts of language and how it hangs together, rules for making meaning, a tool for writing for meaning …
Jo referred us to Beverly Derewianka’s “A New Grammar Companion for Teachers” where she defines grammar as “a way of describing how language works to make meaning.”
But wait … there’s more. Curiously, a phrase that was in the first edition was accidentally left off … Apparently it used to say … “within a particular culture”.
‘Grammar is a way of describing how a language works to make meaning within a particular culture’.
This, ‘within a particular culture’ involves the social purpose – the language choices we make for interacting with different people in differing circumstances. As it happens the context of our communications and language choices that we make turn out to be just as significant as knowing how various grammatical features are structured.
We had fun looking at the field, tenor and mode of three different texts based on a similar concept, the surf. The first included abbreviations, colloquialisms, ‘surf talk’, shorthand text spellings and no capital letters. The second contained a greeting, technical language and information for a specific audience. And finally, the third was lexically denser and written in the passive voice with thought given to carefully crafted and well constructed sentences.
With the field (topic/subject matter) we asked ourselves – What is the text about? Is the language commonsense or specialised? Who or what is it about, what is going on and under what circumstances?
The tenor (relationship between speaker/listener or reader/writer) involved us asking – Who is taking part and what is their relationship? Is the power equal or unequal? Are the choices personal or impersonal, formal or informal?
Mode (the nature of the text) – How is the language used? Is the language spoken like or written like, planned or spontaneous, language as action or reflection, interactive or monologic?
Did you guess? … The first was an email from one surfie to another, the second was a surf report and the last read like an explanation of the sea and waves. The best part of the discussions involved playing detectives and guessing the ages of the authors and their purposes for writing.
These three aspects (field, tenor and mode) of the contexts in which language is used are called registers. They vary from the commonsense to the specialised, the informal to the formal and the spoken or ‘spoken-like’ to the written.
Hopefully as the course goes on, by gaining a better knowledge of English grammar, I will be able to share this with our students in order to be of greater use to them with the development of their spoken and written language.
One week down, eleven to go … if you want to learn along with me I will be reflecting after each session. Please feel free to question or comment.
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Billy was born at Twelveheads in Cornwall. His father was a miner, but died when Billy was young. After this, Billy was brought up by his grandfather, who was a Methodist. He later became a miner and was often drunk and involved in fights. With his wife Joanna, he had seven children.
The Bible Christians
In 1823, Billy gave up drinking and fighting and joined the Bible Christians, a group of Methodists originally from north Cornwall. Billy became a Bible Christian preacher. He became known for chapel services that were exciting and full of energy – often involving singing, dancing and shouting.
Billy was popular with ordinary Cornish men and women because he was one of them. By living a good life, he set an example for others. At this important time in Cornish history, many working people were trying to improve their lives. Billy helped the poor people living near him, including orphaned children, to do this.
Billy became so popular as a preacher that he was able to raise the money to build three chapels: 'Bethel' at Cross Lanes near Twelveheads, 'Great Deliverance' at Carharrack and 'Three Eyes' at Kerley Downs. He died in 1868 and was buried at Baldhu, near Truro.
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"The main symptom of Colony Collapse Disorder is very low or no adult honey bees present in the hive, but with a live queen and no dead honey bee bodies present," the Department of Agriculture reports. "Often there is still honey in the hive, and immature bees are present."
Beekeepers and researchers believe "there is growing evidence that a powerful new class of pesticides known as neonicotinoids, incorporated into the plants themselves, could be an important factor," Wines writes. "Older pesticides could kill bees and other beneficial insects. But while they quickly degraded, often in a matter of days, neonicotinoids persist for weeks and even months. Beekeepers worry that bees carry a summer’s worth of contaminated pollen to hives, where ensuing generations dine on a steady dose of pesticide that, eaten once or twice, might not be dangerous."
One beekeeper in South Dakota said, "We lost 42 percent over the winter. But by the time we came around to pollinate almonds, it was a 55 percent loss." A coalition of beekeepers and environmental and consumer groups sued the Environmental Protection Agency last week, saying it exceeded its authority by conditionally approving some neonicotinoids, Wines writes. We reported Thursday that one group claims the EPA used loopholes to approve 65 percent of pesticides that pose a potential threat to public health.
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Okra is one of the most therapeutic vegetables. After reading this article, we are certain that you will begin utilizing Okra as a part of your every day diet.
What Is Okra? This therapeutic vegetable is grown all throughout the tropical and warm mild districts around the globe for its stringy fruits or “pods”. Okra can be consumed as a vegetable. Okra aka “Lady’s finger” is in with the Malvaceae (mallows) family and is named deductively as Abelmoschus esculentus.
Why Should You Incorporate Okra In Your Eating Regimen?
- Brings Down Bad Cholesterol: Okra (soluble fiber pectin) helps lower the serum (bad) cholesterol and avoids atherosclerosis.
- For Pregnancy and Fetal advancement: Okra helps prevent unnatural birth cycles, promotes development of the fetal neural tube, and prevents imperfections in the tube.
- Skin Detoxifier: Okra (Vitamin C, fiber aids toxic) is utilized to repair body tissues, heal psoriasis, eliminate pimples, and other skin conditions.
- Treats Genital Disorders: Okra treats genital issue like syphilis, extreme menstrual bleeding, leucorrhoea, dysuria, and gonorrhea.
- For Asthma: It can shorten the duration of asthma manifestations and prevent deadly attacks. Okra is high in vitamin C, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Reduces Colon cancer risk: Okra cleans out the intestinal tract with its insoluble fiber, diminishing the danger of colon-rectal tumor. The high cell reinforcements in Okra aid in securing the immune system against unsafe free radicals and avoid transformation of cells.
- Immunity Booster: Okra is a decent immune booster food high in antioxidants and vitamin C. Other vital minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, battle against unsafe free radicals and support the immune system. Rich
- Fiber Source: Okra helps regulate digestion, and regularization of entrails with its filaments. Rich Protein Source: The superb wellspring of top notch vegetable protein and oils, cystine, advanced with amino acids like tryptophan, and other sulfur amino acids content are contained in the seeds of Okra.
- Lively Hair: Okra is an extraordinary hair conditioner, battles dandruff and lice, scalp cream for dry and irritated scalp and adds a youthful sheen to your hair.
- Treats Sun strokes: Okra eases general misery, weakness, and fatigue.
- Relieves Constipation: the mucilaginous
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| 0.840303 | 546 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Introduction: Making Instant Batteries
Survive usually means to succeed in keeping alive against odds, to live after some event that has threatened one. In our daily lives survival is not apparent,we may not even think about survival because we are surrounded by the comfort of technology. Food, water, Shelter are readily available. But in a country that is usually battered by typhoon and other calamities survival is a paramount. We know it very well in Philippines because we are visited every year with not less than 10 typhoon. Our country is also situated in the Ring of Fire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_of_Fire.
In order to survive in adverse condition we must have set of knowledge at our disposal anytime when such condition arise. In this instructables I am going to share how to make instant batteries using materials easily available and can be found in our homes. It should also be easy to make. It would be valuable in case of blackout in the aftermath of typhoon. We can power LED torch out of this batteries.
We're making an instant battery which is called aluminum-air batteries it uses aluminum for more info you can read https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium%E2%80%93a... This type of batteries work by electro-chemical reaction of aluminum and air.
The anode oxidation half-reaction is
Al + 3OH−→ Al(OH) 3 + 3e− +2.31 V.
The cathode reduction half-reaction is
O 2 + 2H 2O + 4e− → 4OH− +0.40 V.
The total reaction is
4Al + 3O 2 + 6H 2O → 4Al(OH) 3 + 2.71 V.
