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Plectrohyla hartwegi Duellman, 1968
Hartweg's Spikethumb Frog
© 2011 Sean Michael Rovito (1 of 15)
Distribution and Habitat
Country distribution from AmphibiaWeb's database: Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico
Plethodontid salamanders have long been known to use "vaccination" as part of their mating behavior. Unlike the familiar form of vaccination in which antigens are introduced into the circulatory system to induce an immune response, the term vaccination in plethodontid salamanders refers to the male using his teeth to scratch the back of a female during courtship, thereby introducing pheromones from his mental gland directly into her blood stream. These pheromones are known to enhance female receptivity. Such mechanisms of so-called "traumatic mating" are common among arthropods, but rare in vertebrates. Now, Schulte et al. (2021) suggest that a similar mechanism may be at play in several species of frogs in the genus Plectrohyla (Hylidae). Intrigued by the elongated teeth and swollen lips of reproductively active males – males which are known to scratch the female’s back with those teeth during amplexus – they showed via microscopy that the swollen lips house specialized breeding glands. Using transcriptome sequencing, Schulte et al. discovered the glands produce sodefrin precursor-like factors, which are known to have pheromone function in other amphibian species. Although additional research will be required to confirm the role of vaccination in Plectrohyla, this study showcases the myriad (and sometime bizarre) lengths that males will go in their effort to enhance mating success. (Written by Jim McGuire)
Edited by: Michelle S. Koo (2022-03-06)
Species Account Citation: AmphibiaWeb 2022 Plectrohyla hartwegi: Hartweg's Spikethumb Frog <https://amphibiaweb.org/species/1041> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed Jun 1, 2023.
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Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2023. <https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 1 Jun 2023.
AmphibiaWeb's policy on data use.
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Trees with composite leaves
List of trees with compound leaves!
the leaf of silky oak ist odd pinnate and green. The leaf marign is lobed and the leaf arrangement is alternate. Botanical name: Grevillea robustaInformation about the Silky Oak
The leaves of the walnut is imparipinnate and composed of 7-9 single leaves. The single leaves are elongated ovoid and up to 12 cm (4.7 in) long. Botanical name: Juglans regiaInformation about the Common Walnut
The leaves are odd pinnate with many small leaves and up to 18 cm (7.1 in) long. The leaf color is gray-green. Botanical name: Acacia dealbataInformation about the Silver Wattle
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Illuminated Writing Kit Primary
When it comes to teaching writing, figuring out the best approach can be daunting. Luckily, we’re here to give you a hand! Our Empower Writing Kit is designed to help you effortlessly navigate the complexities of teaching writing to students of all ages using Writer’s Workshop! The lessons in the kit are more than just grammar worksheets, handwriting practice, or a study of isolated sub-skills of writing. Students get ample opportunity to practice and experiment with the craft of writing. Every lesson contains explicit teaching suggestions, recommended mentor texts, and helpful examples to make your job easier. We’ve even included sample anchor charts! Incorporate the Empower Writing Kit into your classroom routine and watch your student-writers become authors!
- 60+ strong, relevant mini-lessons to target these writing skills:
- informative writing
- argumentative writing
- narrative writing
- response to text
- Handy comprehensive teacher’s guide packed with tips for successful implementation and blackline masters
- Anchor Charts Supplemental Handbook
- Mentor Text Supplemental Handbook
- Rubrics Supplemental Handbook
- Thinking Organizer Supplemental Handbook
- All activities aligned to CCSS standards
|Dimensions||13.38 in x 11.80 in x 6.75 in|
Please login to leave a review.
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The pivotal moments in incumbents' campaigns are policy moves that take months to plan before they're unveiled--and just as long to see their effects. Challengers offer talk about what they believe in, but the five classic moves outlined here show presidents making a credible commitment by paying a price.
Congress Overrides Truman's Veto of Taft-Hartley
Harry Truman's prospects for re-election in 1948 looked bleak. It didn’t help that unions viewed him as the "number one strike breaker" after he interceded in the railroad and mining strikes crippling the country. But when the Taft-Hartley Act came to his desk for his signature in 1947, Truman saw the opportunity to resurrect his candidacy. By vetoing Taft-Hartley--which outlawed secondary strikes, mass picketing and closed shops--Truman positioned himself as the last, best hope of the unions. The Republican-controlled Congress, which overrode the veto with support from nearly half of all Democrats, became an easy, visible enemy for Truman... and the unions. Without the financial support from unions in 1948, he would not have captured the normally Republican farm vote and countered Thomas E. Dewey's urban appeal.
Nixon Visits China
To this day, when Democratic strategists think about dramatic moves a president can make, they ask each other to finish the sentence "If only Nixon could visit China, only a Democrat could..." Nixon's surprising visit to China in February, 1972, was a key part of his re-election strategy. Senator George McGovern's pledge to end the Vietnam War and bring U.S. troops home immediately made Nixon look like an unadulterated hawk by contrast. The trip to China--a historic attempt to restore the relations with the Communist nation--made the rest of Nixon's foreign policy claims credible. It paved the way for Nixon to campaign on the goal of "Peace with Honor," centered on a commitment to a more principled end to the war.
