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- Develop high standards of effective interpersonal communication in the fields of new media, journalism, and public relations.
- Define communication related theories explaining:
- Knowledge fields in general public opinion, communication ethics and laws, communication techniques, research methodologies, and campaigns.
- the role of mass media in change and social development.
- Demonstrate high capability of performing comparative analysis of several media studies
- Through scientific methods.
- Develop high interpersonal skills.
- Comprehend media knowledge and theories in relation to social, cultural, and human studies.
- Relate different schools of analysis and criticism of psychology and sociology to communication methods.
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CBSE Guess > Papers > Question Papers > Class XII > 2004 > Chemistry > Compartment Delhi Set-II
CHEMISTRY (Set II—Compartmet Delhi)
Except for the following questions, all the remaining questions have been asked in Set I.
Q. 2. What type of crystal defect is produced when sodium chloride is doped with MgCl2 ? 1
Q. 3. Why is it that the elevation in boiling point of water is not the same in the following solutions? 1
0.1 molar NaCl solution and 0.1 molar sugar solution
Q. 4. In some cases it is found that a large number of colliding molecules have energy more than threshold value, yet the reaction is slow. Why? 1
Q. 5. Write IUPAC name of
Q. 6. The quantized energy of an electron in hydrogen atom for nth level is given by Calculate the energy required to remove the electron completely from an excited hydrogen atom when its quantized level, n =3.
(NA = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1) 2
Q. 7. What is the value of equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 400 K?
Q. 11. (a) How does vulcanization change the properties of natural rubber?
(b) Why are the numbers 66 and 6 put in the name of nylon 66 and nylon 6? 2
Q. 13. (a) Classify the following processes as reversible or irreversible:
(i) Dissolution of sodium chloride
(ii) Evaporation of water at 373 K and 1 atm. Pressure
(iii) Mixing of two gases by diffusion
(iv) Melting of ice without rise in temperature
(b) When an ideal gas expands in vacuum, there is neither absorption nor evolution of heat. Why? 3
Q. 23. (a) Calculate the electrode potential of silver electrode dipped in 0.1 M solution of silver nitrate at 298 K assuming AgNO3 to be completely dissociated. The standard electrode potential of at 298 K.
(b) At what concentration of silver ions will this electrode have a potential of 0.0V?
Q. 25. (a) Explain the cause and two consequences of lanthanoid contraction
(b) Give balanced chemical equations of two reactions in which KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in the acidic medium. 3, 2
CBSE 2004 Question Papers Class XII
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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Deadly Lessons: Understanding Lethal School Violence
is a need to develop a strategy for drawing adults and youth closer together in constructing a normative social climate that is committed to keeping the schools safe from lethal incidents.
The committee notes that conducting empirical studies to establish causal processes leading to these rare and heinous outcomes is not the only scientific approach possible in the search for prevention and control. Case studies like those presented here are essential and appropriate scientific tools for use in seeking for causes and effective interventions, especially in the study of important but rare events such as these school shootings. Only by first carefully analyzing the patterns that exist in the unfolding of these occurrences can one gather the information needed to develop studies from which findings can be generalized.
The committee recommends that new research be undertaken to further improve understanding of the factors that might influence school shootings, particularly school rampage shootings, and to develop knowledge on the impact of interventions. Our specific research recommendations cover further exploration of the precursors to these incidents, including nonlethal violence and serious bullying in schools; illegal gun carrying by adolescents; the signs and symptoms of developing mental health problems in youth in grades 6–10; the effects of student attacks on teachers; and the effects of rapid change in increasingly affluent rural and suburban communities on youth development, socialization, and violence. Evaluation studies should include programs targeted at thwarting planned school shootings. Evaluations of security measures and police tactics in responding to school shootings are also needed.
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Nelson English - Foundation Skills Workbook 1 (X8)
The simplicity of the twin-track structure of Nelson English enables you to support your pupils' language development with a rigorous skills programme. It provides a highly structured course which is easy to use and simple to manage. The Foundation Skills Workbooks 1-4 and the Word Book are ideal for independent work. These five workbooks help your pupils to consolidate key skills which relate to the Activity Box. They include early writing patterns and visual discrimination, initial letters, phonic skills and early comprehension and writing skills.
- Teaches the skills and crafts of quality writing in contextualised, cross-curricular topics.
- Designed to provide careful continuity and progression for the development of key English skills.
- Ensures that your pupils can write with fluency and understanding while you meet curricular requirements.
- Focuses on text level work, with composition and comprehension, which is further related to sentence and word level work on grammar, spelling and punctuation.
|Author(s):||Wendy Wren, John Jackman|
|Level:||Primary KS1 (Age 4-7 yrs)|
|Product Group:||International Primary|
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A psychiatric resident at Stanford University School of Medicine wrote an essay on the crisis with psychiatry that appeared in a Scientific American blog. The author said the field was in decline as fewer medical students sought to specialize in psychiatry. He stated psychiatry was looked down upon by nearly every segment of society; and patients avoided treatment because of the stigma related to the field. His solution was to change the name of the field—call it something else.
The crisis, in his view, stems largely from a misunderstanding of what psychiatry is. He said it was “the medical field where doctors incorporate neuroscience and medical research to treat patients with diagnosable mental disorders.” But his friends seem to think he interprets dreams and administers Rorschach tests. Administering Rorschach tests and interpreting dreams are activities associated with psychoanalytic practice that dominated psychiatry up until the 1970s. While “mental health” has made great strides raising awareness (i.e., May is now National Mental Health Awareness Month), “psychiatry has been left behind as its anachronistic forebear.” So he asked, “Would renaming the field help?”
The word psychiatry evokes thoughts of dated medical practices, like Freudian analysis and ice-pick lobotomies. Its sordid history turns away patients, providers, and the public from the progress of mental health care today.
He acknowledged where relabeling could be seen as a Band-Aid. A mere name change ignores the root causes of the problem, which from his perspective is the stigma attached to psychiatry and mental illness. However, citing studies of name changes within the U.S. and other countries, he suggested these language shifts helped psychiatry sound more reputable. He imagined most people would rather have a mental health disorder than a psychiatric disorder, “even if it were the same thing.”
“Mental Health Care” would be a simpler name for the field instead of psychiatry. Psychiatrists would then become “mental health physicians.” Medical centers could create departments of mental health, combining specialties such as internal medicine, psychiatry, psychology and social work. “By uniting these fractured disciplines under one roof, clinicians could provide more comprehensive care to patients without the stigma associated with aging terminology.” Mental health units were said by the author to be far less frightening than psychiatric wards.
In conclusion, he noted how the term psychiatry meant: “healing of the psyche,” drawn from the Greek goddess of the soul—Psyche. “It’s a romantic notion, but we don’t treat patients’ souls. We treat diagnosable diseases of the brain. Perhaps it’s time to rename the field.”
In reading this essay, I was reminded of what psychiatrist Jeffrey Lieberman wrote in his book, Shrinks about psychiatry. He commented that in the 1970s, “the majority of psychiatric institutions were clouded by ideology and dubious science,” mired in a pseudomedical Freudian landscape. But now in the twenty-first century, psychiatry offered scientific, humane and effective treatments. “Psychiatry is finally taking its rightful place in the medical community after a long sojourn in the scientific wilderness.” You can read about the fallacies of “Freudian analysis and ice pick lobotomies” in Shrinks, but you won’t hear the complete and unvarnished truth about psychiatry.
Robert Whitaker astutely commented that Shrinks is more of a story of how psychiatry sees itself as an institution, than it is an accurate history of psychiatry. And I see the same approach here. I wonder if the Stanford psychiatric resident who wrote “Maybe We Should Call Psychiatry Something Else” is simply rehashing the received view of psychiatric history.
If you want a truly unvarnished look at psychiatry, read Whitaker: Mad in America, Anatomy of an Epidemic, and Psychiatry Under the Influence. You can read more about Lieberman and Shrinks on this website. Do a search for “Lieberman.”
The term “psychiatry” was originally coined by Johann Reil—a German physician—in 1808. And it does literally mean the medical treatment of the soul. Another German physician, Johann Heinroth was the first person to hold a chair of psychiatry. He also staked out working with the mentally ill as medical territory. Since there was little or no knowledge within the medical tradition to equip doctors to deal with mental disturbances, he proposed the creation of a new branch of medicine—psychiatry.
In his 1818 Textbook of Mental Disturbances, Heinroth said: “Since we are speaking of medical art and science, we should think that nobody but a doctor should have a right to make mental disturbance the object of his studies and treatment.” In The Myth of Psychotherapy, Thomas Szasz said of this time:
The birth of psychiatry occurs when the study of the human soul is transferred from religion to medicine, when the “cure of souls” becomes the “treatment of mental diseases,” and, most importantly, when the repression of the heretic-madman ceases to be within the jurisdiction of the priest and becomes the province of the psychiatrist.
There have been some radical shifts in how psychiatrists function since the early 1800s. Initially they were administrators of large institutions for the insane. Under Freud’s influence, psychiatrists began to consult with individuals living in society rather than working solely with those within institutions. Then in 1909, Freud was invited to give a series of lectures on psychoanalysis by Stanley Hall, the president of Clark University.
The cover photo for “Maybe We Should Call Psychiatry Something Else” shows seven men from the time of that conference, but only identified Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung. At the time, Jung was still friendly with Freud. The photo credit said the others were “pioneers in psychiatry,” but that is not entirely accurate. The photo shows Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung on either side of Stanley Hall in the front row. In the back row from left to right are Abraham Brill, Ernest Jones and Sandor Ferenczi.
Stanley Hall was a well-known American psychologist in addition to the then president of Clark University. He had an interest in Freud’s psychoanalytic theories and invited him to be part of a “galaxy of intellectual talent” to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the founding of Clark University. Jung and Ferenczi were invited as the leading European disciples of Freud. Ernest Jones, another protégé of Freud, was then in Toronto Canada, building a private psychoanalytic practice and teaching at the University of Toronto. Jones would later become a biographer of Freud. Brill was the first psychoanalyst to practice in the U.S. and the first translator of Freud into English. In 1911 he founded the New York Psychoanalytic Society.
So these individuals are better seen as pioneers of Freudian psychoanalytic practice —the approach dismissed by the author of “Maybe We Should Call Psychiatry Something Else” as a dated medical practice, which he placed alongside ice pick lobotomies.
By the 1940s, psychoanalytic theory had not only taken over American psychiatry, it had become part of our cultural psyche. Alfred Hitchcock’s 1945 film, Spellbound is an example of how influential psychoanalytic thinking was. The opening credits of the film announce that it wanted to highlight the virtues of psychoanalysis in banishing mental illness and restoring reason. Look for the Freud look-a-like character as Ingrid Bergman’s psychoanalyst and mentor.
Psychoanalytic thought dominated the field until the 1970s when the birth of biological psychiatry was ushered in by Robert Spitzer and his reformulation of psychiatric diagnosis. After Spitzer was appointed to do the revisions for the 3rd edition of the DSM in 1974, he was able to appoint whomever he wanted to the committees. He made himself the chair of all 25 committees and appointed individuals who he referred to as the “young mavericks” psychiatry. In other words, they weren’t interested in Freudian analysis. Spitzer said: “The feeling was that the same techniques that were useful in medicine, which is you describe something, you do laboratory studies; that those same kind of studies were appropriate for psychiatry.” Except it didn’t happen because in the 1970s, there just wasn’t a lot of psychiatric research. So the decisions of the committees were based on the expertise of the committee members.
David Chaffer was part of the process back then. He said committee members would gather together into a small room. Spitzer would sit with a mid 1970s “portable” computer and raise a provocative question. “And people would shout out their opinions from all sides of the room. And whoever shouted loudest tended to be heard. My own impression was … it was more like a tobacco auction than a sort of conference.” So much for using the same techniques as those used in medicine. Listen to the NPR story, “The Man Behind Psychiatry’s Diagnostic Manual” for the above information on Spitzer and the DSM.
But the real driving force behind the revisions made by Spitzer and others was because a “psychopharmacological revolution” couldn’t begin with the diagnostic process that existed before Spitzer and the DSM-III. Allen Frances, the chair of the next revision, the DSM-IV, acknowledged as much in his comments before the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology in 2000. Frances said the DSM-III was an innovative system that focused on descriptive diagnosis and provided explicit diagnostic criteria. “In many ways this aided, and was aided by, the knowledge derived from psychopharmacology. . . . The diagnostic system and psychopharmacology will continue to mature with one another.”
The psychopharmacological revolution required that there be a method of more systematic and reliable psychiatric diagnosis. This provided the major impetus for the development of the structured assessments and the research diagnostic criteria that were the immediate forerunners of DSM-III. In turn, the availability of well-defined psychiatric diagnoses stimulated the development of specific treatments and increasingly sophisticated psychopharmacological studies.
In the Foreword to his book, The Anatomy of an Epidemic, Robert Whitaker explained how he first wandered into the “minefield” of psychiatry by writing in the mid 1990s about research practices such as rapidly tapering schizophrenic patients off of their antipsychotic medications and then giving them a drug to exacerbate their symptoms. This “research” was done in the name of studying the biology of psychosis. Jeffery Lieberman took part in some of those studies, using methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta) to deliberately provoke psychotic symptoms in schizophrenic patients. Read “Psychiatry, Diagnose Thyself! Part 2” for more information on Whitaker’s articles and Lieberman. Incidentally, the series of articles Whitaker co-wrote for the Boston Globe was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service. Whitaker said in the Foreword to Anatomy of an Epidemic:
I began this long intellectual journey as a believer in the conventional wisdom. I believed that psychiatric researchers were discovering drugs that helped “balance” brain chemistry. These medications were like “insulin for diabetes.” I believed that to be true because that is what I had been told by psychiatrists while writing for newspapers. But then I tumbled upon the Harvard study and the WHO findings, and that set me off on an intellectual quest that ultimately grew into this book, The Anatomy of an Epidemic.
Maybe there is a stigma against psychiatry for more than just the past use of ice pick lobotomies or insulin comas or ice baths or the electroshock treatment shown in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest. But simply changing the name of what we now call psychiatry will not change the opposition against a medical specialty that no longer treats patients’ souls. And perhaps that is really why the field is in decline.
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Brazilian government is biggest destroyer of the Amazon rainforest
September 30, 2008
Speaking Monday, Environment Minister Carlos Minc said that the Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) was responsible for the clearing of 220,000 hectares (550,000 acres) of rainforest on six Amazon properties. The six properties are the largest deforested areas in the entire Brazilian Amazon since 2005.
INCRA, an agency that is supposed to help poor communities find land to settle and develop, has been harshly criticized by scientists and environmentalists in recent years. Last year an eight-month investigation by Greenpeace found that INCRA may be working with logging firms to profit from land reform initiatives.
Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Image courtesy of Google Earth
In 2006 INCRA created 97 "sustainable development settlements" (PDS) covering 2.2 million hectares near Santarém in Pará, the Amazonian state where American nun Dorothy Stang was gunned down in 2005.
"All these settlements were created in the last three months of last year," an INCRA employee told The Independent last August. "It was the end of Lula's first term so he had to accomplish the targets. It is politicians who will benefit from the PDS system."
In his remarks Monday, Minc also said that deforestation in August 2008 was 760 square kilometers, more than tree times the 230 square kilometers lost in August 2007.
This week Brazil will release a plan to reduce net forest clearing to zero by 2015. The plan is expected to rely heavily on the conversion of natural forest to industrial forest plantations to meet its goal.
Brazil plans to cut Amazon deforestation to zero by 2015
(9/26/2008) Brazil aims to cut net deforestation to zero by 2015 according to a plan that will be released by the government next week.
Amazon deforestation jumps 69% in 2008
(8/31/2008) Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon increased 69 percent in the past 12 months as high commodity prices have driven forest conversion for ranches and cropland, according to preliminary figures released by Brazil's National Institute for Space Research (INPE). The increase comes after three consecutive years of declining deforestation in Brazil.
Future threats to the Amazon rainforest
(7/31/2008) Between June 2000 and June 2008, more than 150,000 square kilometers of rainforest were cleared in the Brazilian Amazon. While deforestation rates have slowed since 2004, forest loss is expected to continue for the foreseeable future. This is a look at past, current and potential future drivers of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.
More than 8% of the Brazilian Amazon is illegally owned
(6/14/2008) More 42 than million hectares — eight percent — of the Brazilian Amazon is not legally owned, reports a study released last week by a national environmental NGO.
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It is really strange to see a long queue outside roller coaster rides, even when they know they will scream the very next moment. Why can’t people resist this temptation of getting scared? This is exactly the same scenario when we watch horror movies. Nowadays, complex and much dangerous roller coaster rides are there owing to technical advancements. But the concept of roller coasters dates back to the middle of 19th century. Let’s peep through history for a moment. In the mid 1800s, in Pennsylvania, gravity propelled railways were used to transport coal from up in the mountains down to the town in Pennsylvania. On weekend days, passengers used to pay for riding the train only for fun. Since then, people discovered this pleasure of getting scared.
As of now, amusement parks businesses have become gigantic. There are numerous cases of mental injury, strokes, heart attacks, brain deformation and many more severe cases. But nothing has stopped people from riding roller coasters. Fear, pounding heartbeat , adrenalin rush and release of glucose, together create a response, which is known as the “flight response” or flight response”. Scientists at University Department of Medical Cardiology, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow studied the heart rates of riders on the double corkscrew Coca Cola Roller in Glasgow. Heart rates were on average 70 before the ride and it jumped to 153 immediately after the ride. Old passengers should results that are deleterious to their health.
These events and events like bungee jumping, sky diving release hormones in the body, known as cortisol. This causes stress. Stress is something not welcome by us. But sometimes, it is considered as euphoria. The term, to be precise, is called being “eustressful”. The role of opamine chemical messenger adds to the stress release immediately after the rides.
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The Silent Menace
What you don't know might hurt you.
In October, the focus of the nation is on women's health, specifically breast cancer. But there's an often-overlooked women's health issue that needs attention: ovarian cysts and the possibility that they are cancerous.
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs inside or on the surface of an ovary. Many women have these cysts at some point in their lives — especially during the childbearing years — without ever knowing it. Most are harmless and cause little to no discomfort, and eventually disappear on their own within weeks or months. Unfortunately, those that don't can wreak havoc on your insides, especially when one ruptures.
There are two main types of cysts, the corpus luteum and follicular. The follicular cyst begins when the follicle containing an egg doesn't release that egg into the fallopian tube. Follicular cysts are usually harmless. The corpus luteum is the troublemaker. These occur when the egg is released, and the ruptured follicle produces quantities of both estrogen and progesterone to prepare for conception. Occasionally, though, the escape opening of the egg seals itself, and fluid begins gathering inside the follicle, expanding into a cyst.
The corpus luteum may also go away on its own, but if it does not, it can grow up to four inches, fill with blood, and twist the ovary. Then, it can rupture.
If you've ever experienced a ruptured cyst, you know how excruciating it is. Incredible abdominal pain, lower back pain, nausea, and even blacking-out can occur. It's not pretty, I can assure you.
Next time you think about skipping that annual visit to the gynecologist, read the above paragraph again, then call and make your appointment. In the meantime, here are a few signs local doctors advise to watch for:
Pelvic pain that may radiate to your lower back and thighs
Feeling full after eating just a few bites of food
Pressure on your bladder
Your doctor can look for cysts and monitor their growth or dissipation through the use of a sonogram, a painless, 30-minute procedure, or a pelvic ultra-sound. Or your doctor might test for a protein called CA-125, though this test is usually only performed on women who are at high risk for ovarian cancer.
Though there is no way to prevent the growth of ovarian cysts altogether, one option for reducing their development is the use of birth control pills. Taken at the right dosage, you don't ovulate. No ovulation, no cysts. But be warned; if your pills aren't strong enough, they can actually increase your odds of getting cysts. Check with your doctor about dosage and individual needs.
Women past the age of menopause can still get the cysts, and unfortunately, more often than not, when this is the case the doctor usually recommends surgery to remove them. While ovarian cancer is rare, women ages 50 to 70 are at greater risk than their younger counterparts. As with any illness, early detection is key.
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (Alcohol, Marijuana, Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Nicotine)
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) was developed as a method to prevent relapse when treating problem drinking, and later it was adapted for cocaine-addicted individuals. Cognitive-behavioral strategies are based on the theory that in the development of maladaptive behavioral patterns like substance abuse, learning processes play a critical role. Individuals in CBT learn to identify and correct problematic behaviors by applying a range of different skills that can be used to stop drug abuse and to address a range of other problems that often co-occur with it.
A central element of CBT is anticipating likely problems and enhancing patients’ self-control by helping them develop effective coping strategies. Specific techniques include exploring the positive and negative consequences of continued drug use, self-monitoring to recognize cravings early and identify situations that might put one at risk for use, and developing strategies for coping with cravings and avoiding those high-risk situations.
Research indicates that the skills individuals learn through cognitive-behavioral approaches remain after the completion of treatment. Current research focuses on how to produce even more powerful effects by combining CBT with medications for drug abuse and with other types of behavioral therapies. A computer-based CBT system has also been developed and has been shown to be effective in helping reduce drug use following standard drug abuse treatment.
Carroll, K.M., Easton, C.J.; Nich, C.; Hunkele, K.A.; Neavins, T.M.; Sinha, R.; Ford, H.L.; Vitolo, S.A; Doebrick, C.A.; and Rounsaville, B.J. The use of contingency management and motivational/skills-building therapy to treat young adults with marijuana dependence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 74(5):955–966, 2006.
Carroll, K.M.; and Onken, L.S. Behavioral therapies for drug abuse. The American Journal of Psychiatry 168(8):1452–1460, 2005.
Carroll, K.M.; Sholomskas, D.; Syracuse, G.; Ball, S.A.; Nuro, K.; and Fenton, L.R. We don’t train in vain: A dissemination trial of three strategies of training clinicians in cognitive-behavioral therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 73(1):106–115, 2005.
Carroll, K.; Fenton, L.R.; Ball, S.A.; Nich, C.; Frankforter, T.L.; Shi,J.; and Rounsaville, B.J. Efficacy of disulfiram and cognitive behavior therapy in cocaine-dependent outpatients: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 61(3):264–272, 2004.
Carroll, K.M.; Ball, S.A.; Martino, S.; Nich, C.; Babuscio, T.A.; Nuro, K.F.; Gordon, M.A.; Portnoy, G.A.; and Rounsaville, B.J. Computer-assisted delivery of cognitive-behavioral therapy for addiction: a randomized trial of CBT4CBT. The American Journal of Psychiatry 165(7):881–888, 2008.
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Question: Chapter 10 presented methods for comparing means for two groups
Chapter 10 presented methods for comparing means for two groups. Explain how it’s possible to perform a significance test of equality of two population means as a special case of a regression analysis. (Hint: The regression model then has a single explanatory variable—an indicator variable for the two groups being compared. What does μ1 = μ2 correspond to in terms of a value of a parameter in this model?)
Answer to relevant QuestionsLet y = death rate and x = average age of residents, measured for each county in Louisiana and in Florida. Draw a hypothetical scatterplot, identifying points for each state, such that the mean death rate is higher in ...The CEO of a company that owns five resort hotels wants to evaluate and compare satisfaction with the five hotels. The company’s research department randomly sampled 125 people who had stayed at any of the hotels during ...A psychologist compares the mean amount of time of rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep for subjects under three conditions. She randomly assigns 12 subjects to the three groups, four per group. The sample means for the three ...For the previous exercise, show a hypothetical set of population means for the four groups that would have a. A dose effect but no drug effect. b. A drug effect but no dose effect. c. A drug effect and a dose effect. d. No ...Refer to Example 12, the sample means from which are shown again below. a. Explain how to obtain the following interpretation for the interaction from the sample means: “For females there is no race effect on ideology. For ...
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Optimizing Your TriglyceridesEn Español (Spanish Version)
Many authorities advise more aggressive treatment of
. Here is a rundown on these blood fats and why improving them is important for your health.
Triglycerides are the chemical form most fats take in the body. They have a backbone consisting of a glycerol molecule to which three fatty acid molecules are attached. All glycerol molecules are the same, but the fatty acids may vary greatly. The types of fatty acids that are attached to the triglyceride determine whether it is a saturated, trans, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated fat. These triglycerides come from fats in the foods you eat or they are made from other energy sources, like carbohydrates. When you eat a meal, the calories your body isn't using right away are converted into triglycerides and stored in your body's fat cells. When your body needs energy between meals, triglycerides are released from fat tissue to be used for making energy.
Having too much triglyceride in your blood can adversely affect your health in several ways. Extremely high triglyceride levels can trigger an attack of
. Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, an abdominal organ that secretes digestive enzymes.
After you have gotten the results from a fasting blood fat profile, you can compare your triglyceride score with what experts have to say about these values:
Classificationless than 150Normal150-199Borderline high200-499High500
and greaterVery high
If your triglyceride level is not normal, you and your doctor may want to search for a treatable cause. Factors that can increase your risk of high triglycerides include:
Sex—Men are more susceptible than women. After
menopause, a woman's risk increases.
- Age—The risk of high triglycerides increases with age.
Genetic disorders, including a family history of high triglycerides or
Lifestyle factors such as:
Medical disorders, such as:
Certain drugs such as:
- Immunosuppressive medications
- Beta-blockers and diuretics
Treatment for abnormal triglyceride levels usually involves lifestyle changes. Saturated fat
should make up less than 7% of the calories you consume.
Most saturated fat should be replaced with healthful monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Increasing your intake of
omega-3 fatty acids
is especially important. Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fats found in fatty fish (such as salmon, mackerel, herring, sardines, trout, and tuna) and certain plant sources, including flax seeds, canola oil, and walnut oil.
The American Heart Association recommends eating fish at least twice each week. Taking fish oil capsules can also help lower triglyceride levels.
Weight loss also helps lower your triglyceride levels, as can limiting alcohol intake, quitting smoking, and getting regular, moderate exercise. If you are already at risk for heart disease, talk with your doctor before starting an exercise program.
When lifestyle measures fail to control triglyceride levels, your doctor may advise lowering your triglycerides with the help of medication. Drug treatment may also be advised if you have diabetes or another chronic disease associated with coronary artery disease.
In addition to fish oil capsules, medications such as nicotinic acid, fibrates, or statins can be used to help optimize your triglycerides.
American Heart Association
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada
American Dietetic Association. Disorders of lipid metabolism evidence-based nutrition practice guideline. National Guideline Clearinghouse website. Available at:
http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=32479&search=disorders+of+lipid+metabolism. Published March 2011. Accessed July 16, 2014.
Cardiovascular risk prediction. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated May 2, 2014. Accessed July 16, 2014
Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002. National Academies Press website. Available at:
http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?isbn=0309085373. Accessed July 16, 2014.
Essential fatty acids. Oregon State University. Linus Pauling Institute website. Available at:
http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/othernuts/omega3fa/. Updated April 2014. Accessed July 16, 2014.
Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III).
Fish and omega-3 fatty acids. American Heart Association website. Available at:
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/GettingHealthy/NutritionCenter/HealthyDietGoals/Fish-and-Omega-3-Fatty-Acids_UCM_303248_Article.jsp. Updated May 14, 2014. Accessed July 16, 2014.
Hypertriglyceridemia. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated May 29, 2014. Accessed July 16, 2014.
Lauer MS, Fontanarosa PB. Updated guidelines for cholesterol management (editorial).
Leading causes of death. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm. Updated January 27, 2012. Accessed July 16, 2014.
Low HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol level. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/. Updated January 9, 2013. Accessed July 16, 2014.
NCEP ATP III guidelines.
EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed. Updated November 14, 2013. Accessed July 15, 2014.
Oh RC, Lanier JB. Management of hypertriglyceridemia.
Am Fam Physician.
American Academy of Family Physicians website. Available at: http://www.aafp.org/afp/2007/0501/p1365.html. Accessed July 15, 2014.
Safeer RS, Ugalat PS. Cholesterol treatment guidelines update. Am Fam Physician. 2002;65(5):871-881. American Academy of Family Physicians website. Available at:
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20020301/871.html. Accessed July 15, 2014.
Triglycerides. American Heart Association website. Available at: http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Encyclopedia/Heart-Encyclopedia_UCM_445084_Encyclopedia.jsp?levelSelected=20&title=triglycerides. Accessed July 15, 2014.
Last Reviewed July 2014
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In partnership with the Margret and H.A. Rey Center in Waterville Valley, the Center for the Environment is monitoring vegetation changes along altitudinal transects. This project was established on Mount Tecumseh in Waterville Valley, NH in 2008 and a second transect was established in 2010 on Mount Starr King in Jefferson, NH.
At both sites, long-term data collection involving both vegetation phenology and microclimate data that will be utilized in conjunction with regional meteorological data sets to delineate the vegetation-climate trends of the region. Monitoring when plants undergo annual changes such as leaf budding, developing and losing leaves, and overall growth and comparing these data to climate trends helps to understand the changes that occur in vegetation in response to a changing climate. Conducting the monitoring along a gradient up the mountain helps reveal these changes due to the changes in microclimates with altitude.
At points along the gradient, plots are established and trees identified. Each plot and each tree is visited several times throughout the year to assess vegetation composition and conditions (e.g.presence/absence data, pathology) and several or more times per week, intra-seasonally, during the growing period, to observe and record phenophases of targeted species within each herbaceous plot and of each tagged tree. Concurrently, continuous measurements of air and soil temperature are collected via automated dataloggers placed within fifteen feet of the herbaceous plots.
The Mount Tecumseh Research Transect is used each summer as part of the Rey Center’s citizen science programming with both adults and children. Phenology research is an ideal means for informing the public about the probable consequences of climate change and for encouraging their support to monitor the outcomes. The Mount Starr King transect has been used as the basis for a phenology and climate curriculum that provides an opportunity for students to participate in data collection and analysis activities enhancing the life science, earth science, and inquiry components in science programming at the school.
Several CFE graduate and undergraduate students, under the guidance of Assistant Professor of Biology Michele Pruyn, have been involved with this project. These students participate in an intensive data collection field work in the spring and fall hiking 15 to 20 miles per week along the transects.
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Mould is a type of fungi that has over several hundred thousand species. While many of the species are harmless, there are about 15 different species which are considered to be toxic by releasing mycotoxins, which are harmless to both humans and animals.
How mould develops
Moulds start growing by tiny mould spores floating through the air (they’re literally everywhere- indoors and outdoors) and making contact with damp or wet surfaces (most moulds only require suitable surfaces to be damp/wet for 24 hours before they can grow). If a spore lands on a suitable material and other environmental conditions are suitable then the spore can germinate and begin a new mould colony. Mould requires moisture, oxygen, warmth and food to grow, and they can grow on all surface types, including carpet, paper, clothes, leather, walls, wood, insulation and food.
The spores are invisible to the naked eye; they continually float through the air and it is impossible to eliminate them all from inside your home. However, the best way to prevent mould growing is to limit moisture levels.
If you can see a mould infestation, it is always in colonies, because mould that is not in a colony is too small to see with the naked eye. Mould uses spores to reproduce in the same way that plants use seeds.
A cluster of mould, known as a colony, is considered to be a single organism. The main body (called mycelium) of a mould colony is formed by connected multicellular filaments called hyphae.
Moulds digest the material they are growing on; breaking down decaying organic matter, such as dead plants, leaves or dead animals- that’s where and how they get their energy from (unlike plants getting their energy from the sun through photosynthesis). That’s what makes them particularly
Besides from the organic matter, every type of mould requires moisture for growth. That’s why mould infestations develop in damp areas, particularly in kitchens and bathrooms, where there’s generally a lot of water being used. Mould problems cannot develop in houses unless there is a moisture problem.
Are all moulds dangerous/toxic?
There are many variations of mould types that are commonly found in homes, all of which are potentially dangerous to humans and animals. In some countries mould is categorised into 3 classes of danger- you can find more details on the mould types page.
Most moulds are harmless, but it is advised that all moulds are removed and treated with care, because it’s difficult to determine whether or not the specific mould specie growing in your home is dangerous or not without getting it tested in a lab, under a microscope.
Most people assume that black mould is always toxic. While black mould can be toxic, not all mould that appears black or dark is toxic. But as said, it’s best to treat all moulds as potential health risks.
Some of the most common toxic moulds are:
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New Delhi: Backing the recommendations made by a government-appointed committee to ban sales of junk food in school canteens, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) on Saturday urged the government to restrict availability of such items to children.
Noting that consumption of junk food among children was a big problem, Delhi-based CSE said that the recommendations were in the right direction and several other countries have already taken similar measures. Earlier this week, an expert committee set up by the ministry of women and child development and chaired by T. Longvah, director in-charge of the National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, recommended ban on sale of junk foods in school canteens in its report submitted to the ministry.
“Junk food consumption among school children is a big problem and the recommendations of the committee are in the right direction. Several countries have taken similar measures. The ministry needs to take this forward now," said Sunita Narain, CSE director general.
The committee was asked to look into the issues related to growing problems of obesity in children and its relationship with consumption of junk food.
“CSE welcomes the recommendations of the committee. The government must act on it now. Banning junk food in schools and near-by, formulating school canteen guidelines and appropriate labelling regulations are some of the necessary steps. The committee has also suggested that street-vendors should not be permitted to sell junk food items during school timings in a vicinity of 200 metres from any school," said Chandra Bhushan, CSE deputy director general. “CSE has been pushing for such comprehensive set of regulatory initiatives for stricter control on availability and exposure among school children."
In 2012, CSE had tested and found high levels of salt, sugar and fat in commonly available junk foods such as pizzas, burgers, soft drinks. In 2014, the green body published a set of regulatory initiatives required to limit junk food consumption especially in schools. PTI
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Before and After: Set in Stone at Brooklyn's Coignet Building
When it was completed in 1873, the Coignet Building in Gowanus, Brooklyn, stood as an impressive ode to the future of construction. The earliest known concrete building in New York served as a showcase for the New York and Long Island Coignet Stone Company, a manufacturer of concrete cast stone. “They [represent] the start of the building industry moving from craft into something much larger,” says Mary Jablonski of Jablonski Building Conservation, who worked on the Italianate structure’s recent exterior restoration.