About 1.2 volts potential difference is created by these reactions, and is achievable in practice when potassium hydroxide is used as the electrolyte. Saltwater electrolyte achieves approximately 0.7 volts per cell. I also tried Sodium Hydroxide as electrolyte which gives 1.25 volts. Pond water gives 0.4 volts. You can try urine when situation arise that its difficult to find any liquid for electrolyte which can give approximately 0.8 volts.
Step 1: What We Need?
1. aluminum as anode
any form of pure aluminum(foil, bar, cans, truss) I use aluminum from the cover of easy to open milk can
any of the following sodium hydroxide (lye) or potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) or sodium chloride (salt)
WARNING CORROSIVE be careful when you choose to use lye or caustic potash
4.Paper as separator
I use tissue paper, table napkin or any paper that is not glossy will also work
5.charcoal as cathode, together with
6. wire screen
the following can also be used carbon black, activated carbon and soil which I already tested
7. connecting wires
aside from our materials, please also prepare multi-tester for checking continuity of the battery, sandpaper, scissors, disposable syringe, disposable spoon, pliers, plastic container for charcoal, glass for water, for easy and fast construction of battery.
Step 2: Let's Do It!
Prepare the aluminum by sanding it to increase surface area. Sand it specially when the aluminum is shiny. It is necessary to increase surface area to increase the area for chemical reaction. Prepare the wire screen by cutting small pieces using scissors. Make sure that the wire screen is smaller than the tissue paper. Aluminum and wire screen should not touch each other that is why there is a paper separator to prevent short circuit. fold 4 ply of tissue paper as separator, make the tissue thicker so it can hold more of our electrolyte solution and prevent short circuit. if your battery is short circuited, it will not produce voltage, it gets hot, and produces hydrogen.
Cut connecting wires of your desired length. connect the black wire to aluminum, aluminum is our anode and will be the negative terminal. Make a secure connection of wire to aluminum. What I did was I cut on the edge of aluminum (check the picture) and attached wire on it then fold the aluminum together with the connecting wire to create sturdy connection. Connect the red wire to wire screen. Wire screen and charcoal forms the cathode and this will be the positive terminal of the battery. Place a tissue paper in between the aluminum and wire screen. add 4 sheet of tissue paper. make it like sandwich, aluminum then paper and then wire screen. aluminum and screen should not touched each other and fold more tissue paper so that it wont tear apart as we add electrolyte solution.
WARNING CORROSIVE. If you'll be using salt or tap water or pond water it is alright because its not corrosive.If you will use lye please be careful. you can clearly see on it label. keep away from children, dispose it properly.When you accidentally spill it in your skin wash immediately with running water to minimize skin burn. My electrolyte solution is compose of 10% sodium hydroxide. 9 part water and 1 part sodium hydroxide. put 10 ml to syringe first then next is 90 ml water as you put water into syringe it automatically mixed and forms the solution. use gloves for added protection.
I tried different electrolyte solution using salted water, pond water, it all works but lye works best.
when you have made sandwich of aluminum paper and wire screen its time to add electrolyte solution make sure to wet 90% area of tissue paper. use multi-tester and watch as you pour the solution you can have a voltage reading as soon as the paper is wet. then finally add the powdered charcoal, it acts as oxygen absorber that helps speed up the reaction. Add solution to the paper first before charcoal. Adding charcoal first and then pouring the solution will flood the charcoal minimizing the contact area of air to the charcoal. It is fine if your tissue paper is soaking wet with the solution just be careful not to add to much charcoal to the point that the charcoal touches your aluminum. If it happens it is shorted. Just throw the charcoal and paper then wash the aluminum together with wire screen and start over.
Step 6: We're Done. We Have Now a Working Battery :)
I made 5 cells to create more power enough to lit LED torch,digital watch,small DC motor and boost converter but using boost converter circuit as load on my battery didn't turn out well, my batt couldn't sustain long enough to charge a phone. The total voltage produced is 6 volts mean to say that all the cells has an average of 1.2 volts. If you want to pile your cells to make it more battery looking (picture from the start of instructables) use Popsicle stick. Maybe in the future I could charge my phone with it if I can make a better battery that produces stronger current OR its you who can do it. :) For now I am satisfied with the result because it is working, my batteries are able to power some useful electronics and made from recycled materials.
Step 7: Testing With Other Materials
I tried to use different solutions and materials to check its versatility. I tried salted tap water and got 0.7 volts, I tried to use soil/mud instead of charcoal and it also work giving 0.75 volts. Tried pond water and soil, tried salt water and mud, salt water and activated carbon, tried lye solution and activated carbon. the later produces highest voltage and current. That is why I said you can use urine at the beginning of this instructables as an alternative electrolyte because this battery is not that sensitive you can try experimenting on different materials. Feel free to explore. Thank you for reading this instructables. Hope you'll also make one.
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Why does virtually every statue of St. Anthony show him holding the Christ child in his arms? We might have expected him to be depicted holding a lost set of car keys! Nor would it be surprising to see him holding a Bible, for he was one of the most famous Scripture teachers of his day.
But why the child Jesus? What does this tell us about Anthony? And ultimately, what does it tell us about ourselves, as we get ready to celebrate the feast of the birth of that child into the world and into our hearts? Was there something about this Franciscan preacher that can show us how to embrace Jesus more closely?
This very popular saint was born in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1195. His baptismal name was Ferdinand. Ferdinand was taught by the Augustinian friars. When he was old enough, he joined their order. At the age of twenty-five, Ferdinand’s life took an exciting turn. He heard about some Franciscans who had been martyred by the Moors in Morocco. These friars were St. Berard and his companions. (We celebrate their feast on January 16.) Ferdinand was so impressed with the courage of the martyrs that he got permission to transfer from the Augustinian Order to the Franciscan Order. This order was very new. St. Francis, its founder, was still alive. Ferdinand took the new name “Anthony.” He went off to Africa to preach about Jesus to the Moors. But he soon became so sick that his superiors called him back to Portugal. On the way there, however, his ship was caught in a terrible storm. It had to land in Italy instead of returning to Portugal.
No one in his new religious order realized how brilliant and talented Anthony was. He never spoke about himself or how much he knew. So the Franciscan superiors assigned him to a quiet friary in Italy. There he washed pots and pans. One day Anthony was unexpectedly asked to preach in front of a crowd of priests and important people. Everyone was surprised at the wonderful things he said about God. From then on, until he died nine years later, Anthony was sent to preach all over Italy. He was so popular that people even closed their stores to go to hear him.
After 1226, Anthony remained in the city of Padua, Italy. There his preaching completely changed the lives of the people. He helped the poor and worked to keep people who couldn’t pay their bills from being thrown into prison. His sermons helped people to not only understand their faith better, but to put it into practice, too.
Anthony died at Arcella, near Padua, Italy, on June 13, 1231. He was only thirty-six years old. Pope Gregory IX proclaimed him a saint just one year later.
Many people ask St. Anthony to pray to God for them when they need help. And many miracles have taken place through his intercession. Statues of St. Anthony show him holding the Infant Jesus because Jesus once appeared to him as a baby. Other pictures show St. Anthony holding a Bible. This is because he knew, loved and preached the Word of God so well. In fact, St. Anthony knew Scripture so well that Pope Pius XII proclaimed him the “Evangelical Doctor,” or Doctor of Sacred Scripture.
-Daughters of St. Paul
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A food allergy is when the body’s immune system is triggered to produce an abnormal response upon the ingestion of certain foods. These responses can range from the annoying, like an itchy mouth or hives, to the more troubling and sometimes life-threatening, like vomiting, diarrhea, trouble breathing and tightening in the throat, and drop in blood pressure.
