text
stringlengths 263
344k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 23
values | url
stringlengths 16
862
| file_path
stringlengths 125
155
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 57
81.9k
| score
float64 2.52
4.78
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Researchers at Washington University published the “mos intricate” map of the human cortex to date. To many, the cortex represents the seat of human intelligence: not only does it process information from our various senses, it also drives higher cognitive functions, such as planning, strategy and self-control. Read full article: Singularity HUB, “Scientists Complete the Most Detailed Map of the Brain Ever”
Strategies for Summer – “From Boredom to Over Scheduling, How Best to Serve the Gifted Child over Summer – and how Neurofeedback can help”. Neurofeedback professionals Kerri Honaker and Charity Finch will lead a discussion about how to make the most of Summer for your gifted child and family. They will also speak to how Neurofeedback can help address issues such as ADHD and anxiety …more
How we talk to ourselves, what we tell ourselves, whether we believe it to be true ~ does have an effect on outcome and behavior.
“Neurofeedback, Efficacy, and the Teenage Brain” – neuroAgility’s Director, Kerri Honaker, M.A., M.S., LPC, BCIA, will speak at Denver Academy’s Parent Education Evening, November 2013 (see brochure)
Teens/ADHD/Neurofeedback “Too Cool to be Forgotten” – neuroAgility’s Director, Kerri Honaker, M.S., M.A., LPC, BCIA will be speaking at Children’s Hospital Colorado for their Adolescent Health Conference this October 2013. (see brochure)
In most areas of medicine, doctors have historically tried to glean something about the underlying cause of a patient’s illness before figuring out a treatment that addresses the source of the problem. When it came to mental or behavioral disorders in the past, however, no physical cause was detectable so the problem was long assumed by doctors to be solely “mental,” and psychological therapies followed …more
Discover the exciting world of the brain, spinal cord, neurons and the senses. Use the experiments, activities and games to help you learn about the nervous system. There are plenty of links to other web sites for you to explore. Visit the site here
by D. Corydon Hammond, Ph.D/Professor, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah School of Medicine Frank H. Duffy, M.D., Professor and Pediatric Neurologist at Harvard Medical School, stated in an editorial in the January, 2000 issue of the journal Clinical Electroencephalography that the scholarly literature suggests that neurofeedback should play a major therapeutic role in many difficult areas.
BOULDER, Colo. (AP) — On the frigid south flank of Alaska’s Mount McKinley, Boulder climber Mark Twight was hunkered down in a wind-rattled tent, preparing for one of the toughest climbs of his career. He’d trained for months, with sprints up Boulder’s Green Mountain, solo speed-climbs up the first Flatiron, and hours in the weight room. But faced with the daunting task ahead, a 9,000-foot …more
D. Corydon Hammond, Ph.D., ECNS, QEEG-D, BCIA-EEG Professor Psychologist, Physical Medicine, & Rehabilitation University of Utah School of Medicine Preview of paper: Download the whole pdf below. In the late 1960’s and 1970’s we learned that it was possible to recondition and retrain brainwave patterns. Some of this work began with the training of alpha brainwave activity for relaxation, while other work originating at UCLA …more
|
<urn:uuid:1893c661-a8f6-4fdb-bb30-556f5e96e617>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://neuroagility.com/category/newsroom/information-on-neurofeedback/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506669.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20230924191454-20230924221454-00246.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923828 | 768 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Why Does the Dog Smell Bad – Pet Odors and Health
Although living with pets is fun and joyful, there are a few downfalls that may come with owning a dog, such as that nagging question in your mind… Why does the dog smell bad? Most times when the dog is smelly he just needs a bath, but in some instances, there is an underlying health condition contributing to your dog’s odor. Read below to learn about the possible problem that could be causing the problem.
Believe it or not, ear infections can be smelled from quite a distance. Dogs with floppy ears are especially prone to these. If your dog smells bad and you notice him shaking his head a lot or scratching his ears, bring him to the vet for an examination. If an infection is present, the vet can give his ears a thorough cleaning and medicated drops if needed. To prevent infections in the future, learn how to properly clean your dog’s ears and do so regularly.
Ear infections can spread to other parts of the body, causing yeast infections. Once this happens, you will need a prescription for a special pet shampoo and medication to rid the infection.
In this case, the odor your dog has is from bad breath. Dogs need to have their teeth brushed; without brushing, bacteria, plaque, and tarter start to build up. When left untreated, they could end up with a more serious problem that affects their eating, causes tooth loss and can potentially put their health in danger.
Some dogs have a lot of drainage from their eyes—if your dog has this, you may notice brown tearing around their eyes. This can cause growth of bacteria in the moist fur under the eyes and can produce an unpleasant smell. Excessive tearing can be the cause of an underlying health condition, so get your dog checked out by a veterinarian if you notice anything unusual.
Bad breath can be a sign of the build-up of toxins associated with kidney problems. If your dog’s bad breath just won’t go away, it would be best to have a veterinarian determine if this problem may exist.
There are plenty of things you can do to help make sure your dog doesn’t start to smell bad in the first place such as:
• Regular bathing and brushing of fur
• Regular teeth brushing
• Clean tearing eyes and ears as often as possible
• Consider using a medicated shampoo
Regular veterinary exams are also helpful so underlying health conditions can be taken care of right away. Dogs don’t always have to smell like roses; sometimes they are just a little smelly. However, if the smell seems out of the ordinary, or worse than the average “dog smell”, head to the vet for an examination.
|
<urn:uuid:201b88ea-4bae-4b38-b33f-7827fe6810cd>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.probioticsmart.com/blog/why-does-the-dog-smell-bad-pet-odors-and-health/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997888236.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025808-00018-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95793 | 566 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Score as many points as you can before the time runs out. A number of levels including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and matching fractions and decimals.
*Updated 30th May 2013 - choose multiple objectives, or objectives grouped by national curriculum level. The game also now includes a scoreboard. An iPad version is also available
New Maths Curriculum:
KS2 Primary Framework:
|
<urn:uuid:6bd78b4c-e36b-4d66-a21d-8fc5b54f494c>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://mathsframe.co.uk/en/resources/resource/106/multiplication-beat-the-clock
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657138718.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712113546-20200712143546-00342.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93226 | 82 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Holy Spirit and the Eucharist
Jesus and the Holy Spirit
12. With his word and with the elements of bread and wine, the Lord himself has given us the essentials of this new worship. The Church, his Bride, is called to celebrate the eucharistic banquet daily in his memory. She thus makes the redeeming sacrifice of her Bridegroom a part of human history and makes it sacramentally present in every culture. This great mystery is celebrated in the liturgical forms which the Church, guided by the Holy Spirit, develops in time and space. (23) We need a renewed awareness of the decisive role played by the Holy Spirit in the evolution of the liturgical form and the deepening understanding of the sacred mysteries. The Paraclete, Christ's first gift to those who believe, (24) already at work in Creation (cf. Gen 1:2), is fully present throughout the life of the incarnate Word: Jesus Christ is conceived by the Virgin Mary by the power of the Holy Spirit (cf. Mt 1:18; Lk 1:35); at the beginning of his public mission, on the banks of the Jordan, he sees the Spirit descend upon him in the form of a dove (cf. Mt 3:16 and parallels); he acts, speaks and rejoices in the Spirit (cf. Lk 10:21), and he can offer himself in the Spirit (cf. Heb 9:14). In the so-called "farewell discourse" reported by John, Jesus clearly relates the gift of his life in the paschal mystery to the gift of the Spirit to his own (cf. Jn 16:7). Once risen, bearing in his flesh the signs of the passion, he can pour out the Spirit upon them (cf. Jn 20:22), making them sharers in his own mission (cf. Jn 20:21). The Spirit would then teach the disciples all things and bring to their remembrance all that Christ had said (cf. Jn 14:26), since it falls to him, as the Spirit of truth (cf. Jn 15:26), to guide the disciples into all truth (cf. Jn 16:13). In the account in Acts, the Spirit descends on the Apostles gathered in prayer with Mary on the day of Pentecost (cf. 2:1-4) and stirs them to undertake the mission of proclaiming the Good News to all peoples. Thus it is through the working of the Spirit that Christ himself continues to be present and active in his Church, starting with her vital centre which is the Eucharist.
The Holy Spirit and the eucharistic celebration
13. Against this backdrop we can understand the decisive role played by the Holy Spirit in the eucharistic celebration, particularly with regard to transubstantiation. An awareness of this is clearly evident in the Fathers of the Church. Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, in his Catecheses, states that we "call upon God in his mercy to send his Holy Spirit upon the offerings before us, to transform the bread into the body of Christ and the wine into the blood of Christ. Whatever the Holy Spirit touches is sanctified and completely transformed" (25). Saint John Chrysostom too notes that the priest invokes the Holy Spirit when he celebrates the sacrifice: (26) like Elijah, the minister calls down the Holy Spirit so that "as grace comes down upon the victim, the souls of all are thereby inflamed" (27). The spiritual life of the faithful can benefit greatly from a better appreciation of the richness of the anaphora: along with the words spoken by Christ at the Last Supper, it contains the epiclesis, the petition to the Father to send down the gift of the Spirit so that the bread and the wine will become the body and blood of Jesus Christ and that "the community as a whole will become ever more the body of Christ" (28). The Spirit invoked by the celebrant upon the gifts of bread and wine placed on the altar is the same Spirit who gathers the faithful "into one body" and makes of them a spiritual offering pleasing to the Father (29).
|
<urn:uuid:711ed8eb-ddcb-4eb5-8a4b-e6f3edb42f5b>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/14/SubIndex/0/ContentIndex/562/Start/557
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500822407.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021342-00268-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958732 | 854 | 2.5625 | 3 |
This is one I’ve wanted to do for a long time because I think it’s fascinating – to be able to peer into an unbroken egg is a bit like being able to look inside a body and see things how they normally are, not as they are once we’ve broken them. As you can see it’s another video special, we went quite sciencey this time with labels and testing different things, and it’s nice that the little girl (3) can participate more. Big girl (5) shows a lot of promise as a demonstrator, she decided what to say for herself and got it all out without me interrupting.
We tested both raw and boiled eggs, in carbonated water and vinegar. Anything carbonated is slightly acidic which is why we tested that as well. The full video is 6 minutes, if you want to do this with kids I seriously recommend you watch the whole thing with them. But for the time poor I’ve included the highlights.
And if you really don’t want to watch, you basically put eggs into a container and pour vinegar over them as shown below. It will work with both raw and boiled eggs, raw eggs are just more delicate. The bubbles are carbon dioxide from exactly the same acid/carbonate reaction you get in volcanoes, bath bombs and sherbert but rather than using sodium bicarbonate it uses calcium carbonate from the egg shell. This is what makes it hard, so when you take it out the shell gets very soft. You can dissolve it entirely and be left with just the membrane.
After about 30 hours we checked them, the sparkly water hadn’t done anything but the vinegar had completely dissolved the shells.
Only the membrane was left, the raw eggs were transparent.
They had also absorbed the vinegar making them significantly bigger than the boiled eggs.
This is more than just a fun thing to do with kids, it’s very important environmentally. As the world warms and the carbon dioxide increases, more of it is dissolved in sea water. This makes the water acidic because dissolved carbon dioxide makes carbonic acid, exactly the same as cool drinks. The reason Coke will dissolve a tooth left in it is not anything inherently evil about Coke, but the same reaction we are seeing here. And unfortunately for shellfish, their shells are made of calcium carbonate just like the chicken eggs, and they will have great difficulty growing them if the ocean becomes more acidic, among all the other problems of environmental change.
That’s a lot of animals and a lot of ecosystems that could collapse. Unfortunately the first thing we need to do about it is to stop pumping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and possibly capture some that’s already there. Yet another reason to be more green.
Have some fun and let me know how it goes!
Enjoy this article? Subscribe to the weekly newsletter to hear about them all. Or grab my RSS feed
|
<urn:uuid:eb4ee42a-a226-4ab1-9a70-2f3078ff48ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://science-at-home.org/bouncy-eggs/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510275463.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011755-00137-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959128 | 611 | 3.171875 | 3 |
In this Voices Inside Schools essay, Dr. Pat Clifford and Susan Marinucci take us inside a classroom engaged in “genuine inquiry.” As we follow Russell and his fellow fifth-grade scientists through their exploration of desalination, we witness the evolving nature of questioning, learning, and understanding in spaces of inquiry. The authors offer insights into three central issues: (1) the character of genuine questions for inquiry; (2) intellectual rigor as students grapple with real ideas in real ways; and (3) how inquiry can be adapted to meet the requirements of mandated curricula.
Clifford, P. & Marinucci, S. (2008). Testing the waters: Three elements of classroom inquiry. Harvard Educational Review. Winter. Available online http://hepg.org/her/abstract/665
|
<urn:uuid:fad5a864-fdea-4560-9d53-1ec43a22ed9b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://galileo.org/testing-the-waters-three-elements-of-classroom-inquiry/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686705.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920071017-20170920091017-00574.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903962 | 167 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Climate change is creating more rainfall and higher sea levels. These trends will both contribute to more flooding in our neighborhoods.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration estimated in 2012 that, on average, worldwide, sea levels will rise between 8 inches and 6.6 feet by 2100 — that’s the 90% confidence interval. Some recent findings suggest that sea levels may rise faster than projected.
Communities along the Charles and Mystic Rivers — Back Bay, Fenway, Allston, Cambridge, Watertown, Belmont — are protected by seawalls at the mouths of those two rivers. The Amelia Earhart dam and the Charles River dam keep river levels down by closing to keep the high tides out and then opening at low tide to allow the rivers to drop. They are equipped with massive pumps capable of driving the full flood flow of the rivers out even at high tide.
Over the last few years, a lot of work has been done by state and local agencies to understand how the major dams will perform as waters rise higher. The City of Cambridge recently rolled out the results of their very thorough analysis of the question. They concluded that the larger storms (1% chance or “100- year” storms) will start to flank and/or overtop both dams around the middle of this century, at least in the higher sea-level rise scenarios. It appears that the dams offer effective protection until at least 2030.
It’s important to understand that even when water gets past the dams the neighborhoods behind the dams will not be completely inundated — sea water will flow over or around the dams at a finite rate of speed and, when the tide goes out will subside, even if the storm continues.
Cambridge’s work suggests that the flood risks associated with increased precipitation are actually greater than the flood risks from sea-level rise (for communities along the rivers). When heavy rain falls accumulate in the river systems, the waters rise and may peak a day or two after the actual rain event. Low lying parts of North Cambridge, East Arlington and Belmont may be exposed to flood waters over 3 feet in depth in the 100 year storms by late in the century. The low-side of Back Bay (close to the river along Beacon Street) and some neighborhoods in Allston are also likely to experience new risks of inundation.
One of the open questions is how sea-level rise risks, which are greatest when high-tides coincide with wind-driven storm surge, will interact with river flooding risks, which are often greatest after the peak of the storm. Representatives Byron Rushing and Jay Livingstone and I have funded a study by a team led by Ellen Douglas of the University of Massachusetts to draw together the data on these two categories of risk and produce a consolidated mapping of the risks faced in the Charles and Mystic basins. We expect the results of her work at some point this summer.
Already, as a result of the work that Cambridge, MassDOT and other agencies have done, many are starting to consider the options for protecting assets — not just buildings, but also power and transportation systems. Protection can take two forms — keeping water away and improving the ability to quickly recover from flooding (resiliency). Resiliency can be implemented for individual structures, but holding the water back may require regional investments.
All the early results suggest that we have a couple of decades before the problems really come home, but the lead times are long for major projects. Understanding the risks and building regional momentum to respond will remain a continuing priority of mine over the years to come.
- Status report on UMass study — presentation materials, February 8.
- City of Cambridge Climate Vulnerability Assessment.
- City of Boston Climate Adaptation Program.
- NOAA Sea Level Rise Report.
- MassDOT study of climate risks for the Central Artery.
- Metro Boston Mayors Climate Coalition.
- International Panel on Climate Change.
|
<urn:uuid:d8283e28-2256-43ee-afe0-3a89ed7fea7a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://willbrownsberger.com/planning-for-more-flooding/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100745.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20231208112926-20231208142926-00503.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937667 | 804 | 3.625 | 4 |
Teachers report less use of data during pandemicResearch 30 Apr 2021 4 minute read
Initial results from a multi-country survey of 117 teachers show the use of data to inform learning and teaching decreased considerably during remote learning periods throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.
The survey is part of a small-scale research project conducted by Monash College’s Dr Anne-Marie Chase and ACER’s Dr Katie Richardson and Dr Nate Reinertsen with funding from the British Educational Research Association (BERA).
In an article published on the BERA Blog, the researchers say participants’ responses show the decrease in the use of assessment data may reflect the increased demands on teachers’ time and energy together with the added stress of learning new ways of teaching on the job.
Most of the teachers responding to the survey had limited or no prior experience in online and remote teaching before COVID-19. Prior to the pandemic, they used a wide range of data to tailor their teaching to meet the needs of students, including standardised tests, teacher-created assessments, personal observations of the students, and student and parent/caregiver conversations and surveys.
During COVID-19, teachers employed a range of informal and personalised methods of gathering data, including using past school performance from teacher-created assessments, personal observations and knowledge of their students, and student and parent/caregiver surveys. Only 24 per cent of teachers reported gathering data through formal assessments during online and remote teaching periods.
According to the researchers, while teachers reported using data to inform decisions, initial analysis suggests teachers did not use the data gathered to inform their online or remote teaching.
These initial results will be explored in finer detail in a final report to be published later this year.
Read the full article:
What have we learnt about effectively using assessment data during remote learning over the past year?, by Anne-Marie Chase, Katie Richardson and Nate Reinertsen, BERA Blog, 29 April 2021.
|
<urn:uuid:d0a85fd7-519f-407d-8720-301868cd7824>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-50
|
https://www.acer.org/au/discover/article/teachers-report-less-use-of-data-during-pandemic
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100164.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20231130000127-20231130030127-00210.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935657 | 407 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)
The Internet of Medical Things is all the list of medical devices and applications that connect to healthcare IT systems through online computer networks. Only if the medical devices are equipped with Wi-Fi, can support the machine-to-machine communication, which is the core of IoMT. A common use include remote patient monitoring of people with chronic or long-term conditions; which can send information to caregivers.
Healthcare offers huge potential for IoMT solutions that can provide options to improve care delivery and reduce operational costs. From asset management to the accurate tracking of pharmaceuticals, sensor networks to wearable real-time vital sign monitoring the opportunities for data-driven care provision, automation, decision-making and can also deliver patient empowerment.
A number of enabled devices are available to patients and providers to monitor diabetes, heart conditions, and other ailments; the devices monitor clinical data (e.g., blood glucose or heart rate), adherence data (e.g., taking medications as prescribed), and consumer health data (e.g., physical activity). The results and the given feedback to patients can help them engage and make better health decisions in real time, decreasing the need for costly doctor visits, tests, and hospitalizations and reducing the rate of progression of the disease.
Internet of Things IoT on Healthcare
Internet of Things IoT in Law Practice
Grafimedia Health IT
Grafimedia.eu is a net of Health Information Technology SaaS Experts, operating in different countries. We analyse, design, develop and implement workflows for any kind and size of healthcare facility. They approach each case individually, trying to integrate and bridge existing systems, without necessarily replace them. At the same time they try to offer the best cost/performance ratio, without exceeding budgets.
|
<urn:uuid:a86c710b-2474-4255-a2bc-9d6f4e19412c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://ideadeco.co/2017/03/14/internet-of-medical-things/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689615.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923085617-20170923105617-00354.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909552 | 362 | 2.6875 | 3 |
How do comets, asteroids, and meteorites influence life on earth?
A ball is kicked at an angle of 35 degrees with the ground. What should be the initial velocity of the ball so that it hits a
RyliepeloquinfOctober 23, 20214 Comments
A bullet is shot straight up into the air from ground level. It reaches a maximumheight at h = 739 m.
Brookephillips1099October 23, 20214 Comments
As the moon pictured revolves around the earth, the earth also rotates. how long is a lunar cycle?
Heyyyyy39October 23, 202110 Comments
What is the rule that you use to decide what order to fill the different orbital shelves (1s, 2s, etc.)
Linshweyioo9931October 23, 20214 Comments
Locke believes we have two kinds of ideas. What are they and how does he distinguish between them?
Smallp0720October 23, 20213 Comments
This Post Has 3 Comments
More than 48 tons of debris falls into Earth’s atmosphere every day and asteroid impacts have literally shaped Earth resulting craters from large objects crashing into the crust. Upon impact, vaporized dirt and rock would fill the atmosphere, blocking sunlight and causing winter like conditions
Comets asteroids, and meteorites influence life on Earth in the ways that they show us what is out in space by examining them we can learn new elements possibly and large meteorites can have a big impact on life on earth.
Well if they fall on us we die just like the asteroid did with the dinos
|
<urn:uuid:0c971f25-dc23-4f50-bed1-5be8a67d1211>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://studyqas.com/how-do-comets-asteroids-and-meteorites-influence-life-on/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945376.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325222822-20230326012822-00253.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918359 | 342 | 3.453125 | 3 |
An extrinsic subcortical
fiber bundle that runs between the medial amygdala
(in the temporal lobe
and various regions in the forebrain
(the frontal lobe
) including the medialpreoptic
area, mainly to the anterior hypothalamus
. It is located along the medial border
of the caudate nucleus
. Considered part of the extended amygdala
. It carries "outputs" from the amygdala, transmitting them to the hypothalamus, and the preoptic
are of the cortex
. (Huh? It's a small bundle of nerves that carry nerve signals from one area of the brain to another.)
Where the stria terminalis connects to the hypothalamus is known as the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST or BNST).
Some signals traveling through the brain in regards to sexual function travel through this area of the brain. For example, stimulation of a certain section of the amygdala was shown to cause ovulation in the female - this ceased if the stria terminalis was cut.
Also, the BST may be involved in the brain's formation and or transmission of emotions of fear and anxiety. Some studies have been done involving intentional bruising and damaging of the BST, and creating negative experiences for the subject. Those with a damaged BST seemed to react more strongly to the negative experiences.
The BST may even play a role in drug addiction, at least to some substances. Research on animals involving addictions to heroin and cocaine have shown involvement, as injections have been administered directly to the BST, avoiding the amygdala completely. These injections have resulted in an increase or decrease in desire for the drug, depending on the substance injected.
The stria terminalis, especially the bed nucleus, has been shown to have significant differences in size and density between men and women, especially the central subdivision of the BST, known as the BSTc. (Yes, this is a very tiny part of the brain, sizewise.) The BSTc is, on average, 44 percent larger in men than in women.
The apparent sex differences in the BST and BSTc may also be linked to a biological indicator of transsexuality. Studies done on the brains of deceased transsexuals have shown the BSTc to be in the same size range as the gender the person felt they were, instead of matching the sex of the genitalia. While the sample sizes were quite low (apparently there is difficulty finding enough people to examine), the study did cover other explanations, showing that hormone treatment was not a factor. A neurobiologist, Dick Swaab, states, "We know from animal experiments that in adulthood you cannot change the size of the nucleus using sex hormones. You can do that only in development."
The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology, by Arthur S. Reber
Glossary of Neuroanatomical and Neurological Terms, http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/medicine/anatomy/neuro/gloss/s.htm
The Amygdala and the Emotions, http://www.benbest.com/science/anatmind/anatmd9.html
"Transsexual Brains", Josie Glausiusz, Discover Magazine, January 1996
|
<urn:uuid:5627226b-975e-4056-9a66-6d1e1551226b>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1208063
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609525991.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005205-00078-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930522 | 668 | 2.65625 | 3 |
A - Daussois - The Lakes Voir sur la carte
After the construction of Walcourt Abbey in 1232, plans were made to set out lakes on the land of Daussois which at the time belonged to the monks. These lakes are about fifteen metres wide and almost thirty metres long, but were no longer cared for when the abbey was abandoned at the time of the French Revolution. Near the lakes stands the old lime kiln, disused but still clearly visible among the fields. In the past, iron ore was mined in the commune, and more recently plastsoil. Numerous walks, waymarked by the commune of Cerfontaine, take visitors around the village from where they can see these various places and landscapes.
|
<urn:uuid:1822ae82-8fea-4346-8808-061c9310c0bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.visitardenne.com/en/les-routes-touristiques/route/etape_3015_3194
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511021.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002200740-20231002230740-00294.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969141 | 167 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A planet discovered by the Kepler space telescope just 1,200 light years away could actually support life.
The revelation is part of a study on the planet by lead author Aomawa Shields and her team from UCLA's department of physics and astronomy.
Kepler-62f was in fact discovered back in 2013 by the exoplanet-hunting telescope along with a number of other planets within that solar system.
Shields and her team however wanted to focus on just one of those, 62f. What they found was that despite being some considerable distance from its host star 62f had rocky composition that was not unlike ours on Earth.
While Kepler was able to confirm the planet's composition it could describe 62f's atmosphere, so Shields joined forces with another team from the University of Washington to find out.
What they found was that despite being further from its star than we are from Earth, the planet could actually support life and liquid water under a number scenarios.
"We found there are multiple atmospheric compositions that allow it to be warm enough to have surface liquid water," said Shields.
For example: 62f could quite happily support life, but only if it had 2,500 times more carbon dioxide in its atmosphere than is currently found on Earth.
Why? Well because it's further from the star it needs to somehow stay warm enough for liquid water and there's nothing more warming for a planet than a big surrounding atmosphere of CO2.
While this would normally be the end of the matter the team discovered that actually Kepler-62f could still theoretically support life even if that wasn't the case.
“But if it doesn’t have a mechanism to generate lots of carbon dioxide in its atmosphere to keep temperatures warm, and all it had was an Earth-like amount of carbon dioxide, certain orbital configurations could allow Kepler-62f’s surface temperatures to temporarily get above freezing during a portion of its year,” she said.
“And this might help melt ice sheets formed at other times in the planet’s orbit.”
NASA astronomers recently announced the discovery of 1,284 previously undetected planets, including nine which could be habitable. This is the biggest collection of planets ever discovered.
Using NASA’s powerful Kepler telescope, astronomers were then able to utilise a new statistical analysis method developed by Princeton University which drastically increases number of planets that can be discovered.
|
<urn:uuid:4d9d9b9a-3217-4389-8664-190c47e83caa>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/planet-discovered-1200-light-years-away-could-support-life_uk_574bede1e4b02163fae90145
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00134.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970285 | 494 | 3.875 | 4 |
The documents collectively referred to as the Lutheran Confessions came into existence in the 16th Century through disputes among Christians as to what certain aspects of the Bible meant. Although the central tenets of the faith (described in the Creeds) were always beyond question because of the clarity with which Scripture teaches them, other areas were less clear. Through conversation and even argument, those Christians calling themselves Lutheran became clear about what they believed made for a faithful proclamation of what God has done for us in Jesus and how to live a faithful life in response.
The Lutheran Confessions function for our church much the same way the American Constitution functions for the United States, setting boundaries and making clear what is central to our identity. Within all the documents that comprise the Confessions (found here in their entirety), the Augsburg Confession serves roughly the same purpose in our lives as the Declaration of Independence does for the United States, and The Small Catechism guides the practical matters of our day to day life.
Small Catechism link:
|
<urn:uuid:6e9eec76-4a1a-4d20-bef4-05a7ee4951ec>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://holycrossnazareth.org/beliefs/word-god/doctrine-word-believed/lutheran-confessions
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510219.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926175325-20230926205325-00324.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961538 | 205 | 3.21875 | 3 |
In some ways, one can argue that the New Deal never ended. Many aspects of the New Deal became permanent parts of our society. We still, for example, have Social Security and the FDIC and other programs that either started in the New Deal or were created (like Medicare) to expand on the ideas of the New Deal.
If you want to say that the New Deal ended in the late '30s, though, there are two main reasons why it did.
First, there was the fact that many in Congress and many in conservatives in general were starting to push back against the New Deal. In 1938, for example, Republicans made significant gains in the Congressional elections, showing that there was significant anti-New Deal feeling in the country.
Second, the coming of crises and eventually war in Europe and Asia took the attention of the country and the government away from domestic programs. As the Roosevelt Administration had to concentrate more on foreign affairs, it stopped pushing so hard for domestic reforms.
If you are going to argue that the New Deal ended in the '30s, these are the most important reasons why it did.
Packing” the Supreme Court. The key element in Roosevelt's proposal to reorganize the federal judiciary focused on the Supreme Court. The Court had already invalidated two major pieces of New Deal legislation, the AAA and the NIRA, and other laws were under legal challenge. Roosevelt wanted the authority to increase the size of the Court from 9 to 15 by appointing one new justice for each justice over the age of 70 who did not retire. This power would have allowed him to immediately appoint members who were sympathetic to the New Deal. The ploy fooled no one, and Congress, many Democrats included, rejected the proposal at the cost of considerable political capital for Roosevelt. Ironically, the president got what he wanted anyway. The Court upheld a number of programs of the Second New Deal, including the Social Security and Wagner Acts, and retirements and deaths allowed Roosevelt to appoint his own justices: Hugo Black, Felix Frankfurter, and William O. Douglas.
The recession of 1937. Although unemployment remained high, the economy had steadily improved from 1933 through the first half of 1937. In the late summer of 1937, however, the country entered a deep recession that lasted almost a year. This major slump was caused by the sharp cuts in federal spending that the administration thought were necessary to control the growing deficit and by a reduction in disposable income due to Social Security payroll taxes. Industrial production declined, the number of people out of work grew, and stock prices fell. By the spring, Roosevelt reversed course and called on Congress to pass a massive public works spending program. The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act (June 1938) created more jobs through the WPA and made more money for direct relief and government loans available. At the same time, the Federal Reserve Board adopted an easier credit policy.
Roosevelt's attempt to “pack” the Supreme Court combined with the recession to undercut the New Deal. Politically, Roosevelt faced a coalition of Republicans and conservative Democrats willing to exercise its muscle. When the president called Congress into special session in the fall of 1937 to enact a broad range of legislation, including the reorganization of the executive branch, the coalition prevented the passage of all the bills. The two major accomplishments during this period of the president's second term were the Second Agricultural Adjustment Act (February 1938) and the Fair Labor Standards Act, also known as the Wages and Hours Act (June 1938). The Second AAA provided for the storage of surplus crops in government warehouses and made loans to farmers in years of overproduction to compensate for lower market prices. The Wages and Hours Act phased in minimum wage and maximum hour (40 hours per week) requirements for businesses that engaged in or were affected by interstate commerce, and provided time-and-a-half for overtime work. The statute also prohibited labor by children under the age of 16 and restricted those under 18 to non-hazardous work. Although the Democrats retained their control of Congress in 1938, the Republicans gained seats in the House and the Senate for the first time since 1928. In the wake of the elections, Roosevelt did not offer any new domestic programs in his State of the Union address (January 1939) but focused instead on the threat that aggressor nations posed to international peace.
|
<urn:uuid:49153a98-f35a-4472-aab8-e4335803402e>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/why-did-new-deal-come-an-end-what-ways-were-these-253567
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689624.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923104407-20170923124407-00524.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970507 | 881 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Acoustic emission inspection
Acoustic emission is an effective method of nondestructive testing and evaluation of materials, based on the detection of elastic waves that are generated by sudden deformation of stressed material. Waves propagate from the source directly to the sensors, where they are converted into electrical signals. Acoustic emission control instruments measure these signals, on the basis of which an assessment of the state and behavior of the structure of the object under study takes place.
Traditional methods of nondestructive testing (ultrasonic, radiation, eddy current) allow us to detect geometric heterogeneities (defects) by radiation into the structure of an object of some form of energy. In contrast to these methods, in acoustical emission control, a different approach is used: non-geometrical inhomogeneities are detected, but microscopic movements are detected. With this approach, even the smallest cracks, faults, inclusions, leaks of gases or liquids are detected - a large number of various processes producing acoustic emission.
From the point of view of the theory and practice of the method of acoustic emission, absolutely any defect can produce its own signal. At the same time, it can pass quite a long distance (up to tens of meters) until it reaches the sensors. Moreover, the defect can be detected not only remotely, but also by calculating the difference in arrival times of the waves to sensors located in different locations.
The main features of the acoustic control method, determining its capabilities and scope:
- Provides detection of defects according to the degree of their danger.
- Has a high sensitivity to growing defects and allows in working conditions to determine the crack growth up to fractions of millimeters.
- The limiting sensitivity of the instruments can theoretically be up to 1 * 10 (-6) mm2.
- Integrity of the method provides control of the whole object using one or several converters fixedly mounted on the surface of the object.
- The method allows you to monitor a variety of technological processes, as well as the processes of changing the properties and state of materials.
- The orientation and position of the object does not affect the detectability of defects.
- A feature of the method that limits its use is the possible, in some cases, difficulty in isolating the necessary signals from interference. If the signals are small in amplitude, then their isolation from the interference is a difficult task.
- With the development of a defect and the approach of its dimensions to a critical value, the amplitude of the signals and the rate of their generation increase sharply. This leads to a significant increase in the probability of finding a defect.
Instruments based on acoustic monitoring methods can be used to diagnose high-load and large-sized objects of increased danger, as well as objects where access to the control surface is limited (some types of pipelines, pressure vessels, boilers, tanks, units). The method is actively used to control a wide variety of objects in the process of their production, with acceptance tests and inspections.
|
<urn:uuid:c190bbab-fd63-4bad-b046-12f9a6bb97a7>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-24
|
http://ndt-consulting.ru/en/article/acoustic-emission-inspection/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388012.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525063708-20200525093708-00548.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.93503 | 615 | 3.453125 | 3 |
One of the constraints we face in transportation of electricity is the resistance of materials, such as the wires, that carry the current. Most materials offer some kind of resistance because of which transmission losses in electricity take place, the energy getting dissipated in the form of heat. This resistance is quite useful in certain circumstances, especially in situations where the flow of electrical current needs to be regulated and controlled.
However, in certain situations we like this resistance to be as low as possible. It is possible to have very low resistance, even zero resistance, in some materials in certain special conditions. These materials are called superconductors, but they exhibit this property only at very low temperatures, typically below -200°C. Coils made of superconducting wires can withstand very high current and produce high magnetic fields that are used in MRI imaging. One of the objectives in superconductivity research has been to induce superconductivity in materials at higher temperatures, preferably at room temperature, so that they can be used for everyday applications such as transporting electricity through overhead wires without any transmission losses and more energy-saving electronic devices can be realised.
Generally, elementary particles, depending on their quantum behaviour, are distinguished in two broad classes — the bosons named after Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, and fermions named after Italian scientist Enrico Fermi. For example, recently discovered “Higg’s particles” are bosons while electrons are fermions.
Electrons are described by a theory developed by English scientist Paul Diarc, who combined quantum theory with Einstein’s special theory of relativity, and consequently the electrons can be further classified as Dirac fermions. An extension of this theory predicts the existence of other special classes of fermions, such as the Weyl fermions named after the German mathematician and physicist Hermann Weyl who proposed their existence in 1929.
The Weyl fermions are mass-less particles but they are expected to be real. Weyl fermions were initially expected to be observed in cosmic radiations but that has never happened. Instead, a couple of years ago, they were observed to exist as quasi-particles, collective excitations of electrons, in a semi-metal tantalum arsenide (a compound of tantalum and arsenic) which is now also referred to as a Weyl semi-metal.
Our earlier work had shown that in a different kind of very complex materials, so-called topological Dirac semi-metals, we were able to induce superconductivity in special situations. After the discovery of Weyl semi-metals, we were interested in studying whether the Weyl fermions also have any bearing on superconductivity.
Our recent research at IISER has shown that this indeed is a case. Weyl fermions in tantalum arsenide can not only take part in superconductivity but also do so in a more conventional manner and at relatively high temperatures under certain controllable conditions. So Weyl semi-metals offer a much better possibility of realising superconductivity at higher temperatures. This result can have important consequences for research aimed at obtaining superconductivity at normal temperatures and used for everyday purposes such as electricity transmission without appreciable losses.
But there are more immediate exciting implications. The superconducting phases realised on Weyl semi-metals, in presence of a magnetic field, might also host another type of elusive particles called the Majorana fermions, initially predicted by Italian scientist Ettore Majorana in 1937. One of the major obstacles in quantum computing, the new-age computing that involves quantum data bits (called “qubits”) for processing and storing information, are fragile and easily perturbed by disorders or impurities in a material. The Majorana fermions are known to be “fault tolerant” — they are almost insensitive to disorder. Thus, it is possible to use them in fault-tolerant quantum computing.
|
<urn:uuid:c9becdc9-4b8b-482b-a675-0a9c167bf1f3>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/from-the-lab-superconducting-at-higher-temperatures-a-material-passes-laboratory-test-4596903/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00430.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948179 | 817 | 3.921875 | 4 |
- Blade Selection - How to find the best blade for the job at hand.
- Snath and Blade Fitting - The Snath, the Blade and the Mower in Perfect Harmony.
- Sharpening Principles - The importance of the mower's sharpening skill.
- Peening the Blade - using a jig - Peening jig - an aid for the average novice.
- Peening the Blade - free hand - The Classical Method of Scythe Blade Peening.
- Principles of Movement - The Scythe Must Dance...
- Improving Snath Ergonomics - An Evaluation and Step-by-step guide to retrofitting some existing models.
- Hay making - Making Hay on Fairy Hill Farm - a photo essay.
- Grain cradle - A simple grain cradle design from Slovakia.
A slightly different cradle design is described in this video.
- Video - The End of Cheap Oil and The Rise of the Scythe.
For more technical information, please go directly to: scytheconnection.com
|
<urn:uuid:3b114d16-eb18-4987-b86c-ee3913ceed6d>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.scytheworks.com/technical.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705069221/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516115109-00062-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.69463 | 211 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The sustainable production challenge (2)
Natural resources squeezed
The huge increase in demand for food must be met from a rapidly depleting resource base, squeezed by biofuel production, carbon sequestration and forest conservation, timber production, and non-food crops. As a result, the share of land devoted to food production has peaked (see Figure 4).
At the same time, the amount of arable land per head is decreasing, having almost halved since 1960.27 Nobody really knows how much land remains, but it isn’t much.28 Very often, land that may be termed idle or marginal in fact plays a critical role in the livelihoods of marginalized people such as pastoralists, indigenous peoples and women.
Increase in demand is not likely to be met by the expansion of production area. Nevertheless, whatever land there is will surely be prized. The vast majority looks to be in sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.29
Water, the lifeblood of agriculture, is already scarcer than land. Nearly three billion people live in areas where demand outstrips supply.30 In 2000, half a billion people lived in countries chronically short of water; by 2050 the number will have risen to more than four billion.31 By 2030, demand for water is expected to have increased by 30 per cent.32
Agriculture accounts for 70 per cent of global fresh water use,33 and is both a driver and increasingly a victim of water scarcity. Climate change will only exacerbate an already acute problem, particularly in already stressed regions. Shrinking glaciers will reduce flows in crucial rivers – for example, the Ganges, Yellow, Indus, and Mekong Rivers all depend on the Himalayas. Rises in sea level will salinate fresh water, while floods will contaminate clean water.
The Middle East offers a taste of what may be to come. Aquifers are rapidly becoming exhausted and the area under irrigation is in decline. Saudi Arabia has experienced precipitous falls of over two-thirds in wheat production since 2007, and on current trends will become entirely dependent on imports by next year.34 Middle Eastern states are among the biggest land investors in Africa,35 driven not by a lack of land but a lack of water.
Many governments and elites in developing countries are offering up large swathes of land amid clouds of corruption at rock bottom prices. Companies and investors are cashing in, while food-insecure governments are rushing to secure supply. The scramble began with the 2008 food price crisis, and continues unabated: in 2009, Africa saw 22 years’ worth of land investment in 12 months (see Figure 5).36
Research from the International Land Coalition, Oxfam Novib and partners identifies over 1,200 land deals reportedly under negotiation or completed, covering 80m hectares,37 since 2000 – the vast majority of them after 2007. Over 60 per cent of the land targeted was in Africa.38
Of course, investment can be a good thing. But price rises like the one we saw in 2008 spark a frenzy among investors, with many acting speculatively or in fear of losing out. And why not? The land is usually dirt cheap, apparently idle and, anyway, investing in land is a one-way bet these days: the price will only go up as it becomes more and more scarce. Investors have been acquiring land in much larger quantities than they could possibly use, leading the World Bank to wonder if the purpose is to lock in the highly favourable terms currently on offer and avoid future competition.39 The most comprehensive research to date suggests that 80 per cent of projects reported in the media are undeveloped, and only 20 per cent had begun actual farming.40
Box 1: A new breed of land investor
Where there is scarcity, there is opportunity. And financial investors are quick to turn opportunity into profit. Numerous hedge funds, private equity funds, sovereign wealth funds and institutional investors are now buying up farmland in developing countries. One is Emergent Asset Management, currently enjoying the arbitrage opportunity presented by ‘very, very inexpensive’ land values in sub-Saharan Africa.41
Emergent points out that Zambian land, though some of the most expensive in sub-Saharan Africa, is still one-eighth the price of similar land in Argentina or Brazil, and less than a twentieth of that in Germany. Emergent assumes that land will generate strong returns as prices rise – in part because of increasing demand for land from the food powers of Brazil and China.42
One of Emergent’s stated strategies is to identify poorly managed or failing farms and buy them up at distressed prices, then turn them around in order to boost returns. Rapidly appreciating land prices provide a ‘backstop’ should this risky strategy fail.
Agricultural investment is desperately needed. And Emergent argues that it is not simply building up land banks – it also invests to increase productivity and brings in new techniques and technologies, as well as making ‘social investments’ in schools, hospitals and housing. But the risk remains that some investors will be interested only in the easy return on land, rather than the trickier business of growing food.
Navigate the report
- Growing a Better Future
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The age of crisis: a skewed and failing system
- 3. The new prosperity
- 4. Conclusion
|
<urn:uuid:62256d83-8174-4adc-abbd-9c76e5a520ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.oxfam.org/en/grow/reports/growing-better-future/2-age-crisis-skewed-and-failing-system/22-sustainable-production-cha-0
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011237144/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092037-00073-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944297 | 1,097 | 3.5 | 4 |
Budgeting and Financial Management - Part 3
This eCourse consists of two modules. Module 1 outlines the financial planning process and shows how models can be used to forecast a firm's future financial performance.
Module 2 focuses on the types of short-term assets and liabilities owned by a company and how the company can most efficiently use them. It also illustrates how short-term funding requirements can be met.
On completion of this course, you will be able to:
- Explain what financial planning is
- Identify the main components of a typical financial plan
- Explain the role of modelling in financial planning
- Explain the importance of working capital management
- Calculate a firm's working investment need
- List the causes and risks of overtrading
Module 1: Financial Planning
Topic 1: What is Financial Planning?
Topic 2: Components of a Financial Plan
Topic 3: Forecasting
Topic 4: Uses of Models in Financial Planning
Module 2: Working Capital Management
Topic 1: The Cash Conversion Cycle
Topic 2: Working Investment
Topic 3: Working Capital
Topic 4: Shortening the Cash Conversion Cycle
|
<urn:uuid:43b8e254-af37-4b04-aa4d-a2629d62de1c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.hksi.org/development/activities/1001188-budgeting-and-financial-management-part-3/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804724.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118094746-20171118114746-00008.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.834199 | 231 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Contrary to what many people think, addiction isn’t just a disease of the body alone but also of the mind and therefore any therapy for addiction has to treat all these aspects to be successful. When you are being treated from withdrawal effects of any drug but the doctors fail to give a therapy that will help heal the conditions that create depression, fatigue and anxiety, the chances of relapse become even higher and you may not completely recover from the effects of the drug.
Similarly if you withdraw from a substance and do not understand the psychological and spiritual issues that promoted the need for it, then relapse is likely and the lessons of disease have not been learnt.
Integrative medicine avails the tools that are instrumental in assessing and treating the conditions in the body that culminate into fatigue, depression, and anxiety, thereby increasing the likelihood of chemical dependency. These include:
- Neurotransmitter deficiency
- Gluten intolerance
- Metabolic cofactor deficiency
- Adrenal fatigue
- Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) deficiency
These “terrain issues” in the body have to be properly addressed so as to make detoxification easier and to inhibit relapse.
Addiction is a complex disease that must be properly addressed as it doesn’t only affect the body alone but also the mind. most of the symptoms that are exhibited in the body are developed within the consciousness, the body is just an avenue through which these emotional traumas, fears , irrational thoughts, chemical imbalances in the brain and conflicts are showed.
Diseases are a way through which the body seeks your attention and beckons self-exploration in pursuit of true healing.
One of the hardest stages in addiction treatment and recovery that those addicted to drugs have to endure is detoxification. this is necessary as drugs of abuse always alter the chemical balances in the brain hence this balance must be restored.
Drug withdrawal can cause symptoms such as sweating, fever, hallucinations and even seizures. The severity of these withdrawal symptoms can prevent a person from maintaining sobriety. It can even make it impossible for a person to stop using the drugs in the first place.
The coenzyme NAD, also known as “biological rocket fuel,” is a good approach to treatment of addiction and recovery. It might also help in reducing the drug cravings .
NAD is an abbreviation that stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. this is an activated form of vitamin B3. It is naturally present within every cell in the human body. It not only helps in regulating gene expression but also mediates calcium levels. NAD is also a participant in a number of redox reactions – in other words, it reacts with oxygen in the body.
Owing to these reactions, It is a powerful anti-oxidant that can help in reducing the populations of dangerous free radicals hence protecting the body from aging and diseases that are caused by oxidative damage like cancer. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is also an essential component of the citric acid cycle known to many people as Krebs cycle; a cellular process that is essential for the production of energy for every cell and organ in the body.
When a drug of abuse is used for a long time, it alters the chemical makeup of the body. The addict will be glued to the drug and whenever he stops the brain has to begin learning how to work. For this reason any recovery plan must put in place ways to help the brain to rebuild and to function optimally. Without healing the brain the withdrawal symptoms and cravings for a drug will relapse.
Since NAD is essential for energy production, increasing the availability of NAD increases cellular energy. When the energy is increased the brain can more quickly rebuild its neurotransmitter population and fix its connections. This condition will help in rebuilding the brain and restoring its functions.
The NAD therapy results in an increased sense of well-being, clearer cognition. it also reduces the severity of the withdrawal symptoms.
NAD works better and quicker as compared to other detoxification methods. Just within four days of treatment with NAD the withdrawal symptoms as well as physical cravings are reduced. This can be especially inspiring during the beginning phases of drug cessation. Other detox methods take a while before they start working – with NAD infusions, recovering drug addicts are provided with near-immediate relief, encouraging them to continue pursuing sobriety.