Carter Fails to Rescue Iranian Hostages
Carter is an important reminder that an incumbent's bold moves can backfire badly. With the Iran Hostage Crisis entering its fifth month--and nothing but failed negotiations to show for his efforts--Carter decided to try to rescue the 55 Americans held in Tehran's American Embassy. The rescue attempt, dubbed "Operation Eagle Claw," was aborted when two defective helicopters forced the mission to turn back. Eight U.S. servicemen died, and Carter's administration suffered a very public failure. "If we had it to do all over again," Carter’s media advisor Gerald Rafshoon said after the election, "we would take the 30 million dollars we spent in the campaign and get three more helicopters for the Iran rescue mission."
George H. W. Bush Takes Lee Iacocca to Japan
Although Bush's January, 1992, state visit to Japan is now remembered for the vomit the jet-lagged president deposited in the prime minister's lap, the trip was already a debacle before that incident. Trying to prove that his foreign policy focus could pivot from security to jobs, Bush brought Big Three auto executives along to persuade Japan to import more American cars. The failing CEOs' salaries became the talk of the country; Lee Iacocca, Chrysler's CEO, was paid more than all the Japanese auto companies' CEOs together. The Wall Street Journal was so disgusted, they urged Bush to "Give Iacocca to Japan." And the day after the president's stomach problems, Johnny Carson joked, "If you had to look at Lee Iacocca while eating raw fish, you'd barf too."
Clinton Outmaneuvers Newt Gingrich
In December 1995, the Republican controlled house and senate sent Bill Clinton a budget that would let Medicare, in Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich's words, "wither on the vine." With the same pen LBJ used to sign Medicare into law, Bill Clinton vetoed their budget, forcing a government shutdown. After their brinkmanship backfired, the freshman congressman, George Stephanopoulos wrote, developed a "kamikaze spirit" and "became Newt's Frankenstein monster--and my best friends."
Infuriated by losing the budget battle, Republicans then sent Clinton two welfare reform bills so stringent that he had no choice but to veto them. Though former Senator Bob Dole, now the Republican presidential candidate, begged Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott not to send him something he could sign, Senate Republicans were now worried about their reelection prospects. A compromise bill went through and Clinton signed it in August, 1996. By restoring Clinton's centrist credentials, the Republican senate had sunk the Dole campaign. Said Dole strategist Tony Fabrizio, "they aimed the torpedoes at the hull and then started throwing water at it."
--Samuel L. Popkin
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With its strong networks in the scientific and technological communities, the Royal Society is able to play a unique role in supporting science and technology education. The Royal Society is the only organisation in New Zealand which is able to encompass such a wide range of activity at so many different levels.
It has a broad perspective on science and technology education through the maintenance of a Science and Technology Education Committee, close links with the NZ Association of Science Educators and Technology Education NZ, affiliation with the other professional teacher associations in the Royal Society’s sphere of interest, the Polytech Heads of Science and the University Deans of Science committees.
The Royal Society contributes to ensuring the provision of New Zealand’s future human capacity in research, science and technology by:
- encouraging young people to engage in scientific and technological practice.
- encouraging students to enter careers in science and technology and supporting them in the early stages.
- demonstrating the value of science and technology in other careers.
- identifying promising individuals and providing opportunities to foster their growth and development.
It manages a range of programmes which:
- provide opportunities for school students to engage in scientific and technological practice, e.g. Science and Technology Fairs, BP Challenge.
- recognise and reward achievement by students (school and tertiary), such as the British Council Student Award to attend the London International Youth Science Forum.
- support students to attend international scientific conferences and schools, e.g. Singapore Science Research School and US Space Camp (see Medals and Awards section).
- recognise and provide professional development for teachers, e.g. New Zealand Science, Mathematics and Technology Teacher Fellowships (see Allocation of funding section).
- create linkages between enterprises and schools, involving professional scientists, technologists and engineers.
Science and Technology Fairs are established, successful and high profile events, which take place annually throughout New Zealand at classroom, regional and national levels. Science and Technology Fairs have been operating in New Zealand for over 30 years. Annually, they involve at least 50,000 children from Year 7 to Year 13. There are 23 regional fairs.
The Royal Society of New Zealand distributes funding to 16 of the 23 regional fairs, and regular communication is maintained with all regional co-ordinators throughout the year. Regional fairs are run by local committees of volunteers, including science teachers, service clubs such as Kiwanis and Lions, and Royal Society Branches.
The Royal Society manages the National Science and Technology Fair, which features the best exhibits from each of the regional fairs. This is a high profile event, attended by many people and attracting extensive national media coverage.
The 2000 Genesis Energy National Science and Technology Fair was held at the Maritime Museum in Auckland, from 6-12 December. Thirty-one regional winners attended as well as three guest exhibitors from Taiwan and the United States.
2000 Genesis E nergy National Science & Technology Fair Premier Winner for Science
Georgia Piggot, Whangarei Girls’ High School
Georgia’s investigation has commercial significance. After growing up in a family that exports calla lily flowers, she decided to investigate ways to enhance autumn flowering in calla lilies, a plant that normally flowers in summer and senesces in autumn. Tubers are usually lifted in mid May but Georgia found that delaying lifting until late June and leaving the plants to senesce until February, produced the most autumn flowers.