History would have other plans for the Coignet Building; shortly after it was completed, the company folded. A faux-brick stucco facade was added over the concrete exterior, probably in the 1960s. The building was vacant for decades and continued to deteriorate until supermarket chain Whole Foods expressed interest in the adjacent empty lot in the early 2000s. Whole Foods ultimately purchased the lot with the stipulation that it would restore the exterior of the building, which in 2006 was named a New York City landmark.
With the eventual help of stonemason Ken Uracius and his team, Whole Foods finally began restoration in 2014 after a series of complications. The faux-stucco facade was removed, and Uracius repaired and rebuilt damaged portions of the historic cast stone. A white lime wash was added to the exterior, returning the building to its original color.
The restoration was completed this past spring and, as of press time, the Coignet Building was for sale.
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Animal waste off-grid or on the homestead is a valuable commodity that can be re-purposed to be useful in a number of ways. Human waste, however, is another off-grid challenge that you don’t hear discussed frequently, but it is a very necessary component of living off the grid. Is burning your poop a viable and safe way of disposing of this waste material when living off-grid?
Burning poop is not a safe waste disposal method when living off-grid. Human waste has a high moisture content which prevents thorough burning of the material. It also carries bacteria and could pose a danger to the environment if not dealt with appropriately. A septic system or a composting toilet is a better alternative.
Human waste carries a whole host of potential diseases and can cause unhealthy and unsanitary living conditions. There are different methods that can be used to dispose of this waste safely and in ways that are good for you and the environment, but burning your poop is not one of them.
Table of Contents
Is Burning Your Poop Off-Grid An Option?
There are many problems associated with burning human waste as an option for waste management off-grid. Fortunately, there are lots of alternatives that are easier to manage and safer than burning your poop.
There have been great strides made in technology that has seen processes being developed to turn both human and animal solid waste into a fuel source, but these processes require equipment that is usually beyond the scope of off-grid living.
The main problem associated with burning your poop is the moisture content. As we know, even with green wood, anything that is heavily moisture-laden does not burn easily, and when it is in the fire, it produces a lot of smoke while it dries out.
The US military employed burning human waste as a means of disposing of human waste during the war in Vietnam. This was done by combining the waste with diesel fuel and burning the contents. This process produced huge amounts of foul-smelling, thick black smoke that polluted the air and stuck to anything it settled on!
Burning your poop this way is probably not something you would want to try when living off-grid! In order to burn your poop effectively and without huge plumes of smoke, you would need to significantly dry out the waste before burning.
There are some methods of human waste disposal which do make use of the burning of waste, but this is a labor-intensive, unpleasant job and an activity that contributes to air pollution, groundwater pollution and could be hazardous to the person doing the burning.
The systems where burning is used is in some outhouse-type systems with pits that receive the human waste. Once the outhouse pit is full, the external outhouse is moved, and the contents of the pit are burned. The waste can burn and smolder for a long time, posing a danger to children and animals. Once the burning has taken place, the pit is filled up.
In pit toilets, the urine and poop are not separated out, which makes the waste very wet and difficult to burn, which produces smoke and odors, as we have already mentioned.
Separate Solid And Liquid Waste
To promote reducing the moisture content of the poop, you would need to separate your urine from the poop at the time you use the facilities. This means not allowing the urine to go into the same receptacle as the poop.
You would then need to somehow find a way of drying out the poop to the point at which it could be burned. This would involve leaving it in a warm, ventilated space where it would be protected from the rain and from flies and other pests.
Because of its high moisture content, it would take a long time for the poop to dry out sufficiently to burn. You could add other ingredients to the poop to help to dry it out before burning, such as sawdust or other dry organic material. But, if you are going to do this, it will make more sense to turn the mixture into compost rather than burn it.
As a result, burning your poop is not a viable option for disposing of human waste when living off-grid. There are other methods that are much more conducive to disposing of this waste product effectively and, in some cases, produce an end product that you can make use of on the homestead.
Does Burning Poop Smell?
If wet poop is placed in a fire, then yes, it does smell to burn this waste product. When it has had an opportunity to dry, or mixed with other products, such as sawdust, that absorb the moisture, then the odor and the smoke are reduced during burning.
This is because when the poop dries out, the microbial content that breaks down the poop and creates the bad smell begins to die out, and the decomposition process slows down, and it dries out. Burning this poop mixture will produce less smoke and less smell.
Other Poop Processing Methods Off-Grid
Depending on your location and your preference, there are other methods you can use to safely dispose of your poop off-grid that are better options than burning the waste:
If you have plenty of water on-site for your off-grid home, you can install a septic tank or a soak-away system, which utilizes a normal flushing toilet. The waste goes to an underground storage system which filters the solids from the liquid and allows the liquid to soak back into the soil. The solid waste slowly collects in the tank and will need to be pumped out every 3 to 5 years.
A family home for 3 or 4 people will usually need a septic tank with a capacity of about 1,000 gallons. Depending on its construction, it could measure between 90 and 120 inches long and 60 to 80 inches wide. The liquids are released back into the soil in a specially prepared area called a leach field. The average leach field needs to be about 4,500 square feet which could be an area 100 feet long and 45 feet wide.
You can install a septic system yourself, but local zoning restrictions may require professional installation and an inspection. Before you attempt to install one you should investigate the legal restrictions in place in your area. Professionally installed systems are also likely to last longer, so spending a bit more upfront may save you money later on.
These can be bought as premade self-contained units or made as part of a DIY project like the one on this video. They require less ongoing maintenance, and at the end of it, you have a usable compost material that can be used to benefit the soil around your off-grid home.
The most common way that this is achieved at minimal cost is to use the bucket system, usually a 5 gallon (20-liter) bucket. Essentially, the toilet is a wooden box with a hole cut in the top and a toilet seat secured over the hole. The bucket is positioned under the hole and catches the human waste.
After you have been to the bathroom, you will cover your waste with sawdust or other organic matter, such as pine needles, fallen leaves, or something similar. This locks in some of the odor and helps to absorb the moisture.
Some composting toilets require that you have a separate outlet for urine, but this is not always necessary and adds another level of complexity to the composting toilet construction and to its use. This is not necessary if you use the bucket system and use enough of the sawdust to soak up the liquid component of the waste.
Once the bucket is full, a lid is placed on the bucket, and it is removed from the toilet and placed outside, where it will be left for 4 to 6-weeks while the composting process begins. A fresh bucket is then placed inside the toilet.
Once the full bucket has sat for a while, the contents are emptied into a compost pile by opening up the center of the compost pile, dumping the bucket contents inside, and then covering it up with a layer of straw or similar material. Once the pile is full, it must be left without adding fresh material to the pile for the period of 1 year.
You can start a second compost pile adjacent to the first and rotate these piles to continue the composting process of your poop and have great usable compost at the end of the process.
This method saves water, protects the environment, and allows you to recycle your own waste into a usable product.
To find out more about dealing with waste off-grid check out my article The Complete Guide To Off-grid Wastewater Management.
Although poop burning is a practice that many cultures continue, and it is a method that is used to get rid of human waste in some outhouse systems, the burning process can be dangerous and contribute to air pollution and other global issues.
Burning your poop as part of your off-grid lifestyle is not something that is recommended. Rather use a composting toilet and recycle your poop into a usable commodity in your off-grid garden!
My Off-Grid Product Recommendations
Useful Book: Off Grid Living 2022-2021 – This incredible step by step guide is a great read and gives you useful information about reaching self-sufficiency in just 30 days. Get the paperback on Amazon or read it free with a Kindle Unlimited subscription or listen to the audio version with Audible Plus membership.
Small Solar Panel Systems: Silicon Solar – This is an excellent company that offers lots of products to get you started on your solar journey. Visit Silicon Solar.
Family Water Filter: Big Berkey – For a fast, affordable water filter with no plumbing required, you can’t beat a Big Berkey gravity-fed filter like this one from Amazon.
Cleaning: Fuller Carpet Sweeper –. This carpet sweeper is an ideal way to keep your home clean without using up your energy stores on vacuuming.
Handy Knife: Gerber Serrated Paraframe – This handy all-purpose knife is lightweight and ideal for all those little jobs around your home and garden.
If you’re looking for tools, equipment or reading materials, I have some other articles that you may find useful:
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Understanding the process of revelation on a basic level is necessary for all believers in order to know for sure the book they deem the word of God is actually the word of God.
Tafsir is an independent discipline but here we study the history of tafsir, the different methodology used by various scholars, as well as understanding the process through which one could develop a legitimate understanding of the Quran.
There are important historical discussions related to the compilation of the Quran we have with us that effect our belief in the Quran. If these matters aren’t discussed thoroughly, it will leave room for misunderstandings to present themselves as facts.
Although the topic of alteration of the Quran is found in theology, in this discipline we discuss it as a historical matter which allows us to see what’s established in theology as the Quran being intact up to today is historically accurate as well.
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By U.S. Rep. Chrissy Houlahan and PennEnvironment
Last week, as local residents celebrated Earth Day, 2019, we used it as a crucial opportunity to put a bright and necessary spotlight on one of the most critical issues affecting Pennsylvania, our country, and our world – climate change.
Let us be frank: Climate change is happening. The effects will be disastrous. And it’s caused by human activity.
But this recognition cannot be reserved to one day a year. We need to be acting every day from here on out to combat climate change and reverse the negative impacts it has had on our world and will continue to have if we don’t take aggressive action quickly.
Exhaustive scientific research has provided us with hard data about the culprits of climate change: predominantly fossil fuels like gas, coal, and oil.
Yet here we are in 2019, where, incredible, some are still debating climate change. Science is not partisan. The fact that climate change threatens our economy, national security, health care, and, of course, environment is not partisan.
At home in Pennsylvania, we can expect to see things like increased downpours, elevated levels of insect-borne diseases like Lyme disease, and worsening air pollution if we don’t start taking bold action now.
The small but urgent silver lining in all of this is that we have achievable solutions. It’s time for our elected bodies in Washington, D.C. and Harrisburg to catch up to the science and the public’s desire to start implementing these solutions. This means putting policies in place that will directly address the threats posed by climate change and will disincentive the activities that are triggering climate change.
The most important step we must take is a transition to clean, renewable energy.
At the federal level, we’re working together to aggressively support the Climate Solutions Act. If passed into law, this legislation would require that 100% of our electricity come from renewable resources by 2035.
At the state level, Pennsylvania has recently joined the United States Climate Alliance, a bipartisan coalition of 24 states dedicated to achieving the goals of the Paris Climate Accord. Additionally, Governor Wolf has announced an ambitious but achievable goal for our Commonwealth: cutting carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping emissions 26 percent by 2025 and 80 percent by 2050, using 2005 as a baseline.
Locally, we are also taking giant leaps. Thanks to Ready for 100, the Sierra Club program that helps municipalities and townships focus on transitioning to renewables, seven Chester County boroughs and townships have passed resolutions committing to 100% renewable energy by 2050. Seven more are currently discussing passing such measures.
We’re also proud that the majority of our Commonwealth senators and representatives whose districts are found in the Sixth Congressional District support tackling climate change. Eleven of our Chester County legislators are currently cosponsoring legislation in the Commonwealth’s General Assembly that would also require Pennsylvania to transition to 100% clean energy by 2050.
What’s more is that we as Pennsylvanians are on the side of science, data, and truth. Recent polls show that more than 7-out-of-10 voters in the Pennsylvania would support a switch to clean, renewable sources of power. Democrats, Republicans, and Independents in PA understand that, if we do not take initiative, our Commonwealth, country, and world will suffer.
It’s important to note that not only is this transition good for our environment and will help us combat climate change, but it’s also good for our nation’s and Pennsylvania’s economy. A recent study by E2 demonstrates that jobs in the clean energy and energy efficiency sectors far outnumber fossil fuel jobs both here at home and around the country.
We’re proud to be working hard every day to advance smart and effective legislation to stop climate change. We owe this to our community, our planet, and our future generations.
Pennsylvania cannot wait. The United States cannot wait. Our planet cannot wait.
U.S. Rep. Chrissy Houlahan, D-6th Dist., represents Chester County, southern Berks County and the City of Reading in Congress.
PennEnvironment is a statewide, citizen-based non-profit environmental advocacy organization.
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In our class we are taught by our teacher Mrs Gardiner and supported by Mrs London and Miss Bayman. On a Tuesday, Mrs Butler teaches us.
IMPORTANT HOME LEARNING INFORMATION:
Due to the latest government guidance surrounding the Covid-19 outbreak, North Rigton School will be closed to all except ‘key workers’ children from Monday 23rd March 2020. In order to support families at home, we will be supplying our children with ‘Home Learning Grids’ whilst school is closed. These will provide our children with learning opportunities in Maths, English and Wellbeing. Grids can be accessed below and will also be emailed out for your information. These will be updated and additional grids uploaded accordingly.
You will also find below a list of useful websites which can be accessed to support learning at home. These have been broken down into Maths and English sections for your information.
Thank you for your continued support and understanding during this immensely difficult time.
Wishing all our Pears children and families the very best.
In Pears Class during the Spring Term we are looking at our project ‘We are Artists’ and will be unpicking the provocation ‘There is no point in recycling’. We will enjoy learning about art and music based topics including designing and making woodland inspired instruments from recyclable, natural materials and making sculptures based on the works of famous artists such as Barbara Hepworth, Eva Rothschild and Marc Quinn which include items which we’d usually class as ‘throw away’ or ‘disposable’. We will also be going on a school trip linking into our project – so watch this space!
In Maths children will deepen their understanding of the four operations alongside learning about statistics, geometry, measurement and fractions. We will complete lots of practical learning opportunities including taking part in ‘teach active’ lessons to keep our bodies moving whilst calculating! We will also use Times Tables Rock Stars to help children increase their fluency with times tables.
Children in Pears Class will have exposure to a range of fabulous texts in Year 1/2 including ‘The Tin Forest’ by Helen Ward and ‘Pigsticks and Harold in the mysterious case of the Tuptown thief’ by Alex Milway. This will allow lots of opportunities for creative writing and independent learning.
RE and Computing will continue to be taught every Tuesday afternoon by Mrs Butler alongside EGPS (English Grammar, Punctuation and Spelling) and Times Tables.
Reading books will be sent home regularly to support the teaching of reading in school; please help your child to be a successful reader by practising reading on a daily basis when possible. (Little but often is good!) We will be completing guided reading in school separate to home/ school reading books; therefore, progress through the reading scheme will be dependent mostly on how much they read out of school. If your child reads for five consecutive days at home, they will be rewarded with a ‘Reading Raffle’ ticket and have a chance at winning a prize! All children have a reading chart. Please remember to issue a sticker each time they read at home. There are prizes for every reading chart completed throughout the year.
Read, Write Inc. spelling and phonics books are dated and sent home each Friday, should you wish to help your child with that particular rule or sound at home.
As part of our school policy, children are encouraged to ‘Enjoy Learning Together at Home’ and learning opportunity grids can be found at the front of each ELTaH orange coloured book and these will be updated termly on the website for you to be able to download. These include a list of suggested ways that you may choose to support your child at home. Updates will be made each term and put on the Pears website page for your information. TTRockstars log in details can also be found stuck in the front of the ELTaH books.
PE this term will be on a Monday and Thursday. On a Thursday, Mr R will lead Multi-skills and Games involving throwing and catching for Pears Class and on a Monday children will be learning about Gymnastics (also using apparatus) and Dance. Please ensure you child has the correct PE kit in school on these days. In addition to uniform PE kit, they will need a pair of warm black jogging bottoms and outdoor trainers as we will still attempt to go outside even in the cooler weather. We also love Yoga in Pears Class and regularly take time to be mindful whilst strengthening our bodies. We enjoy using Cosmic Yoga to help us with these skills.
Thank you so much for your continued support. Please do not hesitate to ask if there is anything you are unsure about.
Please follow links to……
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Bomb disposal robot in actionA robot is a machine that carries out a series of actions, either on command or by being programmed beforehand. Some modern robots can perform tasks without human help, even if their surroundings change. Today, robots are used in manufacturing industries, space exploration, underwater archaeology, healthcare, bomb disposal and warfare. Drones and driverless cars are also types of robot.
Industrial robots in factories often carry out tasks that are time-consuming or dangerous for humans. Most are programmed to carry out the same task over and over again. These include welding together parts, painting, packaging or testing products.
Since 2012, the land speed record for a legged robot has been held by Cheetah, a four-footed robot that gallops along at 45 km/h (28 mph).
Find the answer
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You have likely heard the term “saving face” in regards to maintaining some sort of dignity or reputation following a negative event. The sociologist Erving Goffman borrowed from the previously informal phrase for a new, academic purpose in 1955, about 60 years after the colloquial sense had become popular with British nationals in China and about 30 years before it would be borrowed again by linguists.
Face refers to the public self-image a person puts forward. The linguists Brown and Levinson hypothesize that this is a universal concept – that people of all cultures value the opinions of others. There are two types of face: positive and negative. Don’t make the mistake of confusing this concept with the senses of positive/negative as in good/bad. Brown and Levinson define these types of face in their 1987 article on politeness:
Positive face refers to “the positive consistent self-image or personality … the want of every member that his wants be desirable to [others].”
Negative face is defined as “the basic claim to territories, personal preserves, rights to non-distraction—i.e. the freedom of action and freedom from imposition.”
In other words, positive face is put forth when the person wants to engage with others and is associated with self-esteem, while negative face is observable when the person prefers autonomy, exhibiting their desire for independence. The same person may switch between positive and negative face given the context, similar to the ever-changing accents of presidential candidates based on their audience.
In order to maintain the desired face, all participants of the social interaction must maintain cooperation – otherwise, a person’s desire for either acceptance or independence will not be fulfilled. Participants can use several types of politeness in order to maintain each other’s face. For example, for one person to maintain a negative face, the other participants must use negative politeness to support their desired independence. If a participant uses the wrong form of politeness, they perform a face-threatening act (FTA), as described in the chart below.
You can probably think of times when you’ve displayed both positive and negative faces. Once you grasp the concept, it can be fairly easy to observe in your social interactions and even on TV, particularly on discussion-style news and talk shows – it informs your conversational styles and vice versa. The infamous episode of Tucker Carlson’s Crossfire debate show with guest Jon Stewart of The Daily Show is a particularly memorable example of what happens when a person’s face is threatened.
For the first few minutes of the segment, Jon Stewart makes the argument for a genuine debate with one of the hosts, Paul Begala, who seems to at least be attempting to respond with politeness. Throughout, Stewart attempts to maintain a positive face by expressing his desire to engage in topics he finds important and wishes to discuss. Instead of responding with either form of politeness, Carlson chooses direct face-threatening acts. The following clip starts about six minutes into the discussion, and you can see over the next few minutes how this works out.
Below is a breakdown of the conversational features discussed above, along with segments of the transcript that exemplify these features. The full transcript is also available on our References page.
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VLANs and Trunks
When properly utilized, VLANs and trunks provide flexibility, stability and ease of troubleshooting. This paper provides technical details about VLANs and trunks, along with design options at a basic to intermediate level. Recommendations and commands are included throughout.
Virtual Local Area Networks (VLANs) provide several benefits to enterprise networks. VLANs provide a measure of flexibility, improve user mobility, ease the application of security measures, and increase the overall efficiency of the network.
Trunks also provide benefits, specifically the ability to reduce the number of physical connections needed between switches in order to support multiple VLANs.
This paper describes VLANs and trunks. It includes an overview of Ethernet-based computer networks, which includes definitions of several terms. This paper also includes technical details about VLANs and trunks, along with design options at a basic to intermediate level. Recommendations and commands are included throughout.
The Open Systems Interconnect (OSI) communications model is a seven-layer reference model that describes the functions necessary for two endpoints to communicate. The 2nd Layer of the OSI model is called the Data Link Layer. Its functions are to format data for transmission on the physical media and to define how devices access the physical media (twisted pair copper, fiber optic, or wireless).
Ethernet is the Layer 2 protocol used for devices that connect to a Local Area Network (LAN). Ethernet defines how data is formatted for transmission by creating frames. Figure 1 shows a sample Ethernet frame.
When data is transmitted along the media, the data is just a series of bits. Ethernet defines how the sending and receiving device will interpret those bits. The key fields of an Ethernet frame are the destination and source address fields, the type field, and the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field.
The destination and source address fields contain the Media Access Control (MAC) addresses of the receiving and sending devices respectively as defined by standards from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The type field contains a value identifying the next layer protocol. For example, a value of 0x0800 (0x indicates the numbers that follow are hexadecimal numbers) means IPv4 is the next layer protocol; 0x86DD means IPv6; and 0x0806 means Address Resolution Protocol (ARP). The FCS field is used for error detection. Its value is calculated by the sending device and attached to the end of the frame. As the frame is received, the receiving device performs the same calculation. If the values match, the receiving device knows the frame is error free. If the values do not match, the receiving device knows an error occurred during transmission and the frame is discarded.
Another term for LAN is broadcast domain. A broadcast domain is the most basic of computer networks. It is defined as a collection of devices that receive broadcast frames from each other at Layer 2. A broadcast frame is one that is destined (addressed) to every device on the LAN by using the value 0xffff.ffff.ffff in the destination address field. This type of frame is flooded out of every interface of an Ethernet switch, except the interface on which the frame was received. This is very inefficient as the switch has to forward (or replicate) a copy of the frame for every active interface. For example, a fully populated 48-port switch has to forward 47 copies of every broadcast frame it receives. Additionally, the end hosts that receive the broadcast frame are required to perform some processing of the frame, even if the broadcast frame does not contain data that is pertinent to the host.
Originally, broadcast domains (LANs) were implemented based on physical location. The first implementation of Ethernet was designed for use with coaxial cable. In this environment, all devices connected to a single piece of coaxial cable; in other words, the piece of coaxial cable was the LAN media, and the LAN was limited to a single room or maybe a group of two or three rooms. Eventually, Ethernet was updated to transmit data over twisted pair copper wiring, at which point hubs replaced coaxial cable as the LAN. However, whether the LAN was a piece of coaxial cable or a hub, the LAN was limited to devices that shared a physical media.
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Flocks is a group of birds conducting flocking behavior in flight, or while foraging. The term is akin to the herd among mammals.
The benefits of aggregating in flocks are varied and flocks will form explicitly for specific purposes.
Flocking also has costs, particularly to socially subordinate birds, which are bullied by more dominant birds; birds may also sacrifice feeding efficiency in a flock in order to gain other benefits.
The principal benefits are safety in numbers and increased foraging efficiency. Defense against predators is particularly important in closed habitats like forests where depredation is often by ambush and early warning provided by multiple eyes is important, this has led to the development of many mixed-species feeding flocks.
These multi-species flocks are usually composed of small numbers of many species, increasing the benefits of numbers but also increasing potential competition for resources.
Computer simulations and mathematical models which have been developed to emulate the flocking behaviors of birds can generally be applied also to the “flocking” behavior of other species. As a result, the term “flocking” is sometimes applied, in computer science, to species other than birds.
This article is about the modelling of flocking behavior. From the perspective of the mathematical modeler, “flocking” is the collective motion of a large number of self-propelled entities and is a collective animal behavior exhibited by many living beings such as birds, fish, bacteria, and insects. It is considered an emergent behavior arising from simple rules that are followed by individuals and does not involve any central coordination.
Basic models of flocking behavior are controlled by three simple rules:
- Separation — avoid crowding neighbors (short range repulsion)
- Alignment — steer towards average heading of neighbors
- Cohesion — steer towards average position of neighbors (long range attraction)
With these three simple rules, the flock moves in an extremely realistic way, creating complex motion and interaction that would be extremely hard to create otherwise.
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in a systematic or consistent manner
"they systematically excluded women"
In an organized manner.
Taxonomy seeks to systematically name all living organisms; each species has one name and everyone can figure out what that name is.
in a systematic manner; methodically
The numerical value of systematically in Chaldean Numerology is: 1
The numerical value of systematically in Pythagorean Numerology is: 4
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
It is best to do things systematically, since we are only human, and disorder is our worst enemy.
The Dilbert Principle The most ineffective workers are systematically moved to the place where they can do the least damage--Management.
Nothing has such power to broaden the mind as the ability to investigate systematically and truly all that comes under thy observation in life.
Six months after the coup, criticism is systematically prosecuted, political activity is banned, media is censored, and dissidents are tried in military courts.
It appears investors have taken a stance to take advantage of the extended downside move of the market, all the money that has come out of oil needs to find a home. Money is systematically being forced into equities, for example, out of energy into technology.
Images & Illustrations of systematically
Translations for systematically
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
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Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
"systematically." Definitions.net. STANDS4 LLC, 2017. Web. 25 Jun 2017. <http://www.definitions.net/definition/systematically>.
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Earth’s earliest primates have taken a step up in the world, now that researchers have gotten a good look at their ankles.
A new study has found that Purgatorius, a small mammal that lived on a diet of fruit and insects, was a tree dweller. Paleontologists made the discovery by analyzing 65-million-year-old ankle bones collected from sites in northeastern Montana.
Purgatorius, part of an extinct group of primates called plesiadapiforms, first appears in the fossil record shortly after the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs. Some researchers have speculated over the years that primitive plesiadapiforms were terrestrial, and that primates moved into the tree canopy later. These ideas can still be found in some textbooks today.
“The textbook that I am currently using in my biological anthropology courses still has an illustration of Purgatorius walking on the ground. Hopefully this study will change what students are learning about earliest primate evolution and will place Purgatorius in the trees where it rightfully belongs,” said Stephen Chester, the paper’s lead author. Chester, who conducted much of the research while at Yale University studying for his Ph.D., is an assistant professor at Brooklyn College, City University of New York. Chester is also a curatorial affiliate at the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History.
Until now, paleontologists had only the animal’s teeth and jaws to examine, which left much of its appearance and behavior a mystery. The identification of Purgatorius ankle bones, found in the same area as the teeth, gave researchers a better sense of how it lived.
“The ankle bones have diagnostic features for mobility that are only present in those of primates and their close relatives today,” Chester said. “These unique features would have allowed an animal such as Purgatorius to rotate and adjust its feet accordingly to grab branches while moving through trees. In contrast, ground-dwelling mammals lack these features and are better suited for propelling themselves forward in a more restricted, fore-and-aft motion.”
The research provides the oldest fossil evidence to date that arboreality played a key role in primate evolution. In essence, said the researchers, it implies that the divergence of primates from other mammals was not a dramatic event. Rather, primates developed subtle changes that made for easier navigation and better access to food in the trees.
The research appears in the Jan. 19 online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The paper’s co-authors are Jonathan Bloch of the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida, who also contributed to the research as an Edward P. Bass Distinguished Visiting Environmental Scholar in the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies; Doug Boyer of Duke University; and William Clemens of the University of California Museum of Paleontology, who collected fossils of Purgatorius and geological data over the past four decades with members of his field crews in Montana.
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Go Red Day
Go Red Day is The First Friday in February
Go Red Day is a holiday that encourages people to wear red to raise awareness about heart disease in women. Heart disease is the number one killer of American women each year, but most people believe that it is mostly a disease that affects men. This is a day to change that narrative and inform women about the risks and warning signs associated with heart disease. Go Red Day has been inspiring women to make positive changes to their diets and lifestyle choices since 2002. As a result, nearly 300 fewer women are dying from heart disease each year!
Go Red Day, otherwise known as Wear Red Day, is meant to raise awareness of heart disease in women.
The American Heart Association
Go Red Day is part of American Heart Month, a month long national observance. The American Heart Association is responsible for the movement that inspired this special designation.
The American Heart Association was founded in 1924 by a group of cardiologists. The mission of AHA is "to be a relentless force for a world of longer, healthier lives." They kicked off the first National Heart Week in February of 1947 and American Heart Month began in 1963 via presidential proclamation. The mission of the AHA has evolved from a small group of cardiologists based in the United States, to an international effort spanning 80 countries. A complete history of the American Heart Association can be found at their website. The site also contains statistics, informative articles, and ideas for how to become involved.
Go Red Campaign
The Go Red campaign is specific to raising awareness of women's heart health and was first observed in 2002. The day emphasizes a commitment to raising awareness of risk factors and warning signs and symptoms of heart disease in women across the United States and the world. Risk factors would include family history of heart disease, lifestyle factors including diet and exercise, and tobacco and alcohol consumption. Go Red has a website specific to the cause.
Go Red is a clever acronym for the steps a woman should take to make herself and those around her more aware of personal risk factors related to heart disease in women.
G: Get your numbers. Know your blood pressure reading and cholesterol levels. High blood pressure and elevated cholesterol levels increase a woman's risk for heart disease.
O: Own your lifestyle. Evaluate your lifestyle and commit to eliminate habits that raise your risk of heart disease.
R: Realize your risk. Educate yourself on the statistics about women and heart disease.
E: Educate your family. Encourage healthy habits of family members.
D: Don't be silent. Spread the word to every woman you know.
The day is also a fundraising effort, encouraging individuals and groups to support the American Heart Association's research and education efforts by making a monetary donation. The funds are used to continue the research and education efforts of the AHA stateside and abroad.
A visible way to celebrate Go Red is by wearing an article of red clothing. If red isn't your color, take a moment to visit the Go Red website and expand your knowledge of cardiac health in women. Participate in a fundraising effort or start your own. Getting your numbers starts with a visit to the doctor. If you don't have a primary care physician or have not had an annual physical exam in over a year, make the call. If you live with heart disease or have had a heart attack, take to your social media account and share your story. Your story could inspire and inform others.
Use Go Red Day to raise awareness in yourself and others, donate your time or money to the cause. Or make it the day that you commit to lifestyle changes that will enhance your overall health. Do it for yourself and for those who love you.
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Modular buildings are those built using prefabricated volumetric units called modules. Due to modules being connected to each other at discrete locations, discontinuous structural systems are formed, where diaphragm discontinuity is a key issue and could result in diaphragms that are flexible.
The building sector is responsible for a significant proportion of a nation’s greenhouse gas emissions. In an attempt to mitigate these emissions, industry and government have been mainly focussed on reducing operational emissions associated with buildings, leaving the embodied emissions largely ignored.
During summer heatwaves, heat load exacerbates in urban heat islands (especially in hot climates) and threatens public life in cities. This paper examines the links between urban microclimates, outdoor thermal discomfort and public life through an exploratory case study.
It is an increasing challenge for building designers in the 21st century to provide for thermal comfort at minimum energy cost by taking into consideration both the current and the future warming climate. Most previous studies have focused on thermal comfort in non-residential buildings under current climatic conditions.
This note presents a method to decompose life cycle inventories derived from integrated and mixed-unit hybrid life cycle assessment. The approach extends the decomposition method described by Wiedmann by diferentiating between impacts from industries, products and processes.
Evaluating building design options with a focus on simultaneously minimising life cycle greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and life cycle cost (LCC) is difficult due to a lack of comprehensive and accessible tools. An integrated approach where life cycle GHG and LCC performance can be balanced is essential in order to optimise a building's overall life cycle performance.
Buildings are major consumers of energy for heating and cooling. The number of buildings is growing rapidly with demand for energy. To reduce consumption, governments worldwide have implemented codes, standards, and building practices.
The Building Sustainability Index (BASIX) assessment tool estimates the operational energy consumption and GHG emissions from new residential developments based on information available at the building design stage. However, post-occupancy energy consumption can be different from the estimated figures at the design stage.
Chloride ion penetration in concrete is one of the major causes of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures by depassivation of reinforcing bars. Since testing of the natural chloride penetration is time consuming, utilising an accelerated test method is more desirable.
This paper presents a performance framework for modular construction. Modular construction is a method of construction that uses factory-produced building units called modules that are delivered as components, parts or whole buildings to be erected on site. The particular aspect of performance discussed in this paper is construction performance.
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Learn effective approaches to English language teaching. This is a FREE teacher training course based on the internationally-recognized Shaping the Way We Teach English videos and resources and sponsored by the U.S. Department of State and the University of Oregon. The course will begin November 09, 2015.
About the Course
This course is aimed at English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers, both those who are intending to pursue this field as a career and those already working in the field who would like to revise and refresh their methods and approaches. The materials and approaches presented should complement college courses such as Introduction to TEFL/TESOL Methods.
This five-week course explores important aspects of teaching English as a second or foreign language. The goal of this course is to help you become a better teacher. By the end of this course, you should be able to explain how the various materials and approaches presented will lead to better language learning; you will be able to choose appropriate materials and apply varied classroom activities to improve your students’ study of English. You will also be able to better evaluate both your own and other teachers’ practices.
Topics for Paths to Success in English Language Teaching include:
- Week 1: Integrating skills and using tasks to motivate learners; project overview, introductions
- Week 2: Alternative assessment that shows what learners can do with language; lesson plan phase 1 is due
- Week 3: Incorporating individual learning differences in instruction; peer and self-evaluations are due
- Week 4: Ideas for effective classroom management; final lesson plan is due
- Week 5: Improving practice with reflective teaching; final peer and self-evaluations are due
Previous or current language teaching experience is desirable, but not necessary to take this course.
This is a collaborative course, where you enhance your English language teaching expertise by sharing ideas with others. The basis of this discussion will be a short video and reading each week. The videos are of master teachers in real classes around the world, providing a look into the international community of EFL teachers. Closed captioning helps you understand what the teachers and students are saying.
Each week, a reading on methods and teaching practices, written by teachers for teachers, adds perspective to the classroom videos. To share ideas about each week’s topics with others, you are invited to join discussion forums. In the discussions, you can contribute to the dialogue: Find out what other teachers do in their classes, ask questions, share and gain insights into classroom practice. These discussions will also help you formulate the culminating project.
For the culminating project, you will write a lesson plan incorporating some of the ideas from your readings, videos, and conversations with others. The project will build over the 5 weeks of the course, resulting in a practical, well-designed lesson that will demonstrate an understanding of the course material, and be truly meaningful for your students. As part of the project, you will read others’ lesson plans and offer constructive criticism. This peer reviewing activity will heighten your awareness of others’ assumptions about teaching and give you a window into how English learning proceeds in other cultures. With the peer reviews, you will also build a repertoire of completed lessons to share and experiment with.