About 5 percent of the U.S. population has food allergies, and 90 percent of all food allergies are due to these eight foods:
- tree nuts
While children often grow out of their milk and egg allergies, these and other allergies can persist into adulthood. For adults engaged in fitness who require a lot of protein for muscle-building, this can be difficult to do with allergies to animal proteins like milk, eggs, shellfish and fish. For example, people with milk allergies cannot enjoy traditional protein shakes made with whey and casein, which are two proteins from milk. Soy is another very common cause of allergies that can make things difficult because soy is in so many of our foods today.
However, if you are allergic to one or more animal products or soy, this doesn’t mean you can’t enjoy a protein shake. Instead of whey or soy protein powders, choose one made of other vegetable proteins. Naturade offers two excellent dairy- and soy-free options, including VeganSmart All-In-One Nutritional Shake and Naturade Pea Protein.
VeganSmart is all-natural and gluten-free. It contains 20 grams of non-GMO protein, 6 grams of dietary fiber, probiotics, heart-healthy omega-3s and 22 vitamins and minerals.
Naturade’s Pea Protein gets its protein boost from yellow split peas, which are also an excellent source of fiber. It is gluten-, cholesterol- and GMO-free and contains nothing artificial.
I have animal protein allergy since 3 weeks.please give me more details for my diet plans.
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Motor - Worlds Simplest
Make your own working motor with this nifty kit. It is easy to put together, and as you do you'll learn the fundamentals of how a motor works. The World's Simplest Motor comes with copper wire, a magnet, armature pieces and a battery holder. Basically everything you need to build your simple working motor, apart from one D battery - you'll need to provide that yourself. It also includes step-by-step instructions and a short explanation of a working motor. This hands-on kit is an excellent way to teach basic physics principals and the workings of an electric motor.
How does it work?
The motor works because electricity from the battery runs through the copper coil, creating a magnetic field and turning the coil into a magnet. The copper coil is an example of an electromagnet, and its magnetism can be turned on and off with electricity. The now magnetic coil, pushes away from the permanent ceramic magnet housed directly underneath it with enough force to turn the coil all the way around. As the coil turns around, it becomes charged again and gets another push. This process happens again and again to keep the motor turning. Cool! Teach:
How a motor works
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Scientific Name: Crotalus Lepidus
Like most pitvipers, the rock rattlesnake has infrared sensors. Located in the pits between the eyes and the nostrils, the sensors help the snakes find their warm-blooded prey at night when they hunt.
Although venomous, the rock rattlesnake is one of the least aggressive rattlesnakes, preferring to rely on camouflage to deter attack. When threatened, it will shake its rattle, which is made of keratin – the same substance that makes human fingernails. It grows to 85 centimetres and adds a new segment to the rattle on the end of its tail every time it sheds its skin. The snakes have a broad triangular head on a slender neck. Colouring varies though is usually grey, to brown with bands of black or other rock-colours. Undersides are pinkish and diamond-spotting can occur between the bands.
The rock rattlesnake is found in the southwestern United States and northern central Mexico. As its name implies, it favours rocky habitat and its colouring will often match that of the surrounding rock.
Small mammals (such as rodents), birds, lizards and frogs. It injects venom into its prey via its hollow retractable fangs.
Rock rattlesnakes breed once a year in spring. The mother incubates her eggs internally and four months later gives birth to 6 to 8 live young. These are miniature versions of their parents and take three years to mature.
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School Libraries in Germany: An Interview with Julia Rittel
School libraries play a central role in teaching information literacy, yet are attributed hardly any importance in German education policy. Goethe.de talked to Julia Rittel, director of the State Working Group on School Libraries in North Rhine-Westphalia.
Ms Rittel, how important in your opinion are school libraries?
School libraries can make a very considerable contribution to modern teaching. I mean modern both in the sense of individualization and autonomous work, but also in the sense of equal opportunities. Nowadays it is no longer enough to acquire a certain amount of knowledge during one’s school career; one also needs the information skills to be able to keep accessing new information. And this is where the school library can play a central role.
What happens at your school library, the media centre at Bonn-Duisdorf vocational college?
Our library is open eight hours every day – from the start of the school day at 8 am until 4 pm. Two or three times a day, lessons take place here with entire classes. In addition, small groups are often sent out of class to research something in the library. After lessons, pupils use the library to revise for tests, do their homework, work together on assignments and presentations or write applications.
Do you believe that every school needs a library?
Why are the wide-ranging possibilities for cooperation with public libraries not enough?
I myself spent a long time working in a combined public/school library. That is almost the perfect solution – one has the know-how and sizeable collection of a public library, yet is directly on site in the school. If the library is not located in the school building itself, there is simply not sufficient flexibility to make the library a genuinely integral part of the teaching process. And then – because of the physical distance – the inhibition threshold is often too great.
If a school has a good library, teachers can send a pupil there during lesson time at the drop of a hat, or can even take the entire class. The library is tailored precisely to the needs of the teacher. After school or in free periods, pupils can also spend time here – without restrictions.
What about the priority given to school libraries in education policy discussions in Germany?
They are given amazingly little priority. It is incredibly hard to bring the subject into the public discussion.
Why is this the case?
Because of various traditions. For example, Germany has a long tradition of “chalk and talk” teaching. There is also a very positive tradition of good text books, which perhaps made a school library less necessary.
Until 1920, every school in Prussia had a library, but then this tradition came to an end. As a matter of fact, the people who are taking education policy decisions in Germany today never themselves experienced a school library. Consequently they find it hard to imagine the benefits. Nowadays there are not even any official figures relating to school libraries in Germany. It is thought that around ten percent of all schools have a library which satisfies modern requirements, but that is nothing more than a very vague estimate.
Following the shock over the results of the PISA study in the year 2000, school libraries briefly received something of a boost …
That is true. Many all-day schools were established as a result, which meant that school libraries became more of a topic of discussion again. Children needed to be given somewhere to learn and spend time if they were to remain at school all day long. This is why canteens and school libraries were built in many schools in the wake of the PISA study – though sadly they often lacked any further-reaching didactic concept.
Do positive examples exist in Germany’s federal states?
An amazingly large number of positive examples exists given how little structure there is. One real highlight is the School Library Office in Frankfurt. It is run by several full-time employees under the umbrella of the city library, and is responsible for all schools in Frankfurt am Main. In the state of Hesse, the education ministry supports school libraries in cooperation with the local state working group.
In other states, those responsible for school libraries often find themselves left to their own devices …
Yes, in many cases it’s like fishing in murky waters. Often there is nobody one can turn to. In North Rhine-Westphalia, we are trying to redress the situation somewhat with our State Working Group on School Libraries and our regional working groups, but there’s only so much one can achieve with volunteers.
What we really need are central advisory and service centres dotted across the entire country. It would be very helpful if district governments, state authorities or individual local education departments had professionals one could contact who worked on binding standards and best practice examples.
Are you saying that every school library should be run by a full-time member of staff?
No, we’d probably get nowhere making demands like that. However, I think it would be very useful if there were one person in overall charge who would sit on the various committees and provide impetus, as I experienced in the US, for instance. It would also be very desirable for such a person to have a dual “teacher librarian” qualification – which is in fact the international standard.
It would already help us a great deal, however, if teachers, parents or part-time staff were responsible for the library at each school and professional advice were available to provide them with decent support.
conducted the interview. She works as a freelance journalist in Bonn.
Translation: Chris Cave
Copyright: Goethe-Institut e. V., Internet-Redaktion
Any questions about this article? Please write to us!