2000 Genesis Energy National Science and Technology Fair Premier Winner for Technology
Simon Jackson, Hutt Valley High School
Simon’s interest in electronics and global positioning systems inspired him to design and produce a positioning device that was accurate and useful for short distance positioning – the Portable Land-based Positioning System (PLPS). He then adapted part of his design to create the Single Distance Measuring System (SDMS), which is capable of measuring a single distance between two points or between the main unit and a solid object. His device could be used by a wide range of people, from golfers and builders to surveyors and environmentalists.
The was held at Exscite, the science centre in Hamilton, from 3-8 December 2001. There were24 entries plus 5 exhibits from other countries – Taiwan (2), USA (1), and Namibia (2). This is the first time entries have been received from Namibia and it is hoped that a reciprocal arrangement can take place, enabling a New Zealand exhibitor to participate in the Namibian Science and Technology Fair.
On the days that the exhibitors were not required for judging, they participated in a programme of activities, including visits to Waimangu Thermal Valley in Rotorua and the Genesis Energy Huntly Power Station, dinner on the M.V. Waipa Delta (riverboat cruise), and black water rafting at the Waitomo Caves.
The Award Ceremony was held at the Exscite Centre on 7 December, with Ruud Kleinpaste as Master of Ceremonies. The Minister for Research, Science and Technology, Hon. Pete Hodgson, addressed the audience and presented some of the awards.
Linda Moore of Morrinsville College, representative from the Genesis Energy East Waikato Science and Technology Fair, was presented by the Minister with a Gold CREST Award for her investigation into the effect of riparian zones on stream health.
This year was the 25th anniversary of National Science and Technology Fairs, which was celebrated with a cake-cutting ceremony, featuring the winner of the first national fair, Barry Dent.
2001 Genesis Energy National Science & Technology Fair Premier Winner for Science
Michael Walmsley, Church College, Hamilton
Michael’s project grew out of his love for cricket and his desire to be a better batsman. He designed a piece of equipment to hit a ball consistently and then investigated the effect of several factors on the flight of a ball; the speed of the ball when it hits the bat; the position on the bat where the ball strikes; the type of ball and the type of bat. His research has many implications for cricket. His method could be used for testing bats and for allowing individual cricketers to select the bat which best suits them.
Michael’s prize allows him to travel to either the US Space Camp or the London Youth International Science Forum.
2001 Genesis Energy National Science and Technology Fair Premier Winner for Technology
Jeremy Clark, Whakatane Intermediate School
Jeremy has been an insulin-dependent diabetic for most of his life. Diabetics need to rotate the position of injection sites to prevent the formation of lumps that could interfere with insulin absorption. Jeremy has designed a guide which has helped him remember to rotate injection sites. This has reduced the incidence of lumps dramatically as well as giving significantly better diabetes control. After gaining ethics approval, Jeremy invited other diabetics to be part of his trial and designed custom-made guides based on abdomen size. Jeremy’s prize also allows him to travel to the US Space Camp or the London Youth International Science Forum.
The BP Challenge is a very successful programme, which provides opportunities for Year 2 to Year 10 (J2 to Form 4) students to develop essential skills such as problem solving, team building and social skills, while enjoying the activity in which they are engaged. The activities offer the opportunity for teachers to develop scientific and technological concepts in class with their students if they wish.
Students are given a scenario and are then given simple materials such as paper, string, straws, sticky tape, and set about developing innovative solutions within time constraints.
These activities can be held in the classroom or as a whole school event. There are also regional challenges involving a number of schools coming together. This involves many hours of organisation, which is generally carried out by a voluntary regional coordinator. Ninety regional BP Challenges took place in 2001, an increase of 10% over the previous year. A total of 680 schools were involved, with over 12,000 students participating.
The Royal Society has been contracted by BP to administer the programme since 1998. It is estimated that more than 250,000 students have participated in these school events each year.
This Ministry of Education contract, funded through the Learning Experiences Outside the Classroom (LEOTC) Fund, commenced in August 2000. The main goal of the project is to provide curriculum support for water quality monitoring learning experiences for primary and secondary school students. The overall aim by the end of 2002 is to bring all regions up to an equivalent level in terms of programmes and resources.
During the report period, a National Advisory Group was established and a scoping exercise carried out to determine the extent of waterways work throughout the country. A database of waterways schools and teachers was set up and all schools were surveyed to determine the number involved in waterways activities.
Teacher training workshops were run throughout the country and a number of facilitators in areas of minimal activity were contracted to support teachers running field trips to their local waterways.
Curriculum support resources were commissioned, including worksheets in Te Reo Māori, which are made available nationally through the website (http://nwp.rsnz.org ).
Promotional activities included a quarterly newsletter and website.
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After Brigham's baptism, he really wanted to meet Joseph Smith. He and his good friend, Heber C. Kimball, made their way to Kirtland to visit the Prophet. He found Joseph Smith out chopping wood with Hyrum. Brigham could tell from the moment he met the Prophet that Joseph was inspired of God.