As you watch and read and discuss, we hope you’ll build your creativity and flexibility as a teacher. The videos, readings, and discussion will give you plenty of food for thought, and help you answer these questions:
- How could this be adapted to my own classroom?
- How could this be adapted to my own students and culture?
- How could this be adapted to different materials and objectives?
Will I get a Certificate after completing this class?
Students who successfully complete the class will receive a Statement of Accomplishment from the U.S. Department of State and the University of Oregon.
más información: email@example.com
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Book Description: Aching or painful feet make it hard to stand or walk—not to mention dance, play sports, and take part in other activities. To keep you on your feet, this book offers a rich resource for understanding what can go wrong and how disorders, diseases, and injuries to the foot are diagnosed and treated.In this readable guide to common conditions that affect the foot and ankle, podiatrists Jonathan D. Rose and Vincent J. Martorana outline the professional and self-care treatment options available. What works for one person’s foot pain does not necessarily work for someone else’s, so Doctors Rose and Martorana discuss proper foot care practices in a way that helps readers make good decisions about which treatment option will work best for them. Often called a marvel of biomedical engineering, the human foot is a complex and astonishingly versatile part of our anatomy. This book addresses the entire foot, inside and out, describing in plain English its special design characteristics and biomechanical operations. Everything is covered—from corns and calluses to cancer and skin and nail problems, including special sections on children’s feet, sports injuries, footwear, and orthotics. The Foot Book is an all-inclusive resource for everyone suffering from foot and ankle disorders, as well as physicians and other medical personnel who care for them.
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15,500 Problems + 6,500 Step-by-Step Solutions
A Competition Preparation Tool Like No Other
The MATHCOUNTS Online Problem Library and Extraction Tool (OPLET) is just like it sounds:
An online problem library, with thousands of problems from more than 20 years of MATHCOUNTS school handbooks and competitions.
An extraction tool that allows subscribers to create their own worksheets, flash cards and Problems of the Day with problems from the online library.
Purchase a 12-month subscription to this online resource for $275. Coaches who register their school for the MATHCOUNTS Competition Series receive a $5 discount per registered student (up to $50 off) and up to 6 teachers at the same school can share a subscription!
Choose a Format
OPLET makes it easy to create tailored resources for your math team. With just a few steps, you can create any of the following:
Problems of the Day
In our example to the right, our OPLET user, Anita Solve, has decided to create a worksheet for her Mathletes.
Select the Number of Problems
After choosing a format OPLET users select the number of problems (1-30 for worksheets and flash cards; 1-10 for Problems of the Day) to include. They also write the title and have the option to leave a space at the top for students to write their names.
In our example to the right, Anita Solve has decided to give her worksheet the title "Algebra Jumble," and it will include 8 problems, with no space for student names.
Select the Types of Problems to Include
Next OPLET users can select the problems to include in their resource, based on solution availability, math concept, MATHCOUNTS usage, difficulty level and year the problems were used in the MATHCOUNTS Competition Series.
Solution Options: choose problems from the entire OPLET database or only those that have a step-by-step solution (all problems come with an answer key).
Math Concept: Algebra, Arithmetic, Counting & Probability, Geometry, Number Theory, Prealgebra, Other or a random sampling.
Standard problems without calcuator usage (Sprint Rounds and Warm-Ups)
Standard problems with calculator usage (Target Rounds and Workouts)
Team problems with calculator usage (Team Rounds)
Quick problems without calculator usage (Countdown Rounds)
Difficulty Level: from 1 (Easy) to 5 (Difficult), or a random sampling.
Year Range: from 1990-2017 in 5-year blocks of time, or a random sampling.
Before creating a worksheet, flashcard or Problem of the Day, OPLET users can review the selections they have made.
In our example to the right, Anita Solve reviews the worksheet she is about to create, with problems from the entire OPLET database, that cover algebra concepts, are standard problems without calculator usage, are varying levels of difficulty and from the years 2010-2013.
Choose How OPLET Will Extract Problems
The last step to creating a personalized resource in OPLET is to decide how OPLET will select problems for your resource. After providing their specifications in previous steps, OPLET users have the following options:
Let OPLET select the problems at random.
Have OPLET generate a pool of problems so you can choose each problem manually.
Choose each problem manually, and have OPLET include particular problems you have previously generated in the pool of problems.
Once the resource has been created, the OPLET user can download a PDF of the worksheet, flashcard or Problem of the Day, plus a separate PDF with the answer key and solutions for those problems that include them.
In our example to the right, Anita Solve has decided to let OPLET choose the problems at random. Now Anita is ready to see her completed worksheet created by OPLET!
How many problems and solutions does OPLET contain?
Approximately 15,500 problems from previous MATHCOUNTS School Handbooks and competition. All of these problems include answers, but only about 6,500 problems include step-by-step solutions.
Can I select problems from a specific competition or handbook?
No, you will not be able to, for example, extract the entire 2007 Chapter Competition or select individual problems from that competition (i.e., Sprint Round #12). But, you can elect to include only problems from a specific 5-year range, problem type and difficulty level.
How much does an OPLET subscription cost and can I get a discount?
A 12-month subscription to OPLET costs $275. Coaches who have registered their school for the Competition Series can receive a discount of $5 per student (up to $50) off the subscription cost. Parents who purchase a subscription for use with their own child must pay the full subscription price, even if their child's school is registered for the MATHCOUNTS Competition Series.
Is it possible to cancel an OPLET subscription and receive a refund?
Due to the nature of OPLET and its 12-month subscription, mid-year cancellations are not permitted.
How do I give OPLET access to other teachers at my school?
Up to 6 teachers from the same school may share a single OPLET subscription, but the primary subscriber must submit a Multiple User Authorization Form to MATHCOUNTS. Teachers from neighboring schools (for example, 2 schools in the same district) may not share a single subscription. Parents and other non-teachers are only eligible to be considered additional users for a school's account if they actively participate in coaching the school’s MATHCOUNTS team.
Current OPLET Subscribers:
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Connects a family who bought the first and only slave sold in Minnesota. James Thompson was bought by the Brunson family to help them interpret Dakota so that they could do mission work with Native Americans. James Thompson was owned by a Fort Snelling soldier. Brunson bought him, then gave him his freedom and hired him to interpret. Thompson was married to a Dakota. The Brunson House is located at 485 Kenny Road in St. Paul.
~Eleanor T. Davis, Woodbury, MN
Text about the link
Share your memories on this topic
- ↑ This is a citation example
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Children’s Rights and Homeschooling: Patrick Farenga’s Thoughts
One of the reasons John Holt, a secular founder of the homeschooling movement, decided to fully support homeschooling was his hope that parents would be more likely to work patiently and differently with their children at home than teachers in school can, and would therefore learn from the children what is and isn’t working. Holt’s ideas about homeschooling are probably very different from what many members of Homeschoolers Anonymous experienced: Holt didn’t want to bring the techniques and concepts of school—which he showed in his books weren’t working in school anyway—into the home. “Don’t turn your home into a miniature school,” Holt advised in 1981 when he wrote his only book about homeschooling, Teach Your Own.
After years of working in schools Holt was appalled at the gross incivility, mindless activities, and outright meanness inflicted upon children in the name of education. One of the ways he imagined that things could be improved for children was to promote children’s rights, since his own efforts made him realize the futility of trying to make meaningful change within the school system (which is still reforming itself 32 years since Teach Your Own appeared). Holt wrote a book that describes how and why giving children rights makes practical sense: Escape From Childhood: The Needs and Rights of Children (1974; reprinted 2013). It was controversial when it was published, causing both liberals and conservatives to condemn Holt’s ideas that children should be allowed to do pretty much what any adult may legally do.
Up until 2012, 9 out of 10 of Holt’s books were still in print. Escape From Childhood is the only one of Holt’s books that I have never been able to interest another publisher in; all editions of the book have been published by HoltGWS since the original publisher let it go out of print. Clearly, this is not a topic mainstream people want to engage with but, as I’ve learned over the years, it is vitally important if we want to find other ways to help children and their families get out of bad situations besides creating more layers of child protective service agencies.
Many of the ideas Holt puts forth in Escape are to prevent tyrannies at home and in society, and they are based on our Bill of Rights, thereby grounding all people to the same rights and responsibilities. However, Holt adds a new dimension to the concept of rights to account for children’s inexperience and their need to learn from the choices they make over time. Rather than just give children the rights of citizenship all at once beause they have turned 18, Holt offers a framework where children are able to move in and out of the “walled garden of childhood” as they feel ready and able to, so they can test the waters of responsibility and swim, or decide to wait for another day if the responsibility is too heavy on them now. Holt felt the best way to get good at making choices is to make a lot of genuine choices and determine what worked best for you. Right now our society denies young people responsible choices, while expecting them to assume this same responsibility at an arbitrarily determined age. This is the essence of Holt’s argument, though I urge you to read his book and learn about the history of childhood and all the nuances about rights, children, families, and primary and secondary guardians that Holt presents.
The issue of children’s rights is large, but I want to focus specifically on child abuse and homeschooling. Holt deals with abuse from several angles in the book, including the adult points of view. For example, he discusses the burden of having children and how the authority of the old is diminishing, but Holt presses the case for why adults need to relinquish some of their authority in order to provide children the opportunity to grow independently.
. . . to expand protection against abuses of authority without diminishing authority, is impossible, a contradiction in terms. There can be no adequate protection against the abuse of authority, of parents or the state, except to give the victim the right to escape it.
The authority that Time has in mind when it talks about the “psychic benefits of parental authority” is not natural authority but only the power to compel, threaten, punish, and hurt. The fact is that children can be and are regularly punished, by parents and the law, for any of the reasons, and the same reasons for which slaves used to be punished—for talking back, for “disrespect,” for disobedience, for being at large without permission, for running away—in short, for doing anything that might imply that they think they have any freedom or rights at all. (p. 153)
Escape From Childhood is full of examples of how children, from the mentally challenged to compliant overachievers, are often hurt or neglected by adults who, “for their own good” force them to do things the children would rather not do, so I won’t labor the point here. However, it is important to note that Holt wrote this in 1974, not knowing anything about homeschooling as we know it; he saw all children in society as being mistreated. Holt was willing to take the chance that by supporting homeschooling some children will be raised by parents whose views of children and education are radically different from the self-actualizing vision of learning Holt supports. Holt hoped that most homeschooling parents would not be so obedient to the demands of modern educational theory or religious dogma and would instead learn directly from their children what was and wasn’t working for them, and make adjustments accordingly.
Unfortunately, many adults seem willing to sacrifice their relationship with their children upon the altar of education and dogma, so I’m not surprised that now, as adults, children whose lives were insecure and violent at home now want to sacrifice homeschooling upon the altar of education and dogma. However, I urge you to take a step back and reconsider strategy and tactics.
It is easy for me to imagine Homeschoolers Anonymous becoming a typical political group, uniting anti-homeschooling forces under the banner of regulating homeschooling to protect homeschooled children from abuse. This will certainly result in an increase of professional educators’ and government reach into people’s homes, which will lead to the exact opposite of what Holt advised: our homes will become miniature schools run by the state. Your anger at being physically and emotionally abused as children, and then, as adults, being outcast by the homeschooling community for publicly noting your suffering and wishing to ameliorate it for a new generation of homeschooled children, is perfectly understandable. However, homeschooling does not cause child abuse. Being a tight-knit or loose-knit family doesn’t cause child abuse; child abuse occurs in public and private schools, churches, sports, the entertainment field, in all professions. It is a problem that is much bigger than homeschooling and we should treat it as such.
I urge Homeschoolers Anonymous to recognize the fluid nature of homeschooling regulations and laws in the United States and how many of the court decisions that allow alternatives to compulsory attendance in public schools are based on religious exemptions that are tied to preserving traditional ways of life (Amish, Mennonite, and so on). It is unlikely at this time in our history that the courts are going to rule against religious freedoms. Further, many adults in the United States appear to support corporal punishment—paddling is explicitly allowed in public schools in 19 states—and its widespread, though no less punishing, variant: time outs in closets, padded rooms, and so on. It also needs to be noted that invasive practices such as electro-shock therapy for “difficult” children are permitted in many private institutions in states that otherwise ban corporal punishment in public facilities, so the situation is not easily solved by changing existing laws.
Rather than battle homeschooling regulations head on, with the real danger of creating more regulations for secular homeschoolers and strengthening the religious exemptions that permit families to prevent their daughters from aspiring to high school or college and keep their sons in line with stern obedience to authority, Homeschoolers Anonymous can build on the do-it-yourself model that homeschooling embodies. The prospect of increased scrutiny by outsiders keeps many abusive situations from being publicly acknowledged, and homeschooling is no exception. However, I think Homeschoolers Anonymous is correct to sound the alarm now so we can create awareness and solutions about this difficult issue that is different than what we’ve seen to date from other institutions. Like the leaders in the Vatican, the BBC, Penn State, and numerous other institutions, homeschooling’s leaders can easily fall prey to the means (ignore or cover up the abuse) justifying the ends (the institution continues to flourish despite the ongoing abuse, which the institution says it is handling in its own mysterious way). Like you, I refuse to see homeschooling freedoms preserved upon the broken bones and dashed hopes of children, and I hope we can get others to agree to offer help and enforce existing abuse laws rather than accept the status quo as the only way to preserve homeschooling freedoms.
Child abuse is a major, ugly issue that is difficult to discuss, especially among homeschoolers who are fearful of government intrusions into their lives. We tend to dismiss child abuse in homeschooling circles because most of “us” are “good people” or “good Christians.” But the reality is there is some child abuse going on in homeschooling, just as it goes on in schools and homes all around the world. To have the courage, as Homeschoolers Anonymous does, to stand up and call out an injustice being done to an unrepresented minority, children, is an important first step. Showing how this injustice is perpetuated in practice can help parents and children see that their situation is not normal and they are stuck in a bad homeschooling situation. Homeschoolers Anonymous can then provide support for dialog within their family, healing, or escape routes, among other options. It is important to let children and spouses know they are not alone and that others have navigated this path. The Underground Railroad was built and functioning for many years before the Emancipation Proclamation was made law, and I think we need to remember that.
Building the moral and legal case for children’s rights should not be a single, high-stakes courtroom battle focused on homeschooling, but a tactical approach focused on helping children and spouses find ways to get out of abusive situations and a strategic one of uniting with other groups that seek to end corporal punishment—not homeschooling—for children in society. We have a long tradition at HoltGWS of being against corporal punishment (scroll to the bottom of the page) and the list includes a Christian homeschooling group opposed to hitting children (Parenting in Jesus’ Footsteps).
I thank Homeschoolers Anonymous for the opportunity to express some of my views on children’s rights and homeschooling. There is so much more to say; I’ve only just scratched the surface with these remarks. However, I look forward to seeing the creative and powerful solutions you will make regarding children’s rights based on your collective experiences.
For further reading:
Escape From Childhood: The Needs and Rights of Children is available on Kindle: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00B42K3LE
Escape From Childhood will be also available as a printed book from Amazon as of June 1, 2013.
About the author:
Patrick Farenga started work with John Holt in 1981 and published Growing Without Schooling magazine and numerous other publications related to homeschooling, unschooling, and learning outside of school from Holt’s death in 1985 until 2001. Farenga and his wife homeschooled their three daughters, who are now adults. He continues to keep Holt’s ideas alive by writing, speaking, and publishing through HoltGWS LLC and www.JohnHoltGWS.com.
Hi, Pat! I am one of many home school moms in FL that bought books from you in the early 90s.
I disagree that more regulation will necessarily mean invasion of privacy and/or school authority to recreate school at home. The Florida law, for example, only needs the loophole for ‘private schools’ closed and it could be a model for the nation. I would like to add an annual physical exam/eye exam (parents could pick their own doctor and just have a form printed off from the local school district to sign) be turned in with the annual evaluation/portfoloio review/standardized test scores. Bringing back the child abuse affadavit would also be a good thing (HSLDA buried that idea; because even convicted child abusers should be free to home school?).
We have great laws in FL thanks to Brenda Dickinson, but other states have NO REQUIREMENTS of any kind! No notice of intent, no evaluations of any kind, no annual notice that a child is still alive, no assurance that a child is being educated/cared for/fed. Hannah Thompson wasn’t even being FED.
Where was the outrage from the home school community? Where was the rush to transparency and accountability that would prevent this sort of thing from happening again? All I heard were crickets and “No True Homeschooler” BS.
But I do very much respect your work and your opinion. Thank you for all your efforts on behalf of children. You helped make my home school a better place. ❤
Pat, I’m an ardent advocate of youth rights. I don’t understand your article from a youth rights perspective.
In the 1860s, would you have advocated not freeing the slaves because it was unpopular, but suggested people aid the underground railroad effort? My understanding is that ending slavery helped millions of people who otherwise would have continued in slavery their whole lives. The Underground Railroad freed only 100,000 over the course of its existence.
I hope that someday in the not so distant future, children may attain full legal rights. I believe John Holt would agree with me that homeschooling is a child’s right, not a parent’s right. I hope you can stand with me in seeking to have this legally recognized. If the most prominent youth rights advocates do not stand up for the rights of children, who will?
I agree with Pat 100% on the fact that children need more respect and consideration in society at large but I feel that like any minority or at-risk group, in order to do right by them you need regulations in society protecting them. Wanting homeschool regulations is certainly not anti-homeschooling and I don’t think it is an accidental threat to homeschooling either or a challenge to traditional ways of life.
Should we be mainly concerned as to whether regulations are currently political feasible or not or that the fundamentalists will find another loophole to dig down into, or should we be concerned with encouraging people to do the right thing? I think that homeschooling is well established enough now that it won’t just blow away in the wind. I also think that the do-it-yourself model works well for the people who generally take responsibility but since many don’t, the “honor system” as a whole is not good policy. We need more than that.
However, I truly do appreciate Pat speaking out about children’s rights. It’s sad that its something that still needs speaking out about, but it certainly does. Pat’s perspective on the place in society that children should occupy stands in stark contrast to what the HSLDA stands for and I thank him for sharing it.
Thanks, everyone, for such thoughtful comments. Shadowspring makes a good point, and I want to clarify my position: I don’t think all regulations are bad, but how they are made and who will enforce them is key: homeschooling is growing and doing well in MA despite HSLDA labeling MA one of the hardest states to homeschool. We’ve worked hard to keep homeschooling at the local control level, whereas HSLDA prefers to have a single law or regulation they can defend or use in a state legislature. This can work for some (apparently that’s the situation in FL, right?), but not for other states. The whole state’s rights issue gets tied up in this discussion, too.
This is also why I don’t think forming a national group and descending upon each state with a regulatory solution is a good idea; it is not respectful of the state’s homeschoolers. I think it is up to the people in the state to make their homeschooling rules, not outsiders. This is why I appeal to you to focus on working with existing groups and focus on child abuse, not homeschooling regulation. I think you will get more support, at least from the homeschooling community, if you are viewed as fighting against child abuse rather than fighting for homeschooling regulation.
Becca, I am for an underground railroad AND for freeing children/slaves whenever possible. It doesn’t have to be an either/or. I think I’ve been consistent on this. However, politically, just as the gay rights movement has shown, it takes decades of awareness and exposure to the issue before the public hits a tipping point and decides to rectify the injustice. That’s where I’m coming from. HA is just starting to expose this issue and I think it is important that you are; but awareness and support for such a touchy, difficult issue isn’t going to emerge fully for some time.
I hope I’m wrong; I’d love to be wrong on that. But already your push for regulation has created a backlash from homeschoolers: when I typed “homeschoolersanonymous.com” to come and check these responses I was taken to a site that trashes your work: “There is another group by the name of “Homeschoolers Anonymous” who ironically are not anonymous. The group leaders are seeking media publicity for themselves by exploiting stories of abused victims. They are aspiring journalists who are using damaging tactics in order to gain career opportunities.”
I hope your efforts are not ignored by homeschoolers who think you use “damaging tactics,” and won’t be co-opted by those who want to see homeschooling go away or be regulated just like school (FYI: http://www.helium.com/items/1046861-the-case-against-unschooling).
Further, Holt is on record for supporting parents’ rights, too (see Teach Your Own). The rights question is complicated by the dependent nature of young children, among other things (which I’d like to explore at some time in depth if any one is interested).
Heather writes, “that like any minority or at-risk group, in order to do right by them you need regulations in society protecting them.” The issue is a bit deeper, though, since there are already regulations/agencies/laws that protect children from abuse. They don’t work well, I agree; but to address child abuse through homeschooling regulations is a Rube Goldberg solution to me: better to speak directly about paddling, forcing girls to be second-class citizens, and so on, than to think by getting each family to file an education plan and be evaluated you are saving a child from abuse. Certainly we need to talk about how child abuse can occur in homeschooling—and your testimony is powerful—but politically I think you should be more focused on tactics that will make more homeschoolers agree with you than disagree, and tactics that clearly indicate you want homeschooling to thrive, but not child abuse.
I also want to add that what also makes this a complex issue is the very notion of asking the state to protect special groups of people. The law should treat everyone equally, but the “protecting-at-risk-people” thinking creates exceptions, and so children, under our current law, are not allowed to own property, get a fair trial by jury (in PA, there were two judges who got kickbacks for sentencing kids to juvenile detention centers), and so on. Sometimes our solutions create worse problems, which is why I urge you to think outside the box even more on this important and difficult topic.
Don’t stop talking about the issue and do keep stirring things up, but do be sensitive to the contexts you are operating in and consider changing course if you’re not winning hearts and minds.
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Anser (genus) in Wikipedia
The waterfowl genus Anser includes all grey geese and usually the white geese too. It belongs to the true geese and swan subfamily (Anserinae). The genus has a Holarctic distribution, with at least one species breeding in any open, wet habitats in the subarctic and cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in summer. Some also breed further south, reaching into warm temperate regions. They mostly migrate south in winter, typically to regions in the temperate zone between the January 0 °C (32 °F) to 5 °C (41 °F) isotherms.
The genus contains ten living species, which span nearly the whole range of true goose shapes and sizes. The largest is the Greylag Goose at 2.5-4.1 kg (5.5-9 lb) weight, and the smallest is the Ross's Goose at 1.2-1.6 kg. All have legs and feet that are pink, or orange, and bills that are pink, orange, or black. All have white under- and upper-tail coverts, and several have some extent of white on their heads. The neck, body and wings are grey or white, with black or blackish primary - and also often secondary - remiges (pinions). The closely related "black" geese in the genus Branta differ in having black legs, and generally darker body plumage.
Systematics, taxonomy and evolution
Living species and taxonomy
* Swan Goose Anser cygnoides - sometimes separated in Cygnopsis
* Taiga Bean-Goose Anser fabalis
* Tundra Bean-Goose Anser serrirostris
* Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus
* White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons
o Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser (albifrons) flavirostris
* Lesser White-fronted Goose Anser erythropus
* Greylag Goose Anser anser
* Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus - sometimes separated in Eulabeia
* Snow Goose Anser caerulescens - sometimes separated in Chen
* Ross's Goose Anser rossii - sometimes separated in Chen
* Emperor Goose Anser canagicus - sometimes separated in Chen or Philacte
The white geese are sometimes separated as the genus Chen, with one of them sometimes split off in the genus Philacte. They cannot be distinguished anatomically, there is some evidence of a distinct lineage in evaluations of molecular data. While most ornithological works traditionally include Chen within Anser, the AOU and the IUCN are notable authorities which treat them as separate.
Some authorities also treat some subspecies as distinct species (notably Tundra Bean Goose) or as likely future species splits (notably Greenland White-fronted Goose).
Numerous fossil species have been allocated to this genus. As the true geese are near-impossible to assign osteologically to genus, this must be viewed with caution. It can be assumed with limited certainty that European fossils from known inland sites belong into Anser. As species related to the Canada Goose have been described from the Late Miocene onwards in North America too, sometimes from the same localities as the presumed grey geese, it casts serious doubt on the correct generic assignment of the supposed North American fossil geese. The Early Pliocene Branta howardae is one of the cases where doubts have been expressed about its generic assignment. Similarly, Heterochen = Anser pratensis seems to differ profoundly from other species of Anser and might be placed into a different genus; alternatively, it might have been a unique example of a grey goose adapted for perching in trees.
* Anser atavus (Middle/Late Miocene of Bavaria, Germany) - sometimes in Cygnus
* Anser arenosus (Big Sandy Late Miocene of Wickieup, USA)
* Anser arizonae (Big Sandy Late Miocene of Wickieup, USA)
* Anser cygniformis (Late Miocene of Steinheim, Germany)
* Anser oeningensis (Late Miocene of Oehningen, Switzerland)
* Anser thraceiensis (Late Miocene/Early Pliocene of Trojanovo, Bulgaria)
* Anser pratensis (Valentine Early Pliocene of Brown County, USA) - possibly separable in Heterochen
* Anser pressus (Glenns Ferry Late Pliocene of Hagerman, USA) - formerly Chen pressa
* Anser thompsoni (Pliocene of Nebraska)
* Anser azerbaidzhanicus (Early? Pleistocene of Binagady, Azerbaijan)
The Maltese swan Cygnus equitum was occasionally placed into Anser, and Anser condoni is a synonym of Cygnus paloregonus. A goose fossil from the Early-Middle Pleistocene of El Salvador is highly similar to Anser. Given its age it is likely to belong to an extant genus, and biogeography indicates Branta as other likely candidate.
?Anser scaldii (Late Miocene of Antwerp, Belgium) may be a shelduck.
Relationship with humans and conservation status
Two species in the genus are of major commercial importance, having been domesticated as poultry: European domesticated geese are derived from the Greylag Goose, and Chinese and some African domesticated geese are derived from the Swan Goose.
Most species are hunted to a greater or lesser extent; in some areas, some populations are endangered by over-hunting. Most notably, the Lesser White-fronted Goose is listed by IUCN as Vulnerable throughout its range, and due to overhunting and rampant habitat destruction, the population of the Swan Goose is on the verge of collapsing, leading to a listing as Endangered.
Other species have benefitted from reductions in hunting since the late 19th/early 20th centuries, with most species in western Europe and North America showing marked increases in response to protection. In some cases, this has led to conflicts with farming, when large flocks of geese graze crops in the winter.
Anser in Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities
The word anser comes from Latin, meaning goose, and can refer to:
* Anser (genus), the genus of grey geese
* The star Alpha Vulpeculae, or Anser, in the constellation Vulpecula
* ACME Anser, an amphibious jet fighter project of the 1950s
* Sega Mega Anser, a Sega Mega Drive accessory
* Analytic Services (ANSER), a security and defense analysis group
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en
| 0.897894 | 1,440 | 3.375 | 3 |
Expressing One's Own Obligations, with
I have to ...
The ～なければならない (or, more formally, ～なければなりません) structure is one that needs to be learnt as a chunk. It simply means "have to ..."
A note to help you make sense of this extremely useful phrase:
- It's made up of two parts: ～なければ ("if I don't ～") plus ならない／なりません (things won't go well for me... loosely translated!)
- It's generally used to talk about one's own personal obligations, rather than someone else's.
An example to whet your appetite:
Forming the structure:
To form the first half (the ～なければ bit):
- Begin with a verb in the plain form negative. E.g. しない (I don't do); やらない (I don't do); 行かない (I don't go)
- Remove the final い and replace with ければ
- So しない becomes しな＋ければ (if + I don't do); やらない becomes やらな＋ければ (if + I don't do); 行かない becomes 行かな＋ければ (if + I don't go). (Obviously, you don't need the plus sign in between...)
To form the second half (the ならない or なりません bit).
- Simply add ならない or なりません, depending on the level of formality you want.
- Which gives you しなければなりません・やらなければなりません (both mean "I have to do"); 行かなければなりません ("I have to go")
Some more examples to get excited about!
You can use it in the past tense, too.
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en
| 0.770457 | 491 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Nut grass (Cyperus rotundus) is a natorious weed, observed all the year round, but is more prominant during monsoon season. It has tubers at the base, which remains dormant in the off season and gets active during monsoon on availibility of moisture. To control this weed in field crops, the shells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) after picking of cotton from cotton bolls which are spread on nut grass weed infested land. Ploughing is done to mix the cotton shells with the weed infested soil evenly. Tubers of nut grass dies of burning effect due to heat in the cotton shells, when ploughing after spreding of cotton bolls / shells in summer season. Use of this practice for once, prevent nut grass (Cypeus rotundus) weed infestation for two years. There is no side effect of this practice.
Formulation: To control this weed in field crops, the shells of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) (that remains after picking of cotton from cotton bolls) is used.
Ingredients: Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) shells
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://grid.undp.org.in/practices/9o3iqycetoxVaM
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en
| 0.910565 | 244 | 2.78125 | 3 |
How to teach your kid the number one skill for succeeding in life.
Learning how to stick to a task until it’s done is an important life lesson for kids. This video offers parents ways to encourage their child to keep trying by breaking goals down into steps and teaching that it’s ok to make mistakes. The video is most appropriate for parents of kids in first grade, second grade, and third grade.
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Get timely updates for , including performance data and recently posted user reviews.
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en
| 0.935869 | 242 | 2.984375 | 3 |
An electrical device that changes the form of an electric signal or power source, as by converting alternating current to direct current, or an analog signal to a digital signal. Compare rectifiertransformer.">, transformer.
An electronic device that changes the frequency of a radio or other electromagnetic signal.
Wide angle converter lensis always a great word to know.
So is interrobang. Does it mean:
So is gobo. Does it mean:
So is quincunx. Does it mean:
a printed punctuation mark (‽), available only in some typefaces, designed to combine the question mark (?) and the exclamation point (!), indicating a mixture of query and interjection, as after a rhetorical question.
a stew of meat, vegetables, potatoes, etc.
a screen or mat covered with a dark material for shielding a camera lens from excess light or glare.
a calculus or concretion found in the stomach or intestines of certain animals, esp. ruminants, formerly reputed to be an effective remedy for poison.
a fool or simpleton; ninny.
an arrangement of five objects, as trees, in a square or rectangle, one at each corner and one in the middle.
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en
| 0.855802 | 255 | 2.578125 | 3 |
World Oral Health Day is 20th March
Every year on the 20th March we celebrate World Oral Health Day - an international day to celebrate the benefits of a healthy mouth and the importance of good oral hygiene for all ages.
With more stories emerging everyday about the links between oral health and systemic health here are a few tips to help protect yourself from dental decay, gum disease and tooth wear.
1. If you haven’t seen the dentist or hygienist in the last year, book an appointment today. Regular visits mean you will be screened for any dental problems, including oral cancer. If you have children, they should visit the dentist by their first birthday.
2. To prevent enamel erosion and tooth decay, reduce the frequency of sugar and acid in your diet. Try to keep these to meal times only and have no more than 3 to 4 attacks per day.
3. Use a fluoride toothpaste or products with a formula designed to help protect and repair the damage of erosion. The Regenerate range is designed to promote remineralisation of eroded enamel. The products contain calcium silicate and sodium phosphate which combine to form a crystal structure that is identical to hydroxyapatite, the key mineral in enamel.
4. Avoid brushing immediately after having something acidic, as the enamel will be weakened. Wait about an hour after or brush before. Rinsing with water after can help. Spit but don’t rinse after brushing.
5. Use a straw (try and avoid plastic) to help reduce how much the teeth are bathed in acid. Don’t hold drink in the mouth, sip for too long and often, or swirl around the mouth.
6. Sugar-free gum and mints increase salivary flow, which can neutralise acids, helps remove food debris, help strengthen teeth and increase salivary flow. Opt for products with Xylitol as an ingredient, which is clinically proven to help fight dental decay. I like Peppersmith.
7. Use a soft bristled toothbrush and brush gently if using a manual toothbrush. Ideally use an electric toothbrush and allow the brush head to glide along the teeth and gum line without scrubbing. Most now come fitted with a pressure sensor in the form of a flashing light or noise when too much pressure is applied.
8. Avoid so called whitening toothpastes. They often contain abrasive particles designed to try and remove staining from teeth. This, combined with an overzealous brushing technique, can wreak havoc on enamel. There is a scale called the RDA scale which grades the abrasiveness of toothpaste. The lower the number the less abrasive the paste.
Understand that only teeth whitening provided by a dental professional is legal and effective. Online and in-shop products do not contain any active ingredients and could be harmful. Learn more about the various professional whitening options available.
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en
| 0.929103 | 606 | 3.359375 | 3 |
By Vejas Liulevicius, Ph.D., University of Tennessee, Knoxville
Karl Marx had a huge impact on the social, philosophical, economic, and political aspects of modern life. His writings and theories on society, history, and the economy were revolutionary and shaped today’s systems of thought. He is often referred to as one of the architects of modern social science.
What happened to the philosophy and doctrine of Karl Marx after his death in 1883? Did they continue to evolve as he had expected? Or like many others, were they interpreted and applied in ways that he himself could not have imagined?
As it turned out throughout the years to come, the Marxist movement did evolve and flourish. But the Marxists had varied and even conflicting interpretations of his ideas, especially about how to put theory into practice. These conflicting ideas created resentment among the Marxists.
This is a transcript from the video series The Rise of Communism: From Marx to Lenin. Watch it now, on Wondrium.
Conflicting Marxist Ideas after Marx’s Death
A good example of these conflicts happened in a small town in 1912, Germany. A newspaper editor, Karl Radek, was a true internationalist revolutionary and worked as the editor of the city’s socialist newspaper. He had worked extensively in the Polish, Russian, and German socialist movements. He was an ardent radical socialist and openly despised the “right-wing leaders” and even the centrists of the party.
The national party leaders decided to take control of the newspaper. After a heated hostile argument, they announced they were taking over and Radek’s party membership was revoked. The conflicts did not stop as the radical socialists came to his support. It was not meant to stop and it was only dampened by World War I.
Another example of these internal clashes is manifested in a story of writing a song. During the Paris Commune – a radical socialist revolutionary government that ruled France from 18 March to 28 May 1871- a transport worker wrote a song. His name was Eugene Pottier and he was a member of the Commune. The song that he wrote was published in 1888 along with the melody by Pierre De Geyter. It was an instant hit in France and many other countries as it was translated into other languages. It was so popular and depicted the ideas and visions of Communism in a way that it later became the national anthem of the Soviet Union
Learn more about World War I as a Revolutionary Opportunity.