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History of Suburbs
Suburbs have existed in various forms since antiquity, when cities typically were walled and the villages outside them were inferior in size and status. However, the modern notion of the quiet, unspoiled outskirts as a retreat for the wealthy urbanite is in evidence as early as the 6th cent. B.C. in Babylon. In ancient Greece, the economic interdependence between the city and the agricultural communities surrounding it was given political definition by the formation of the city-state. Cicero in the 1st cent. B.C. refers to suburbani, large country estates just outside Rome.
Throughout Europe, the distinction between the city and outlying districts tended to remain sharp through the Middle Ages and Renaissance; to accommodate a large influx of newcomers, city walls were expanded, or, as with London, densely populated towns adjacent to the overcrowded city were gradually annexed to it. Generally considered a less desirable location, the urban periphery was inhabited largely by the poor.
In England, the rich who owned weekend villas outside London gradually transferred their main residences there, and the middle class soon followed. By the middle of the 19th cent., the distribution of population in metropolitan London and Manchester confirmed that popular preference for suburban living had become marked. Migration from the central city to the suburbs was encouraged by a succession of technological advances in transportation throughout the 19th and well into the 20th cent. The steamboat ferry, horse-drawn stagecoaches and railways, and the electric streetcar or trolley, all enabled urban dwellers to commute longer distances than had previously been practical.
Sections in this article:
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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The Great Cycle of the World Around 3100 BC
By Sandra Musser
The Mayan predict the
will start again in 2012 as the present one did in 3114 BC. Our spiritual development is also said to begin again like a rebirth, but at a higher level of consciousness.
"The intent of the gods is to create a human being who is fully realized. The concept of successive worlds, records the progress of
human spiritual evolution
and the changes in Great Cycles mark significant evolutionary leaps - moments when powerful transformations occur, when one world or level of consciousness goes through a kind of death in order that a higher level of development may take shape." Jaguar Wisdom, Kenneth Johnson
Most cultures at this time had the same belief. Time was circular and repeated it’s tendencies in ever continuous cycles.
It's at this point of new beginnings or rebirth
the values of next Great Cycle begin.
The values of the present Great Cycle are money, (material possessions), power and control. You will see the same values in other world cultures beginning around 3100 B.C. as well.
So what was happening around 3114 BC that could shed some light on what we may be experiencing or about to experience today?
This was the beginning of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age began at different times in different places but in general the 3100 B.C. area covers most of the civilizations.
Between 3100 and 3200 one of the world’s largest ancient cities was built covering an area of 151 hectares. Its name was Shahr-I-Sokhta in Iran. This illusive city just sprung up out of nowhere with no other city near it. The inhabitants were a civilized people, both farmers and craftsmen, with no sign of any weapons.
Some women appear to have had prominence both socially and financially judging by their distinguished graves. There are also indications that sophisticated surgery was performed. It was abandoned around 2100 BC after being built and burned down three times.
Cities were forming, which required boundaries to allow permanent ownership and development rather than a nomadic existence. Prior to cities there was no need to possess the land. A more developed hierarchy and different social categories began. Wealth, power and control was now in a position to gravitate to the few. You will see that these values repeat themselves in other cultures at this time as well.
Civilization began in Egypt around 3150 BC and developed for the next three millennium. It started with the political union of Upper and Lower Egypt under the first pharaoh. These pharaohs like the Maya kings were both spiritual leaders and kings.
Kali Yuga in the Hindu culture, began around 3102 BC. Interestingly close to the Mayas beginning of the present Great Cycle on 3114 BC. The Hindus also believed that time was circular as the Maya, with one yuga following the next continuously.
The names of the yugas or eras are in order below:
- Kali – Hindu scriptures show this to be the current world age. This is a Dark Age when people are the furthest possible from God. People are the least moral. Strife and discord are rampant. This is said to be a demon time choosing gambling, liquor, unscrupulous women and gold.
- Satya – a time when mankind bows to the gods, and every manifestation is of the purest ideal. Mankind allows goodness from within to be the priority.
- Treta – follows Satya Yuga and its values are of perfect morality.
- Dvapara – In this era divine intellect ceases to exist. People are not honest and truthful. Ailments, diseases and many desires also plague them.
So far there isn't a clear idea when Kali Yuga will end here on earth. Many believe we are in ascending Kali Yuga right now. The times of changing eras seem vague even to the Hindu’s who are sorting out information left by past spiritual leaders. What I find interesting is that the Hindu religion also shows a time of spiritual rising in their next Great Cycle, ascending Kali Yuga. As the Maya, they show the world in the Dark Age right now.
“Sri Yukteswar explained that just as the cycle of day and night is caused by a celestial motion (the earth spinning on its axis in relation to the sun), and just as the cycle of the seasons are caused by a celestial motion (the earth with tilted axis orbiting the sun) so too is the yuga cycle (seen as the
precession of the equinox
), caused by a celestial motion. He explained this celestial motion as the movement of the whole solar system around another star. As our sun moves through this orbit, it takes the solar system (and earth) closer to and then further from a point in space known as the "grand center" also called 'Vishnunabhi', which is the seat of the creative power, 'Brahma', [which]...regulates...the mental virtue of the internal world." He implied that it is the proximity of the earth and sun to this grand center that determines which season of man or yuga it is.” Sri Yukteswar, Swami (1949). The Holy Science. Yogoda Satsanga Society of India
This last quote mirrors in many ways the Mayan beliefs. It appears that 3100 B.C. was a time of great change for all cultures. It represents the beginning of many civilizations and the evolution to the Bronze Age from the Stone Age. It also marked the beginning of our separation from God, to reliance on the intellect.
Around December 21, 2012 we will be the closest possible, to the galactic center of the universe or the great bulge of creation according to the Mayan predictions and modern science. Could this also be the "grand center" of the Hindus?
The Hindus as the Maya, believed the proximity of the earth and sun to the grand center determines which yuga or cycle humanity is in. The further away from the galactic center, the darker the tendencies of humanity. As said previously, we are the closest to the center of the universe we have been in 26,000 years.
The Hindu "Grand Center" mirrors the Maya "Great Cycle" when it comes to timing and method of calculating. Is it possible the Maya and the Hindu’s are both saying we will be starting a new Great Cycle based on love, unity, and integrity on around 2012? Could ascending Kali Yuga or Satya Yuga with similar values begin at the same time as the Mayan Great Cycle? It's possible. They're both based on
precession and the cosmos
...not, just our interpretation.
There’s a definite pattern between the cultures and religions above. All relied on the natural cycles of the Universe and felt that historical tendencies repeated, at another level of consciousness. Could it also be true we truly are all connected subconsciously?
Maybe we can "tune into" a new innovation from another culture thousands of miles away. The Bronze Age may have begun at different times in different places, but the span between is minimal in the greater scheme of things. Cultures who never met physically like the
Maya and the Egyptians both had pyramids,
king/shamans, sophisticated hieroglyphs, developed civilizations, and relied on the cosmos for guidance.
Maybe our minds are connected after all. We just may come to KNOW this consciously around 2012.
Wikipedia, CHN 1 News
Wikipedia, Dodson (2004)
The Holy Science. Yogoda Satsanga Society of IndiaSri Yukteswar, Swami (1949)
Jaguar Wisdom, Kenneth Johnson
Use this link to get back to the
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Five myths about the Muslim Brotherhood
Even before Hosni Mubarak gave in to the throngs in Tahrir Square and stepped down as Egypt's president on Feb. 11, officials in Western capitals were debating what role the Muslim Brotherhood would play in a new Egypt and a changing Middle East. Yet much of what we know - or think we know - about the group's ambitions, beliefs and history is clouded by misperceptions.