Joseph Smith knew the destiny of Brigham Young because Joseph told others that Brigham would some day lead the Church.
As soon as he could, Brigham and Heber moved to Kirtland to be near the Prophet Joseph. Joseph told Brigham that there were to be twelve apostles chosen to preach the gospel to the world. The three witness of the Book of Mormon were to choose the apostles. Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and Martin Harris selected Brigham Young as an Apostle of the Lord. Brigham was ordained on February 14, 1835.
"The twelve shall be my disciples, and they shall take upon them my name . . . And by [their] hands I will work a marvelous work among the children of men . . . that [many] may come unto the kingdom of my Father."
D&C 18:27, 44.
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Preschool lead teachers work in public and private schools, child-care centers and charitable organizations. Specific qualifications vary by state but typically require an associate's or bachelor's degree in early childhood development. Pay will vary by state, school and the teacher's level of education. Teachers are expected to provide rich learning opportunities and age-appropriate curriculum for preschool and pre-kindergarten children. In this position they will collaborate with teachers, staff and parents, as well as follow state licensing standards and school policies.
Preschool teachers educate and care for children between the ages of 3 and 5, helping them acquire social and academic skills before they enter kindergarten. Preschool lead teachers instruct children in reading, writing and basic mathematics in an interactive environment. They utilize early childhood development theories and emphasize fine and gross motor skills, creativity, positive behavior and peer relationships in a safe and nurturing setting. An effective preschool lead teacher will have strong organizational and interpersonal skills.
Preschool lead teachers have greater responsibility than their fellow teachers, leading curriculum instruction and making logistical decisions in the classroom, such as scheduling and lesson plans. They may also work more instructional hours than other teachers and occupy a leadership role within the school, usually by supervising instructional assistants and other staff. To reach the level of lead teacher, preschool teachers often start as assistant teachers and advance to being teachers and then lead teachers.
Preschool and Pre-Kindergarten
Lead pre-kindergarten teachers, a category of preschool lead teacher, specialize in a curriculum that teaches students the year before they enter kindergarten, in order to prepare them for academic and social skills required in that grade level. Like lead preschool teachers, they provide guidance to other teachers, ensure compliance with program requirements, assist with parent education programs and coordinate communications with parents. Lead preschool and pre-kindergarten teachers monitor student progress and growth for the purpose of assessment and parent communication.
Salary and Job Growth
In 2010, the median pay for a preschool teacher with an associate's degree was $25,700 per year, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. That figure is expected to be on the higher end for lead teachers, who typically supervise other teachers, work more hours and/or have more responsibility and professional experience. Employment of preschool teachers was expected to grow by 25 percent from 2010 to 2020, faster than the average for all occupations, reports the BLS.
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There exists a class of people—by current estimates totaling approximately one percent of the population—whose members possess an underlying condition that fundamentally distinguishes the class from the remainder of the species.
- Some of the class’s members are diagnosed with the condition in early childhood, usually at five years of age or less; these members are commonly labeled autistic.
- Some of the class’s members are diagnosed in late childhood or adolescence, roughly between the ages of six and eighteen; these members are frequently labeled Asperger’s.
- Some of the class’s members are diagnosed only after reaching adulthood; these are often described as schizophrenic or bipolar.
Note the word “diagnosis” in each of these descriptions—labeling occurs nearly always under conditions perceived to be psychiatrically negative. And note how the labels are a function of the age at diagnosis, and thus do not differentiate the underlying condition. Finally, note that the variable age of diagnosis suggests the labels do not complete the class: it is likely there are other members, perhaps a significantly large number, who do not get diagnosed or labeled at all.
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A U.S. district court has ruled that descendants of Cherokee slaves have a constitutional right to be enrolled as full members of the Cherokee Nation.
Those descendants, known as freedmen, have a long history with the Cherokee. During the American Revolution, the Cherokee fought alongside colonists. In exchange, they were granted greater freedoms, including the right to take African-American slaves. After emancipation, many freedmen stayed with the tribe and journeyed with the Cherokee in the famed Trail of Tears march, a 900-plus-mile trek to present-day Oklahoma.
For generations, the Freedmen and Cherokee coexisted mostly peacefully. A number of freedmen intermarried, had children, spoke the language and even held tribal council positions.
But in 1887, the federal government created the Dawes Act, which required tribes to identify members based on blood quantum and ancestral heritage. This left many freedmen out in the cold.
Never miss a local story.
In recent years, however, the freedmen have begun to challenge their exclusion from membership. In 2006, the Cherokee Supreme Court ruled that the freedmen had a constitutional right to be enrolled. Chad Smith, then tribal chair, organized a petition among membership to change the tribe’s constitution. Fearful of sharing meager casino profits and access to medical care and education, the membership voted for the change.
In response to the freedmen ban, the federal government imposed economic sanctions against the tribe. It refused to issue millions of needed dollars for housing and other services because of the vote.
While I disagree with any federal attempt to stomp on tribal sovereignty, I do believe the Cherokee were wrong to exclude their black brothers and sisters from membership. They should have known better than to cut out such a devoted and contributing segment of their tribe.