Unlike other treatment methods, NAD is completely natural and non-addictive. This therefore is a guarantee that the addict will not suffer another addiction as a result of the drug used in treating him that was addictive.
Addicts who have received NAD therapy have testified that it helps them feel better and more energetic. They have also shown NAD have reported decreased withdrawal symptoms and a diminished desire to use. Since this treatment has no side effects and has received positive reviews, it may be prudent and safe to try the therapy.
NAD therapy is offered at AWAREmed Health and Wellness resource center. Here we ourselves fully to offering lasting solution to the menace of addiction. Don’t hesitate to call Dr. Dalal Akoury (MD) on (843)213-1480 for help.
|
<urn:uuid:aeebf2cb-66df-4e86-ac85-59d13a304054>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://www.awaremed.com/uncategorized/nad-therapy-for-cravings-reduction/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145443.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221045555-20200221075555-00476.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958163 | 1,067 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Ensuring that young people in foster care have successful outcomes in housing, education, employment,…
This brief highlights findings from a pilot research study that took place at the Seita Scholars Program during early 2016. The purpose of the study was to learn more about perceptions about mental health challenges experienced by college students who have foster care histories. The main research questions explored topics of resiliency, seeking professional support in times of need, and relationships with helping professionals.
To explore the mental health needs of college students from foster care, fifteen undergraduates who had aged out of foster care were interviewed either individually or as part of small focus groups. The average age of these students was 20 years old with the majority being female (80%) and self-identifying with a minority race (74%). The findings capture the words and meaning shared by participants in the interviews and focus groups.
Fostering Success Michigan is a statewide initiative that aims to increase access and success in higher education and post-college careers for youth with experience in foster care. Learn how you can contribute to building a holistic network that insulates (i.e., strengthens protective factors and reduces risks) the education to career "pipeline."Make a Donation
|
<urn:uuid:80cd0813-38cc-4b0b-9903-8689f71fa15a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://fosteringsuccessmichigan.com/library/perceptions-about-mental-health-among-college-students-with-foster-care-his
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423809.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721202430-20170721222430-00300.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966998 | 246 | 2.828125 | 3 |
General History of the Things of New Spain by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún: The Florentine Codex. Book VIII: Kings and Lords
Historia general de las cosas de nueva España (General history of the things of New Spain) is an encyclopedic work about the people and culture of central Mexico compiled by Fray Bernardino de Sahagún (1499–1590), a Franciscan missionary who arrived in Mexico in 1529, eight years after completion of the Spanish conquest by Hernan Cortés. Commonly referred to as the Florentine Codex, the manuscript consists of 12 books devoted to different topics. Book VIII is concerned with kings and nobles, forms of government, elections of rulers, and the customs and pastimes of the nobility. In addition to being interested in these topics for their own sake, Sahagún was motivated by linguistic considerations to describe as many aspects of Aztec life as he could. It was only by doing so, he explained, that he could bring “to light all the words of this language with their literal and metaphoric meanings and all their manners of speech and the greater part of their antiquities, good and evil.” Book VIII is rich in illustrations relating to the Aztec way of life. The paintings at folios 219, 261, and 280–81 relate to clothing. They show the loom, how clothing was made, and textile patterns worn by the nobility. The majority of the Aztec population could only wear clothes made from agave yarn, undyed and without adornment, but the nobles wore colored cotton clothes decorated with shell or bone-and-feather patches. The illustration on folio 269r shows the game patolli, described by Sahagún as similar to dice, in which the players gambled jewels and other possessions by letting fall three large beans onto a large cross painted on a mat. The illustration on folio 292v depicts tlachtli, a ball game originally linked to the Mesoamerican view of the cosmos as the product of a clash between opposing but complementary forces, such as life and death, day and night, fertility and barrenness, and light and darkness. The struggle was reproduced in the game, as two teams representing opposing cosmic forces faced each other on a court, striving to bounce a heavy rubber ball as many times as possible against the side walls of the court. According to Sahagún, the game was a diversion of the nobility that had lost its earlier religious significance.
Title in Original Language
Libro octauo, de los Reyes, y señores, y de la manera: que tenian, en sus electiones: y en el gouierno de sus Reinos
Type of Item
Bound as part of volume 2. Ink on paper ; 310 x 212 millimeters
- Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, The World of the Aztecs in the Florentine Codex, (Mandragora: 2007).
Last updated: June 20, 2014
|
<urn:uuid:b26011ee-ad0e-493b-97be-a86c04b2d031>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://www.wdl.org/en/item/10619/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320243.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624082900-20170624102900-00519.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935766 | 631 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Guava fruit production isn’t affected by many pests. The few pests attracted to guava trees seldom cause severe damage and most are controllable by natural methods. Strawberry guava trees (Psidium cattleianum), also known as common or cattly guava, thrive in a site with loamy to sandy soil of any pH and full sun in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 9 through 11. Guava trees (Psidium guajava), also known as apple guava, prefer a site with loamy to sandy soil featuring a neutral to slightly alkaline pH and full sun to partial shade in USDA hardiness zones 10 through 15.
A severe black scale (Saissetia oleae) infestation affects the productivity and vigor of guava trees. Adult males are the easiest to identify and have a dark brown to black body up to 1/5 of an inch long and 1/8 of an inch wide with distinguishing H-shaped ridges on their backs. This soft-bodied insect is intolerant of dry conditions. Pruning select branches from the tree’s canopy increases air flow and lets more sunlight reach lower leaves. This creates drier conditions and controls black scale populations.
Black scale secretions, known as honeydew, attract ants (family Formicidae). Ants not only protect scale insects from predators, they help move these pests around the plant escalating the effect of the infestation. You can control ants naturally. Start by pruning any branches touching buildings or other plants, which act as a bridge to the tree. Next, wrap sticky tape, made to prevent tree pests from climbing up the tree, around the trunk. As either an extra or standalone measure, set out natural traps baited with a combination of sugar water and boric acid.
Whiteflies, particularly Bemisia whiteflies, are a minor pest of guava trees and usually don’t require treatment to control their populations. Identify the tiny, adults by their red eyes, two sets of white wings and yellow body, which is 1 /25 of an inch long. To control whiteflies naturally, get rid of infested leaves and spray the tree with your garden hose on a strong, spray setting to knock them off the tree. There are no available chemical insecticides that do a good job of controlling whiteflies. In fact, applying insecticides kills natural predators and can increase, rather than decrease, whitefly populations.
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne) don’t directly damage guava fruit. However, guava trees planted in sandy soils are susceptible to these pests and they can cause severe damage that affects fruit yield. Root-knot nematodes are microscopic, so you won’t be able to see them. These pests spread easily and are difficult to control. Signs of a root-knot nematode infestation include wilting, even after watering, and yellowing leaves, as well as the production of fewer and smaller, fruits and leaves than usual. Root-knot nematodes rarely kill trees, but are difficult to control once they are established. Provide optimal growth conditions including proper irrigation, drainage and an application of fertilizer, to increase plant vigor and help the trees fight them off and mitigate damage.
- University of California at Davis Integrated Pest Management Online: Pests in Gardens and Landscapes -- Black Scale
- Fruits of Warm Climates; Feijoa; Julia F. Morton
- University of California at Davis Integrated Pest Management Online: Pests in Gardens and Landscapes -- Whiteflies
- University of Hawaii Extension Entomology and UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program
- University of California Cooperative Extension: Sample Costs to Establish an Orchard and Produce Guavas in San Diego County 2007
- University of California at Davis Integrated Pest Management Online: Pests in Gardens and Landscapes -- Ants
- University of California at Davis Integrated Pest Management Online: Pests in Gardens and Landscapes -- Nematodes
- Cal Poly Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute: Strawberry Guava
- Cal Poly Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute: Guava
- Stockbyte/Stockbyte/Getty Images
|
<urn:uuid:f135ebbd-2178-4065-97d1-698edd9b4cdc>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/pest-control-guava-fruit-33957.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805541.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119095916-20171119115916-00726.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.911342 | 878 | 3.546875 | 4 |
Consider the pine tree growing outside your window. The squirrel scurrying across your roof. The mushrooms growing through the cracks on your porch. Everywhere you look, there is life.
Did you know that there are over 1.8 million species calling our planet home? Or that another 59,000 now-extinct species dwell in the fossil record beneath our feet?1 Most scientists believe that all of these lifeforms can trace their ancestry back billions of years to LUCA, one or more small, single-celled organisms considered the Last Universal Common Ancestor(s) of us all.
But the Bible gives us a completely different view on the origin of biodiversity. The first chapter of Genesis records that God supernaturally created a diverse array of lifeforms in the beginning. Many kinds of plants and animals―of land, air, and water―already existed within the first week. How do the classification schemes we use today correspond to these ‘created kinds’ of animals and plants? Is every species we see today the same as when God created them? If not, how many of today’s species can we trace back to the original kinds? How much change could have occurred since the creation event?
We can try to answer these questions with a relatively new field of scientific research. Let us introduce you to baraminology, the study of created kinds.
Have Species Changed Since Creation?
Many associate young-earth creationism with the concept of fixity of species. This concept assumes that all living species exist in the same form today as when God spoke them into existence. This belief suggests no species has changed one iota since the dawn of time. Example: portrayals of the Garden might depict Adam and Eve alongside your typical farm chickens, turkeys, cattle, and dog breeds, instead of their wild ancestors which we domesticated. But this notion doesn’t fit what we know from reality. Species have changed quite a bit, even in more recent times!
But you want to hear something really crazy? The fixity of species concept doesn’t actually come from the Bible. We can trace it back to ancient Greek philosophers, like Aristotle and Plato.2 They believed that every species existed in an ideal form and could not change its essence. It is not until much later that people, like John Ray3 and others, began to adapt this belief into the biblical text. In fact, the word ‘species’ doesn’t appear anywhere in the original Hebrew text of the Bible. This is because the most widely-used definition of a species nowadays didn’t even exist until the 20th century!4 Instead, when the Bible refers to the major units according to which God created living things, it uses the word Hebrew min, or “kind.”
What is a Min?
Seeing as the Book of Genesis is a historical account and not a biology textbook, it uses the word min very few times.5 This makes it a very difficult term to define. Nevertheless, we can examine the textual context whenever the word appears in Scripture to help us better understand what it means.
Over the years, researchers have developed a number of proposed definitions.6,7,8 Despite differences in opinion, they all unite on the same basic idea. This is that the kind represents an organism’s lineage that was originally created by God and diversified into many diverse forms with the passage of time.
The Archipelago of Life
We can picture the diversity of life as thousands of islands scattered across a vast ocean (e.g. a grand archipelago). Each island of diversity represents a min―a recognizable group of organisms we call a biblical ‘kind.’ The group persists by its members interbreeding and producing similar offspring.
Islands of Biodiversity
Consider, for example, the diversity we see just within the various dog breeds around the world. Retrievers, beagles, poodles, and chihuahuas are just a few of the 450 breeds of dogs recognized worldwide.9 Add to that their wild ancestor, the wolf, and its cousins, like the coyote, the red fox, and the now-extinct dire wolf. These dog-like creatures belong to the family Canidae. All of them likely make up a single created kind: the dog kind.10
Seaways of Discontinuity
Separating these “islands” of diversity are vast seaways that represent significant dissimilarity; these can be used to distinguish one major group of organisms (a “kind”) apart from the others. The “seaways of discontinuity” that separate them are perilous and cannot be crossed. Presumably, organisms from one min cannot interbreed with and were not ancestral to the members of any other min. They are distinct unto themselves.
Let’s return to our dog kind example. Terriers, fennec foxes, huskies, and bone-crushing dogs all share a common ancestor that was created by God. They are distinct from members of the cat family (Felidae), like leopards, lions, house cats, and saber-toothed cats.11 Our feline friends probably belong to a completely different min. In a similar fashion, chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and quail are thought to represent their own min.12 Meanwhile hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead, and green sea turtles are united within a completely different min.13
How Do Biblical ‘Kinds’ Compare to Our Modern Classification Ranks?
It may be tempting to assign biblical kinds to one of the tiers in our manmade classification system, such as genus, family, or order. This creates problems, however, because these categories are somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent with the amount of biodiversity they contain. For example, the order Carnivora contains all species of cats, dogs, bears, seals, and many other animals. On the other hand, the entire order Pholidota only contains eight similar-looking species of pangolins.
An eventual goal of baraminology will be to match lifeforms from the manmade classification system biologists have developed to distinct biblical kinds. Before we can do this with certainty, however, we must do more research. Until then, creationists refer to suspected biblical kinds as baramins, Hebrew for ‘created kinds’.
So What is Baraminology?
Baraminology is the study of created kinds. Biologists and theologians, such as Carl Linnaeus and Dr. Frank Marsh, have dipped their toes into this field for centuries. However, baraminology did not begin in earnest until the 1990’s, based on landmark work by Dr. Walter ReMine14 and Dr. Kurt Wise.15
Baraminologists carefully study how similar or dissimilar organisms are to each other. This allows them to best approximate which organisms belong to a single created kind.
How Do We Tell One Created Kind Apart from the Others?
Baraminologists use a set of similarities, called additive criteria, to add or lump smaller groups of organisms together. For example, the ability of two organisms to produce offspring is a good sign that they belong to the same created kind. When lions and tigers mate, they can produce a hybrid called a liger. This makes sense, because lions and tigers both belong to the cat kind.
Baraminologists must also be able show how one proposed created kind is distinct from other created kinds. To do this, they look at dissimilarities, or subtractive criteria. These are used to subtract species from a larger group of organisms. This makes the group smaller and hopefully closer to the true created kind. Consider, as an example, the fossa. If you came across this mammal in the wild or at the zoo, you might easily mistake it for a cousin of your feline friend. Like your house cat, the fossa even has partially retractable claws to help it climb trees. Despite this, there are many features that show dissimilarity with true cats. Statistical tests can be done that show it likely does not belong to the cat created kind.16
What “Problems” For Young-Earth Creationism Does Baraminology Solve?
It Is an Argument Against LUCA, the Last Universal Common Ancestor
One of the chief differences between creation biology and evolutionary biology is that of ancestry. Conventional biologists believe that all life evolved from a universal common ancestor (LUCA, mentioned above) over the course of millions and billions of years. If that is the case, we would expect a gradient of similarity that unites all biodiversity to a single family tree called the Tree of Life. Baraminology allows us to demonstrate that the gaps of dissimilarity between major groups of organisms are real, and not apparent. This is a strong indication that life arose from a diverse array of ancestors, as recorded in the Biblical account.
It Reduces the Number of Animals Needed on Noah’s Ark
A very common objection raised against young-earth creationism concerns Noah’s Ark. Specifically, Noah could not have possibly fit two of every animal species on the Ark. This would, of course, be correct. But this is not what Noah was told to do in the first place! Rather, God told Noah that He would bring at least two of every kind of air-breathing land animal to the Ark (Genesis 6:19-20). This considerably reduces the required number of animals needed on board. It is the diverse descendants of these ‘Ark kinds’ that inhabit the world with us today.
We can only get a better idea of the number of animals present on the Ark after much more research is done. We may, however, use the classification rank of family to get a rough estimate. With that, we see there would have been less than 2,000 Ark kinds, and probably less than 7,000 individual animals total.17 The varieties of these kinds seen today (and in the post-Flood fossil record) are the result of diversification in the years following the Flood of Noah’s day.
It Explains the Existence of Some “Evidence” for Evolution
Anticreationist literature is filled to the brim with supposed proof that creationism is not true because animals have “evolved.” This evidence includes vestigial structures (i.e. whale hip bones), intermediate forms (i.e. “missing links”), and poorly-designed features (i.e. the panda’s thumb).
While baraminology doesn’t completely render this argument void, it does show that many “slam dunk” cases against young-earth creationism are actually great examples of variation within a created kind.
Consider the panda’s thumb as one example. Though it appears that the giant panda’s paw has six digits, that extra “thumb” is actually an extension of its wrist bone. The hungry panda uses it like a thumb though, clamping onto bamboo shoots as it eats. Young-earth skeptics claim that if an intelligent Creator had designed the panda, He would have given it a true thumb rather than modify its wrist bone to accommodate.
However, baraminology shows us that God likely did not create the giant panda in its present form. This beautiful creature is but a member of the bear kind. Since other bears do not have a “panda’s thumb” of their own, it is likely that the original, ancestral bear God created did not either. Instead, the giant panda developed this trait specifically for eating bamboo, probably sometime after the Flood.
It Explains Some Biogeography Puzzles
Biogeography is the study of where species live and how they came to be there. Very few species have worldwide distribution, as they are usually refined to a limited habitat requirements or geographic barriers (e.g. mountains or oceans). For example, lemurs are only found on the island of Madagascar. Biogeography is commonly used as an argument against young-earth creationism; skeptics think it unlikely that every lemur species would just so happen to migrate to Madagascar after the Flood. And they would be absolutely correct!
Baraminology helps restrict the severity of this argument. If lemurs belong to just one or a handful of created kinds, it’s perfectly logical they are only found in a single place on earth. That is where post-Flood lemur ancestors arrived after the Flood and is therefore the only place they diversified.
It Helps Us Account For Attack/Defense Structures, Parasites, and Poisonous Creatures
Many animals and plants possess seemingly well-designed attack and defense structures. This has always been difficult for creationists to explain. After all, if animals were originally designed to eat plants (Genesis 1:30), why does the T. rex have banana-sized teeth for pulverizing prey? Why are mosquitoes, leeches, and vampire bats designed to bite and extract blood? Why do rattlesnakes have a venomous bite for attack and defense, and a rattle to ward off their predators?
Baraminology shows us that many lifeforms have undergone significant changes since they were initially created. After the Fall of Man and subsequent Curse on Creation, it is implied in Scripture that biological changes took place among plants and animals (Genesis 3:14-19). Genesis 6:11 describes that both man and beast became increasingly more violent in the years leading up to the Flood. Varieties that arose from some created kinds became vicious predators and developed attack structures accordingly. In response, prey developed ways of defending themselves. Consider the startling noise a rattlesnake makes with the end of its tail when it feels threatened.18 Some organisms coped by developing defense structures in response, like the thorns and thistles many plants have.
Areas of Further Research
Baraminology helps answer many questions and challenges. However, there are still many areas within baraminology that need more work.
What Did the Original Created Kinds Look Like?
Baraminic research indicates that there can be great variety within a created kind. It is unlikely that the specific kinds God created, or those on the Ark, could ever be known with certainty. Creation biologists, however, can still make educated guesses about what they may have looked like.
For example, they can make a family tree of all known organisms that belong to a single created kind. The “branches” of this family tree show which species are further down the lineage. Those closer to the trunk will represent species most similar to the original ancestor God created.
In the case of tyrannosaurs (T. rex and its relatives), this may have been an animal with longer, grasping arms and a much smaller skull in proportion to its body.19 This ancestral tyrannosaur may have resembled Eotyrannus, a smaller cousin of T. rex, though one designed to eat plants. In the years following the Curse, T. rex’s ancestors seem to have sacrificed longer arms for a more powerful, bone-crushing bite.
Once more species are assigned to specific created kinds, it will become easier to predict the appearance of organisms on the Ark and those God supernaturally created with more accuracy.
As we have seen, created kinds have undergone much diversification since Creation Week, and since the Flood. And there are several lines of evidence that these sorts of changes within created kinds were not only drastic, but also happened relatively quickly.20 Certainly much more quickly than traditional evolutionary mechanisms like natural selection, mutations, or even the theory of evolution can account for. Let’s consider evidence for rapid diversification, especially after the Flood, from Scripture, modern species, and the fossil record.
Scripture tells us that members of the horse and camel kinds (i.e. Genesis 12:16: donkeys and dromedary camels), the cat kind (i.e. Job 38:39: lions), and the dog kind (i.e. Genesis 49.27: wolves) were all in existence by the time of Abraham. This is significant. Since Bible scholars and archaeologists date Abraham’s life to the Bronze Age, most modern species had developed within perhaps a few hundred to a thousand years after the Flood.
Many animals still possess “genetic memories” of their original ancestors. Modern horses have tiny, unused toe bones above their hooves. They are sometimes even born with three, fully-formed toes on each foot. These are callbacks from early post-Flood horses. If horses lost their toes tens of millions of years ago, the genetic information to generate these toes―according to evolutionary theory―should have become too degraded from disuse to keep recurring.20
Fossils of extinct species help demonstrate how a kind diversified into new species of that same kind after the Flood. Usually, these diverse species appear abruptly with very few examples of intermediate species21; they do not gradually change from one species into another. This indicates that post-Flood diversification of kinds produced a lineage of organisms in a step-by-step fashion, not slowly and gradually over long spans of time. It is likely that new species or genera were generated in single generations. One organism would give birth to an entirely new species or genera.22
We see an increase in size among fossil horses, camels, elephants, and other mammal families. This appears to be a response to the decline of forests and the expanse of more open habitat. In fossil rabbits and hoofed mammals, we see changes in tooth height. This appears to counteract the ingestion of grit and soil while grazing in open, gritty, feeding environments.23, 24 This form of parallel diversification is very difficult to explain from a naturalistic evolution perspective.
So Many Species in So Little Time
How could the Ark kinds generate so much diversity in such a short amount of time? Creation biologists think that there are genetic mechanisms that we have not yet discovered today. However, they all agree that it was based on variability built into the genes of the original created kinds.25,26,27 The preprogrammed diversity of kinds points to the foresight of the intelligent Designer who made them.
Baraminology―the study of created kinds―is a very active and exciting field. As we continue to improve our baraminic methods and do more research, we inch closer and closer to a better understanding of the diversity with which God filled His world―both supernaturally during Creation Week and naturally through diversification. All around us, we see evidence of God’s instruction for living things to fill the earth. With the help of baraminology, we are beginning to see how God’s design functions and has come to fruition.
Where Can I Learn More About Baraminology?
How Many Kinds of Mammals were on the Ark?
How Many Created Kinds of Dinosaurs Were There?
Bombardier Beetles and Baraminology
What is the eKINDS Project?
1 “Catalogue of Life: 2018 Annual Checklist”. 2018. Retrieved 07-09-2021
2 Landgren P. 1993. “On the origin of ‘species:’ ideological roots of the species concept.” In: Scherer S, editor. Typen des Lebens. Berlin: Pascal Verlag.
3 Mayr, “Growth of biological thought.” p256; original was Ray, History of Plants. 1686, trans E. Silk.
4 Mayr, Ernst (1942). “Systematics and the origin of species from the viewpoint of a zoologist.” New York: Columbia University Press.
5 Strong’s Hebrew: 4327. מִין (min) — 31 Occurrences. (n.d.).
6 Wieland, Carl. “Variation, Information and the Created Kind.” Journal of Creation 5(1):42–47, April 1991 5, no. 1 (April 1991): 42–47.
7 Schafer, A.R.D. 2003. The “Kinds” of Genesis 1: What Is the Meaning of Min? Journal of the Adventist Theological Society. Available at: http://works.bepress.com/rahel_schafer/8/
8 Wise, K. P. 2018. Devotional Biology: Learning to Worship the Creator of Organisms. Compass Classroom, LCC, pg. 86-87
9 Ostrander, Elaine A.; Wang, Guo-Dong; Larson, Greger; Vonholdt, Bridgett M.; Davis, Brian W.; Jagannathan, Vidyha; Hitte, Christophe; Wayne, Robert K.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2019). “Dog10K: An international sequencing effort to advance studies of canine domestication, phenotypes, and health”. National Science Review. 6 (#4): 810–824.
10 Pendragon, B., A review of selected features of the family Canidae with reference to its fundamental taxonomic status, Journal of Creation 25(3):79–88, 2011.
11 Pendragon B. and Winkler, N., The family of cats—delineation of the feline basic type, Journal of Creation 25(2):118–124, 2011.
12 Brophy, T., R. “Results of BDISTMDS and BARCLAY are Generally Similar and Confirm Baraminological Conclusions for the Landfowl (Aves: Galliformes).” Journal of Creation Theology and Science Series B: Life Sciences 11:1-7.
13 Hennigan, T. 2014. “An initial estimate toward identifying and numbering the Ark turtle and crocodile kinds.” Answers Research Journal 7:1–10.
14 ReMine, Walter J. (1990) “Discontinuity Systematics: A New Methodology of Biosystematics Relevant to the Creation Model,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism: Vol. 2 , Article 53.
15 Wise, Kurt P. (1990) “Baraminology: A Young-Earth Creation Biosystematic Method,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Creationism: Vol. 2 , Article 63.
16 Wood, Todd. “Baraminology by Cluster Analysis: A Response to Reeves.” Answers Research Journal 14 (2021): 283–302.
17 Ross, M.R., 2012. “No Kind Left Behind.” Answers Magazine, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 26-29.
18 Arment, C. Rattlesnakes: A Post-Flood Diversification in the New World. Zoo Creation. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
19 Aaron, M. 2014. “Discerning tyrants from usurpers: A statistical baraminological analysis of Tyrannosauroidea yielding the first dinosaur holobaramin.” Answers Research Journal 7:459–477.
20 Wise, K. P. (2018). Perspectives on Speciation. In Devotional Biology: Learning to Worship the Creator of Organisms (pp. 352-353). Nashville, Tennessee: Compass Classroom.
21 Please note the differentiation between intermediate species and intermediate form (“missing links”). While intermediate forms between major groups of animals have been found (we address these elsewhere), intermediate species and genera are quite rare. This observation formed the basis for what Drs. Stephen J. Gould and Niles Eldgridge have called ‘punctuated equilibrium.’
22 Wise, K. P. [Gateway Creation Conference]. (2021, April 30). Created Kinds [Video]. YouTube.
23 Jardine, Phillip & Janis, Christine & Sahney, Sarda & Benton, Michael. (2012). Grit not grass: Concordant patterns of early origin of Hypsodonty in Great Plains ungulates and Glires. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. s 365–366. 1–10. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.09.001.
24 Wise, K. P. (2018). Perspectives on Macroevolution. In Devotional Biology: Learning to Worship the Creator of Organisms (pp. 353-358). Nashville, Tennessee: Compass Classroom.
25 Wood, T.C. 2003b. Perspectives on AGEing: a young-earth creation diversification model. pp.479-489 in: Ivey, R.L., Jr. (editor). Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Creationism. Creation Science Fellowship, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
26 Jeanson, N. T. 2017. Replacing Darwin: The New Origin of Species. Green Forest, Arkansas: Master Books.
27 Carter, R. 2021. Species were designed to change, part 3: the tangled web of (intrabaraminic) life. Creation Ministries International.
The views expressed in this article reflect those of the author.
This is a very helpful overview of baraminology and will be my new go-to article to share for those that ask about this topic. Thanks for pulling this together.
Much appreciated! Thank you, Dr. Duff!
Excellent article that nails what its all about. Really good. Yes kinds should be the target for creationists. Yes they were few on creation week and since exploded into glorious diversity, then the flood year rebooted them back , then a post flood explosion of diversity. this leads to errors about why biology is so different before/after the flood.
I like the panda picture. this creature was once said to ba creature but now uts said to be just a bear and the other panda just a raccon or something. Yet both have thyumbs for bamboo, colouring, and other like details and live in the same area. Yet both might be of different kinds but no more panda.
Does baraminology use “orphan genes” to help distinguish “kinds” of creatures?
Hello John! Orphan genes typically pertain to individual species. Seeing as created kinds usually contain more than one species, orphan genes are not currently used by baraminologists, as far as we know.
I already have the Genesis series which I love. I watch them at various times because there is so much information in them. But the question “Is Genesis history?” Absolutely YES, without a doubt! Thank you for making this series.
Thank you for this great article. As I was reading, I was hoping you would touch on “rapid speciation” which you did in the form of rapid diversification. A good example here is the number of canine species has exploded since the 1600s … in this case due to animal husbandry.
Thank you, Mike! I’m glad you found this informative!
Thank you for this informative article.
You’re welcome! I’m glad you enjoyed the article! 🙂
Very well written Christian. You’re a gifted (God given) writer! May the Lord use you for His glory and blessing of many. May the Lord keep you close to Himself, because that’s the personal path to go.
Thank you for these heartwarming remarks!
One issue would be that the original population of cats, for example, wouldn’t be of clones. It could have been a very diverse with a very high heterozygosity. The same goes for all of the original archetype populations.
I have read some of your articles and find them very informative. I am compiling an on-line creation science book for use by Christian home-schoolers at the high school level and would like to include this article in whole or part. It describes how vital the biblical use of “kind” is in biology today. I will send you a draft to critique.
Thank you, Craig! I’m glad you’ve found this article helpful. 🙂
|
<urn:uuid:f69010da-c527-47bc-886f-01ed38935950>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://newcreation.blog/what-is-baraminology-1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948673.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20230327154814-20230327184814-00387.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934783 | 5,904 | 3.375 | 3 |
Abbeville, the seat of Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, was founded in 1843 by Antoine Désiré Mégret, a French Capuchin missionary. Located in the heart of Cajun country, the town’s population was initially of predominantly French extraction, with a small component of Italian and German Catholics. An immigration society was established in Abbeville in 1883 to promote the agricultural opportunities of the area. This led to an influx of Midwestern farmers who helped develop the parish’s rice-growing industry. Other important local industries in the early 20th century included cattle raising and lumbering.
John Winfred O’Bryan (1887-1943) established the Abbeville Progress in 1913. Billing itself as “A Wide-Awake Home Newspaper,” the eight-page nonpartisan weekly reported a wide range of local, national and international news. Of particular local interest is news related to agriculture, including the development of farmers’ cooperative unions, the progress of the Good Roads movement in south Louisiana, and reports on the economic and social effects of the boll weevil blight. A general agricultural advice column was supplemented by separate columns on poultry, livestock, and gardening; additionally, in 1915 the paper published a series of fourteen articles from the United States Department of Agriculture entitled “The Home Garden of the South.” A fashion column and “Progress Woman’s Page” were targeted at women readers, as was much of the paper’s selection of fiction.
The Abbeville Progress published the minutes of the parish police jury (the equivalent of county councils in other states) after it became the official journal of Vermilion Parish in 1917. It was also the official journal of the parish school board and frequently reported on local events associated with the Chautauqua adult education movement. Information on the early oil industry in south Louisiana is minimal but of some interest. News of World War I was published in a “Weekly War News Digest.”
In 1915, O’Bryan purchased John Milton Scanland’s Vermilion News and consolidated it with the Abbeville Progress. He continued as editor and proprietor until his death in 1943, whereupon the business was carried on by his wife and sons. John O’Bryan, Jr., was killed in 1944 while serving in World War II. His family, feeling unable to carry on, sold the paper the following year to the Abbeville Meridional.
|
<urn:uuid:d75faed9-6ee1-403b-8c47-5df5d46540ba>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.lib.lsu.edu/special/cc/dlnp/historical_essays/abbevilleprogress.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394023865238/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305125105-00000-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961783 | 519 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Abstract: How important is the internalization of values by citizens to the effectiveness of the state? Civic acts by citizens help the state to overcome potentially crippling agency problems. Law influences the behavior of citizens through expression, deterrence, and internalization. Distinguishing these effects shows the importance of each, and also shows why the state can express and deter more easily than it can induce citizens to internalize values. In a rational, self-interested theory of the internalization of values, people change their preferences to increase their opportunities for cooperation with others. Since officials have remote relationships with citizens in modern states, the state lacks the information needed to reward virtuous citizens. Instead of promoting civic virtue directly, the state must rely on families, friends, and colleagues to encourage civic virtue. To achieve this goal, the state must first align law with the social norms that facilitate private cooperation.
|
<urn:uuid:ca60ec30-7a5e-49d3-830b-076f24375074>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.independent.org/publications/working_papers/article.asp?id=744&s=beacon
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678698356/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024458-00045-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933552 | 174 | 2.96875 | 3 |
An Integrated, Thematic Resource!
This creation is perfect for a kindergarten class learning about plants. This would be perfect for a teacher using the Speaking and Listening Strand of Core Knowledge because it includes similar topics and vocabulary. This is also Common Core aligned!
The following is included:
Write the Room
Count the Room
Can, Have, Are Labels
Old MacDonald Lyrics for personal readers
Who am I? Riddles
Thank you for your interest in advance! Please leave constructive criticism to help me improve my products!!
|
<urn:uuid:5ccd389a-5d8d-41a0-a710-7881edf8d4ad>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/With-a-Moo-Moo-Here-A-Farm-Resource-1659926
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00187.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.875515 | 110 | 2.875 | 3 |
IN THIS SECTION
Undergraduate Major Course Descriptions
G308 Paleontology and Geology of Indiana (3 cr.) Taught every other fall semester (2012, 2014, 2016) Paleontology and geology with a regional focus, emphasizing life, the sedimentary record, changing paleo-environments, and the origin of Indiana’s modern landscape, biota, and natural resources. Includes fossil identification and analyses of paleontological data. | Course website
G323 Structural Geology (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G104 or G112. P or C: G222. Geometry and origin of folds, faults, joints, and cleavage. Modes and principles of rock deformation. Regional tectonics of selected fold-mountain systems. Laboratory and field trip. I Sem.
G328 Energy, Resources, and the Environment (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: Students without a prior college-level science or mathematics course must seek consent of instructor. Introduction to energy supply and demand using a scientific basis for understanding interactions between energy usage, the production of electricity, and the environment. Focuses on the relationships between energy resources, climate change, and the need to provide electricity and fuel in an environmentally sustainable manner.
G332 Atmospheric Thermodynamics (3 cr.) Earth’s weather and climate are controlled by how heat and moisture move in the atmosphere. In this course, students learn and apply the basic physical laws that govern those processes. Topics include thermodynamic laws, principles of atmospheric stability, phase changes of water, nucleation of cloud droplets and the growth of clouds, and the use of common meteorological tools and data to interpret cloud and precipitation behavior.
G334 Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4 cr.) P: G222. Interrelationship of sedimentation and stratigraphy; processes and factors influencing genesis of sedimentary strata; provenance, depositional environment, sedimentary facies, paleoecology; analytical techniques; application of principles of interpretation of stratigraphic record. Laboratory study of sediments and sedimentary rocks. II Sem.
G339 Weather Analysis and Forecasting (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G109 or G107 or consent of instructor. Analysis and interpretation of meteorological data with a focus on forecasting applications for the mid–latitudes. Students learn the practical skills that weather forecasters use. Credit given for only one of G339 or GEOG–G 339.
G340 Physical Meteorology and Climatology N&M CASE P: Any introductory science course or consent of instructor. Topics span multiple scales of atmospheric processes including past/recent/projected climate change, weather forecasting, severe weather, and surface energy budgets. Students gain knowledge concerning physical processes and properties of Earth’s atmosphere and acquire skills used to study and quantify atmospheric processes through problem solving with models and remote sensing data. Credit given for only one of G340 or GEO–G 304.
G341 The Natural History of Coral Reefs (3 cr.) N&M CASE Introduction to principles of Biology, Ecology, and Geology of coral reef ecosystems. P: 100-level geology, biology or natural history course recommended or consent of instructor. COLL (CASE) N&M Breadth of Inquiry credit. The course will address the evolutionary history of reef ecosystems through geologic time inclusive of reef composition and global distribution, modern reef development, conservation and management practices, and the persistence of the reef ecosystem through climate change scenarios. We will cover biologic, ecologic, and geologic principles as they pertain to coral reef ecosystems. | Course website
G347 Atmospheric Instrumentation and Remote Sensing (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G340 or GEOG-G304 or consent of instructor. Discusses the need to quantify atmospheric variables and processes. Introduces the principles of atmospheric measurement including sampling strategies, instrumentation, and the inverse problem. Radiative transfer theory is described. Research projects include the use of field, radar, and remotely sensed data to investigate weather and climate processes.
G364 Atmospheric Dynamics I (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G340 or G122; or one of GEOG–G304, G109, or G107; or consent of instructor. Equations of motion and their approximation, scale analysis for the atmosphere and the ocean. Conservation properties. Fluid motion in the atmosphere and oceans. Circulation and vorticity, geostrophic motion and the gradient wind balance. Turbulence and Ekman Layers.
GEOL X371 Teaching Internship in Geology (3 cr.)
GEOL X-377 Field Geology and Paleoanthropology in Tanzania (6 cr.) N&M CASE The 6-week Summer I course will provide hands-on experience in field geology and paleoanthropology of the Olduvai Gorge site situated on the flanks of East African Rift Valley in northern Tanzania. The course topics include sedimentology, stratigraphy, Geomorphology, volcanology, tectonics, paleontology, archaeology, taphonomy and field techniques such as lithic technology, excavations, mapping and surveys. Students will have an opportunity to learn basic Swahili, local cultures and interact with the pastoral communities such as Maasai at Olduvai area.
G399 Reading for Honors (12 cr. max.) P: approval of departmental honors advisor. I Sem., II Sem.
G404 Geobiology (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G334 and Biology L111 or L112. Taught every other fall semester (2011, 2013, 2015, 2017) Geobiology is the application of biological principals and fossils to the study of earth history. This course covers vertebrate morphology, phylogeny, taxonomy, evolution, biomechanics, biogeography, and paleoenvironments, and stratigraphic history. Labs focus on practical skills in osteology, functional interpretation, phylogenetic reconstruction, functional morphometrics, scanning, and analysis of data sets. | Course Website
G406 Introduction to Geochemistry (3 cr.) P: G222, Mathematics M212 or M216, and Chemistry C106; or consent of instructor. Chemistry in the study of the earth, employing elementary chemical thermodynamics, the phase rule, chemical equilibria, redox reactions, the radioactive decay law, and organic chemistry. II Sem.
G411 Invertebrate Paleontology (3 cr.) P: Junior standing and consent of advisor. Application of biological principles and use of fossils in the study of Earth’s history; origin of life and the early fossil record; evolution; approaches of taxonomy; chemistry of fossils; ecology of ancient life; use of fossils to measure geologic time. Prerequisites: L105 and G334. May be taken concurrently with G334 Sedimentation and Stratigraphy. Field and laboratory research in selected problems in geology. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credit hours. I Sem., II Sem., SS. | Course website
G412 Introduction to Vertebrate Paleontology (2-3 cr.) Fossil record, comparative morphology, phylogeny, biogeography, and paleoecology of the major vertebrate groups. Functional modifications of the vertebrate skeleton for existence in various aquatic and terrestrial environments. Laboratory study of recent and fossil osteological specimens. Field trip to a museum with a major vertebrate paleontology collection.
G415 Principles of Geomorphology (3 cr.) P: G222; college chemistry and mathematics or consent of instructor. Natural processes that form landscapes, surficial geologic materials and soils. Physics and chemistry of weathering. Dynamics of streams, wind, waves, glacier ice, and mass movement. Interactions of geomorphology and environment. I Sem.
G416 Economic Geology (3 cr.) P: G334; Chemistry C106–C126 or consent of instructor. Geologic occurrence and genesis of economic mineral deposits, including petroleum and coal. Introduction to mining, processing, and exploration methods. Two lectures and one 2–hour laboratory per week. II Sem.
G417 Optical Mineralogy (3 cr.) N&M CASE Use of crystal optics and the petrographic microscope to identify minerals, textures, rocks, and mineral reactions in thin sections of rock. Two 3–hour lecture/lab meetings per week or one lecture and two 2–hour lab meetings per week if taught as a 15–week class, or an equivalent schedule if taught as an 8–week class. I or II Sem.
G418 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology (3 cr.) P: G222 or equivalent. The petrogenesis of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Both the lecture and laboratory portions of the course stress the application of modern petrographic, mineralogic, geochemical, and phase equilibria techniques to the solution of relevant petrologic problems. Two lectures and one two-hour laboratory meeting per week. II Sem.
G420 Regional Geology Field Trip (1–2 cr.) P: GEOL–G 222 (323 Recommended); Authorization or consent of instructor.
G423 Methods in Applied Geophysics (4 cr.) P: G413 or equivalent. Application of geophysical principles to field and laboratory experiments, with emphasis on data acquisition, analysis, and geologic interpretation. Experiments include earthquake seismology, electrical resistivity, magnetic and gravity surveys, and reflection and refraction seismology. II Sem.
G427 Introduction to X–ray Mineralogy (3 cr.) P: G221. Theory and practice of X–ray powder diffraction. Measurement and analysis of digital diffractometer data, including profile fitting and Rietveld refinement, with applications to geological, environmental, and structural–chemical problems. Two lectures and one 2–hour laboratory per week. II Sem.
G429 Field Geology in the Rocky Mountains (6 cr.) N&M CASE P: G222, G323. Six weeks, including five weeks at the Geologic Field Station in Montana. Geologic reconnaissance, measurement of stratigraphic sections, mapping on aerial photographs, construction of structure sections. Regional geomorphology, stratigraphy, and structure through South Dakota, the Black Hills, Wyoming, Montana, Yellowstone Park, and Glacier Park. SS.
G434 Dynamic Meteorology: Synoptic to Global Scales (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G340 or GEOG–G 304. R: G339 or GEOG–G339, MATH M211–M212, and PHYS P221. Introduction to dynamical processes at the synoptic to global scales. Principles of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics and their application to the atmosphere. Basic conservation laws and equations of motion. Topics covered also include planetary waves and blocking mechanisms, teleconnections, and the global general circulation. Credit given for only one of G434 or GEOG–G 431.
G437 Advanced Synoptic Meteorology and Climatology (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G339 or G340, or GEOG–G304 or G339; or consent of instructor. Analysis and prediction of synoptic scale weather systems, emphasizing the mid-latitudes. Other topics include severe weather and atmospheric/oceanic teleconnections. Credit given for only one of G437 or GEOG–G 433.
G438 Air Pollution Meteorology (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G340 or GEOG–G 304, or consent of instructor. Analysis of the physical laws that govern the transport, transformation, and removal of atmospheric pollutants. Primary emphasis will be on physical and chemical processes, although biological impacts also will be considered. Credit given for only one of G438 or GEOG–G 434.
G448 Sustainable Energy Systems (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: Junior standing or consent of instructor. Examination of current energy use and the role of renewable energy resources in meeting future demand. Covers the physical and technological basis for geothermal, wind, solar, hydro and marine energy, in addition to the environmental, economic, and social impacts of developing and utilizing these sustainable resources.
G451 Principles of Hydrogeology (3 cr.) P: C106, M212 or M216, and consent of instructor. Physical and chemical properties of water; chemical equilibria and stable isotopes in groundwaters; acid drainage, landfills, and agricultural pollution; Darcy's Law, fluid potential, unsaturated flow; fluid and aquifer properties affecting groundwater flow; fluid mass-balance equation and its application; contaminant transport. I Sem.
G454 Fundamentals of Plate Tectonics (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G 323, G 334 or consent of instructor. COLL Intensive Writing section COLL (CASE) N&M Breadth of Inquiry credit. Synthesis of observations from diverse disciplines of geology leading to the development of modern plate tectonic theory. Applications of plate tectonic principles to fundamental problems of continental and marine geology. Meets jointly with G554.
G456 Wind Power Meteorology (3 cr.) P: G340 and G364, or GEOG–G304 and GEOG–G362, or consent of instructor. Explains the science of wind power meteorology with a focus on practical elements, such as how to measure wind resources, estimate wind turbine loads, and optimize wind turbine siting. Lecture and lab format with project work. Credit given for only one of G456 or GEOG–G455.
G466 Hydrometeorology (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G304. Hydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology that deals with problems involving the hydrologic cycle, the water budget, and the rainfall statistics of storms. This course provides an understanding of the hydrologic cycle with a focus on transfer of water into the atmosphere (evapotranspiration), thermodynamics (phase transfer) cloud processes, precipitation processes and linkages to flooding, streamflow and soil moisture. Credit given for only one of G470 or GEOG–G 405.
G470 Micrometeorology (3 cr.) N&M CASE P: G340 or GEOG–G304, MATH M211–M212, or consent of instructor. Atmospheric processes at the micro and local scale. Topics include energy and mass exchange over simple non–vegetated surfaces, vegetated surfaces, non–uniform terrain, and inadvertent climate modification. Credit given for only one of G470 or GEOG–G 470.
G474 Topics in Micro and Boundary Layer Meteorology (3 cr.) N&M CASE Prerequisites: G470 or GEOG–G 470, MATH–M 211–M212, PHYS–P 201 or P221 (P221 recommended); or consent of instructor. Topics may include surface–vegetation–atmosphere interaction, dynamics of turbulent transport, boundary layer dynamics, turbulent kinetic energy and stability, dimensional analysis and similarity theory, effects of surface inhomogeneity on boundary layer dynamics, patchiness, urbanization, regional aggregation of surface atmosphere exchange, applications to mesoscale modeling, and air pollution dispersion modeling. Credit given for only one of G474 or GEOG–G 471.
G476 Climate Change Science (3 cr.) N&M CASE P:At least two undergraduate physical science courses or consent of instructor. Evidence for and theories of climate change over a range of time scales. Sources of natural climate forcing are presented, historical evolution of climate change is quantified, and model tools and climate projections are presented along with analyses of climate change impacts. Credit given for only one of G476 or GEOG–G 475.
G490/G690 Volcanology (3 cr.) P: G222 or equivalent. Taught in alternate years. Overview of the field of physical and chemical volcanology, including the pre-, syn-, and post-eruption volcanic processes at a range of active volcanoes, from effusive to explosive, with special emphasis on monitoring of active volcanoes. The course may include a ten-day field trip to Hawaii’s Kilauea Volcano during Spring Break.
G490/690 Summer Field Course in Geoarchaeological Methods (3 cr.) Join our field team as we learn about rockshelter formation, 10,000+ years of human occupation, and environmental change! Interested students should fill out an application form.
During our 3-week field course we will introduce graduate and undergraduate students to geoarchaeological methods through hands-on work at the Rockhouse Hollow Rockshelter in the Hoosier National Forest (Perry County, southern Indiana).
PARTICIPANTS: Undergraduate and Graduate Students interested in sediments, stratigraphy, past environments, and rockshelter formation processes. PREREQUISITES: Students are required to have taken an introductory class in geology or archaeology. Mapping skills are beneficial, but not required.
GEOL X498 Undergraduate Research in Geology (1-6 cr.) P: junior standing and consent of advisor. Field and laboratory research in selected problems in geology. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credit hours. I Sem., II Sem., SS.