1. The Muslim Brotherhood is a global organization.
Founded in Egypt in 1928, the Muslim Brotherhood saw its ideas quickly spread throughout the Arab world and beyond. Today, groups in more than 80 countries trace their ideologies to the Brotherhood, but these entities do not form a cohesive unit. Globally, the Brotherhood is more a school of thought than an official organization of card-carrying members.
Attempts to create a more formal global structure have failed, and the movement instead has taken on various forms. Where it is tolerated, as in Jordan, it functions as a political party; where persecuted, as in Syria, it survives underground; and in the Palestinian territories, it took a peculiar turn and became Hamas.
Though they interact through a network of personal, financial and ideological ties, Brotherhood entities operate independently, and each pursues its goals as it deems appropriate. What binds them is a deep belief in Islam as a way of life that, in the long term, they hope to turn into a political system, using different methods in different places.
2. The Brotherhood will dominate the new Egypt.
With most political forces in Egypt today discredited or disorganized, many assume that the Brotherhood's well-oiled political machine will play a major role in the country's future.
This is not far-fetched, yet there are reasons to believe that the group will hardly dominate post-Mubarak Egypt. When I interviewed members of the Brotherhood's Shura Council in 2009, they estimated that about 60 percent of Egyptians supported the group - seeing it as the only viable opposition to Mubarak - but that only 20 percent or so would support it in a hypothetical free election. And even that might have been optimistic: A poll of Egyptians by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy after Mubarak's fall found that only 15 percent of respondents approved of the Brotherhood, while the group's leaders received barely 1 percent in a presidential straw vote.
Over the past decade, aging hard-liners and a second generation of 50-somethings have wrestled for leadership of the Brotherhood. Then there are the younger cadres, which took part in the protest movement against Mubarak and deplored their leaders' late participation in it. How these divisions develop will determine the role of the Brotherhood in Egyptian politics.
3. The Brotherhood seeks to impose a draconian version of sharia law.
All Brotherhood factions will now push to increase the influence of sharia - Islamic law - in Egypt. However, the generational battle will determine what vision of sharia they will pursue.
The old guard's motto is still "the Koran is our constitution." The second generation speaks of human rights and compares itself to Europe's Christian Democrats - embracing democracy but keeping a religious identity. The third generation, especially in urban areas, seems to endorse this approach, even if skeptics contend that younger militants are simply offering a moderate facade to the West.
So far, the old guard is prevailing. The Brotherhood's first major political platform, released in 2007, paid lip service to democracy and stated that women and non-Muslims could not occupy top government posts, and gave a body of unelected sharia experts veto power over new laws. How long this old guard remains in control will shape the group's positions on sharia's most debated aspects, from women's rights to religious freedoms.
4. The Muslim Brotherhood has close ties to al-Qaeda.
Historically, yes. But recently, those ties have frayed.
In the 1950s and 1960s, the Brotherhood was brutally repressed by the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser. Understanding that violence against Nasser was a losing proposition, most of the group opted for nonviolent opposition, seeking to Islamize society through grass-roots education and mainstream politics.
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“Mindfulness is the energy of being aware and awake to the present moment. It is the continuous practice of touching life deeply in every moment of daily life. To be mindful is to be truly alive, present and at one with those around you and with what you are doing. We bring our body and mind into harmony while we wash the dishes, drive the car or take our morning shower.”-Thich Nhat Hanh
Basically, that’s what Mindfulness is; being aware and awake to the present moment. Not letting your mind wander. When your mind wanders, you are thinking about the past or the future. The past is gone and the future is not here yet. In order to practice Mindfulness you need to let go of the past and the future and pay attention to now. Simple right? Kind of like learning Chess. You can learn the moves to Chess in 15 minutes. However, the strategy can take years to understand.
When my son Travis was in the sixth grade he got involved with the Chess Club in school. He was really excited about it and taught me how to play. My eleven year old son kicked my butt every time we played. Slowly over time I caught on and the first time I beat him he was shocked. He didn’t see it coming. Practicing Mindfulness is kind of like that. The concept is easy, but doing it is not. At first. Pretty much what you do is pay attention to what you are doing at this very moment without letting your mind wander. If you’re washing dishes, you pay attention to washing dishes. Scrubbing the dish, moving the sponge, rinsing and setting it in the dish drainer. Grabbing another dirty dish, all without letting other thoughts intrude on washing dishes.
Easy, right? Just don’t think about anything else. You can do it. For about three seconds. And then your mind wanders. But that’s okay. As soon as you realize you’re thinking about something else, gently bring your mind back to what you’re doing now. Don’t chastise yourself, don’t get mad and say, “This is too hard.” It is hard at first, but it gets easier. Remember my son teaching me Chess? I got creamed at first. But eventually I beat him. Not every time, but sometimes I won. It takes time and effort.
The upside of all this is to gain better concentration and also to worry less. If we are not daydreaming about the past or worrying about the future our minds will be clearer and we will enjoy our lives more because we are “there.” One of the most important things about Buddhism is Mindfulness. Now don’t let that scare you. You won’t become a Buddhist by practicing Mindfulness. Unless you want too. Which would be cool.
So, try some Mindfulness, see how it goes. Don’t get discouraged. It comes slowly. At first you’ll do it for a few seconds, then you’ll notice that you can last for a minute. Those little victories are fun. Mindfulness is the same technique used for meditating. With meditation, you concentrate on your breath. Breathe in, breathe out. So give it a try, and let me know how you do.
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CC-MAIN-2017-43
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https://marshallbutcharmstrong.com/2014/01/30/mindfulness/
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en
| 0.961891 | 705 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Indonesia names two national parks
Indonesia names two national parks
The Government of Indonesia has designated two additional Wetlands of International Importance, Rawa Aopa Watumohai and Sembilang National Parks, bringing that country's Ramsar Sites total to five sites covering 964,600 hectares.
Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park, located in the Province of South East Sulawesi (105,194 ha; 04°28'S 121°59'E), is one of the most important conservation areas in the Wallacea region, consisting of mangroves, savannah, peat swamps, lowland tropical rain forests and sub-montane forests. The site is biologically rich, with over five hundred recorded species of flora, two hundred species of birds, eleven species of reptiles and over twenty species of fish and mammals. Many endemic and threatened species are found here, with over fifteen mammal species endemic to Sulawesi such as the endangered Lowland Anoa (Bubalus depressicornis) and vulnerable Sulawesi Civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroeckii). The Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park is an important stopover for migratory waterbirds. The waterbird migration route passes through the Philippine Islands, through Sangihe Talaud (North Sulawesi), and transits through this site before entering Borneo. It supports a population of over 170 vulnerable Milky Stork (Mycteria cinerea) which is more than 3% of the world population.
This site contains the only remaining large mangrove habitat in South East Sulawesi that is an important nursery and spawning area for fish, prawns and crabs. Swamps within the national park (particularly Aopa Peat Swamp) are important regulators of water. It acts as a reservoir for freshwater, while run-off habitats help to control water discharge. Aopa Swamp is the only representative peatswamp wetland in Sulawesi. Threats to the site include illegal logging, poaching of waterbirds and collection of eggs. A section of the Aopa Swamp is being drained to direct water into surrounding agricultural areas. Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park Office (under the management of the Ministry of Forestry) is responsible for the management of this site.
Sembilang National Park in South Sumatra Province (202,896 ha; 01°57’S 104°36’E) supports a unique estuarine environment which has the largest mangrove formation in East Sumatra, along the western part of Indonesia. The site also supports coastal forest, lowland tropical forests, swamps, and peatlands. This site is biologically rich with over two hundred species of birds, one hundred forty species of fish and over fifty mammal species. Many of these species are threatened such as the critically endangered Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), and the endangered Indian Elephant (Elephas maximus), Storm's Stork (Ciconia stormi), and Malayan Giant Turtle (Orlitia borneensis). Over 43% of the mangrove species in Indonesia are also found here.