Even as slaves, the freedmen worked alongside their owners, were invited to live in their homes and were granted full Cherokee membership through ceremony and culture. But the federal government’s imposition of harsh enrollment rules drove a wedge between the freedmen and the tribe. The Dawes Act, like just about every other federal policy imposed on Indian Country, created chaos and division.
Now this mistake has been undone. The Cherokee do not plan to appeal the court’s decision. “The Cherokee Nation respects the rule of law, and yesterday we began accepting and processing citizenship applications from freedmen descendants,” the tribe’s attorney general, Todd Hembree, said in a statement. “While the U.S. district court ruled against the Cherokee Nation, I do not see it as a defeat. As the attorney general, I see this as an opportunity to resolve the freedmen citizenship issue and allow the Cherokee Nation to move beyond this dispute.”
Mark Anthony Rolo is an enrolled member of the Bad River Band of Lake Superior Chippewa and author of the memoir “My Mother Is Now Earth.” He wrote this for Progressive Media Project, a source of liberal commentary on domestic and international issues; it is affiliated with The Progressive magazine.
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Black lives matter. Repeating this refrain is important not just in the United States, but here in France too. Even as major political figures continue to deny and minimise police brutality, stories of Black people suffering and dying at the hands of law enforcement officers abound. In Paris, as in other cities around the world, protesters have been turning out to demand change, and in particular to call for justice for Adama Traoré, a French man of Malian origin who died on his 24th birthday after being pinned down by police.1
In many parts of the world, discussions of racism in the police have spilled over into talk of dismantling other aspects of our systemically racist societies. One such aspect is the way in which historical slave owners and colonialists continue to be honoured by statues and in the names of our streets. We’ve seen this happen in the US, England, Scotland and Belgium.
It’s not the first time such moves have been made. The statue of slave trader Edward Colston in Bristol had long been the subject of debate, with some having called for its removal and others for a plaque recognising how he made his fortune. In Berlin, a movement has existed for years calling for streets such as Mohrenstraße (“Moor Street”) to be renamed. Petersallee, originally named after murderous colonial leader Carl Peters, was officially rededicated in 1986 in honour of Hans Peters, a Nazi-era resistance figure, but activists still want to see it renamed. In Paris, the rue Richepance, named after the General Antoine Richepanse2 who reintroduced slavery in Guadeloupe in 1802 after its abolition during the Revolution, was renamed in 2001 after the Chevalier de Saint-George, the Guadeloupean son of a white planter and an African slave, who campaigned for abolition in the 18th century.
For many, including President Emmanuel Macron, removing statues would constitute rewriting history. France, he said, “will not erase a single name from its history”. Similar arguments have been made elsewhere, including by Donald Trump and Boris Johnson. But is a statue really a historical record? Will removing one really make us forget? Personally, it’s thanks to these recent events that I’ve learned more about the legacy of slavery in cities like Bristol and Glasgow; it’s thanks to events in Brussels and Antwerp that I’ve learned about the genocidal policies of King Leopold II in the Congo. I’ve also discovered things about some of France’s heroes of which I was unaware: more on that below. And as many have pointed out, we remember the atrocities of the likes of Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini and Mao without placing them on pedestals and naming our streets after them. These actions are undeniably acts of veneration, not mere remembrance.
Port cities like Nantes and Bordeaux, like those on the UK’s western coasts, were built largely with money from the slave trade, and benefactors who helped build them are honoured in the names of their streets. Rather than renaming these, Bordeaux opted to add plaques detailing the negative side of their history.
In the northern city of Lille stands a statue of Louis Faidherbe, a general who successfully defended the city during the Franco-Prussian War. However, Faidherbe was also a colonial governor of Senegal, prompting calls for this statue to come down.
In some of France’s overseas departments, once colonies with a slave economy, the issue is particularly salient. In Saint-François, Guadeloupe, campaigners want to see the rue Jules Ferry renamed after George Floyd. Ferry is honoured in France for his time as education minister in the 1880s, when he introduced universal free, secular education3; he even features in the citizen’s booklet given to naturalisation candidates. But while in government, he promoted colonial expansion, saying the “superior races” have a “duty to civilise the inferior races”. He was instrumental in the occupation of Tunisia, Madagascar, parts of West Africa, and Indochina.
Opposite the prefecture in Saint-Denis, the capital of Réunion, stands a statue of 18th-century governor Mahé de la Bourdonnais, who made money from the slave trade and built public buildings using slave labour. Calls have been made to remove this statue, and protesters affixed a poster to it with the message “I am a slaver”.
On 22 May, two statues of white abolitionist Victor Schœlcher were torn down in the Martinican capital of Fort-de-France. This was three days before the murder of George Floyd, but has since been associated with the more recent protests. Schœlcher fought a successful battle for the 1848 abolition of slavery, but was a defender of colonialism and supported the payment of compensation to slave owners, something which protesters suggest is responsible for racial inequalities that persist to this day. His celebration is also seen as problematic for another reason: it presents France as a benevolent abolitionist country, drawing attention away from the horrors for which it is responsible, as well as ignoring the efforts of slaves themselves in their fight for freedom.