G499 Honors Research in Geology (1-6 cr.) P: approval of departmental honors advisor. May be repeated for a maximum of 6 credit hours. I Sem., II Sem., SS.
|
<urn:uuid:cf23aa29-15bf-4471-b750-9adf7282fc4b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-47
|
http://www.geology.indiana.edu/courses/undergrad_major.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805761.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20171119191646-20171119211646-00093.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.830094 | 3,648 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Researchers Hijack Repair Mechanism for Better Plants
Crop plants have always been adapted to the needs of man by breeding for them to carry more fruit, survive droughts, or resist pests. Green biotechnology now adds new tools to the classical breeding methods for a more rapid and efficient improvement of plant properties. A biotechnological technique developed by Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) botanists to more precisely and reliably install or modify genetic information in the plant genome is now presented by the expert journal PNAS.
The new method is based on the natural repair mechanism of plants. So-called homologous recombination repairs the genome when the genome strands in the cell break. “Using an appropriate enzyme, i.e. molecular scissors, we first make a cut at the right point in the genome and then supply the necessary patch to repair this cut,” says Friedrich Fauser from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, who is the first author of the PNAS publication. “A part of this patch is the new gene piece we want to install. The rest is done by the repair service of the cell.”
Read more: http://www.laboratoryequipment.com/news-Researchers-Hijack-Repair-Mechanism-for-Better-Plants-042512.aspx
|
<urn:uuid:9f8c4073-8f8a-4df2-8aa4-3c3af63c875b>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://edanbook.tumblr.com/post/21796754225/laboratoryequipment-researchers-hijack-repair
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699068791/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101108-00076-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890225 | 280 | 3.359375 | 3 |
[Image courtesy of Amazon.]
Dot Braden. Agnes Driscoll. Betty Hyatt. Elizebeth Friedman. Genevieve Grotjan. Ann Caracristi. Virginia Aderholdt. Ruth “Crow” Weston.
You don’t know these names, but you should. Everyone should. They’re bona fide American heroes who dedicated their time and energy to protecting not only our country, but also every soldier in the Allied forces during World War II. And they did so when they should have otherwise been continuing their collegiate studies.
That’s right, these women who came from majors as diverse as botany, math, psychology, and English, were recruited out of college in order to build a dedicated code-breaking unit for the US armed forces.
Thankfully, their stories are now being told in Liza Mundy’s new book, Code Girls: The Untold Story of the American Women Code Breakers of World War II. And these are some amazing stories.
It all started in early 1942, as secret letters began showing up in college mailboxes. Schools like Bryn Mawr, Mount Holyoke, Barnard, Radcliffe, and more posed two questions to prospective female recruits:
1. Did she like crossword puzzles?
2. Was she engaged to be married?
All of these women replied yes, they like crossword puzzles, and no, they’re not engaged or soon-to-be engaged.
After answering these questions, the women began attending introductory meetings. They were issued manila envelopes containing “a brief introduction to the arcane history of codes and ciphers, along with numbered problems sets and strips of paper with the letters of the alphabet printed on them.”
Their orders? Complete the problem sets every week.
[Image courtesy of YouTube.]
Each packet contained one problem that could not be solved, to show that sometimes, a jumble of letters or numbers doesn’t stand for anything. Sometimes, gibberish remains just that, because sometimes a code-breaker fails.
They developed working knowledge of foreign languages they didn’t speak. They memorized the most common English letters — E, T, O, N, A, I, R, S — and took frequency counts.
And that’s how America built its answer to England’s Bletchley Park code-breaking operation. (The American effort, known as Arlington Hall, was considered by their Bletchley Park rivals as “just a lot of kids playing at ‘office’.”)
College presidents like Ada Comstock, the president of Radcliffe College (the women’s counterpart to Harvard), were recruited to identify candidates to learn cryptanalysis to help shorten the war.
And make no mistake, they did shorten the war. They helped crack Enigma, which was key to decimating the German U-boat fleet, and their code-breaking efforts were instrumental in defeating Japan as well, providing valuable intel on the island-to-island battles of the Pacific theater.
[Image courtesy of Military Factory.]
Of the US Army’s World War II code-breaking force, nearly 70 percent was female. We’re talking 7,000 female code-breakers. When you factor in US Navy recruits as well, that number jumps to 11,000 women out of 20,000 code-breakers.
From Code Girls: “Code breaking required literacy, numeracy, care, creativity, painstaking attention to detail, a good memory, and a willingness to hazard guesses. It required a tolerance for drudgery and a boundless reserve of energy and optimism.”
Genevieve Grotjan was key to cracking the Japanese cipher known as Purple, and William Friedman, the man who initially ran the Arlington Hall operation, described the Purple cipher as “by far the most difficult cryptanalytic problem successfully handled and solved by any signal intelligence organization in the world.” He specifically pointed to the contrbutions of Grotjan, Mary Louise Prather, and other women in the Arlington Hall group.
Codes used by twenty-five different nations were analyzed by Arlington Hall, including codes of friends and foes alike. “There was a French code called Jellyfish, a Chinese enciphered code they called Jabberwocky, another they called Gryphon.”
But even their staggering efforts in code-breaking weren’t all they contributed to the cause. They were also crucial to the success of the D-Day invasion, as many of the women were put to work reverse-engineering messages in order to create false information about imaginary troop movements and landing areas. And in order to create fake signal traffic, they had to know the real traffic backward and forward.
I could go into more detail, breaking down how they cracked some of the war’s most important code languages, or exploring their personal lives and how life changed for these college students-turned-military operatives, but I don’t want to reveal more than I have already.
Read Code Girls. You won’t regret it. It’s another terrific entry in a year of books full of revelations about wartime puzzle history. We’ve been taken behind the scenes of the NSA, Bletchley Park, and now Arlington Hall.
And once more, important and influential female voices are getting the limelight far later than they deserve. It’s about time.
Thanks for visiting PuzzleNation Blog today! Be sure to sign up for our newsletter to stay up-to-date on everything PuzzleNation!
You can also share your pictures with us on Instagram, friend us on Facebook, check us out on Twitter, Pinterest, and Tumblr, and explore the always-expanding library of PuzzleNation apps and games on our website!
|
<urn:uuid:10bee9fd-96dd-41e9-a898-dbeb4db90b2f>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-34
|
https://blog.puzzlenation.com/tag/signals-intelligence/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739073.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200813191256-20200813221256-00246.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949477 | 1,222 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Rauð-súðOld Norse Dictionary - rauð-súð
Meaning of Old Norse word "rauð-súð" in English.
As defined by the Cleasby & Vigfusson Old Norse to English dictionary:
- f. the name of a vessel, Fms. viii.
Possible runic inscription in Younger Futhark:ᚱᛅᚢᚦ-ᛋᚢᚦ
Younger Futhark runes were used from 8th to 12th centuries in Scandinavia and their overseas settlements
➞ See all works cited in the dictionary
Works & Authors cited:
- Fornmanna Sögur. (E. I.)
|
<urn:uuid:0c9b842f-0edc-4198-9db2-663e5d762e1f>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://cleasby-vigfusson-dictionary.vercel.app/word/raud-sud
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00696.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.804667 | 191 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What’s In A Name?
The word “Sikhona” (si:’kɔh:nah) is a part of how members of the Zulu tribe in South Africa greet one another. Whereas we here in the States might say, “Hey!” or “How are you?” the Zulu say, “Sawabona,” which means “I see you.”
What a beautiful thing to be seen. In therapy, we’ve come to understand one of the deepest points of pain for people is feeling unseen and unknown. To be seen and acknowledged can cultivate a profound sense of belonging and personhood.
Perhaps even more profound is the traditional response: “Sikhona,” which loosely translates to, “I am here (to be seen by you).”
Can you imagine what that would feel like to have that exchange with someone? A loved one? Even a stranger?
“Sikhona” honors the belief that “I did not exist until you saw me.” Indeed, we are who we are in the context of our relationships, and when we are seen by others, fully present, we truly come to life.
|
<urn:uuid:074bc4d1-867b-4876-9e9e-48934728a443>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://sikhonatherapyne.com/coming-soon/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647525.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601010402-20230601040402-00003.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971644 | 268 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Monday, July 3, 2017
Rosetta McClain Gardens is a jewel along the Scarborough Bluffs. The gardens have been transformed into a place for all to enjoy, especially the handicapped. Close to the parking lot is a sign showing the layout of the park. The sign has Braille on it and is laid out in relief so that everyone can find their way around with ease. The walkways and paths have been created out of different types of material so that the handicapped can find their way around more easily. Cobblestone, bricks and interlocking stones each create a path that feels and sounds different to aid the visually impaired.
In 1904 Thomas McDonald West bought 40 acres of land over looking the Scarborough Bluffs. When he passed away he divided it among his four children with each one getting about 10 acres. His daughter, Rosetta, and her husband Robert Watson McClain made many improvements to their property in the form of gardens and walkways.
When Rosetta died in 1940 her husband wanted to find a way to commemorate her and in 1959 he offered the city the land for a park to be named after her. In 1977 the land was conveyed to the care and control of Toronto Region Conservation Authority. They’ve added parcels of land three times, incorporating other parts of the original homestead) to bring the total to 22 acres. To add to the enjoyment of the visually impaired the gardens have been laid out as scent gardens. There are extensive rose gardens which were, unfortunately, a little past their prime.
The old McClain house still stands, although in ruins, on the property. Efforts have been made to preserve the remnants by adding concrete along the top edge of some of the crumbling walls.
Rosetta McClain Gardens have a good view of Lake Ontario from the top of the Scarborough Bluffs but there is no access to the lake. A fence keeps people from getting too close to an earlier fence which is no longer moored to the eroding sand. The concrete pole anchor has been left hanging high above the lake while it waits to eventually fall. Access to the lake and the view of the Scarborough Bluffs can be found just east of Rosetta McClain Gardens at the foot of Brimley Road in Bluffer’s Park.
The extensive gardens and a wide variety of trees make it an excellent place for birdwatchers to observe their feathered friends.
Google Maps Link: Rosetta McClain Gardens
Like us at http://www.facebook.com/hikingthegta
Follow us at http://www.hikingthegta.com
|
<urn:uuid:dcd0b8e8-11d9-4215-8fd6-25d099278b99>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://hikingthegta.com/2017/07/22/rosetta-mcclain-gardens/comment-page-1/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827853.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20171024014937-20171024034937-00323.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959801 | 529 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The history of The Esplanade goes back all the way to the early 19th century, when the British arrived at Singapore. Back then, the area near the mouth of the Singapore River was a stretch of forest, with some huts of the natives scattered around. The coastline was also about 65m inwards, roughly at the present-day Connaught Drive, before the 1843 and 1922 reclamations expanded the land to where Esplanade Park is standing today.
After the founding of Singapore in 1819, the British built government buildings and residential houses around Esplanade. Festival celebrations, social gatherings and sporting events such as horse-racing and tennis were held at the nearby Padang.
The 500m-long Esplanade Park was built in 1943 and went through upgrading in 1991. At one end, it is connected to the Central Business District (CBD) by Anderson Bridge and Cavenagh Bridge. The park is the home to many significant monuments, particularly The Cenotaph, Tan Kim Seng Fountain, Lim Bo Seng Memorial, Dalhousie Obelisk and Indian National Army Marker.
In May 1953, Esplanade Park was renamed Queen Elizabeth Walk to commemorate the coronation of British Queen Elizabeth II. The opening ceremony was held by Loke Yuen Peng, the wife of the last governor of Singapore Sir Percy McNeice. She was also the daughter of Loke Yew, the richest man in British Malaya at the start of the 20th century. Today, Queen Elizabeth Walk refers to the stretch of promenade within the park.
The Dalhousie Obelisk is located at the bend of Empress Place, near Victoria Theatre. It was to commemorate the visit of Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General of British India in 1850. Singapore was then a thriving port under the rule of the British Empire, but the local merchant community hoped for more improvements in the local public works, amenities and administration. Thus they donated to build this obelisk, which was designed by John Turnbull Thomson (1821-1884), who also built Pedra Branca’s Horsburgh Lighthouse and had Thomson Road named after him.
The obelisk was initially installed near present-day Connaught Drive. When the road was constructed in 1886, it was moved to where Cenotaph stands today. In 1891, it was moved again, to the present site, on the instruction of the Governor of the Straits Settlements Sir Cecil Clementi Smith.
The 18.3m-tall war memorial of The Cenotaph is perhaps the most famous monument in Esplanade Park. Designed by Denis Santry of Swan & Maclaren and made of granite, The Cenotaph was built in 1922 to commemorate the 124 British soldiers from Singapore that died during World War 1, with another extension regarding World War II added on in 1951. A famous phrase was inscribed on The Cenotaph: “They died that we might live”.
There are five steps on one side of The Cenotaph, representing the years of the First World War (1914-1918). On the other side are the inscriptions of the years of the Second World War (1939-1945)
A beautiful classical Victoria-styled fountain is also located at one end of Esplanade Park, near Stamford Road. Called Tan Kim Seng Fountain, it was installed to commemorate early local Chinese merchant and philanthropist Tan Kim Seng’s (1805-1864) generous contribution to the construction of Singapore’s waterworks and MacRitchie Reservoir. The fountain was first placed at Fullerton Square, before moving to Battery Road in 1905 and then Esplanade Park in 1925.
Born in Malacca, Tan Kim Seng was well-conversed in Mandarin, Hokkien, English and Dutch, and was a well-respected figure in both Chinese and European communities. As his business expanded, Tan Kim Seng became the first Singaporean to venture into Shanghai. He was also the first Chinese magistrate here, and the first Asian member of the Municipal Commission in 1857. Beside donating to waterworks, Tan Kim Seng also had huge contributions in building local schools, roads and bridges. Both Kim Seng Road and Kim Seng Bridge are named after him.
Lim Bo Seng Memorial, near Anderson Bridge on the other end of the park, is built for the commemoration of local anti-Japanese hero Lim Bo Seng (1909-1944). A Raffles Institution student, Lim Bo Seng would grow up taking over his father’s businesses in construction and biscuit manufacturing. When World War II broke out, Lim Bo Seng led a team of volunteers to resist the Japanese invasion during the Battle of Singapore in 1942.
Throughout the Japanese Occupation, Lim Bo Seng organised guerrilla fighter groups and set up intelligence networks against the aggressors. Unfortunately, he was captured in Perak of Malaya in 1944, and died in Batu Gajah Jail after months of severe torturing. His remains were brought back to Singapore after the war. It was said that his hearse was accompanied by a huge group made up of British officers, Chinese businessmen, community leaders and the public. Lim Bo Seng was later buried at MacRitchie Reservoir with the memorial built for him at Esplanade Park. The memorial, designed by Ng Keng Siang and constructed at a cost of $50,000 donated by the Chinese community, was unveiled in 1954.
The Cenotaph, Tan Kim Seng Fountain and Lim Bo Seng Memorial were gazetted as national monuments at the end of 2010.
Some interesting trivia about Esplanade Park includes Singapore’s first pedestrian underpass, which was built in 1964 linking Connaught Drive to Queen Elizabeth Walk. The famous Satay Club, formerly located at the edge of Esplanade Park from 1970 to 1995, was one of the locals’ favourite hangouts during its heydays.
Across Stamford Road lies the War Memorial Park, with its iconic 61m-tall pillars fondly known as “chopsticks”. The four pillars represent the four main races of Singapore; Chinese, Malay, Indian and Eurasian.
During the Second World War, as many as 100,000 civilians in Singapore were killed by the Japanese, especially through the Sook Ching Massacre. Mass graves were unearthed in 1962 at various places such as Punggol, Siglap, Changi and Bukit Timah. Then-Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew set aside a plot of land for the building of the memorial for the war victims, a project that was handled by the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCCI). The memorial was completed in 1967, with annual memorial services held on every 15th February.
Published: 15 January 2012
Updated: 21 March 2012
|
<urn:uuid:61f67d81-a37d-41c4-b6df-12d379cda473>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://remembersingapore.wordpress.com/esplanade-park/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368708711794/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516125151-00040-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975477 | 1,432 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Catalyzed reactions are typically used to accelerate the rate by which a specific chemistry proceeds. Essentially, the action of the catalyst is to provide an alternative, lower energy pathway for the reaction. For this to occur, the catalytic substance interacts with a reactant and forms an intermediate compound. This intermediate is transient in that after it forms, it breaks apart leaving the original catalyst species unchanged. A catalyst is not affected by the reaction as far as the chemical structure or mass at reaction completion.
There are two general types of catalyzed reactions:
- Heterogeneous Catalyzed Reaction is when the catalyst and the reactant exist in two different phases, such as a solid catalyst with a reactant in solution.
- Homogeneous Catalyzed Reaction is when the catalyst and the reactant are in the same phase, such as when the catalyst and the reactants are dissolved in the same solution.
|
<urn:uuid:fb538b57-d624-4a83-a001-3b834f0a2601>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.mt.com/ca/en/home/applications/L1_AutoChem_Applications/L2_ReactionAnalysis/Catalytic-Reactions.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00283.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951667 | 182 | 3.984375 | 4 |
Learn how to grow onions, garlic and leeks
MetadataShow full item record
Permanent link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/75434
Onions, garlic and leeks tend to be overlooked in food production literature. Translated from the Kiswahili edition, this booklet describes the conditions conducive to producing these vegetables, the diseases that affect them, and harvesting and storage methods.
|
<urn:uuid:91e5b358-d9a3-48b2-ad3a-0aff272db0c6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/75434
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423842.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722022441-20170722042441-00472.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.759112 | 89 | 2.828125 | 3 |
posted on May, 22 2011 @ 12:11 PM
It would appear that efficiency in Ethanol fuel will be showing some promising results for future fuel consumption.
Iowa State University's Hans van Leeuwen has moved his research team's award-winning idea for improving ethanol production from a laboratory to
a pilot plant.
Now he knows the idea, which produces a new animal feed and cleans water that can be recycled back into ethanol production, works more efficiently in
batches of up to 350 gallons than on a lab bench.
"We're learning we can reliably produce good quality and good quantities," said van Leeuwen, Iowa State's Vlasta Klima Balloun Professor of
Engineering in the department of civil, construction and environmental engineering.
No doubt that this will save millions of dollars for ethanol producers here in the states but how much exactly will they be saving?
Van Leeuwen said the production technology can save United States ethanol producers up to $800 million a year in energy costs. He also said the
technology can produce ethanol co-products worth another $800 million or more per year, depending on how it is used and marketed.
So many uses for ethanol as a Fuel, Antiseptic, and for other purposes as well. I just hope they can make more cars run on this stuff as well but most
likely will never happen.
|
<urn:uuid:d8c3b218-f364-4bd9-9a56-3d57a2a4c5b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread707251/pg
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164937476/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134857-00098-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950969 | 282 | 3.25 | 3 |
A Vending Machine is a machine which dispenses items such as soft drinks, health drinks, yoghurt drinks, milk, hot and cold coffee, chocolate or tea and even alcoholic drinks such as sake, beer and whiskey. Snacks, beverages, alcohol, cigarettes, lottery tickets, cologne, clothes, literature and other consumer products are also available to customers after they insert currency or credit into the machine.
In Japan, vending machines are known as jidō-hanbaiki (自動販売機). Introduced into the country in the 1950s with drink machines, the surge in interest in vending machines began during the Tokyo Olympics in 1964 with the need within the country to supply large numbers of people with a variety of goods but possessing a severe lack of space and staff to do so. Over the years, due to the machine's sheer convenience, the variety of goods sold within vending machines has increased dramatically as has the number of machines in existence throughout the country; with Japan having the highest number of vending machines per capita, with at least one machine for every twenty-three people.
- The first vending machine in Japan was made of wood and sold postage stamps and post cards.
- Many vending machines in Japan no longer accept 500 Yen coins due to counterfeiting issues; due to the 500 yen coin having a similar weight and the same diameter and metal alloy as the 500 South Korean won coin.
- With the introduction to payment and banking services such as "Osaifu-Keitai", cell phones in Japan can be used to pay for items bought from vending machines.
- In 2008, a smart card called taspo was implemented in the majority of tobacco vending machines across Japan to restrict sales of cigarettes to only those who posses the card, which is only issued to adults over the age of 20. Some beer vending machines also possess this utility.
|
<urn:uuid:d1836ca8-e081-4d10-905b-ec169240a9ee>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://lovehina.wikia.com/wiki/Vending_Machine
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320666.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626013946-20170626033946-00488.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963364 | 387 | 2.859375 | 3 |
We've partnered with Pluralsight to bring you even more!
Improve your technical skills with 1,400 Dev / IT courses, included with your Digital-Tutors subscription.
Hey guys, I'm wondering if anyone know how to get rounded edges from a nurbs square. Here is kinda an example: Lets say I create a primitive nurbs square, and then decided that instead of having those hard right-angle edges I want them rounded. Is there an easy way to go about this? Or do I have to draw the edges myself with the EP curve tool and then connect them to a straight line? Any pointers would be awesome!
Last edited by Brandon_L; 03-03-2007 at 11:57 PM.
Under the Edit Surfaces (I think that it for maya 8, its Edit NURBs for maya 7) select the round tool. That right click on the cube and choose isoparms on all the faces, then drag a box around two isoparms and you will see a round handle appear. Select all the edges then press enter and they will round. If you try doing them one at a time you will run into problems.
I guess what I'm really trying to do us get rounded edges on just a "square curve" not a 3d cube. Does that make sense? I'm hoping that I can make this 2d curve with equally rounded edges - so then I can later extrude that into what I want to make with it... You're tip for the rounding of the cube DOES work though - I just need it to work on 2d stuff. Thanks.
Like you assumed from a square nurb the vertaceis arent connected at the edges. Meaning you have actually 4 different cv lines that make up the square of each nurbs side of a cube. As you suggested use a cv curve tool and do it in a few seconds on your own. Use the front view and snap to grid option and click 4 times and press enter. That way you should have exactly what you need within a few mouse clicks. Depending on the curvature of each side use the degree of the curve to adjust it to your needs. With the grid displayed and snapping on this should be an easy task you might have to use a few more mouse clicks and play a little with the tool to get really comfi with it.
I would probably decide to go with a sub-d cube where the shape is already rounded on the edges but harder to adjust the degree of the curverture itself. Than Id Flatten it to make it 2D like.
Hope this info helped a little
Thanks for the help guys.
I actually figured out how to get the look I wanted(in a simple way).
If you select two curves (lets say two sides of a square) and then go to Edit Curves>Curve Fillet - And set the radius to about 0.1 or 0.2 it give you very nice rounded edges. That was what I was aiming for. But thanks again for your tips - I'm sure Ill be able to use them in other areas of my modeling.
Last edited by Brandon_L; 03-04-2007 at 02:12 PM.
what I do to quickly make curved squares in to make a nurbs circle, them increase the number of divisions to 12 (3 times the number of corners) then just select the verticies and put them in place using the scale and move tools.
|
<urn:uuid:dff66545-3729-40fa-bdc5-5ce52254474b>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.digitaltutors.com/forum/showthread.php?3552-How-to-Get-Rounded-Edges
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830323.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00253-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948371 | 722 | 2.671875 | 3 |
They All Live In The Jungle
Vocabulary is a very important part of reading.
It is easier for children to read words they know.
Also, the more words they know the easier it is for them to understand the story.
In this story, children will learn new words that describe the characteristics of animals.
|
<urn:uuid:0a9bb5f9-4fcf-4187-aecd-e05deaee0dde>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
http://readwithme.cast.org/overview/who_lives_in_the_jungle.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949644.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20230331144941-20230331174941-00370.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956369 | 66 | 3.25 | 3 |
The Philippines were hit hard by two recent storms. Critics say politicians have ignored repeated warnings of the capital's vulnerability.
Erik de Castro/REUTERS
The floodwaters around the deluged Philippine capital Manila have yet to fully subside after the onslaught of two successive tropical storms. But the blame game over the response to the crisis, and the nation's lack of preparedness, is rippling outward.
In total, more than 700 people have died and at least 6 million have been displaced, first by tropical storm Ketsana, which reached Manila on Sept. 26, and then by typhoon Parma, which circled for a week over northern Luzon island and inundated communities, roads, and fields in the country's breadbasket. Losses to agriculture are estimated at $400 million.
On Wednesday, President Gloria Arroyo described the Philippines as a victim of climate change and said she would seek as much as $1 billion in foreign aid to pay for rehabilitation. A donor conference is expected by early December. The UN has launched a separate $74 million relief appeal.
But questions have been raised about the extent to which hillside deforestation, watershed urbanization, and the growth of riverside slums had undermined Manila's disaster management. Critics say the politicians pleading for aid have ignored repeated warnings of the capital's vulnerability to tropical storms.
The result may be less a parable of climate change – some experts say extreme weather events are increasing as a result of global warming – than the failings of successive elected governments to heed the advice of urban planners.
Page 1 of 4
|
<urn:uuid:424f0d41-ee6e-49e2-b6e2-5ed6ebed1288>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://m.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-South-Central/2009/1015/p06s14-wosc.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831174.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00172-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966802 | 325 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Turkey is a land where many cultures have dominated, been overthrown, conquered, and deported. It sits on the ancient Silk Road at the crossroad between East and West.
The amount of information gained and the variety of experiences on a trip like this is mind-boggling.
Just some of the highlights included visiting ruins that date back 3500 years, seeing naturally eroded rock formations that look like they belong on another planet, walking along the Aegean Sea at sunset, wading in travertine pools on the side of a cliff filled by natural hot springs, viewing frescos from the 10-12 century that are still vibrantly colored, seeing the glory that was Ephesus, being entranced by Whirling Dervishes, going up in a hot air balloon before dawn to float over fairy chimneys, entering an underground city built to house 60,000 people for three months, and exploring the sights of Istanbul including the Blue Mosque, Hagia Sophia, Grand Bazaar, Basilica Cistern, Spice Market, and walking on the Galata Bridge.
We also learned about the political history, religion, education, medical and monetary systems in Turkey.
Here are some of the interesting bits and pieces of information I learned on this trip:
1. The Turkish people are superstitious. In fact it is common throughout several countries in this area for people to fear the “evil eye”. To protect themselves, they display a blue circular medallion or picture everywhere including in their business, home, and car.
- 2. Turkey is located on two continents, Europe and Asia. The city of Istanbul has the old section on the Europe side. Then by crossing the Bosphorus Bridge you enter Asia where the largest part and financial hub of Istanbul is located. The majority of Turkey is on the Asian continent, yet we classify Turkey as European. It is also on the edge of the Middle East which results in a blend of many cultures.
- 3. The primary religion in Turkey is Muslim. In fact 99.6% of the population is Muslim. Once home to a large Christian population, there are groups that take religious pilgrimages here to trace people and places named in the Bible. Some of these include the Seven Churches of Revelations and Mt. Ararat (where Noah’s Ark is said to have landed). Another interesting bit of information is that 60% of the places mentioned in the Bible are located in Turkey!
- 4. The national drink is Raki. A very potent liquor that has a slight licorice taste to it.
- 5. Small dishes call Mezes are served in many Turkish restaurants. They are the Turkish equivalent to Spain’s Tapas.
- 6. Yoghurt is another food staple here and is often served with fruit, honey and/or nuts. It is also mixed with fresh herbs, cucumbers, or other ingredients and used as a topping or side dish.
- 7. A standard breakfast includes cheese, olives, bread, fruit and tea.
- 8. A pood is a unit of weight. It is approximately 16.38 kilograms (36.11 pounds).
- 9. The Turks did not have any last names until the 1920’s when the new president, Ataturk, made it mandatory for each citizen to choose a surname. The president was given the name Ataturk (father of Turkey). The name Ataturk can not be chosen for anyone else.
10. The rock formations in Cappadocia are called hoodoos or fairy chimneys.
11. Turkey is slightly larger than the state of Texas.
12. They sit on the Black Sea, the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. The Bosphorus Straight passes through Istanbul and connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. This is the busiest and most congested sea traffic found on earth.
13. There are a lot of cats in Turkey. At every stop we made or place we toured we were greeted by numerous cats. They seemed to be well cared for and well fed. We also saw quite a few dogs, but the cats outnumbered them. The street dogs were often seen with a plastic chip hooked in their ear about the size of a quarter. This was how the local government could mark dogs without collars as having been vaccinated.
14. Turkey is known for severe earthquakes.
15. Their government is considered a republican parliamentary democracy. They have both an elected President and a Prime Minister.
16. There are 10 UNESCO sites in Turkey and we visited four of them on this trip: the ancient section of Istanbul that includes the Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia, Goreme Park and natural rock formations of Cappadocia, the ancient city of Troy, and Hieropolis-Pammukale. Another site that has been nominated but not yet named as a World Heritage Site and in my humble opinion should be included are the ruins at Ephesus.
17. The Whirling Dervishes are a religious order. I had mistakenly called their twirling a form of dance, but it is instead an almost trance-like state and part of a religious ceremony. With one hand lifted toward God and the other hand pointed down to connect themselves and their congregation with the Devine. As the earth circles the sun, electrons and protons circle in atoms, the Semazen equate twirling (revolving) as part of a mystical journey to find truth and perfection. There are seven advices of the Mevlana:
- In generosity and helping others be like the river
- In compassion and grace be like the sun
- In concealing others faults be like the night
- In anger and fury be like the dead
- In modesty and humility be like the earth
- In tolerance be like the sea
- Either exist as you are or be as you look
18. A Visa is required for US citizens to visit Turkey, but it can be easily paid for and downloaded on the internet for $20.00
19. Turkey introduced coffee to Europe and the tulip to the Dutch. Writing was first used in Anatolia.
20. Turkish traditions says that a stranger at one’s doorstep is considered “God’s guest” for at least three days. I’m not sure if our trip was designed around this premise or not, and I somehow doubt that staying in a hotel counts, but we never stayed beyond our allotted three days anywhere and were treated with warmth and kindness.
We chose the Gate 1 Travel tour package for several reasons – they offer a great value for the money, they know the area and can allow you to cover the major attractions and highlights in a well organized and shorter period of time, they hire well educated tour guides and professional safe drivers.
Also this trip had been highly recommended by other friends of ours that had already taken it and we had been very satisfied with two other Gate 1 tours we had previously taken to Thailand and to the Balken countries of Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania.
New features this trip – WiFi on the bus and Whisper headsets so you can easily hear your tour guide even in crowded areas.
I wrote a separate post about each day of our trip and you can read more about our time in Turkey here.
Here is a link to a similar package that shows pricing with and without air. Gate 1 – 13 day Essential Turkey Package
Have you already been to Turkey? What was your favorite experience while there? If you have not been, is it on your bucket list? What would you most want to see/do/visit while there?
|
<urn:uuid:3a2a343c-e098-4838-a0c6-3492a070dc20>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://anotefromabroad.com/2014/02/26/20-things-i-learned-about-turkey-and-a-wrap-up/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320438.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170625050430-20170625070430-00205.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965303 | 1,567 | 2.515625 | 3 |
What It Means To Be Australian Essay – This article was submitted by a student. This is not an example of work written by professional article writers. “Australia” by Judith Wright
The poem Australia 1970 written by Judith Wright with the angry and negative tone of the poem in which she expresses that all her hatred is with the country and how humans are so callous to the animals on their side. This shows how animals must begin to fight when the people within them take what is theirs from a habitat in their own species. This poem contains many similes, for example in the first stanza of the poem it says “You shall die like a wild country, like an eagle’s hawk, and dangerous to your last breath.”
What It Means To Be Australian Essay
The eagle hawk will continue to fight until it dies and the author directly addresses nature by telling nature to resist, just like the eagle hawk does. She continues to use these similes throughout the story by mentioning animals, for example, the writer says, “You die like a tiger snake from which hate so pure hisses, it’s a pain that fills lest the dreams of killers as suicide conquer the Sun.” who coexist in this environment which is destroying itself and which basically says to resist and to be like them. Later in the poem she says, “Although we have corrupted you with our tormented spirit. Stay stubborn, stay blind. So you take responsibility for causing that damage. Another example of her taking responsibility is when she says this “because we are invaders and prisoners of ourselves.” It shows that she doesn’t blame others or herself, by using us and not the word, it helps form a picture in our minds. Of all those who spoil the environment for us and don’t think about how animals are constantly being stripped of their natural state.
Top Tips For Australian Style Essay Writing
The mood of this poem The Darkling Thrush by Thomas Hardy is very dark. He is a very negative man, so he is more pessimistic than optimistic. It’s the end of the year, which means it’s winter there, and he says, “And the losses of winter have grieved the weak eye of the day.” This means that the sun does not set much and sets early, and it makes people feel lonely and seem filled with comforting feelings. People don’t want to go out because it’s too cold and there’s no sun to warm them. They feel dark and gloomy on the outside. It makes life so meaningless as if we are always in such a sad state with such weather. Later in the poem it says: “And every soul on earth seemed soulless because people everywhere were lifeless, then the author uses similes to compare and say that their souls were ‘hard and shrunken’. He uses that comparison to how he feels when he says they felt what he felt.” .
Then the mood of the poem changes and the mood changes completely as soon as he hears a voice stirring among them. The poem reads: “Immediately a sound arose from among them. The dark twigs hovered above his head in a wretched fetus of joy.” This phrase indicates that the sound is from a bird Since the sounds come from a twig, the bird is beaten but then the author realizes that although the bird is not in the best condition, it still releases how much happiness and joy it has. He does not know why or how anything in the world finds an ounce of happiness and reason in this world to live with any happiness, however this question is not answered in this poem.
By clicking submit, you agree to the Terms of Service and Privacy Statement. We will occasionally send you emails related to your account.
Sorry, we couldn’t paraphrase this article. Our professional writers can rewrite it and get a unique paper for you.
Australian English Vs British English Vs American English
We can write you a personalized article that follows your instructions exactly and meets your deadlines. Let’s fix your score together!
“Use key linguistic concepts and mineral language appropriately for discussion/analysis/inquiry…in an objective and systematic manner” (Study Design in English)
Basically, in section C of the test, you are asked to give a discussion on a particular idea. The word “discussion” is defined as “a conversation or discussion on a particular topic”. In this sense, your essay is an effective written conversation that should demonstrate an understanding of both sides of the topic.
What Is A Personal Essay?
In saying this, it is always important to form a disagreement, such as “non-standard varieties are already more acceptable orally than in writing in the Australian context”, but when discussing this disagreement, you must explore both sides to show the examiner your understanding. language in Australian society.
The general idea of the article is presented to you in the form of a prompt. For example, during the 2016 VCAA exam, a potential essay prompt was presented:
In this prompt, the idea that will be discussed is Standard or Non-Standard Australian English. The main idea or topic forms an umbrella under which the article is formed. This is the basis of your article. Every major argument relates to this topic. In this example, Standard versus Non-Standard Australian English is a topic from which a set of subtopics can be drawn, choosing them at your discretion.
The subtopics you choose to delve into will depend on your preferences and strengths. You can choose to discuss online language, ethnicities or Australian slang versus non-standard English, or legal and political terms versus standard English.
Friday Essay: If Growing Us China Rivalry Leads To ‘the Worst War Ever’, What Should Australia Do?
Regardless of the choice of a subtopic, each main paragraph should explicitly relate to three things; Quick, opening sentence and challenge. This is the standard of your discussion. Ensuring clear links to all three of these will assure the candidate that you trust the material you are discussing.
Body paragraphs should be used to show the reviewer how the ideas you have chosen to speak relate to the prompt being presented. It’s essential here to use a mix of contemporary media examples, personal examples, and linguistic quotes as a way to demonstrate the connection between the idea of your chosen paragraph, your conflict, and the prompt. Try to find the most relevant examples that clearly show your thinking to the reviewer. You don’t want to give them a reason to question the arguments you choose to make.
It is also important to watch out for them so that your article flows in an orderly and sequential fashion. Every idea presented in a paragraph and throughout the article itself should follow a path, one leading to the next. Use the end of each body paragraph to return to your essay prompt and reiterate your disagreement. This ensures that you stay on topic and the candidate can clearly visualize your understanding of your topic.
Ultimately, your job in your essay is to provide a discussion of a particular mentor; Understand both sides. Use examples and illustrations to show the reviewer that you understand how mentoring can be discussed.
Shearing The Rams
Link to Kate Burridge on TED Talk talking about euphemisms; A good resource for examples of euphemisms and how they are used in society. This can serve as the basis for a paragraph in your articles:
Now, are you absolutely sure how to pin your text response posts? Then download our free mini-guide, where we break down the art of writing the perfect text-response essay into three comprehensive steps.
The big trap that students studying English and Literature fall into is usually writing close readings such as the linguistic analysis essay. Essentially, these two items should tick the same boxes. But that’s why text analysis in literature is a whole different ball game – in English you want to focus on the methods the author uses to communicate their message, whereas literature is about finding your own message in writing.
Analyzing the language, most students will probably interpret the writer’s statement the same way and this will usually be mentioned in the introduction of the essay. Whereas in literature, it is the formulation of your interpretation of the author’s message that really matters. In a typical linguistic analysis essay, the introduction looks almost like a summary of what will be discussed in the next few paragraphs, while in a deep read,
|
<urn:uuid:eaaa37c4-1c42-4189-a7df-8926f525285a>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://shannonstinton.live/what-it-means-to-be-australian-essay/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644683.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529042138-20230529072138-00794.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948949 | 1,864 | 2.75 | 3 |
Zero-knowledge password proof
||This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (February 2012)|
In cryptography, a zero-knowledge password proof (ZKPP) is an interactive method for one party (the prover) to prove to another party (the verifier) that it knows a value of a password, without revealing anything other than the fact that it knows that password to the verifier. The term is defined in IEEE P1363.2, in reference to one of the benefits of using a password-authenticated key agreement (PAKE) protocol that is secure against off-line dictionary attacks. A ZKPP prevents any party from verifying guesses for the password without interacting with a party that knows it and, in the optimal case, provides exactly one guess in each interaction.
Technically speaking, a ZKPP is different from a zero-knowledge proof. This is because a ZKPP is defined more narrowly than the more general zero-knowledge proof. ZKPP is defined in IEEE 1363.2 as "An interactive zero knowledge proof of knowledge of password-derived data shared between a prover and the corresponding verifier." Notice, that the definition is concerned further with password-derived data.[how?]
A common use of a zero-knowledge password proof is in authentication systems where one party wants to prove its identity to a second party using a password but doesn't want the second party or anybody else to learn anything about the password.
The first methods to demonstrate a ZKPP were the Encrypted key exchange methods (EKE) described by Steven M. Bellovin and Michael Merritt in 1992. A considerable number of refinements, alternatives, and variations in the growing class of password-authenticated key agreement methods were developed in subsequent years. Standards for these methods include IETF RFC 2945, IEEE P1363.2, and ISO-IEC 11770-4.
- S. M. Bellovin and M. Merritt. Encrypted Key Exchange: Password-Based Protocols Secure Against Dictionary Attacks. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy, Oakland, May 1992.
- IEEE P1363.2: Proposed Standard for Password-Based Public-Key Cryptography.
- Cryptographic protocol
- Topics in cryptography
- Password-authenticated key agreement
- Zero-knowledge proof
- Key-agreement protocol
- Secure Remote Password protocol
- IEEE P1363.2: Proposed Standard for Password-Based Public-Key Cryptography
- David Jablon's links for password-based cryptography
|This cryptography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|
<urn:uuid:ae3ad024-8b54-4f6f-891d-97d561d6b94f>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_password_proof
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164705480/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134505-00029-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.907578 | 570 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Presentation on theme: "Small Space Gardens By Lin Frye, Director Arboretum and LSG Program Johnston Community College."— Presentation transcript:
Small Space Gardens By Lin Frye, Director Arboretum and LSG Program Johnston Community College
Site Planning Find niches Locate house, lot, walk, fences in space North West (House)East South Locate existing trees, shrubs, fences and beds you wish to keep, trash cans, storage sheds, etc. Mark sun and shadow pattern across space, prevailing winds Consider family needs (i.e. play area for children), recreation, outdoor cooking, entertaining, meeting areas, privacy Consider water source location, underground utility lines, septic tank and field List your desires
Consider unconventional areas, i.e. lawn edges, for the things you wish to grow – vegetables, herbs, flowers Consider sunlight and shade and a water source Consider spacing requirements for your plants Soil test, ph Fertilizing Compost Native soil and amendments What do you want to plant?
Raised beds Benefits: drainage, warms faster, easier to work Small Scale Gardens Niches Even the smallest of shaded places can be used
Vertical Gardens You can grow all vine crops vertically Need garden supports (trellis, tall cages) Can be combined with niches, square foot gardening and some containers
Square Foot Gardening Based on the book by Mel Bartholomew Square Foot Gardening and French intensive gardening Benefits: high yield, efficient, bountiful, minimal effort, small space Intensive Gardening Blocks of 4 x 4 raised beds separated by a narrow walking path Good drainage
Square Foot Gardens Soil test – vegetables need 6-7 ph Intercropping – importance of spacing, fertilizer, companion plants Lin Fryes Home Gardens
Equal parts of coarse vermiculite, screened peat moss, coarse sand, decomposed leaf mold (or bagged compost), lime, fertilizer My formula for a 4 x 8 x 1 bed: 2 cu feet humus ½ to 1 pounds 10-10-10 slow release fertilizer ½ pound powdered dolomitic lime OR Soil 8 cu feet peat moss 8 cu feet bagged compost (sterilized) 6 cu feet cow manure 6 to 8 soilless mix (Metro Mix 400)
Each square is planted with a different crop in each square (careful with spacing and crowding) Example: Pepper plants – one plant per 1 sub block i.e. If you wanted to plant an entire 4 main block in Pepper plants, youd plant a total of 16 plants. i.e. To plant spinach plants – 9 per 1 foot sub block for a total 4 bed of 144 spinach plants. (Each block is 12 inches x 12 inches) NEVER WALK ON THIS GROWING MEDIUM! KEEP ADDING COMPOST TO KEEP YOUR SOIL IN TOP CONDITION!
COMPOST AND FERTILIZER WATERING INSECT MANAGEMENT SQUASHSTRAWBERRIES
Plant Spacings in a Square Foot Garden A One-Person Garden This system can be viewed at the Arboretum Kitchen Garden site.
Benefits: Can follow the sun or move to shade if needed Can add instant color to any area Can have easy access to herbs and vegetables Container Gardening
Any container can be used Clay, Plastic pot, Coffee Mug, Planter Box, Soda containers or even old shoes Make sure there are holes in the bottom of the container Raise containers with holes off a solid surface to assist with drainage If no holes – add ½ of small pebbles, gravel or broken crockery for drainage Be sure to use a container large enough for the plant(s) youll be growing Shallow-rooted crops (lettuce, peppers, radishes, herbs) – use containers at least 6 in diameter with an 8 soil depth Bushel baskets, half barrels, wooden tubs are best for tomatoes, squash, pole beans, cucumbers. Container Gardening
Different soil, water, fertilizer and cultural requirements than plants in the ground Special container mixes – Jiffy Mix, Super Soil, Pro-Mix, etc. Requires soilless mix – containing: An organic part: peat moss, sawdust, wood shavings, hardwood bark or pine bark Mineral part: vermiculite, perlite, pumice, builders sand, granite sand or a combination of these
Special soils provide: Fast drainage of water through the soil Air in soil after drainage A reservoir of water in the soil after drainage Special soils do not usually contain fertilizer Need to compensate for soil drying out faster in a container Fertilizers leach with each watering Must water and fertilize more frequently SOILS
Slow release fertilizers (MAKE SURE ITS BALANCED) (10/10/10 – nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium) Mix in with soil upon planting Refertilize when plants flower Refertilize if needed to help a second flowering Or use a weak nutrient solution (i.e. Miracle Grow) – use only 1/5 the amount of fertilizer called for on the label for a monthly application FERTILIZER
Water thoroughly after adding plant to container After settling, soil should be ½ to 1 below rim of container Water when soil dries or plant wilts Use your finger to determine dryness of soil NOT calendar Clay pots require more frequent watering than plastic or glazed pots You can put one small pot in a larger one and insulate with peat moss, perlite or gravel Group small pots together to help with evaporation Dont over water!! WATERING
Wick Watering Put one end of wick into pail of water and other in soil of the container (through the bottom hole of container). Use thick cotton string Provides continuous supply of water and/or weak water/fertilizer solution Can also invert a saucer, place over a water-filled container, and place pot on top of saucer Can also use special wicking fabrics Mist container plants with water to help provide the humidity WATER (CONTINUED)
CONTAINER PLANT SPACING Check seed package for spacing requirements Plant more seeds than needed because not all seeds germinate Thin after germination for proper spacing Place container in proper light Amount of light is determined by what youll be growing Anything with a flower or fruit MUST have at least 6-8 FULL HOURS OF SUNLIGHT PER DAY CONTAINER PEST CONTROL Inspect weekly for pests Slugs Snails Earwigs Spider mites Whitefly Aphids Move infected plants away from the others and treat insects accordingly
VegetableType of ContainerRecommended Varieties Beans, Snap5 gal window boxBush Romano, Bush Blue Lake, Tender Crop Beans, Lima5 gal window boxHenderson Bush, Jackson, Wonder Bush Beets5 gal window boxLittle Egypt, Early Red Ball Broccoli1 plant/5 gal pot; 3 plants/15 gal tubGreen Comet, DeCicco Brussels Sprouts1 plant/5 gal pot; 2 plants/15 gal tubJade Cross Cabbage1 plant/5 gal pot; 3 plants/15 gal tubDwarf Morden, Red Ace, Early Jersey Wakefield Chinese Cabbage1 plant/5 gal pot; 3 plants/15 gal tubMichihili, Burpee Hybrid Carrot5 gal window box at least 12 inches deepShort & Sweet, Danvers Half Long, Tiny Sweet Cucumber1 plant/gal potPatio Pik, Spacemaster, Pot Luck Eggplant5 gal potSlim Jim, Ichiban, Black Beauty Lettuce5 gal window boxSalad Bowl, Ruby Onion5 gal window boxWhite Sweet Spanish, Yellow Sweet Spanish Pepper1 plant/2 gal pot; 5 plants/15 gal tubSweet Banana, Yolo Wonder, Long Red Cayenne Radish5 gal window boxCherry Belle, Icicle Spinach5 gal window boxDark Green Bloomsdale Squash2 gal potScallopini TomatoesBushel baskets; 5 gal potsTiny Tim, Small Fry, Sweet 100 Patio, Burpee's Pixie, Toy Boy, Early Girl, Better Boy VFN Examples of Vegetables and the Suggested Container Size
Square Foot Gardening by Mel Bartholomew http://www.squarefootgardening.com/ Plants Available at the JCC Arboretum Plant Sale, Saturday, April 18, 9:00-2:00. Come early for best selection.