The mangroves and large alluvial delta at Sembilang National Park makes this site one of the critical stopover areas for migratory waterbirds along the East Asian-Australasian Flyway. Some 0.5-1 million shorebirds use this area and during winter and almost 80,000-100,000 migratory birds feed and rest here. It supports more than 1% of the population of Milky Stork (Mycteria cinerea), Asian Dowitcher (Limnodromus semipalmatus), Spotted Greenshank (Tringa guttifer), Far Eastern Curlew (Numenius madagascariensis) and the Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus). It has one of the largest breeding colony of Milky Stork (Mycteria cinerea) in the world, and one of the largest breeding colony of the Spotted-billed Pelican (Pelecanus philippensis) and Lesser Adjutant (Leptoptilos javanicus) in Indonesia.
The swamps and peat forests act as container areas to store freshwater; this in turn recharges the ground water table that feeds seventy small rivers in the park. Threats to the site include illegal logging and encroaching development (e.g. harbour and industrial estates). The Ministry of Forestry, Directorate General of Protection and Nature Conservation has jurisdiction over this site.
Summaries prepared by Marian Gwilliam
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en
| 0.878118 | 967 | 3.578125 | 4 |
MAT109 | General Education Mathematics
By J.J. Johnson III
As a consensus officer in a newly democratic nation, I have been assigned to determine how 100 congressional seats should be divided among 10 states of union with varying populations. In this paper, I will be demonstrating how I used to Hamilton method of appropriation to determine the number of seats each state should receive as well as the average constituency. I will also explain the absolute and relative unfairness of this method while further looking into how this method helps avoid the Alabama Paradox, thus being the best way to achieve fair representation.
As shown in the table I have attached, I first found the total population of the union I am representing. I was then able to find the percentage of representation each state held, which allowed me to determine the number of seats based on their individual population. However, after determining that number, I did find I had 5 seat left that I still had to assign. Using this method, I found the integer and fractional part to each percentage, which allowed me to assign the rest of the seats, as show in the table.
To explain why I feel this is the best method to use, I need to demonstrate the absolute and relative unfairness of this method and how it avoids the Alabama Paradox. Absolute unfairness is the difference in average constituencies while relative unfairness considers the size of constituencies in calculating absolute unfairness. One disturbing issue is the distribution is State 5 who representation didn’t change due to its population being smaller than other states. This is an apportionment scheme which appears extremely unfair, but can be calculated. We need to take into consideration that the largest average constituency is 5486.4 for State 3, the absolute unfairness between State 3 and State 5 is:Absolute unfairness = State 3 average constituency – State 5 average constituency= 5486.4 – 0= 5486.4By exposing the unfairness values shown above, there is a serious flaw within the distribution, which is signifying that we need a different way to calculate these circumstance.
As if the new state lines were drawn between states 5 (359 current population) and 6 (85663 population).Should the boundaries or population change in a state then at the next meeting of the house of representation the representation will be reviewed and it will be determined if there should be a change in representation for that particular state. Some things that can cause population to increase are things like, immigration and migration and baby booming. Things that can cause a population to decrease are things like again immigration and migration, deaths, and natural disasters. State boundaries don’t change often and they hardly ever change for diplomatic reasons, if a state boundary changes its for reasons like if a natural disaster breaks off a piece of the state or if the boundaries are naturally occurring like a river and the river changes its...
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en
| 0.954105 | 576 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Your brain does create waste as well as your body. However it's not quite as effective as your body as getting rid of the waste, especially whilst we're awake. A recent study by the University of Rochester Medical Centre looked at how the brain deals with waste. They found that activity to get rid of waste products in our brains was relatively low during waking hours but when we slept activity increased 10 fold. That's a massive increase!
What does this mean?
Effectively it means that without adequate sleep our brains can really struggle to get rid of the waste products. You could also say with a fair bit of confidence that one of the main reasons we sleep is to clear out toxins from our brains. The way in which our brains clear out the waste takes quite a bit of energy. It would appear that we've evolved to be either awake and aware, or asleep and cleaning up.
What should you do?
My advice stays the same. Get adequate amounts of sleep on a daily basis to promote the health of your brain. Getting adequate sleep will mean that you're giving your body and brain enough chance to do what it wants to in terms of waste disposal. With regards to getting enough sleep it does vary from person to most. Most will need around 8 hours per night of quality sleep - without lots of interruptions. Judge for yourself though; if you feel tired when you wake up then maybe you didn't get enough. Listen to your body!
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<urn:uuid:0b706140-d223-42bb-87dc-3330296938cc>
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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http://www.jbhealth.co.uk/blog/waste-disposal-and-your-brain
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en
| 0.978003 | 294 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Monchy-le-Preux was one of the keys to the northern end of the Hindenburg Line, giving the Germans ideal observation over any advance from the British trenches in front of Arras five miles away. Third Army’s commander, General Sir Edmund Allenby, ordered the capture of the village and surrounding high ground, as objectives for the first day of the offensive – 9 April. In the eventuality that VI Corps infantry broke through the ‘Green Line’ just east of Monchy, Allenby ordered the Cavalry Corps, in conjunction with the infantry, to exploit the gains further a distance of eight miles in total towards Cambrai. However, he made it clear that the cavalry was not to be used unless the infantry achieved their first day objectives.
This is important, reflecting Sir Douglas Haig’s order that cavalry be ready to deliver significant advances, yet also be handled carefully. Seemingly contradictory – any such unprecedented breakthrough would inevitably lead to heavy casualties – it also revealed the fundamental tension between those senior officers who believed that a comprehensive ‘breakthrough’ with cavalry was yet possible and those who subscribed to a ‘bite and hold’ doctrine. Yet Haig had recognised the limitations of the use of cavalry early in 1916, when a revision of the existing pre-war policy was undertaken. This stressed the value of close co-operation between cavalry and other arms; its ability to perform attacking and defensive duties and to operate in both mounted and dismounted roles.
Cavalry was viewed increasingly as one of several mobile elements, including tanks, armoured cars, aeroplanes and bicycle mounted troops, working with the infantry. If a breakthrough of the enemy line was not possible, horsemen were expected to use their mobility and dismounted firepower to enable the infantry to establish and broaden gaps at critical times in the battle. They were to be capable of an effectual dismounted role, sophisticated fire and movement tactics, including the taking and holding of ground using speed and mobility.
In the context of trench warfare, the first day at Arras was a success, with ground up to a depth of three and a half miles taken, but the gains fell short of Monchy-le-Preux. Its capture was planned again for the morning of April 11, when four regiments from 3rd Cavalry Division supported the infantry attack. 3rd Dragoon Guards reached the Monchy-La Bergère road south of the village. Here they dismounted and took up firing positions with their Hotchkiss machine guns, joining up a defensive line between 111 and 112 Infantry Brigades. They endured heavy artillery fire and were strafed by low flying aircraft, fighting as infantry to repel potential counter attacks.
North of the village, Essex Yeomanry and 10th Hussars, supported by the Royal Horse Guards, galloped eastwards, looking to exploit any breakthrough. Meeting machine gun fire, they veered into its streets, as ordered and then ventured out once more to escape shelling this time, only to be driven back. The arrival of the cavalry in the village enabled the struggling infantry to establish a defensive firing line. By deepening shell holes, deploying machine guns and establishing two dressing stations, the dismounted cavalry stiffened the infantry’s resolve. They provided rapid reinforcements, leadership and organisational proficiency at a crucial time, before the arrival of tanks and infantry secured the village. 600 cavalrymen were casualties and many more horses died. The animals were tethered in the open, as their riders took cover, while attempts to take them to the rear during a ‘box barrage’ only increased the killing.