But the internal conflict of the ideology manifested in the struggles over copyright between Pierre De Geyter and his brother. Each brother claimed that he had written the melody and the copyright had to be granted to him. This was clearly contradictory to the ideas supporting public ownership and eradication of private property.
Even the writings of Marx himself were the center of ownership controversy. Ironically, those writings depicted a world free of private ownership. But it turned out the gap between theory and practice was larger than what Marx would have thought.
Learn more about The 1871 Paris Commune as a Model of Revolt.
What Happened to Societies After Marx?
Socialism created new social structures in Europe. In 1870, after the victory of Germany in the Franco-Prussian War, the German lands were united and formed the German Empire. Following that, Germany experienced a phenomenon called the Second Industrial Revolution. From this time up to World War I, industrial production in Europe increased by 260 percent. New technologies were developed most notably with the production of the combustion engine.
Social classes experienced massive changes. Although Marx had predicted the growth of capitalism and pauperization, new social groups emerged. The middle class expanded and new groups of office workers and white collars emerged. Contrary to what Marx had expected, the capitalist government started a series of reforms to improve conditions for workers. For example, in Britain, under the Ten Hours Act, the working hours of women and teenagers were limited. Also, working-class men were granted the right to vote.
The Spread of Nationalist Socialist Parties in Europe
Another internal clash in Marxism after the death of Marx was the spread of nationalism. According to the Manifesto issued by Marx and Engels, the working men had no country. But the socialist parties that formed in European countries had nationalistic interests and were based on nationalism.
Trade unions were also established on national interests. But socialists cooperated with them, though with different aims. Trade unions wanted to improve the working conditions for workers but socialists had a wider-scope vision of revolution and social transformation.
But these nationalist movements gathered under the Second International to move towards the internationalistic visions of Marxism. They gathered in regular congresses to solidify their relations and emphasize the international nature of their ideology.
Common Questions about Marxism After Marx?
The Paris Commune was a radical socialist government that took over Paris for two months in 1871. It was formed as a result of France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian war.
Marxism supports the idea that social classes should be eradicated. All means of production should be controlled by the proletariat. After the death of Marx, these ideas inspired the growth of socialism.
Marx’s ideas, even after his death, had huge impacts on societies and social structures. they gave rise to socialism and communism.
Karl Marx believed that under capitalism, capital would be concentrated. Therefore, the proletariat would grow in number, and pauperization or ‘emiserization’ would be certain to happen.
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| 0.981303 | 1,135 | 3.609375 | 4 |
ants, bees and wasps
Apis mellifera (European honeybee)
approximately 14 800 Hymenoptera species in Australia and it is
estimated that 4000 of these are ant species. The name Hymenoptera
means 'membrane wings'. This order is large and diverse and includes
groups of insects, which may appear to be unrelated due to their
differing appearances. However all hymenopterans share the following
- Two pairs
wings, although some may be wingless such as some species of female
wasps and the worker caste of ants
- The forewings
are larger than the hind wings and are held together by small
hooks (see below)
usually have a hardened ovipositor,
which may be modified for sawing, piercing or stinging
- Most hymenopterans
have a constriction between the first 2 segments of the abdomen,
which is known as a 'wasp waist'
mouthparts, although in some species such as bees the lower lip
is modified to form a tongue
of hymenopterans lack many of the above external features. They
vary in body shape and size depending on the species. Some display
a distinct head,a thorax with 3 pairs of legs and an abdomen, although
most are grub-like with no legs.
Wing hooks of a wasp
| The wing
hooks of Hymenoptera enable the wings to be coupled together
during flight, which gives these insects well controlled, rapid
flight. These tiny hooks can be easily seen with the aid of
a dissecting microscope.
mouthparts of bees have been slightly modified to form a long
tube and a hairy tongue which is used for sucking up nectar
from flowers. The mouthparts of honey bees are classified as
chewing and lapping types and consist of a pair of mandibles
on either side of the head and a long tongue.
is divided into 2 suborders. The Symphyta (sawflies) who have no
discernible waist and the Apocrita (ants, bees and wasps) who have
a distinct waist.
are quite a distinctive order and members are unlikely to be confused
with other insects. Some of the smaller winged species may appear
to only have 1 pair of wings and may be mistaken for flies
(Diptera). Sawfly larvae are very caterpillar-like in
appearance and may be mistaken for caterpillars (Lepidoptera).
have a complete
life cycle, which varies slightly depending on the species.
Some females can produce young without mating, while others can
store sperm and spread out their egg laying to coincide with available
food. Most species will lay their eggs on the appropriate host plant
or on paralysed food sources they have gathered into specially constructed
of this occurs with social insects such as ants and bees, where
special castes provide food for the developing larvae. The larvae
several times before they pupate. Development may range from a few
weeks for some parasitoids,
to much longer in social species.
feed on a wide range of foods depending on the species. Adult wasps
mostly feed on nectar and honeydew and can often be seen at flowers.
Some species are predators or parasites and spend their time searching
out invertebrate hosts to lay their eggs on. The feeding habits
of adult ants vary and may range from specialist to generalist predators,
to seedeaters, fungus feeders or honeydew feeders.
are found in nearly all terrestrial habitats throughout Australia
and may occur in soil, leaf litter and a range of vegetation types,
especially flowers. Some species are often observed drinking at
the edges of water or gathering mud that is used to construct nests,
often in man-made environments.
on some of the more common species of Hymenoptera in Australia visit the Entomology Fact Sheets pages.
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| 0.904285 | 830 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The advantages of polyester are that it is possible to obtain different structures and properties depending on how the fiber is spun. It gives good color resistance, it is form-stable, easy to maintain and lasts for a long time. The polyester can usually withstand washing at 40 degrees, dries quickly and rarely needs ironing.
Recycled polyester usually comes from PET bottles or waste materials from textile and plastic production. There are several environmental benefits to using recycled polyester instead of virgin polyester made from oil. The use of oil, which is a non-renewable resource, is decreasing. It also consumes signidicantly less energy when manufactured from recycled materials, and greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. In addition, plastic waste is recycled and it is relatively easy to recycle used polyester textiles. One disadvantage is that microfibers when washing.
Try not to wash your polyester garment too often, only when it is really needed. Use the laundy bag and fill the washing machine properly and use liquid detergent instead of powder and wash at lower temperatures. This will extend the lifetime of the polyester garment, and also contributes to lower energy consumtion and less microfibre release.
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| 0.944725 | 247 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The City Market in the Charlottesville, VA community is a vibrant and lively source of fresh food . Research data that I helped to collect this past summer shows that while the Market provides a variety of fruits, vegetables, and prepared goods, these products are not being utilized by the community as a whole. It was found that the majority of market customers are overwhelmingly white and earn an annual income of $100,000 or more. The findings made me realize that minority community members not only face barriers to accessing the City Market, but fresh and nutritious foods in general.
Unfortunately, the issue of access to healthy foods for minority and low-income populations is not limited to the Charlottesville area. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention created a map (that visually represents the distribution of diabetes across the U.S. This map has revealed a section in the Southeast that has been deemed “the diabetes belt” and includes areas with especially high occurrences of diabetes. While regional implications contribute to the location of the belt, further research conducted by Patchwork Nation has revealed that race, socio-economic, and cultural issues have more prominent correlations to the presence of high levels of diabetes. The two Patchwork Nation communities most heavily represented in the diabetes belt are Minority Central (largely African American populations) and Evangelical Epicenters (older, socially conservative populations).
The high prevalence of diabetes in Minority Central and Evangelical Epicenters can be connected to the low presence of affordable and nutritious food in these communities. 5.9% of Minority Central and 4.2% of Evangelical Epicenter households are considered to be located in food deserts. Lack of access to healthy options and limited money for food forces these populations to rely on fast food restaurants and pre-packaged processed items for sustenance. Poor food choices lead to the health issues discussed above as well as obesity. Additionally, the income of these populations has been decreasing since the 1980’s, making them unable to address their poor health and afford nutritious foods.
It is evident that limited access to affordable nutritious food creates a vicious cycle for low-income minority communities. Their socio-economic status makes them more susceptible to living in food deserts, which puts them at a higher risk for health issues and limits the funds they can use to address these issues. Even in a city like Charlottesville where there is a plethora of food options, these populations struggle to follow a healthy lifestyle. Strengthening nutritious eating in our nation has been made a priority of the first lady. However, a larger focus on economic development and health care options for the most vulnerable populations will be needed to see positive change.
A map of “The Diabetes Belt” as defined by the CDC.
Guest Contributor: Erica Stratton
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| 0.954063 | 554 | 2.65625 | 3 |
The Olde English Bulldogge was an attempt to recreate the “Regency Period Bull Baiter” and was developed in the early 1970s by David Leavitt, of Coatesville, PA. Mr. Leavitt began his project in 1971 utilizing the cattle line breeding scheme of Dr. Fechimer from Ohio State University.The goal was to create a dog with the look, health, and athleticism of the original bull-baiting dogs, but with a much less aggressive temperament. The foundation crosses consisted of ½ English Bulldog, and the other half Bullmastiff, American Pit Bull Terrier, and American Bulldog. After many planned crosses, the Olde English Bulldogge emerged and began to breed true.
The Olde English Bulldogge is a muscular, medium sized dog of great strength, and possessed of fluid, agile movement. He is well balanced and proportioned, while appearing capable of performing without any breathing restrictions in either heat or in cold. Serious Faults: Excessive wrinkle, lack of pigment around eyes, nose or mouth.
The skull is large and well-proportioned to the dog's muscular body and prominent shoulders. There is a defined furrow between the eyes (from the stop to the occiput). Narrow skull and domed forehead are faults. The muzzle is square, wide and deep. Bite is undershot or reverse scissors. Lower jawbone is moderately curved from front to back. Nostrils are wide, with a line running vertically between nostrils from the tip of nose down to the bottom of the upper lip. Nose is large and broad in relationship to the width of the muzzle. Nose color is black. Eyes are medium in size and almond shaped, dark to light brown, with black pigmented eye rims. They are set wide and low, level with the top of the muzzle. Ears are small, rose, button or tulip. Rose is preferred. They are set high, wide and to the back outer edge of the skull. The neck is medium length, wide, and slightly arched. The body is sturdy, powerful and slightly rectangular when viewed from the side. Chest is wide and deep. Hind legs are well muscled and have the appearance of being slightly longer than the forelegs. The hind legs should be straight, parallel and set apart. Accepted color patterns include brindle, and solid colors, with or without white. Dogs should be 60 to 80 pounds, and 17 to 20 inches at the withers, while bitches should be 50 to 70 pounds, and 16 to 19 inches at the withers
TEMPERAMENT AND CHARACTER
The Olde English Bulldogge is a “thinking” breed. Their intelligence is readily demonstrated by their problem solving ability and their adaptability. They are extremely sensitive dogs who bond closely with their owners and family. The Olde English Bulldogge is generally kind and peaceful with its family and friends, often extending the family circle to include other household pets as well as people. Many of these dogs have been raised with cats and it is not unusual to see them playing together around the house or in the yard, or to see cats in the kennel. Olde English Bulldogges can be territorial and should be introduced to other dogs with care. Again, many of these dogs have been raised with other dogs and carefully supervised. There is a certain degree of same-sex aggression, but training and careful supervision may help to overcome this behavior. Neutering of non- breeding animals is highly recommended after the dogs first year. In most cases, it will reduce tensions and aggression. In general, Olde English Bulldogges are highly social animals who enjoy good company in any form.
The Olde English Bulldogge is generally very accepting of strangers. In fact, they can be very outgoing and friendly. However, their friendliness is the result of their profound intelligence and their absolute confidence. In other words, while they might appear gentle and friendly, they are not indiscriminately submissive. Olde English Bulldogges are, above all, “thinking dogs” that can and will form their own perspectives of people, their environment, and situations.
Although the Olde English Bulldogge is instinctively protective, some dogs mature slowly and may not exhibit this trait until around 1 ½ to 2 years of age. The OEB is very receptive to many types of training, provided the individual Bulldogge selected for such work is outgoing, stable, confident, and the training methods employed are positive. A Bulldogge lacking confidence or harshly trained will not be reliable under pressure or capable of good judgment in all situations.
Olde English Bulldogges are generally very willing to please their owners and learn readily as a result. They can however, be stubborn about simple things like going into their kennel for the day when they would prefer to be taken along in the car. They are, after all, “thinking dogs” and they sometimes exercise this intelligence at inconvenient times. Their intelligence, sensitivity, and desire to please, combine to make them very trainable dogs. But all training should be undertaken from a positive and motivational perspective. The Olde English Bulldogge does not respond well to harsh correction or compulsion and such measures will not bring about reliable results.
The bull breeds are generally excellent with children and the OEB is no exception. They are often at their very best with children, as their intelligence, sensitivity, desire to please, and astonishing capacity for play make them excellent companions for children. Their natural protectiveness is also an asset for a family pet. As with ANY dog, young children should be supervised when playing with an Olde English Bulldogge, while the dogs are acutely aware of their size and strength, these powerful animals can easily frighten a small child if the game gets too lively. Most often, the dogs demonstrate a natural ability to adapt their games to the child’s size and strength. Fetching games and play involving simple obedience commands given by the child are excellent ways to build a rapport between child and dog.
- American Bulldog
- American Bully
- American Pit Bull Terrier
- Bull Terrier
- Cane Corso
- Dogue de Boredaux
- French Bulldog
- Olde English Bulldogge
- Shorty Bull
- Staffordshire Bull Terrier
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Do you want to learn how to hit forehands the way the pros do?
The modern forehand technique is one of the reasons why today’s tennis game is so fast paced and why players hit the tennis ball harder than ever before.
3 tips to start practicing the modern forehand:
The take back of the modern forehand has a circular shape and is initiated by the hip turn and by the racket "setting". During this turn the racket tip is slightly forward while the racket is being held and supported by the non-dominant hand (this also provides shoulder turn). This creates greater racket head speed by allowing the racket head to travel further and faster than the hand.
2). Low-to-high swing pattern
Topspin is the name of the game. To hit topspin, the racket must accelerate from a position well below contact point and finish well above contact point. This is done with a "closed" racket face (the racket face is angled towards facing the ground).
3). Continuous movement and Acceleration
The correct tennis forehand swing path is smooth, continuous and connected to the lower body and non-dominant side. After the initial set of the racket, there may be a slow down (if you have lots of time) or a speed up (if you have very little time). The forward swing is typically faster (acceleration) than the take back. Hitting topspin actually slows the ball down. So a fast swing is necessary to succeed.
If you have a hard time achieving a continuous swing or practicing the low-to-high swing, use a ServeMaster tennis training tool. It's weighted and flexible, so it drops by itself and lags behind the hitting hand. You can practice the motion in both open and closed stance. See video below
WATCH OUR NEW VIDEO: Hit the Modern Forehand with ServeMaster
Get ServeMaster Tennis Training Tool on our website:
Need help with your toss? Check out our previous blog post: "Tossing the Ball for Serve"
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Now we come to consider the various ways in which we can filter the audio stream to extract its spectral data.
I know I'm jumping around a bit here, but I've got all sorts of ideas buzzing around in my mind. As a starting point, let's assume that we are working with a mono audio stream, and that we will present the lower frequencies on the left side of the display and the higher frequencies on the right.
Let's further assume we will use the entire column to represent the amplitude. One possibility is to divide the columns into four colored bands, as illustrated in (a) below. Another option is to keep the same bands but make the entire column the highest-amplitude color, as shown in (b).
An alternative is to make the signals grow out from the middle, as illustrated in (c). A variation on this theme would be to make the signals grow up from the bottom and down from the top, as illustrated in (d).
Of course, the (c) and (d) versions could be used to display the two channels from a stereo audio stream, but I want to keep things reasonably simple in this first iteration of the display, so I'm sticking with mono. Actually, this raises a question. To drive my display, I will use my iPod or my iPad, both of which have stereo outputs. Thus, I will need to combine the two stereo channels into a single mono channel. Remember that I've not really played with audio like this before, so I'm going to need to work out how to do this.
Two more questions that pop into my mind at this point are how we scale the horizontal and vertical axes. Let's start with the horizontal axis. We will divide the audio spectrum into 16 buckets. Let's say that the lowest bucket includes anything equal to or less than 50 Hz, while the highest bucket includes anything equal to or greater than 16 KHz. How do we divide the frequencies across the remaining buckets? Do we go linear and partition things into equal chunks, or should we perform the split in a logarithmic manner?
The same question applies to the vertical axis. When it comes to presenting amplitude, my knee-jerk reaction is that a logarithmic presentation is the way to go. Once again, however, audio signal processing and display is not my area of expertise; perhaps the amplitude should be presented in a linear manner.
To Page 3 >
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I want to begin this section by saying that the purpose of these words is not to scare or alarm you. My desire is to inform and offer all possible points of view on gastritis and its relationship to cancer.
First let’s clarify some definitions:
· Gastritis: inflammation of the gastric mucosa.
· Acute gastritis: inflammation of the gastric mucosa of sudden onset and short duration.
· Chronic gastritis: inflammation of the gastric mucosa over an extended period of time.
I will not go into detail about the many varieties of gastritis that exist. However, all are similar in their indiscriminate attack by gastric acid and substances that irritate cells of the mucosa and intestinal wall. This is what causes the multiple symptoms that you know well and also the complications that I will mention next:
BLOG: NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR GASTRITIS
· Dysplasia: A precursor lesion for the development of gastric cancer
· Metaplasia: is a change in gastric mucosa in which the gastric epithelium is replaced by a specialized intestinal epithelium
· Adenocarcinoma: This is already a cancer.
BLOG: FOOD PERMITTED FOR PEOPLE WITH GASTRITIS
I’ll explain in a simple way the last three definitions. The gastric cells are constantly attacked by gastric juices and other irritating substances (take into account that there is no longer a mucosa to protect them). In order to defend themselves they try to mutate or transform into a class of cells that are more resistant to the acid and other substances. When that transformation is complete it is called METAPLASIA. When it is incomplete it is known as DYSPLASIA and this can be transformed into an ADENOCARCINOMA (Cancer).
Actually, it is more complicated in its final explanation, but with this I have given you an idea of what happens inside our digestive system. It is important to know that metaplasias and low-grade dysplasias are usually reversible. With medication and care our stomach has a wonderful ability to recover completely.
What about Helicobacter pylori and cancer?
Well this is another story. To explain in a simple way I put the following example: Imagine you have a vehicle with a few years of use. It has not been maintained well, the engine makes strange noises, and the tires are smooth. Driving such a vehicle predisposes us to having an accident, no?
TESTIMONY OF A PERSON WITH GASTRITIS. WHAT TO DO?
The same happens with gastritis and that it is caused by the presence of Helicobacter pylori. If it is not treated and eradicated it appears to foment the development of stomach cancer.
So what are the tips to follow?
If you have been suffering from gastrointestinal complaints for more than a month, you should visit your doctor. You should do this not because you may have cancer, but because you should have a check-up to know the problem and possible treatments. To give an example if I’m coughing for more than a month, it’s obvious that I have to visit the doctor because something is not right in my body.
If you have been diagnosed as a carrier of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori, you should follow an eradication treatment. The only treatment tested is the combination of gastroprotectants (PPI, Anti-H2) and antibiotics. Check with your doctor.
My best wishes for good health to all
Dr. Rod C.
Master Degree in Nutrition
D-PROBIOTIC HERBAL SUPPLEMENT 4 PACKProduct on sale
D-PROBIOTIC HERBAL SUPPLEMENT DUO PACKProduct on sale
D-PROBIOTIC HERBAL SUPPLEMENTProduct on sale
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OPENING SONG – Can’t Wait to Celebrate
from Jim Gill’s Irrational Anthem album
INTRODUCE THEME – Colors!
- Ask “What is your favorite color – Can you name some colors? – What color is this chair, etc.?”
- Play a quick game of “I spy.” I spy something blue, yellow, green, etc.
STORYTELLING/BOOK 1 - White Rabbit’s Color Book by Alan Baker
Instead of reading this book, tell the story using red, yellow and blue pails, and bunnies cut out of colored felt. When little white rabbit hops in the sunshine yellow bucket, he comes out yellow! The children won’t know that you switched the bunnies in the pail – to them it will be magic!
FLANNEL RHYME - Green Square, Green Square
Based on the book, Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See? by Bill Martin.
Have children identify each color and shape, post on flannelboard, then say:
Green square, green square, what do you see?
I see a red circle looking at me.
Red circle, red circle, what do you see?
I see a blue rectangle looking at me…. Etc.
PRINT COLORED SHAPES HERE or make your own out of colored paper. These are the shapes you will need:
- Green square
- Red circle
- Blue rectangle
- Orange triangle
- Pink diamond
- Yellow star
- Purple heart
MOVEMENT RHYME – Put Your Hands in the Air
A silly little rhyme/chant I wrote to get the wiggles out.
Put your hands in the air like trees.
Move them like they’re swaying in the breeze.
Put your hands on your thighs.
Put your hands out wide.
Now swing them from side to side.
Make your hands go ’round (roll hands)
Put your hands on the ground.
Now, everybody sit back down!
BOOK 3 - Red is a Dragon: A Book of Colors by Roseanne Thong
SONG ON CD - De Colores from Dora the Explorer’s World Adventure
Dance with colored scarves to the song. I usually find that my groups do better with some direction than simply “dance!” I typically ask them to copy my movements (and this is great for building listening, movement and rhythmn skills.) If your group is not shy and has lots of energy, have fun being creative and free-dancing!
- Make figure eights with scarves
- Make circles to one side
- Draw circles overhead
- Switch hands and make circles
- Reach up with scarf as high as you can (on tip toes) then bring it down to the ground
- Brush the ground from side to side
- Spin in circle, change directions
BOOK 3/FLANNEL - Dog’s Colorful Day: A Messy Story about Colors and Counting by Emma Dodd
“Splurt! Splosh! Squish!” Dog picks up many different colored spots during his messy day – red jam, blue paint, brown chocolate, green grass stain, etc. – and each makes a unique sound as it lands on him. Children will laugh at the funny sounds and will help you keep count of Dog’s colorful spots. This works especially well using a flannelboard as a visual aid, while reading the book.
Pattern from Kathy MacMillan’s book Storytime Magic. You can download the pattern (#45) here from ALA’s website. I used white velcro to attach the pom poms. (I had to use a little hot glue to get the velcro to stick to the pom poms.)
CRAFT IDEAS - Dog’s Colorful Day Crafts
Making Learning Fun has several craft ideas to use with Dog’s Colorful Day.
ANOTHER GREAT BOOK- I Ain’t Gonna Paint No Moreby Karen Beaumont
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Andhra Pradesh Community-managed Natural Farming programme
Training farmers in regenerative food production in India
Part of a series of case studies that exemplify elements of the Universal Circular Economy Policy Goals (2021) in practice.
Although recent years have seen steep growth in circular economy financing, far more capital and activity for scaling the circular economy is needed. To attract foreign and domestic investments into circular activities, Japan published the world’s first government-formulated guidance on disclosure and engagement that specifically targets the circular economy.
In January 2021 Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry and Ministry of the Environment published the Disclosure and Engagement Guidance to Accelerate Sustainable Finance for a Circular Economy to unlock more investment in the circular economycircular economyA systems solution framework that tackles global challenges like climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution. It is based on three principles, driven by design: eliminate waste and pollution, circulate products and materials (at their highest value), and regenerate nature..
The guidance encourages companies to communicate to investors how, through their circular economy activities and innovative technologies, they can provide return on investments. Using existing financial frameworks, the Japanese government is exploring ways to embed circular economy considerations into business strategies, investment decisions, and dialogues between companies and investors.
The Disclosure and Engagement Guidance to Accelerate Sustainable Finance for a Circular Economy follows a series of policy developments in Japan intended to support the transition to a circular economy. In 2000, the government established the Basic Act for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society, a significant step forward in the country’s approach to waste management. This led to the first Fundamental Plan for Establishing a Sound Material-Cycle Society in 2003, which laid the foundations for the development of a regulatory framework for a circular economy in Japan. The government revises the plan every five years, with the fourth plan, published in 2018, stating financial institutions and investors are expected to provide funds to companies, non-profit organisations and projects that work to create a “sound material-cycle society”.
The new guidance is the first government-formulated guidance on disclosure and engagement that specifically targets the circular economy.
The disclosure and engagement guidance was developed by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (responsible for industrial and business policy) together with the Ministry of Environment (responsible for waste management), complemented by information exchange with the Financial Services Agency, with input from a study group composed of companies, business associations, financial institutions, research institutions, and academics.
Comprehensively communicate their values, business models, strategies, governance to investors
Refer to guidance when preparing integrated reports and annual reports, identifying circular economy as corporate materiality
The guidance outlines how companies can embed circular economy thinking into their business strategies, activities and decisions, to scale circular economy innovations and technologies, and increase their competitiveness. For instance, circular economy principles can be incorporated into a business’s corporate values, business models and annual reports; and by aligning a “Plan-Do-Check-Act” cycle with circular economy targets, companies can embed circular thinking into decisions at all levels, from the board of directors to the executive level. The guidance includes five case studies that demonstrate how Japanese companies are already putting this into practice.
Use in stewardship activities aimed at increasing corporate value and sustainable growth of investee companies from a medium to long-term perspective
Circular economy strategies can help de-risk investments and drive superior risk-adjusted returns for investors and financial institutions. The guidance helps investors incorporate circular economy considerations into their engagement and stewardship activities with companies. It encourages dialogue between asset owners and asset management organisations on the circular economy opportunity to tap into new sources of long-term growth and value creation, while delivering on ESG-related goals and targets.
Values: companies should embed circular economy thinking into their corporate values and use it to guide their business decisions.
Business model: companies should disclose how their circular economy activities will affect or change their business model, generate value, and maintain their competitive advantage in the market.
Risks and opportunities: companies should summarise the legal, technological, market, and reputational risks and opportunities that will arise from adopting a more circular business model. (aligned with the TCFD)
Strategy: companies should explain how they will secure and strengthen the management of the resources and assets that will support the competitive advantage of their circular business model, as well as manage risks in the medium to long term. (aligned with the TCFD)
Indicators and targets: companies with circular economy ambitions should set their targets and KPIs to measure and report on their progress towards circularity. (aligned with the TCFD)
Governance: companies should show how management and the board of directors are actively involved in a company's circular economy activities and policies on the topic, to demonstrate to investors the effectiveness of their governance system. (included in the TCFD)
The six key points of disclosure and engagement in the guidance are closely aligned with several internationally recognised frameworks such as that of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures, as well as the 2017 Japanese “Guidance for Collaborative Value Creation”.
It is too early to assess the impacts of this guidance. However, as it is built upon existing Japanese guidance and the TCFD and other international frameworks, it is likely that companies in Japan with circular economy ambitions will use it in dialogues with their investors. Identifying how the circular economy contributes to existing ESG targets, such as climate change mitigation and biodiversity restoration, can further help companies adopt a more circular approach.
Encouraging companies to disclose and report their circular economy activities can help gather information about the uptake of circular economy practices. These insights help to inform investment decisions and future policy developments.
Training farmers in regenerative food production in India
Innovators and policymakers collaborate to identify circular solutions for EV batteries
France is shaping a system-wide transition towards a circular economy with an ambitious law
Facilitating the transition to a circular economy through finance
Targeted subsidies, industrial zones and funding are propelling the vehicle remanufacturing sector
A framework for national governments, cities and businesses to accelerate the transition.
This topic area looks at the role of the financial sector in the shift to a circular economy.
This paper demonstrates how policymakers can pave the way to a low carbon, prosperous future.
The Ellen MacArthur Foundation works to accelerate the transition to a circular economy. We develop and promote the idea of a circular economy, and work with business, academia, policymakers, and institutions to mobilise systems solutions at scale, globally.
Charity Registration No.: 1130306
OSCR Registration No.: SC043120
Company No.: 6897785
Ellen MacArthur Foundation ANBI RSIN nummer: 8257 45 925
The work of the Ellen MacArthur Foundation is supported by our Strategic Partners and Partners.
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The sneaky folks over at the Marine Biological Laboratory at Wood’s Hole, Massachusetts have a three step plan to improve fishing. Step one: train fish to respond to specific sound frequencies. Step two: let fish go out into the wild and get plump and fat. Step three: use said sound to call fattened fish back, willingly getting themselves caught for consumption.
The project is being funded by a $270,000 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and so far it's had limited success. The researchers are trying to see how effective the sound broadcasts are at coaxing fish into feeding areas — some fish forgot the signal's meaning after five days, while others reacted to the sound for up to ten.
In May, the scope of the project will be much larger, using the AquaDome in Buzzards Bay as a two-day boot camp to train fish to return to their voracious masters.
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It can be intimidating when you step into a teashop and notice the countless types, classifications, and descriptions of tea. Who knew there were so many? Once you learn some of the basic tea lingo, you’ll be able to break down and decipher what each classification really means. In the world of premium teas, understanding Flush is a good place to begin.
First, teas are often classified by type, such as white, green, or black. Next, many teas are defined by the region where they were grown, such as China, Ceylon, India, or Bangladesh. Some teas may also be classified by how they were treated during processing, such as scented or flavored teas like Earl Grey and Jasmine.
When you take it a step further, premium teas are also often classified by Flush, or the time of year when tea leaves are plucked. Each Flush is determined by the geography and climate of the region where the tea is grown. First Flush is defined as the very first plucking of a tea plant’s harvest season. The new growth leaves plucked during First Flush are the youngest and most tender part of the tea plant and are said to yield the purest and freshest cup of tea that plant is capable of producing. Each additional Flush yields different flavor and aroma characteristics as the growing season for that tea plant progresses.
About Darjeeling Flushes
The Darjeeling region bumps up against Tibetan Himalaya and stretches between high mountain ridges and deep mountain valleys. The challenging geography and rough, sometimes inaccessible, terrain are what make Darjeeling such an exclusive tea. In fact, Darjeeling is only capable of producing one percent of India’s total tea output.The most common to be harvested and classified by Flush are the famous Darjeeling teas of India. Of India’s three main tea-growing regions, Darjeeling is not the largest but it is the best known for yielding some of the most prized tea in the world. To understand why is to understand the region’s geography.
Another reason Darjeeling tea is so prized is that it is completely unique to this region of India. While some Darjeeling tea gardens cultivate the native India tea bush variety (Camellia sinensis assamica), much of the tea cultivated in this region is the China variety (Camellia sinensis sinensis) that has acclimated to the high elevation and rugged climate that is similar to but unique from China’s. What’s more, many Darjeeling tea bushes may be a China-India hybrid found nowhere else in the world.
Because the winter weather is severe across the Darjeeling region, its tea bushes are dormant for many months of the year. Depending on the tea garden location, harvest season runs from February to November and yields several seasonal Flushes along the way. Each Flush takes advantage of the newest growth on the tea bush and reflects the seasonal effects on the leaves as the tea bush matures.
- The First Flush is the picking of the brand new two leaves and a bud in the earliest spring growth of the plant, as early as February and often lasting through April. These early leaves are usually more delicate and tender and therefore more light, floral, fresh, brisk, and astringent in flavor. To preserve the spring leaf flavor, First Flush Darjeeling teas are generally less oxidized during processing and may appear more greenish in color than a typical black tea. Darjeeling First Flush tea is some of the most prized and expensive on the market. It is so special and exclusive that tea connoisseurs consider the first harvest from this region to be the “Champagne” of teas.
- The Second Flush is picked as early as April and runs through May or June. Second Flush yields larger, more mature leaves with a purplish hue and silver tips or leaf buds. The leaf growth during this period is much more rapid than the early spring growth. These larger, fast-growing leaves yield a stronger yet smoother flavor for the finished tea. Teas from this Flush are known for their full-bodied, muscatel, and fruity flavor.
- The Monsoon Flush runs from June or July through October and yields large leaves that brew into a stronger color and bolder flavor that is less complex or nuanced than the previous Flushes. Teas from this Flush are often used for iced tea and commercial tea bag tea production.
- The Autumnal Flush happens in October and November and yields a finished tea with a rich copper-colored liquor that can be described as rich, full, nutty, and smooth in flavor. Leaf growth slows down during this period and the tea plant is squeezing out the last of what it has to offer before it goes dormant for the winter.
No matter which Flush a Darjeeling tea comes from, each batch of fresh leaf will be different from one day, one garden, one season to the next. Darjeeling leaves are processed…withered, rolled, oxidized…in a technique that reflects the conditions of the season and of the plucked leaf. So no batch of Darjeeling will ever be the same.
About Teatulia®’s First Flush
After the winter months and spring rains hit Teatulia’s own gardens in Bangladesh, our tea plants awaken from their winter dormancy bursting with new, tender leaves. We pluck these robust leaves and turn them into the purest and most exquisite cup of black tea available from our gardens.
Our First Flush tea brews into a golden liquor with the gentle aroma of honey and caramel. It’s a mildly astringent tea with a complex flavor that blends sweet malt with notes of soaked raisin and barley. The brewed tea contains about half the amount of caffeine than a cup of coffee.
Buying and Storing First Flush
When you buy a First Flush tea, you’re buying some of the freshest and most exquisite tea available. First Flush teas are premium teas that are typically more expensive than other teas on the market, so you’re usually making an investment in that tea. Therefore, it’s important to buy it from a reputable company that can tell you when and how the tea was processed and packaged. Ask the tea producer for specific instructions on storing and brewing your First Flush tea as well.
First Flush teas are usually only lightly oxidized so that their fresh flavor can shine through. Therefore, consuming your First Flush sooner rather than later is a good idea. First Flush teas can last up to one year if stored properly in a cool, dark place and in an opaque, airtight container away from light, moisture and pantry items like coffee and spices that can leach flavor into the tea leaves.
For more information about how to best care for your tea, visit our How to Store Tea page.