FOR MORE INFORMATION Call Lin Frye (919) 209-2052 Call Lin Frye (919) 209-2052 Call Minda Daughtry (919) 209-2184 Call Minda Daughtry (919) 209-2184
|
<urn:uuid:5c8a66c2-2e74-4670-b4f5-6def949e9ca0>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://slideplayer.com/slide/1420011/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120573.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823132736-20170823152736-00537.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.795406 | 1,802 | 2.625 | 3 |
Many legislators and political activists have made the argument recently that capital gains represent an unacceptable loophole in the country’s tax code, but the argument can be made that the problem lies with the perception of capital gains.
Daniel Indiviglio of The Atlantic points out one particular article in The Washington Post that contends the capital gains tax hurts the poor by creating a disproportionate tax rate. Those with a substantial amount of their annual earnings coming from capital gains rather than income will pay a substantially lower effective tax rate than those living off wages alone.
“For the very richest Americans, low tax rates on capital gains are better than any Christmas gift,” Steven Mufson and Jia Lynn Yang wrote in The Post.
The two note that, with a 15 percent cap on capital gains taxes, the marginal federal income tax rate surpasses the maximum capital gains tax at an annual income of $34,500.
Indiviglio boils the article down to a few main points. Most importantly, he notes the idea that a higher capital gains tax would benefit the poor relies on the assumption that higher tax revenue leads to improved standards of living for lower income Americans. This assumption, however, depends on either effective social programs, direct disbursement or effective government investment, none of which is guaranteed.
Of course, higher taxes on the wealthy would lead to increased income equality, but only in the abstract and without necessarily gaining any social benefits. In the meantime, money that would likely see reinvestment in the market and potentially lead to the creation of jobs or higher income for middle and lower class Americans would be funneled into government.
The article’s second point argues with the idea that investment ultimately leads to job creation. Syracuse University professor Leonard Burman argued to the Post that such low rates encourage using capital gains as a tax shelter and suggests that most only invest for the tax benefits. Indiviglio notes that this is ultimately the point.
The U.S. has a long history of using taxes to encourage certain behavior, rather than more direct methods, with exemptions for mortgages and marriage offering strong financial incentive for behaviors seen as socially useful. Ultimately, this is also the purpose of graduated tax rates, with higher incomes taxed at a higher rate because redistributed wealth serves a social purpose. The capital gains tax must be understood through its purpose and made to effectively fulfill it, rather than simply raising it as a less controversial means of increasing taxes. Indeed, a recent letter to The Financial Times notes that the U.K.’s 28 percent capital gains tax could be stifling investment in that country and calls on the government to substantially lower the rate.
|
<urn:uuid:791c5315-120e-4160-8aa5-36472d46c400>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://finance.youngmoney.com/investing/why-capital-gains-serve-a-purpose/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187821189.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20171017125144-20171017145144-00443.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958974 | 538 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Importance Of Water To Your Diet
No matter the the diet plan you have chosen to lose weight or stay healthy, the water is one of the most essential elements of the same.Most of the people tend to focus on foodstuffs who consume, and rarely pay attention to the amount of water they drink.In fact, it is essential to drink adequate amounts of water to achieve the desired results.These are the most important benefits of drinking water and some tips on how to do things right. Water is the basic component needed for metabolism.It facilitates the work of all the cells in the body to burn energy and staying young.Therefore, drinking water in a diet will allow you to burn fat faster and more efficiently.On the other hand, the possibility of stretch marks thrown in weight loss is reduced enough the skin elasticity is greater when the water is consumed enough.In addition, the skin becomes more, fresh, soft and smooth appearance without much effort can be improved. The scientists have discovered that the human body emits similar signals for hunger and thirst and at some point the two can be confusing and wrong.Expert dietitians recommend drinking water first whenever you feel the sensation of hunger between dietary meals instead of taking some snack.This really works to suppress hunger and in general can be used to reduce your calorie intake.A recent clinical study showed that on average a person consumes 75 calories less than the usual intake in all meals when drinking a glass of water beforehand.Drink plenty of water during the meal instead of wine or a soft drink also is very beneficial. Water helps the body’s organs to do their job more efficiently.The kidneys need sufficient amounts of water in order to properly function as a filter.In fact, dehydration is the main reason for the majority of renal diseases.Drink enough water allows the digestive system work better cleaning of the body of all the potentially hazardous wastes the eses.This helps efficiently and can protect from diseases not only in the digestive tract. In addition scientific studies showed that the body can retain water by adding more overweight and with only consume enough water we can avoid this. The daily consumption of water is not a fixed amount despite the common belief that 2 litres should drink each day.How much to drink mainly depends on the weight of an individual an amount of half a one ounce should be consumed every day for each pound of body weight.?If you are working on a regular basis, it is necessary to drink amounts that are at the top of this range.The heat also requires to drink more water. Mineral water should not be the main type that we ingest, because too much of the same type can be potentially harmful.It is a good idea to alternate types of regular intake.The spring or filtered tap water is ideal for permanent consumption.Do not force you to drink large quantities amounts taken frequently are the best option.Always keep a bottle or a glass of water on hand to take a SIP whenever you need it, if you want to read something more of interest you can visit my website as a lower fat.
|
<urn:uuid:717ad969-218b-4dac-8425-3b286fd03f85>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.rfnanocancer.com/tag/perder-kilos/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643585.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528051321-20230528081321-00468.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949277 | 625 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Norwood & St. Lawrence #210
American Locomotive Company's Cooke Works built #210 in 1923 for the Norwood & St. Lawrence Railroad. Throughout its active career, #210 pulled mixed trains (freight cars with baggage and passenger cars on the rear) across northern New York State.
Originally incorporated to carry Canadian pulpwood, the Norwood & St. Lawrence grew to become a robust Class 2 railroad. Its freight and passengers could make connections with both the New York Central and Rutland Railroad.
As with many other railroads, freight shipments fell drastically in the 1970s. In 1973, the railroad discontinued service and abandoned its line. The Norwood & St. Lawrence, New York State's last steam short line railroad, ceased to exist.
Erected by National Park Service.
Location. 41° 24.415′ N, 75° 40.126′ W. Marker is in Scranton, Pennsylvania, in Lackawanna County. Touch for map. Marker and locomotive are on the grounds of Steamtown National Historic Site, with park entrance off Lackawanna Avenue at Cliff Street. Marker is at or near this postal address: 300 Cliff Street, Scranton PA 18503, United States of America.
Other nearby markers. At least 8 other markers are within walking distance of this marker. Steamtown National Historic Site (about 300 feet away, measured in a direct
Also see . . .
1. Norwood & St. Lawrence #210 Ownership History. (Submitted on July 18, 2017, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania.)
2. Steamtown National Historic Site. (Submitted on July 18, 2017, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania.)
Categories. • Man-Made Features • Railroads & Streetcars •
Credits. This page was last revised on July 18, 2017. This page originally submitted on July 18, 2017, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania. This page has been viewed 37 times since then. Photos: 1, 2. submitted on July 18, 2017, by William Fischer, Jr. of Scranton, Pennsylvania.
|
<urn:uuid:4e186b48-4a5a-4a65-9585-b0daef20e098>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=105796
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187827662.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023235958-20171024015958-00039.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943921 | 453 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A potentially serious nervous system disorder, Neuritis is said to occur when a single nerve or a group of nerves swell up significantly. This inflammation of the nerves would cause several side effects like loss of vision, loss of reflexes, physical weakness and decreased sensitivity to sensation etc.Neuritis can be classified into two broad categories; ‘Mononeuritis’ which signifies the inflammation of a single nerve, and ‘Polyneuritis’ which signifies the inflammation of a group of nerves.
Neuritis can also be classified into Optical Neuritis that causes the optic nerve in the eye to swell up and can cause reduced vision in the specific eye, and Peripheral Neuritis that can be caused by excessive pressure on a single or group of nerves in the body (usually occurs when a person remains in the same position for extended periods).
Effective Home Remedies For Neuritis
While medications are often prescribed to treat neuritis, certain home remedies can help alleviate the symptoms of the condition and provide extended relief from the same. These include:
Drink Plenty of Fluids
Individuals with severe cases of neuritis are often prescribed a liquid diet wherein they would need to consume nothing but liquids for a couple of days (at least 5 days).
Drinking plenty of fluids during this period would offer relief from the condition and its symptoms. In addition to at least 10 cups of water every day, you can opt for apples, carrots, pineapples, oranges and other citrus fruit juices at regular intervals throughout the day.
Drink Soya Bean Milk
Soya bean milk is known to beneficial for individuals suffering from recurring neuritis. It can also treat severe cases of the condition effectively. The best way to use this remedy would be to mix 2 teaspoons of honey in a glass of soya bean milk and drink the concoction every night before going to bed.
Soya bean milk is readily available in supermarkets. You can also make your own soya bean milk at home. All you need to do is soak a few soya beans in a bowl of water for at least 12 hour or so. Wash the beans thoroughly and peel off their skin.
Grind the soaked soya beans to form a coarse paste. Add milk to the paste in the ratio 3:1 and let it boil under a low flame for at least 15 minutes, stirring occasionally to prevent lumps. Remove the resultant solution, strain it and add some sugar to it. Drink this concoction every day for desirable results.
Alternatively, you can opt to skip the milk and just boil the soya beans in water (in the ratio 1:3) for about 15 minutes. Strain the mixture, add some sugar to it and drink it at least twice every day for quick and effective relief from neuritis and its symptoms.
Drink Barley Brew
Barley is considered as a very effective home remedy for treating neuritis at home. The best way to get the maximum benefit out of this ingredient is to make a brew consisting of barley, water, buttermilk and lime juice, and drink it at least twice a day for extended relief.
Barley brew is fairly simple to make. All you need to do is boil ¼ cup of barley (preferably the natural pearled variety) in ½ cup of water for about 20 minutes over a low flame until the solution reduces to ¼ cup. Let the solution cool down, strain it, add a few drops of lime juice and some buttermilk, and drink the resultant brew once in the morning and night.
Drink Combined Spinach & Carrot Juice
Individuals suffering from neuritis have been known to get relief from the condition and its symptoms by drinking a glass of carrot and spinach juice every day. Neuritis can also be caused by certain nutrient deficiencies. The spinach-carrot juice would provide your body with these missing nutrients and thwart the deficiencies caused by them, thereby effectively treating neuritis and its symptoms in the process.
Do not opt for store bought products. Rather, make your own spinach-carrot juice at home by grinding some spinach leaves and carrot together along with some water. Strain the mixture to extract the juice and add some sugar for taste. Drink the juice once in the morning and night for desirable results.
Eat Orange Flowers
Orange flowers have toning properties that sooth the nerves and offer relief from neuritis and its symptoms to a great extent. You can opt to eat these flowers (pick fresh ones please) on a daily basis to treat neuritis effectively. Accordingly, dry some fresh orange flowers under the sun and grind them to form a coarse powder. Mix about 10 grams of this powder along with a tablespoon of honey every day can provide significant results in a quick span of time.
Alternatively, you can also opt to boil a few fresh orange leaves (opt for bitter ones for better results) in water and drink the resultant solution (after straining it) at least twice a day to get relief from the symptoms of neuritis.
Soak in Warm Water
One of the best ways to soothe irritated and inflamed nerves is to soak in a tub filled with lukewarm water for about 15 minutes at least twice a day. You can also opt to add a teaspoon of Epsom salt to the bathwater beforehand for better results. Follow this remedy regularly until the inflammation in the nerve (or) nerves reduces and the irritation stops.
Eat Foods Rich in Vitamins
Vitamin deficiencies (particularly those related to Vitamins A, B, B1, B2, B6 and B12) can also lead to neuritis in certain cases. Eating foods rich in these vitamins can therefore prevent these deficiencies from occurring, and effectively curb cases of neuritis caused by the same.
Some of the foods you can opt for the same include oranges, pineapples, sprouts, whole grains, brown rice, cottage cheese, whole wheat, raw nuts, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, steamed vegetables, fresh butter, butter milk and beetroots etc. Regular intake of these foods would help reduce the pain, inflammation and weakness caused by the irritated nerves.
Photo Credit: http://www.medicalook.com/Neurological_disorders/Neuritis.html
|
<urn:uuid:806600fd-23bf-4409-a535-8c45e40b5fbf>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://www.searchhomeremedy.com/effective-home-remedies-for-neuritis/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021292989/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305120812-00042-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935821 | 1,286 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Country Report for Liechtenstein
LAST UPDATED: February 2018
Summary of necessary legal reform to achieve full prohibition
Law reform has been achieved. Corporal punishment is prohibited in all settings, including the home.
Prohibition of corporal punishment
Corporal punishment is prohibited in the home. Article 146a of the Civil Code 1811 (as amended 1993) states that the use of force and the infliction of physical and mental suffering are not allowed in childrearing. Explicit prohibition of all corporal punishment in childrearing was enacted in 2008 and came into force in January 2009. Article 3 of the Children and Youth Act 2008 states (unofficial translation): “(1) Children and young people have the rights outlined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to the following measures: (a) protection notably against discrimination, neglect, violence, abuse and sexual abuse; (b) education/upbringing without violence: corporal punishment, psychological harm and other degrading treatment are not accepted.... (2) Children can address the Ombudsperson when they believe their rights have been violated.”
Alternative care settings
Corporal punishment is unlawful in alternative care settings under article 3 of the Children and Youth Act (see under “Home”).
Corporal punishment is unlawful in early childhood care and in day care for older children under article 3 of the Children and Youth Act (see under “Home”).
Corporal punishment is prohibited at all levels of education under article 5 of the School Order 1985. Article 3 of the Children and Youth Act (see under “Home”) also applies.
Corporal punishment is unlawful as a disciplinary measure in penal institutions under article 3 of the Children and Youth Act (see under “Home”).
Sentence for crime
Corporal punishment is unlawful as a sentence for crime. It is not available as a sentence for crime under the Criminal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code 1988 or the Juvenile Court Act.
Universal Periodic Review of Liechtenstein’s human rights record
Liechtenstein was reviewed in the first cycle of the Universal Periodic Review in 2008 (session 3). The following recommendation was made:
“Prohibit by law all forms of corporal punishment of children, without exception (France)”
The Government accepted the recommendation and, in doing so, stated that legislation had been introduced which explicitly prohibited corporal punishment of children.
The second cycle review took place in 2013 (session 15). In its national report, the Government confirmed that under the Children and Youth Act “all forms of corporal punishment as well as emotional injuries and other degrading measures are impermissible” and “this prohibition refers not only to parents, but to all persons involved in education and upbringing”. No recommendations were made during the review specifically concerning corporal punishment of children.
Third cycle examination took place in 2018 (session 29). No specific recommendations on corporal punishment were made.
7 January 2009, A/HRC/10/77, Report of the working group, para. 65(24)
29 February 2009, A/HRC/10/77/Add.1, Report of the working group: Addendum
8 November 2012, A/HRC/WG.6/15/LIE/1, National report to the UPR, para. 26
Recommendations by human rights treaty bodies
Committee on the Rights of the Child
(16 March 2006, CRC/C/LIE/CO/2, Concluding observations on second report, paras. 22 and 23)
“The Committee is concerned that all forms of corporal punishment are not specifically prohibited by law in all settings where it may occur.
“The Committee urges the State party to prohibit expressly by law all forms of corporal punishment, in particular in the family and in private alternative care settings. The State party is further encouraged to undertake awareness-raising campaigns and education programmes aimed at parents, professionals and children concerning non-violent forms of discipline and participatory forms of child-rearing and education, and to study the prevalence of corporal punishment of children in the family.”
Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
(23 June 2017, E/C.12/LIE/CO/2-3, Concluding observations on second/third report, Advance unedited version, para. 4)
“The Committee also welcomes the legislative, institutional and policy measures taken to promote economic, social and cultural rights in the State party, including the: …
(e) Adoption of the Children and Youth Law of 2009, comprising the principle of non-discrimination and the protection of children and teenagers from a violent upbringing”
|
<urn:uuid:23085cd8-8edc-49c5-b16a-fea3ee49c8e9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
http://endcorporalpunishment.org/reports-on-every-state-and-territory/liechtenstein/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950363.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20230401221921-20230402011921-00395.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94683 | 1,012 | 2.640625 | 3 |
THE LARGEST JELLYFISH IN THE WORLD
The Lions Mane Jellyfish is the largest jellyfish in the world. They have been swimming in arctic waters since before the dinosaurs (over 650 million years ago) and are among some of the oldest surviving species in the world.
The largest can come in at about 6 meters and has tentacles over 50 meters long. Pretty amazing when you think these things have been swimming around for so long.They have hundreds of poisonous tentacles that it used to catch passing by fish. it then slowly drags in it’s prey and eats it. That is terrifying.
|
<urn:uuid:0fe18df5-454b-4c7f-8e08-5eff37674cc6>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://secretmessenger92.blogspot.com/2012/06/largest-jellyfish-in-world-lions-mane.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500550975184.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20170728163715-20170728183715-00155.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966567 | 126 | 2.765625 | 3 |
In 1884, amendments to the Indian Act made school attendance compulsory for Indigenous children between 7 and 16 years of age.
The introduction of mandatory attendance was the result of pressure from missionary representatives. Reliant on student enrollment quotas to secure funding, they were struggling to attract new students due to increasingly poor school conditions.
Compulsory attendance ended in 1948, following the 1947 report of a Special Joint Committee and subsequent amendment of the Indian Act. - Truth and Reconciliation Commission
It was reported that, between 1894 and 1908, mortality rates at some residential schools in western Canada ranged from 30% to 60% over five years (that is, five years after entry, 30% to 60% of students had died, or 6–12% per year). These statistics did not become public until 1922, when former Chief Medical Officer Peter Bryce, who was no longer working for the government, published The Story of a National Crime: Being a Record of the Health Conditions of the Indians of Canada from 1904 to 1921. -CBC
High School Resources
Junior High School Resources
Elementary School Resources
|
<urn:uuid:f7a25740-34c9-4a35-9f2e-630f29c8a894>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.decolonize-ed.com/single-post/2017/07/04/1894---Indian-youth-forced-by-law-to-attend-school
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143354.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713064946-20200713094946-00262.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969539 | 222 | 3.484375 | 3 |
LE PRÉVOST, PIERRE-GABRIEL, parish priest; b. c. 1674; buried 18 Nov. 1756 at Sainte-Foy.
Pierre-Gabriel Le Prévost’s origins are obscure. According to Cyprien Tanguay* he may have been the son of Jacques Le Prévost and Jeanne Fauvault, whose marriage took place on 25 Nov. 1669 in the church of Notre-Dame de Québec. Yet the couple, of whom there is no record after this date, do not seem to have had any children, at least in the colony. Le Prévost’s certificates for the tonsure and priesthood tell us nothing about his origins. His year of birth can, however, be set around 1674, as his burial certificate mentions that he died at 82 years of age.
Le Prévost was ordained a priest in the cathedral of Quebec on 7 Oct. 1714, 13 years after receiving the tonsure. On 13 Jan. 1715 he was appointed parish priest of Notre-Dame-de-Foy de Sainte-Foy. A few weeks later, on 5 February, Le Prévost took possession officially of this parish; he had already been tending it for some time, having entered certificates in the parish registry since 28 Sept. 1714, when he was only a deacon. On 8 Nov. 1756, after a ministry of more than 41 years, he entered his last certificate in the registry as priest of this parish. He died soon after, leaving a will dated 15 Nov. 1756 which he was unable to sign having been overwhelmed by great weakness. He was buried on 18 November 1756 in the old church of Sainte-Foy.
Despite the lack of information about his life and career, Pierre-Gabriel Le Prévost has attracted the attention of several researchers, who thought that in him they recognized the author of a statue of Notre-Dame de Foy, preserved today in the church of the parent parish of Sainte-Foy. This supposition rests upon too fragile a base not to raise certain doubts. It would indeed be risky to translate without reservation the inscription on the statue, “L.P.S. 1716” by “Le Prévost Sculpsit 1716.” This inscription has been the source of hypotheses, for the most part impossible to verify, concerning the alleged artistic training of the parish priest of Sainte-Foy. The experts are in agreement in recognizing that the author of the statue found his inspiration in the wood-carving techniques characteristic of Canadian art, and certain investigators have deduced further that Le Prévost had learned his craft from the teachers at the École des Arts et Métiers at Saint-Joachim, but no document justifies this assertion.
In short, nothing allows us to assert that Le Prévost was really an artist. Perhaps we shall never know who carved the little statue of Notre-Dame de Foy, but this work is no less important for the study of Canadian art at the beginning of the 18th century.
AAQ, 12 A, Registres d’insinuations A, 809. AJQ, Registre d’état civil, Notre-Dame de Québec, 25 nov. 1669. ANQ, Greffe de P.-A.-F. Lanoullier Des Granges, 15 nov. 1756; Greffe de J.-N. Pinguet de Vaucour, 7 juin 1734, 8 janv. 1747; AP, Pierre-Gabriel Le Prévost. Archives paroissiales de Notre-Dame-de-Foy (Sainte-Foy, Qué.), Registres des baptêmes, mariages et sépultures, 28 sept. 1714, 8, 18 nov. 1756. ASQ, Polygraphie, XXIII, 53g; XLVI, 9e; Séminaire, XCII, 22A, p. IL IOA, Dossier Pierre-Gabriel Le Prévost, sculpteur. “Procès-verbaux du procureur général Collet” (Caron), APQ Rapport, 1921-22, 264–66. Carom “Inventaire de documents,” APQ Rapport, 1940–41, 346, 407, 445, 446; 1941–42, 188, 251. P.-G. Roy, Inv. ord. int., II, 10; Inv. testaments, II, 57–58. Tanguay, Dictionnaire; Répertoire. Marius Barbeau, J’ai vu Québec (Québec, 1957). Amédée Gosselin, L’instruction au Canada. Morisset, Coup d’œil sur les arts. Antoine Roy, Les lettres, les sciences et les arts au Canada sous le régime français (Paris, 1930), 230. H.-A. Scott, “Notre-Dame de Sainte-Foy,” BRH, VI (1900), 67–75.
|
<urn:uuid:91bad837-ac2d-47a2-91d8-f8339a37a662>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/le_prevost_pierre_gabriel_3E.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822668.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018013719-20171018033719-00849.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.8736 | 1,127 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Let’s Make Learning Fun! – S1 E24
Toys and games aren’t just for fun and entertainment. They can also help your little ones grow and develop, turning playtime into a learning experience! With thousands of toys available online, knowing simply what kinds of toys are developmentally appropriate isn’t always easy.
That’s where this episode can help! Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez talks with pediatric occupational therapist and toy blogger Keri Wilmot, who offers her tips to help you find toys that fit your child’s developmental needs. She also tells us how playtime and education go hand in hand.
Podcast Resources:Top 10 Learning Games for Toddlers
13 Fun Games & Play Ideas When the Babysitter is in Charge
The Genius of Play
Age-by-Age Toy Guide
Guest: Keri Wilmot
Strong Families AZ
Host: Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez
Host: Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez is the Program Director for the Maternal, Infant and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program at the Arizona Department of Health Services.
Guest: Keri Wilmot is a Pediatric Occupational Therapist, toy blogger, and mother from Prosper, Texas.
Listen and Subscribe
Subscribe today wherever you listen to podcasts
Explore all episodes
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: [00:00:00] Welcome back to The Parenting Brief. I’m your host, Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez, an Arizona working mom and Program Director for the Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood Home Visiting Program at the Arizona Department of Health Services. This podcast is a space just for you. Join us as we hear from parenting experts who answer your biggest questions about raising your little ones, including the questions you didn’t even know to ask.
Thank you for tuning in for this episode of The Parenting Brief. On our last episode, we gave you a quick toy safety guide that covered what you need to know about batteries, toy, storage, and how to ensure your kiddos play with toys safely. One of those tips included making sure the toys are developmentally appropriate, but how do we do that today?
[00:01:00] We continue this conversation to answer that exact question. Making sure that toys are developmentally appropriate might be the key to getting a few extra minutes of playtime so that you can cross something off your to-do list, like folding laundry, helping an older child with homework, or getting prepped for dinner.
Developmentally appropriate toys can also double as educational toys, providing both fun and learning at the same time, and we can all use a few more life hacks in our pocket. So today we have the information you need to be the best gift-giver this season.
Today I’m joined by the toy queen herself, Keri Wilmot. Keri is an experienced pediatric occupational therapist and a blogger for all things toy related. Thank you for joining us today, Keri.
Keri Wilmot: Thank you, jessica.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: Let’s first start with understanding what it means to have a toy that is developmentally appropriate.
I know that most toys have an [00:02:00] age recommendation that is usually listed on the packaging. Is that all we need to look for? Or should we be taking other things into consideration when determining if a toy is developmentally appropriate?
Keri Wilmot: Yeah when looking at developmentally appropriate toys, it’s hard to always look at the age level because development happens differently for every child.
While we certainly have age ranges of when it’s appropriate to walk or crawl, not all kids meet those developmental expectations at the same time. So while it’s good to have an idea of where your child fits in and their age level when looking for toys, you also have to really look at their skill level to see where they are at.
And they might be just in a different spot than another child. Maybe they’re more advanced, maybe they’re on par with their peers, maybe they had some medical issues when they were born and their development is taking some time, but it’s moving forward, but it’s just not [00:03:00] at the same level as their peers.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: So I see a lot of the toys that are like those grow with me toys that, you know, you go from sitting to standing to walking or, you know, whatever the case may be. Are those the types of things that parents should be looking for? Or are they really just looking for, at that point in time, what works with their kid,
where is that kid at, and ultimately the future will be whatever the future is and we can deal with that when that time comes?
Keri Wilmot: You know, I just would be mindful of trying to progress kids too quickly. You know, a lot of times, you know, we look at things, especially from the letter and number perspective,
we want our kids to learn these really important academic concepts. And I see it a lot online with parents asking for recommendations, they have a two year old and they want to teach them, you know, all the upper and lower case letters of the alphabet. And so if you’re too [00:04:00] far advanced, I think it’s okay to buy toys ahead and sort of hold them in the closet,
and if you need to pull something out in the future, when you get there, you have kind of like an arsenal of things to pull from that, that you have sort of ready and available to go to, but you sorta have to be a little careful of going too far ahead, because then you give that child an experience and they’re not developmentally ready, and it might not be a fun experience for you and your child.
And that wasn’t the intention in the first place, right? So you want to have we talk about as occupational therapist, this just right challenge, something that motivates them and is like a little bit above where they’re at so that they’ll keep trying. But once you raise that bar too high, then they’re going to walk away from it.
You know, and that’s when you can use toys that you’ve had in the closet that maybe they’re not playing with, but maybe you do something different with it. That formboard [00:05:00] shaped puzzle that is too easy now. Well, maybe you hide those shapes around your living room and you’re, you know, sending them on a mission to go bring you back to the circle and put it into the puzzle.
So just because they might have outgrown the skill it doesn’t necessarily mean they’ve outgrown the toy if you’re creative in how you use it.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: So as a mom, I tend to put toys in two categories: the toys I want my kid to play with and the toys that they will actually play with. How do we find that perfect balance between something that is developmentally appropriate, educational, supporting development, and something that they want to play with?
Keri Wilmot: I think that’s where it comes down to the creativity of really, truly understanding the development, and I think this is where as an occupational therapist and a play expert and a toy expert, we shine in that because the goal isn’t about getting them to play with a [00:06:00] specific toy, the goal is about advancing to that next level.
Then you can use anything that motivates them to get there. Just like in the example I gave before with the puzzle, you know, if there is a certain skill that you want them to work on, it doesn’t mean that that action figure of Spider-Man that you’re kind of like, what is this child going to be doing this Spider-Man, it doesn’t mean that you can’t pull out a spoon from the
drawer and feed Spider-Man or teach spider-Man how to sit on the potty when it’s time to go. So for me, I’m more about understanding sort of where the developmental skills are and what the next steps are, and then trying to figure out, well, what can I use that’s going to motivate that child because the reality of it is I could spend all the money in the world and I do have a trunk full and a closet full of some of the coolest toys I’ve collected over the last 20 plus years,
and it really [00:07:00] is about their motivation. They will play and they will develop when there is something that motivates them and they don’t feel like it’s work.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: I think that around the holidays and birthdays, we tend to focus much more on needing or wanting to purchase toys or items or gifts. But in the end, we also hear, you know, that really all they ended up wanting was the cardboard box or, you know, they just wanted the spoon in the bowl from the kitchen in order to play.
Keri Wilmot: The tissue paper.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: How do we use some of those household items? How do we encourage parents that it’s not necessarily about the toy, but it is about making sure that what they are doing is developmentally appropriate, but also using what’s already around you that doesn’t necessarily mean that something new needs to be purchased or there’s this obligation of a gift,
how do we use what’s around us to do [00:08:00] just as much?
Keri Wilmot: I’m certainly a huge fan of the utensil drawer. Like the kitchen utensil drawer, right? You know, the big scoopers the soup ladles, the salad tongs and the tweezers. Picking out a couple of interesting, safe things, I mean, and maybe you just go into the kitchen and go on a browsing trip, right?
Like pull open some drawers and look around and think like, okay, well, what do I have in this drawer? And then head to the pantry. Do you have a big container of black beans or rice? Or pasta that, you know, has been sitting there for a little bit that you think, well, maybe we can do something with that. So I think sometimes it just takes having a couple of minutes
to sort of open some drawers, peek around. And if you’re not sure, like maybe you pick up a couple of things and you’re not really sure what to do with them, then you can head online and say activities for kids with [00:09:00] tongs and black beans. And I guarantee you something is going to probably show up to give you an idea of what to do.
There are so many different, great resources out there of early childhood educators and therapists who have created these amazing websites that have all sorts of arts and crafts activities, or ways to search by different household items and what kinds of activities you can put together with them. So certainly, you know, for sure, definitely just take a peek around, look around and if you’re not sure what to do, then you can certainly
do a little bit of research and I’m sure within seconds you’ll find something to try.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: I love that idea. I’m just going to put a bag of beans and some tongs into a gift bag, and I am done for the holidays. They have something to open. It didn’t totally break the bank. They’re going to be entertained for hours. I love the idea.
Keri Wilmot: And if you have to, and [00:10:00] it doesn’t stick around forever,
you can throw it away and it didn’t take up any extra space anywhere.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: Definitely. So if parents want to learn more information about how to find developmentally appropriate toys, where can they look?
Keri Wilmot: So in terms of developmentally appropriate resources to find fun new toys, parents can check out my website, ToyQueen.com as well as often
a lot of the social channels along with the website. You can find me on Instagram at Keri_Wilmot and Toy Queen on Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. A lot of times I might post different photos or different videos depending on the social platform to different locations. So not everything is going to be redundant.
There is also a organization called the Genius of Play. You can check out their website at thegeniusofplay.org and [00:11:00] look for their age by age toy and play guide, where you can see specific kinds of toys that are recommended for kids at certain developmental age levels.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: Well, great. Thank you so much for all of those tips and resources.
And thank you so much for your time today.
Keri Wilmot: Thank you so much.
Jessica Stewart-Gonzalez: If you’re still searching for toy recommendations, head to the episode show notes. While you’re there, make sure you’re following The Parenting Brief podcast on Apple Podcasts, Spotify, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows. And because there’s no such thing as too much help, you can share the episode with the moms or expecting moms in your life. Until next time,
this is Jessica. You’ve got this, Mom.
|
<urn:uuid:d46043e2-ddf5-456d-a3f5-50368f51c7ea>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://strongfamiliesaz.com/podcasts/lets-make-learning-fun-s1-e24/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645089.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530032334-20230530062334-00458.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.956109 | 2,934 | 2.609375 | 3 |
March 29, 2021
Our brains are constantly working, always looking for connections to make and inferences to suggest. Consistently attempting to solidify neural pathways and make connections to what is happening currently, to past memories stored away. Our brains are powerful, both so are our noses. Your nose is used for more than simply smelling your favorite candle; it is the place our mind uses to make detailed associations about events, people, and feelings, to create our memories and the emotions that come attached with them. Waking up to deeply warm scents of dark roasting coffee beans may inherent feelings of serenity and illicit memories of quiet early mornings. The wafting aroma of freshly baked dough and chocolate chips may bring along with it the care-free happiness of childhood weekends. Opening the door after a long day and being greeted with a sombrous and slow cooking crock-pot meal may bring back nostalgic memories of your mother’s heartfelt cooking. The feeling of beads of water in the air and fresh salty scents of the ocean breeze may remind you of summer vacations. Our brains are detail-oriented and thus, attempt to make every connection they can to every event we encounter and witness. This makes recalling memories and, making inferences about what should be feeling, much easier with the help of our nose.
Not to get technical or pretend we are scientists, but anatomically wise, your sense of smell is literally connected to your emotions and memories. Everything you smell is first picked up by sensory receptors in your nose and processed through the olfactory system. This system only manages your sense of smell. Once smells have been picked up, the olfactory bulb, contained within the olfactory system, bypasses other structures and sends off that scent for further processing within the limbic system of the brain. The limbic system is the inner part of our brain that manages all of the inherent emotions, urges, and desires, that are necessary for survival. Contained within the limbic system are two very important areas that deal directly with your concepts of emotions and memory: the amygdala, which helps process emotions, and the hippocampus, which processes memories. Therefore, every time you open the oven door and the scent of your favorite cookies from childhood fill the room, you smell receptors pick up this scent, the olfactory bulb bypasses other structures such as the thalamus and sends the scent directly to the amygdala and hippocampus within the limbic system so that these structures can make connections about emotions and memories that commonly occur with this scent or even make new associations to this scent. Nevertheless, this is why smells can so vividly bring back emotions and memories; our brain uses our sense of smell as a defining element in making connections between emotions and memories and using scent as a defining element within those memories in helping us recall them later on. Our brains are powerful, but not without the help of our noses!
Our brains and the lengths they will go to make connections and store memories is completely fascinating! Every one of our senses plays an important role in adding details to a stimulus within our brain that will ultimately become a memory. With TLC’s unique attention to detail with every pour of their handmade soy candles, beautifully elegant and powerful scents are created. Every time you grab you wick trimmer and strike a match to one of TLC’s stunning candles, an unforgettable aroma will begin to fill the room and make creating memories, and fostering connections within your brain, extremely simple. Start creating moments with your TLC candles; with every TLC candle you buy attach new emotions and memories to each one so that when you need reminders of calmness, happiness, gratitude, or anything else, your moment of “me time”, and TLC candle, will be able to help ground you into those emotions because of the connections you have fostered within your mind. Our minds and our noses are powerful together, use a TLC candle to help enrich that connection on a daily basis.
-Kenzington Baxter, Guest Writer
October 17, 2022
October 17, 2022
October 07, 2022
"Sourced with tender, love, and care to nourish your soul and inspire your senses. To live life is to experience emotion...Enjoy, you are worth it!"
- Tami L Crawford
New Products + Promotions + Special Events
Subscribe today and you’ll be the first to know! (Sign up, it’s pretty amazing.)
Sign Up for Updates!
Join our email list to receive updates and exclusive offers directly in your inbox!
|
<urn:uuid:737a10e0-c97f-41f4-b90d-ef9347cb1bd8>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://tlccandleco.com/blogs/tlc-talks/why-scents-evoke-emotions-and-memories
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510319.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20230927171156-20230927201156-00793.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.937873 | 936 | 2.90625 | 3 |
The East Kolkata Wetlands, a Ramsar site and model for the natural treatment of urban wastewater, are under threat — and the West Bengal government is alleged to be the abettor in chief.
Activists say the state government is “hell bent on encroaching on the wetland area”, despite it being under the protections of a standing judicial verdict, obligations under Ramsar’s international protocol, and the national government’s 2010 Wetlands Rules.
But in the last few months, numerous construction projects — said to be in the public and environmental interest — have been proposed within the wetland area, and the state’s environment minister Sovan Chatterjee seems only too keen to push them through. Created in 2006 to conserve the wetlands area, Chatterjee took charge of the East Kolkata Wetlands Management Authority (EKWMA) in February, taking over the mantle from the Chief Secretary of State by modifying the EKWMA act in assembly.
Nothing unofficial about violation
In a meeting on July 14, the first of the reconstituted authority chaired by Chatterjee, the newly constituted EKWMA committee made a series of decisions which, environmentalists allege, have formalised encroachment within the wetlands. Minutes of the meeting, seen by thethirdpole.net, show that several governmental projects were cleared “in principle”.
The most contentious of them is a proposed five kilometre-long flyover road through the core of the wetlands, connecting the E M Bypass with New Town. The West Bengal Housing Infrastructure Development Corporation (WBHIDCO) is set to build the project, which will lead to the construction of 146 piers within eight large water bodies. It is understood that the project has been cleared without a valid Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) being done.
Two other projects — an ecotourism proposal named the East Kolkata Wetland Park and a center to highlight local agriculture – were also approved conceptually, although detailed project reports are yet to be prepared.
Read more: Greed, apathy destroying east Kolkata wetlands
According to sources, Chatterjee, who is also the mayor of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, spoke in the meeting about the need to carve out part of the wetlands to accommodate the dumping of solid waste from Kolkata city; a demand he has been making in public since assuming office.
“There was a lack of unanimity about the approval of projects in the meeting,” observed Dhrubojyoti Ghosh, an ecological engineer and an expert member of the wetlands committee. Ghosh hinted that the government is pushing the decisions unilaterally, using the committee as a proxy.
“There is nothing in the public domain to justify the urgent need to build a flyover by filling up water bodies and impacting the livelihoods of thousands of people there, more so because the wetland is critical to Kolkata’s survival,” said Ghosh. Kalyan Rudra, another expert member and chairman of the state pollution control board, which reports to the environment department, refused to comment.
Minister Chatterjee confirmed to thethirdpole.net that the proposal for the flyover was cleared in the meeting. “We will have to protect the wetlands but we also need to think about development,” said Chatterjee when asked why he is so keen to undertake projects within the wetlands.
Read more: Real estate chokes Kolkata wetlands
Apart from these infrastructure projects, the WBHIDCO has started building at least two roads through the wetlands; one connecting Sector V with the newly created Sector VI at Bantala at the eastern fringe of the protected wetlands, and another off Sector V through a large water body.
“The environment minister, the chairman of the wetland authority, the housing minister and the mayor of Kolkata is the same person,” said Naba Dutta, an environmental activist and secretary of the environmental platform Sabuj Mancha. ”It’s impossible to stop him once he is hell-bent on encroaching the wetland area. It’s no coincidence that a significant number of projects have been proposed by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation.” Dutta also alleges that the new wetlands committee has been so formed to be full of government officials or politicians close to the ruling party to push government agendas in the wetlands.
Private land grabbers also on a roll
The illegal conversion of wetland areas by land mafias has increased significantly over the last year, since the present government assumed power. The East Kolkata Wetlands Management authority has itself lodged 57 complaints since June 2016 – almost double the average number of annual complaints lodged by the authority since 2006. Most of the complaints registered are from areas close to the Salt Lake Rajarhat area or off the E M Bypass — the new urban sprawls in the city — and are about unauthorised constructions on agricultural land or wetlands, or filling in water bodies. The authority lodged the complaints after receiving them from people or NGOs working in the area.
“We fear there will be more violations as recently the newly constituted authority committee has allowed the Meghnath Saha Institute of Technology to procure land outside the wetland area and turn it into a water body,” said one activist. “This is actually a u-turn on the authority’s earlier decision refusing such legitmisation. Similarly, the new committee has also reversed many earlier committee strictures against illegal violations.”
Ghosh agreed: “Recently the violations have reached a crescendo as buildings are being constructed within the East Calcutta Wetlands with unmatched rapidity, and land is being sold to buyers.”
Read more: Kolkata, a water-rich city turning water-poor
Minister Chatterjee claimed, however, that his department will not allow a single water body to be “filled in” within the wetlands, and that he “will not spare people” even from his own party in the case of water bodies being filled in.
Environmentalists say that even the provisions of the Ramsar bureau have been violated by this recent spate of projects. “A few months ago when Lew Young, a Ramsar adviser, came to Kolkata he categorically said that the preparation of a holistic wetlands management plan through widespread consultation is the priority,” said Ghosh. “Unfortunately, all the projects are now pushed in an ad-hoc manner without any management plan. In this way, the wetlands may be blacklisted, as happened in the case of Chilika lake a few years ago.”
A senior official in the environment department says that even the provisions in the 2010 Wetlands Rules have been blatantly flouted: “The rules clearly state that any construction of a permanent nature, except for boat jetties, within 50 metres of the wetlands require clearance from Delhi. In the case of the proposed flyover, the construction will come right into the wetlands and no permission is planned to be sought.”
|
<urn:uuid:0f57d15a-16aa-4643-b5ab-2965971b51ff>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/nature/fresh-proposals-place-east-kolkata-wetlands-under-new-threat/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224645810.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530131531-20230530161531-00572.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.957966 | 1,479 | 2.578125 | 3 |
A woman's complex reproductive cycle is affected by a variety of factors, including her hormonal balances, stress, weight, diet, exercise and medications. Up to 75 percent of women are affected at some point in their lives by premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, according to Penn State's Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. PMS symptoms manifest five to 11 days prior to a period and end shortly after the period begins. Common symptoms include irritability, bloating and weight gain.
Fluctuating hormones in the body, particularly estrogen and progesterone, appear to affect the brain's serotonin neurons. According to a study published in the "American Journal of Psychiatry," depression and increased appetite were linked to menstrual cycles. Using birth control pills to regulate hormone levels and cycles might help with your PMS, depression, bloating and water retention.
Weight gain during your period is often due to water retention. The Mayo Clinic recommends limiting salt in the days preceding and during your period. Processed foods often have a lot of sodium; eating more fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains and unsalted nuts helps reduce your overall sodium consumption. Drinking eight to 10 glasses of water and limiting caffeine and alcohol are also recommended to flush excess fluids from your body.
Establishing a daily exercise routine gradually reduces symptoms of PMS for many women. Exercise helps reduce appetite and relieves stress and depression symptoms in most people. While severe cramps may limit activities for a few days, swimming or simple stretching exercises such as those found in yoga and tai chi increase your metabolism without overexerting your body.
Pain medications such as ibuprofen help reduce painful cramps, swelling and inflammation. Your doctor can prescribe stronger pain medications if ibuprofen doesn't relieve your pain. He can also prescribe a diuretic for severe water retention.
|
<urn:uuid:3955fecf-3f36-4b78-9d8c-8b91fa93cddd>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://healthyliving.azcentral.com/ways-prevent-weight-gain-period-1479.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368699273641/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516101433-00074-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948832 | 375 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Caring for your fruit trees over winter is an important factor for superior fruit yields the next year. There are many types of fruit trees and varieties. Some of these trees may require special care to get them through the cold winter season. Consult your local agricultural extension service for any specific needs the fruit trees may require. Most all fruit trees, however, can benefit if you perform some basic tasks during the winter months.
Inspect the trees for any signs of insect nests. Typically, these nests may remain hidden during the growing season and only can be seen when all the leaves are shed from the tree. Nests may come in the form of small web structures or small pieces of bark in an oval shape. Destroy all nests with your hands and fingers.
Prune the fruit trees according to the variety of tree and species. There are many techniques for pruning different fruit trees. Consult your local extension service for specific details for limbs to be cut removed. The age of the tree may also determine pruning times and techniques. The best time to prune any fruit tree is during the winter, when no insects can invade the open wounds. Some fruit trees may succumb to winter damage if too many limbs are removed. Remove all cut limbs from the area of the fruit trees. The limbs will attract insects in the spring and may contaminate the tree if left nearby.
Rake the area around the base of the fruit tree to remove all dead leaves. Leaves can conceal pests. Place the leaves in a compost pile or in an area far away from the fruit trees.
Add the correct amount of tree fertilizer according to the variety and age of the tree. Winter or late fall fertilizer application will stimulate and feed root growth.
Use a shallow hand cultivator and remove all weeds around the base of the tree. Weeds will compete for water during the growing season and are best removed during the winter months. The cultivated area should extend from the trunk of the tree to the outer perimeter of where the branches hang. This is also known as the tree's drip line. Exercise caution so as not to damage any shallow roots of the fruit tree. Different varieties of fruit trees may have various rooting patterns.
|
<urn:uuid:d6c53ca1-3929-45da-b05f-511796eb177b>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://www.gardenguides.com/101523-winter-care-fruit-trees.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834494.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00232-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946238 | 441 | 3.484375 | 3 |
In most topic areas we present language which can be used to make cultural comparisons. For example, a list of breakfast foods / drinks can be split into what is more popular in the UK + what is popular in Spain, etc. You may need to ensure that you do present some items more likely to appear in the target language culture! By then using a Venn diagram for students to categorise the language you introduce an element of cultural comparison. This can apply to so many different contexts – sports, hobbies, holiday destinations, etc. My PowerPoint slide with a Venn Diagram is attached below.
POWERPOINT an easy approach to cultural understanding
Clearly earthquakes are a common feature in many countries and we know of the devastating effects that these events can have. To draw attention to the fact that a number of French-speaking countries are on fault lines and are at risk of earthquakes, we can incorporate the use of earthquake drills in schools into our teaching when the covering the imperative. The idea is to build up to a type of “Jacques a dit” activity giving orders to students.
The resources are below + there is also an interesting video on the BBC Learning Zone about a school in Guadeloupe and an earthquake drill – http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/au-coll-ge/1716.html
WORKSHEETS READING Telling people what to do in French The imperative in French What should you do in the case of an earthquake Earthquake reenactment script
Le Kiloshop sells its clothes by the kilo. Having presented clothes to students they can come up with interesting conversations in the shop buying different weights of clothes. As well as being a more unusual way of dealing with the topic of shopping for clothes this provides a bit of cultural background on a rather unusual shop. I am only aware of the kiloshop in Lille. There may be others!
Flights cancelled all over northern Europe due to the volcanic eruption in Iceland has drawn attention to plate tectonics and will be providing geography teachers with some excellent footage to illustrate how volcanos occur. At my previous school we taught a unit for many years on volcanos in Iceland. The resources are attached below. We taught this as part of a Content and Language Integrated Learning programme (CLIL). This topic area could also be addressed when looking at town and country or environment and La Réunion is a francophone focus for such work in French. One of the worksheets below is based on the French TV programme “C’est Pas Sorcier-volcans, séismes et tout le tremblement” which can be bought on Amazon.fr.