In the national capital, the main target of attacks has been the statue of Jean-Baptiste Colbert which stands outside the National Assembly building. As First Minister of State under Louis XIV, he was a colonial expansionist and – most infamously – drafted the Code Noir governing the conditions of slavery and punishments to be inflicted on wayward slaves. Colbert also has a road named after him, the rue Colbert, in the 2nd arrondissement.
I’ve mentioned Louis Faidherbe and Jules Ferry, two other men celebrated in France despite their colonial links. In Paris, both a street and a metro station4 are named after Faidherbe; a boulevard bears the name of Ferry, and his statue stands in the Jardin des Tuileries. Meanwhile, Revolutionary general Jacques-François Dugommier, a fervent supporter of slavery, gives his name to a street and a metro station4; his name is even inscribed in the Panthéon.
What about Napoleon Bonaparte? Better known in the English-speaking world for his European wars, he reintroduced slavery in the French colonies after its abolition during the Revolution; but a street in the 6th arrondissement is named after him, and he has a statue in the Hôtel des Invalides and another atop the Colonne Vendôme. Or, since we’re discussing Colbert, why not the king for whom he wrote the Code Noir, Louis XIV? The Place Vendôme was once called the Place Louis-le-Grand, after this conquering monarch; it was renamed during the Revolution, but the adjoining rue Louis-le-Grand retains the name to this day. The Sun King has a prominent statue, too – on horseback in the centre of the Place des Victoires – and two triumphal arches, the Porte Saint-Denis and the Porte Saint-Martin, bear the proud inscription Ludovico Magno – “to Louis the Great”.
There are other monuments to colonialism in Paris which don’t depict individuals, but do celebrate colonial expansion. One example is the Monument à la Gloire de l’Expansion Coloniale Française erected in 1915 in the Bois de Vincennes, with five sculptures: a seated woman to represent the Republic; a French cockerel atop a globe; and three more women to represent the Antilles, Africa and Asia. Relocated to the Porte Dorée for the Colonial Exposition of 1931, it was moved several times afterwards and ended up back in the park.
When in 1934 the monument to colonial expansion was relocated from the Porte Dorée, it was to make room for another work of sculpture, this time to remember the “Marchand mission”, an 1898 French attempt to take control of the Upper Nile which ended in the Fashoda Incident. Given that this incident is considered a humiliation for the French (who were forced to withdraw as the British gained control of the region), it’s perhaps surprising this monument was ever erected, even in an era when colonial escapades were viewed positively. Constructed of stone and bronze, the work depicts six French soldiers and six Senegalese Tirailleurs.
The way forward
Should all these monuments be destroyed or removed to museums? Should plaques be added to each of them to transform them from objects of adoration to tools of education? Any proposition will meet controversy, and I don’t claim to know the right answers; as a white foreigner, I don’t claim the right to make such decisions. But it does seem clear to me that the discussion is a fair one and should be had.
With all of this said, while such discussions can easily fill a newspaper column or indeed a blog post, it’s important not to let them derail other more important conversations. Systemic racial inequalities are a very real modern-day problem for people of minority origin in France and elsewhere, and police brutality is literally an issue of life and death. In case, like me, you’ve been wanting to do something about this but have been unsure how, I’ll conclude with a few links that might help you get started.
- 11 Things You Can Do To Help Black Lives Matter End Police Violence from Teen Vogue. This article has a US focus, but there are plenty of things we can do wherever we are.
- How to support Black Lives Matter, wherever you are from Time Out. Again, the focus is on the USA, but there is also some specific information for UK residents.
- Black Lives Matter: What can you do? from Hackney Citizen. This is aimed at readers in Hackney, London, but again includes information that could be useful to people around the world, including a reading list.
- “Let’s wake up”, an open letter in news magazine L’Obs by French actor Omar Sy with an associated petition.
- Laissez-Nous Respirer (Let Us Breathe), a petition to the president from families of victims of police brutality in France, supported by campaign groups such as the Human Rights League, with a specific list of demands around minimising dangerous police practices.
Traoré’s death is linked to an interrogation technique called plaquage ventral: lying a suspect face down and applying weight to the torso. The Interior Minister has announced that chokeholds involving the neck will be banned, but this particular technique will be allowed to remain in use, despite having been linked to other deaths: those of Cédric Chouviat, Mohamed Gabsi, and others including Mohamed Boukrourou, Mohamed Saoud, Lamine Dieng, Hakim Ajimi, … ↩
The spelling difference is historical, not a typo. ↩
Outside Metropolitan France, public education wasn’t made truly universal, with priority given to the children of colonists over the local non-white populations. ↩
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Some of the links in this post are affiliate links. This means if you click on the link and purchase the item, I will receive an affiliate commission at no extra cost to you. All thoughts & opinions remain my own.
The other day I was in the grocery store shopping for turkey burgers. I went into the store knowing exactly was I was looking for. At least I thought I did. Until I started looking around and realized just how many choices there were.
They had low fat turkey burgers, full fat turkey burgers, spicy turkey burgers, and some claiming to be “all natural”. With all of these choices I realized just how important it is to read food labels. There were so many brands claiming to be “healthy” yet the ingredient list had 10+ items, and some I didn’t even recognize!