Today, the apparent folly of employing horses during the Great War belies that fact that cavalry were the only mobile force capable of exploiting any breakthrough in the trench stalemate. For allied commanders searching for ways to return to ‘open warfare’ and to liberate French soil, there was no alternative – fast, dependable tanks were not yet available. Yet at Arras, although the possibility of a decisive breakthrough was planned for, so too was it acknowledged by GHQ, that the task of the mounted arm had changed.
By April 1917, the cavalry’s function in the BEF was not to deliver a headlong charge, as portrayed in the film adaptation of Michael Morpurgo’s novel ‘War Horse’. As the Arras offensive illustrated, cavalry were for the most part unused if infantry were unable to achieve their objectives. Monchy-le-Preux highlighted the cost of using horses in close proximity to an established and static defensive position, where the enemy possessed artillery and aerial superiority. Yet it also underlined that cavalry could still play a decisive part with a clear understanding of its function, efficient tactical innovations and great courage.
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CC-MAIN-2013-48
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http://ww1centenary.oucs.ox.ac.uk/battle-of-arras/%E2%80%98war-horse%E2%80%99-at-monchy-le-preux-%E2%80%93-11-april-1917/
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en
| 0.974188 | 976 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Photo Essay • David Meza
The Mexican tradition of Día de los Muertos, or Day of the Dead, was brought to life November 1 and 2 at the East Bay Center for the Performing Arts in Richmond.
Individuals enjoyed customary refreshments and foods such as pan de los muertos and spent time celebrating and remembering loved ones who have passed away.
Some people might look at modern celebrations of Día de los Muertos and think the day is about dressing up and painting their faces. But Dolores “Lolis” García, a teacher with the center, said the practice of face painting is a new fad. The heart of the celebration, she said, is sharing offerings and celebrating those who have passed away. It is not a day of mourning, but a time to celebrate them in this world.
Andrea Perez, a student, performed La Polla Pinta, Los Enanitos and other songs on the jarana huasteca, a small guitar-like instrument. During the event one could hear traditional sounds from “Son de La Tierra,” the center’s performing group.
Joaquin Quintana del Carpio is a Son de La Tierra violinist who has been with the center for nearly 11 years. Joaquin, who is of Peruvian descent, doesn’t know of any similar celebration in Peruvian culture. But he believes that Día de los Muertos is something many people can relate to across cultures. He hopes to see the event grow in future years, with more music and more people remembering their loved ones and sharing pictures.
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http://richmondpulse.org/2015/11/12/richmond-celebrates-dia-de-los-muertos/
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en
| 0.937005 | 340 | 2.75 | 3 |
How do Washingtonians talk? And what do Washingtonians talk about?
Washington, DC is a diverse city with a unique history, and this history is reflected in today’s DC, in work and leisure, travel and tourism, local food culture, politics, and LANGUAGE. How people speak and what they talk about reflect and shape different cultures and world views. Through language use, we understand the world and the events, movements, communities, and individuals that have made Washington, DC what it is.
The LCDC project came about because DC has not been studied by many linguists in the past, despite the fact that Washington, DC is a fascinating place to study language.
Several things are of interest to us as linguists. We want to know:
- How have the languages and dialects spoken in Washington, DC and the surrounding area changed over time, and how are they changing now?
- Is there a “DC accent”? What is it like? Is there more than one?
- What do Washingtonians talk about? What historical events and contemporary concerns are at the forefront of Washingtonians’ minds?
- How has the city changed, and what kinds of stories do Washingtonians tell about the changing city?
We use research methods including sociolinguistic interviews, surveys, and participant observation.
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CC-MAIN-2017-47
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https://lcdc.georgetown.edu/?page_id=8
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en
| 0.955593 | 276 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Coffee Growing Can Be Good For Birds No Matter What Bean You Choose
Whether you swing arabica or robusta, your coffee can support biodiversity—as long as it’s grown in the shade
For years, headlines have warned caffeine lovers about the negative environmental impacts of coffee, from K-cups to leftover coffee in water streams. But now, as Karen Weintraub reports for The New York Times, there’s evidence that coffee growing could have positive impacts on biodiversity.
The study, published last week in the in the journal Scientific Reports, says nothing of the environmental waste of K-cups. But the results do suggest that no matter the bean you choose, coffee growing is good for biodiversity—as long as it's grown in the shade.
To assess the impacts of growing coffee on wildlife, researchers examined the abundance of 204 species of birds, including at-risk species like the Nilgiri wood-pigeon, from 2013 to 2015 on coffee plantations in India. They focused on the mountainous Western Ghats region, where the two most popular varieties of coffee (arabica and robusta) beans grow as bushes under large trees.
Researchers found that the variety of coffee didn't seem to matter—both had positive effects on species richness. Because more farmers in the area have been shifting to robusta in recent years due to price and ease of growing, Weintraub writes, this is an important finding. As an added benefit, farmers tend to use less pesticides when growing the resistant robusta.
The researchers discovered that what's most important in supporting biodiversity are the trees around the shade-grown coffee plants. The foliage makes for a great habitat for not only birds but also butterflies and amphibians, adding to the evidence that shade-grown coffee is better for the environment.
According to the International Coffee Organization, India is the seven-largest producer of coffee in the world. And much of the coffee grown in the mountainous regions form only short bushes that flourish in the shade of taller trees. But that isn't the case everywhere. In South America, for example, coffee plants often grow as large as trees in full sun, explains Krithi Karanth, associate conservation scientist with the Wildlife Conservation Society and one of the study's lead authors, reports the Times.
Nearly 50 years ago, almost all coffee was grown in the shade, most of it in rainforests, according to a 2010 NPR story. Then farmers discovered they could boost production by cutting down the trees and grow the coffee in direct sunlight.
The rise of this sun-grown coffee, however, has made coffee farming more harmful to the environment than ever before, according to a 2014 study. By contrast, they found that shade-grown trees provide a habitat for native wildlife, including corridors for migrating birds to make their way through the dwindling forests.
“In study after study, habitat on shade-grown coffee farms outshone sun-grown coffee farms with increased numbers and species of birds as well as and improved bird habitat, soil protection/erosion control, carbon sequestration, natural pest control and improved pollination,” according to a 2010 review from the Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. The organization analyzed more than 50 studies spanning 15 years and various continents.
Jai Ranganathan, a conservation biologist not involved in the research, tells the Times' Weintraub that the latest study is evidence that farming is not incompatible with wildlife protection, and that humans and nature can thrive together. The study could also have implications for other parts of the world where shade-grown coffee is cultivated, Karanth tells the Times. "As long as people keep trees on their land, birds will be fine," she says.
As an added bonus drinking shade-grown coffee, some say it tastes better, too.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/coffee-farms-are-good-birds-other-wildlife-study-finds-180968205/
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en
| 0.948924 | 782 | 3.328125 | 3 |
Visit sailing Interpretation Centre of Lošinj’s Ma
Visit sailing Interpretation Centre of Lošinj’s Maritime Heritage
NEREZINAC LUGGER FROM LOŠINJ – Open-air Museum!
The wooden motorboat Dražica, which was renamed to Nerezinac after refurbishment, is a valuable example of traditional shipbuilding. It was added to the register of protected cultural goods of the Republic of Croatia in 2010.
Multimedia display in steerage – presents life aboard a ship through five thematic units: crew, food, cargo, maritime routes, and construction and ship maintenance.
Presented with the basic facts about the ship, the visitors are invited to imagine possible stories and scenarios because, apart from the general information of this type of ship, the period when it was built and when it sailed, and the type of cargo it carried, there is very little concrete information about it. The history of the Nerezinac lugger is almost completely unknown.