WORKSHEETS c est pas sorcier Islande Introduction c est pas sorcier VIDEO WORKSHEET higher C est Pas Sorcier LA REUNION La Réunion BACKGROUND
With the end of term approaching those teaching Spanish may want to do some work on a carol. Campana Sobre Campana is a famous one but was also recorded by the Mexican pop group RBD (Rebelde). This gives you an opportunity to learn about the band, its members and also provides an opportunity to look at Mexico. Below is a PowerPoint, a worksheet on two of the members of the band as well as a link to the RBD website. www.grupo-rbd.com
POWERPOINT Campana sobre campana WORKSHEET REBELDE miembros del grupo
With the groups all decided now for the summer’s World Cup all those opportunities return for some international dimension work with Languages at the core. There are many resources already out there but just in case you are in need of something a bit different to help present countries the attached video in French from Youtube is useful.
And for Spanish the attached resource might be useful.
Los futbolistas Reyes + Guti
|
<urn:uuid:c03ef019-1299-40bb-ad66-f7caa5ed87d3>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://neiljones.org/category/french-ks3/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823229.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20171019050401-20171019070401-00010.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927237 | 811 | 4.03125 | 4 |
International travel may be challenging, especially when anonymous travel with a new identity is used.
It can be perplexing even for someone who has visited several countries using a new identity and anonymous travel.
A country’s border controls are the procedures it takes to monitor and manage its boundaries. Yes, you are still crossing a country’s boundaries when you fly in. People, animals, and things are moving into and out of a nation through border restrictions making anonymous travel a challenge.
Immigration is the international movement of people into a destination country where they are not natives or citizens to live or reside there, mainly as permanent residents or naturalized citizens, or take up a job as migrant workers or temporarily as foreign workers. Immigration authorities often check for proper documentation, confirm that a person is authorized to enter the country, seize persons wanted on domestic or international arrest warrants, and prevent people deemed hazardous to the country from entering the country. Immigration by its nature makes anonymous travel both difficult and challenging, but it can be overcome by remaining calm.
Customs is a government entity or agency in charge of collecting taxes and regulating the movement of commodities into and out of a country, including animals, transportation, personal belongings, and dangerous materials. Customs by their nature make anonymous travel difficult. Each country’s customs body implements its import and export laws and regulations. Some goods may be limited or prohibited in their import or export. Government agreements and international legislation are used in most nations to establish customs. A tariff or levy on goods importation or exportation is known as a customs duty. Commercial items that have not yet cleared customs are stored in a bonded store until they are processed. Customs at airports serve as a point of no return for all travelers. After they have passed through customs, they cannot return.
Airport security refers to the procedures and methods used to protect passengers, employees, and planes using airports from danger, criminality, and other hazards. Airport security works to keep threats and possibly dangerous situations out of the country. If airport security is successful, the likelihood of any harmful condition, illegal products, or threats entering an aircraft, country, or airport is considerably minimized. Airport security serves several purposes: To safeguard the airport and the country from any potentially dangerous incidents, to reassure the traveling using public transportation are safe, and to safeguard the government and its citizens.
TSA (Transportation Security Administration)
The TSA is a United States government agency that screens passengers to ensure safe travel on all kinds of transportation, particularly airlines. TSA officials are stationed at all U.S. airports, where travelers must pass through a series of security checks on their route to the gate, including bag searches and body scanners.
TSA Precheck expedites the security process for passengers. Removing your shoes, beverages, or laptop computers from your luggage is unnecessary. TSA Precheck members usually queue in a separate security line shorter than the regular lines. Most airports and airlines accept TSA Precheck, but it is not always available for international travelers or those leaving an international airport terminal. See the TSA website for a complete list of locations that accept TSA Precheck and information on how to apply.
Global Entry allows visitors to bypass long lines at U.S. Customs by using computerized kiosks where they can present their passports and proceed directly to baggage claim. Photo and fingerprint recognition are used at the booths. On the CBP website, you can schedule an application appointment. Similar to Global Entry, a few additional programs allow passengers to clear US Customs more swiftly. There are two examples of NEXUS, a paid pre-screen program, and will enable, a program that will allow faster passage in specific lanes.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR AN AIRPORT ARRIVAL
For domestic flights, arrive 1.5-4 hours early (Traveling between the U.S States or between European Countries)
International planes should arrive 4 hours prior.
BEST WAYS TO GET RID OF CUSTOMS
Keep your passport with you at all times. Remove any hats, sunglasses, or anything hiding your face and put them away or turn them off. They may have to open the gifts, so don’t gift wrap them.
CUSTOMS QUESTIONS THAT ARE MOST OFTEN ASKED
What are you hoping to accomplish with your journey?
What is your time frame for your visit?
What hotel are you going to book?
What profession do you have?
Do you need to make a statement? (Examples include fruits and vegetables.)
Do you have any healthcare coverage?
What’s the total amount of money you have on you?
Where are you going to spend your time?
Are you a regular visitor to this location?
From where will you be arriving?
Do you intend to travel by yourself?
There are nine things you should never say to a customs official if you want anonymous travel.
You know it will be a good time when you’re in a room with no windows or clocks. They’re both a no-brainer when it comes to massages or blackjack tables. When they’re not having a good time, you’ll know. When you’re in a customs detention room, and one guy rummages through your belongings while another interrogates you like it’s the first season of SVU. Detention in the airport basement is ideal for sabotaging any vacation’s start.
We spoke with a few customs agents (and a few unfortunate inmates) to find out what you should never say when getting your passport stamped.
“I do have agricultural stuff, certainly,” says the narrator. If you remember you have leftover illegal drugs in your bag while waiting in line at customs, throw it out like a vial of drugs. Leave it on the tarmac if there isn’t a garbage bin available. Fruits and vegetables are not permitted in most nations, and if you have any, you will be detained rather than imprisoned. Also, don’t lie about it because “That time I went to jail for attempting to smuggle a persimmon” is a ridiculous narrative.
“I’m undecided about where I’m going to remain.”
MAKE SOMETHING UP, even if your plans include sleeping on a warm steam grate or on the couch of someone you met on Tinder. It’s not like customs would chase you down and put handcuffs on you as soon as you pass the Hilton where you claimed to be staying. Leave it at that. Give them the name of a local hotel. You may even give them vague directions like “Behind glass hut, second left,” and they’ll wave you to some less-populated areas that don’t bother with street names. “I don’t know how much longer I’ll be here.”
When his mother tosses him out, eats all your food, and somehow sets your DVR to record every single episode of “Storage Wars,” you have that permanently unemployed cousin who asks if he can “crash” for a bit. If you say you don’t know when you’ll be leaving, that’s pretty much who other countries presume you are. Furthermore, your visa has an expiration date, and if you don’t know when it expires, it will raise some red lights.
“Do you want to do business or go on vacation?”
I might run with someone I used to work with while there. So, I suppose that qualifies as work… However, they are not attempting to recruit me for a position in that location. I’m not even going to try to come over and work for a few more minutes… So, thank you for your interest. I’d say I’m enjoying myself “,
Who do you think rambles the most?
Joe Biden is President of the United States of America. However, some guilty individuals nervously conceal that they are transporting several pounds of illegal saffron. Keep your responses as brief and to the point as possible, and customs will have no excuse to say the dreaded “Please step over here” phrase and there goes your chance at anonymous travel.
“I’m employed in a variety of capacities.”
You can work as a dentist, welder, dog trainer, and Mezcal concierge while finding time to travel internationally. Customs will not follow you to your hotel, and they will not check your Facebook to see if you have more employees than you stated. Just go with the one that doesn’t sound like it includes transporting black tar heroin. Because having six jobs implies, you’ll have to undertake many odd jobs to make ends meet. “You give me the creeps.”
Remember when you were in high school and sweetly tried to ask out that lady in your chemistry class, you couldn’t construct a sentence, apologized for being nervous, and she turned you down in front of your entire 4th-period lab? THAT’S when you should’ve learned not to tell anyone if they were making you nervous. Even if the prospect of being held is only marginally more terrifying than high school disgrace, confessing your jitters will only make a customs agent wonder why and could expose your new identity.
“Ok, I wasn’t only in China,” says the narrator.
It asked you what nations you’d visited when you pestered eight different folks to borrow a pen and fill out that customs declaration form on the plane. That doesn’t rule out that customs will question you again to ensure you aren’t “forgetting” about your jog to Bangkok. Congratulations if you found any irregularities and admitted them to businesses. You just told customs a lie. For the next month, don’t expect to go anyplace.
Even if your trip was delayed, you were seated on the plane between an obese man and a screaming baby, there was no food, and the only on-demand movie was “Gigli.” “don’t take your rage out on the customs officers. They have absolute power, and while most people don’t misuse it, being nasty or angry with them is a sure-fire way to waste a lot of time at the airport. Just be polite, concise, and honest, and reserve your airline fury for the person who misplaced your luggage.
“I’m planning to marry here.”
Unless you’re entering on a fiancée visa, don’t tell customs that things worked out with your summer camp girlfriend in Canada. You’re on your way to living happily ever after in Saskatchewan. Get a fiancée visa, or even better. When you enter the country on a tourist visa and tell customs you’re coming here to marry someone for paperwork, you’re effectively stating, “I’m coming here to marry someone for paperwork.” Which will almost certainly not be the end of your paperwork or the start of a day spent in a room with no windows or clocks.
|
<urn:uuid:4658bfc0-3fd8-4142-8663-fb6e76a2c3cf>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-23
|
https://www.amicusint.ca/anonymous-travel-clearing-customs-and-navigating-airports-in-2022/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528114832-20230528144832-00604.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.944835 | 2,357 | 2.53125 | 3 |
For the past three years, it was a tradition in Japanese class to watch movies like “Howl’s Moving Castle” and TV shows like “Marumo No Okite” on Friday, and then write a reflection over the weekend about what we had watched in class. Now on Fridays, however, in AP Japanese 4, we take quizzes on vocabulary, take notes on grammar, and fill out worksheets on new proverbs and onomatopoeia. The goal of those assignments is to learn Japanese, yet that can also be achieved by watching movies and writing a reflection afterwards. Continue reading 4 Reasons Why Students Should Watch Movies in Language Class
“Your presentation MUST be memorable.” That one sentence with the bolded “must” was from the instructions for the Frankenstein project for the 1st semester English final, and it was the first thing my eyes zeroed on.
Usually in an AP class, students go out of their way to impress the teachers, going beyond the requirements of the assignment. However, when the instruction requires you to make your presentation memorable, how do you achieve past that? Continue reading Do’s and Don’ts of a Presentation
|
<urn:uuid:19eee375-de7a-44e4-a71f-344d553de880>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
https://mimiselfandi.wordpress.com/2014/02/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128322873.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170628065139-20170628085139-00554.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.949631 | 250 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The Generation Game - Solar PV North West
Solar PV Panels are an assembly of solar PV cell modules. These solar cells are made up of semi-conductor materials (including silicon). Daylight is absorbed by the solar PV panels that then convert the solar power into electricity (in the form of direct current or DC). This DC current is converted to alternating current (AC) using an inverter. The electricity is now ready for consumption in the house or for export back to the National Grid.
It is worth mentioning that it is not just energy from the sun that is converted to electricity using solar PV panels, but light also. So solar panels work on a cloudy day, although their effectiveness would be reduced slightly.
The solar panels will typically be fitted onto a Southerly facing roof at an angle between 30 and 50 degrees in order to maximise efficiency from the light / sunlight.
Besides the intensity of light, the quality of the PV panels is an important factor determining the amount of electricity that is produced. The PV systems carry a peak power rating which is defined as the amount of power produced under 1KW per square metres of light. This rating determines the efficiency of the solar panels and is used to calculate the size of the array needed to produce the amount of electricity required.
You should therefore only purchase the panels through a certified manufacturer.
To find out more give us a call on 015395 32792
|
<urn:uuid:3faee461-9e10-4d4c-bc75-4a9d5f53efd6>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
http://www.ard-solarpv.co.uk/?How_Solar_PV_Works&print
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140337.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712211314-20200713001314-00364.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923733 | 288 | 3.671875 | 4 |
One of the most consistent comments we hear in Student Support is how frustrating it can be to work with the computer grader. It’s like a two-headed hydra: first,with the objective material, in the front half of the course; second, in the practicum, with the dictated reports.
Hydra Head #1: Computer Comparison in the Objective Portion of the Program
The objective portion of the program comes before the midterm. The exercises, tests, and exams found here are very close to a traditional learning layout, with retyping, matching, multiple choice, and fill-in-the-blank questions. It’s pretty straightforward most of the time, but we do see some questions. Probably the most common question involves an answer that has more than one possible correct format in the key.
For example, an exercise on abbreviations asks you to provide the expansion for the abbreviation DVT. We know you can correctly expand this as deep venous thrombosis or as deep vein thrombosis. The key contains both of these options, and is set up to accept either one as correct. Again: The key will accept either deep venous thrombosis alone, OR deep vein thrombosis alone, but not both together, and not with the OR in between.
Scenario A: you answer deep venous thrombosis/deep vein thrombosis (with a slash between the words), and you’re marked wrong. Why? Your answer is correct, isn’t it? Well, yes, of course it is—in content. But it doesn’t match the key (the key does not include an option that includes a slash), so the computer (which is only a dumb machine) detects this and returns it as incorrect.
If you get at least 50% of the answers correct, the rest of the answers will be provided. In this case, the results will show that deep venous thrombosis OR deep vein thrombosis is correct. The two correct options will be shown in red, and the OR is shown in black. The reason OR is shown in black is it because it is not part of the answer; it’s only separating the correct options on the key.
Scenario B: Sometimes students see the results in the key, with all of the possible correct answers, and they copy and paste these results into the answer field—because you can’t go wrong by copying the key, right? But of course, it comes back as incorrect again. It looks like this:
Your answer: deep venous thrombosis OR deep vein thrombosis
The key: deep venous thrombosis OR deep vein thrombosis
Why? How could this possibly be incorrect? Remember: Because you’re not required to supply every possible variation of a correct answer (and when you think about it, if THAT’S what you had to do it really WOULD be unfair); you only need to provide one correct answer to be counted as correct.
All you need to do is answer with either one of the correct answers. There are two ways:
Your answer: deep venous thrombosis
Your answer: deep vein thrombosis
And that’s all there is to that! One hydra head down, and one more to go in the next blog post.
|
<urn:uuid:16386959-7f8e-4041-b09d-418db79463aa>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://blog.careerstep.com/blog/the-two-headed-hydra-part-1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685993.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919183419-20170919203419-00557.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938001 | 709 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Jalal-ud-din Akbar (1542 – 1605) facing a falconer
by Mughal Delhi artist
Opaque watercolour and gold on paper
Folio: 16.75 x 12 in. (42.5 x 30 cm.)
Akbar was the third and greatest ruler of the Mughal dynasty. He established a centralised system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage and diplomacy. He showed respect for the Hindu faith and even his wives from the Hindu Rajput royal house were not forced to convert. Hindus were also prominent in his court and the army.
Akbar was a great patron of art, architecture, paintings and especially illustrated histories. Illiterate himself, he had books read to him and was especially keen to have images of what was described. He commissioned and employed around 300 artists, including Persian, Muslims and Hindus. As architectural projects, he built Humayun’s tomb, Agra fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Lahore royal fort and many more.
In this portrait, Akbar is seated cross-legged on an octagonal throne under a small canopy. He is holding the mouthpiece of a Hukka. He is facing a falconer, who seems to be the general of his army, probably Mansingh. Mansingh, was a trusted general and included among the Navratnas of the royal court. Hunting with hawks was a wide spread tradition among the Mughals.
|
<urn:uuid:1b360641-642a-4e0c-a707-ae6115a76d00>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
http://www.theindianportrait.com/artwork/jalal-ud-din-akbar-facing-a-falconer/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00751.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.983694 | 321 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The latest is a paper published in the prestigious journal Science showing that melting ice caps in Antarctica will unevenly flood the planet – leading to much higher sea level rise in heavily populated areas of the northern hemisphere than previously believed.
According to these latest figures, Washington, New York and California could see the ocean rise by more than 21 feet - up to 25% higher than previously projected. Southern Florida could disappear entirely beneath the waves.
For years researchers assumed that the world’s oceans would behave like a bathtub in a warming world – any additional water from melting ice would spread evenly around the globe. Not true according to the researchers at Oregon State University, and the reasons illustrate the enormous forces being unleashed by our continued addiction to fossil fuels.
So colossal is the Antarctic ice mass that it exerts a powerful gravitational pull on surrounding waters, raising local sea levels. As this melting mass pours into the ocean, this effect will dissipate, redistributing waters elsewhere in the world.
“When an ice sheet melts, sea level does not change uniformly,” says Jerry Mitrovica, a geophysicist at the University of Toronto. “You get this whopping amplification of sea-level rise in North America.”
Scientists had also not considered what would happen to the underlying landmass when the incredible weight of Antarctic ice is released in a warming world. Researchers now believe that the Antarctic bedrock that currently sits under the ice sheet will slowly rebound upwards, pushing huge amounts of water out into the ocean.
"The net effect of all of these processes is that if the West Antarctic ice sheet collapses, the rise in sea levels around many coastal regions will be as much as 25 per cent more than expected," said Mitrovica.
Don’t sell your waterfront just yet. These changes will take a long time but this research illustrates just how little we know about the dangerous and complex consequences of playing with the thermostat of the planet.
You can also check out this video of the researchers discussing their frightening findings. As an amusing aside, you can usually tell real scientists from store-bought variety because they dress worse, have less media training and look like they are appearing in a home movie. All of that is to their credit because they are rather preoccupied with unraveling the secrets of creation instead of prepping for spin session on Fox News.
As for the denial machine, expect them to ignore this research - and every other emerging scientific finding about climate change.
As a well-funded PR campaign rather than an honest intellectual exercise, such political theatre remains blissfully isolated from the real world. Expect more gooblygook about sunspots.
|
<urn:uuid:ad4469d4-19f5-423a-b488-31a700058e26>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://mitchellanderson.blogspot.com/2009/02/california-drownin.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319912.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622220117-20170623000117-00171.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94051 | 546 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Every kid has heard his or her mom order them to eat their vegetables (as a vegetarian, it was either that or nothing for me!). Even in school, we were taught that vegetables are an important source of vitamins, minerals and fibre. Of course, all of this is true, but what else are we eating ALONG with the veggies? Let me enlighten you: The pesticides and insecticides that are routinely sprayed on them to keep them from being destroyed. These chemicals have definitely reduced the amount of crops lost, but at what cost?
[There is now overwhelming evidence that some chemical pesticides pose a risk to human life.
The pesticide residue problem is a serious food safety issue in India. A 2009 study on the benefits and hazards of pesticides noted that India is the world's twelfth largest pesticide manufacturer. The study went on to point out that there is now overwhelming evidence that some chemical pesticides pose a risk to human life. A 2013 study on pesticide residues in vegetables in the Andaman Islands found that 34% of the samples collected tested positive for pesticide residue. A 2007 study pointed out the potential side effects of a large number of pesticides. These include chronic liver damage, reproductive disorders, cancer and foetal development issues. While some pesticides have been banned, or have had their use restricted, a fair number are yet to be regulated.
Pesticides don't just enter our bodies through food. They also seep into groundwater and contaminate sources of drinking water. One survey, conducted on water extracted from hand pumps and wells around Bhopal, found that 58% of the samples were contaminated with organochlorine pesticides. A 2015 study on contamination of the Kaveri river detected the presence of DDT, endosulfan, among other organochlorine pesticides. India banned the use of DDT in agriculture way back in 1989. Once groundwater has been contaminated, it may take years for it to dissipate. In some cases, cleanup may be impossible.
One survey, conducted on water extracted from hand pumps and wells around Bhopal, found that 58% of the samples were contaminated with organochlorine pesticides.
Apart from the contamination issue, pesticides in water bodies also end up in fish. This is also a food safety issue. A 2006 study on the presence of organochlorine pesticides in fish collected from the Calicut region of Kerala did detect the presence of these pesticides in the fish. The concentrations of the chemicals were below the permissible limits, which may be fine for occasional consumption. The problem is that people eat these fish regularly, over a span of several decades.
Pesticide contamination/poisoning is definitely a big food safety issue. The easiest solution would obviously be to eat organic food, i.e., crops grown without pesticides. Unfortunately, organic food is prohibitively expensive. Just take a look at the price tag on these products the next time you're vegetable shopping. Educating farmers and encouraging them to reduce the use of chemical pesticides would definitely be a step in the right direction. The more organic farms there are, the cheaper the organic food. Education is a long-term solution, though. A shorter term solution could be to provide farmers with safe, or at least safer, pesticides and insecticides at a subsidized rate. The key is to start now!
Eat healthy, stay safe.
Also see on HuffPost:
|
<urn:uuid:0c49758b-7ab7-4558-b20a-47edddf0853b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.huffingtonpost.in/dushyant-krishnan-/they-kill-the-insects-but_b_9989792.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886133447.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824082227-20170824102227-00026.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967039 | 687 | 3.328125 | 3 |
2 Two-way Factorial Experiments In chapter 10, we are studying experiments with two factors, each of which will have multiple levels.Each possible combination of the two independent variables creates a group.We call each independent variable a factor. The first IV is called Factor 1 or F1. The second IV is called Factor 2 or F2.
3 Analysis of VarianceEach possible combination of F1 and F2 creates an experimental group which is treated differently, in terms of one or both factors, than any other group.For example, if there are 2 levels of the first variable (Factor 1or F1) and 2 of the second (F2), we will need to create 4 groups (2x2). If F1 has 2 levels and F2 has 3 levels, we need to create 6 groups (2x3). If F1 has 3 levels and F2 has 3 levels, we need 9 groups. Etc.Two factor designs are identified by simply stating the number of levels of each variable. So a 2x4 design (called “a 2 by 4 design”) has 2 levels of F1 and 4 levels of F2. A 3x2 design has 3 levels of F1 and 2 levels of F2. Etc.Which factor is called F1 and which is called F2 is arbitrary (and up to the experimenter).
4 Each combination of the two independent variables becomes a group, all of whose members get the same level of both factors.This is a 2X2 study.COMMUNICATIONStressed, Communication encouragedNot stressed, Communication discouragedNot stressed, Communication encouragedStressed, Communication discouragedSTRESSLEVEL
5 Analysis of VarianceWe are interested in the means for the different groups in the experiment on the dependent variable.As usual, we will see whether the variation among the means of groups around the overall mean provides an estimate of sigma2 that is similar to that derived from the variation of scores around their own group mean.
6 As you know…Sigma2 is estimated either by comparing a score to a mean (the within group estimate) or by comparing a mean to another mean. This is done byCalculating a deviation orSquaring the deviations.Summing the deviations.Dividing by degrees of freedom
7 The ProblemUnlike the one-way ANOVA of Chapter 9, we now have two variables that may push the means of the experimental groups apart.Moreover, combining the two variables may have effects beyond those that would occur were each variable presented alone. We call such effects the interaction of the two variables.Such effects can be multiplicative as opposed to additive.Example: Moderate levels of drinking can make you high. Barbiturates can make you sleep. Combining them can make you dead. The effect (on breathing in this case) is multiplicative.
8 A two-way AnovaIntroductory Psychology students are asked to perform an easy or difficult task after they have been exposed to a severely embarrassing, mildly embarrassing, non-embarrassing situation.The experimenter believes that people use whatever they can to feel good about themselves.Therefore, those who have been severely embarrassed will welcome the chance to work on a difficult task.Those in a non-embarrassing situation will enjoy the easy task more than the difficult task.
9 Like the CPE Experiment (but different numbers) Four participants are studied in each group.The experimenter had the subjects rate how much they liked the task, where 1 is hating the task and 9 is loving it.
10 EffectsWe are interested in the main effects of embarrassment or task difficulty. Do participants like easy tasks better than hard ones? Do people like tasks differently when embarrassed or unembarrassed.We are also interested in assessing how combining different levels of both factors affect the response in ways beyond those that can be predicted by considering the effects of each IV separately. This is called the interaction of the independent variables.
11 Example: Experiment Outline Population: Introductory Psychology studentsSubjects: 24 participants divided equally among 6 treatment groups.Independent Variables:Factor 1: Embarrassment levels: severe, mild, none.Factor 2: Task difficulty levels: hard, easyGroups: 1=severe, hard; 2=severe, easy; 3=mild, hard; 4=mild, easy; 5=none, hard; 6=none, easy.Dependent variable: Subject rating of task enjoyment, where 1 = hating the task and 9 = loving it.
12 A 3X2 STUDYEmbarrassmentTaskDifficultySevere Mild NoneEasyHard
13 where MSW =SSW/ n-k. (AGAIN!) To analyze the data we will again estimate the population variance (sigma2) with mean squares and compute F testsThe denominator of the F ratio will be the mean square within groups (MSW)where MSW =SSW/ n-k. (AGAIN!)In the multifactorial analysis of variance, the problem is obtaining proper mean squares for the numerator.We will study the two way analysis of variance for independent groups.
14 to the mean for its group. Compare each scoreto the mean for its group.MSWEmbarrassmentTaskDifficultySevere Mild NoneEasyHard
15 Mean Squares Within Groups 645-22-114188.8.131.52.184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11.46483518.104.22.168.22.214.171.124.126.96.36.199.454736
16 Then we compute a sum of squares and df between groups This is the same as in Chapter 9The difference is that we are going to subdivide SSB and dfB into component parts.Thus, we don’t use SSB and dfB in our Anova summary table, rather we use them in an intermediate calculation.
17 Sum of Squares Between Groups (SSB) Compare each group meanto the overall mean.Sum of Squares Between Groups (SSB)EmbarrassmentTaskDifficultySevere Mild NoneEasyHard
18 Sum of Squares Between Groups (SSB) 1-1164555465
19 Next, we create new between groups mean squares by redividing the experimental groups. To get proper between groups mean squares we have to divide the sums of squares and df between groups into components for factor 1, factor 2, and the interaction.We calculate sums of squares and df for the main effects of factors 1 and 2 first.We obtain the sum of squares and df for the interaction by subtraction (as you will see below).
20 SSF1: Main Effect of Embarrassment Compare each score’sEmbarrassment meanto the overall mean.SSF1: Main Effect of EmbarrassmentEmbarrassmentTaskDifficultySevere Mild NoneEasyHard
21 Computing SS for Factor 1 Pretend that the experiment was a simple, single factor experiment in which the only difference among the groups was the first factor (that is, the degree to which a group is embarrassed). Create groups reflecting only differences on Factor 1.So, when computing the main effect of Factor 1 (level of embarrassment), ignore Factor 2 (whether the task was hard or easy). Divide participants into three groups depending solely on whether they not embarrassed, mildly embarassed, or severely embarassed.Next, find the deviation of the mean of the severely, mildly, and not embarassed participants from the overall mean. Then sum and square those differences. Total of the summed and squared deviations from the groups of severely, mildly, and not embarassed participants is the sum of squares for Factor 1. (SSF1).
22 dfF1 and MSF1Compute a mean square that takes only differences on Factor 1 into account by dividing SSF1 by dfF1.dfF1= LF1 – 1 where LF1 equals the number of levels (or different variations) of the first factor (F1).For example, in this experiment, embarrassment was either absent, mild or severe. These three ways participants are treated are called the three “levels” of Factor 1.
23 Dividing participants into groups differing only in level of embarrassment Severe, HardSevere, EasyMild, HardMild, EasyNone, HardNone, Easy
24 Calculate Embarrassment Means 188.8.131.52.184.108.40.206.46483220.127.116.11.18.104.22.168.435722.214.171.124.126.96.36.199.436457
25 Sum of squares and Mean Square for Embarrassment (F1) Severe188.8.131.52.184.108.40.206.4Emb.55No220.127.116.11.18.104.22.168.4Emb.55Mild22.214.171.124.126.96.36.199.4Emb.55
26 Factor 1 and obtain SSF2 and MSF2 where dfF2=LF2 - 1. Then pretend that the experiment was a single experiment with only the second factor. Proceed as you just did forFactor 1 and obtain SSF2 and MSF2 where dfF2=LF2 - 1.
27 SSF2: Main Effect of Task Difficulty Compare each score’s difficultymean to the overall mean.SSF2: Main Effect of Task DifficultyEmbarrassmentTaskDifficultySevere Mild NoneEasyHard
28 Dividing participants into groups differing only in level of task difficulty Severe, HardMild, HardNone, HardSevere, EasyMild, EasyNone, Easy
29 Calculate Difficulty Means Hard188.8.131.52.184.108.40.206.220.127.116.11.4task64835Easy18.104.22.168.22.214.171.124.126.96.36.199.4task35746
30 Sum of squares and Mean Square – Task Difficulty 5555
31 Computing the sum of squares and df for the interaction. SSB contains all the possible effects of the independent variables in addition to the random factors, ID and MP. Here is that statement in equation formSSB= SSF1 + SSF2 + SSINTRearranging the terms:SSINT = SSB - (SSF1+SSF2) or SSINT = SSB- SSF1-SSF2SSINT is what’s left from the sum of squares between groups (SSB) when the main effects of the two IVs are accounted for.So, subtract SSF1 and SSF2 from overall SSB to obtain the sum of squares for the interaction (SSINT).Then, subtract dfF1 and dfF2 from dfB to obtain dfINT).
33 Testing 3 null hypotheses in the two way factorial Anova No effect of Factor 1No effect of Factor 2No effect of combining the two IVs beyond that attributable to each factor considered in isolation
34 Hypotheses for Embarrassment Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no effect of embarrassment. The means for liking the task will be the same for the severe, mild, and no embarrassment treatment levels.Experimental Hypothesis - H1: Embarrassment considered alone will affect liking for the task.
35 Hypotheses for Task Difficulty Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no effect of task difficulty. The means for liking the task will be the same for the easy and difficult task treatment levels.Experimental Hypothesis - H1: Task difficulty considered alone will affect liking for the task.
36 Hypotheses for the Interaction of Embarrassment and Task Difficulty Null Hypothesis - H0: There is no interaction effect. Once you take into account the main effects of embarrassment and task difficulty, there will be no differences among the groups that can not be accounted for by sampling fluctuation.Experimental Hypothesis - H1: There are effects of combining task difficulty and embarrassment that can not be predicted from either IV considered alone. Such effects might be that:Those who have been severely embarrassed will enjoy the difficult task more than the easy task.Those who have not been embarrassed will enjoy the easy task more than the difficult task.
37 Theoretically relevant predictions In this experiment, the investigator predicted a pattern of results specifically consistent with her theory.The theory said that people will use any aspect of their environment that is available to avoid negative emotions and enhance positive ones.In this case, she predicted that the participants would like the hard task better when it allowed them to avoid focusing on feelings of embarrassment. Otherwise, they should like the easier task better.
38 Computational steps Outline the experiment. Define the null and experimental hypotheses.Compute the Mean Squares within groups.Compute the Sum of Squares between groups.Compute the main effects.Compute the interaction.Set up the ANOVA table.Check the F table for significance.Interpret the results.
39 Steps so far Outline the experiment. Define the null and experimental hypotheses.Compute the Mean Squares within groups.Compute the Sum of Squares between groups.Compute the main effects.Compute the interaction.
40 What we know to this point SSF1=0.00, dfF1=2SSF2=0.00, dfF2=1SSINT=16.00, dfINT=2SSW=32.00, dfW=18
41 Steps remaining Set up the ANOVA table. Check the F table for significance.Interpret the results.
42 ANOVA summary table SS df MS F p Embarrassment 0 2 0 0 n.s Task Difficultyn.sInteractionError
43 Means for Liking a Task 5 6 5 4 4 5 6 Embarrassment Task Difficulty Severe Mild NoneEasyHard5654456
44 To interpret the results, always Plot the Means EasyTaskTask Enjoy-mentHardSevere Mild NoneEmbarrassment
45 State ResultsConsistent with the experimenters theory, neither the main effect of embarrassment nor of task difficulty were significant.The interaction of the levels of embarrassment and of levels of the task difficulty was significant,Present the significance ofmain effects and interactions.
46 Interpret Significant Results Describe patternof means.Examination of the group means, reveals that subjects in the hard task condition most liked the task when severely embarrassed, and least liked it when not embarrassed at all.Those in the easy task condition liked it most when not embarrassed and least when severely embarrassed.
47 Interpret Significant Results These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that people use everything they can, even adverse aspects of their environment, to feel as good as they can.Reconcile statistical findingswith the hypotheses.
|
<urn:uuid:7fbd2bf4-a3df-4e73-8b81-1c927d7bf1d3>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-16
|
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5192842/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370506477.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401223807-20200402013807-00390.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.890185 | 3,084 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Dividing a Square Cake into Five Equal Pieces
Date: 07/28/2001 at 10:48:48 From: Pam English Subject: Dividing regions of a square How can you divide a square-topped cake that is a rectangular solid and is frosted on all faces into five pieces so that everyone receives the same amount of cake and icing? All cuts must be perpendicular to the surface. I can not figure this out. All I can do is divide the cake four ways and eight ways. Please help me or tell me a way that I can try to solve this problem.
Date: 07/28/2001 at 22:20:31 From: Doctor Peterson Subject: Re: Dividing regions of a square Hi, Pam. This problem is easier to solve than you would think. I suggest you start by thinking about wedge-shape pieces like this: s +---------------+ | | | | | | | + | | / \ | | / \ | | / \ | +---+-------+---+ a Then you can extend it to wedges that wrap around a corner like this: s +---------------+ | | | | | | | + | | / \ | | / + | / |b +---+-----------+ a You can find this area by drawing the line from the center to the corner to divide it into two triangles, and finding the area of each triangle. Once you've done this, I think you will have a good idea what to do. For a more detailed answer in our Dr. Math archives, see: Cutting a Square into Five Equal Pieces http://mathforum.org/dr.math/problems/shinichi.7.12.99.html - Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum http://mathforum.org/dr.math/
Search the Dr. Math Library:
Ask Dr. MathTM
© 1994-2013 The Math Forum
|
<urn:uuid:9a0898dc-8096-416f-a615-4472257568bb>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/55330.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163915534/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133155-00087-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.877091 | 390 | 3.171875 | 3 |
What Is A Gopher Tortoise?
As its name suggests, it is a special species of tortoise. It is a cold-blooded animal that lives for an extremely long time.
Table of Contents
Gopher Tortoise Scientific Classification
Table Of Content
Table of Contents
An average tortoise of this type is approximately 10 inch (25 cm) in length. A male tortoise usually grows about 12 inches in length. It can grow to a maximum of 16 inches in length.
Picture 1 – Gopher Tortoise
These creatures have a large head and a dark brown body. The color of its skin may vary from light to gray. These are less than a foot in size. A Gopher Tortoise baby is yellowish in appearance. It has long forelimbs that are used for digging burrows. Its hind legs are short and yellowish in color.
An average-sized animal of this species weighs about 29 lbs.
A tortoise of this species lives for about 60 years.
This cold-blooded creature belongs to the genus Gopherus. It is a member of the family Testudinidae and is a part of the species G. polyphemus.
According to a recent study, there are about 1,674,000 animals of this type existing in the wild. They generally get water from what they eat. However, they drink only standing water during extreme drought.
These are herbivores and feed on about 300 plant species. However, the diet for this animal primarily comprises of grasses, peas, pines, beech, spurge and flowers like daisies and asters. They also eat mushrooms and fruits like blackberries and gopher apple. They have also been known to feed on carrion and feces.
For Gopher Tortoise mating season usually begins in April and ends in June. The gestation period is between 80 and 100 days. Female tortoises lay the eggs out in the open. Because of this about 94% eggs are destroyed by predators and adverse weather conditions. The ones that survive for one year or more hatch into tortoises.
A tortoise of this species reaches reproductive maturity when it is approximately 20 years old. On an average, females of this type lay six eggs. However, the number of eggs depends on the body size of the female. A female Gopher can produce anywhere from three to fourteen eggs. A Gopher annually lays one set of eggs every year. The eggs require about 100 days for incubation.
This species of tortoise is reputed for its capability to dig deep burrows. It spends most part of the day digging long holes that are up to 48 feet (14.5 meters) long and 9.8 feet (3 meters) deep. Such long burrows help Gopher tortoises stay protected from predators, fire, high summer heat and extreme cold. Many other small creatures like frogs, mice and snakes can live in these burrows and protect themselves from harm.
Gopher Tortoise lives in places like Florida, Alabama, South Carolina, East Louisiana, Mississippi and South Georgia. However, it is most commonly found in all the 67 counties of the US state of Florida.
Is Gopher Tortoise Endangered Animal?
For Gopher Tortoise endangered species is the most appropriate term. The existence of this creature is threatened. The Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission of Florida has included this tortoise in the list of Species of Special Concern. It is protected federally as an endangered species in all regions where it is found, except Florida.
Some of the main reasons for the decline of this species are
- Use of pesticides and herbicides
- Use of gasoline in Gopher burrows by rattlesnake huntsmen
- Mining for sand, phosphate and limestone
This creature looks like any other tortoise. But it has stronger and stouter limbs with fat, wide claws that aid it in digging. It has small scales that protect its forelimbs. The protective shell that is found on all turtles and tortoises is also present in Gopher Tortoise. The shell is an extension of its skeleton and gives it complete protection. When the tortoise senses a threat, it can pull its head and limbs into the shell. Very few creatures other than human beings can hurt the tortoise at this time.
Male tortoises of this type can be distinguished from the female ones by their bottom shell and a frontal projection of the shell that can be found under the skin. Female tortoises have a completely flat lower shell surface.
Is Gopher Tortoise Unique?
This creature has some outstanding characteristics. The most fascinating of these involve its egg sex-determination characteristics that are temperature-dependant. The eggs, when first laid by this creature, are neither female nor male. The temperatures where the eggs are incubating actually determine the sex of the tortoise to be born. If the temperature is below 30 ° C males will be hatched whereas temperatures above it will produce females.
The creature can usually be found in sand dunes, pine flatwoods and scrubs. The best habitat for this living being is sandy soil. Such types of soil help this tortoise dig deep nests and burrows.
These can also live in man-made environments like fields, roadsides and pastures.
This tortoise requires a sunny environment for survival. It loves places that get a lot of sunlight throughout the day. It also needs places that have small, consumable plants.
Normally, any large animal can be a predator of this tortoise. Dogs, raccoons and birds are the most common predators of this creature. Humans can be a threat to it. Many aboriginal tribes hunt and eat tortoises. Armadillos and alligators are also found to devour eggs of these creatures.
Are you curious about the appearance of this creature? Here are some Gopher Tortoise photos that you may find useful. Check out these Gopher Tortoise images to know how this particular species look like.
Gopher Tortoise Videos
|
<urn:uuid:2d30b3f1-8ee4-4728-b622-d551f7c40593>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://www.animalspot.net/gopher-tortoise.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00090.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927067 | 1,238 | 3.921875 | 4 |
ABSORPTANCE - Ratio of the flux absorbed by a medium to the incident flux.
ABSORPTION - General term for the process by which incident flux is dissipated.
ACCENT LIGHT - Directional lighting to emphasize a particular object or draw attention to a part of the field of view. visit http://philarchreview.blogspot.com/
ALTITUDE - Angular distance between the vertical plane containing the sun and the plane of the meridian.
BAFFLE - A single opaque or translucent element to shield a source from direct view at certain angles or to absorb unwanted Light.
BALLAST - Device used with electric discharge lamp to obtain the necessary circuit conditions for starting and operating. visit http://philarchreview.blogspot.com/
BLACK LIGHT - Popular term for ultraviolet energy near the visible spectrum.
BRIGHTNESS - The terms Brightness and Luminance are almost entirely interchangeable, with the latter being the newer term (See Luminance)
CANDELA - The unit of luminous intensity.
CANDLE POWER - Luminous intensity expressed in candelas.
CEILING AREA LIGHTING - General lighting system in which the entire ceiling is, in effect, one
large luminary, as in louvered ceilings and luminous ceilings.
CEILING CAVITY - Cavity can formed by the ceiling, the plane of the luminaries, and the wall surfaces between these two planes.
CHANNEL - Enclosure containing the ballast, starter, lamp holders, and wiring for
a fluorescent lamp.
CLEAR SKY - Sky having less than 30% cloud cover.
CLERESTORY - Part of a building rising clear of the roofs and whose walls contain
windows for lighting the interior.
UTILIZATION - Ratio of the luminous flux (lumens) from a luminaire received on the
work plane to the lumens emitted by the luminaire’s alone.
DAYLIGHTING FACTOR - Ratio of the daylight illuminance on a plane to the exterior illuminance on a horizontal plane from the whole of an obstructed sky assumed or known luminance.
COLD-CATHODE LAMP - Electric discharge lamp of the glow discharge type.
CORNICE LIGHTING - Lighting by means of light sources shielded by a plane parallel to the wall and attached to the ceiling that distribute light over the wall.
COVE LIGHTING - Lighting by means of sources shielded by a ledge or horizontal recess that distribute light over the ceiling and upper wall.
CUT OFF ANGLE (OF A LUMUNAIRE) - The angle, measured up from the nadir, between the vertical axis and the first line of sight at which the bare source not visible.
DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE - Ratio of the flux leaving a surface or medium by diffuse reflection to the incident flux.
DIFFUSE REFLECTION - Process by which the incident flux is redirected over a range of angles.
DIFFUSE TRANSMISSION - Process by which the incident flux passing through a surface or medium is scattered.
DIFFUSE TRNSMITTANCE - Ratio of the diffusely transmitted flux leaving a surface or medium to the incident flux.
DIFFUSE LIGHTING - Light that is not predominantly incident from any particular direction.
DIFFUSER - Device to redirect or scatter the light from a source, primarily by the
process of diffuse transmission.
DIRECT-INDIRECT LIGHTING - Variant of general diffuse lighting in which the luminaries emit little or no light at angles near the horizontal.
DIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries distributing 90 to 100% of the emitted lightin the direction (usually downward) of the surface to be illuminated.
DISSABILITY GLARE - Glare resulting in reduced visual performance and visibility.
DISCOMFORT GLARE - Glare producing discomfort but not necessarily impairing visualperformance or visibility.
LAMP - Lamp in which light is produced by the passage of an electric currentthrough a vapor or gas, as in fluorescent, cold-cathode, and mercurylamps.
FENESTRATION - Any opening or arrangement of openings (normally filled with mediafor control) for the admission of daylight.
FILTER - Device for changing, by transmission, the magnitude and /or the spectral composition of the flux incident upon it.
FLOODLIGHT - Projector designed for lighting a scene or object to a luminance considerably greater than its surroundings.
FLOOR CAVITY - Cavity formed by the work plane, the floor, and the wall surfacesbetween these two planes.
FLOURESCENT LAMP - Low- pressure mercury electric discharge lamp in which a fluorescingcoating (phosphor) transforms some of the ultraviolet energy generated by the discharge into light.
FLUSH-MOUNTED OR RECESSED - Luminaire mounted above the ceiling with the opening of the luminaire flush with the surface of the ceiling.
FOOTCANDLE (fc) - The unit of illumination. The illumination on a surface 1 sq. ft. in area on which there is a uniformly distributed flux of 1 lumen.
FOOTLAMBERT (fl) - Unit of luminance; the luminance of a perfectly diffusing surface emitting or reflecting light at the rate of 1 lumen per sq. ft. The luminance in foot lamberts of any reflecting surface is the product of
the illumination in foot candles and the luminous reflectance of the surface.
GASEOUS DISCHARGE - Emission of light from gas atoms excited by an electric current.
GENERAL DIFFUSE LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries distributing 40 to 60% of the emitted light downward and the balance upward and horizontally.
GLARE - Sensation produced by luminance within the visual field sufficiently greater than the luminance to which the eyes are adapted to cause annoyance, discomfort, or loss in visual performance and visibility.
ILLUMINANCE - The density of the luminous flux incident on a surface.
INDIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries distributing 90 to 100% of the omitted light upward.
INFRARED RADIATION - Radiant energy within the wavelength range 770 to 10 to the 6 power nanometers.
INSTANT START FLOURESCENT LAMP - One designed to start by high voltage without preheating of the electrodes.
LAMP - Related term for a man-made source of light.
LASER - Acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. highly monochromatic and coherent beam with a steady oscillation.
LIGHT LOSS FACTOR (LLF) - Factor used in calculating level of illumination after a period of time.it takes into consideration temperature and voltage variations, dirt
accumulation, lamp depreciation, etc.
LOUVER - Series of baffles used to shield a source from view at certain angles.
LOUVER SHIELDING ANGLE - Angle between the horizontal plane of baffles or louver grid and the plane at which the louver conceals all objects above.
LUMEN (LM) - The unit of luminous flux.
LUMINAIRE - Complete lighting unit consisting of a lamp or lamps together with the parts designed to distribute the light, to position and protect the lamps, and to connect the lamps to the power supply.
LUMINAIRE EFFECIENCY - Ratio of luminous flux emitted by a luminaire to that emitted by the lamp or lamps used therein.
LUMINANCE (Photometric Brightness) - The luminous intensity of a surface in a given direction per unit of
projected area of the surface as viewed from that direction.
LUMINOUS CEILING - Ceiling area lighting system comprising a continuous surface at diffuse transmitting material with light sources mounted above it.
LUMINUOUS DENSITY - Quantity of light per unit volume.
LUMINOUS EFFICACY OF A SOURCE OF LIGHT - Quotient of the total luminous flux emitted by the total lamp power input expressed in lumens per watt.
LUMINOUS FLUX - The time rate of flow of light.
LUX (lx) - The SI (metric) unit of illuminance . One lux is one lumen per sq. meter.
MAINTENANCE FACTOR - Same as Light Loss Factor
MERCURY LAMP - Electric discharge lamp in which the major portion of the radiation is produced by excitation of mercury atoms.
MOUNTING HEIGHT ABOVE
THE WORK PLANE - Distance from the work plane to the light center of the luminaire or to the plane of the ceiling for recessed equipment.
PARTLY CLOUDY SKY - One that has 30 to 70% cloud cover.
ORIENTATION - Position of a building with respect to compass direction.
OVERCAST SKY - One that has 100% cloud cover; the sun is not visible.
POLARIZATION - Process by which the transverse vibration of light waves are orientedin a specific plane.
PREHEAT (Switch Start)
FLOURESCENT LAMP - One designed for operation with a ballast that provides for preheating the electrodes in order to start the arc.
LAMP - One designed for operation with a ballast that provides for heating the electrodes and initiating the arc without a starting switch or the application of high voltage.
REFLECTANCE OF A SURFACE OR MEDIUM - Ratio of the reflected flux to the incident flux .