So in order to help all of you make smarter food choices I want to go over the basics of how to read food labels! Food labels, also known as nutrition fact labels, are required by law to be on all food packaging. So here are the basics of what you need to know:
1. Serving Size
Always start by reading the serving size. It shows you how much food equals one serving. However make sure to compare your portion to the recommended serving size. For example, if the serving size is 1 cup of yogurt, and you will be eating 2 cups, you need to double all of the nutrition information. This is where a lot of companies try to trick you. They might list a serving size as 1/2 of the bottle, when they know that most people will drink the entire bottle at once.
Next take a look at the calories in each serving. Our bodies require calories to function. Calories come from the 3 macronutrients: fat, carbohydrates, and protein. Again, if you will be eating 2 servings of the food, you will need to double the calories. The amount of calories you need depends on you age, gender, size, and activity level.
Food labels break down fat into 3 main categories: saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and monounsaturated fat. They will also sometimes include trans fat, which you want to avoid completely. In general, you want to limit your saturated fat intake, and consume most of your fat from unsaturated sources (however there are a few exceptions to this rule).
4. Cholesterol & Sodium
According to the Office for Disease Prevention, you daily intake of cholesterol should be no more than 300 mg, and no more than 200mg if you are considered at risk for heart disease. Sodium is found in salt, and the American Heart Association recommends limiting sodium to less than 1500mg a day.
Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of energy. Total carbohydrates on a food label have two subcategories: fiber and sugar. When it comes to sugar, the American Heart Association wants you to limit added sugar. to less than 9 tsp for men and less than 6 tsp for women. Diabetics will need to keep a close eye on carbohydrates in food, because they are broken down into sugars during digestion.
Protein is important for the body because it is used to build muscle and fight infection. Protein can also help keep you full for longer, which makes it an important component of each meal.
I realize that there are lot of things to look at on a food label, but it gets easier over time. Knowing what to look for will help save you a lot of time in the grocery store. If you need help with healthy eating and don’t know where to start, check out my online health coaching programs today. My Healthy Habits program really dives deeper into healthy eating and can completely change your relationship with food in just 90 days!
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While anesthesiologists are confidently knocking people out and waking them up on a daily basis, giving them analgesics and related meds, a lot of the mechanisms of the drugs they use are poorly understood. To help in uncovering how opioids operate, researchers at University of Pennsylvania developed a completely electronic μ-opioid sensor that can be used as a laboratory instrument.
The investigators developed an artificial μ-opioid receptor protein that was modified to be soluble in water in order to make it practical for lab work. It was then bound to a graphene substrate that acted as a field-effect transistor capable of detecting its electric properties when the μ-opioid receptor is activated. The team was able to fit about 200 of such devices on a single square inch chip, of which only one failed during testing.
“We can measure each device individually and average the results, which greatly reduces the noise,” A.T. Charlie Johnson, director of Penn’s Nano/Bio Interface Center and professor of physics in Penn Arts & Sciences, says. “Or you could imagine attaching 10 different kinds of receptors to 20 devices each, all on the same chip, if you wanted to test for multiple chemicals at once.”
In the researcher’s experiment, they tested their devices’ ability to detect the concentration of naltrexone, a drug used in alcohol and opioid addiction treatment because it binds to—and blocks—the natural opioid receptors that produce the narcotic effects patients seek.
“It’s not clear whether the receptors on the devices are as selective as they are in the biological context,” Jeffery Saven, professor of chemistry in Penn Arts & Sciences, says, “as the ones on your cells that can tell the difference between an agonist, like morphine, and an antagonist, like naltrexone, which binds to the receptor but does nothing. By working with the receptor-functionalized graphene devices, however, not only can we make better diagnostic tools, but we can also potentially get a better understanding of how the bimolecular system actually works in the body.”
Liu notes that many novel opioids have been developed over the centuries, however, none of them has achieved potent analgesic effects without notorious side effects, including devastating addiction and respiratory depression.
“This novel tool could potentially aid the development of new opioids that minimize these side effects,” he says.
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The Ssahng Jeol Bong (better known as the nunchaku or nunchucku) is a weapon which benefits coordination and dexterity as well as upper body conditioning.
The history of the Ssahng Jeol Bong is quite interesting. "In its earliest form, the Ssahng Jeol Bong served the farmer in the harvesting of his crops by separating grain from the shaft. Picture a harvest of grain laying on a specially prepared surface. The farmer would beat the crop with a tool that was comprised of a long staff with a shorter stick attached to the end by a rope. The length of the longer staff would help generate power into the strike, making the job somewhat easier for the farmer. By beating the crop with the tool, the shorter stick would make the grain separate from the plant so that it could be harvested.
"During times of war, this farm tool could easily be used as a weapon. Often called a Chul Te or Dur Ree Ge, we may be able to picture it easier if we think of a mace. In these battles, the length of the longer staff allowed the warrior to stay at a safer distance from his opponent and would also aid in the generation of power into the strike. As peace time prevailed, the warriors, with little to do but train, refashioned the Chul Te into smaller versions until we have the design we are familiar with today."