Brewing First Flush
Each First Flush is going to be different depending on where and how the tea was cultivated, harvested, and processed. To brew the perfect cup, ask your tea vendor for brewing instructions specific to the tea you purchased. Here are a few general brewing tips to keep in mind:
- Use fresh, pure, cold filtered water. Spring water is the best.
- First Flush teas are typically more lightly oxidized compared to other black teas. Therefore, they should be brewed in slightly cooler temperatures for less time to avoid a tea that is too astringent and bitter. We suggest brewing our Teatulia First Flush with water that’s just off the boil (180 to 200 degrees) for 2 to 3 minutes.
- If you don’t have an electric kettle with temperature control, just remember that at sea level water simmers at 190 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. The boiling temperature drops about a degree for every 100 feet in altitude increase.
- If your First Flush tea came with specific recommendations for brewing, use those. But using about 2 grams of loose leaf tea per 8 oz. cup of water is a safe bet.
- Cover your tea while it steeps to keep all the heat in the steeping vessel.
- The longer your tea steeps, the more quickly it will release any bitterness and astringency. So it’s important not to over steep a First Flush tea that already has an astringent quality. Taste your tea after the recommended steeping time and then decide if you’d like it to steep a little longer.
- Most premium First Flush teas can be steeped multiple times.
- Some First Flush teas are strong enough to stand up to milk and sugar, but for the best flavor experience try sipping your First Flush without any additives. That way, you can enjoy the subtle flavor of the freshest spring tea leaves.
Darjeeling Tea via Wikipedia
The Story of Drinking Tea: A Cultural History and Drinking Guide by Mary Lou Heiss and Robert J. Heiss
Indian Tea via Tea Class by Adagio
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A study published by the US Forest service values the State of Tennessee's urban forest at $80 billion thanks to its contributions to the environment. With an urban population of 284 million, that equates to a mean value of $282 per tree.
The total is based on a number of costs that are to some extent offset by the presence of Tennessee's urban forest (its urban tree population, in other words). These include $350 million-worth of carbon storage based on the current standing stock, over $204 million every year in pollution removal, $18.4 million per year in additional carbon sequestration, and $66 million per year in energy savings-"the most significant contribution" made by the urban forest, according to State Forester Steven G. Scott. But how are the environmental benefits of the trees evaluated?
Data was collected and analyzed using the Forest Service's own i-Tree Eco software. Using a mobile app providing strict protocols for data collection, researchers took information from 2418 trees and saplings across 255 field plots. Variables noted include species, diameter at breast height (or DBH—taken at 1.4 meters above ground), height, crown dimensions, foliage transparency, damage, and proximity to buildings. The pool of sample data is assumed to be representative of the total population, and from there the software crunches the numbers using "peer-reviewed equations" to paint a macro-scale picture of the urban forest, based on quantifiable characteristics that describe its structure, condition and function.
In the case of Tennessee, the software describes a distributed urban tree population with more Chinese privets, Virginia pines and eastern red cedars than other species. The red maple and yellow-poplar (Tennessee's State tree) are more common among Tennessee's 8-billion-strong rural tree population, so their absence from the top three of the State's 99 urban species should not necessarily come as a surprise. Canopy coverage was estimated to be 37.7 percent of the urban area. Only nine percent of urban trees were found to fall within maintained areas. Just under two percent of the population was dead. With these characteristics identified, the researchers were able to go about evaluating economic value.
Knowing a tree's size and chemical composition, carbon storage is a relatively straightforward thing to ascertain. Clearly, larger trees store more carbon, but they also sequester, or capture, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere at a greater rate—provided they're healthy. Calculating a monetary value of the carbon stored is simple, provided you can come up with an agreeable rate. The Forest Service uses Professor Samuel Frankhauser's figure of $20.7 per ton of carbon, which is based on "the estimated marginal social costs of carbon dioxide emissions" between 2000 and 2010.
Tennessee's urban forest contains an estimated 16.9 million tons of carbon, thus the estimated carbon storage value of $350 million. Sequestration rates are a little trickier to determine, relying on estimates of growth which are dependent on future conditions. And when it comes to carbon sequestration not all trees are created equal, with large, deciduous species, the chestnut oak, hackberry and yellow-poplar contributing more than other species to the $18.4 million per year contribution.
The urban forest's $204 million annual contribution to pollution removal is based upon hourly pollution data, and Nashville weather data from the year 2000. The report estimates that urban trees remove some 27,100 tons of pollution per year, of which 15,000 is ozone, 7,000 particulate matter, with sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide making up the remainder. The overall value of this pollution removal is put at $203.9 million.
The trees' contribution to energy saving is a result of the shading they afford to nearby buildings. The shading provided in summer reduces the need for cooling, though the same effect can be detrimental in winter time when the solar heat gain is desirable. However, when suitably located, trees can also offer energy savings in winter by acting as a wind barrier. According to the study, the net effect of trees in winter is calculated to be a loss of $29 million, but this is more than made up for by the savings of $95 million during summer, giving an overall annual energy saving of $66 million.
The report is at pains to highlight the beneficial yet "unrecognized and unreported" role of urban trees, and identifies a number of threats to Tennessee's urban forest. The emerald ash borer, accidentally introduced in the US during the 1990s was recently identified in east Tennessee, while the Asian long-horned beetle—also introduced inadvertently—are a threat to the various hardwoods in which the larvae tunnel. Hemlock woolly adelgid and thousand cankers disease are noted as additional threats. The reports notes that no single cause of damage had affected more than 9 percent of the urban tree population, however.
The report concludes by calling for management plans targeted specifcally toward urban trees. "These plans also need to be dynamic due to the continuous forces of change that alter urban forest environments," the report says. "Data from urban forest monitoring programs should be incorporated within State and local urban forest planning and management regimes to allow local constituents to develop canopy goals and/or tree planting goals to sustain or enhance urban forest canopy across the State."
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The Nature Conservancy is the largest conservation organization in the state of Kansas. Since 1989, the Conservancy has protected over 95,000 acres of land across the state including tallgrass prairies, wetlands, mixed-grass prairies and short-grass prairies.
The Nature Conservancy has a remarkable record of conservation initiatives across the state. In addition of establishing nature preserves, the Conservancy has partnered with universities, other land trusts, and private landowners to help protect a valuable cross section of Kansas.
Smoky Valley Ranch is a nearly 17,000 acre short and mixed grass prairie in western Kansas.
Cheyenne Bottoms is a migration rest stop for thousands of shorebirds.
The Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve is a stellar example of prairie conservation.
Watch the Weekend Window segment about the Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve that aired on Good Morning America.
Learn about this important wetland located in the Central Flyway.
Watch a video about the Conservancy's work in Kansas. Narrated by renown journalist Bill Kurtis.
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A Publication of
THE CATHOLIC STUDY CIRCLE
FOR ANIMAL WELFARE
From The Ark No. 192 - Winter 2002
John Woolman's tenderness towards all creatures
David Sox, Anglican clergyman and Quaker, conducted this year’s ecumenical animal welfare retreat. In one session he talked about the subject of one of his many books, John Woolman.
Catholics have St Francis; Quakers have John Woolman. For Quakers, Woolman is the ‘Quintessential Quaker’. In history he is most noted as a pioneer against black slavery; one whom A.N. Whitehead said held the ‘honour of making the first modern formulation … to procure the abolition of slavery; an Apostle of Human Freedom’.
Woolman was born in 1720 at Burlington County, New Jersey, and as his Journal indicates, was influenced by mystic writings including those of Jakob Boehme, John Everard and The Imitation of Christ, attributed to the Catholic Thomas à Kempis. Almost uniquely in a polemical age, Woolman expressed an 'ecumenical' interest in the latter, saying: ‘In reading his writing I have believed him to be a man of true Christian spirit.’
Woolman’s ‘ecumenism’ extended to the native Americans, and in 1763 he made an extraordinary journey to their lands far north in Pennsylvania so that he could be among them to ‘feel and understand their life and the spirit they live in; if haply I might receive some instruction from them, or … helped forward by my following the leadings of Truth among them.’
Unlike others of his time Woolman saw that the Indians’ plight was similar to the state of black slavery, and that for both ‘the seeds of great calamity and desolation are sown and growing fast on this continent’.
Woolman’s pricking of consciences led all Quakers in America on the road to the abolition of slaves and influencing other religious groups also to take stands against slavery.
Eventually Woolman took his mission to England in 1772 and there he walked from London to York. The reason he took to walking is interesting to those concerned for animals: Woolman knew that the ‘flying coaches’ sometimes ran horses to death and so he refused to use them. Sadly Woolman did not realise that he was suffering from small pox at the time, and in York he would die in October 1772.
Woolman’s concern for animals began early in his life. At age nine, like most boys, he had thoughtlessly thrown stones at a mother robin and killed her. Unlike other boys, however, he was ‘seized with horror’ as her young would ‘perish for want of their dam to nourish them’.
Later, as a teenager, Woolman wrote that ‘true religion consisted in an inward life, wherein the heart doth love and reverence the Creator and learn to exercise true justice and goodness, not only toward all men but also toward the brute creatures … to say we love God as unseen and at the same time exercise cruelty toward the least creature moving by his life was a contradiction in itself.’ When Woolman came by ship to England in 1772, he decided to travel in steerage rather than in cabin accommodation, remembering how the black slaves had made their passage from Africa to the New World. On board, aside from expressing his concern for the hardships of the young sailors, Woolman characteristically felt pity for the fowls taken on board ship:
‘In observing the dull appearance at sea, and the pining sickness of some of them, I remembered the Fountain of goodness, who gave being to all creatures and whose love extends to that of caring for the sparrows … and believing in a tenderness toward all creatures that we do not lessen that sweetness of life in the animal creation.’
Woolman’s Journal is one of the great Christian classics of which Samuel Taylor Coleridge said he ‘despaired of the man who could not peruse the life of John Woolman without an amelioration of heart’.
In another of his writings, composed the year in which he died, Woolman struck an ‘environmental’ note which strikes more than a chord today:
‘The produce of the earth is a gift from our gracious Creator to the inhabitants, and to impoverish the earth now to support outward greatness appears to be an injury to the succeeding age.’ How prophetic!
Woolman’s example clearly indicates a combination of responsibility to both human and animal creation. With him it was never ‘either or’. God created both from the ‘dust’ of the ground and we share this blue planet together. Would that we acted as if this were the case.
Return to The Ark No. 192
For a sample copy of The Ark and all membership details,
For questions, comments and submissions, please contact:
Deborah Jones at The Catholic Study Circle for Animal Welfare firstname.lastname@example.org
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The Catholic Study Circle for Animal Welfare - Providing Christian education, research, study, instruction, teaching, theology, forum and publications concerning animal rights, welfare, God, Lord, Jesus, Christ, Holy Spirit, Bible, love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, compassion as they relate to bioethics, vivisection, animals, creature, creatures, hunting, pets, factory farming, fur, creation, conservation, environment, rodeos, bullfighting, cockfighting, cruelty, lifestyle, ethics, St. Francis, acquinas, Vatican, vegan, vegetarian, veganism, vegetarianism, environment, ecosystem, The Ark, ark (d-2)
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Thank you for visiting all-creatures.org.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
In statistics, efficiency is a term used in the comparison of various statistical procedures and, in particular, it refers to a measure of the optimality of an estimator, of an experimental design or of a hypothesis testing procedure. Essentially, a more efficient estimator, experiment or test needs fewer samples than a less efficient one to achieve a given performance. This article primarily deals with efficiency of estimators.
The relative efficiency of two procedures is the ratio of their efficiencies, although often this term is used where the comparison is made between a given procedure and a notional "best possible" procedure. The efficiencies and the relative efficiency of two procedures theoretically depend on the sample size available for the given procedure, but it is often possible to use the asymptotic relative efficiency (defined as the limit of the relative efficiencies as the sample size grows) as the principal comparison measure.
where is the Fisher information of the sample. Thus e(T) is the minimum possible variance for an unbiased estimator divided by its actual variance. The Cramér–Rao bound can be used to prove that e(T) ≤ 1.
Equivalently, the estimator achieves equality in the Cramér–Rao inequality for all θ.
An efficient estimator is also the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE). This is because an efficient estimator maintains equality on the Cramér–Rao inequality for all parameter values, which means it attains the minimum variance for all parameters (the definition of the MVUE). The MVUE estimator, even if it exists, is not necessarily efficient, because "minimum" does not mean equality holds on the Cramér–Rao inequality.
Thus an efficient estimator need not exist, but if it does, it is the MVUE.
For some estimators, they can attain efficiency asymptotically and are thus called asymptotically efficient estimators. This can be the case for some maximum likelihood estimators or for any estimators that attain equality of the Cramér–Rao bound asymptotically.
The sample mean, , of the sample , defined as
The variance of the mean, 1/N (the square of the standard error) is equal to the reciprocal of the Fisher information from the sample and thus, by the Cramér–Rao inequality, the sample mean is efficient in the sense that its efficiency is unity (100%).
The efficiency for large is thus
Note that this is the asymptotic efficiency — that is, the efficiency in the limit as sample size tends to infinity. For finite values of the efficiency is higher than this (for example, a sample size of 3 gives an efficiency of about 74%).
The sample mean is thus more efficient than the sample median in this example. However, there may be measures by which the median performs better. For example, the median is far more robust to outliers, so that if the Gaussian model is questionable or approximate, there may advantages to using the median (see Robust statistics).
If and are estimators for the parameter , then is said to dominate if:
Formally, dominates if
holds for all , with strict inequality holding somewhere.
The relative efficiency of two estimators is defined as
Although is in general a function of , in many cases the dependence drops out; if this is so, being greater than one would indicate that is preferable, whatever the true value of .
An alternative to relative efficiency for comparing estimators, is the Pitman closeness criterion. This replaces the comparison of mean-squared-errors with comparing how often one estimator produces estimates closer to the true value than another estimator.
In the case that we are estimating the mean of uncorrelated, identically distributed variables we can take advantage of the fact that the variance of the sum is the sum of the variance. In this case Efficiency can be defined as the square of the Coefficient of variation, i.e.,
Relative efficiency of two such estimators can thus be interpreted as the relative sample size of one required to achieve the certainty of the other. Proof:
Efficiency of an estimator may change significantly if the distribution changes, often dropping. This is one of the motivations of robust statistics – an estimator such as the sample mean is an efficient estimator of the population mean of a normal distribution, for example, but can be an inefficient estimator of a mixture distribution of two normal distributions with the same mean and different variances. For example, if a distribution is a combination of 98% N(μ, σ) and 2% N(μ, 10σ), the presence of extreme values from the latter distribution (often "contaminating outliers") significantly reduces the efficiency of the sample mean as an estimator of μ. By contrast, the trimmed mean is less efficient for a normal distribution, but is more robust (less affected) by changes in distribution, and thus may be more efficient for a mixture distribution. Similarly, the shape of a distribution, such as skewness or heavy tails, can significantly reduce the efficiency of estimators that assume a symmetric distribution or thin tails.
While efficiency is a desirable quality of an estimator, it must be weighed against other desiderata, and an estimator that is efficient for certain distributions may well be inefficient for other distributions. Most significantly, estimators that are efficient for clean data from a simple distribution, such as the normal distribution (which is symmetric, unimodal, and has thin tails) may not be robust to contamination by outliers, and may be inefficient for more complicated distributions. In robust statistics, more importance is placed on robustness and applicability to a wide variety of distributions, rather than efficiency on a single distribution. M-estimators are a general class of solutions motivated by these concerns, yielding both robustness and high relative efficiency, though possibly lower efficiency than traditional estimators for some cases. These are potentially very computationally complicated, however.
A more traditional alternative are L-estimators, which are very simple statistics that are easy to compute and interpret, in many cases robust, and often sufficiently efficient for initial estimates. See applications of L-estimators for further discussion.
Pitman efficiency and Bahadur efficiency (or Hodges–Lehmann efficiency ) relate to the comparison of the performance of Statistical hypothesis testing procedures. The Encyclopedia of Mathematics provides a brief exposition of these three criteria.
For experimental designs, efficiency relates to the ability of a design to achieve the objective of the study with minimal expenditure of resources such as time and money. In simple cases, the relative efficiency of designs can be expressed as the ratio of the sample sizes required to achieve a given objective.
See optimal design for further discussion.
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Visual Argument On Women In 1967 Vs. 2017
For this assignment, you will study a visual argument made by someone else and write a detailed analysis of that argument. You'll consciously engage with rhetorical concepts such as ethos, pathos, logos, kairos, etc.
What is a visual argument?
An advertisement in a magazine
A political cartoon
A public service announcement poster or flyer
What makes one image a visual argument and another just an image? This question is open to debate, but some images are safer bets than others. An advertisement is typically an argument; the company is trying to persuade you to buy something. In your analysis of a visual argument, you will need to choose a visual argument and answer three main questions:
- What is the message -- what is the author or artist trying to persuade you to do or think?
- How is the author or artist making this argument?
- What audience is being targeted, and what assumptions are made about them? Are the assumptions fair and accurate? Why or why not?
A successful Analysis of a Visual Argument assignment will:
Give a thorough, detailed written description of the visual argument
Summarize the claim made in the visual: the audience should do X because...
Analyze the audience targeted in the visual argument: the artist expects this audience to respond to V because the artist assumes this audience likes/does/believes/sees themselves as...
Analyze the context of the visual argument: where it appears (what type of publication), when it appears, what cultural phenomena/current events are being referenced and used, etc. You are not going to be in any position to analyze the audience unless you know something about the context.
Analyze the rhetorical appeals and strategies at work: your analysis will not be successful unless you demonstrate knowledge of the rhetorical terms: for example, ethos, pathos, logos, kairos.
Consider a variety of possible interpretations of the image (acknowledge that there’s not only one way to read the image)
The image considered in this visual argument provides a clear indication of the abilities of women and the fact that women are capable enough to undertake work that requires strength. Although the image acts as a sarcasm that depicts the fact, that strength of women does not necessarily have to be of opening in a bottle cap. The visual presentation provides a comparison between the way women were seen in 1967 as well as in 2017.
Thorough and written description of the visual argument
As identified by Sinha et al. (2017) the women empowerment is claimed as one of the biggest adversities in the modern world. The image provides a comprehensive analysis of the empowerment. The iconic advertisement campaign depicting the strength of a woman is provided so that people can understand that unlike the yesteryears, the women also have a huge role to play in the dominance of the society.
Summarise the claim made in the visual
The claim made in the visual is that women need to be treated in an equal manner as men. The visual clearly takes a sarcastic dig at the fact that women are not strong enough to open a bottle cap. At the same time, a comparison of the ages is made which shows that the respect and status of women have changed vehemently. As stated by Ul-Hameed, Mohammad and Kadir Shahar (2018) one of the most important aspects of the image is that the strength portrayed by the women are based on a tiny object that is deemed to have a huge impact on the women.
In fact, the image also mentions a company that are capable of producing such easy to open bottle caps and take centre stage in upsetting the status that women have in the society. In this way, a proper identification of the rights of women is made including the fact that strength is not a characteristic that is associated with the women. The visual also claims that over the years the respect of the women has increased.
Analyse the audience targeted in the visual argument
The target audience in the visual argument are the men and women. The reason for this is that women are showed to be equal to men and for this reason, despite the feature of women characters in the image, the men also comes into limelight. In this way, both men and women are targeted in a way that can allow the image to take more effect on the society. The fact that equality is required to be maintained and the fact that the status of women have changed vehemently in the past era are some of the ways with which the image tends to lure in the target audience.
Apart from this, Habib et al. (2019) also provide the fact that the children can also be inspired as the sarcasm is mainly directed at the way children would like to address their problems. Female children of the present era would be influenced and an idea of the way women were treated in the past can be gained. Thus, with a fixed target audience, the image tends to provide a proper understanding of the ways with which women and men can be considered as equal in the modern world. For this reason, the target audience is appropriate for the image and the research to take place on the image.
Analyse the content of the visual argument
The content of the visual is the famous representation from of the advertisement thatfocuses on the concept of casual sexism that was prevalent in the United States (Stich, 2020).It reflected the aspect of rising consumerism revolution that adhered to the notion that women were acquiring independence from patriarchy and were not simply limited to being a housewife.
Figure 1: Visual Imagery (Kethcup advertisement )
(Source: Tran,et al., 2018)
It is entitled Alcoa Aluminium 1953, that promoted a women trying to open a HyTop twist-off bottle cap. It alluded to Del Monte Foods that featured a bold woman in red lipstick, under the tagline “you mean a woman can open it”. The word is underlined in the picture signifying that casual sexism faced by woman in terms of physical strength. The imagery is further accompanied with the words “Even without, a knife blade, bottle opener or a husband”?.
The picture has been the subject of criticism within later reviews. The imagery resonates, with the social stereotypes, prevalent in UK during the 1950. The content states that women are capable of intelligence as well as physical strength. It has appeared in the Mad Men Era as an emblem of social stereotype concerning women during 1950. It was also highlighted in the New York Daily news portraying a “stunned woman” being able to take on responsibilities as equal to a man (Bertazzo, 2018). It is a vintage poster that acquired acclaim for its display of pathos, and the use of authentic sarcasm. The content within the image, alludes to feminist theories, as per critics and authors stating the role of equal understanding between men and women (Pooley and Pooley 2020).
Analyse the rhetorical appeals and strategies at work
The content comprises of rhetorical devices and allusions, that add to the message, within the imagery. Pathos refers to invocation of sympathy or pity to gain a desired reaction from a set of audiences. In terms of the visual imagery, the image depicted an angry response from the audience as it fails to acknowledge the role of a woman within a society. The concept of ethos has been attempted as it persuades the audience to acknowledge the role of a woman other than a housewife, within the society. It is integral to note that the concept of ethos relates to emotions that are invoked by a speaker, while addressing the audience. The emotions of a newfound change to the perception of the role of a woman as a housewife, has been depicted within the study (Mensah, 2020.).
The content has favoured in the use of ironic humour, by alluding to statement such as “dainty grasp”, easy two finger twist”. It has invoked responses, from all over the globe pertaining to the role of woman within American households. The rhetorical appeal of kairos has also been put into work, within the American advertisement eliciting responses, that are timeless, and have been able to state the ,message of feminism and consumerism, revolution. It has also highlighted the role of woman as finding a singular unified voice, against patriarchy during the 1950.
Consider interpretation of the image
The image can be interpreted in a number of ways, using various rhetorical devices. The message portrayed by the image is an interpretation of woman empowerment, which is significant and highly accounted for in the 21st century. It sheds light on the role of women during the World War II and can be perceived as an initial step to the rising wave of feminism within the 1950 (Pereira-Alvares, 2016).
Assumptions about the Image
The visual imagery also takes into account the image of a bold woman wearing a bold red lipstick. The concept of the use of bold red lipstick empowered women. It was often looked down upon as morally corrupt for a woman to ornament red lipstick based on their own accord. The advertisement flouts the convention of an immoral woman and takes a stand with a powerful tagline invoking logos from a particular set of audience (Bissing et al ., 2019). It can be assumed that feminist theory is one of the assumption made within the advertisement, which should be taken into consideration.
Accuracy of the Image (Why/ Why Not)
The image is accurate as it points out to the issues that were prevalent during the Second World War . It provides, an understanding on the casual sexism and issues, faced by women. It also highlights the role of women in the field of labour.
As such, a comparison is made between the women in 1960s with that of the 2017 women. In this way, the image is a strong statement of the women rights and activities that can be deemed as powerful enough to make the necessary changes in the society. The image also displays the care taken over the women to undergo such changes so that equality remains.
Bertazzo, M., 2018. Harper's Bazaar's Representation of American Style in the 1950s (Bachelor's thesis, Università Ca'Foscari Venezia).
Bissing, M.A., Lange, E.M., Davila, W.F., Wong, C.A., McCarthy, R.J., Stock, M.C. and Toledo, P., 2019. Status of women in academic anesthesiology: a 10-year update. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 128(1), pp.137-143.
Habib, K., Shafiq, M., Afshan, G. and Qamar, F., 2019. Impact of education and employment on women empowerment. Visual argument European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences: Proceedings, 8(3 (s)), pp.pp-62.
Mensah, G.A., 2020. Socioeconomic Status and Heart Health—Time to Tackle the Gradient. JAMA cardiology, 5(8), pp.908-909.
Pereira-Alvares, R., 2016. Make Any Occasion a Special Event: Hospitality, Domesticity and Female Cordial Consumption in Magazine Advertising, 1950–1969. In Women in Magazines (pp. 91-101). Routledge.
Pooley, C. and Pooley, M., 2020. Young women on the move: Britain c1880-1950. Social Science History.
Sinha, P., Gupta, U., Singh, J. and Srivastava, A., 2017. Structural violence on women: An impediment to women empowerment. Indian journal of community medicine: official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine, 42(3), p.134.
Stich, S., 2020. American Food and American Marketing. In Made in USA (pp. 77-109). University of California Press.
Tran, N.K., Ceroni, A., Kanhabua, N. and Niederée, C., 2015, February. Back to the past: Supporting interpretations of forgotten stories by time-aware re-contextualization. In Proceedings of the Eighth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 339-348).
Ul-Hameed, W., Mohammad, H. and Kadir Shahar, H., 2018. Microfinance institute’s non-financial services and women-empowerment: The role of vulnerability. Management Science Letters, 8, pp.1103-1116.
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Businesses have seen electricity rates spike over the last 5 years, and this trend is apt to continue. If utility bills are a significant portion of your overhead than large increases in electricity costs can affect the viability of your business. Installing your own solar power can reduce or eliminate your exposure to rising electricity rates.
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Designed to encourage businesses to generate their own solar power, these programs can pay for up to 70% of the total system cost. These programs include direct rebates, tax credits, loan programs and other financial incentives. More about Government Incentive Programs
More about Government Incentive Programs
Government incentives combined with recent decreases in solar equipment prices, make the investment in solar power a good financial decision for businesses and public agencies. An investment in solar power can generate quick payback as well as long-term savings.
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The state of the South African economy and news about consumer debt is all around. But many South Africans do not realise the impact the economy has on their debt, and the impact their debt has on the economy. How can we go about making the change?
What is consumer debt and what is the big deal?
Consumer debt is the debt held by individuals, not the government. This comes in the form of credit card debt, and other form of loans (home loans, car loans, study loans), and accounts held in arrears such as cell phone or clothing accounts. With the recent interest rate hikes and the weak state of the South African economy, consumers have found it difficult to manage their indebtedness and the burden is crippling households across the country.
What is the state of consumer debt in South Africa?
According to World Bank, 86% of the South African population is in debt. The latest Gauteng City-Region Observatory Quality of Life Survey report [“GCRO report”] shows that across all income groups in Gauteng, the level of indebtedness has risen. Although Gauteng is South Africa’s wealthiest province, it also has the most indebted citizens. The GCRO report shows that 40% of Gauteng residents have some form of debt, rising by 10% since 2013.
Debt Rescue, a South African debt management firm, released statistics showing that the bulk of South African consumers’ salaries (up to 75%) are owed to creditors. In addition, up to 60% of the South African population are not able to meet their monthly required payments on home loans or credit cards. This leaves 77% of South Africans completely broke at the end of the month, without any ability to save money, plan ahead or be ready for risks and emergencies. Debt Rescue also found that the average South African was R70 000 in debt, while over 11 million credit active consumers were categorised as “over-indebted” and, according to the National Credit Regulator, 10.3 million South Africans have trouble meeting their monthly repayments.
Does this add to the economic burden?
An important factor that influences the wellbeing of the economy, is the financial health of consumers. To achieve a healthy influence, the debt-to-income ratio of 78.4 of South African consumers will have to be reduced. A major challenge in achieving this is the fact that most consumers with debt trouble often do not realise the seriousness of their situation until their situation reaches breaking-point.
What you can do to help?
First of all, you can decide your level of understanding the types of debt that put pressure on the economy. Make sure you know the state of your current indebtedness by getting your credit report from any credit bureau ( transunion ). Plan ahead to pay off your debt in time and if you are having trouble in managing your debt, consider debt consolidation or consulting a debt management firm.
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As far as scientific achievements go, this really does not mean much, but it falls under the catagory of “really cool,” especially if, like me, you are an Apollo program buff.
Apollo-11, like all the manned lunar missions was carried aloft on a Saturn-V rocket. The first stage of the rocket, the S-IC was designed to be disposable. After burning out, it was jettisoned and the next stage, the S-II took over. By the time it cut off, the rocket was at an altitude of 67,000 meters and more than 90 kilometers down range, out to sea. Since the stage was intended to only be used once, there was no parachute. It simply fell from that altitude and smashed into the ocean. Presumably, never to be seen again.
Well, that was not to be for the stage that carried Apollo-11 to the moon. Because of the historical interest, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos took it upon himself to start a project to locate and recover the remains of that rocket stage.
Needless to say, it’s not in pristine condition. The impact shattered the thin, lightweight structure of the stage and 40+ years under salt water did not do the remains any favors either. Still, the thrust chambers of the rocket engines were solid enough to survive in remarkably good shape. Although the engine bells seem to have been torn off, parts of the engines are still very recognizable, including the main turbopumps.
The mighty F-1 engine is definitely an impressive site, even broken apart!
This entry was posted on Wednesday, March 20th, 2013 at 1:35 pm and is filed under Good Science, History, Misc, Space. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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FL Mershberger (1990) An interpretation of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam based on neuroanatomy: "God, in the process of creating Adam, gives him the gift of ‘intellect,’ symbolized by the brain."
In the Renaissance, artists studied anatomy almost by necessity in order to capture a more lifelike portrayal of the human body in their art. But did they go a step further and try to incorporate neuroscience (in form of anatomically correct brain) in their paintings?
Here's a neat post from Street Anatomy exploring a recent article published by neuroscientists about brain imagery in Renaissance religious masterpieces:
During the Renaissance, scholars began to rely more on empirical evidence, especially in the anatomical sciences. The teachings of Galen, which were often based on studies of animals rather than humans, dominated for centuries. It wasn’t until Da Vinci and Vesalius came along that anatomy was jump-started once again. Artists were especially fascinated, but with most of their commissions coming from the religious clergy, how could they show off their deeper knowledge of the human body without being sacreligious? They had to hide it in their artwork.
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Network Working Group J. Postel
Request for Comments: 792 ISI
Updates: RFCs 777, 760
Updates: IENs 109, 128
INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE PROTOCOL
DARPA INTERNET PROGRAM
The Internet Protocol (IP) is used for host-to-host datagram
service in a system of interconnected networks called the
Catenet . The network connecting devices are called Gateways.
These gateways communicate between themselves for control purposes
via a Gateway to Gateway Protocol (GGP) [3,4]. Occasionally a
gateway or destination host will communicate with a source host, for
example, to report an error in datagram processing. For such
purposes this protocol, the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP),
is used. ICMP, uses the basic support of IP as if it were a higher
level protocol, however, ICMP is actually an integral part of IP, and
must be implemented by every IP module.
ICMP messages are sent in several situations: for example, when a
datagram cannot reach its destination, when the gateway does not have
the buffering capacity to forward a datagram, and when the gateway
can direct the host to send traffic on a shorter route.
The Internet Protocol is not designed to be absolutely reliable. The
purpose of these control messages is to provide feedback about
problems in the communication environment, not to make IP reliable.
There are still no guarantees that a datagram will be delivered or a
control message will be returned. Some datagrams may still be
undelivered without any report of their loss. The higher level
protocols that use IP must implement their own reliability procedures
if reliable communication is required.
The ICMP messages typically report errors in the processing of
datagrams. To avoid the infinite regress of messages about messages
etc., no ICMP messages are sent about ICMP messages. Also ICMP
messages are only sent about errors in handling fragment zero of
fragemented datagrams. (Fragment zero has the fragment offeset equal
ICMP messages are sent using the basic IP header. The first octet of
the data portion of the datagram is a ICMP type field; the value of
this field determines the format of the remaining data. Any field
labeled "unused" is reserved for later extensions and must be zero
when sent, but receivers should not use these fields (except to
include them in the checksum). Unless otherwise noted under the
individual format descriptions, the values of the internet header
fields are as follows:
Internet header length in 32-bit words.
Type of Service
Length of internet header and data in octets.
Identification, Flags, Fragment Offset
Used in fragmentation, see .
Time to Live
Time to live in seconds; as this field is decremented at each
machine in which the datagram is processed, the value in this
field should be at least as great as the number of gateways which
this datagram will traverse.
ICMP = 1
The 16 bit one's complement of the one's complement sum of all 16
bit words in the header. For computing the checksum, the checksum
field should be zero. This checksum may be replaced in the
The address of the gateway or host that composes the ICMP message.
Unless otherwise noted, this can be any of a gateway's addresses.
The address of the gateway or host to which the message should be
Destination Unreachable Message
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
| Type | Code | Checksum |
| unused |
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|There are two presentations of this work of Ludwig van Beethoven. One by Gaines Legare, and the other one by Teal Brown. Many thanks to them and to Prof. McKnight who teaches Music History at the University of North Carolina at Asheville.|
|Beethoven's String Quartet in C# minor, Op. 131.|
"The compositional abyss reached by Beethoven in the creation of the C-sharp-minor Quartet was so grave a threat to the composer's fundamental musical principals that a return to less radical presuppositions was mandatory if his style was to survive at all."
Within the works of Ludwig Van Beethoven he has been categorized as post classical and pre-romantic, fitting into neither of the two genres completely, but rather somewhere in between. In his career Beethoven produced 9 symphonies, 11 overtures, 5 piano concertos, 16 string quartets, 9 piano trios, 10 violin sonatas, 5 cello sonatas, 32 piano sonatas, 2 Masses, a violin concerto, an opera, and an oratorio. The span in which Beethoven composed these pieces has been divided into three different periods, which are contingent upon style and creative output. They are dimly noted as the first period, the second period, and the late period. Beethoven's works were so often direct reflections of his experiences and of the world that lived around him. In his late period especially, Beethoven's compositions were so inherently personal that they could hardly be imitated or understood, even by his contemporaries.