REFLECTED GLARE - Glare resulting from specular reflections of high luminances in polished or glossy surfaces in the field of view, especially within or in close proximity to the visual task.
REFLECTION - Process by which the incident flux leaves a surface or medium from the incident side.
REFLECTOR - Device used to redirect the luminous flux from a source by the process of reflection.
REFRACTION - Process by which the direction of a ray of light changes as it passes obliquely from one medium to another in which its speed is different.
REGRESSED LUMINAIRE - One mounted above the ceiling with the opening of the luminaire above ceiling line.
ROOM CAVITY - Cavity formed by the plane of the luminaries, the work plane and thewall surfaces between these two planes.
SEMI-DIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries 60 to 90% of their emitted light downward and the balance upward.
SEMI-INDIRECT LIGHTING - Lighting by luminaries 60 to 90% of their emitted light upward and the balance downward.
SHADE - Screen made of opaque or diffusing material designed to prevent alight source from being directly visible at normal angles of view.
SHEILDING ANGLE - Angle between horizontal line through the light center and the line of sight at which the bare source first becomes visible.
SKY FACTOR - Ratio of the illuminance on a horizontal plane inside a building dueto an unobstructed hemisphere of sky. visit http://philarchreview.blogspot.com/
SKY LIGHT - Visible radiation from the sun redirected by the atmosphere.
|
<urn:uuid:9d8f86bf-32ea-4099-b7e6-00b3712e0370>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
http://philarchreview.blogspot.com/2011/07/definition-of-lighting-terms.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825473.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022222745-20171023002745-00596.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.873568 | 2,361 | 3.09375 | 3 |
San Miguel Island Closure
In the interest of public safety, the U.S. Navy is closing San Miguel Island until further notice due to recent concerns of possible unexploded ordnance. More »
Santa Barbara Island Closed Due to Storm Damage
Santa Barbara Island is closed to public access due to damage from the recent storms to the pier landing ladder. The closure will be in place until a new ladder can be fabricated and installed. The closure is expected to last over a month. More »
Public Closures on Santa Barbara Island
Certain Santa Barbara Island trails are closed to all public entry to proctect breeding populations of California brown pelicans. More »
The Channel Islands are vital habitat for seabirds, providing essential nesting and feeding grounds for 99% of seabirds in southern California. Twelve species of seabirds depend on the rich marine resources and the isolation of these offshore islands to provide food and undisturbed nesting grounds safe from predators. The islands host half of the world's population of ashy storm-petrels and western gulls and 80% of the U.S. breeding population of Scripps's murrelets. In addition, the islands are home to the only major breeding population of California brown pelicans in the western U.S.
The Channel Islands are critically important to seabirds, supporting:
On land, predation and habitat disturbance by invasive species have impacted seabirds. At Anacapa, introduced black rats preyed heavily on seabird eggs and chicks severely depleting populations of Scripps's murrelets. Black rats still prey on seabird populations on San Miguel. At Santa Barbara Island, seabirds were decimated by cats and habitat has been marginalized by years of over grazing by introduced livestock and rabbits. Seabird habitat has also been severely impacted by grazing of non-native animals on Santa Cruz Island.
Monitoring and Restoration
Anacapa Island: Monitoring of Anacapa's Scripps's murrelet colonies have shown that they are recovering following rat eradication in 2002. In addition, California brown pelican monitoring on Anacapa Island shows that these endangered birds, which breed only on the Channel Islands, are rebounding and have been proposed for delisting. However, ongoing studies indicate that DDT continues to persist at higher than expected levels in several species of seabirds nesting on the islands, including cormorants and petrels.
Santa Barbara Island: On Santa Barbara Island, efforts are underway to restore seabird nesting habitat for Scripps's murrelets and Cassin's Aucklets by removing non-native plants and planting native vegetation to improve seabird habitat. Nest boxes insulated against the elements have also been installed with the goal of providing a secure nesting area and vocalization playback systems have been used to attract auklets. For more information about seabird restoration visit Seabird Restoration Videos and Montrose Settlement Restoration Program.
Did You Know?
The Anacapa Island lighthouse, turned on in 1932, was the last permanent lighthouse built on the west coast.
|
<urn:uuid:8b4df9a2-42ec-4c3a-850c-c1e514d50122>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.nps.gov/chis/naturescience/seabirds.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609540626.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005220-00514-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92502 | 635 | 2.75 | 3 |
Search the collections
Miner's Cradle - Wood & Metal, Ballarat, circa 1880s Reg. No: SH 910535
- Wooden miner's cradle with metal sieve used to separate gold or other heavy minerals from soil and water, dating to before 1900.
Washdirt and water were tipped into the sieve at the top while the cradle was rocked. The oscillating motion washed away sand and fine particles, leaving the gold trapped behind ridges across the bottom. Large rocks and gravel caught by the seive were discarded by hand.
- Cradle made from a variety of different kinds of wood; well-worn and patched. Consists of a rectangular base on two curved rockers, made of wood with a metal base; there is a long wooden handle at one end, which is moved from side to side to rock the cradle on its rockers. At the handle end the base is high, with a piece of wood across the cradle (reinforced by metal) forming a rectanglar compartment. A wooden drawer, with corners reinforced by metal and a metal sieve base, fits into the top rectangle. There is also a wooden scoop, edged in pine, pitted and well worn at the end, which was used to scrape soil and water across the sieve, from whence it fell into the base and was washed out, leaving metal in the base at the end furtherest from the handle.
|Dimensions:||94.00 cm (Height), 118.00 cm (Width), 50.00 cm (Length)|
|Tagged with:||working life, mining, gold mining equipment, reuben dutch, awsome article, awsome article about how a miner s cradle works, hard life, aussie gold rush, hard luck, what a cradle is, stuff, where did the miners get cradles from, heqe, ghj, dum, hi, ki, ko, lip, nk, mk, sh, o, p, it, lol, okay, sup, cool, hello, what is it made of., windlas, windlasses, mason is dum, you are to, yolo look behind you, its yer mama, duh, ajkdhfvbz cavsd, yo mama, ummmm wha.....|
|Themes this item is part of:||Working Life & Trades Collection|
|Primary Classification:||MINING & METALLURGY|
|Secondary Classification:||Exploration & Prospecting - Alluival Gold|
|Tertiary Classification:||(to be classified)|
|Inscriptions:||The initial 'G' has been carved into the scoop, and at the end of the base.|
|Date Made:||Australia, circa 1880s|
|Date Used:||Ballarat District, Victoria, Australia, circa 1880s|
|
<urn:uuid:2b63c16b-9372-4453-8077-c073d87b3008>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-41
|
http://museumvictoria.com.au/collections/items/250427/miner-s-cradle-wood-metal-ballarat-circa-1880s?image=270697
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410665301782.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914032821-00144-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92114 | 602 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Objective Learn how to add positive and
You will learn how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide
Rules for addition of negative numbers
- Adding a negative number to a positive number gives the
same result as subtracting the corresponding positive
- When we subtract a larger number from a smaller one, the
result will be a negative number.
5 - 7 = -2
- Therefore, when we have an addition problem involving one
positive number and one negative number, we may end up
with a negative answer.
|5 + (-7)
||= 5 - 7
||14 + (-21)
||= 14 - 21
- If we add two negative numbers, then the result is the
opposite of what we would get if we added the
corresponding positive numbers:
You should try to figure out why these rules are true. The
following may help you:
Why are these rules for addition true?
You can represent positive numbers by collections of + 1
blocks and negative numbers by collections of - 1 blocks.
These collections of blocks represent - 6 and 8, respectively.
We can also combine collections of positive (+1) and negative (-1)
blocks. Think about this as adding a positive and a negative
This collection represents 8 + ( - 6).
Remember that we are thinking of negative numbers as a
deficit, so the collections we just drew should be thought of as
a collection of 8 (dollars, say) together with a deficit of 6
dollars. Of course, the 8 dollars could be used to pay off the
deficit of 6 dollars, and there would be 2 dollars left over.
This can be pictured using blocks if we allow ourselves to cancel
a negative (-1) block and a positive (+1) block.
In the picture, we cancelled each negative (-1) block with a
positive (+1) block and removed both blocks from the picture.
Whenever we have both negative (-1) and positive (+1) blocks, we
should cancel unlike blocks in pairs until we have a collection
that consists only of blocks of a single color (kind).
Now consider 6 + ( - 8).
When we cancel pairs of positive (+1) and negative (-1)
blocks, we are left with two negative (-1) blocks.
This means that we have a deficit of 2, so 6 + ( -8) = -2.
Compute ( - 4) + ( - 6).
Draw -4 as a collection of four negative (-1) blocks and -6 as
a collection of 6 negative (-1) blocks. When we merge them to
add, we will get 10 negative (-1) blocks.
Therefore, ( - 4) + ( - 6) = -10.
Here is a very important special case of these rules of
Adding Opposites When we add a positive
number and its opposite negative number, we always get zero.
Demonstrate that 5 + ( - 5) = 0.
Represent 5 + ( - 5) with 5 positive (+1) blocks and 5
negative (-1) blocks. The opposite blocks (-1 and +1) cancel in
pairs. We are left with no blocks at all, so the result is 0.
Negative Numbers in Algebra
When working with variables, one can use the Distributive
Property together with the rules about adding and subtracting
integers to simplify expressions and equations.
Simplify the expression 4x + ( - 3)x.
Use the distributive property.
|4x + ( - 3)x
||= [4 + ( -3)] x
||= x
As with actual numbers, one can think of each x and - x as
units that cancel out, so -3x cancels out 3x .
|
<urn:uuid:f32a7a45-8f3d-474b-8a86-3a5cad5918c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://www.polymathlove.com/adding-integers.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368705884968/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516120444-00086-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.850365 | 806 | 4.375 | 4 |
Robin Marantz Henig, National Geographic, December 12, 2015
In early December, the Hastings Center gathered a small group of scholars and ethicists in New York City to discuss the future of intelligence research. Earlier in the week, a more international gathering had debated the ethics of editing human genes — and both groups wondered whether some studies could lead so directly to dangerous applications that they shouldn’t even be done in the first place.
Genomes of the Super-Smart
Hastings bioethicists got involved in this issue last year, when a noted behavioral geneticist approached the Johns Hopkins Center for Talented Youth hoping to study its alumni, who had been identified in their teens as highly gifted by scoring above 700 on the SAT in seventh grade.
The request made the Hopkins center’s administrators uncomfortable. The geneticist was searching specifically for intelligence genes by collecting and sifting through genomes of as many super-smart people as he could — including, he hoped, the high-scoring Hopkins participants.
Would the staff be doing something amiss if they helped him? Was there something just a little bit off about his request in the first place — and, indeed, maybe even about the very nature of his gene hunting?
Unsure how to proceed, the Center for Talented Youth sought guidance from the Hastings Center. Investigations into the genetics of intelligence, Solomon explained, could have many unintended consequences, such as altering the parent-child bond “as we gain more genetic control over the kind of children we can create.”
Too Hot to Handle?
The most critical speaker at the December meeting was Dorothy Roberts, professor of law and sociology at the University of Pennsylvania. She disagreed with some behavioral geneticists’ claims that their work would help intellectually disadvantaged children, who she said would be better served simply by getting more resources. In fact, she said, any research that bolsters the hereditary concept of intelligence could actually hurt the disadvantaged, since it almost inevitably would be used to support “racist, classist, gendered notions of intelligence.”
The bottom line, to Roberts, is that studying the genetics of intelligence “cannot possibly be socially neutral — and in fact will intensify social inequities.”
In some ways, it’s already too late to stop such findings. Twin studies from as far back as the 1970s have already shown that identical twins (who generally share 100% of their genes) are more similar in terms of general intelligence than are fraternal twins (who share roughly 50% of their genes).
According to Erik Parens, senior research scholar at Hastings, this has been taken to mean that general intelligence — that is, the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, comprehend ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience — has a genetic component.
“But it’s really, really important to realize that while twin studies can show us that genetics are making a difference as to why people are different in terms of intelligence,” Parens said, “it cannot tell us anything at all about which genetic differences are making a difference, or how.”
The “which” and “how” questions are now being asked by scientists looking for smart genes, most prominently the behavioral geneticist Robert Plomin of University College, London. “The ultimate test will be to find the genes” that affect the heritability of learning ability, Plomin said recently in a BBC Radio interview.
But that search is proving difficult because there is no single gene, or even handful of genes, specifically “for” intelligence. Even using today’s most sophisticated tools of molecular genetics, Parens pointed out that just three genetic variants have been found so far, each explaining a mere .02 percent of the variation between control subjects and people with high IQs.
“We’re talking about many, many genes, thousands perhaps, of very small effects,” Plomin said. He called himself a “truth seeker,” and expressed annoyance at people who say “we should shut up and not talk about this stuff.”
Safeguards are needed so that research findings are not used to further marginalize already-marginalized populations, according to a new report by the Hastings Center and Columbia University’s Center for Research on Ethical, Legal & Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic & Behavioral Genetics.
|
<urn:uuid:0111242f-6cd0-48b9-abd1-86896e9d921b>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.amren.com/news/2015/12/are-there-genes-for-intelligence-and-is-it-racist-to-ask/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251705142.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200127174507-20200127204507-00294.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961021 | 915 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Relevance of Ethernet MIL-STD-1553 Hybrid in Modern Communication
In avionics, one of the biggest issues faced by communications engineers and network designers is the non-compatibility between different components. In more specific terms, it is the difficulty in integrating two avionics boxes in, say, the Boeing 757, and therefore transferring digital information between them. Although different data standards have arrived since the break of the twentieth century, it is the developments in sixty-seventy years later that truly revolutionized the data communications section in aviation. And that point in history is credited to the birth of MIL-STD-1553, a military standard for serial data bus that has been around for more than four decades and still relevant in modern avionics. Furthermore, with Internet protocols and digital data dominating the industry, it is the ethernet MIL-STD-1553 hybrid that is really helping us build better yet complex data communications systems. Here’s a quick look as to why the combination is still a significant component for modern avionics.
A Brief History of MIL-STD-1553
The issues concerning analog data communication mechanisms first came to light in the 1960s when aviation was still booming. The need to incorporate digital data transfer in line replaceable units (LRU) was seen as a challenge by early network engineers, who were toying with the idea of subsystems that would communicate with each other without the bulky cables and connectors. So, in 1973, sponsored by the US Air Force, Erwin Gangl, an electrical engineer with Dayton’s Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, created the first prototype where avionics subsystems would be connected through a digital data bus standard.
Although it would be wrong to say that time division multiplexing was not an accepted transmission standard before, the birth of MIL-STD-1553 definitely introduced it to the world of avionics.
Throughout the 1980s, more developments embraced the field as engineers looked at smarter ways to establish connections between different systems. The arrival of Internet technologies such as Ethernet (IEE 802.3), for instance, gave rise to hybrid systems such as AFDX (built on ARINC) and Ethernet MIL-STD-1553 which we will look at in more detail in the next section.
Ethernet MIL-STD-1553: Rise in Technology
The hybrid in question was possible because of Ethernet’s existing OSI model technology, where its physical layer enables us to create two channels (in the form of wires). Such a dual duplex system has its fair share of advantages in error detection and aversion. For example, the receiving end of such a system constantly monitors if something is being transmitted from the transmission end. If it detects anything, it triggers a warning to the ongoing transmission (which may have been paused or is timed), thus preventing data loss or corruption. Such a full-duplex mode of communication can be achieved through the Ethernet MIL-STD-1553 interface where it can be programmed to convert any data into any format.
Problems Associated with non-Ethernet converters
The most common issue, as mentioned above, is the incapability of integrating two or more incompatible subsystems. Avionics is known as a field where such an integration can become essential as the requirements of communications increase. Take the example of a control computer that is based on RS-232 to communicate with an avionics subsystem. There is no solution in sight if this specific subsystem is by default programmed to receive commands from MIL-STD-1553 or any other interface.
Up until the arrival of federated architecture and protocols such as IP addressing, this problem was addressed using two moderately-effective methods:
- The engineers would either go with the compatible interface and do away with the additional specifications, or
- Add an additional converter such as PC104 to aid the conversion
Either of the scenarios would complicate the communications bracket of that specific subsystem, causing additional overhead costs and weight for the aircraft. It should also be noted that such extra components are huge, difficult to overhaul, and are seen as a liability in an aircraft’s communications unit.
The solution is the hybrid of Ethernet MIL-STD-1553 where a single converter is used to interface different subsystems with little programming. The upshot of using such a hybrid is that they can be easily programmed through software without the need for additional hardware. Which means they are simple, cost-effective, and most importantly, do not add to the weight of an aircraft. The use of Ethernet simplifies data connection as it employs IP addressing and fragmentation, both of which are relatively modern technologies.
If you are someone who has been researching or have encountered such a problem related to incompatibility, we at Excalibur Systems recommend the Miniature Airborne Communications Converter (MACC), arguably an excellent coupler for the purpose.
|
<urn:uuid:7868e83b-1508-4d20-816c-576b8a78a275>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.mil-1553.com/ethernet-mil-std-1553-in-modern-communication
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657146845.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713194203-20200713224203-00532.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950358 | 994 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Air Plant Indoor Care
Tillandsias which are kept in the house need to be watched closely in the initial month until they have established themselves in their new environment. They love fresh air, good light, and humidity – conditions often absent in the home. However, since tillandsias possess the ability to adapt to a wide range of climatic conditions, they often will grow (or at least not decline) indoors if they are given as much of their natural surroundings as possible.
Air Plant Light
Tillandsias kept in the house should receive plenty of indirect or diffused light from a nearby window. They should not be left in the direct sun in the summer months (this will cause the plant to become sunburned ).
Air Plant Artificial Light
Fluorescent light is best. Plant should be no further than 36″ from the fluorescent tubes and can be as close as 6″. Light should not exceed 12 hours per day.
Air Plant Water
Watering is critical indoors since there is usually a lack of humidity, especially in homes or offices with air conditioning and/or central heating. Regulate spraying according to growing conditions. The amount of watering required will vary according to temperature, light and air movement. As a guide, thoroughly wet your Tillandsia 2-3 times per week; more often in a hot, dry environment; less often in cool, humid conditions. Plants should be given enough light and air circulation and should dry in no longer than 4 hours after watering. Never use tap water where a water softener has been installed. Rain water is ideal.
Generous spray misting is sufficient as a means of watering in average weather conditions. But additional watering will be required in a dry hot environment.
A successful way to water loose plants which are dehydrating, is to totally submerge them in room temperature rain water containing a small amount of fertiliser. They should remain submerged overnight, or at least for a few hours. If submersion is not possible due to them being glued to an arrangement, plants can be held under a running tap, but always shake off excess water, as Tillandsias will not survive in standing water, this will cause the plant to rot.
Under-watering is evident by an exaggerating of the natural concave curve of each leaf.
Air Plant Air Circulation
Following each watering, Tillandsias should be given enough light and air circulation to allow to dry in 4 hours or less. Do not keep plants constantly wet or moist.
Air Plant Temperature
Tillandsias tolerate a wide rage of temperatures from very hot away from direct sunlight – down to 8 to 10 degrees C depending on plant variety.
Air Plant Fertilizer
Feed weekly with Key Essentials air plant fertiliser in spring and summer. Fortnightly in autumn and winter.
Air Plants in Vivariums and other Animal Enclosures
Enclosures must have at least one side of screen mesh. Full spectrum fluorescent lighting is ideal, but care must be taken to avoid placing plants too close to heat producing bulbs.
Good air circulation and proper watering schedule must be maintained.
Mounting Air Plants
Care should be taken to avoid attaching the plant deep into a hole that will cover much of the base.
Mount plants on almost anything, – Driftwood, seashells, coral, rock, crystals.
There are advantages and disadvantages to every type of glue; but generally, we recommend our silicone rubber fixative to accomplish the task. Care must be taken not to get fixative on the very base of the plant thus enabling any small roots to develop. As this fixative takes some hours to set, it is wise to use some kind of support to hold it in its place while it cures. An elastic band, wire or string is ideal. Hot glue can also be used, which dries in seconds. When hot glue is used, care must be taken with small species. The glue comes out of the gun at 190 degrees C. If this heat reaches the growing tip tissue, the plant may die. If the plant has a good root base on which to put the glue, the process should not be a problem if one is careful. One tip is to wait 10-30 seconds before attaching the plant. This gives the glue on the mounting surface a chance to cool a little. A word of caution, plants that are stuck into holes often rot when the base becomes wet and does not have an opportunity to dry. This mistake occurs often when the plants are stuck down into the opening of a seashell.
Too much moss wrapped around the base of a plant, can cause a problem as this can block air circulation, and as it remains wet for longer, will probably cause the plant to rot. As long as only a small amount of moss is used, you should have no problems.
Just remember, it is important to maintain Tillandsias properly: the key factors an equal balance of Light, Water, and Air Circulation.
|
<urn:uuid:9f438d74-cfea-41d0-b6f2-0213a616f685>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-43
|
https://lovetillys.co.uk/air-plant-care-and-maintenance/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018180631-20171018200631-00709.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948525 | 1,019 | 3 | 3 |
Naming a Thread
Because it is difficult to tell which thread ID refers to which thread in the Thread Status box, you might want to name your thread classes.
For threads that are not created using a TThread object, you can also use the NameThreadForDebugging method, which allows you to name a thread given its ID (specified as AThreadId). The provided name is then displayed in the RAD Studio debugger to ease the debugging process. Note that NameThreadForDebugging is a method that must be called at run time by the application itself for all the non-TThread threads that are being created.
You can also temporarily name a thread during a debugging session; see Naming a Thread While Debugging.
- How To Name a Thread
- Converting an Unnamed Thread to a Named Thread
- Assigning Separate Names to Similar Threads
- Naming a Thread While Debugging
|
<urn:uuid:19d57d59-6a35-4da0-a596-09271a8e3c53>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://docwiki.embarcadero.com/RADStudio/XE4/en/Naming_a_Thread
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703662159/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112742-00077-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925449 | 187 | 3.328125 | 3 |
a sheet of plastic material for making trial denture plates.
the portion of a denture in contact with the jaw.
Metallurgy. a plate of metal to be clad with another metal.
The following morning, under the frightened gaze of his guards, Jason tackled the underside of the baseplate.
The Ethical Engineer Henry Maxwell Dempsey
baseplate base·plate (bās’plāt’)
The portion of an artificial denture in contact with the jaw.
A temporary form representing the base of a denture and used to help establish jaw relationships and the arrangement of teeth.
- Base price
a price quoted as a base without including additional charges. a price used as a basis for computing freight charges at a basing point, as for steel. Contemporary Examples The base price for that four-door machine: $57,400, which is roughly the price of a BMW 535. A123 Goes Chapter 11 Robert Bryce October 18, 2012
- Base rate
the rate of pay per unit of time, as by the hour, or per piece, or for work performed at an established standard rate. Contemporary Examples The Bush tax cuts expire in the plan, and the Buffet rule would tax millionaires a base rate of 30 percent. Obama’s 2013 Budget: Perfectly Reasonable, Absolutely Terrible Daniel […]
- Base rate fallacy
noun (statistics) the tendency, when making judgments of the probability with which an event will occur, to ignore the base rate and to concentrate on other information
- Base runner
a player of the team at bat who is on base or is trying to run from one base to another. Historical Examples After making his first base, and thereby becoming a “base runner,” he is liable to be put out as follows. Every Boy’s Book: A Complete Encyclopdia of Sports and Amusements Various But […]
|
<urn:uuid:e768648c-734f-4e94-822e-0f00d9681fae>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/baseplate/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549425407.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20170725222357-20170726002357-00191.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.932133 | 395 | 2.765625 | 3 |
Was The Humble Sponge Earth's First Animal?
By Ben Harder
for National Geographic News
|April 1, 2002|
Fish swim. Birds fly. Humans walk, talk, and think. Animals exhibit such an array of diversity in shape and behavior that it's hard to imagine how a single organism could have given rise to them all. Yet Darwinian evolution requires that such an animal once lived.
Mitch Sogin has been doing something humans do so well: He's been thinking. And he thinks he knows how the common ancestor of the animal kingdomthe animal "Eve"looked.
It looked like a sponge, he says.
For the past decade, Sogin, an evolutionary biologist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, has been sifting through clues in the genetic codes of simple marine organisms. The primeval whodunnit he aims to solve is this: Who, or more accurately, what life form, spawned the animal kingdom?
Sponges, some 9,000 species in all, occupy virtually every aquatic habitat on Earth, from freshwater lakes to tropical seas and even Arctic waters.
Although they seem motionless and lifeless to the untrained eye, these organisms are hard workers. A single sponge pumps many gallons of water through its body each day to strain out the tiny, one-celled organisms on which it feeds. Sponges have to filter about a ton of water for each ounce of food they ingest.
For all that impressive activity, however, sponges are simple animals. They possess no nervous system or breathing apparatus, nor do they have limbs or the capacity to move.
The Origin of Complexity
Nevertheless, says Sogin, "the sponge has a lot of organization to it." In particular, it has two different types of cells, each of which plays an important role in the functioning of the whole.
Sponge cells called choanocytes ("coe-ann-oh-sites") each project a minuscule filament. Choanocytes use these filaments, called flagella, to paddle water past themselves.
Thousands of choanocytes beating their flagella in synchrony, like oarsmen on a Roman galley, propel a steady stream of water past the sponge's other cells, which are designed to capture and ingest the food particles the water contains.
Sponges' ability to grow different cell types was an innovation that underlies virtually all subsequent advances in the animal kingdom, Sogin believes.
In his laboratory at Woods Hole, Sogin and several colleagues compared genetic sequences from numerous marine organisms. In the analysis, they studied several species of sponges, sea anemones, and jellyfish, as well as an assortment of more complex animals such as mollusks and echinoderms. They also included examples of fungi and single-celled, choanocyte-like organisms called choanoflagellids, neither of which belong to the animal kingdom.
Sogin extracted genetic material called RNA from the various organisms and compared two types of genetic data from each. The two types of RNA told slightly different versions of the family history of the animals, but both sets of evidence agreed on many accounts.
Once deciphered, the genetic clues revealed that, of all animals, sponges are the most genetically distinct. Jellyfish and anemones share slightly more genetic similarities with each other and with other animals.
This finding led Sogin to conclude that sponges occupy the oldest and lowest branch on the animal family tree. Because the higher branches have introduced additional innovations that account for animals' rich diversity, he says, the common ancestor of all animals probably resembled modern sponges much more closely than anything else alive today.
Although sponges have changed little over the past 500 million or more years, Sogin is quick to note that no living sponge possesses the exact genes or form of the animal Eve. "Evolution is not a process that stops," he says.
A Surprising Link
That sponges are an essential part of our evolutionary heritage is a startling realization for many, but Sogin reached an even greater revelation when he looked slightly farther back on the animal lineage.
"The special evolutionary relationship between animals and fungi was a big surprise," Sogin says. "In many regards, fungi are similar to primitive plants." Yet the fungus, he has concluded, shares "a unique, common evolutionary history with the animal."
Some details of early animal evolution still remain to be worked out. In particular, Sogin would like to know whether certain types of fungi are more closely related to animals than other types. If they are, it would mean that the entire animal family is just a branch on the evolutionary tree of the fungi. In a sense, peopleand all animalswould be highly evolved fungi.
Another unanswered question is how some of the early branches of the animal family tree fit together. After sponges, Sogin thinks, jellyfish evolved, and then anemones, which gave rise to the first animal with bilateral symmetry.
Once the step toward symmetry was made, animal evolution appears to have quickly gained momentum.
But the precise order of those first awkward steps toward today's complex array of animal life, and what triggered evolution's accelerating pace, Sogin says, "is still a big mystery."
This story is featured in The Shape of Life, an eight-part television series produced by Sea Studios Foundation for National Geographic Television and Film in association with PBS.
Join the National Geographic Society, the world's largest nonprofit scientific and educational organization, and help further our mission to increase and diffuse knowledge of the world and all that is in it. Membership dues are used to fund exploration and educational projects and members also receive 12 annual issues of the Society's official journal, National Geographic. Click here for details of our latest subscription offer: Go>>
|© 1996-2008 National Geographic Society. All rights reserved.|
|
<urn:uuid:0d142472-6514-4937-96c9-a57334dac8da>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-35
|
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/pf/72016685.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500823169.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021343-00074-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946819 | 1,233 | 3.65625 | 4 |
Using the Virtual Psychological Human to Revolutionise Care
Dr Peter Kohl of Oxford University has a dream. A dream of using virtual reality models of the body's organs that simulate both structurally and functionally to revolutionise both our understanding and treatment provision to patients.
He is one of the lead instigators on the Virtual Psychological Human or VPH project being funded by the European Union, which he hopes will see results within the next 5-10 years.
He feels that for decades biology has focussed on tearing the body down into isolated component pieces, and now its time to stop doing that, and build back up from those components into a holistic approach once again.
However, Dr Kohl believes a complete model of the body will never be finished.
Dr Kohl that these simulations need to be assessed thoroughly, rather than just taking whichever approach produces a model that seems to match the patient exactly, as only by comparing a thorough model with the differences experienced by the patient, will anything be learnt.
Use In Care
Currently, if a patient has been admitted to hospital, before a major surgery, a diagnostic scan and blood workup will be done, to verify the current state of things inside the patient. At the best and most efficient facilities, this currently takes 45 minutes to come back to doctors. During these 45 minutes, there is a window, not currently utilised, whereby the DICOM/PACs digital scan data, which comes back immediately, could be compared to VPH visualisation data, to note the differences between the patient's organ of concern, and a fully functional organ both static and in real-time operation. This would highlight individual muscle filaments, nerve channels, and areas of concern not just in the immediate malfunction site, but around it, perhaps feeding into it as well. This kind of data would give surgeons a much greater understanding of the problem, in the run up to working on it.
By seeing the differences, and the interplay of the patient's heart muscles for example, they might decide the best place to attack is not where the symptoms are exhibiting after all, but rather a knot of tissue that is somewhat away from the problem site, but which their visualisation data shows is actually driving the problem.
The result of all this visualisation work should be a swifter, more accurate
surgical procedure with less invasion into the body's systems, since the cause
of a problem can be accurately targeted. On the flip side of course, fewer complications
and shorter recovery time, putting patients back on their feet and avoiding
Of course, the whole idea is a radical departure from traditional clinical work, which may worry ptients and practitioners alike.
Perhaps Dr Kohl's argument on this topic, makes the most sense:
"Why should a quantitative computer model be any less reliable than a doctor-based in-brain assessment of a patient? "
|
<urn:uuid:2b576658-2507-4ef1-a33e-2e1ffa289a47>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
http://www.virtualworldlets.net/Resources/Hosted/Resource.php?Name=VirtualPsychologicalHuman
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510427.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20230928162907-20230928192907-00563.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.948094 | 606 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Baby Names: Dealing with Family Demands
The Art of Compromise
What's in a Name
In Spanish or Latino families, where names are usually taken from the calendar of saints, girls are sometimes all given the first name Maria in honor of the Virgin Mary; each sister is then given a different middle name.
One of the reasons why a baby is so exciting for the families involved is that this new little life is part of a collective heritage and ancestry. Families naturally want names chosen that reflect this very important element of a child's being.
You, too, may want to choose a name that reflects your family's heritage and traditions, but by no means does this mean choosing a staid old ancestral name that was out of fashion decades ago. You may have some beautiful names in your heritage, but if your lineage tends to run to such names as Bertha or Beatrice, it's perfectly understandable, and probably advisable, to look for some suitable names that are a little more contemporary.
You may encounter other family traditions, such as your religious heritage or naming first-born sons after their fathers. You don't necessarily have to follow these traditions, but if you do, there's nothing that says you have to honor them by the letter. Why not consider bending them a little? Doing so may not only solve your immediate problem, it may also set a precedent for which future generations will thank you! What follows are a few ideas for incorporating family names into your child's future tag.
If you find yourself in a position where you feel you absolutely have to use a family name that you're not terribly fond of, consider using it as a middle name. Or go ahead and make it your baby's given name, but select a name you really like for the middle name and call your child by that name.
Many families honor deceased relatives by naming their children after them. A variation on this theme—especially if you're not fond of the decedent's name—is to choose a name that starts with the same first letter. Not only does this practice allow more flexibility in selecting a pleasing name, it also can work quite nicely as a naming fashion to be followed for subsequent children, should they appear. And talk about a great diplomatic tactic! Instead of honoring your deceased ancestor with just one child, you may be starting a family trend that pays tribute to him or her with other little ones as well. Another way to do this is to use just the initial of the name as a first or middle name. I have a friend who goes by H. Christopher Clark. The H comes from his father, who was named Harry.
Another way of honoring a family member who has passed away is by choosing or even creating a name that is relatively close to his or her name. I carry a name that was created in this fashion; my grandfather on my father's side (who died many years before I was born) was named Albert, and I, as the first-born grandchild, was expected to have a name that honored him.
My parents were stumped for a feminine version of Albert, so they concocted Alyn (pronounced a-lynn, with the emphasis on the second syllable) for my middle name, merely by adding a feminine-sounding suffix to the first letter of his name. It's an unusual name, but a good solution to what might have been a sticky situation, and in my opinion, a far better name than any of the feminine variations of Albert would have been. (Albertine? Alberta? I don't think so!) I'm sure my grandmother would have loved her first grandchild to bear her dear departed husband's name, but hey, I ended up being a girl. But by coming up with a name that was evocative of my grand-father's name, my parents showed their desire to honor him as well as their wish to make sure that his memory would be cherished.
Use the meaning of the name to select an entirely different name with the same meaning. For example, let's say your favorite great aunt's name was Ethel, which means “noble” in German. Instead of using Ethel, which is pretty out-of-date for either a first or middle name, look for names with similar meaning, either from the same language as the original name or in different ones. Elsa, another German name that means “noble woman,” isn't too bad; there's also Damita, Spanish for “little noble lady”; Audrey (another German name); or even Adelaide, still another German name meaning “noble” (the Germans are clearly big on virtue names!). Along the same lines of using the same meaning, think about the virtues or qualities of a favorite relative and choose a name that reflects these traits.
More on: Choosing a Name
Excerpted from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Baby Names © 1999 by Sonia Weiss. All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Used by arrangement with Alpha Books, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
To order this book visit the Idiot's Guide web site or call 1-800-253-6476.
|
<urn:uuid:8143c6c3-fe53-4847-80d7-376795263093>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-10
|
http://life.familyeducation.com/baby/baby-names/45470.html?page=2
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011372778/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092252-00060-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.971994 | 1,071 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Statistics from Altmetric.com
Editor—Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease, characterised by involuntary movements, changes in behaviour and personality, and cognitive impairment, leading to death 15 to 20 years after its onset.1 HD is an autosomal dominantly inherited disorder, the gene for which is localised on the short arm of chromosome 4.2 Subjects carrying the gene will develop the disease in the absence of other causes of death. The mean age of onset is 40 years, by which time gene carriers may have passed on the gene to their offspring. The age of onset ranges from 2 to 75 years3 so that those at risk (that is, risk carriers at 50% or 25% genetic risk) can never be sure of having escaped HD.
Since 1986, presymptomatic DNA testing using genetic linkage analysis has made it possible for risk carriers to have their risk modified to approximately 98% or 2%. After identification of the HD gene mutation in 1993, CAG repeat size analysis of the huntingtin gene allowed complete certainty of either having or not having HD.2
Risk carriers, being raised in a family in which HD played a major role, could be expected to have specific adjustment problems. Yet, only one study addressed the psychological functioning of people at risk for HD before presymptomatic testing was introduced. Most psychological studies were started when clinicians and researchers became concerned about the effects of a presymptomatic test on people at risk.
The aim of this article is to review studies addressing psychological and psychiatric adjustment of people at risk for HD. The methods used by the studies (that is, objectives, inclusion and exclusion criteria, recruitment, assessment, design, and statistical analyses) and their results are presented. General trends and limitations of the present work are described and a direction for future research is presented.
The term “carriers” is used to designate all subjects who underwent linkage or mutation analysis and were found to have an increased risk or were identified with a pathological repeat length of theIT15 huntingtin gene. The term “non-carriers” denotes those with a decreased risk result or those having a normal repeat size of the IT15gene.
A search of published reports was conducted in the MEDLINE and PsycLIT databases using the keywords “Huntington's disease”, “psychological”, “psychiatric”, “predictive testing”, “adjustment”, and “family”. Cross references in identified papers were also used. Quantitative studies on the psychological wellbeing of those at risk were included; this could be conducted by questionnaire or by interview. Studies addressing attitudes are included when they indirectly refer to wellbeing in the pre- and/or post-test period. Case descriptions or clinical impressions were excluded from this analysis as well as neurological and pharmacological studies.
Before predictive testing became possible, Folsteinet al 11 12 analysed psychological characteristics and psychiatric disorders among the offspring of HD patients and other at risk people. The pre- to post-test adjustment of carriers and non-carriers was evaluated in seven studies.5 9 14 15 19-21 Attitudes, indirectly referring to wellbeing, before test disclosure4 or in the post-test period were addressed in four studies.4 6 16 18 A few studies also compared adjustment in test applicants with adjustment in their partners.15 16 18 20 In order to identify those subjects who were at risk for poor adjustment after the test, predictive studies were introduced.7 8 10 13 17
INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA
In the study of Folstein,12 subjects at 50% and 25% risk were included. Folstein et al 11 included offspring (aged 15 years and older) of HD patients. Exclusion criteria were not reported in these studies.
Studies on adaptation after testing for HD had comparable criteria for inclusion in pre- and post-test studies: people aged over 18 years and at risk for HD. Exclusion criteria were: having symptoms of HD, a severe depression or other major psychiatric illness, or, by history, being at risk for suicide (Baltimore Group, USA,23 Boston, USA,14 Indianapolis, USA,24 Leuven Group, Belgium,25 Rotterdam/Leiden Group, The Netherlands,26 Vancouver Group, Canada27). In the study by Meissen et al,14secondary exclusion criteria were: a recently experienced stressful event, moderate depression, a suicide attempt more than 10 years before testing, or a family history of suicide.14 The Leuven group included risk carriers with a psychiatric history, provided that social support was available and that the risk carriers were receiving psychiatric treatment (M Decruyenaere, 1999, personal communication).
Postponement or exclusion from testing were reported for various reasons: because of manifest symptoms of HD (n=44 and 105), severe depression (n=3,61,14 and 323), and evaluation by a psychiatrist (n=214). These exclusion criteria were not applied in any of the studies of Decruyenaere, DudokdeWit, and Tibbenet al (personal communications, 1999).
In the studies unrelated to presymptomatic testing, offspring of patients were asked to participate in the study and were identified either through a survey of HD patients in Maryland11 or when they visited the Baltimore Huntington's Disease Project Research Clinic with questions concerning their own and/or parents' future.12
Psychological pre- and post-test follow up was offered on a research basis, by requesting informed consent from presymptomatic test participants. Information on the availability of the presymptomatic testing reached risk carriers through the Newsletters of the HD Society, the general practitioner, neurologist, clinical genetics service, relatives, or the public networks. Pre-test written information was provided in several centres. General information was mailed to all 50% risk carriers in one group.15 The Vancouver Group mailed a description of the research project to all families on the HD registry, requesting them to contact the researcher.27
ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION
Wellbeing was assessed through self-report questionnaires and by means of interviews. The questionnaires used are summarised in tables 2and 3. Folstein et al 11performed psychiatric examination by means of a structured interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), which yields diagnoses according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III); an independent psychiatric interviewer validated these diagnoses. In other studies, the interviews provided additional information to the self-report questionnaires. Brandtet al 5 administered the Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (SADS)-Change Interview28 to assess at least moderate to severe symptoms in one or more domains. Lawson et al 13 asked counsellors and clinicians to indicate participants who had experienced adverse events, for example, a suicide attempt or the formulation of a suicide plan, psychiatric hospitalisation, depression lasting longer than two months, a marked increase in substance abuse, or the breakdown of important relationships. Tibben et al 16evaluated feelings and cognition in carriers and non-carriers and their partners.
The design and statistical analyses of the investigated studies are summarised in table 1.
Results of reviewed studies
STUDIES UNRELATED TO PRESYMPTOMATIC TESTING
Children of HD patients had a high rate of psychiatric disorder (25% conduct disorder or antisocial personality disorder, 18% major depression).11 Most conditions (anxiety and depression) were mild or occurred only in adolescence (conduct disorder).12 Introversion/extraversion and neuroticism were similar to those in the general population.12
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES RELATED TO PRESYMPTOMATIC TESTING
Psychological wellbeing of test applicants before disclosure of test result
The mean scores of psychological wellbeing and Huntington specific distress before disclosure of the test result (baseline level) fell within the normal range.4 5 7 9 19-21 In the Dutch studies,19 29 the mean scores of risk carriers indicated mild signs of hopelessness; this could not be confirmed in other studies.7 15 Approximately 20% of the risk carriers scored at mild levels of depression and hopelessness, whereas very few scored at the level of moderate or severe depression.4 For about 20% of the risk carriers, their scores on the GHQ-60 indicated the possible presence of psychiatric morbidity.19 30
Most test applicants had a normal psychological profile.31In comparison to the general population, they were more socially extraverted, had higher ego strength, and reacted more with active coping, palliative coping, social support seeking, and comforting ideas.
Course of psychological wellbeing after the test result
General measures of psychological wellbeing and Huntington specific distress
Analysis of distress in identified gene carriers at seven days post-test showed more depression, hopelessness, and a decrease in general wellbeing.5 8 19-21 However, their mean scores remained in the mild range. A return to baseline levels of anxiety and depression occurred in the first month.8 Hopelessness, depression, and general wellbeing returned to baseline level within six months5 19 21 and remained there one and three years post-test.8 20 21 Although not differing from baseline, Wiggins et al 21 found linear declines for distress and depression over a 12 month period. Only Brandt et al 5 reported a slight increase in general distress after one year. However, because the dropout rate in their sample was extremely high (75%), this finding should be interpreted with caution.
The non-carriers were more optimistic regarding their future at seven days post-test; however, this more positive view of the future disappeared after six months and three years.18 20 On the other hand, anxiety and depression decreased from baseline one month and one year after the test result.8 Also, general distress, assessed by means of the GSI index, decreased in the first year after the test result.5 21
In comparison to carriers, non-carriers reported less general distress, less depression, less hopelessness, and a greater sense of wellbeing one week after the test result.19 21 This difference disappeared in the first year. At six months follow up, only general wellbeing was significantly greater for the non-carriers, but this difference disappeared at 12 months up to three years after the test result, returning to baseline level.8 21 32 Only Quaid and Wesson15 found a higher general wellbeing for carriers than non-carriers after 12 months.
In comparison to a “no change” group, consisting of 23 subjects who did not want to take the test and 17 subjects for whom the test was uninformative, both carriers and non-carriers scored lower for depression and higher for wellbeing.21 However, it cannot be inferred from these findings that testing has benefits, since particularly an uninformative result can lead to an increase in distress, the wish for certainty about carrier status being frustrated.
A subgroup of both carriers and non-carriers had difficulties adjusting to their new carrier status. About 10-20% of both carriers and non-carriers showed psychological problems in the post-test period.8 13 16 19 21 32 33 Interviews with carriers, three months after the result, indicated that half of the carriers had periods of severe depression, whereas the other half had suffered moderate depression.14 Therapists identified a minority of carriers and non-carriers as having psychiatric symptoms in the first year after the test.5 However, very few people committed or attempted suicide or needed psychiatric hospitalisation after predictive testing.34
With regard to Huntington specific distress, carriers showed a slight increase of avoidance behaviour in the first six months, which returned to baseline level after three years.20 Non-carriers showed a decrease in avoidance during the first six months post-test,9 19 which returned to baseline level at the three year follow up.20 For both groups, intrusive thoughts decreased in the first six months,9 19 whereas these increased to baseline level at the three year follow up.20
The observations by Lawson et al 13 underline the general impression that both carriers and non-carriers have problems in adapting to the test result, but at different moments in time. The number of adverse events was similar for carriers and non-carriers. For the carriers, adverse events took place within 10 days after the test result, whereas for non-carriers adverse events occurred six months after the result or later. Seventy percent of these events were identified by clinical criteria, that is, suicidal ideation, depression lasting longer than two months, substance abuse, or a breakdown of an important relationship, either alone or in conjunction with a raised score on one or more questionnaires.13
Attitudinal studies regarding the test result
Before a test result was given, risk carriers expressed concern about the future and guilt about the possibility of passing on the gene.4 After six months, half of the carriers stated that the results had not influenced their lives and half of them also rarely thought of the result, indicating that denial plays a role.18 The non-carriers expressed relief in the first weeks after the test result was given, but after six months half of the non-carriers appeared to deny the impact of the test result, as was reflected by absence of relief and emotional numbness.18Some of them have expressed survivor guilt.6 16
Comparison of at risk population and partners
At baseline, spouses reported more depression than their at risk partners,15 whereas hopelessness was comparable for carriers and their partners.16 During the three year follow up, carriers and their partners showed similar patterns of avoidance, intrusion, and hopelessness, whereas non-carrier partners reported less avoidance, intrusion, and hopelessness than the non-carriers.32 After three years, partners of carriers were still showing more avoidance than partners of non-carriers. In contrast, Quaid and Wesson15 found comparable distress for carrier partners and non-carrier partners in the first year after disclosure of the test result.
Whereas distress was similar for carriers and their partners, their attitudes towards the test result differed. Carriers did not report an increase in problems after they received an unfavourable test result. Their partners did mention having problems, but expressed reluctance to seek help or to talk about it with their spouse, owing to feelings of guilt and not wanting to hurt them. This was especially the case for those who became aware of the risk for HD at a later stage, for example, after marriage. For the non-carriers, most of them did not experience relief, whereas their partners did.16 18
Having children proved to be an additional stress factor for partners during and after the test procedure.20 At baseline, partners with children were significantly more hopeless than partners without children. One week after the test, carrier partners with children reported significantly more hopelessness, avoidance thoughts, and intrusive feelings than carrier partners without children. At six months and three years after the test, this difference in avoidance thoughts and intrusive feelings was sustained.
Prediction of wellbeing
In general, test outcome did not predict psychological adjustment. Only Codori et al 7 found carriers to be more likely to be pessimistic about their future than non-carriers.