The display on the waterfront and the main deck presents an educational board with ship’s data and a workshop area where the visitors can see some of the traditional shipbuilding skills, ship maintenance, or experience sailing and steering skills on the main deck: caulking, sail repair, how to plane wood, filing, driving treenails, steam bending planks, tying boating knots, cleaning the main deck, blowing the horn, lifting the visitors with pulley, raising the sails, and other
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.campingpoljana.com/en/activities/visit-sailing-interpretation-centre/
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en
| 0.921707 | 312 | 2.828125 | 3 |
For nearly 3,000 years, the Homeric epics have been among the best-known and most widely studied texts of Western civilization. Generations of students have read the Iliad and the Odyssey to learn Greek, to study Greek history, culture, and mythology, or for the sheer enjoyment of the stories and characters. Concepts such as heroism, nationalism, friendship, and loyalty have been shaped by Homer's works. Countless editions, translations, abridgements, and adaptations have appeared since the invention of printing, making Homer accessible to students, scholars, children, and general readers.
Many readers delight in the stories and the people who inhabit them. The Iliad and the Odyssey are filled with the momentum of action, emotions, relationships, violence, and tragedy. Complex and memorable characters—humans and gods—can be subjected to unending scrutiny. Some wonder about the author: Who was Homer? Did such a person really exist and if so, when? What was his role in compiling the works we read today? Others analyze language, narrative techniques, pictorial elements, and a host of other features.
Non-specialist readers rarely pay attention to the specific version of their texts or how they came into being. And when reading a translation, we often ignore the fact that we are not experiencing the text in its original language, let alone consider the role of the translator in shaping the form and content of the experience.
Homer in Print puts the spotlight on the text itself, not as an object of literary, linguistic, historical, or cultural inquiry but rather as the product of a particular time, place, editor, printer, publisher, or translator. Beginning with the very first printed edition of Homer, every editor of a Greek edition must decide what sources should be consulted and whether notes are needed to achieve the goal of the edition. Translators face a host of additional choices: Will they produce a verse or prose translation, if verse then in what poetic form, and will they aim at fidelity to the words and syntax or to the spirit of the "original" (however that is defined)? The way each translator answers these questions reflects available sources, prevailing literary theories, and individual preferences.
The editions and translations of the Iliad and the Odyssey in this exhibition illustrate what we can learn when we look beyond the epics themselves. Great literature may be impossible to define, and of the making of Homers there may be no end. But focusing on the actual texts of the Iliad and the Odyssey and how they have come down to us—the physical shape and form, as well as the words—reminds us that there could be no study of Homer if his works had not survived and were not always "in print."
A related exhibition of adaptations of the Iliad and the Odyssey is on view on the fourth floor of the Regenstein Library until March 1, 2014.
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<urn:uuid:836c54d9-59fc-4276-a33c-0299ac5a0f4a>
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/homer-print-transmission-and-reception-homers-works/
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en
| 0.955326 | 590 | 3.90625 | 4 |
Shifts structure is a main responsibility in the generation of fatigue in drivers. Why? Drivers who don't have a proper sleep will feel more fatigued, increasing the risk of falling sleep behind the wheels.
Sadly in mining transport and in heavy-load operations, it is common finding chaotic shifts -irregular schedules, night trips and/or long-hour journeys, that directly impact quality and quantity of sleeping hours in drivers.
Understanding the causes for fatigue is a great opportunity to decrease risk at an operational level. How important is the life of your drivers for you?
Using service hours information, Gauss Control calculates shift biocompatibility based on the physiology of the human body. This way you can determined which operations need a structural change.
Understand how the biocompatibility index of an operation is composed according to each driver.
Take appropriate measures to mitigate the risk in each of your drivers.
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<urn:uuid:d424900e-6432-4340-b61c-6ffa9de2a2b9>
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CC-MAIN-2020-10
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https://www.gausscontrol.com/en/shifts-compatibility/
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en
| 0.917706 | 185 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This decision by the Supreme Court of Canada involved consideration of the practice of teachers photocopying passages from textbooks and distributing these passages to students.
The Copyright Board and subsequently the Federal Court of Appeal had found that because the material in question was distributed to students as required reading, it was not distributed for the purpose of “private study” such that it would qualify for the “fair dealing” exemption outlined in CCH Canadian Ltd. v. Law Society of Upper Canada.
The Supreme Court of Canada overturned the lower court decisions, finding that the photocopying of short excerpts should not be excluded from “fair dealing” protection merely because it is performed by a teacher for the purpose of instruction. The Copyright Board had erred in finding that instruction of students is fundamentally different from “private study,” the high court ruled:
“The Copyright Board’s approach drives an artificial wedge into these unified purposes of instruction and research/private study by drawing a distinction between copies made by the teacher at the request of a student and copies made by the teacher without a prior request from a student. The word “private” in “private study” should not be understood as requiring users to view copyrighted works in isolation.”
The matter was remitted to the Copyright Board for a new decision on the basis of whether the photocopying in question was “reasonable.”
The Supreme Court’s decision in this regard should not be read as giving carte blanch protection to the photocopying of material for the purpose of “instruction.” It merely stands for the proposition that it is not inherently unfair or unreasonable for an instructor to photocopy a short passage from a textbook in circumstances where purchasing a copy of the book for every student would be impractical or unreasonable:
“With respect to the “alternatives to the dealing” factor, contrary to the Copyright Board’s conclusion, buying books for every student is not a realistic alternative to teachers copying short excerpts to supplement student textbooks. Purchasing a greater number of original textbooks to distribute to students is unreasonable in light of the Board’s finding that teachers only photocopy short excerpts to complement existing textbooks.”
Decided by the Supreme Court of Canada on July 12, 2012.
Click here for the full text of the decision.
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| 0.953341 | 485 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Summer Program 2017 - Design Thinking for Children
Create a touch-sensitive self-portrait? A bubble-blowing machine? A monster face with food and fruit? A modernized board game? New passenger space in MTR? What about a contemporized Chinese Imperial Palace?
Art and design can be bridges that connect different disciplines – science, technology, engineering and maths as in the STEAM approach.
This summer CreativeKids has tailor-made age-appropriate art and design workshops, story-based programs and visual-research projects. Besides drawing, painting, model-making, mixed media exploration and techniques exercises, children and teenagers will experience the 5 aspects of Design Thinking* (empathize, define, ideate, prototype and test), and learn to solve problems with imagination and fun!
Central Studio – Download
Taikoo Studio – Download
*Emerged in 1990s and popularized by IDEO and Stanford d.school, design thinking is a mindset and tool for innovating and solution-finding.
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| 0.897877 | 207 | 3.328125 | 3 |
.They are very sensitive to status and hence leaders should dress well and hold a meeting in first-class restaurants (Do’s &. Don’ts, n.d). Mexicans are friendly people, and this is mainly shown by their greeting especially hugs between men or parts at the back. Avoid taking yellow flowers when visiting since they are associated with funerals. One is needed to be patient in negotiation (Axtell, 2007).
Some Mexican men still mustache. The Mexican model of dressing makes it a taboo to show a man’s naked body. The Mexican taboos have been in place since the 15th century with the settlement of New Spain. Tremendous change has occurred with some taboos, for example, inhibiting women’s rights being abandoned (Kirkwood, 2000).
It is, therefore, evident that Mexico still holds to its cultures and visitors should learn such cultures in order to fit into that society. Interactions with other cultures especially the American culture has however led to many young and literate people abandoning these taboos.
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| 0.974064 | 217 | 3.046875 | 3 |
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