Beethoven's chamber music for strings, which include three string trios, six string Quartets, and two string Quintets, exemplifies and sets the stage for the gradual loosening of his reliance on the piano as the catalyst of his compositional style. Solomon, p.132- 133 Beethoven's last works were a set of string quartets, including Beethoven string quartet 14, which were pushed along in part by a commission from Prince Nicholas Galitstin. So while very sick and very deaf, Beethoven concentrated his creativity onto composition for strings, only a few years after completing his Ninth Symphony. Cooper, p.35 Of these works included the Beethoven Op 131, Quartet in C# minor, which was the last large-scale piece written by Beethoven. The sketches for the Beethoven Opus consume three times as many pages as the final and finished product. The C# minor Quartet is referred to by many as the quintessential epitome of Beethoven's style during his late period. Composed between 1825 and 1826, the Quartet in C# minor, Beethoven Op 131, is considered to be Beethoven's defining quartet.
Dedicated to Baron Joseph von Stutterheim, the C# minor Quartet is said to be the last of the experimental quartets. Sadie, v2 p.396 Beethoven's final quartet, the F major Quartet returns to the more conventional four-movement format. Wallace, p.64 The piece reveals his interest in various elements such as thematic variations, continuity, intentionally making the divisions between phrases unclear, qualities of improvisation, and the inner layering of the fugue presented in the first movement throughout the span of the piece. The independent voices in Beethoven string quartet 14 allow room for the use of counterpoint as well as contrapuntal composing. The piece starts out with a slow heart wrenching fugue, which presents musical ideas that can heard and detected throughout the entire work. Contrapuntal writing seams to be present within some of the variations of them within the fourth movement. The Beethoven string quartet 14 was rehearsed several times at Mathias Artaria's at the beginning of August, 1826 though it was never performed within Beethoven's lifetime. It was in fact performed for Schubert in November 1828, just five days before Schubert's death. Solomon, p.416-417
The Beethoven Opus Quartet in its entirety consists of seven movements, which are played through without pause which gives the whole work a sense of fluidity and unity. The first movement, Adagio ma non troppo e molto espressivo, consists of a fugue in the tonic key of C# minor. This part of the piece in my opinion is what evokes raw emotion and sadness. On its way to the key of D major, this first movement plays a heavy emphasis on the Neapolitan chord structure, primarily toward the end of the movement leading into the next movement in the new key of D major, which is the root of a Neapolitan chord in the key of C# minor. "The second movement, Allegretto molto vivace, in D major is in a compacted sonata form. It is based on a single theme which is a folk like tune first presented against a triple drone that shifts between the tonic and the subdominant." Grout, p.536 "The famous Neapolitan position of the second movement contributes a great deal to its strange ephemeral quality and is still sufficiently vivid in the listener's memory to validate the Neapolitan echo at the end of the finale." Tyson, p.156
"Movement three, Allegro moderato, in B minor is in fact only eleven measures long, functioning as a set up into the following movement and modulating from B minor to E major, the dominant of the next movement." Grout, p.536 "The fourth movement, Andante, in A major consists of a theme made up of two double periods, with six variations and a coda that encloses an incomplete seventh variation." Grout, p.536 The theme in this movement is in a binary form with a simple harmonic structure going from the tonic to the dominant in the A section and from dominant back to tonic in the B section. This basic form is recycled in all of the following six variations. These variations occur through deviations in rhythm, time signature, tempo, character and registers in which the instruments play in. "This variation movement was so extensively altered that one or more complete leaves had to be removed from the score in every variation except for one, while what began as the final score in the finale gradually degenerated into the status of a sketch." Cooper, p.164 "Movement five, Presto, in E major is essentially a scherzo, though in duple time rather than triple time, with a trio that returns twice in rondo fashion after the return of the scherzo." Grout, p.536
"The sixth movement, Adagio, in the key of G# minor consists of twenty-eight measures in the form ABB with a coda, introducing the next movement." Grout, p.536 The seventh and final movement, Allegro, returns back home to the tonic key of C# minor and follows the traditional sonata form. If you listen to the piece you will notice that Beethoven is extremely subtle in his transitions from movement to movement. They are so subtle in fact that they can be practically undetectable to the untrained ear. The seven movements in Beethoven String Quartet 14 have the effect of one sliding into the next. "The fugue in the first movement acts as an exposition, presenting the basic tonal and thematic material that is worked out in the rest of the piece." Sadie, v2 p.386 First Beethoven moves up a half step from the home key of C# minor to D major in the second movement. After that, the third of D major F# becomes the dominant of the third movement in B minor, which acts as a recitative introduction to the fourth movement in the key of A major. The fifth movement is in E major which act as the dominant of the fourth movement in A, and is also the relative major of the home key of C# minor. Then, another third to dominant relationship is attained by going from the third of the E major fifth movement to the G# minor sixth movement which is a dominant introduction to the seventh movement going back to the home key of C# minor. "This final theme was originally sketched in F# minor as the scherzo. One of the reasons for its transposition to C# minor for the finale, with a scherzo in E major substituted in its place, must have been that the Quartet had several movements in relatively flat key areas already, and in particular it also had a heavy emphasis on F# minor in the first movement." Cooper, p.124
So besides movements three and six, which are essentially considered to be introductions into the movements that follow them, the other movements of the Beethoven opus are rather conventional forms which are pieced together effortlessly in the order; fugue, compacted sonata form, introduction including the theme and variations, scherzo with the trio, and introduction including a sonata for in the allegro. Beethoven's String Quartet 14 in C# minor, Op. 131 is said to be the most closely integrated of all his large compositions.
"This piece may be seen to be the culmination of his significant effort as a composer ever since going to Vienna. The seven movements run continuously into one another, and for the first time in Beethoven's music there is as emphatic and unmistakable thematic connection between the first movement and the last, not a reminiscence, but a functional parallel which helps bind the whole work together. A work of the deepest subtlety and beauty, at the end this quartet still seems to hinge on a stroke of the most elemental nature, as rushing D major scales in the finale recall the Neapolitan relationship set up between the opening fugue in C# minor and the following Allegro in D." Sadie, v2 p.389
When a friend asked Beethoven which of his quartets did he consider to be the best, Beethoven answered, "Each in its own way, Art demands of us that we should not stand still." However, the composer later eluded that Beethoven Op 131 was his greatest work in this genre.
|Beethoven's Opus 131 in C# Minor.|
Ludwig van Beethoven was born in 1770 to Johann Beethoven and Maria Magdalena. There was a certain inevitability that Ludwig's life would be related to music in one way or another because his father had made a career as Bonn's court musician. At four years of age the child started to receive musical training from his father, which he took to well. With the passing of another four years the young Beethoven played his first public performance, consisting of various concertos and trios. By the pre -pubescent age of 12, Beethoven's first work , the Dressler Variations, was published (Cooper, 12). While his career continued to blossom at a fast pace, there was no doubt that Johann's initial aspirations of his son becoming the next Mozart were becoming, by the very least, realized. Beethoven went on to become one of the biggest composers in history--some would argue the best in history . When it was all said and done, Beethoven had composed "9 symphonies, 11 overtures, incidental music to plays, a violin concerto, 5 piano concertos, 16 string quartets, 9 piano trios, 10 violin sonatas, 5 cello sonatas, 32 piano sonatas, many sets of piano variations, an oratorio, an opera, and 2 Masses, as well as arias, songs, and numerous lesser compositions" (Grout, Palisca, 514).
Beethoven's list of musical feats is astounding when one considers the poor conditions from which they came. Both his family life and personal life experienced unfortunate turbulence: On July 17, 1787 Beethoven's mother dies of consumption; November 25 of the same year his one-year-old sister dies; December 18, 1792 his father dies; summer of 1797--an undocumented period--possibly a serious illness occurred that led to his eventual hearing loss; 29 June, 1801 Beethoven writes a lengthy letter to a friend revealing a hearing deficiency; and on October 6, 1802 he writes the Heiligenstadt Testament, in which he reveals to his brothers his suicidal urges due to his hearing loss and sense of separation from the world (Cooper, 12-16).
From this point onward, health became an increasingly large obstacle in his life. During the last few years of his life Beethoven continued working on his art despite numerous ailments , attempted treatments, and deafness. Some of the most notable of which were his last five quartets: Opus 127, 130, 131,132, 133 (otherwise known as the Grosse Fugue), and 135. Op. 131 has received arguably more attention because of its unique qualities. Beethoven considered it his favorite of the collection probably for the same reasons that critics of his time described it as "distasteful", "... not very interesting" (Winter and Martin, 21), and composed "without any listeners in mind but himself" (Winter and Martin, 4). An indicator of the level to which he might have cared about these critiques could be summed up in a response he had to one of his violinists, Schuppanzigh, when he complained about the difficulty of a particular part of Beethoven's music. Beethoven remarked "Do you think I worry about your lousy fiddle when the spirit moves me?" (Blum, 230).
Beethoven composed Opus 131 in C# minor between November 1825 and July 1826. He died three months prior to its June of 1827 publication date (Winter and Martin, 245). During the later years of Beethoven's life, a certain form for quartet writing had been established. Op. 131 became famous because it broke the rules of this form. Normally, a string quartet would consist of four movements. In this case, Beethoven decided he needed seven in order to complete his vision. This length of piece requires an approximate 40-minute period of focus by the players and the audience. The piece starts with a slow fugue, an unusual introductory movement. Additionally, he visits a total of six keys in this piece, as opposed to the standard two or three. Also, the manner by which the moods and forms evolve in the piece contradicted the typical technique (Lam, 236).
This piece is about conflict and its ultimate resolution--not an uncommon theme in itself. However, instead of conflict being created within the movements, it is created by the juxtaposition of the movements themselves. They are, as Joseph Kerman describes, contrasting, yet mutually dependent parts. Another unprecedented aspect of this piece is its overall continuity. There are no double bars between movement numbers 2 and 3, 3 and 4, and 6 and 7, and only fermata notes or rests between 1 and 2, 4 and 5, and 5 and 6. According to Kerman, there must be no breaking of attention, no catching of breath, no tuning of instruments, and no uncrossing of legs (326). The first movement has received much attention because of its unique placement within the composition. A good place to begin understanding this movement, as well as others later in the essay, is from the players' perspectives. David Blum did exactly this in his book of interviews with the Guarneri Quartet entitled The Art of Quartet Playing. Blum, as well as the four who were interviewed, agreed that making the section about Opus 131 in C# minor the last chapter would be a good way to pay homage to the master. When asked to make general comments about the first movement here is what they said: The fugue has a "rich yet inward quality"; another says that it is tragic and foreboding--"a prelude to all that is to come"; "the fugal subjects are developed skillfully but not with flashy technique just for technique's sake"; one described the opening movement as "mystical meditation and yet deeply human." Basil Lam, an author on Beethoven's works, says that "In the opening movement of O p. 131 Beethoven goes back to an earlier polyphony than Bach's. The canonic episode beginning in bar 65 has the remote beauty of masters even before Palestrina, Josquin, Ockeghem or Dufay." Technically, it was wise to start a piece that contained six main keys with a fugue because it grants the composer the ability to map out with impartial authority a complete aural terrain. In this case, Beethoven could outline the entire tonal palette of C# minor all within the first movement (Kerman, 328).
This fugue in C# minor has been compared to the fugal section in the slow movement of Op. 95. Steinberg suggests that "in light of the Grosse Fugue, it was as if he were rendering a peace offering to the gods" (Winter and Martin, 236). It has also been noted that the theme of the C# minor fugue is suggested in the trio of the second movement of Op. 132 (Lam, 53). Evidently there were quite a few common characteristics and traits among Beethoven's quartets.
The beginning to Op. 131 is a bleak one, yet the cello conveys strength, not grief. One can sense a potential for vital energy and ethereal vision because of the cello's authoritative voice. Relentless chromaticism slowly reveals a clearer tonal palette . The reoccurring D-natural becomes an idea that Beethoven returns to in the last movement. Also, the Neapolitan chord in the first movement makes a nice segue into the second movement which is in D-major. Beethoven achieves this shift with C# octaves that ascend gently to D.
In the second movement, we see that same octave leap become a motive. The Guarneri members describe this movement as having elements of sad as well as bittersweet qualities. It has a dance-like character that might have been derived from some sort of folk music. A musician playing this movement should convey effortlessness, fluency, and continuity (Blum, 189). It eventually takes shape as a fugue-style piece. It visits E major (V/V) as well as the dominant which marks the beginning of the second subject. The energy dies down a bit with the second movement, thus creating the first contrast within the piece. However, it does not take long to rouse the beast again. The third movement is a transitional section and succeeds in carrying the listener forward once again.
According to the Guarneri players , the two opening notes of the third movement in b minor should have "a feeling of grandeur." Number 3 has an almost march like quality. The listener can sense that the machine is oiled up and functioning like it should. Wagner said "'tis as if the master, grown conscious of his art, were settling to work at his magic" (Winter and Martin, 251). The whole movement takes a single theme and creates six variations on it. The first variation maintains its original meter, tempo, and motivic content. The second variation evokes a dance-like quality. The third variation recalls the two-part canonic episode from the opening fugue.
Beethoven describes this material as to be played seductively or coaxingly. Variation 4 is quite ornamented with the help of the 6/8 meter. The fifth variation outlines a bare skeleton of the tune via syncopated rhythms in 2/4 . The last variation, in Kerman's words, "treats the repetitions of the strains most dramatically--which is quite paradox, in view of the fact that this is the hymn-variation and undoubtedly the spiritual center of the entire quartet" (Kerman, 336). This type of extreme variation of a subject was very typical of Beethoven's third period style. Kerman believed that this transitional movement's purpose was to delay the dominant relationship between numbers 2 and 4, which are in the keys of D major and A major, respectively. The movement ends with a coda that would otherwise seem like the seventh variation.
The fourth movement in A major is started with pizzicato in the cello. It explodes as a confrontation by using a climactic detail from the fourth movement (Kerman, 327).This sets the tempo for the movement, at least for the time being. The Guarneri players remind us that all of the movements, accept for the first, contain a shift in time signature and tempo. The variations in relation to the theme are dealt with more freely than they were in Opus 127. According to Soyer, one of the members of the Guarneri Quartet, "each variation has a melodic and expressive character quite its own, sometimes seemingly remote from the original material." Another player says that "Elements of a decidedly rustic character are unexpectedly placed side by side with the sublime, yet everything sounds inevitable in its context." Steinhardt, another player, notes that starting at bar 70 a startling dance-like quality emerges. It reminded him almost of a tango. This movement ends with a clean break, preparing everyone for the next confrontation.
The first two measures of the fifth movement, a duple-time scherzo in E major, are like the curtain raiser, according to Blum's interview. The cello's burly exclamation is like a giant, and the violins take a few moments before they respond to it. The two sets of octaves have an operatic feel, similar to an orchestral accompaniment in recitative (Kerman, 327). It is this duple-time scherzo that is possibly the most childlike of all of Beethoven's scherzos (Kerman, 338). Standing as a piece on its own, this movement would seem "flat". However, taken in context it functions beautifully. Beethoven wanted to create a resting place before getting back to the worries that exist in the sixth movement that were foreshadowed in the opening fugue (Kerman, 338).
The sixth movement in G# minor arrives with anticipation by the listener. The fourth movement, being in A major, is actually what leads the listener to No. 6. Throughout the entire piece, Beethoven plays with the notion of half step modulation. In the first movement it was C#/D, B#/C#; in the second it was D/C#, A#/B; and in the third it was A/G#, D/C# (Winter and Martin, 249). By the time the sixth movement comes around the listener's ears are attuned to that half step shift. Therefore, the G#/A transition from No. 4 to No. 6 comes quite naturally, and it enforces this theme. However, this is not to say that it does not contrast the scherzo that precedes it. This adagio has a manic depressive, mournful quality to it (Blum, 220). It serves as the dominant preparation to lead the listener, finally, back into C# minor.
One word was used by one of the Guarneri players to describe the finale--"turbulence." Soyer, from that set of interviews exclaims that "after half an hour of playing, this wood-tearing, flesh-tearing movement has quite an effect." One of the most unique aspects about Opus 131 in C# minor is that it finds its center of balance in the last movement, as opposed to the middle, like most compositions (Kerman, 335). Rests are used throughout the movement in order to create heightened impact. An important cut-time- rhythmic motive of eighth, quarter, eighth rest, eighth, bar line, quarter, etc., is used as well. Remarkably, the appearance of a full-blown sonata form appears for the first time in the whole piece. The ending in C# major comes rather abruptly--a fierce affirmation by Beethoven. Blum writes: "maybe there's hope."
Blum included statements of the musicians he interviewed from directly after a performance of this piece--before they had time to put their instruments down. This is what he heard: Soyer: "It's savage, utterly savage- the culmination of the entire work."; Dalley: "Grotesque and wild! It has invincible energy."; Tree: "A relentless dance, a demonic dance--and yet, what wonderfully tender moments, what an enormous emotional range."; Steinhardt: "He's shaking his fist at destiny. It's terrifying--but suddenly everything is released and it overflows with joy, with ecstasy."; and Dalley again: "You want to bark like a dog" (Blum, 230).
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| 0.970073 | 5,202 | 2.703125 | 3 |
A competency is a skill, area of knowledge, ability or behavioural characteristic that is associated with high performance. Competencies are used as one of the foundational pieces for proficiency in the Career Framework in conjunction with core duties and specific job related skills and knowledge. We know that career success is both about what you do (applying technical knowledge, skills and ability) along with how you do it (the consistent behaviours you demonstrate ) while interacting and communicating with others at work. Our framework recognizes twelve competencies identified by the Gartner Group when they performed a study on common competencies across the IT profession regardless of industry or geographic location.
In today’s fast-paced environment IT needs to partner with our clients and provide business solutions. That requirement demands two things of IT at UBC. Firstly we must understand business needs. Secondly we must collaborate with a variety of individuals having different perspectives and skills that can be brought to bear on a business problem or need. Effective communication is critical to delivering superior results. To this end, we have selected three core competencies which exist in all our IT positions:
- Communicating for Results
- Problem Solving
Job Ladder & Competency Matrix
In addition to the three core competencies, we have defined three role-based competencies specific to each Career Ladder. These were identified and defined by representative staff members who are managing and doing the work categorized by each of the thirteen ladders. Here is how the competencies line up by career ladder.
Competency Proficiency Definitions
For each of the competencies, we have defined a level of proficiency based on the position within a specific Career Ladder. There are five levels of proficiencies:
- Being Developed:
the individual demonstrates a minimal use of the competency and is currently developing it
the individual demonstrates limited use of a competency and requires additional training to apply without assistance or frequent supervision
the individual demonstrates a working or functional proficiency level which enables the competency to be exercised effectively (has working or functional command of the competency)
the individual demonstrates in depth proficiency level ; is able to assist, consult or lead others in the application of a competency
the individual demonstrates broad, in-depth proficiency; is recognized as an authority or master performer in exercising the competency
Here you will find a complete list of the competencies contained in the Career Framework, along with the definition for each of the proficiency levels.
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Where is self-awareness located in the brain?
July 31, 2012
Neuroscientists from the Max Planck Institutes of Psychiatry in Munich, Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences in Leipzig, and Charité in Berlin have identified a specific cortical network associated with self-awareness.
They used EEG and fMRI brain imaging to study “lucid dreamers,” who have access to their memories during dreaming and are aware of themselves, although remaining in a dream state and not waking up.
The researchers found neural activations in a specific network that is normally deactivated during REM sleep, comprising these areas:
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (associated with self-focused metacognitive evaluation)
- Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in combination with parietal lobules (may reflect working memory demands)
- Bilateral frontopolar areas (related to the processing of internal states, e.g., the evaluation of one’s own thoughts and feelings)
- Precuneus (implicated in self-referential processing, such as first-person perspective)
- Bilateral cuneus and occipitotemporal cortices (active in conscious awareness in visual perception)
The study was limited to only four subjects who were highly trained lucid dreamers ”due to the rarity of lucid dreaming in untrained subjects, the researchers report. “Only one of them became lucid twice under concurrent EEG/fMRI conditions, rendering our data a case study.” The researchers also advised that part of the observed activation may have originated from the eye-signaling and hand-clenching task performed during the lucid-dreaming process.
- Martin Dresler, Renate Wehrle, Victor I. Spoormaker, Stefan P. Koch, Florian Holsboer, Axel Steiger, Hellmuth Obrig, Philipp G. Sämann, Michael Czisch, Neural Correlates of Dream Lucidity Obtained from Contrasting Lucid versus Non-Lucid REM Sleep: A Combined EEG/fMRI Case Study, Sleep, 2012, DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1974
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| 0.915236 | 444 | 2.875 | 3 |
Instilling strong, positive values in our children is one of the most important things we can do as parents. The values and moral lessons we teach our children will serve as a compass that will guide them through their entire lives!
One of the lessons that we should teach our children is the importance of sharing. This lesson will help our children as they work with others in school and careers later in life. It is the cornerstone of having successful relationships and friendships.
Spring has officially started and Easter is right around the corner, and to celebrate the holiday, I am going to share 3 copies of “Planting My Values.” I think you’ll find it a truly wonderful resource for discussing values with your children!
I love spring and all that it represents. From blooming trees and gardens to longer and warmer days it always makes me feel so happy and renewed.
In my award-winning children’s book Planting My Values I talk about planting seeds and watching them grow. It is a wonderful metaphor to use as we look to instill values in our children. From the time they are very young we have the power to plant these seeds in our children’s hearts, nurture, nourish, maintain and watch them blossom!
These are some of the core values I believe children should conquer on their journeys of self-discovery:
Help your child plant a garden this spring. If you have my book use it as a reference as you start to discuss the importance of growing their very own values in their life.
You can make it as simple as using an egg carton for your garden. You will need the following:
Sun & Water
Maintenance and Care
Enjoy this springtime activity and share your stories!
Show-and-Tell was originally designed to allow children an opportunity to speak publicly. This childhood activity can be socially rewarding and academically stimulating while building vocabulary and self-expression. It is fun for the children and builds self-confidence.
The next time your child has an opportunity to participate in show-and-tell what could he/she bring that would show their values? Why do you think it is important to share values with others? Continue reading →
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| 0.958285 | 452 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Take a Deep Breath and Relax…
We know that it can be overwhelming to go to any new doctor’s office for the first time.
From the moment you enter our office, we try to create a fun and positive atmosphere! Many first-time visitors to our practice members comment how at ease they feel—not only from the environment we’ve created, but also by how their questions and concerns are addressed.
It is an opportunity for you to meet with us, find out what we do to help people, and to get a feel if our office is a good fit for you. It is also an opportunity for us to find out exactly what your health concerns are and determine what we can do to help you.
How do we determine if we can help you? In addition to discussing your specific health concerns, we use state-of-the-art technology to detect and pinpoint abnormal function in the spine:
- Surface Electromyography (SEMG), which measures the amount of electrical current in the muscles
- Thermography, which measures the skin temperature along the spine
You can read more about these tests below.
Surface Electromyography (SEMG)
Your muscles are controlled by nerves. SEMG measures how well the motor nerves are working by reading the amount of electrical current found in the muscles. Subluxations (misalignments) disturb the function of the nerve, causing an abnormal amount of current flowing to your muscles. You can literally see the results, indicated by colors and/or abnormal patterns on the resulting graph.
Muscle Balance (Symmetry)
In addition to measuring how well the motor nerves are working, SEMG also determines muscle balance, which is extremely important because the vertebrae in the spine depend on the muscles to move properly. If one or more vertebrae are out of position, it disturbs nerve function. This disturbance creates muscle imbalance, and the muscles can become weaker or stronger, tighter, or fatigued. An abnormal muscle pattern on the scan reveals an increased amount of tension/pull on one side compared to the other (similar to a tug-of-war).
We use a thermal scan to measure temperature differences along your spine. If your body temperature is 98.6 degrees, then the left and right sides of your spine should also be at the same temperature.
Your skin is the largest organ of the body, and the blood vessels under the skin work as the body’s thermostat. (They expand and release heat and contract to retain heat, controlling the body’s temperature.) When communication between the central nervous system and the blood vessels is disturbed, it causes the body’s thermostat to malfunction, producing an imbalanced temperature reading along the spine. These blood vessels are controlled by the same part of the nervous system that runs your organs and glands—the autonomic system.
This thermal scan provides us with information to monitor the autonomic system for proper function.
Completing Your First Visit
If the SEMG and thermal scan detect areas of nerve disturbance, our next step will be to take x-rays, which provide us with information to determine the condition of your spine and how to specifically correct it. Exceptions to x-ray include our pregnant patients and young children.
We only take full spine x-rays in our office, which are unique in that they allow us to see the entire spine on one film. This not only allows us to see the position of each individual spinal bone, but also gives us an overall view of your spine that helps us to achieve optimal correction.
Your first visit to our office is all about gathering information. Following your first visit, we analyze your x-rays, compare them with your SEMG and thermal scans, review your history, and put all this information together to determine the appropriate chiropractic care for you. We will go over this information in detail on your next visit.
Please contact Dr. Jeff if you have any questions. Thank you and have a great and healthy day!
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| 0.924714 | 846 | 2.875 | 3 |
This course focuses on the poetry of Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, two influential and iconic American poets of the 19th century. First, we will encounter Walt Whitman, a quintessentially American writer whose work continues to bear heavily upon the American poetic tradition. We will explore Whitman’s relationship to the City, the Self, and the Body through his life and poetry. Then, we turn to Emily Dickinson, one of America’s most distinctive and prolific poets. While Dickinson wrote nearly 2,000 poems, she chose never to publish, opting instead to revisit and revise her works throughout her lifetime. Keeping this dynamic of self-revision in mind, we will consider a number of Dickinson’s poems—many seemingly in tension with one another—concerned with Nature, Art, the Self, and Darkness. We will travel to the Dickinson Collection at Harvard’s Houghton Library, and to Amherst, Massachusetts, paying a visit to the house in which the poet lived and wrote until her death in 1886.
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| 0.953199 | 210 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Before effective antibiotics were developed, nothing could cure leprosy. People who suffered from the disease were isolated and developed severe disfigurements. Today, doctors prescribe antibiotics to cure leprosy and kill Mycobacterium leprae (the bacteria that cause the disease). The three most commonly used antibiotics are rifampin, dapsone, and clofazimine. Because Mycobacterium leprae can be resistant to these medications individually, a combination is often used.
What Can Cure Leprosy?
Prior to the discovery of antibiotics, there was nothing that could cure leprosy. Lepers were segregated for extended periods of time and developed severe disabilities and disfigurements. Today, medicines are used to cure leprosy. Therefore, the challenge now is to identify people with leprosy early so that treatment for leprosy can begin. Early treatment can reduce the chances of any long-term disabilities that develop prior to successful treatment.
Medicines Used to Cure Leprosy
In order to cure leprosy, doctors generally prescribe antibiotics that kill Mycobacterium leprae (the bacteria that cause leprosy). Because Mycobacterium leprae can be resistant to certain antibiotics, a combination of antibiotics is often used. The three most commonly used antibiotics are:
Treatment of leprosy differs depending on the form of the disease. Treatment generally continues for one year for tuberculoid leprosy and two years for lepromatous leprosy. With treatment, less than 0.1 percent of people fail to be cured of leprosy.
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| 0.927962 | 338 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Terence Aym – via Activist Post December 31, 2010
With an Ice Age comes abrupt change, and with change comes death—sometimes death on a massive scale.Down loadable list] are predicting that the two major cooling cycles are converging—the short term and long term Ice Ages—and Earth has just entered the beginnings of the dangerous cooling.
More of the world’s top scientists in the disciplines of geology, ecology, meteorology, astrophysics, and heliology [Down loadable list] are predicting that the two major cooling cycles are converging—the short term and long term Ice Ages—and Earth has just entered the beginnings of the dangerous cooling.
Both cooling periods are due and both seem to have started just as the sun’s about to reach its solar maximum. When the sun goes quiet after 2012, it’s expected to stay quiet for at least the next 30 to 50 years. During that time, the sun will generate significantly less heat and the planets—including Earth—will cool rapidly.fuel shortages.global warming period ended to witness obvious harmful agricultural impacts of the new cold climate. Analysis shows that food and crop derived fuel will for the first time, become threatened in the next two and a half years. Though the SSRC does not get involved with short term weather prediction, it would not be u nusual to see these ill-effects this year much less within the next 30 months.”cycle (1999), a long term drop in the Earth’s temperatures (starting in 2006 to 2007) the unsettling prospect of an historic contraction of the Sun’s energy resulting in a never-before-seen solar hibernation. The hibernation is now recognized by NASA’s Long Range Solar Forecast through 2022 and as well as the stunning slowdown of sun’s activity.snow. It’s all part of a dependable, predictable cycle, a natural cycle that returns like clockwork every 11,500 years.”fuel announced today are certainly important, they do not compare with what is to follow later. At the bottom of the cold cycle of this hibernation in the late 2020’s and 2030’s there will likely be years with devastating to total crop losses in the Canadian and northern US grain regions.”The Theory of Relational Cycles of Solar Activity” (also called the “RC Theory”), is gaining followers in the scientific community.climate model, all three are occurring.
Mass migrations and famines
Now other scientists—including John L. Casey, the Director of the Space and Science Research Center—are warning that people in the coming decades are facing food and
Some northern countries will be abandoned as the ice marches down from the Arctic; energy production will be interrupted; and shortened growing periods in the Northern Hemisphere will precipitate mass migrations, famines, food riots, regional conflicts and a loss of human life that could be measured on an apocalyptic scale.
Imminent crop damage was forecast back in 2007 and predicted to start by 2010.
Right on schedule the damage has been occurring as cold has gripped the Northern Hemisphere as far south as Cuba and southern Italy.
During the next 30 months the world’s temperatures are predicted to drop even more dramatically and at a faster clip than the worldwide plunge recorded during 2007 to 2008.
Sun entering an extended “hibernation period”
According to Casey, “The Earth typically makes adjustments in major temperature spikes within two to three years. In this case as we cool down from El Nino, we are dealing with the combined effects of this planetary thermodynamic normalization and the influence of the more powerful underlying global temperature downturn brought on by the solar hibernation. Both forces will present the first opportunity since the period of Sun-caused global warming period ended to witness obvious harmful agricultural impacts of the new cold climate. Analysis shows that food and crop derived fuel will for the first time, become threatened in the next two and a half years. Though the SSRC does not get involved with short term weather prediction, it would not be u nusual to see these ill-effects this year much less within the next 30 months.”
Other scientists concur and some see the speed at which the temperatures will drop as frightening.
Casy’s organization has been at the forefront of the climate change controversy, correctly predicting in advance three important changes in the climate that many others missed: the end of global warming
At the urging of colleagues from around the globe that concur with him, Casey has taken an unprecedented step. “In view of the importance of this new forecast I have notified the Secretary of Agriculture to take immediate actions to prepare the nation’s agricultural industry for the coming crop damage.”
Mini or major Ice Age – either are a disaster
While Casey sees a so-called mini-Ice Age occurring and lasting about 40 to 50 years, others like Robert Felix believes the data is there that supports a real possibility of a major Ice Age that could last several thousands of years. Felix believes the Earth’s already entered the first stages of the mini-Ice Age and a bigger one might be close on its heels.
Felix warns: ” The next Ice Age could begin any day. Next week, next month, next year…it’s not a question of if, only when. One day you’ll wake up—or you won’t wake up, rather—buried beneath nine stories of
The last Ice Age happened to end almost exactly 11,500 years ago.
Casey explains that “The present [solar] hibernation is proceeding in almost lock step as the last one which occurred from 1793 to 1830. If it continues on present course, while the cold weather impacts on food and
A scientific paper that presents his model, “The Theory of Relational Cycles of Solar Activity” (also called the “RC Theory”), is gaining followers in the scientific community.
Perhaps that’s because of the fact that of his three predictions based on the RC Theory climate model, all three are occurring.
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| 0.945937 | 1,268 | 3.0625 | 3 |
"She said, 'These mice are walking,' and I thought, 'I don't believe you,'" recalled Lane, who went down to the lab to see for himself. "Sure enough, there were groups of mice that had gone from being paralyzed to walking around the cage."
Repeated experiments had the same results, which were published Thursday in the journal Stem Cell Reports. The study was funded by the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine.
What works in mice doesn't always work in humans. But the findings point to a possible new avenue for treating multiple sclerosis (MS), a debilitating disease affecting more than 2.3 million people worldwide.
"This result opens up a whole new area of research for us to figure out why it worked," said co-senior author Jeanne Loring, director of the Center for Regenerative Medicine at The Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif. "We spent the last year convincing ourselves that the amazing results we saw were reproducible. It was just such a surprise. We're really into mystery time now."
MS is a disease in which the immune system attacks and erodes myelin, a fatty protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers. Damage to this insulating layer disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses, resulting in an array of debilitating symptoms, from numbness and tingling to blindness and paralysis.
Today's treatments, such as anti-inflammatories and muscle relaxants, mostly manage symptoms.
There are drugs to suppress patients' immune systems and prevent white blood cells from infiltrating the brain and spinal cord and ravaging the myelin sheath, which can slow progression of the disease. But no therapies exist to repair damaged nerve tissue, though emerging therapies are being tested in humans.
Lane's mouse study contributes to this growing field, said John Foley, director of the Rocky Mountain MS Clinic and chief of neurology at Intermountain Healthcare's LDS Hospital. "It needs to be applied to humans, but for the technique to have had this much of an impact is significant. We're encouraged by this."
Stem cells have long carried the promise of replenishing or repairing damaged tissue. They're used, for example, to regenerate the immune systems of cancer patients who have received near-lethal doses of chemotherapy.
But stem cells are often rejected as foreign by the immune system, a barrier to their use in treating all kinds of diseases.
Lane and Loring set out to understand this process, and injected 96 mice with human embryonic stem cells. The mice had virally-induced MS and fully functioning immune systems.
As expected, "the human cells were rejected. We don't see them after 10 days of injection," Lane said.
But within that short time frame the cells send chemical signals instructing the mouse's own cells to repair the damage caused by MS.
Within ten to 14 days, symptoms were partially reversed in 73 percent of the mice. Immune attacks were blunted and damaged myelin was repaired, resulting in regained motor skills. Six months later, they still showed no signs of slowing down.