General and Huntington specific distress
The level of psychological adaptation after the test (anxiety, depression, hopelessness, intrusion, and avoidance) was predicted by the same measures at baseline.7 8 10 17 The more depressive symptoms reported at baseline, the more distress subjects reported at the one year follow up, and the greater the chances that they were rated as having experienced an adverse event, as defined by Lawson et al.13 Pessimism, a low avoidance, and dissatisfaction with available support at the moment of testing predicted pessimism at six months.17 Those severely anxious before the test were more likely to show low intrusion six months after disclosure.
Having children predicted post-test intrusion and hopelessness.7 10 Women showed more intrusion and avoidance than men six months after disclosure of the test result.10 For carriers, being married or having children predicted hopelessness, as did the estimated years to onset of HD.7
Subjects who were satisfied with the perceived quality of support of others felt less hopeless after either test result.17The more pre-test avoidance and the less satisfaction with available support, the more avoidance behaviour was reported six months post-test.17 However, the larger the number of persons perceived as being supportive before the test, the more avoidance was reported post-test.10
Risk perception refers to the expectations one has about the test result. No support was found for the hypothesis that for identified carriers, those with a low perceived risk of being a carrier would have a less favourable adjustment than persons with a high perceived risk.7
Personality measures and coping strategies
Ego strength was associated with a lower general anxiety and depression level one year after the test. Moreover, ego strength in combination with the coping strategy “comforting ideas” predicted a lower general anxiety.8
Reviewing psychological research on wellbeing in Huntington patients and those at risk showed only a few studies that were unrelated to presymptomatic testing. HD in a parent proved to have a profound impact on adolescence. A high rate of psychiatric disorders in adolescents was seen, but not among adults. Most of the research was carried out as part of the presymptomatic testing protocol. In general, wellbeing of the group of test applicants was normal before test disclosure. Both carriers and non-carriers had difficulties in adapting to the test result, but at different moments in time. Distress in carriers increased in the first weeks post-test, which returned to baseline level within one year. The relief non-carriers expressed in the first weeks disappeared afterwards; they experienced most distress at six months. Within one year, non-carriers seemed to be somewhat less distressed than they were before test disclosure, but they had not developed more optimistic future expectancies.
A subgroup of both carriers and non-carriers had long lasting adaptation problems. Those reporting to be distressed before test disclosure most often had problems in adapting to the test result. Although wellbeing seemed to be independent of test outcome, wellbeing was related to having children, certain personality traits (ego strength, coping), and the subjective estimation of the number of years before onset of HD.
These findings have been shown to be helpful in guidance and counselling of risk carriers in testing programmes. However, the research still has some serious limitations that need to be overcome for progress to be made in this research field. Limitations and a promising new direction will be discussed below.
In the study of Folstein et al,11 60% were not willing to participate in the study, leading to a possible underestimation of the problems of risk carriers. The study population in other studies consisted of risk carriers who visited a genetic centre and/or applied for a predictive test. The percentage of those at risk who requested testing when approached by registries or testing centres varied from 9% in Wales, 10% in Indiana, 16% in the Manchester area, to 20% in the Vancouver area.35 In The Netherlands, 752 out of 1032 subjects at risk, applying for presymptomatic testing in the period 1987 to 1997, decided to be tested, which is 24% of the at risk persons registered in the Leiden Roster for HD.36 It was suggested37 and confirmed4 31 that persons who participate in the studies on testing form a resourceful self-selected group. Those who decided not to be tested had more frequent expectations of unfavourable emotional reactions and showed more hopelessness than tested subjects.6 38 On the other hand, the level of anxiety, ego strength, and coping strategies were not different between the tested and untested groups.39Also, the untested participants form a self-selected resourceful group; both tested and untested participants had a higher ego strength in comparison to the general population.31 Little is known about the wellbeing of those who do not seek testing and who do not participate in psychological studies. Therefore, bias seems to be involved in the estimation of adaptation in HD risk carriers.
Although we need to be careful to generalise the findings to the whole HD population, we should take into account that differences were observed within the group of test applicants. Some subjects acknowledged the burden of HD, but saw themselves as being able to face the truth. Others denied a burden of HD in their lives and disagreed that the results had a profound impact on their lives.4 40
Moreover, the dropout rates in most follow up studies are high. Information from relatives about the wellbeing of these dropouts suggest that those who declined participation in follow up research, both carriers and non-carriers, often have serious problems they do not want to disclose, indicating that risk carriers applying for the test may have more problems than the studies suggest.
Adjustment was usually assessed by means of self-report questionnaires. Interpretations of findings based on self-reporting may be problematical because low scores on mental health questionnaires may indicate that people deny problems, trying to maintain an illusion of mental health.41 Since denial may arise in reaction to stressful or traumatic experiences,42 this can be expected in a testing procedure for HD. Tibben et al 16 found that some carriers did not mention having had depressive periods in the post-test period, whereas their partners reported the opposite about them.16 Moreover, test applicants were more defensive when filling out the MMPI than the general population. Also, female participants obtained a higher lie score than women in the general population.31
DudokdeWit et al 29 introduced the possibility of assessing the manner in which participants discuss the disease, the test, and its implications in terms of coherence. Coherence refers to the ability to discuss and to reflect upon emotions, feelings, and ideas without becoming entangled in it or avoiding discussion of the subject.43 DudokdeWitet al 29 found that one third of the participants spoke incoherently about their possible inherited disease, the majority of them (two thirds) using an avoidance (dismissing) strategy, one third being entangled. It turned out that those showing avoidance reported fewer problems than those being entangled did. Dismissing subjects generally have more psychological and psychiatric problems than others do.44
These findings support the impression of clinicians and counsellors that a group of HD risk carriers who report themselves to be functioning well are in fact having difficulty with being aware of the impact of their experiences with HD on their lives, reflected in sustained numbness.10 45 This numbness may reflect warding off a variety of guilt feelings, anger, resentment, and hostility towards the family and its HD history and the inability to create new life perspectives. When the reality of a situation is avoided, it cannot be integrated into one's personal life, which might lead to adaptation problems. To gain more insight into the psychological dynamics, denial and other psychological defences need to be studied; since defences are unconscious, more subtle measures are required.
Another problem is that most measures used are global ones. The IES is the only Huntington specific questionnaire that provides insight into the process of a person's working through the situation. Research with more specific and sensitive measures is needed for assessment of the process of adjustment between and within test applicants in the post-test period.
Tibben et al 19 and DudokdeWit et al 9 used the stress response theory of Horowitz et al 46 to formulate their hypotheses. In other studies, it is unclear which underlying theoretical assumptions are used, the design and statistics not being guided by clear hypotheses. A theoretical framework is needed to provide more insight into the observations.37 47 A psychological model or theory will contribute to our understanding about the psychological dynamics that characterise this study population.
LACK OF FAMILY PERSPECTIVE ON WELLBEING OF RISK CARRIERS
HD is a family disease.12 The initial onset of symptoms is usually between 30 and 50 years, a period when people are raising a family. People at risk were generally familiar with the disease from early childhood, knowing the symptoms in the parent and/or other family members. Clinicians have shown how the presence of HD in a family can affect the family dynamics.48-51 In some of the reviewed studies, the influence of HD on family dynamics can be inferred. Post-test studies indicated the difficult and different processes test participants and their partners go through. Marriage and career need to be reconsidered14 and the necessary social support may no longer be available. Having children is an additional stress factor for both carriers and their partners.20
However, wellbeing in HD risk carriers has rarely been related to their childhood experiences. Folstein et al 11 investigated how childhood experiences contribute to a more or less favourable adaptation in later life. They found conduct disorder in adolescents and antisocial personality disorder in adults to be related to experiences of having lived in a disorganised household. No relation was found between anxiety or depression and family factors. Recently, Decruyenaereet al 52 found a low but significant correlation between the participants' age at which the parent showed the first symptoms and psychological functioning before test disclosure. Psychological adjustment to the test result was not correlated with the age of the participant at onset of HD in the parent.
To identify adjustment problems in adult risk carriers, childhood experiences and family dynamics need to be taken into account. In our opinion, the attachment theory53 provides a meaningful theoretical framework for describing childhood experiences in HD families and generating hypotheses concerning the influence of childhood experiences on later adaptation.
Attachment theory, developed by John Bowlby, postulates a universal human need to form close affectionate bonds. It is a normative theory of how the “attachment system” functions in all humans.54 The attachment theory concerns the nature of early experiences of children, and the impact of these experiences on aspects of later functioning. The central assumption of attachment theory is that individual social behaviour may be understood in terms of generic mental models of social relationships constructed by the person.55 These models, although constantly evolving and subject to modification, are strongly influenced by the child's experiences with the primary caregivers. The attachment system serves as a primary mechanism for the regulation of infant safety and survival and is highly activated in times of danger.53 An infant is considered securely attached if he or she regards the parents as people to rely on when facing a frightening situation. A responsive and sensitive way of parenting generally gives rise to a secure attachment pattern. Secure infants are able to explore new situations and to experience proximity and comfort in times of distress, illness, or tiredness. Insecure attachment is often found in those who in childhood have experienced rejection or neglect by one or both parents, or who were asked to take care of the parent instead of being taken care of.56 Insecure attachment in either infancy or adulthood is related to the occurrence of psychopathology in adulthood.57
Three types of insecure attachment can be discerned. An avoidant (dismissing) attached infant shifts attention away from rejecting caregivers and minimises displays of distress. An ambivalent (preoccupied) attached infant is highly focused on the caregiver and maximises distress through insistent demands for care and attention. A third group of infants appear to exhibit a range of seemingly undirected behavioural responses giving the impression of disorganisation and disorientation.58 These infants may display (momentarily) bizarre and contradictory behaviour. Frightening experiences with caregivers who behaved in threatening, frightened, or dissociated ways and experiences of loss and trauma may lead to a disorganised attachment pattern.59 60 It is generally held that for such infants the caregiver has served both as a source of fear and as a source of reassurance, thus the arousal of the attachment behavioural system produces strong conflicting motivations. Not surprisingly, a history of severe neglect or physical or sexual abuse is often associated with the manifestation of this pattern.61 62 It is generally held that the patterning of attachment related behaviour is underpinned by different strategies adopted by children to regulate their emotional reactions.63 As affect regulation is acquired with the help of the child's primary caregiver, the child's strategy will be inevitably a reflection of the caregiver's behaviour towards him/her. Established attachment patterns or working models guide a person's response to frightening situations and interpretation of the caregiver's response.
The stability of early childhood attachment patterns is well demonstrated. During development from infancy to childhood, attachment working models become difficult to change. However, current experiences with attachment figures continue to influence the attachment working model.64-66
How can the attachment theory be relevant for people dealing with Huntington's disease? We speculate that the presence of HD in a family involves specific stressors, which might influence the attachment relationship between parents and their children for different reasons. First, the affected parent in the onset phase of HD may become preoccupied with the diagnosis, their own future, and the frightening recollections of his/her parent or other relatives going through the HD disease progression. As the disease progresses, the patient is less receptive to the questions of the children and may become depressive or aggressive. These mood and personality changes, together with the choreic movements, may frighten or alienate their offspring.67 Second, the disease may lead to changes in the family system. The unaffected parent will experience a change in responsibilities and dependency of the spouse in the relationship; the affected spouse becomes a person who insidiously needs care. Some healthy partners may feel unable to take up this task and will leave the household. Changes in the household may lead to neglect of the children. Some children may take up the care of the ill parent. The unaffected parent may seek one of the children as a substitute partner.48. Third, the fact that the children are at risk for developing HD also puts stress on parent-child bonding. The parents may be concerned about the carrier status of the child and may have feelings of guilt by having passed on the gene. Knowing that their children may get the disease can also create an emotional distance.67 Some parents also have predictions or even fantasies about their children, thinking that they may or may not develop HD.68 The healthy parent often has the difficult task of rearing these children and informing them about their risk without the help of the partner.69 70 With regard to testing, having children is an additional stress factor for the healthy parent.20 To summarise, a family burdened by a genetic disorder may have to deal with several types of loss: loss of the physical capacity of the affected person, loss of his or her own personality, loss of the old family system, and loss through death. This may be accompanied by shame, secretiveness, and social isolation.
Mental representations of attachment in adults are assessed by means of the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI).71 The AAI asks subjects about childhood attachment relationships and the meaning which a person currently gives to attachment experiences. The instrument is rated according to the scoring system developed by Main and Goldwyn72 which classifies people into Secure/Autonomous, Insecure/Dismissing and superimposed on these Insecure/Preoccupied, Unresolved/Disorganised with respect to loss or trauma, categories according to the structural qualities of their reports of early experiences. The assessment of attachment by means of coherence43 may help to overcome problems with self-report measures in previous studies. Next to the attachment representation, the Adult Attachment Interview generates information about the psychodynamics and defences in a person.
Although Huntington's disease is a highly dramatic disorder with an increased chance for children to become traumatised, we speculate that the findings are also important for other genetic disorders that have been passed on to consecutive generations. This does not need to be restricted to autosomal dominant, late onset diseases with full or partial penetrance, but also for X linked disorders and diseases with recessive inheritance patterns. There is further important evidence that attachment relationships may play a key role in the transgenerational transmission of hardship and deprivation. People categorised as secure are three or four times more likely to have children who are securely attached to them.60 This turns out to be true even in prospective studies where parental attachment is assessed before the birth of the child.55 73-75 These findings also emphasise the importance of quality of parenting in determining the child's attachment classification. Investigation of the attachment relationship in HD families and its influence on adult functioning may contribute to a greater understanding of earlier research findings and serve to improve genetic counselling and intervention.
AQ, Attitude Questionnaire BDI, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)76 BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)77 EPI, Eysenck Personality Inventory FACES, Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales GHQ, General Health Questionnaire30 GSI, Global Severity Index GWS, General Wellbeing Scale78 HADS, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale79 IES, Impact of Event Scale46 MCMI-2 , Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory II80 MHI, Mental Health Index MMPI, Minneapolis Multiphasic Personality Inventory81 PSDI, Positive Symptom Distress Index (SCL-90) PST, Positive Symptom Total (SCL-90) SCL-90, Symptom Checklist 9082 SSQ, Social Support Questionnaire STAI, State Trait Anxiety Questionnaire83 UCL, Utrecht Coping List84
If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.
|
<urn:uuid:6625b2fb-ed3f-4a43-8924-2dc10f3a030c>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://jmg.bmj.com/content/38/12/852
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103910.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817185948-20170817205948-00163.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950078 | 6,898 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Text / photo: Aris Chatzistefanou
Lake Retba lies 30 kilometers to the northeast of Dakar and produces the salt that Senegalese fisherman use to store and maintain their fish.
Workers can stay in water for up to 7 hours after they smear themselves with karite butter that protects their skin.
The pink color of the water owes its existence to Dunaliella Salina, a species of algae that produces the specific pigment in order to absorb greater amounts of light.
Translation: Panos Chatzistefanou
|
<urn:uuid:0cd09453-fa47-4e5f-b54d-11b31123b3e6>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-10
|
https://info-war.gr/senegal-the-pink-lake/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146485.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226181001-20200226211001-00168.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.886778 | 116 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Taking Charge in Addiction Recovery
If those people who are in early recovery sit back and just expect for their life to improve they may be disappointed. This is because getting sober is only the start of the process and more work will be needed to ensure a good life in the future. The mental attitude that people develop during this period of sobriety will determine the level of success they are likely to achieve. One aspect of this will be their locus of control.
Locus of Control Explained
Locus of control refers to the person’s perception of the underlying cause of events in their life. If the individual has an external locus of control they will tend to view their own behavior and experiences to be the result of external forces. When people have a more internal locust of control it means that they believe that their behavior and experience is mostly due to forces that they actively control. Put simply then locus of control refers to the person’s belief as to how much control they have over the things that happen to them. The locus of control that the individual ascribes to is important because it can determine the level of success they experience in life. Those people who are attempting to overcome an addiction may find it more difficult if they subscribe to a more external locus of control.
Benefits of an Internal Locus of Control
Those individuals who believe that they are in charge of their own destiny benefit from such an attitude because:
* By feeling in control of their future the person feels motivated to take action. If this person feels like their future is out of their hands there will be no motivation to take any positive action.
* Those people who have an internal locus of control are far more likely to engage in behaviors that will improve their life.
* The individual will be willing to work hard and make sacrifices because they know that they will reap the rewards of doing so.
* They will always be on the lookout for new ways to improve their life.
* Blaming other people or life for problems tends to be an ineffective strategy. It turns the person into a passive victim instead of an active participant.
* Those individuals who feel in control are less likely to suffer from symptoms of depression. They will tend to be optimistic and view life as an adventure rather than something to be endured.
* The person is driving to do things and does not waste time with excuses to justify inaction. Success does not tend to fall from the skies – people have to make it happen.
External Locus of Control and Addiction
It is usual for addicts to have an external locus of control. They will blame things like family, friends, work, society, politics, bad luck, or even the weather for the problems they encounter. This individual will often appear oblivious to the idea that they have some control over their downward spiral into addiction. Until this person understands that they can take charge of their destiny they will continue with their descent into misery. Their suffering will tend to increase in intensity until finally the person is forced to take control – or they will die.
Internal Locus of Control and Recovery
If people wish to successfully escape addiction and build a good life they will need a more internal locus of control. This is because:
* For years the addict will have blamed outside forces for their problems, and it go them nowhere. A new approach is needed if they are to achieve real sobriety.
* Recovery is all about taking responsibility and developing an improved way of living.
* In order to find happiness away from addiction the individual will need to do some work. This means that they will need to believe that taking such actions will benefit them.
* If people are hoping for outside forces to fix them they can become disappointed. To expect the good things in life to fall from the skies is unrealistic.
* The more motivated the individual is in recovery the more they will be able to achieve. Those who have low motivation will tend to run out of steam, and this means that they can slip back into addition.
* A negative attitude in recovery is dangerous and this is more likely to occur when the individual believes themselves to be a passive victim in life.
* Those people who have an internal locus of control tend to maintain a can do attitude, and this tends to mean that they are well liked and respected by others.
Internal Locus of Control and Acceptance
An internal locus of control can be even more beneficial to the individual when it is tempered with a degree of acceptance. This differs from acting out of an external locus of control because it means that the individual is behaving rationally to a genuine insurmountable obstacle. There are some things in life that the individual will have no control over, and it is fruitless to fight against such things – for example, it is not possible for humans to change the weather no matter how much they believe in themselves. 12 Step groups use the serenity prayer to help them differentiate between those things they can change and those that they cannot.
Begin your journey today. Enroll in DARA Thailand's First Step 7-day ProgramLearn More
DARA Thailand is Asia’s premier and leading international destination for drug rehab and alcohol addiction treatment. If you or a loved one needs help with addiction, please contact DARA Thailand today. Admissions counselors are available 24/7.Visit DARA Thailand
How Rehab Works
Drug or alcohol rehabilitation works at DARA by taking you away from your daily triggers and stresses that lead to your drug or alcohol use in the first place.
Make a Decision
DARA can use a model to help conceptualize the process of recognizing there is a drinking or drug problem and taking action to do something about it.
|
<urn:uuid:1376ad47-6143-4b4a-a1be-fc6d8830d2de>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
http://alcoholrehab.com/addiction-recovery/internal-locus-of-control-addiction-recovery/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424239.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723022719-20170723042719-00620.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961601 | 1,168 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Were There Any Changes In Coal Ash Clean-Up After Other Disasters In The U.S.?
At least 30,000 tons of coal ash poured through a broken Duke Energy stormwater pipe and into the Dan River earlier this month. The spill is the third largest of its kind in US history.
But that spill was much smaller than an accident in Tennessee six years ago.
It was the middle of the night, three days before Christmas in 2008 when part of a retention wall at a Tennessee Valley Authority coal ash pond ruptured. A dike failed and millions of gallons of potentially toxic waste were unleashed.
"It looked like a mudslide is kind of what it looked like. This material was moving not unlike a small moving lava front kind of thing," recalled a witness recalled to the Knoxville News Sentinel. In total 1.1 billion gallons of coal ash discharged.
(Coal ash is what’s left over when coal is burned to generate power. It has higher than normal concentrations of arsenic, selenium, and other potentially toxic heavy metals.)
The toxic sludge moved into the Emory and Clinch Rivers, devoured trees like they were toothpicks and blanketed more than 300 acres. The sludge damaged dozens of homes as well as farmland. The effects on animals and wildlife are still not entirely understood.
After the disaster, part of one river was dredged and much of the coal ash was removed and put in a lined landfill.
The TVA spill was larger than the Deepwater Horizon disaster. It led to loud calls for change, proposed rules from the EPA and congressional hearings.
Did anything change in industry practice after that accident?
"Virtually nothing happened," said Dennis Lemly. He's with the US Forest Service and on the faculty at Wake Forest University. Lemly has gone to the site of 22 different coal ash spills. He studied the damage to fish and wildlife, and the economic impacts. He says the industry has remained largely the same: "In terms of the type of permits and the type of construction used to dispose ash. Nothing changed either from the regulatory standpoint or the operational stand point, either at Kingston or at most of these other sites."
North Carolina legislative attempts
North Carolina has 14 which hold and 31 coal ash ponds on Duke Energy property. Environmentalists have said for years coal ash in unlined ponds or lagoons is contaminating waterways and violates the Clean Water Act. They’ve called on the ash to be removed and placed in lined landfills. Despite attempts to reform following the TVA spill, coal ash has never been regulated by the federal government or by North Carolina.
"I’ve sponsored a bill every session since then," said Pricey Harrison, a Democrat in the North Carolina House. Her legislation on coal ash clean-up was not well received. She says that she received major pushback from the utilities: "They were telling my colleagues it would raise everybody’s electricity rates. So we couldn't even get a hearing which is what, on controversial legislation, at least you get a hearing so the public understands what’s out there. So I have continued to file a version of that bill since 2009."
Back to the Eden spill
Now five years after Pricey Harrison's first try comes the spill in Eden, earlier this month. Some have called the contamination to the Dan River preventable. The spill has led to many questions, few answers and considerable criticism of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
A week after the spill subpoenas came down as part of a federal criminal investigation. Prosecutors want to determine whether any DENR employees illegally benefited from relationships with Duke. After all that Governor Pat McCrory and DENR announced this week they’re considering requiring Duke to remove coal ash.
"This is a good development but we’re still dealing with words and not actions," said Frank Holleman is senior attorney with the Southern Environmental Law Center. Holleman says DENR could go further. DENR has fairly broad statutory authority to force a clean-up where groundwater has been contaminated.
Meanwhile, Republican legislators Tom Apodaca and Chuck McGrady have said they will co-sponsor a bill seeking the removal of coal ash. But McGrady, the House Environment Committee Vice-Chairman, is concerned about the cost: "I have an expectation that how we pay for it is going to be one of the big issues. It’s going to be hard to figure out how to get them drained and where to put the ash and it’s going to be very hard to figure out how it all gets paid for."
The loose estimates for the cost of removing all the coal ash and putting it in lined landfills are not small – 80 to 90 million dollars.
Hope for change?
So if a monumental clean-up costs are in the works, and yet no significant legislative change followed the far more massive TVA spill of 2008, can we really expect much change?
"Well, there’s always hope," Lemly said. "The wind of change is blowing in the sense of switching from coal to natural gas. I don’t advocate for that for the save all for fish and wildlife. But, in terms of weaning ourselves off coal for an energy source, that’s going to help, but that’s not the solution."
Conversations and debates about natural gas drilling aside, Lemly says a possible resolution to coal ash could come from the EPA. The federal agency is expected to issue suggested regulations by December. The EPA could recommend classifying coal ash as hazardous waste which would require very specific disposal; it could suggest banning new coal ash ponds. Or, it could propose no change to how coal ash is currently disposed of.
>>Browse all of our latest reports about the Eden coal ash disaster.
|
<urn:uuid:4ad892d4-8ae6-4523-8e4a-6cc621ef71c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-14
|
https://www.wunc.org/environment/2014-02-28/were-there-any-changes-in-coal-ash-clean-up-after-other-disasters-in-the-u-s
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945317.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20230325064253-20230325094253-00376.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966705 | 1,215 | 3.4375 | 3 |
architecture ..... Styles
of FURNITURE ............... Illustrated
Second half of the 18th century
The discoveries at Herculaneum and Pompeii gave impetus to a return to the art and architecture of classic Greece and Rome. (See Neoclassical architecture)
- Adamesque style
Furniture designed in the Neoclassic style embraced the bold, straight (rectilinear) lines of the movement as pure, geometric shape and form replaced the sinuous (serpentine) curves of the Rococo period.
In both France and England, furniture designed during the second half of the eighteenth century reflected strong Greek and Roman influences. However, toward the turn of the nineteenth century, designs began to include Egyptian characteristics as well, resulting from Napoleonic campaigns into Egypt in 1798 and marked the division between the Early and Late Neoclassic periods.
Classicism based on historical fact was made possible because numerous pattern books published at this time illustrated with exactness the ornamentation used by the ancient Romans: Vitruvian scrolls, guilloche patterns, urns, festoons, garlands and diaper patterns were incorporated into marquetry work and ormolu mounts.
New emphasis was placed on medallions, lyre forms, rosettes, and the cornucopia.
In adherence to Neoclassic straight lines, legs were fashioned into the following:
- Illustration above: Fontainebleau
- Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia
- Neoclassical Dutch secretary - Memorial Art Gallery of the University of Rochester
- 1880 French table with Sevres porcelain medallion - 94 Oakland Place, Buffalo, NY
- Wedgwood Jasperware examples
- Ceramics and Glass - Ariana Swiss Museum of Ceramics and Glass, Geneva, Switzerland
- Art: Jacques-Louis David, The Intervention of the Sabine Women, 1799 Louvre, Paris, France
- Art: Jacques-Louis David, Madame Raymond de Verninac, 1798-1799. Louvre, Paris, France
|
<urn:uuid:f4f86930-d817-4993-9c91-a55b69a57166>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-48
|
http://buffaloah.com/f/fstyles/neocl/neocl.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163051992/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131731-00091-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.884947 | 434 | 3.21875 | 3 |
A map of estimated tsunami travel times. CREDIT: NOAA.
SAN FRANCISCO — The devastating tsunami that struck Japan after the massive Tohoku earthquake March 11 appears to have generated misperceptions about tsunami dangers among Japanese citizens.
Surveys conducted a year before the March tsunami and then afterward reveal a potentially deadly shift in perception among citizens in western Japan, Satoko Oki, an assistant professor at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, said here today (Dec. 5) at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.
The tsunami that struck the coastof Japan March 11 hit roughly 30 minutes after the magnitude-9.0 Tohoku earthquake. The waves were reported to reach three stories high. The disaster is estimated to have killed approximately 20,000 people.
When participants in the online, representative survey were asked, 'What height of a tsunami would you consider dangerous?' in March 2010, 70.8 percent of respondents said that less-than-10 feet (3 meters) was dangerous.
This was the correct answer, according to Oki.
"A 2-meter-high [7-foot] tsunami can completely destroy your house," she said.
But in the later survey, conducted in April 2011, fewer — 45.7 percent — of survey respondents responded correctly.
Likewise, when asked, 'At what estimated height of tsunami would you evacuate?' 60.9 percent said less-than-3 meters (10 feet). A year later, 38.3 percent agreed with this.
"So the damage lowered the risk assessment, it did not teach a lesson, but instead, it made the Japanese people more vulnerable than before," Oki said.
She then showed headlines reporting tsunami waves measuring from 49 feet (15 meters) to the near-record 124 feet (37.9 meters) hitting the coast of Japan.
After March 11, Japanese kept hearing those numbers over and over again, and they began to evaluate the danger associated with tsunamis against those numbers, she said. So, a smaller height began to seem less dangerous, even if it wasn't.
To prevent this from happening in the future, Oki recommended that information available to the public should make clear the risk associated with relatively small tsunamis, including it in reports describing tsunamis like the one in March.
Japanese officials are considering not including projected tsunami heights with future evacuation orders, she said.
This story was provided by OurAmazingPlanet, a sister site to LiveScience. You can follow LiveScience senior writer Wynne Parry on Twitter @Wynne_Parry. Follow LiveScience for the latest in science news and discoveries on Twitter @livescience and on Facebook.
|
<urn:uuid:e4f91e2a-13fe-4600-a5f5-2fb500cbb037>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.livescience.com/17311-japan-tsunami-danger-misperception-agu.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997891176.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025811-00078-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958002 | 557 | 3.625 | 4 |
Revolution of the Earth
- What is it? Our orbital
motion around the Sun on the ecliptic plane, in the same direction
as the rotation, at a distance of 1 astronomical unit (AU), or 150
million km [at 60,000 mph!] Takes about 365.25 days... Why don't we feel this motion?
- Changing sky: Stars
and constellations rise 4 minutes earlier every day, which leads to
a gradual change of the night sky throughout the year.
- Seasons: Cold winters and warm summers
are not due to varying distance from the Sun (seasons are opposite
in the northern and southern hemispheres!), but to the 23.5º tilt of
Earth's axis of rotation.
- Important dates: The Winter
and Summer Solstices are, in the northern hemisphere, the shortest
and longest day (but not the coldest and the hottest); on the
Spring and Fall Equinoxes the day and night are equally long,*
and the Sun rises exactly in the east, sets exactly in the west.
- [What is a year, really? Tropical
vs sidereal year; Why are they different?]
* In reality, because of the atmosphere, the day is a few minutes longer!
A twist - Shape of the Earth's orbit: The
distance to the Sun actually varies between a minimum at perihelion
[147.5 Mkm, on Jan 4th] and a maximum [152.6 Mkm].
|
<urn:uuid:4cb2ba8a-76d5-4707-af5e-b30e4a45b62a>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-39
|
http://www.phy.olemiss.edu/~luca/astr/Topics-Introduction/Time-N.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818688932.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170922093346-20170922113346-00578.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.905724 | 315 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Categories are used in LIMSwiki to link articles under a common topic and are generally found at the bottom of the article page. Clicking the category name displays a list of articles in that category, as well any sub-categories. Categories help readers to navigate, sort, find articles, find related articles, and see how information is organized.
All of the categories form a hierarchy, although sub-categories may be a member of more than one category. The following is an example from the English Wikipedia, demonstrating a small part of this hierarchical structure:
|Category:History||→ Category:History by location||→ Category:History by country|
|→ Category:History of Australia||→ Category:History of New South Wales|
|→ Category:History of the United States||→ Category:History of California|
|→ Category:History of Zambia|
The actual relationship can be a little more complex as a category may appear as a subcategory of several other categories.
Examples of categories on article pages
Each page has one or more categories. For example, this page has only one category - Category:Category namespace templates. Categories are to be selected appropriately based on the topic of the article, its title or subject concerned. An article may have as few as one or two categories or as many as 45 categories or more categories, as shown in the following examples given below:
|Name of LIMSwiki article||List of categories for the article|
Category editing basics
- For more extensive information, see Help:Category.
- To put a category in an article, place a link like the one to the right anywhere in the article. As with interlanguage links, placing these links at the bottom or end of the edit box is recommended.
|Description||What you type||What will be displayed|
Categorize an article.
Link to a category.
How to find appropriate categories for a new article
Often it is difficult to categorise a new article. There is absolutely no need to search out each and every category possible for a new article. Many of these categories are added by people who enjoy categorisation, are refining the category tree, cleaning up categories or have special interests. However, each new article should have at least one category, if not two or three, when newly created.
For example, it is fairly obvious to allot categories such as "Rabbits and hares", "Herbivorous animals" and "Meat" to Rabbit as it is a member of that zoological grouping, eats vegetable matter and is often eaten itself, all of which are matters of common knowledge.
A series of techniques may be used to select appropriate categories for an article.
- Often the article title or the subject with which the article is concerned can help you us choose a category. Often this will be a starting point. Allot this category to the article and then click on it to search for a more appropriate category.
- Search for a sister article and see what categories it has. Some categories are automatically added, such as when a stub template is added to a new article. Similarly, adding WikiProject banner templates to talk pages of articles adds categories to the talk pages which help the WikiProject organise articles under their jurisdiction.
- Categories may also be found by using trial and error using the LIMSwiki search box.
|
<urn:uuid:3acb21b4-38c5-4cc8-828f-ced8338eb932>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://limswiki.org/index.php/Help:Categories
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710366143/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131926-00033-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891177 | 690 | 3.375 | 3 |
Many students design cars - all types of cars, but how many teams design the actual sustainable power source? Student from the RC Lions team at R.L. Turner High (M.E.T.S.A) in Carrollton, TX presented the wind turbine they designed and built to charge their electric RC car at the Ten80 finals.
I first met the Ten80 team of engineers and educators five years ago. The term “STEM Education” was just working its way into the US education system. Ten80’s curriculum is truly an exciting integration of Science, Technology, Engineering and Math (STEM) principles and since that first year we met, Dassault Systemes SolidWorks Corp has been an integral part of the Ten80 project.
This year, NASCAR(R)endorsed the Ten80 Student Racing Challenge: NASCAR STEM Initiative(R) because it accurately parallels the jobs, especially the engineering, design and manufacturing, that real race teams engage in for months leading into each race. Through the Student Racing Challenge (www.StudentRacingChallenge.com), middle and high schools are using SolidWorks and other technologies to optimize their team’s race car which is a 1:10 scale radio controlled (RC) car.
Student teams also develop sustainable transportation systems in the competition category called P.I.T. Nowä, Petroleum Independent Transportation Now. SolidWorks Sustainability is a major tool to help these students understand the global impact of their design decisions and broaden their insight into the real challenges of sustainability.
My colleague Chris has been involved with NASCAR since she was a kid - so now having this student design competition with Ten80 and NASCAR is terrific! As we travel the country, Chris continues to provide me facts on NASCAR teams and their high performance parts designed in SolidWorks.
Earlier this month, middle and high school teams from around the U.S. gathered at Michael Waltrip Racing and Charlotte Motor Speedway to compete in the Ten80 SRC National Finals. Because communities are struggling financially, several teams participated virtually including Eaglecrest High School students from Aurora, CO. They presented Creative Engineering projects like devising a steering stabilizer to minimize driver error, building a composite control arm and designing air ducts to reduce the motor temperature and improve efficiency.
Meet some of these teams at Ten80’s facebook page (http://www.facebook.com/Ten80Education) .
This weekend you can meet Terri Stripling through a through a live interview at 10 AM EST this Friday, May 20th at www.blogtalkradio.com/edutalk. She is a chemical engineer, president of Ten80 and a good friend. The session will also be recorded and posted to Student Racing Challenge after May 21st.
I believe that Ten80’s vision is the blueprint for fueling student interest in STEM. Maybe we have gotten together so well because the founders Beverly Simmons is a science teacher and Jeff Thompson is a mechanical engineer and an artist. They have truly defined an integrated STEM curriculum. SolidWorks is happy to contribute to that effort. Marie
|
<urn:uuid:3c142167-c882-4064-860e-37869f1a94fc>
|
CC-MAIN-2013-20
|
http://blogs.solidworks.com/teacher/2011/05/stem-education-with-ten80-nascarr-solidworks-and-fun.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703728865/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112848-00056-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943111 | 632 | 2.828125 | 3 |
, city (1990 pop. 164,164), seat of San Bernardino co., S Calif., at the foot of the San Bernardino Mts.; inc. 1854. It is the center of a thriving metropolitan area that includes the cities of Ontario
. San Bernadino grew significantly in the late 20th cent. Among the many manufactures are steel, iron, and related products; aerospace, electronic, and electrical goods; and food items. The area was visited (1772), named (1810), and first settled by Spanish explorers. A colony of Mormons arrived in the early 1850s and plotted the present city. It is the seat of California State Univ. San Bernardino. The city is also the headquarters of the San Bernardino National Forest, which lies to the northeast. Resort and recreational areas are nearby.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004.
Licensed from Columbia University Press
|
<urn:uuid:4d0afd74-a7bd-4080-ac0f-d057627e4e49>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-23
|
http://www.reference.com/browse/San%20Bernardino
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510274289.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011754-00179-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936719 | 179 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Parents often ask me why one child seems to love new challenges while another gives up easily, or why one doesn’t cry over failure but the other falls apart the moment something seems difficult. The truth is that all kids are different, and temperament does play a role in perseverance and building resilience.
Don’t worry if you have a pint-sized quitter on your hands. Giving up when the going gets tough is common in the early years. Preschoolers can be quick to throw in the towel when things aren’t going according to plan. Perhaps a block tower just won’t stand tall or an apple drawn on a paper doesn’t quite match the one created in the mind. When tasks are difficult or frustrating, it’s easier to quit than to persevere and overcome the challenge. Emotions run high in the preschool crowd. Their bodies and brains are changing at a rapid pace, and they confront new and exciting information throughout each day. It’s a lot to process.
The good news is that little kids can develop a growth mindset and learn to embrace challenges. Kids can actually learn to love the process of working through difficult tasks instead of putting all of their emotional energy into the final outcome.
When kids have a fixed mindset, they believe that they are either born smart or not—that they either have talent or don’t. In other words, they don’t see the possibility of growth and change. Kids who have a growth mindset believe that they can overcome challenges and learn new things as a result. This is an essential tool for young children, as they are likely to confront new challenges and information each day.
Parents can help kids develop a growth mindset. Try a few of these strategies to help your child become a “can-do” kid:
Talk about the brain. Teaching kids about the human brain helps with more than just growth mindset. When kids understand how the brain works, they are better able to understand their emotions and work through moments of worry and frustration.
Tell your kids that the brain is like a muscle. It is always growing and changing, and the more you challenge it, the stronger it gets. If you run away from hard things, the brain won’t learn that new thing. If you keep trying, the brain will grow and develop new problem-solving strategies.
Practice the art of self-talk. Self-talk is another essential tool for young children. When kids learn how to use self-talk, they can quell worries and other intrusive thoughts. They can also learn to overcome negative automatic thoughts that tend to accompany a fixed mindset.
Make a list of the negative thoughts you hear from your child and ask your child to think of positive counterstatements. For example, if your child often says, “I just can’t do this,” a counterstatement might be “This is hard and will take time, but I can figure it out.” Similarly, you can counter phrases like “I always make mistakes” with “Mistakes help me learn new things.”
Create your own self-talk poster with negative thoughts on one side and positive replacements on the other. Practice daily (preferably when your child is calm).
Embrace imperfections. Little kids can be big-time perfectionists. Sometimes one little error results in a 45-minute meltdown that would send even the most calm among us running for cover. Parents tend to run in for the save in these instances, but fixing the situation to preserve the illusion of perfection (or to avoid a meltdown) only intensifies the need for perfection.
Instead, embrace imperfection in your home. Talk about your own imperfections and what you learn from them. Celebrate your mistakes. Don’t just normalize the concept of human error; make it a frequent topic of discussion!
Teach your kids to seek knowledge, not approval. This sounds like a hard one, I know. We all want to scoop our kids up and smother them in kisses when they come to us with their greatest works of art, especially when they’re little. Try some version of this sometime: “Wow, I really love the color of that pumpkin you painted. How did you make that color? What is your favorite part of the painting?”
When we reframe our own thoughts and ask questions instead of providing automatic approval every single time, our kids learn to consider the process instead of looking for that praise.
View challenges as opportunities. When challenges are viewed as fun opportunities, kids learn to take healthy risks. Consider creating an opportunity list in your home. Have each family member think of something challenging that they want to try (this can range from kicking a soccer ball to hiking a mountain) and add it to the list. Make sure to add opportunities of varying degrees of difficulty (think trying a new recipe or building a tower with thirty blocks) so that there’s something for everyone. Have each family member choose one task each week and report on it.
It’s important that you participate. One of the difficult parts of parenting is that we are always on. No matter what we do or what is happening, little ears are listening and little eyes are watching, and they learn a lot from us.
Above all, it’s important to focus on the steps kids take toward learning new things instead of the final result. When kids learn that growth occurs over time and they have the power to expand their learning as they grow, they stop worrying about failure and adopt a “can-do” spirit instead.
|
<urn:uuid:cf46a378-4f0a-46c8-80fc-5f5552a19cad>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-26
|
http://www.pbs.org/parents/expert-tips-advice/2015/10/five-steps-raising-can-kid/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128323895.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20170629084615-20170629104615-00233.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955628 | 1,163 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Points are transformed using
or one of the other transformation functions, the
world_coordinates are not modified directly. Instead,
another data member of
class Point is used to store the
information about the transformation, namely
class Transform. A
Transform object has a single
data element of type
Matrix and a number of member functions. A
4 X 4
typedef real Matrix.
Such a matrix suffices for performing all
of the transformations (affine and perspective) possible in
Any combination of transformations can be represented by a single
transformation matrix. This means that consecutive transformations
Point can be "saved up" and applied to its coordinates
all at once when needed, rather than updating them for each
Transforms work by performing matrix multiplication of
Matrix with the homogeneous
If a set of homogeneous coordinates
\alpha = (x, y, z, w)
then the set of homogeneous coordinates \beta resulting from multiplying \alpha and M is calculated as follows:
Matrix M= a e i m b f j n c g k o d h l p
\beta = \alpha\times M = ((xa + yb + zc + wd), (xe + yf + zg + wh), (xi + yj + zk + wl), (xm + yn + zo + wp))Please note that each coordinate of \beta can be influenced by all of the coordinates of \alpha.
Operations on matrices are very important in computer graphics applications and are described in many books about computer graphics and geometry. For 3DLDF, I've mostly used Huw Jones' Computer Graphics through Key Mathematics and David Salomon's Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling.
It is often useful to declare and use
Transform objects in 3DLDF,
just as it is for
transforms in Metafont. Transformations can be
Transforms and then be used to transform
by means of
1. Transform t; 2. t.shift(0, 1); 3. Point p(1, 0, 0); 4. p *= t; 5. p.show("p:"); -| p: (1, 1, 0)
Transform is declared (line 1), it is
initialized to an identity matrix. All identity matrices are
square, all of the elements of the main diagonal (upper left to lower
right) are 1, and all of the other elements are 0.
4 X 4
identity matrix, as used in 3DLDF, looks like this:
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1If a matrix A is multiplied with an identity matrix I, the result is identical to A, i.e., A * I = A. This is the salient property of an identity matrix.
The same affine transformations are applied in the same way to
Transforms as they are to
Points, i.e., the functions
correspond to the
versions of these functions, and they take the same arguments:
Point p; Transform t; p.shift(3, 4, 5); t.shift(3, 4, 5); => p.transform == t p.show_transform("p:"); -| p: Transform: 0 0.707 0.707 0 -0.866 0.354 -0.354 0 -0.5 -0.612 0.612 0 0 0 0 1 t.show("t:"); -| t: 0 0.707 0.707 0 -0.866 0.354 -0.354 0 -0.5 -0.612 0.612 0 0 0 0 1
It is unfortunate that the terms ``array'', ``matrix'', and ``vector'' have different meanings in C++ and in normal mathematical usage. However, in practice, these discrepancies turn out not to cause many problems. Stroustrup, The C++ Programming Language, section 22.4, p. 662.
In fact, none of the operations for transformations require all of the elements of a 4 X 4 matrix. In many 3D graphics programs, the matrix operations are modified to use smaller transformation matrices, which reduces the storage requirements of the program. This is a bit tricky, because the affine transformations and the perspective transformation use different elements of the matrix. I consider that the risk of something going wrong, possibly producing hard-to-find bugs, outweighs any benefits from saving memory (which is usually no longer at a premium, anyway). In addition, there may be some interesting non-affine transformations that would be worth implementing. Therefore, I've decided to use full 4 X 4 matrices in 3DLDF.
|
<urn:uuid:ee8306c6-068a-4305-8042-eef43cc0f2a4>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://www.gnu.org/software/3dldf/manual/user_ref/3DLDF/Transforms.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00410-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.831859 | 987 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Feed the Pig
Feed the Pig is scheduled as a classroom style program presented within community organizations and schools. Engaging classroom activities introduce students to responsible financial decision making and reinforce important math skills with real-life application, like tracking expenses and balancing a checkbook. Students are joined in this learning adventure by the Bankes Piglets: 3 dynamic and diverse “savers” and “spenders.” Some of the piglets make responsible financial choices already . . . and some have a bit to learn.
By analyzing the habits of these piglets and helping them make better financial decisions, students learn the importance of “feeding the pig!” Students build lasting knowledge of financial literacy concepts. In the culminating activity, students are challenged to put the learnings together to create their own personal financial plans.
CLICK HERE to see currently scheduled programs.
|
<urn:uuid:73fcef57-9ad9-419a-92da-b05a695ec1bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-05
|
https://www.know-your-dough.org/feed-the-pig.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601241.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121014531-20200121043531-00073.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941218 | 176 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Rosehearty has two harbours, the old harbour formed of two stone piers and 2 acres in extent. Port Rae Harbour, now disused, lies to the east and has an area of 10 acres. During the herring season forty years ago it was scarcely large enough for all the drifters which landed their fish here for the twelve curers of Rosehearty.
One of the oldest seaports in Scotland, Rosehearty at one time had a fishing fleet which supported 600 people.
Extending to 3400 square metres, this is a one-basin harbour which offers 120 metres of quayside inside the harbour with a further 120 metres on the outer breakwater, but this is exposed to winds from between East and North-east.
Around 20 boats, most involved in part-time fishing, use the harbour regularly.
Rosehearty is believed to have been founded by a party of Danes who were ship-wrecked there in the early fourteenth century.
In common with most of the towns and villages along this coast it went through a fishing boom in the nineteenth century but it is now a purely recreational harbour. Rocky cliffs, sandy beaches and historic monuments make it an attractive walking area.
|
<urn:uuid:ef0888d2-efc5-4304-90c5-ccb6a2ca4f43>
|
CC-MAIN-2020-29
|
https://www.visitabdn.com/what-to-do/great-outdoors/coast/view/rosehearty-harbour
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657163613.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715070409-20200715100409-00511.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.969588 | 251 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The country of Greece is in catastrophic economic chaos due to a history of irresponsible spending. This is where the U.S. will be in few years unless drastic changes are made. The question is no longer if, but when. At some point, there will no longer be any low-interest credit available to continue letting Santa Claus run the U.S.; the interest owed on existing debt will exceed tax revenues.
We can get a feel for what will happen to us by looking at Greece. When Greece reached that point six years ago, the Greek government was forced to impose painful austerity measures, with little success, in order to try and rein in the spending.
Living conditions in Greece have become shocking. Greece’s universal coverage health insurance, which no doubt was a significant contributing factor to the overspending, is now utterly unaffordable, so the country is relying on volunteer doctors and medical personnel to work for free. It is estimated that 100,000 children are working – illegally – just to help their families get by. It is reported that 70,000 children dropped out of school in 2012 to do so.