"We saw a dramatic stop in the spread of demyelination and extensive re-myelination, or repair of the myelin sheath," said Lane, describing the findings as "a happy accident."
Also a fluke: the type of neural precursor cells used, which were grown by a graduate student who had tweaked the recipe from one that had been published.
"We had so many lucky breaks, the right people and the right cells by accident," Loring said.
Whether the benefits last is uncertain and will be the subject of future studies.
Lane wants to test the therapy in another mouse model available at the U., where he recently took a faculty position, hoping to take advantage of the university's system for translating research into treatments.
And before starting human trials the team needs to identify the chemical signals responsible for the regenerative effects. The study points to regulatory T cells (Tregs) as a likely factor in dampening inflammation.
"We don't know if [reduced inflammation and re-myelination] are related, or whether re-myelination happens because of something else," said Loring. "A lot of the work we're doing now suggests there's another factor [at play]. It may be that one relies on another or that they work separately."
Lane said understanding these chemicals is necessary for creating a drug.
"The procedure we're using now is intra-spinal injection. We can do that; it's being done with ALS [amyotrophic lateral sclerosis] patients. But it would be easier to find a family of proteins exerting these protective effects and make them into an injectable drug or pill," he explained.
The Food and Drug Administration recently approved human testing of another stem cell therapy using adult "mesenchymal" stem cells, harvested from bone marrow and delivered intravenously.
It's believed to suppress the production of white blood cells, which is helpful for patients with early, relapsing and intermittent forms of the disease, Lane said. "Ours is a different approach that might work for patients with more progressed disease."
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| 0.967483 | 1,072 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Large long-term epidemiological studies
Large-scale and long-term studies generate the highest-quality epidemiological evidence on the relationships between common exposures and health conditions. They also present special challenges, for example in ensuring that data provided by study participants is accurate and suitable for research on health outcomes over a long period of time.
Validity of data is a major focus of our methodological work. Information on characteristics such as height and weight, blood pressure and use of prescription medications is reported by participants at various time points throughout our studies. By studying the reliability and repeatability of these data, we can estimate how reporting or measurement errors may affect the results of epidemiological analyses.
Equally important is the validity of information on health conditions obtained through linkage to other data sources (see Data linkage/e-health data). We compare diagnoses and medical procedure data from multiple sources to determine which conditions can be reliably identified from routine health data, including hospital records, cancer registries, and primary care records.
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| 0.935717 | 201 | 2.9375 | 3 |
This companion journal (PDF download) includes room for the student to reflect and process the history lessons from the Oh Freedom! U.S. History curriculum. This journal includes guided journaling pages with room to take notes about important people, places and events, jot down new words, keep track of interesting topics and reflect on the stories and issues discussed. It also includes room for art and poetry.
Your purchase entitles you to a license to make unlimited copies for those you homeschool in your household (not for co-ops or classrooms, etc.). The dimensions of the journal are 7.5 x 9.2 inches. Adjust your print settings to print larger or smaller.
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| 0.917856 | 137 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Your grandfather's brother is your great-uncle. In some countries, he may also be called a granduncle.
Similarly, your grandfather's sister is your great-aunt or grandaunt, and you are her great-nephew (grandnephew) or great-niece (grandniece). A great-aunt or great-uncle is also your mother's or father's aunt or uncle. Great-uncles, great-aunts, great-nephews and great-nieces are part of the immediate extended family in most genealogy structures.
Your spouse's grandfather's siblings are your great-uncles-in-law or great-aunts-in-law, and you are their great-nephew-in-law or great-niece-in-law.
Of course, kinship and familial relations are often different in cultures outside the United States. Thus, it is always important to study what relationships are deemed close family and extended family for your particular heritage.
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en
| 0.965706 | 206 | 2.703125 | 3 |
The body is a unit.
The body has self-healing abilities.
Structure and function are inter-related.
Rational treatment will take the first three into account.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT) assists the body’s persistent, self-healing mechanisms by listening precisely and non-intrusively to its rhythms. OMT is a hands-on approach to healing that enhances the body’s ability to function and to heal itself. The goal of treatment is to restore the unrestricted motion and function of the body and all of its structures. This is achieved through OMT, nutrition and exercise. The patient will learn how to manage their problem with the plan that they will not need treatment in the future.
OMT is first learned by students during medical school. Osteopathic medical school is a four-year training program, similar to traditional medical school, although with additional time allotted to learning OMT. Most Doctors of Osteopathy (D.O.'s) then complete a residency in primary care, surgery, anesthesia, or any of the specialities. A small percentage of D.O.s will choose to make OMT a mainstay of their practice. These doctors tend to specialize in either Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine / Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Primary Care/Internal Medicine or Pediatrics.
OMT differs from other bodywork in that it is part of a medical philosophy that considers the body as a unit and recognizes that its structure influences its function. It looks for the cause of problems and encourages patient participation in the resolution of somatic (body) complaints.
Most patients will not need to return for treatment after their problem has been resolved unless a new problem arises. Some chronic conditions (dystonia, fibromyalgia, scoliosis, arthritis) may need regular visits (every six to eight months) with some more frequent treatments during flares in symptoms.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment is prescribed by the physician and is performed by the physician. It is used when there is a diagnosis of “somatic dysfunction” (problem with a part of the body). A somatic dysfunction is defined as 1) altered tissue texture, 2) range of motion changes 3) tenderness. When at least two of these are present, OMT will usually be prescribed and performed. The somatic dysfunction, which is “key” to the overall problem is usually treated first.
The cranial bones should be able to move. The sutures (jagged lines between the cranial bones) are actually joints. The bones have an inherent motion, like your breathing or heartbeat. This motion helps the blood flow in and out of the cranium and also initiates the circulation of the cerebral spinal fluid, which is important for the healthy functioning of the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves. Treatment of the cranium is directed at the dura (the covering of the brain and spinal cord) and also at the individual sutures and bones.
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Tackling methane is the easiest, cheapest way to reduce climate pollution and stimulate local economies
OTTAWA — Canada’s proposed regulations to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas industry are a positive development — however, to fully deliver their economic and environmental potential, they must be strengthened, according to a diverse group of Canadian stakeholders representing business, environment and labour. The oil and gas industry is Canada’s largest source of human-caused methane pollution.
Reducing methane from the oil and gas sector is a key aspect of the federal government’s pan-Canadian climate framework. Methane is a highly potent greenhouse gas, responsible for about a quarter of today’s climate warming — and those emissions come mingled with a host of other smog-forming and carcinogenic pollutants.
“Peer-reviewed research shows Canada’s methane emissions are as much as 250 per cent higher than reported by industry and government,” said David Suzuki Foundation science and policy director Ian Bruce. “The responsible course is to move urgently and enact strong regulations to reduce methane emissions from the oil and gas sector and accelerate the transition to a clean energy economy.”
Leaked methane is also a wasted product. In 2015, nearly C$370 million worth of natural gas escaped from Canadian oil and gas fields, enough to supply every household in Edmonton and Calgary for a year.
“Reductions in methane emissions in the oil and gas sector can be not only cost effective, but also achievable with existing technologies and techniques. Implementation of reasonable methane controls will provide investors with confidence that companies are taking necessary action to protect the long-term value of their business and promoting a sustainable global economy,” according to a group of investors, including Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR), Ceres Investor Network on Climate Risks and Sustainability (INCR), and Shareholder Association for Research and Education (SHARE), with C$89.75 billion under investment.
Curbing oil and gas methane requires little in the way of new capital or fundamental changes in business practices. Many low-cost solutions are available today. Fixing methane leaks is often as easy as tightening valves and repairing equipment.
“Implementing effective methane regulations is one of the cheapest and easiest ways to reduce greenhouse gas pollution while creating good jobs,” said Blue Green Canada program manager Jamie Kirkpatrick. “Innovative Canadian methane management companies are poised for expansion and job growth based on efforts to comply with new methane rules.”
In the U.S., existing and proposed state-level policies aimed at reducing oil and gas emissions cover 25 per cent more production than would be covered by Canada’s proposed national methane rules. Some states, such as Colorado and California, have gone further than others have and are a model for effective methane regulations.
“Twenty-one countries across the world have recognized reducing oil and gas methane as a huge opportunity, while energy-producing states in the U.S. are pushing forward on methane regulations,” said Environmental Defense Fund international affairs director Drew Nelson. “Canada’s methane rules — if strengthened — will help the country catch up to other jurisdictions.”
The group of stakeholders submitted comments independently on the federal draft methane regulations introduced by Environment and Climate Change Minister Catherine McKenna in May. The final federal regulations are expected later this year or early in 2018, with Alberta’s provincial methane rules to be proposed in the coming months.
Jamie Kirkpatrick, Blue Green Canada, 416-323-9521 ext. 289, firstname.lastname@example.org
Stuart Ross, Clean Air Task Force, 914-649-5037, email@example.com
Cat Abreu, Climate Action Network, 902-412-8953, firstname.lastname@example.org
Emily Fister, David Suzuki Foundation, 604-440-5470, email@example.com
Dale Marshall, Environmental Defence Canada, 613-868-9917, firstname.lastname@example.org
Lauren Whittenberg, Environmental Defense Fund, 512-691-3437, email@example.com
Dale Robertson, Equiterre, 514-605-2000, firstname.lastname@example.org
Kelly O’Connor, Pembina Institute, 416-220-8804, email@example.com
Audrey Mascarenhas, Questor Technology Inc., 403-608-8606, firstname.lastname@example.org
BLUE GREEN CANADA is an alliance between Canadian labour unions and environmental and civil society organizations to advocate for working people and the environment by promoting solutions to environmental issues that have positive employment and economic impacts.
Clean Air Task Force is a non-profit environmental organization with offices across the U.S.. CATF works to help safeguard against the worst impacts of climate change by catalyzing the rapid global development and deployment of low-carbon energy and other climate-protecting technologies through research and analysis, public advocacy leadership and partnership with the private sector. For more information, please visit www.catf.us.
Climate Action Network-Reseau action climat Canada is a coalition of more than 100 organizations that care about how a changing climate affects people, plants and wildlife. It works to advance solutions to managing carbon pollution through sustainable and equitable development.
The David Suzuki Foundation is a leading Canadian environmental non-profit organization that collaborates with Canadians from all walks of life, including government and business, to conserve the environment and find solutions to create a sustainable Canada through science-based research, education and policy work.
Environmental Defence (environmentaldefence.ca): Environmental Defence is Canada’s most effective environmental action organization. It challenges and inspires change in government, business and people to ensure a greener, healthier and prosperous life for all.
Environmental Defense Fund (edf.org) is a leading international non-profit organization that creates transformational solutions to the most serious environmental problems. EDF links science, economics, law and innovative private-sector partnerships. Connect with us on Twitter, Facebook, and our Energy Exchange, and Voices blogs.
Equiterre With more than 130,000 followers, 20,000 paying members and 1,953 media mentions (in 2014), Equiterre is Quebec’s most prominent environmental group and one of the most influential ENGOs federally. For over 20 years, Equiterre (legal name ASEED) has worked with citizens, farmers, organizations, think tanks, businesses, municipalities and governments of all stripes to influence environment and climate change policies and related practices in Quebec and Canada. Equiterre’s national policy work is led out of its Ottawa office.
The Pembina Institute is a non-profit think tank that advocates for strong, effective policies to support Canada’s clean energy transition. It has offices in Vancouver, Calgary, Edmonton, Toronto, and Ottawa. Learn more: www.pembina.org
Questor Technology Inc. is a public, international environmental cleantech company founded in late 1994 and headquartered in Calgary, Alberta, with field offices in Grande Prairie, Alberta; Brighton, Colorado; and Brooksville, Florida. The company is active in Canada, the United States, Europe and Asia and focuses on clean-air technologies that safely and cost-effectively improve air quality and support energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emission reductions. Questor provides high-efficiency waste gas combustion systems, as well as power-generation systems and water-treatment solutions utilizing waste heat. Its proprietary combustor technology is utilized worldwide in the effective management of methane, hydrogen sulphide gas (H2S), volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC’s), hazardous air pollutants (HAP’s) and BTEX gases, ensuring sustainable development, community acceptance and regulatory compliance. Questor and its subsidiary, ClearPower Systems, are providing solutions for landfill biogas, syngas, waste engine exhaust, geothermal and solar, cement plant waste heat, in addition to a wide variety of oil and gas projects in Canada and throughout the United States, Caribbean, Western Europe, Russia, Thailand, and Indonesia. With a focus on solid engineering design, its products enable clients to operate cost-effectively in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner. Questor trades on the TSX Venture Exchange under the symbol ‘QST’.
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5 Environmental Reasons to Consider Nissan Leaf
Buying a car is a huge decision. For most people, it requires a three to seven years of commitment. However, buying a car is more than just securing a means of transportation. For almost two decades, Hybrids have increased in sale revenue causing the auto industry to produce more of its kind. At the inception of hybrid cars, only one company monopolized the game. Fortunately, other companies have jumped on board and now there are more models and types. The reason for purchasing a hybrid has also evolved. In the early 2000s, it was a way to rebel against the rising gasoline prices. It further became enticing as the government decided to contribute to the hype and offer incentives like tax breaks and access to HOV freeway lanes. Amongst all the hype, there is one important reason to purchase a hybrid vehicle- the environmental benefits. Here are five straightforward, yet significant, reasons to buy a 2019 Nissan Leaf hybrid vehicle.
Reduce the Dependency on Gas
Unlike standard engines, Hybrids depend on both gas and electricity; consequently, depending on less gas consumption. The less gas you depend, the less you have to pump, the more money you save. This is how a hybrid battery power works; the power the car feels when you break goes back into the battery and stores it for the power to be used. The vehicle only uses gas when the battery is low. In other words, unlike an all-electric car, there’s no need to plug them. The electric motor also acts as a generator during deceleration and braking to continually recharge the batteries as you drive. This is because when the car is moving at a low speed, only the electrical motor will be in use. Their unique features give them mileages that are 20 to 30 percent greater than traditional vehicles.
The number one cause of global warming is carbon-based emission. Driving a hybrid car can lower the carbon-emission usage a great deal. Depending on the driver, a hybrid car will emit 25% to 90% less than a traditional gas engine car. Being that hybrid vehicles emit lower carbon-emissions, it produces more moderate levels of gas fumes from the exhausts, and contribute a lot less than internal combustion engine to create smog. The air will have higher levels of breathable oxygen and a lot cleaner because of hybrid vehicles. Imagine how cleaner the air will be if even 50% of the cars on the road were hybrids.
Better Gas Mileage
The most obvious reason to purchase a hybrid is the gas mileage. Hybrid cars contain two engines; the typical gasoline engine and either an electric or hydrogen engine. Hybrid vehicles can drive an average of five miles per gallon farther than their non-hybrid counterparts – an amount that could save the United States nearly two million barrels of oil on a daily basis. The new 2019 Nissan Leaf runs 124 gallons in the city and 99 gallons on the highway.
Depending on foreign oil has become very costly for America. Although there are domestic drilling opportunities, it comes with a dangerous potential of harming wildlife and nature. Because hybrids do not depend only on gasoline, the fuel consumption of the driver is less. If more people drive hybrid cars, then need to expand drilling will hopefully be diminished. We will be able to preserve our environment.
Limited Noise Pollution
I grew up in a city, so noise doesn't bother me, but in reality, sound can become a distraction and hinder our mental health. Ever enjoy a drive only to be bothered by a very noisy car next to you? Perhaps you have been wakened from a nap from an extremely loud exhaust from a car? When hybrid cars aren't using its gas engine, the motor is nearly silent. I remember carpooling with my friend, who drives a hybrid, and whenever we were at a stop sign, I thought her car died because it was so silent. Hybrids not only gives you a quiet ride while driving but also helps reduce the noise pollution to allow you - and others on the road- to enjoy the drive.
There’s never been a better time to choose a car that can help the environment while saving money. If you recall, the Nissan Leaf is recorded to have 124 gallons in the city and 99 gallons on the highway. Whichever type of car you decide to purchase, always do your research to help you choose the right vehicle for you. A car loan can be expensive and lengthy, so you want to be sure you will love your car. From hybrid cars to electric models and everything in between, you’re sure to find the smart and eco-friendly car choice for your situation.
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Farmers in top U.S. grain states are planning to rotate to other crops after repeated plantings of corn on the same fields, combined with a devastating drought in 2012, badly hurt yields.
Farmers in Iowa and Illinois, which accounted for almost 30 percent of U.S. corn production in 2012, are expected to shift some acreage that was seeded exclusively with corn over the past several years to soybeans this spring. They want to avoid another year of potentially significant losses as dry conditions persist, said agricultural market analysts and economists.
A move away from corn in those states may further drive up world food prices, which are already historically high, because corn stockpiles in the United States, the world's top exporter, are forecast to hit a 17-year low by the end of the summer.
Soaring corn prices, due in part to surging demand for ethanol, in recent years have encouraged a greater amount of corn being planted on the same land year-after-year despite the fact the practice depletes soil of nutrients and reduces yields.
Although corn plantings are expected to be near record highs nationwide in 2013, the loss of some acres in the most productive states could crimp U.S. yields.
Corn acres will shift from Iowa and Illinois to less-productive fields in North and South Dakota and the Mississippi Delta, raising the potential for lower yields overall, said Sterling Liddell, vice president of food and agribusiness research for agribusiness lending giant Rabobank.
The shift "could potentially be very supportive for prices because we're in such tight stock conditions with such little room for error," he said.
Iowa and Illinois could each see up to one million acres that have been devoted to corn production for the past several years switched to other crops in 2013, according to Rabobank.
That could mean a loss of up to 320 million bushels of corn from the 2013 harvest, based on the states' five-year average yields.
Farmers planted 14.2 million acres of corn in Iowa last year and 12.8 million acres in Illinois.
The United States harvested 10.8 billion bushels of corn in 2012, the smallest in six years. The U.S. government is expected to detail its forecast for the 2013 harvest and plantings in March.
Ongoing dryness and the need to reinvigorate soils will encourage farmers to retreat, at least temporarily, from corn-on-corn production, according to agronomists. Soybeans naturally add nitrogen, a key fertilizer, to the land.
More so than soybeans, corn has a greater need for moisture during a critical summertime stage of development, raising the risk for yield losses if moisture is absent during that time.
Rains in August boosted the size of last year's soybean crop but arrived too late in the summer to benefit the already-ravaged corn crop.
Forecasters have warned the drought will not abate in the coming months.
"Farmers are going to do their best to not do corn-on-corn any more than they have to," said Rich Guebert, vice president of the Illinois Farm Bureau, who said he had heard many farmers complain about dramatic yield losses from corn planted after corn.
Rodney Weinzierl, the executive director of the Illinois Corn Growers Association and a farmer in the state's No. 1 corn-producing county, plans to plant soybeans on land on which he has grown corn for the past three years.
The decision to reduce corn plantings "has a lot to do with moisture," said Weinzierl, adding that he was "trying to better understand" a 40 percent decline in yields last year for corn plantings in fields that also had corn in the previous year.
DROUGHT BURNS FARMERS
There has been a movement toward repeated plantings of corn in recent years. Acres planted with corn last year and the year before in Iowa and Illinois rose 6 percent to 9.8 million acres, according to agricultural data company Lanworth, a unit of Thomson Reuters.
Total corn plantings in the two states jumped 1 percent to 27 million acres.
"What people were banking on was that corn prices had gotten up there high enough that it was going to offset that yield reduction, but in fact it didn't," said Mike Duffy, agricultural economist at Iowa State University.
It can all make a big difference to farmers' incomes.
Duffy estimated an average yield of 165 bushels per acre for corn grown after corn in 2012 and 180 bushels for corn grown after soybeans.
In 2012, it cost $4.94 a bushel to produce corn grown after corn in Iowa, 70 cents more than it cost to grow corn grown after soybeans. The higher cost was due to reduced yields for repeated plantings and to the additional fertilizer needed to compensate for lost nutrients, Duffy said.
Yields for corn grown after corn take a particularly hard hit compared to corn grown after soybeans when weather conditions are poor, Duffy noted, adding that farmers who planted corn repeatedly on the same land said: "Well we got burned here. We don't want to do it again."
RECORD PLANTINGS NATIONWIDE?
Still, all signs point to U.S. farmers planting a historically large number of acres to corn in 2013 due to high corn prices.
Monsanto, the world's largest seed company, last week projected 96 million acres of corn will be planted, down 1 percent from a record high in 2012.
Rabobank predicted total plantings will rise 0.5 percent to 97.6 million acres - which would be the most since 101.95 million acres were planted in 1936 before the advent of soybeans.
(Reporting by Tom Polansek; editing by K.T. Arasu and Bob Burgdorfer)
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In the late 19th century, a greater understanding of disease led researchers to seek treatments to kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. This proved elusive until the accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. A culture plate of Staphylococcus bacteria from an experiment was left on his bench during a two-week vacation and became contaminated with Penicillium notatum mold. When Fleming returned and found the plate, he noticed that surrounding the yellow-green mold growth was a distinct clear halo. Since the Staphylococcus bacteria was able to grow across the plate except near the section contaminated with mold, Fleming postulated that Penicillium was somehow capable of inhibiting bacterial growth.
It took another 11 years for an Oxford University research team, under the guidance of biochemists Ernst Chain and Howard Florey, to isolate and purify penicillin. In a 1940 Lancet paper they reported that mice injected with a lethal dose of Streptococcus could be cured with penicillin. Initial testing on patients began immediately, and in a 1943 Lancet article Florey described incredible success using penicillin to treat wounded soldiers in North Africa. European production of penicillin was limited by fighting during World War II, but by D-Day, June 6, 1944, US pharmaceutical companies were able to produce enough penicillin to treat all wounded British and American troops. Penicillin quickly became a primary treatment for pneumonia, diphtheria, syphilis, gonorrhea, scarlet fever, and many other infections. For “the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases” Fleming, Chain, and Florey received the Noble Prize for Medicine in 1945.
Antibiotics are a broad class of chemicals that are capable of either inhibiting growth or killing bacteria. They interfere with metabolic processes necessary for bacteria to grow, but do not typically harm human cells. There are several different classes of antibiotics with a variety of molecular targets. For example, both penicillin and vancomycin, obstruct cell wall synthesis in gram-positive bacteria causing them to lyse. Because they only affect gram-positive bacteria, penicillin and vancomycin are considered “narrow spectrum” antibiotics. Tetracyclines, on the other hand, are “broad-spectrum” antibiotics that act on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria to impede protein production by binding to ribosomes and reducing their activity.
Following the discovery of penicillin from Penicillium mold, researchers were able to identify and isolate new antibiotics from soil bacteria and fungi. An article in the New England Journal of Medicine reported that between 1940 and 1970, ten entirely different classes of antibiotics, each with unique targets or modes of action were identified. However, from 1970 until the late 1990’s all new antibiotics were derivatives of these existing classes. For example, based on the chemical structure of penicillin, several synthetic variants have been produced that keep the pharmacologically active part of the chemical, but circumvent resistance by modifying other parts of the structure. Ampicillin and amoxicillin are penicillin-variants developed in this manner which also turned out to be broad-spectrum antibiotics.
A 2006 study in Nature Biotechnology found that since 1998 only four antibiotics exhibiting a new mechanism or significantly different chemical structure have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They also found that only six antibiotics were in phase 2 or phase 3 clinical trials as compared to 313 other drugs, and that only eight of fourteen major pharmaceutical companies they surveyed appeared to be conducting antibiotic research and development.
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Handmade Pentominoes Wooden Puzzle & Logic Game
The pentomino derives from the misinterpretation of the name domino, as if the „do” syllable were related to the number two. This is how tromino was created which consists 3 squares, teromino has 4 squares and then comes pentomino and hexomino.
Each pentomino consists 5 squares and that leads to 12 different shapes. The 12 pieces received a letter which refers to their shapes:
A standard pentomino puzzle is to tile a rectangular box with the pentominoes, i.e. cover it without overlap and without gaps. Each of the 12 pentominoes has an area of 5 unit squares, so the box must have an area of 60 units. Possible sizes are 6×10, 5×12, 4×15 and 3×20. The avid puzzler can probably solve these problems by hand within a few hours. A more challenging task, typically requiring a computer search, is to count the total number of solutions in each case.
This is played by 2 people on a gridded board, the optimal size is 8x8 grid. They divide pentiminoes between them (6 pieces for each), and then they take turns to put each piece down in a way the all parts of the pentominoes have to be on the grid.
The person who is not able to put down a pentomino loses.
This puzzle game comes in a 17 cm x 11 cm x 1.5 cm wooden box.
It is a clever gift idea for children and adults, women and men!
When we play games, we in fact role play real life situations. Playing games teaches us to live, in all cases. I think that is the reason some people can't or won't play: they forgot how to live. They don't even realize it, they slowly sink into the grey everydays.
These logic games are for all ages but especially for adults because they teach us to think like children: to think differently. We need to start to step off the well trained path and start to view things from a different angle.
Children usually solve these puzzles before adults because they don't try to overcomplicate them. They start one path, one way of thinking and if that doesn't work, they change paths. These toys are perfect for teaching that not everything is black and white, not everything is what it seems.
When you start playing, you will start searching for the solution and you won't be able to stop until you find it! One of the miracles these puzzles offer is that after a short while you will be able to switch off the world and enjoy the game for itself.
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If you’re concerned your child is consuming too many french fries, you may be relieved that a new study released at the Experimental Biology 2012 Annual meeting showed that calorie intake from white potatoes is actually modest for not only adults, but school-aged children as well.
According to Dr. Maureen Storey, Chief Executive Office for the science-based Alliance for Potato Research and Education (APRE), “school aged children consumed, on average, only three percent or less of calories per day from all types of white potatoes, including baked, boiled, mashed French fried and other mealtime preparation methods. And children consumed, on average, less than one percent of their daily caloric intake from white potatoes at school.”
Adults also appear to consume less calories from white potatoes, yet the decline in consumption isn’t quite defined. Interestingly enough though, government data shows that white potatoes aren’t the only vegetable in decline – in fact, total fruit and vegetable consumption has been declining throughout the last decade.
Perhaps part of the decline is the bad rap potatoes have gotten over the past few years. White potatoes are often associated with poor nutrition – not because they aren’t a nutrient dense food option, but because of some of the cooking methods often used to prepare them. French fries, potato chips, and loaded baked potato skins all have unhealthy qualities about them; however, the potato itself is actually a good source of vitamin B6, vitamin C, copper, potassium, manganese and dietary fiber.
The benefits of the white potato don’t stop there though. White potatoes are a nutritious and affordable option for most people. They are also incredibly versatile and can be easily incorporated into a variety of healthy dishes. In addition, most American’s struggle to meet their daily requirement of fiber and potassium on a regular basis – incorporating white potatoes into the diet is simply one way to possibly help individuals meet those needs.
And enjoying potatoes, white or otherwise, can be quite simple. Yet if you aren’t quite sure where to start, here are a few healthy potato options to get you going:
Add some herbs. Instead of flavoring your mashed potatoes with loads of butter, consider going light on the golden stuff and instead add flavor with a few of your favorite herbs. Chives is a favorite, but you can get creative with garlic, parsley, rosemary or basil.
Bake it with salsa. Baked potatoes can go from healthy to unhealthy very fast. Keep it healthy, by topping it with salsa, fresh veggies, non-fat yogurt and/or low-fat cheese.
Roast those spuds. If baked or mashed just isn’t your style, consider roasting your potatoes. Coat them lightly in olive oil and sprinkle with your favorite seasonings. Toss them in the oven, roast ‘em, and enjoy!
Grill it up. Cut up your potatoes into slices or wedges, brush over with olive oil, and place on the grill. Yep, its that easy and a great way to keep your spud healthy.
APRE’s research will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.
The Alliance for Potato Research and Education (APRE) is 100% dedicated to expanding translating scientific research into evidence-based policy and education initiatives that recognize the role of all forms of the potato-a nutritious vegetable-in promoting health for all age groups.
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About this Research Topic
Unfavorable soils (low supply of nutrients, high levels of toxic elements, salinity, compaction) and climatic (drought, waterlogging, high temperature, low temperature) conditions reduce plant and crop productivity. Low fertility soils, and extreme weather events resulting from climate change, are a major threat to global food security. Plants have evolved sophisticated adaptive mechanisms to withstand the multiple abiotic stresses to which they are exposed. Plants depend on their root system responses for their survival in nature, and their yield and nutritional quality in agriculture.
Most studies examining plant adaptation to abiotic stress conditions are undertaken by applying a single stress condition and analyzing the different physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects of plant acclimation. This contrasts to the conditions that occur in nature where crops and other plants are routinely subjected to a combination of different abiotic stresses. A good example of combined soil stress is the co-occurrence of aluminum toxicity and phosphorus deficiency in acid soils, particularly in the tropics. An example of a combined climatic stress is the co-occurrence of drought and heat stresses during summer. The effect of combined stress factors on crops and plants is not always additive due to the nature of interactions between the stress factors which dictate the final outcome.
Root systems are complex, and a variety of traits have been identified over the past decade that contribute to adaptation to individual and/or multiple stress factors. Recent studies now suggest that aluminum resistance can exert pleiotropic effects on phosphorus acquisition, potentially expanding the role of aluminum resistance on plant adaptation to acid soils. Thus pleiotropy could be a genetic linkage between aluminum resistance and low phosphorus tolerance. Understanding the mechanisms by which plants adapt to combined stress factors is critical for creating efficient genetic and agronomic strategies to develop cultivars for the sustainable intensification of production systems.
This Research Topic addresses the way root systems respond to individual and combined abiotic stress factors, including soil and climatic stress conditions. We emphasize the adaptations occurring in roots at the molecular, biochemical, physiological and morphological levels that contribute to plant performance.
In this Research Topic, we aim to provide an on-line, open-access snapshot of the current knowledge on root adaptations to multiple stress factors. We will build a collection of articles tackling root system responses to individual and combined abiotic (soil and climatic) stress factors using multiple approaches, and at multiple levels (molecular, biochemical, physiological, morphological, agronomical). We particularly welcome manuscripts dealing with the following topics:
- Alterations in root system structure and function
- Acquisition of water and nutrients
- Root level alterations in metabolites, proteins, and genes
- Molecular mechanisms of resistance or tolerance
- Adaptive root responses to combined stress factors
- Phenotyping methods to identify plants with superior performance
We warmly welcome the following article types: original research articles, reviews of specific topics, articles formulating opinions, and short communications on innovative phenotyping methods to evaluate germplasm.
Keywords: Nutrient deficiency, Water stress, Heat stress, Salinity, Acid soil stress, Metabolic changes, Gene regulation, Protein regulation, Root system architecture, Deep rooting, Yield
Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.
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Making extensive use of archival and other primary sources, David Schorr demonstrates that the development of the “appropriation doctrine,” a system of private rights in water, was part of a radical attack on monopoly and corporate power in the arid West. Schorr describes how Colorado miners, irrigators, lawmakers, and judges forged a system of private property in water based on a desire to spread property and its benefits as widely as possible among independent citizens. He demonstrates that ownership was not dictated by concerns for economic efficiency, but by a regard for social justice.Gregory S. Alexander, Cornell Law School, blurbs: “This is an extremely important contribution not only to American legal history but to economic history and to legal theory generally. Schorr’s idea that the prior appropriation doctrine created as anti-commons for purposes of distributive justice is completely original and highly important.”
Wednesday, November 7, 2012
Schorr's "Colorado Doctrine"
The Colorado Doctrine: Water Rights, Corporations, and Distributive Justice on the American Frontier, by David Schorr, senior lecturer at Tel Aviv University, where he chairs the Law and Environment Program at the Faculty of Law. The press explains:
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- If you can't think, you can't write.
- If you don't think before you write, you could end up spewing verbiage that remains an unfinished draft that doesn't captivate readers or audience.
- If you don't develop critical thinking skills, your expressions could wander around aimlessly and lack depth.
- Without creative thinking skills, your writing unique writing voice will not be expressed.
Developing your creative and critical thinking skills will enhance your writing before you put words on the page. Consider outlining, mapping or even making notes before you begin, even if you find a need to veer in a different direction.
The map is not the territory.
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In 1939 Lewin together with two of his doctoral students published the results of an experiment of significant historical importance. The investigators had arranged to have the same adults play different leadership roles while directing matched groups of children. The adults attempted to establish particular climates-that is, social environmental conditions-of democratic, autocratic, or completely laissez-faire leadership. The reactions of the children in the groupswere carefully observed, and detailed notes were taken on the patterns of social interaction that emerged. Although the experiment itself had many deficiencies, it demonstrated that something as nebulous as a democratic social climate could be created under controlled laboratory conditions.
The originality and success of this research had a liberating effect on other investigators. By the end of World War II, an outpouring of experimental research involving the manipulation of temporary social environments through laboratory stagecraft began. At the same time, important advances occurred in nonexperimental, or field, research in social psychology. The objective rather than the speculative study of social behavior is the current trend in social psychology.
Research Areas. Social psychology shares many concerns with other disciplines, especially with sociology and cultural anthropology. The three sciences differ, however, in that whereas the sociologist studies social groups and institutions and the anthropologist studies human cultures, the social psychologist focuses attention on how social groups, institutions, and cultures affect the behavior of the individual. The major areas of research in social psychology are the following.
Socialization. Social psychologists who study the phenomena of socialization, meaning the process of being made fit or trained for a social environment, are interested in how individuals learn the rules governing their behavior toward other persons in society, the groups of which they are members, and individuals with whom they come into contact. Questions dealing with how children learn language, sex role, moral and ethical principles, and appropriate behavior in general have come under intensive investigation. Also widely studied are the methods by which adults learn to adapt their patterns of behavior when they are confronted by new situations or organizations.
Attitudes and Attitude Change. Attitudes have generally been regarded as learned predispositions that exert some consistent influence on responses toward objects, persons, or groups. Attitudes are usually seen as the products of socialization and therefore as modifiable. Because the behavior of a person toward others is often, although not always, consistent with his or her attitudes toward them, the investigation of how attitudes are formed, how they are organized in the mind, and how they are modified has been considered of great practical as well as theoretical importance.
The discovery that attitudes follow from behavior as well as vice versa emerges from the well-tested assumption that people desire to preserve logical consistency in their views of themselves and their environments. A number of theories of cognitive consistency have become important in social psychological thinking. These theories stress the idea that individuals have a personal stake in believing that their own thoughts and actions are in agreement with one another, and that perceiving inconsistency between one's actions and thoughts leads to attempts to reduce the inconsistency. Through research, social psychologists attempt to understand the conditions under which people notice an inconsistency and the conditions under which they will attempt to reduce it by changing significant attitudes. Studies support the consistency-theory prediction that the attitudes of a person about a group of people can often be changed by inducing the person to change his or her behavior toward the group; the attitude change represents the efforts of the person to bring his or her ideas about the group into agreement with how he has just acted toward its members.
Social Affiliation, Power, and Influence. The factors that govern whether and with whom people will affiliate, as well as whether and how they will attempt to influence or be influenced by others, have received much attention by social psychologists. Researchers have determined, for example, that if people are unsure of how they should feel or behave in response to a new or unpleasant situation, they will seek the company of others who may be able to provide the lacking information. Social psychologists have also found that firstborn and only children are generally more inclined to join groups throughout their lives than are those born later.
Group Structure and Functioning. Social psychologists have studied many issues related to questions of how the group and the individual affect one another, including problems of leadership functions, styles, and effectiveness. Social psychologists investigate the conditions under which people or groups resolve their conflicts cooperatively or competitively and the many consequences of those general modes of conflict resolution. Research is conducted also to determine how the group induces conformity and how it deals with deviant members.
Personality and Society. Some social psychologists are particularly concerned with the development and consequences of stable individual differences among people. Differences in the degree of achievement motivation have been found to be measurable and to have important consequences for how a person behaves in various social situations. Systems of attitudes toward authority, such as the notion of the authoritarian personality, have been found to relate to attitudes toward ethnic minorities and to certain aspects of social behavior. A personality syndrome known as Machiavellianism, named after the Italian
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Potential Project Description for 2010-11
Title: Prairie restoration: combining laboratory, field and statistical methods to enhance success
Domain Experts: Diane Angell, Biology; Kathy Shea, Biology
Prairie restoration: combining laboratory, field and statistical methods to enhance success Prairies are one of the most endangered biomes. In Minnesota, as in many other states the deep rich soils of the prairie were plowed up to cultivate corn, soy and other crops. In order to restore landscapes, time and energy is spent reconstructing prairies on lands that were once cultivated. Understanding how soils affect the germination and early seedling growth of prairie plants is therefore important. Soils that have been cultivated for many years have lost soil organic matter leading to a depletion of terrestrial carbon and nitrogen pools (Knops and Tilman 2000; Camill et al. 2004).
In ecology courses, students are collecting experimental data in growth chambers on the relative success of two species of prairie plant, in soils taken from a remnant prairie, a cultivated field, and a restored prairie. We are interested in whether cultivated soils are as conducive to prairie plant germination and growth as soils that support a rich set of prairie species. In some of the class projects half of the soil from each soil type has been sterilized to determine if rhizosphere differences are responsible for any observed variation. An immediate increase in soil carbon with the post-restoration of prairie plant species is thought to be influenced by the formation of microbial byproducts (McLauchlan, Hobbie and Post 2006). The experiment is set up as a 3x2x2 factorial design at the pot level, with data collected longitudinally. Basic data analysis is based on fixed effects analysis of variance by species with soil type and sterilization as fixed effects, but CIR students will have a chance to contribute to the research problem by conducting statistics workshops for ecology students, offering advice on the experimental design, and bringing more powerful statistical modeling tools to the data analysis, including mixed effects models, longitudinal data models, and survival analysis. Statistics students will analyze data collected in multiple years and look for any patterns in germination and growth of two prairie species with distinctive life history characteristics in different soil types.
Camill, P., M. J. McKone, S. T. Sturges, W. J. Severud, E. Ellis, J. Limmer, C. B. Martin, R. T.Navratil, Knops, J. M. H. and D. Tilman. 2000. Dynamics of soil nitrogen and carbon accumulation for 61 years after agricultural abandonment. Ecology 8:88-98.
McLauchlan, K.K., S. E. Hobbie, and W. M. Post. 2006. Conversion from agriculture to grassland builds soil organic matter on decadal timescales. Ecological Applications 16:143-153.Contact: Diane Angell (Biology), Kathy Shea (Biology)
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MOD E UNIT 4 THEORY
Home > Preview
The flashcards below were created by user
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
B-cells mature in the
T-cells mature in the
Digests microorganisms and assists in allergic reactions
Collective label for T & B cells
Lymph nodes become swollen and tender due to increased activity during perios of _______________, not because of ______________.
- NOT because of edema
What is MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Works like a fingerprint on a cell to identify "self"
Antibodies are also called?
Type of immunoglobulin that kills bacteria?
Helper T-cells that activate B- cells and other T-cells?
Immune response may be infected by?
Mental & emotional health (stress)
Type of Immunity that develops when a person makes their own immunity?
A blood test to determine of antibodies are present before giving a vaccine?
Healthcare workers should get caccinated against HBV?
How long may an infected HIV person carry the virus before symptoms begin to show?
An infection that would not normally cause disease in a person with a strong immune system- often resistant to treatment.
Negative ELISA test is not considered conclusive and are also not confirmed by the?
A change in bowel or bladder habits, a sore that does not heal, and unusual bleeding or discharge may be warning symptoms of? (Multiple choice question on test)
Treatment for what includes: (KNOW ALL 5)
Analgesic for pain
Antihistamines for allergy symptoms
Antidepressants for sleep and fatigue
Avoiding physical and emotional stress
Chronic Fatigue Symdrome
A chronic disease of unkown causes, inflamming various parts of the body, that women are 9 times more likely to get than men
Chronic systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease that affects joints and surrounding muscles, tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels?
What would you like to do?
Home > Flashcards > Print Preview
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06.06.2018 | A challenge for the Kompogas plants
More and more often plastic bags and other plastic waste are found in the green waste of towns and communities. This is a major problem for the recycling of biowaste and thus for the production of biogas and fertilizer: The plastic can only be separated from the rest manually if at all, with great difficulties. Plastic in fertilizer means plastic on vegetable fields.
Organic kitchen waste, coffee grounds, eggshells - yes. Plastic, ash, metal - no. However, the biggest problem in biowaste separation are the plastic bags. Clean energy and fertilizer can only be produced if all people help to separate the plastic from the green waste.
What really belongs in the green bin and what not - summarized in the info sheet (German).
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Members visit free all year! Purchase and visit today.
Avoid the line! Print your tickets at home.
Karl: Male, born August 27, 2004 at Buffalo Zoo, and came to Philadelphia on January 13, 2005. Karl can be found in the Small Mammal House rotunda sharing an exhibit with the two-toed sloths.
Our agoutis share an exhibit in the Small Mammal House with the two-toed sloths. They are usually seen scurrying around the floor and foraging for bits of food that the sloths drop.
Small Mammal House
Agoutis are rodents with glossy, coarse fur that ranges from reddish brown to almost black. The hair on the rump is longer than the rest and can be held erect much like a porcupine’s quills when the animal is frightened. Their bodies are slender and their rear legs are longer than their front, which gives them a characteristic crouched stance. They are quite agile and move easily through the thick undergrowth. Their ears are round and hairless, and they have very short, hairless tails that are little more than a stub.
There is little information available on their lifespan in the wild. In captivity they can reach into their mid to late teens.
Agoutis are primarily diurnal (active during the day) although they may be active at night if the moon is bright or if there is human disturbance in the area. They appear to have poor night vision, so prefer to forage during the day. Agoutis forage in pairs or small groups to help them keep a lookout for danger. They communicate by stamping their hind feet like a rabbit, but they also vocalize with grunts and squeals. They are wary and quick and their streamlined bodies are well adapted to running through dense cover.
Agoutis are monogamous and live in pairs or small groups consisting of an adult pair and their recent offspring. The adults hold and defend a territory, although they will shift their ranges based on the availability of food. Agoutis have 1-3 offspring after a 104-120 day gestation. The young are precocial (fully furred with eyes open) and can run within an hour of birth. The adults spend a long period of time raising their offspring, who may stay with them for over 20 weeks.
Length 20 – 25”
Weight 6.6 – 10 lbs
The agouti is an herbivore consuming mainly fallen fruit and nuts in the wild. At the Zoo, agoutis are offered a base diet of commercial herbivore food that provides the majority of nutrients the animal requires. The enrichment portion of the diet includes a variety of fruit and vegetables and, of course, Brazil nuts!
Agoutis are common over large parts of South America and occupy a wide range of habitats as long as good cover is available.
3400 W GIRARD AVEPHILADELPHIA, PA 19104
COPYRIGHT ©2014PHILADELPHIA ZOOALL RIGHTS RESERVED
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Jupiter’s first moons were discovered by Italian scientist Galileo Galilei in 1610. However, more and more moons have been discovered since. This means that we’re just barely scratching the surface behind the mysteries of this great gas giant.
In July of 2018, scientists discovered 10 new moons around Jupiter, which brings the number of moons now to 79.
Of the new moons, one seems to have a strange orbit that could help astronomers figure out how the moons of Jupiter were formed.
Scott Sheppard of Carnegie Institution for Science has been on the lookout for Planet Nine, which is theorized to exist in the far reaches of the Solar System. By chance, Sheppard’s team saw Jupiter in orbit in 2017, whereupon the Blanco 4-meter telescope Sheppard being used caught sight of strange objects moving around the gas giant. The telescope was fit for spotting new moons due to its built-in camera. This makes taking photos of Jupiter’s skies is easier, thus increasing the chances of finding more moons and other floating objects.
There was one moon that caught their eye, Valetudo. Sheppard gave the name, and the moon was shown to be moving in a different direction from the rest. Most moons orbit in a similar way to the others near them. The four Galilean moons closest to Jupiter follow the same direction as the rotation of the planet in what is called a prograde orbit. The outer moons do the opposite, a retrograde orbit, and this pattern has been observed in the new moons, except Valetudo. Theories suggest that Valetudo might have gone through a head-on collision long ago or that it was a leftover of a larger moon that rammed into another satellite. Collision causes chunks of larger moons to form as separate moons.
This find tells us a lot about how the early solar system was. Before the giant planets were formed, the system was a large disk of dust and gas surrounding the Sun, which was still at its infancy. Sheppard notes that the moons could be leftovers of the giant planets after they had fully formed.
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Personal Protective Technology Program
DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2018-155
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Personal Protective Technology (PPT) Program advances the application and knowledge of PPT to keep workers safe. Technologies include respirators, protective clothing, gloves, eye, fall and hearing protection, hard hats, and sensors to detect hazardous substances. The PPT Program includes the NIOSH respirator approval program, PPT research, evaluations and interventions to support the following NIOSH strategic goals.
NIOSH . Personal Protective Technology Program. By Coffey, C., D’Alessandro, M., Williams, W., Reeves, K., and Novicki, E. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2018–155, https://doi.org/10.26616/NIOSHPUB2018155external icon
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5.3 An Application of Exponents: Scientific Notation.
Numbers occurring in science are often extremely large (as the distance from Earth to sun, 93,000,000 mi) or extremely small (wavelength of yellow-green light, approx. 0.0000006 m). Due to the difficulty of working with many zeros, scientists often express such numbers with exponents, using a form called scientific notation.
A number is written in scientific notation when it is expressed in the form
where 1 ≤ |a| < 10 and n is an integer.
A number in scientific notation is always written with the decimal point after the first nonzero digit an then multiplied by the appropriate power of 10. For example 56,200 is written 5.62 × 104, since
Writing a Number in Scientific Notation the distance from Earth to sun, 93,000,000 mi) or extremely small (wavelength of yellow-green light, approx. 0.0000006
To write a number in scientific notation, follow these steps.
Step 1:Move the decimal point to the right of the first nonzero digit.
Step 2:Count the number of places you moved the decimal point.
Step 3:The number of places in Step 2 is the exponent on 10.
The exponent is negative if you moved the decimal to the right.(Original Number was a Small Number)
The exponent is positive if you moved the decimal to the left. (Original Number was a Large Number)
Write in scientific notation.
The exponent is positive if the original number is “large”.
Likewise, the exponent will be negative if the original if the original
number is “small”.
Write without exponents.
CALC? exponents.EXAMPLE 3
Perform each calculation. Write answers in scientific notation and also without exponents.
The speed of light is approximately 3.0 × 105 km per sec. How far does light travel in 6.0 × 101 sec?
Light would travel 18,000,000 km in 60 seconds.
If the speed of light is approximately 3.0 × 105 km per sec, how many seconds does it take light to travel approximately 1.5 × 108 km from the sun to Earth?
It would take 500 seconds for light from the sun to reach Earth.
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Satellite Images Reveal How Beaches Around The Pacific Vanish During La Niña
Surfers, particularly those living on Australia’s East Coast, are well aware of the surf conditions wrought by La Niña. Three consecutive summers have shown just what the climate driver known as ‘the little girl’ is capable of.
The causal chain goes something like this: During La Niña stronger than normal tradewinds blow across the Pacific towards Australia, warm water piles up on our eastern shore, this creates an increase in tropical activity including easterly winds, which in turn leads to a surfeit of easterly swell across the whole Eastern Seaboard.
However, the causal chain doesn’t end there. It may not be quite as exciting to surfers, but all that La Niña swell energy then leaves its mark on the coast. To wit, the shoreline erodes. Without time to recover, the coast’s natural buffer - i.e beach sand - is transported from the beaches to the ocean.
When it happens, the media usually focuses on erosion hotspots such as Wamberal and Collaroy, however a recent study by four Sydney scientists has shown that almost all beaches become thinner during La Niña. Meanwhile, on the other side of the Pacific, beaches in California and South America expand as sand piles up under ideal conditions.
Flick the switch to El Nino and the opposite becomes true: Beaches in Australia recover and expand in width, while those on the Pacific’s eastern rim begin to erode under sustained storm activity. It’s no coincidence that the very best Hawaiian seasons have been shown to coincide with El Nino.
At the heart of the research, which was led by Kilian Vos, was access to millions of satellite images taken over the last forty years. The scientists created a timeline of aerial imagery, and then set it against the ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) cycle over the past four decades to confirm their suspicions.
To date, scientists have relied on either anecdotal evidence or a hodgepodge of sources to understand coastal cycles. Access to satellite imagery provides them with a consistent, long term source of information, which is necessary for scientific confirmation.
The scientists concerned have both released a paper on their findings, and also created a website, CoastSat, which tracks coastal changes across thousands of beaches in the Pacific Rim.
According to Dr Mitchell Harley, one of the four scientists who worked on the project, the findings are “a very powerful tool for coastal councils and State Governments.”
With the current level of knowledge, La Niña can be predicted with a high degree of confidence from six to twelve months out. Rather than being reactive, “they [councils and governments] can now see how the coastline will respond,” says Dr Harley, “and be proactive by taking early measures to protect the coast.”
“This might mean boosting their staff levels,” adds Dr Harley, “shifting their resources, or protecting equipment assets.”
There’s also a project planning perspective, whereby existing or planned projects will have to be considered in the context of a soon-to-be altered coastline.
Even sand nourishment, which has been the classic last ditch effort by councils having their coastline battered, can be organised in advance. Perhaps dumped early as a preventative measure, rather than later as a cure.
Though such planning springboards off the back of Dr Harley’s work, there are other more compelling - read: scientific - aspects of the research. “In the scientific community,” says Dr Harley, “there’s conjecture that the cyclical nature of ENSO may be changing.”
And this is the big thing. Now that the scientists have a solid database to work off, all future ENSO cycles can be compared against the past.
“It gives us the power to understand what’s happening with the ENSO cycles, “ says Dr Harley.
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In the book and now movie, The Martian, the astronaut Mark Watney must survive alone on Mars for what could be up to three years. In an incredible stroke of luck, it turns out he’s a botanist. And that knowledge really comes in handy because it keeps him alive.
I’m also a botanist. And I’m an indie game developer. And this is the story of my sci-fi game about plants, Solarium. (‘Mars, Melons and Mashed Potatoes’ was an alternative title, but that’s neither here nor there.)
Let me ask you a question… are you plant blind? In all likelihood the answer is yes. Plant blindness is defined as the inability of people to notice plants in their environment. From a botanist’s point of view this is very unfortunate. It leads to a sense of apathy and detachment from the plant world and is a primary reason for the lack of appreciation of the importance of plants to life on earth. And I can tell you with absolute certainty that our survival on Earth is as dependent on plants as was Mark’s survival on Mars.
So, what to do about plant blindness? The obvious answer is to make plants interesting. This I did in my visits to primary schools – the sheer joy on the faces of first-graders when plants and their associated fauna (insects, fungi, worms) are presented in a fun and interactive way is amazing. But with adults, it’s a harder sell, and not easy to do when things like sports, travel, movies, and video games seem so much more fun. Hmm… video games.
In Solarium, you’re in a distant future in a distant galaxy. A race of aliens has cooperated with earthlings to explore the galaxies and document all forms of life for preservation, just in case their home worlds are destroyed. It’s called the Solarium Initiative. The DNA is taken to an intergalactic botanical study centre where each environment is painstakingly reconstructed. You are a botanist-in-training from earth, and you must visit the Earth environments to learn about their plants before setting out on an actual expedition. You answer skill-testing questions, earn points, overcome challenges, and then build your own custom garden of beautiful and strange plants. And in the process, hopefully reduce your plant blindness.
Some points about the game:
- A sci-fi setting was chosen to attract maximum attention. After all, who can resist sci-fi?
- The player is not given a tutorial or a massive set of instructions. This is quite deliberate. Rather, players must explore the Botanical Study Centre and accompanying modules to gain an understanding of why they are there and what they must do.
- Every effort is made to be gender- and race-inclusive. There is also CC for the hearing impaired.
- The game has a unique and original music score.
- Humour has been sprinkled throughout.
- Voice-overs in the form of student narration are used here and there to help the story along.
- We have made every effort to be botanically-correct in terms of environment, knowledge-testing questions, and plant models. However, with respect to the latter, a limited budget precluded the hiring of a graphic artist to custom-build 3D models.
And some points of general interest…
- This game is a family affair. I worked with the game engine and wrote the code, my son did the 2d artwork and helped with the story line, and my brother composed most of the music score (the rest was bought).
- Although some 3d models came from TurboSquid, most are from the Unity Asset Store. What a godsend. Textures were from wherever I could get them.
- In 2013, I attended the Unite conference in Vancouver. I learned in pretty short order that this was no botanical conference. It was a blast and it encouraged me to keep going on the game.
So there you have it, the story of Solarium. I’d be grateful if you gave it a go. You might be too – perhaps you’ll end up stranded on Mars some day with only a few potatoes on hand.
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The prisoner's dilemma, in real life SARAH PAVIS · AUG 08 2013
You might have hear of the prisoner's dilemma, a classic example in game theory showing why individuals might not cooperate. But what you probably don't know is the name comes from a thought experiment. No one had ever actually tested it on real prisoners. Until now. From Max Nisen at Business Insider Australia:
Surprisingly, for the classic version of the game, prisoners were far more cooperative than expected.
Menusch Khadjavi and Andreas Lange put the famous game to the test for the first time ever, putting a group of prisoners in Lower Saxony's primary women's prison, as well as students through both simultaneous and sequential versions of the game.
The payoffs obviously weren't years off sentences, but euros for students, and the equivalent value in coffee or cigarettes for prisoners.
They expected, building off of game theory and behavioural economic research that show humans are more cooperative than the purely rational model that economists traditionally use, that there would be a fair amount of first-mover cooperation, even in the simultaneous simulation where there's no way to react to the other player's decisions.
And even in the sequential game, where you get a higher payoff for betraying a cooperative first mover, a fair amount will still reciprocate.
As for the difference between student and prisoner behaviour, you'd expect that a prison population might be more jaded and distrustful, and therefore more likely to defect.
The results went exactly the other way for the simultaneous game, only 37% of students cooperate. Inmates cooperated 56% of the time.
A great example of the prisoner's dilemma in action can be seen in this clip from the British game show, Golden Balls. If you can get past the ridiculous name of the show, this illustrates the tension between opposing parties very well:
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With so many dog breeds around, it can be confusing to try to figure out which is what when it comes to telling some of the similar breeds apart. One example of this complexity is the distinction between miniature and toy dogs. The two types are definitely distinct, but the details and the differences between one and the other vary by the specific breed of dog. In order to determine which category a dog falls into, it is usually necessary to look at the individual breed standards.
The American Kennel Club divides dogs into groups based on various temperamental characteristics, such as sporting, working and herding dogs. The club also recognizes a Toy Group, a group that in 2012 consisted of 21 different breeds. Some of these breeds may have larger varieties of the animal, such as the poodle, while others stand alone, such as the Chihuahua and the Maltese. The breeds that make up this group are the smallest dogs in the AKC, with some exceptions; and they generally do not have a limit on how small they can be -- only a restriction on maximum size.
Miniature dogs are generally larger than toy breeds but are smaller than standard-size dogs of the same breed. Each breed sets its own standards for how big a miniature should be. For example, a miniature Australian shepherd is between 14 inches and 18 inches tall while a miniature poodle is between 10 inches and 15 inches in height. Toy dogs are smaller than miniatures, and standard dogs are larger. In the Australian shepherd and poodle breeds, as with many others, the only distinction between the standard, miniature and toy varieties is the size.
A teacup dog of any breed is the smallest possible version of that dog. The American Kennel Club does not have a teacup category, but in most of the toy breeds a very small dog, usually one under 4 lbs., is called a teacup, though thats an informal designation. As an example, according to the AKC, the poodle exists in standard, miniature and toy sizes, but the description for toy poodles calls for any dog under 10 inches in height. That means that even the very tiny teacups qualify as toy poodles for show, registration and breeding purposes.
While many breeds base acceptable size on the height of a dog at the withers, this is not true of all breeds. Some types, such as the Chihuahua, specify a body type but do not place a limit on how tall the dog can be. Instead, breed standards for some dogs call for a weight limit, and dogs over that limit are disqualified from the show ring. In the case of the Chihuahua, for example, if a dogs weight is over 6 lbs. it cannot be shown.
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In my previous two posts I’ve written about different kinds of prevention (eg, primary, secondary, etc as well as vaccination which is a form of primary prevention). In this post I am going to talk about a couple of different things relating to prevention.
The first is that there are preventative measures which sometimes fall into more than one category. By this I mean that if we counsel someone to change their diet and exercise more because they’ve had a heart attack, give them aspirin, a statin, etc. that we’re engaging in tertiary prevention. However if they are on their way to becoming diabetic but because of the change in diet and increase the amount of exercise they do, and therefore lower their risk of Diabetes Mellitus, then one could argue that’s primary prevention (or secondary if they have metabolic syndrome…).
I’m a firm believer in using medication to lower cholesterol, blood pressure, etc when and if appropriate. However, I think we give short shrift to diet, exercise and sleeping enough as preventative measures to prevent or delay multiple medical problems. Even if someone needs to be on medication, lifestyle changes are important to keep up. Exercise and diet do not become less important just because someone’s started medication. One recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine comparing intensive lifestyle changes+usual care as compared to usual care did not reduce death. However there was evidence for a better quality of life and less need for medication, at least early on. There is a lot of evidence that enough exercise and good dietary practices can prevent and delay Diabetes. And for those that are cost conscious, a half an hour a day of walking is a lot cheaper than most medications!
There is a push by some physicians to actually prescribe exercise the same way we prescribe medications. Books have even been published on the matter!!
- ‘Take five long walks and call me next week’ (vancouversun.com)
- Seniors At Risk Of Heart Disease May Benefit From Statins; Can Cholesterol-Lowering Drugs Reduce Patients’ Mortality Rate? (medicaldaily.com)
- Older, generic drugs not just the cheaper option (sirio-medicine.com)
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• Coloured in white, water soluble, odourless fertilizer which contains 46 kg nitrogen in 100 kg norm.
• Urea provides the highest nitrogen content among other chemical fertilizers.
• It’s agriculturtal value is great.
• Directly effects the plants as a nutritional source, which helps crops to be rich and qulified.
• Has minor corrosive impact on agricultural devices.
• Cost less than other types of fertilizers from the point of unit nitrogen content.
• Could be applied to soil in various way such as sprey application, speading or in irrigation water.
• As it is highly water soluble, it’s nitrogen content can be easily absorbed by the plants.
• Has a positive impact on increase in length of plants. Also increase the fructification.
• Has a positive impact on root development of plants.
• Plant development deteriorates and root becomes slim through the lack of nitrogen.
Also, bottom leafs of the plants turn yellow. If the absence of nitrogen continious, leafs turn brown and die.
• As its nitrogen content can be immediatelly absorbed by plants, nitrogen needs cannot be supplied contiously. Therefore, other nitrate based fertilizers, such as CAN26% OR an33%, should be used as ground fertilizer.
• Keep it out from fire and heat sources.
• Store the packaged materials in piles. The height of the piles should not be more than 15 bags. Also, there should be grilles that can drift apart the bags from floor and there should be minimum 1 m distance between two piles.
• The storage place should be dry and well-ventilated.
• Do not smoke in storage place and do not use fire.
• Keep the product away from direct sun light in order to avoid physical deterioration comes from heat.
• Do not store the product in humid environment.
• The storage doors should be kept close, especially where humudity and temperature difference between day and night is high.
• Use gloves when handling long term.
• Stricktly, do not store it in same place with urea.
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Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in Idaho
According to the National Vital Statistic System which tracks TBI’s in America, there are approximately 2.5 million people who suffer a traumatic brain injury (TBI) a year.
WHAT IS TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI)?
The TBI ranges in severity from mild to moderate to severe depending on whether the victim of injury has a brief change in mental state to an extended period of unconsciousness or amnesia following the injury.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can be caused by a direct blow or jolt to the head. It may occur from either a closed head injury (an injury when the head violently strikes an object like a window in an auto accident or when the head hits the floor following a slip and fall) or a penetrating wound to the head.
The brain is comprised of over a thousand billion neurons that work in concert, and provides us with capacity to reason, feelings and emotions and our ability to comprehend the world around us. The brain, like a memory chip, provides us with the capacity for short term and long term memory. When a person sustains a traumatic brain injury, deficits in any number of categories may emerge that require immediate diagnosis and treatment.
WHAT ARE THE DISABILITIES COMMONLY ASSOCIATED WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY?
There are a variety of disabilities that may arise following a traumatic brain injury including problems associated with "cognitive function" such as thinking, memory and reasoning. Another common problem associated with traumatic brain injury is are deficits in sensory processing and perception including the capacity for sight, hearing, smell, taste and touching. A persons ability to communicate may be affected in both expression and understanding. Lastly, a person’s behavior and mental health can be altered significantly including personality changes, social inappropriateness arising from depression, anxiety and aggression.
Left untreated and unaddressed, victims of traumatic brain injury oftentimes undergo significant changes in relationships both in marriage, friendships and jobs. associations.
Symptoms from traumatic brain injury or trauma can take within days to weeks to manifest themselves. Approximately 40% of the TBI patients develop symptoms associated with "Postconcussion Sydrome" or PCS. A patient may not have suffered from loss of consciousness or even a concusion to develop PCS, but many mild TBI patients suffer from it.
The symptoms include headache, vertigo (a sensation of objects spinning around the patient), dizziness, lack of the ability to concentrate, memory (either short term or long term) difficulties, sleeping disorders, irritability or restlessness, depression, apathy or anxiety.
Both physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of TBI along with a neuro-psychologist should be considered in developing a treatment plan for the TBI patient.
The most common deficit associated with TBI is memory loss which includes the loss of recall of specific events in a person’s life and the inability to remember new ones. Some TBI patients develop "post-traumatic amnesia (PTA), either anterograde or retrograde. Anterograde PTA is a person’s impaired memory of events that happen after the brain injury occurs. Retrograde PTA is a person’s impaired memory of events that occur before the brain injury occurs.
Many times a victim of personal injury will consult with an attorney with questions concerning not having been properly diagnosed or treated for symptoms that manifest after the victim was treated in the emergency room, because neither the patient or the family are aware of the resources available for the diagnosis and treatment. They oftentimes mistakenly believe that "time heals all wounds."
The problem with failing to address the deficits of TBI is the delay in without proper diagnosis and treatment is that it increases the loss associated with the injury.
WHAT TREATMENT IS AVAILABLE IN IDAHO FOR THE TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) PATIENT?
The National Institute of Health recommends that victims of traumatic brain injury have an individualized rehabilitation program arranged based upon the patient's strengths and capacities and that rehabilitation services should be modified over time to adapt to the patient's changing needs. The rehabilitation program involves the skill of a number of specialists including physical medicine (physiatry), physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, psychology/psychiatry, and social support.
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO MINIMIZE THE RISK OF HAVING A TBI?
Auto accidents account for 17.3% of all traumatic brain injury (TBI) cases, second only to slip and falls. In an auto crash, a car may stop suddenly, but your body and internal organs are still moving for a split second upon impact. The change in velocity upon impact, if not deadly, can be sever to your internal organs including your brain. Brain injuries occur as a result of either an extreme forward/backward or side to side motion or as a result of blunt trauma to the head by the head hitting the windshield, steering wheel, air bag or any other part of the car with great force.
First and foremost, in order to minimize the risk of traumatic brain injury, you should wear your safety restraint belts (seat belt and shoulder harness) anytime you are driving or a passenger in a motor vehicle. Even so, TBI injuries can and do occur by side impacts and rear end collisions, but by wearing your seat belt and shoulder harness you minimize the risk of a traumatic brain injury. However, even wearing a seat belt will not eliminate the risk of a TBI in a car crash.
Second, if you drive with a vehicle with air bags, have a qualified technician examine them to insure they are properly installed and maintained each time you have the vehicle services. Accidental discharge of airbags still account for a number of fatalities and injuries each year.
Third, make sure if you are a passenger in the front seat that you adjust the seat away from the dash containing the air bag as far as possible.
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY REQUIRES AN EXPERIENCED TEAM OF EXPERTS TO HELP YOU INCLUDING AN EXPERIENCED TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY (TBI) ATTORNEY
If you or a loved one have incurred a traumatic brain injury (TBI) due to the negligence of another, it is wise to consult with an experienced traumatic brain injury attorney in a free initial consultation to discuss not only your legal rights and remedies, but also to identify what resources are available to your family and you for the help you need to resolve the economic and non-economic impact each of you have incurred as a result of the injury. Boise Personal Attorney and Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) Trial Lawyer has over 31 years of experience in helping victims of injury learn of their legal rights and remedies. Mr. Morton can assist your family in identifying resources available to help your family and you to help you address the issues you face not only against the responsible party’s insurance carrier, but to assure that your team of specialists are addressing all of your needs that occur as a result of the injury you or your loved one has incurred. You can reach Mr. Morton at 208.344.5555 or toll free at 888.716.8021 or by way of our online contact form. You may also wish to review the testimonials by clients that Mr. Morton has helped over the years obtain compensation for their injuries caused by the negligence of others. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in families sustaining significant losses both economically and non-economically, and you should consider putting together the team that is committed to helping your family and you achieve the best results given the damages you have incurred.
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The medical benefits of meditation can result in healing for the three main areas of health: physical, mental and spiritual.
Mental disorders that can benefit through meditation are vast. Some conditions in which meditation can help are: Relaxation ,Stress ,Depression ,Panic attacks ,anxiety ,irritability and moodiness ,memory, self esteem and self confidence ,relationships
For improved Physical health, meditation can also aide in relief for the following:
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
high blood pressure
Scientists and doctors agree, more and more, that meditation is having a direct impact on the way the brain is ‘wired’. There has, in recent years, been a dramatic rise of the research and testing of meditation and the exact effects meditation can have on the brain and the heart.
There are various forms of meditation, all of which have separate characteristics that offer a unique method for healing. Stress has been proven to result in depression and fears. That depression from .excess stress can result in physical injuries and negative health disorders such as heart disease. Meditation is proving that you can reduce the risks to such conditions by first reducing the stress. When your bran is relaxed, a dramatic improvement to your mental health occurs, which, in turn, reduces the risks to poor physical health as well
Healthy Lifestyle – Health Inspirations ~ Encouraging a Beautiful You!!!!
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Conservation Biogeography Paperback / softback
Edited by Richard J. Ladle, Robert J. Whittaker
The Earth's ecosystems are in the midst of an unprecedented period of change as a result of human action.
Many habitats have been completely destroyed or divided into tiny fragments, others have been transformed through the introduction of new species, or the extinction of native plants and animals, while anthropogenic climate change now threatens to completely redraw the geographic map of life on this planet.
The urgent need to understand and prescribe solutions to this complicated and interlinked set of pressing conservation issues has lead to the transformation of the venerable academic discipline of biogeography - the study of the geographic distribution of animals and plants.
The newly emerged sub-discipline of conservation biogeography uses the conceptual tools and methods of biogeography to address real world conservation problems and to provide predictions about the fate of key species and ecosystems over the next century.
This book provides the first comprehensive review of the field in a series of closely interlinked chapters addressing the central issues within this exciting and important subject.
View www.wiley.com/go/ladle/biogeography yo access the figures from the book.
- Format: Paperback / softback
- Pages: 320 pages
- Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
- Publication Date: 18/02/2011
- Category: Ecological science, the Biosphere
- ISBN: 9781444335040
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This question was asked to the public in 14 countries in the Gapminder Misconception Study 2017 »
How many of the world’s 1-year-old children today have been vaccinated against some disease?
- A: 20 percent
- B: 50 percent
- C: 80 percent
Correct answer is C. Eighty-eight percent of one-year-old children in the world today are vaccinated against some disease, according to WHO. We rounded it down to 80 percent to avoid overstating progress.
The question comes from Gapminder Test 2017, that 12 000 people in 14 countries took. Read more about the test here.
This page is under construction. We are working on it (and a lot of other pages too). If you need this particular page urgently, you can always drop us a line, and we might be able to squeeze it to the top of our prio list…
Contact us at [email protected].
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