In June, the prime minister shut down the state-owned public radio and television broadcasting corporation, ERT, in order to block criticism of the austerity measures. By 2010, the government was still spending 12% more than it was bringing in from revenues. An emergency property tax was implemented and collected through electric bills. In 2011, a “solidarity levy” was levied twice on households. Excise taxes were increased by one-third on fuel, cigarettes and alcohol. 1,978 schools were closed or merged.
Unemployment continues to rise, and is now over 27% – that’s one out of every four workers. Unemployment is above 60% for those age 25 and under. The restaurant sales tax increased to 23%, and only recently did the government agree to reduce it to 13%. The number of homeless people has increased from 7,720 to over 20,000. Almost one quarter of Greek workers and pensioners are living below the poverty line.
25,000 government employees will have their wages cut by the end of the year, and their jobs eliminated next year. This is a massive number of employees, considering the population of Greece is only 11 million. Government employee pensions were cut last year by 12% for all but the smallest pensions, and in 2011, public sector wages were cut by 20 to 30%.
How did this financial meltdown come about? Greece’s unsustainable bloated spending on social welfare programs finally caught up with it. In addition, Greece has the ninth highestminimum wagein the world, at $5.06/hr, which used to be even higher until the government was forced to reduce in it 2012. Germany and Italy do not have a minimum wage. Compounding the problem was Greece’s high defense spending, a result of its hostile relationship with Turkey, and the sensitivity of its main industries, shipping and tourism, to economic downturns.
Consequently, Greece developed massive deficits and debt worse than the U.S. during the 2000’s. The government’s primary spending increased by 87%, while tax revenues increased only by 31%. By 2009, Greece had the highest deficit of any country in the European Union, also known as the eurozone. The interest rate on Greek government bonds increased from 4% in 2007 up to a staggering 177% in 2012. Similar to past Democratic administrations in the U.S., the government had over-optimistically predicted its GDP would increase. When the global recession hit in late 2008, foreign investors lost confidence. Greek’s government debt was downgraded to junk bond status in 2010.
In order to avoid Greece defaulting on its debt, the other countries in the eurozone agreed to billions of dollars in bailout loans, conditional upon Greece implementing austerity measures, structural reforms and privatizing governmental assets. Since eurozone countries share the same currency, a Greece default would badly damage their economies. Unlike the U.S., which just prints more money to delay the inevitable crisis, Greece cannot print additional money as part of the eurozone currency.
Both bailouts have not had much success. The second bailout required private creditors of Greek government bonds to accept a lower interest rate and a loss of over half the face value of the bonds. Greek’s current government continues to make excuses and ask its creditors for more lenient terms. A third bailout will probably be implemented later this fall, enabling more fiscal irresponsibility and essentially sticking it to the other eurozone countries who are footing the bill. Maybe they are finally realizing that losing half their sovereignty to join a eurozone wasn’t such a good idea after all.
Germany is Greece’s largest creditor, and this has resulted in strained relations between the two countries. Greece is still so unstable there is speculation it may be forced out of the eurozone, and a word has even been coined to describe this, “Grexit.” At this point, there is no end in sight to the misery.
There is virtually no way the U.S. will escape this slide toward economic calamity. Americans continue to elect Santa Claus Democrats who are not living in reality, who refuse to make the necessary cuts in spending to avoid this doomsday. Although Democrats are amenable to raising taxes to high levels, at some point taxes become so oppressive they destroy living standards and business. If Americans don’t start paying attention to who they are electing to office, and instead start electing Republicans who are willing to make the steep cuts in Santa Claus entitlement spending, we will become just another former superpower. A nation of freebies is unsustainable. We can learn a lot from the Greeks. As a wise old Greek saying goes, “He who is not satisfied with a little is not satisfied with a lot.”
|
<urn:uuid:52cb82ad-990a-44df-9a33-63cdfababfce>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-34
|
http://www.teapartytribune.com/2013/10/28/were-the-next-greece/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103579.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817151157-20170817171157-00685.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.970763 | 1,192 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Trees are fundamental to life on Earth, to our landscapes -- both natural and urban -- and to our history and culture. Many magnificent species of tree provide food, shelter, or ornamentation for our streets and gardens; all help to recycle the atmosphere. And where would we be without one of nature's most wonderful inventions: wood? Indeed, without the wide range of trees to be found across the world, it would have been very difficult for humankind to progress along the road to civilization. Written by Noel Kingsbury -- a world-class expert on plants and the environment -- The Glory of the Tree celebrates the wonder, mystery, beauty, and utility of the tree. It pays homage to 100 key species of tree -- chosen for their cultural, economic, or historical significance and their importance in the natural world -- and includes an indispensable cultivation section that advises on the care and selection of trees for the home garden. The lively, original text analyses the particular characteristics of each tree and the specific role that it plays within the ecosystem and the human environment. Breathtaking, specially commissioned photography by Andrea Jones -- one of the world's foremost garden photographers -- skillfully captures the nuances of every featured tree. From exquisite close-up detail shots to images of impeccable orchards in bloom, her photographs are both beautiful and informative.
Glory of the Tree: An Illustrated History
An Illustrated History
Non Fiction /
|
<urn:uuid:5d42c52e-3e84-4f83-92cc-72d4a1102d2b>
|
CC-MAIN-2017-30
|
https://www.dymocks.com.au/book/glory-of-the-tree-an-illustrated-history-by-noel-kingsbury-9780987392756/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424931.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724222306-20170725002306-00228.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.897332 | 282 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Daphnis and Chloe
Setting and style
It is set on the isle of Lesbos during the 2nd century AD, which is also assumed to be the author's home. Its style is rhetorical and pastoral; its shepherds and shepherdesses are wholly conventional, but the author imparts human interest to this idealized world. Daphnis and Chloe resembles a modern novel more than does its chief rival among Greek erotic romances, the Aethiopica of Heliodorus, which is remarkable more for its plot than its characterization.
Daphnis and Chloe is the story of a boy (Daphnis) and a girl (Chloe), each of whom is exposed at birth along with some identifying tokens. A goatherd named Lamon discovers Daphnis, and a shepherd called Dryas finds Chloe. Each decides to raise the child he finds as his own. Daphnis and Chloe grow up together, herding the flocks for their foster parents. They fall in love but, being naive, do not understand what is happening to them. Philetas, a wise old cowherd, explains to them what love is and tells them that the only cure is "kissing." They do this. Eventually, Lycaenion, a woman from the city, educates Daphnis in love-making. Daphnis, however, decides not to test his newly acquired skill on Chloe, because Lycaenion tells Daphnis that Chloe "will scream and cry and lie bleeding heavily [as if murdered]." Throughout the book, Chloe is courted by suitors, two of whom (Dorcon and Lampis) attempt with varying degrees of success to abduct her. She is also carried off by raiders from a nearby city and saved by the intervention of the god Pan. Meanwhile, Daphnis falls into a pit, gets beaten up, is abducted by pirates, and is very nearly raped. In the end, Daphnis and Chloe are recognized by their birth parents, get married, and live out their lives in the country.
The characters in the novel include:
- Chloe - the heroine
- Daphnis - the hero
- Dorcon - the would-be suitor of Chloe
- Dionysophanes - Daphnis' master and father
- Dryas - Chloe's foster father
- Eros - god of love
- Lamon - Daphnis' foster father
- Lycaenion - woman who educates Daphnis in love-making
- Myrtale - Daphnis' foster mother
- Nape - Chloe's foster mother
- Gnathon - the would-be suitor of Daphnis
- Philetas - old countryman who advises the heroes about love; likely named after Philitas of Cos
Until the beginning of the 19th century, about a page of text was missing; when Paul Louis Courier went to Italy, he found the missing part in one of the plutoni of the Biblioteca Laurenziana in Florence. Unfortunately, as soon as he had copied the text, he upset the ink-stand and poured ink all over the page. The Italian philologists were incensed, especially those who had studied the plutone giving "a most exact description" (un'esattissima notizia) of it.
Influences and adaptations
The first vernacular edition of Daphnis and Chloe was the French version of Jacques Amyot, published in 1559. Along with the Diana of Jorge de Montemayor (published in the same year), Daphnis and Chloe helped inaugurate a European vogue for pastoral fiction in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Daphnis and Chloe was the model of La Sireine of Honoré d'Urfé, the Aminta of Torquato Tasso, and The Gentle Shepherd of Allan Ramsay. The novel Paul et Virginie by Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre echoes the same story.
Jacques Amyot's French translation is perhaps better known than the original. The story has been presented in numerous illustrated editions, including a 1937 limited edition with woodcuts by Aristide Maillol, and a 1977 edition illustrated by Marc Chagall. Another translation that rivals the original is that of Annibale Caro, one of those writers dearest to lovers of the Tuscan elegances.
The 1952 work Shiosai (The Sound of the Waves), written by the well-known Japanese writer Yukio Mishima following a visit to Greece, is considered to have been inspired by the Daphnis and Chloe myth. Another work based on it is the 1923 novel Le Blé en herbe by Colette.
The 1987 film The Princess Bride contains similarities to Daphnis and Chloe (for example, in both stories the male romantic lead is captured by pirates). Lawrence Rinder, director of the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive, attributes the inspiration for the film to Longus.
- Joseph Bodin de Boismortier wrote a Daphnis et Chloé pastorale in 3 acts in 1747.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote a pastorale heroïque called Daphnis et Chloè between 1774 and 1776. The work was never finished, due to his death in 1778.
- Maurice Ravel wrote the 1912 ballet Daphnis et Chloé for Sergei Diaghilev's Ballets Russes, choreographed by Michel Fokine.
- The music by Ravel was also used in the ballet of the same name by Frederick Ashton, first performed by the Sadler's Wells Ballet (now Royal Ballet) at Covent Garden on 5 April 1951, with Margot Fonteyn as Chloe and Michael Somes as Daphnis. Decor was by John Craxton.
- John Neumeier choreographed the ballet Daphnis and Chloe for his Frankfurt Ballet company.
- Jean-Christophe Maillot created a contemporary and sensual choreography of the ballet Daphnis et Chloé for Les Ballets de Monte Carlo. This shorter 35 minute choreography also uses Maurice Ravel's music, but not the whole original ballet. It features Jeroen Verbruggen as Daphnis, Anjara Ballesteros-Cilla as Chloe, Bernice Coppieters as Lycenion and Chris Roelandt as Dorcon, and was directed by Denis Caïozzi and produced by Telmondis, Les Ballets de Monte Carlo and Mezzo. The ballet premiered on April 1st, 2010 at the Grimaldi Forum Monaco and has since then been broadcast several times on television internationally.
The work was adapted into a 64-minute mute film by Orestis Laskos in 1931, one of the first Greek cinema classics. The movie was originally considered shocking due to the nudity in some of the scenes.
The work was adapted into a 45-minute radio play by Hattie Naylor, first broadcast at 14:15 on Friday 3 March 2006. This broadcast was repeated as the Afternoon Play 14:15 on Wednesday 27 June 2007 and made available for streaming download for 7 days on the BBC Radio Four Afternoon Play webpage.
It was played for comedy, with the sexual encounters preceded by 'I must speak in Latin!' and each dream-sleep preceded by a sudden comic thud.
Other ancient Greek novelists:
- Chariton - The Loves of Chaereas and Callirhoe
- Xenophon of Ephesus - The Ephesian Tale
- Achilles Tatius - Leucippe and Clitophon
- Heliodorus of Emesa - The Aethiopica
- It has been suggested that the name "Longus" is merely a misreading of the last word of the title Λεσβιακῶν ἐρωτικῶν λόγοι δ in the Florentine manuscript; Seiler also observes that the best manuscript begins and ends with λόγου (not λόγγου) ποιμενικῶν.
- Longus; Xenophon of Ephesus (2009), Henderson, Jeffery, ed., Anthia and Habrocomes (translation), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, pp. 69 & 127, ISBN 978-0-674-99633-5
- Blanchfield; Jones, Jamie; Lefler, Carrie. "Longus, Daphnis and Chloefirst1=Kelly". University of North Carolina, Wilmington. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
- Richard Hunter (1996). "Longus, Daphnis and Chloe". In Gareth L. Schmeling. The Novel in the Ancient World. Brill. pp. 361–86. ISBN 90-04-09630-2.
- Fischler, Alexander (1969). "Unity in Colette's Le Blé en Herbe". Modern Language Quarterly 30: 248–264.
- Edelstein, Wendy (March 4, 2009). "In a Galaxy not all that far away...". UC Berkeley News. The University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
- Arnold Haskell (ed.) 'Gala Performance' (Collins 1955) p226.
- "John Neumeier". The Hamburg Ballet. www.hamburgballett.de. Retrieved 2011-03-01.
- "Les Ballets de Monte Carlo". Daphnis et Chloé. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Columbani, Raphael; Henry Cuffe and Marcello Adriani (1598). Longi Pastoralium, de Daphnide & Chloë libri quatuor. Florence: Apud Philippum Iunctam. The first printed edition.
- Courier, Paul Louis (1810). Contained a previously unknown passage, after the discovery of a new manuscript.
- Athenian Society (1896). Longus, literally and completely translated from the Greek. Athens: Privately printed. Retrieved 2007-06-22. With English translation.
- Edmonds, John Maxwell (1916). Daphnis & Chloe, by Longus; The Love Romances of Parthenius and Other Fragments. Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-99076-5. With English translation revised from that of George Thornley.
- Dalmeyda, Georges (1971) . Pastorales (Daphnis et Chloe) / Longus. Collection des universités de France. Paris: Belles Lettres. With French translation.
- Viellefond, Jean-René (1987). Pastorales (Daphnis et Chloé) / Longus. Collection des universités de France. Paris: Belles Lettres. With French translation.
- Reeve, Michael D. (1994) . Daphnis et Chloe / Longus. Bibliotheca scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana (Editio correctior ed.). Stuttgart: Teubner. ISBN 3-8154-1932-8. Reeve's text is reprinted with the translation and commentary by Morgan (see below).
- Thornley, George (1657). Daphnis and Chloe: A Most Sweet, and Pleasant Pastorall ROMANCE for Young Ladies. Retrieved 2007-08-20. A revised version is printed with Edmonds's text (see above).
- Hadas, Moses (1953). Three Greek Romances. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. ISBN 978-0-672-60442-3.
- Turner, Paul (1989) . Longus: Daphnis and Chloe. Penguin Classics. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-044059-1.
- Gill, Christopher (1989). "Longus: Daphnis and Chloe". In Bryan P. Reardon (ed.). Collected Ancient Greek Novels. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 285–348. ISBN 978-0-520-04306-0.
- McCail, Ronald (2002). Daphnis and Chloe / Longus. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284052-3.
- Morgan, J. R. (2004). Longus: Daphnis and Chloe. Aris and Phillips Classical Texts. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 978-0-85668-562-0. With reprint of Reeve's text and a commentary.
- Tyrrell, Wm. Blake (n.d.). "Daphnis and Chloe: A Novel by Longus". Retrieved 2007-08-20.
- Henderson, Jeffrey (2009). Longus: Daphnis and Chloe / Xenophon of Ephesus: Anthia and Habrocomes. The Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-99633-5. Side-by-side Greek text and English translation.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Daphnis and Chloe.|
- Editions of the Greek text
- Longi Pastoralium de Daphnide et Chloe Libri IV Graece et Latine Ed. Christ. Guil. Mitscherlich, Biponti (Zweibrücken), 1794.
- Longi Pastoralia First complete Greek text of Daphnis and Chloe, edited by P.-L. Courier, with a Latin translation by G. R. Lud. de Sinner. Paris, 1829.
- Longi Pastoralia Greek text of Daphnis and Chloe with a Latin translation, edd. Seiler, Schaefer, Boissonade & Brunck. Leipzig, 1843.
- Erotici Scriptores Paris, 1856, pp. 739. Longi Pastoralia, Greek text with Latin translation, edited by G A Hirschig, pp. 174–222.
- Daphnis and Chloe The Bibliotheca Classica Selecta's 2006-2007 edition of the Greek text with the French translation of Jacques Amyot revised, corrected and completed by P.-L. Courier.
- Synopses, analyses, and other studies
- "A Synopsis of Longus' Daphnis and Chloe" by Jean Alvares
- An Introduction to Daphnis and Chloe Written by Kelly Blanchfield, Jamie Jones, and Carrie Lefler.
- Chirping Cicadas and Singing Crickets An article - written from the standpoint of a cultural entomologist - by Herbert Weidner, Hamburg, Germany.
- Daphnis and Chloe: Its influence on art and its impact on Goethe An entry in the Encyclopedia of World Biography which also notes the work done by William E. McCulloh, Emeritus Professor of Classics at Kenyon College, Ohio, in dating Daphnis and Chloe.
- Longus: Life, Influence & Bibliography An entry in the Encyclopedia of the Ancient World.
- J. C. Dunlop's History of Fiction London, 1888, vol. 1, pp. 45–57.
|
<urn:uuid:8cca4be4-c945-4357-8523-e9032b5c52ec>
|
CC-MAIN-2014-15
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnis_and_Chloe
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609527423.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005207-00536-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.82822 | 3,257 | 3.015625 | 3 |
The Need for Pediatric Formulations to Treat Children with HIV
Over 3.2 million children worldwide are infected with HIV, but only 24% of these children receive antiretroviral therapy (ART). ART adherence among children is a crucial part of managing human-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and extending the life and health of infected children. Important causes of poor adherence are formulation- and regimen-specific properties, including poor palatability, large pill burden, short dosing intervals, and the complex storage and transportation of drugs. This review aims to summarize the various regimen- and formulation-based barriers to ART adherence among children to support the need for new and innovative pediatric formulations for antiretroviral therapy (ART). Detailing the arguments both for and against investing in the development of pediatric HIV medications, as well as highlighting recent advances in pediatric ART formulation research, provides a synopsis of the current data related to pediatric ART formulations and adherence.
Over 3.2 million children worldwide are infected with HIV, but only 24% of these children are on the antiretroviral therapy (ART) they need . Ninety percent of children living with HIV reside in sub-Saharan Africa, and HIV/AIDS is the most common cause of death for adolescents in Africa and the second most common cause of death for adolescents worldwide . At the 2015 United Nations’ Summit, the World Health Organization (WHO) lifted age and medical restrictions for ART initiation . The WHO now recommends that all individuals who are infected with HIV should start ART immediately, making all populations and ages eligible for treatment. All HIV-exposed infants should also receive a regimen for ART meant for prophylaxis. As these guidelines are implemented and access to ART for children scales up worldwide, many more infants, children, and adolescents will be taking antiretroviral medications.
Adherence to ART is crucial to HIV management. Proper adherence to ART leads to lower viral loads, decreased symptoms in patients, and decreased viral resistance . Viral resistance to first-line ART requires patients to switch to more expensive and less available second- and third-line therapies. As ART becomes more potent, it improves the immunological response for HIV-infected children, thus extending their life expectancy. With good ART adherence, HIV-infected children can live long, healthy lives; therefore, it becomes a priority to study and address the causes of poor adherence with the goal of maintaining successful therapy for as long as possible during a child’s lifelong treatment.
Many barriers prevent children with HIV from maintaining good adherence. These include cost of medications, access to medications, stigma associated with HIV, and disclosure of HIV to children [5, 6]. However, an underlying theme within the barriers to ART adherence studies is the lack of pediatric-friendly formulations. Current pediatric ARTs are often unpalatable to children of all ages . All these factors influence adherence and, therefore, survival of children with HIV.
Developing child-friendly formulations of ART will make it easier for caregivers to administer medications to children and easier for children to take medications. Both strategies will increase adherence, which is critical to successful long-term HIV therapy. This paper will review the current obstacles preventing adherence to pediatric ART, the barriers to creating more acceptable pediatric formulations, and evidence supporting the need for appropriate pediatric formulations of ART.
2. Four Main Obstacles Preventing Adherence to Current Pediatric Antiretroviral Therapy
Poor palatability is directly associated with poor adherence in children with HIV [8–10]. Studies report that caregivers have difficulty administering medication to children due to the bitter taste of the medications [11, 12]. Poor palatability creates a struggle between children and their caregivers, frequently causing caregivers to take on the role of persuasive diplomats during medication administration . This struggle adds to the burden that caregivers experience when providing care to their HIV-infected children. One study found that 81% of caregivers identified better tasting medications as the most important innovation needed to increase adherence .
The World Health Organization recommends lopinavir/ritonavir (LVP/r) as the first-line ART to initiate in children three years of age and younger and recommended it as the second-line treatment for children three years of age and older . Protease inhibitors (PIs), such as lopinavir and ritonavir, are clinically effective in young children, and many are available in liquid forms, which eases dosing in children who are unable to swallow tablets . However, poor palatability prevents PIs from having optimal benefits in HIV-infected children. Many studies describe the bitter taste associated with protease inhibitors such as LVP/r [17–19]. This bitter taste has been found to impact adherence in young children, leading many authors to call for new and innovative ways to administer PIs [20–22]. Developing more child-friendly formulations of protease inhibitors, particularly formulations that taste reasonably well, is a crucial need for children living with HIV.
2.2. Regimen Complexity
In addition to poor palatability, large pill burden has also been found to decrease adherence to ART [23, 24]. Many children have to take three or more pills or a combination of pills and liquids, every day, twice a day. The advent of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs), which combine two or three antiretroviral medications into one pill, has been shown to increase adherence in older children who are able to swallow pills [25, 26]. Few FDCs exist in nonpill form, therefore limiting their administration to older children who are able to swallow large pills .
In addition to FDCs, other ways of simplifying dosing regimens, such as once-a-day formulations, have also been shown to positively affect medication compliance. A study of extended-release, nevirapine-based ART, which can be given once a day, showed good immunologic response and improved adherence in children . These formulations significantly increase dosing intervals, while simultaneously decreasing the hassle of medication administration for caregivers. The once-a-day formulations have been found to be preferable to FDCs and liquids . It is therefore important to strive for FDCs that can be safely administrated once a day to children as a way to simplify ART administration and decrease pill burden.
Liquid formulations of ART were originally created for infants and children with HIV to ease administration by caregivers. Young children are not generally physically capable of safely swallowing pills or tablets. Nonetheless, liquid formulations have many shortcomings of their own. In addition to the poor palatability of liquid ARTs, they often require caregivers to measure out and administer precise amounts of the liquid. This can be a challenge: one study found that 80% of caregivers preferred tablets over liquids due to the inability to measure accurate doses, easy spillage during administration, and the large quantities they needed to administer . Many liquid formulations also require refrigeration, which can become a huge problem in resource-limited settings where electricity is not always available in patients’ homes. In the current WHO requirements, for children under three years of age, three separate liquid medications must be measured and administered daily based on weight, presenting no small challenge for their caregivers .
Because of the aforementioned complexity of liquids, caregivers often switch to pills as early as possible. However, many studies have found swallowing pills to be a barrier to adherence in children [10, 29, 30]. Studies have recorded how caregivers take measures into their own hands to overcome these challenges, documenting that they open capsules, crush tablets, and sprinkle contents into food [31, 32]. Crushing pills or opening capsules can reduce the bioavailability of the ART because the entire contents may not be administered, thus significantly reducing the targeted therapeutic exposure . This may reduce viral suppression and promote viral resistance.
Many studies have looked into alternatives to swallowing large pills for children with HIV. Potential innovations to decrease the struggle between caregivers and their children include the following: recommendations to open capsules, combining medications with food, and knowing which pills are dispersible in water .
In another approach to this challenge, pill-swallowing training for HIV-infected children has been shown to increase ART adherence . Gastrostomy tube insertion for medication delivery is a more drastic and invasive solution to administering ART to children who are unable to swallow pills or liquids . These examples all support the need for easy-to-swallow medication options, such as sprinkles or more palatable flavored liquids for young children, to increase adherence to ART.
2.4. Storage and Transportation
A significant barrier to ART compliance is the requirement for complex storage and transportation. Many of the liquid protease inhibitors require cold-chain storage. This requires both the clinic and the patient to have a refrigerator to store the medications. In resource-limited settings, such as sub-Saharan Africa, where pediatric HIV is most prevalent, this might be an impossible requirement . The World Bank estimates that only 23% of Kenyans, 18.2% of Ugandans, and 15.3% of Tanzanians have access to electricity in their homes . Often, caregivers opt for tablet medications which they will crush or they improperly store liquid formulations, both of which lower bioavailability of the medications. A study reported that 63% of caregivers favored innovations of medications that did not require refrigeration .
In addition, caregivers often must transport large volumes of liquid ART for their children to have a monthly supply or more. This can be significant barrier for caregivers living in rural areas who may walk many kilometers to arrive at the clinic. For example, a 10 kg toddler on first-line ART (ABC + 3TC + LVP/r) would take 28 mL of ART daily, which is equal to about two and a half liters every three months. This requires caregivers to carry seventeen 160 mL bottles home from the clinic every three months. Due to the stigma associated with HIV, caregivers aim to hide medications from their community, which is difficult when caregivers must carry so many bottles. A study in Uganda found that 63% of caregivers complained about the weight of bottles as being a major barrier . Large quantities of bottles or large bottles are difficult to conceal and carry when traveling home from the clinic, providing yet another reason why many caregivers prefer to switch to tablets for their children as early as possible . It is therefore important to design HIV medication formulations that are easy to transport and store.
3. Barriers to New Pediatric Formulations
3.1. Reducing Vertical Transmission Will Reduce New Cases of Pediatric HIV
The world aims to eradicate mother-to-child transmission of HIV, therefore eliminating child cases of HIV and subsequently the need for pediatric formulations. This may be seen to significantly reduce the impetus to develop new pediatric ART formulations. Although the elimination of pediatric HIV is a shared goal among healthcare providers, pharmaceutical companies, and NGOs around the world, it will take many years before vertical transmission is prevented. For now, millions of children are still living with this disease. Until this objective is met, children need access to child-friendly formulations of ART . Moreover, a considerable number of children are still unable to access these medications .
Many factors continue to drive the need for pediatric ART, including the challenges of successfully implementing PMTCT and scaling up widespread access to pediatric ART. The risk of perinatal transmission remains at 2%, even if a woman is on ART, has a low or undetectable viral load, follows the recommended treatment regimen, and does not breastfeed [41, 42]. Resource-limited settings, where there is limited access to healthcare and baby formulas, may not be able to even reduce their rates of perinatal transmission to as low as 2% if they are not able to address other challenges in healthcare delivery systems. These challenges include a severe lack of healthcare workers, poor implementation of appropriate HIV care and prevention guidelines, and insufficient funds budgeted nationally for healthcare [43, 44]. In addition, the WHO recommends breastfeeding for all mothers, regardless of HIV status, with mothers on ART throughout the breastfeeding period and HIV-exposed infants on some ART for a portion of this time . Thus, both prevention efforts for HIV-exposed infants and treatment for HIV-infected children continue to require pediatric formulations to aid in the eradication of pediatric HIV.
3.2. Inadequacies in Supply Chain and Healthcare Delivery Systems
Surveys of the pediatric ART market review that outdated procurement practices and gaps in supply chains are often responsible for low uptake of innovative or new pediatric drug formulations [40, 45, 46]. While some of these gaps in access to the formulations are attributed to high costs for new medications, other relevant barriers include antiquated procurement practices and stagnant government policies in the face of changing guidelines for treatment [47, 48]. The introduction of effective pediatric ART innovations will not make any impact on children’s health unless these supply chain challenges are addressed and steps are made to assess national barriers to uptake for particular formulations, the level of education or acceptance around new ART regimens, and country-level policies and practices that will impact access and implementation. Incorporation of innovative pediatric formulations into international and national treatment guidelines and policies, such as the Essential Medicines WHO Model List, may assist in the scale-up and stability of these treatment regimens . At a national level, Ministries of Health may need to work towards shaping forward-looking, sustainable supply chain infrastructures that can adapt to both changes in available therapy and in healthcare system delivery .
3.3. Poor Incentives for Pediatric Formulation Development
In its “Developing an Optimized List of Pediatric ARV Formulations” report, the WHO presents the argument that since children only make up 7% of HIV cases worldwide, increases in the number of formulation options will decrease the demand for currently available formulations. This could lead to market instability and therefore a lack of incentive for investment in the pediatric ART market . On top of this challenge is the previously discussed (and critically important) global push to decrease the number of child HIV infections and therefore to decrease the numbers of children requiring ART, which also takes away pharmaceutical companies’ incentive to pursue new options for children. Nonetheless, more than 3 million children will need to continue to take ART even once the AIDS-free generation goals are met.
Incentives are required to drive further investment in research and development for pediatric formulations and innovations that have been shown to increase adherence. Recognizing the potential lack of incentives for this work, recent initiatives such as Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative (DNDi), the NIH’s Development of Appropriate Pediatric Formulations and Pediatric Drug Delivery Systems RO1, and the Accelerating Children’s HIV/AIDS Treatment (ACT) initiative supported by the Presidents Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) and the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF) have created incentives for the investment in pediatric ART formulation development [49–51]. These efforts must be sustained and similar incentives created to fund research and development of needed pediatric medications.
3.4. Pharmacokinetics and Development Challenges When Designing Innovative Formulations
Pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and delivery preferences for pediatric medications can differ greatly from adult medications, requiring specific research to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pediatric medications [52, 53]. This research often goes undone since developing child-friendly medications is a challenging and lengthy process that requires ensuring quality, safety, and efficacy. Pharmacokinetic properties can vary according to age and weight, which requires new drug formulations to have flexible dosages [52, 54]. Palatability is a very important factor when developing innovative medications, but additives can cause toxicity or change the pharmacokinetics of certain medications [55–57]. Developing critical innovations for certain populations, such as liquid formulations of FDCs, can be limited for certain compounds that are large or insoluble molecules or can run into dosing challenges when the compounds do not have similar scaling as the child moves across weight bands. Combinations may also result in further pharmacokinetics challenges produced by their own interactions. The extensive research required to ensure the safety of new medications can deter researchers and investigators from studying new and innovative pediatric antiretroviral medications; however, many of the innovations currently being studied show promising results [58–61].
3.5. Psychosocial Factors That Influence Adherence
In addition to lack of pediatric formulations, there are many other factors that influence adherence to ART. Medication properties that influence adherence include poor palatability, large pill size, regimen complexity, and short dosing intervals, but these properties are only encountered if the child is given the opportunity to take the medication. Stigma, lack of medical literacy, disclosure status of the child, child-caregiver relationship, and high costs of HIV medications also prevent children from receiving treatment or being compliant . Even after developing new pediatric formulations, these causes of poor adherence will still remain. Despite these additional barriers, it is important to increase the number of child-friendly antiretroviral drugs. Increasing the available options for ART will diminish one of the compounding factors for poor adherence.
4. Benefits of Child-Friendly ART
4.1. Increased Adherence
The link between adherence and formulation properties is the most poignant argument for the development of child-friendly ART. Many studies show a significant connection between adherence and ART attributes such as palatability, pill size, pill burden, short dosing intervals, and regimen complexity. Over 21% of caregivers in a South African study reported difficulties giving medication due to poor palatability . In Italy, a similar study found that 38% of caregivers reported trouble administering ART due to palatability and pill size . A study of 119 children with HIV in Canada demonstrated that 1/3 of participants failed to adhere to the medication regimen due to palatability . Numerous studies, such as these, report that current ART formulations worsen adherence [64–67].
The significant impact that HIV medication formulations have on adherence has led to the study of alternatives and new formulations to help with medication administration in children. Studies have looked at how to decrease poor palatability by adding flavoring and creating pH-sensitive microparticles to hide the bitter taste of many ARTs. A study in Thailand examined the addition of a flavoring agent to generic ART, using FLAVORx®, whose ingredients include a flavoring agent, propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, water, and triacetin, in ten different flavors: strawberry, orange, banana, grapes, bubble gum, watermelon, lemon, cherry, vanilla, and chocolate . They found that 80% of caregivers reported easier medication dosing to children with the flavoring addition, and the most popular flavors in this study were strawberry, orange, and grape . Another study loaded indinavir into pH-sensitive microparticles, preventing children from experiencing the bitter taste of the protease inhibitor . Researchers in another study mixed flavoring into liquid EFV, with an aim to decrease the burning mouth syndrome suffered by many children who use this medication in liquid form. The study found that these new flavored formulations decreased burning mouth syndrome in healthy adult volunteers . A separate study evaluated the effectiveness of a milk-based powder formulation of ritonavir to ease administration to infants and children. It found that casein micelles, a milk protein, are an efficient carrier system of ritonavir and serve to decrease bitter taste .
In addition to manipulating taste, other innovators have been studying the impact of different modes of administration. These modes include sachets that deliver liquid or gel ART all at once, sprinkles and nanoparticles that allow caregivers to mix medications with food or liquids, and dissolvable tablets that can be incorporated into fluids. Nanotechnologies have been used to administer insoluble LPV/r in sprinkles or sachet formulations and have shown stability and good bioavailability . Two articles studied the effectiveness of novel sprinkle formulations of LPV/r and efavirenz (EFV) [66, 69]. One study of sprinkle use in Uganda found that over 70% of the participants in two of three cohorts chose to continue sprinkle formulations over liquid formulations after an 8-week trial . Sprinkles have been found to improve tolerability of first-line ART in children and reduce the cost to treat HIV-positive children . Scored dispersible lamivudine/stavudine combination tabs have been shown to be cost-effective and easier to administer by caregivers . In addition, Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative and Cipla joined to devise a sprinkle and 4-in-1 sachet to ease delivery of ART in children . The recent development of ART-delivering sachets developed by Pratt School of Engineering at Duke University has reduced the number of perinatal HIV infections among infants in Ecuador . Similar innovations can be used to deliver ART to infants with HIV.
Because fixed-dose combinations and once-a-day formulations are associated with better adherence, innovators have also aimed to create innovative solutions for children to help decrease pill burden. LPV/r, which has been recommended as first-line treatment by the WHO, has been combined with abacavir/lamivudine or zidovudine/lamivudine in a study to create a more tolerable, first-line, fixed-dose combination for children . Another study assessed the ability to combine ritonavir and darunavir as a dry powder as a second-line treatment for children . A study aiming to find a FDC effective in infants younger than 6 months devised a FDC suppository with stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine, which can ease administration in fussy infants . Nonetheless, few nonpill options are available in fixed-dose combinations for infants and young children , likely due to the previously discussed challenges with cost of development and pharmacokinetics and dosing challenges.
In addition to FDC and once-a-day formulations, long-acting formulations of ART, such as once-a-month injectable antiretroviral and weekly ART infusions, are on the horizon and could help children and adults who struggle with adherence to daily therapy [75–77]. Though injections can decrease pill burden for children, cold-chain storage requirements for injectable medications might pose similar barriers to those for liquid medications in resource-limited settings. On the other hand, the potential for not only improving ART adherence but also exploring attempts to synchronize injectable antiretrovirals with long-acting injections for contraception could be particularly interesting for adolescent females.
Increased adherence in children with HIV has benefits for both the child and the larger HIV-positive community. Proper adherence leads to sufficient viral suppression, which leads to longer and healthier lives for children living with HIV. In addition, proper adherence reduces viral resistance . Viral resistance can be devastating in the community, requiring individuals to change to a different ART, exhausting the available medications. It is therefore imperative to introduce new and innovative therapeutic options for children to increase adherence and decrease viral resistance.
4.2. Easier Dosing for Caregivers
In addition to better adherence in children, pediatric formulations of ART have the possibility of reducing the time and energy investment required of caregivers to administer medication to their children. Many studies have reported that a significant cause of nonadherence is child refusal [18, 79]. The struggle between child and caregiver can be taxing for elderly caregivers and single mother and fathers. Innovations such as taste-masking, sprinkles, or injectable, long-acting agents could help ease the struggle between caregivers and the children for whom they care.
Concealing and hiding medications on the go is important for both caregivers and children as a way to reduce stigma and bullying. Sachets, such as the Pratt Pack created by Duke University, can ease transportation of medications and aid caregivers in concealing medications . As discussed previously, liquid medications can be easily spilled and time-consuming for caregivers to measure out for dosing; innovations such as sprinkles, dissolvable tablets, and sachets can reduce the mess and time it takes to prepare medications. Therefore, the development of child-friendly formulations would be beneficial for children and their caregivers.
5. Future of Pediatric Antiretroviral Therapy
Despite many innovations, pediatric formulations are still very limited in comparison to the number of adult formulations [80, 81]. Without adequate or convenient pediatric formulations, prescribers and caregivers resort to cutting, crushing, or substituting adult medications to meet the need for easier administration of medications for children [26, 32, 38, 61]. This can have drastic, negative impacts on children, leading to over- or underdosing .
The pediatric market for ART is not a small version of the adult market, but rather a unique niche which requires developers to consider different routes and methods of administration, different strengths, and a variety of flavors [40, 83]. Fixed-dose combinations and once-a-day medications have solved many issues of adherence in older children and adolescents who are able to swallow pills. For infants and young children, there is still a lack of accessible formulations. This results in poor adherence, viral resistance, and decreased survival of HIV-positive children.
Many organizations, including UNITAID, Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), Medicines Patent Pool (MPP), Clinton Health Access Initiative, President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, and Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, have called for the prioritization of pharmaceutical companies to address the need for new innovative formulations [84–87]. As the WHO aims to eliminate pediatric transmission of HIV, it is important not to neglect the 3.2 million children with HIV worldwide and the countless children who require ART treatment during breastfeeding to achieve WHO goals and prevent new child infections.
To improve the lack of pediatric formulations, the World Health Organization launched the global campaign “Make Medicines Child Size.” The case is even more critical in the case of poverty-related diseases that mainly affect children in poor countries, such as HIV . Due to the large number of children with HIV worldwide, the chronicity of the disease, and the critical role of adherence to therapy, it is imperative to provide child-friendly medications to improve adherence and therefore increase life expectancy and success of treatment in HIV-positive children.
Over 3.2 million children worldwide are waiting for pediatric formulations of antiretroviral drugs. To address this need, innovations in pediatric formulations must strive towards (1) safe and effective ART for children, (2) palatable and easy-to-swallow medications, (3) fixed-dose combinations to decrease pill burden, (4) once-a-day formulations to lengthen dosing intervals, (5) medications that are easy to transport and store, (6) formulations that are simple for caregivers to administer, and (6) securing incentives to drive investments in the development of these critical formulations. Investment must be made in pediatric-friendly formulations, especially for infants, toddlers, and young children, to allow this generation to survive and thrive.
Dr. Rachel C. Vreeman has served on the HIV scientific advisory committee for Teva Pharmaceuticals.
The authors acknowledge and thank Carole McAteer and Megan McHenry for their assistance in editing and reviewing this paper. This research was supported in part by a grant (1K23MH087225) to Dr. Rachel C. Vreeman from the National Institutes for Mental Health.
World Health Organization, Health for the World's Adolescents: A Second Chance in the Second Decade, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
World Health Organization, “Treat all people living with HIV, offer antiretrovirals as additional prevention choice for people at ‘substantial’ risk,” 2015, http://who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/hiv-treat-all-recommendation/en/.View at: Google Scholar
A. Bagenda, K. Kallander, L. Barlow-Mosha, R. Byogero, and P. Musoke, “Caregiver experiences with syrup and tablet formulations of HAART for paediatric HIV treatment in an urban clinic,” in Proceedings of the 18th International AIDS Conference (AIDS '10), Vienna, Austria, 2010.View at: Google Scholar
D. M. Gibb, R. L. Goodall, V. Giacomet, L. McGee, A. Compagnucci, and H. Lyall, “Adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in the PENTA 5 trial,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 56–62, 2003.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
M.-A. Davies, A. Boulle, T. Fakir, J. Nuttall, and B. Eley, “Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in young children in Cape Town, South Africa, measured by medication return and caregiver self-report: a prospective cohort study,” BMC Pediatrics, vol. 8, article 34, 2008.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. E. Horace and J. Akbarian-Tefagh, “Disguising the taste of antiretrovirals for pediatric patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: creative flavor compounding and techniques, part 1,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 388–391, 2013.View at: Google Scholar
World Health Organization, Consolidated ARV Guidelines, 2013, http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/guidelines/arv2013/art/artchildrenunder3/en/.
A. J. Melvin, K. M. Mohan, L. A. Manns Arcuino, R. E. Edelstein, and L. M. Frenkel, “Clinical, virologic and immunologic responses of children with advanced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 disease treated with protease inhibitors,” The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 968–974, 1997.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. I. Czyzewski, R. D. Runyan, M. A. Lopez, and N. R. Calles, “Teaching and maintaining pill swallowing in HIV-infected children,” The AIDS Reader, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 88–95, 2000.View at: Google Scholar
E. G. Chadwick, J. H. Rodman, P. Britto et al., “Ritonavir-based highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected infants younger than 24 months of age,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 793–800, 2005.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
A. Bagenda, L. Barlow-Mosha, D. Bagenda, R. Sakwa, M. G. Fowler, and P. M. Musoke, “Adherence to tablet and liquid formulations of antiretroviral medication for paediatric HIV treatment at an urban clinic in Uganda,” Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, vol. 31, no. 3, pp. 235–245, 2011.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
World Health Oranization, Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV Infection in Infants and Children: Towards Universal Access, 2010.
UNICEF. UNICEF: A call to action. Children: the missing face of AIDS, 2005.
J. M. Duggan, B. Akpanudo, V. Shukla, G. Gutterson, L. Eitniear, and E. G. Sahloff, “Alternative antiretroviral therapy formulations for patients unable to swallow solid oral dosage forms,” American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, vol. 72, no. 18, pp. 1555–1565, 2015.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric AIDS, Section on International Child Health, P. L. Havens, and D. M. Gibb, “Increasing antiretroviral drug access for children with HIV infection,” Pediatrics, vol. 119, no. 4, pp. 838–845, 2007.View at: Google Scholar
World Bank, Sustainable Energy for All (SE4ALL) Database from World Bank, Global Electrification Database. Access to electricity (% of population), 2015, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS.
P. Kasirye, L. Kendall, V. Musiime et al., “Pharmacokinetics of lamivudine, abacavir and zidovudine administered twice-daily as syrups versus scored tablets in HIV-1 infected Ugandan children,” in Program and Abstracts of the 10th International Congress on Drug Therapy in HIV Infection 2010. Paper Presented at: HIV10 Congress 2010, poster 1631077, Glasgow, UK, 2010.View at: Google Scholar
World Health Organization, WHO Validates Elimination of Mother-to-child Transmission of HIV and Syphilis in Cuba, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/mtct-hiv-cuba/en/.
B. Waning, E. Diedrichsen, E. Jambert et al., “The global pediatric antiretroviral market: analyses of product availability and utilization reveal challenges for development of pediatric formulations and HIV/AIDS treatment in children,” BMC Pediatrics, vol. 10, article 74, 2010.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
World Health Organization, PMTCT Strategic Vision 2010–2015: Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV to Reach the UNGASS and Millenium Development Goals, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010.
Center for Disease Control, HIV among Pregnant Women, Infants, and Children in the United States, CDC, Atlanta, Ga, USA, 2012.
World Health Organization, Report of the Meeting of the Paediatric Working Group Developing an Optimized list of Paediatric ARV Formulations, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2011.
E. D. S. Pinheiro, K. Brüning, M. F. Macedo, and A. C. Siani, “Production of antiretroviral drugs in middle- and low-income countries,” Antiviral Therapy, vol. 19, supplement 3, pp. 49–55, 2014.View at: Google Scholar
S. Chang, “Addressing the drug development needs of infants and young children: DNDi's pediatric HIV program,” in Proceedings of the 19th International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC, USA, 2012.View at: Google Scholar
National Institutes of Health, Development of Appropriate Pediatric Formulations and Pediatric Drug Delivery Systems (R01), NIH, 2014.
US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, Accelerating Children's HIV/AIDS Treatment (ACT) Initiative, 2014, http://www.pepfar.gov/partnerships/ppp/234538.htm.
D. A. Chiappetta, Á. M. Carcaboso, C. Bregni, M. Rubio, G. Bramuglia, and A. Sosnik, “Indinavir-loaded pH-sensitive microparticles for taste masking: toward extemporaneous pediatric anti-HIV/AIDS liquid formulations with improved patient compliance,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 2009.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
N. Vanprapar, T. R. Cressey, K. Chokephaibulkit et al., “A chewable pediatric fixed-dose combination tablet of stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine: pharmacokinetics and safety compared with the individual liquid formulations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in Thailand,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 940–944, 2010.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
D. Lin, J. A. Seabrook, D. M. Matsui, S. M. King, M. J. Rieder, and Y. Finkelstein, “Palatability, adherence and prescribing patterns of antiretroviral drugs for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Canada,” Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1246–1252, 2011.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
S. Martin, D. K. Elliott-DeSorbo, P. L. Wolters et al., “Patient, caregiver and regimen characteristics associated with adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected children and adolescents,” The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 61–67, 2007.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Musiime, Q. Fillekes, A. Kekitiinwa et al., “The pharmacokinetics and acceptability of lopinavir/ritonavir minitab sprinkles, tablets, and syrups in african HIV-infected children,” Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 148–154, 2014.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
V. Mulenga, A. Cook, A. S. Walker et al., “Strategies for nevirapine initiation in HIV-infected children taking pediatric fixed-dose combination ‘baby pills’ in Zambia: a randomized controlled trial,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 1081–1089, 2010.View at: Publisher Site | Google Scholar
Y. Padmavathi, B. M. Reddy, M. Renuka, K. Sumedha, and N. P. Reddy, “Formulation and evaluation of fixed dose combination suppositories containing stavudine, lamivudine and nevirapine for pediatric applications,” Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 87–96, 2015.View at: Google Scholar
UNITAID, Peadiatric HIV Treatment Initiative (PHTI) to Sput Innovation and Access to Improve the Lives of Children Living with HIV, UNITAID, Geneva, Switzerland, 2014.
Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, Innovation Needed on Pediatric ARV Formulations, 2015, http://b.3cdn.net/glaser/870cabd4de542e5b94_f1m6bnuiy.pdf.
D. L. Birx, C. V. Chien, and T. Kalil, “Accelerating Access to Innovation and Saving Children's Lives,” White House Blog, 2014, https://blogs.state.gov/stories/2014/12/05/accelerating-access-innovation-and-saving-children-s-lives#sthash.OIQaLwu8.dpuf.View at: Google Scholar
|
<urn:uuid:27a7aa60-7efd-4c20-9360-6c23e9510463>
|
CC-MAIN-2023-40
|
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/art/2016/1654938/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506420.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20230922134342-20230922164342-00013.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.904289 | 8,427 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.