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The year's most famous full moonthe harvest moon, which occurs on September 10recalls how deeply the moon is intertwined with our culture. For millennia, people have looked to the moon not only to mark the passage of time but to celebrate the cycle of life, and even to assign blame for the vagaries of human biology and behavior. Many beliefs about the moon's influence on human affairs remain embedded in myths. But do any stand up to scientific scrutiny?
Popular literature often associates the full moon with mental illness. When psychologist Ivan W. Kelly of the University of Saskatchewan and two colleagues reviewed 100 studies of putative moon-influenced behaviors, however, they could find no correlation. A study of 4,190 suicides over 58 years in Sacramento County, California, uncovered no ties with the moon, full or otherwise. Several studies likewise revealed no link between lunar phases and psychiatric-hospital admissions, while one claiming to reveal such a connection showed that mental crises seem to be lowest during a full moon.
Crime is also commonly linked to the phases of the moon. Arnold Lieber, a psychologist at the University of Miami, analyzed 14 years of homicides in Dade County, Florida, and reported evidence of a lunar pattern. The claim, published in 1972 and updated by Lieber in a popular book, is widely cited on the Internet. Subsequent analyses of the Dade County data, including one by the late astronomer George Abell of the University of California at Los Angeles, failed to support Lieber's conclusions. Crime rates increased during hot weather and on weekends, but they had no association with the moon.
|The moon brightens abruptly as it moves into position opposite the sun in the sky, where shadows vanish and sunlight bounces straight back from the lunar soil. In the 2 1/2 days leading up to the full moon, it doubles in brilliance, which is one reason that phase seems so dramatic. |
Many physicians still agree with the folk wisdom that human births march to a lunar drumbeat. A 1959 study of 500,000 births in New York City, carried out by father-and-son doctors Walter and Abraham Menaker, seemed to show a 1 percent increase in births around the full moon. Once again, follow-up research could not duplicate the finding. Kelly, in collaboration with Belgian chemist Ronnie Martens and psychologist Donald H. Saklofske of the University of Saskatchewan, evaluated 21 moon/birth studies. More recently, astronomer Daniel Caton of Appalachian State University sorted through 70 million birth records from the National Center for Health Statistics. Both studies reached the same conclusion: No connection exists.
Menstrual cycles have been linked with the lunar cycle for thousands of years. The word menstruation is derived from the same root as moon, and recent research shows that the average woman's menstrual period is in fact very close in duration to the 29 1/2-day length of the lunar month. On the other hand, only about 30 percent of all women have periods that are within two days of the average, and many are irregular. Furthermore, the only other creature with an estrous cycle of similar duration is the opossum. One would have to believe that humans and opossums, among all mammals, were specially chosen by nature to be linked to the moon.
There are many ways in which the moon unambiguously affects life on Earth. Ocean tides, which average five feet high worldwide, rule the activity cycles of marine organisms and their predators, especially within the intertidal zone. Atmospheric tides change barometric pressure and may cause a slight statistical increase in cloudiness and rainfall around the full moon. Solid tides raise the ground eight inches. These gravitational effects steadily slow Earth's rotation, so our day is many hours longer than it would be without the moon.
The evidence linking the moon with everyday human life, in contrast, seems little more than hearsay. But only a lunatic would consider the case closed.
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Cancer treatment and nutrition
The side effects of common cancer therapies vary by the treatment and the area of the body undergoing treatment. The following are some side effects and helpful suggestions. They do not replace, but rather aid, drugs used to relieve these symptoms.
CHEWING AND SWALLOWING DIFFICULTY
Thick liquids such as milkshakes or semisolid foods like mashed potatoes and gravy may be easier to swallow and are less likely to cause aspiration (inhaling food).
PAIN, NAUSEA, VOMITING, DIARRHEA
Eating a meal immediately before or after the treatment may ease symptoms. Your position while eating may also contribute to symptoms.
TASTE CHANGES AND AVERSIONS
BODY WEIGHT LOSS AND MUSCLE WASTING
Some cancer patients become unable to digest dairy products, which is called lactose intolerance. Symptoms include bloating, gas, and diarrhea immediately after eating lactose-containing foods.
People with lactose intolerance have trouble digesting the sugar in milk. Lactose intolerance is due to an inability to produce lactase, the enzyme that digests milk. The wall of the gastrointestinal tract produces this enzyme. You can take lactase to help you digest lactose products.
You can also buy lactose-free milk at most grocery stores. Cultured dairy products such as yogurt, cheeses, and buttermilk will contain less lactose, because the active cultures help to digest it.
You may be able to tolerate small amounts of lactose occasionally. Or, you may have to remove lactose entirely from your diet until you have fully recovered from your cancer therapy.
Surgery on the stomach may cause dumping syndrome. If you have dumping syndrome, food is "dumped" into the small intestine 10 or 15 minutes after being swallowed. Ordinarily, food is partially digested in the stomach, then released gradually into the digestive tract.
The presence of undigested food in the intestine leads to:
Recommendations for dumping syndrome are:
LOSS OF APPETITE
If you are experiencing loss of appetite, adjust your diet to include any foods that appeal to you. Consider asking your doctor about appetite-stimulating drugs.
DeLegge MH. Nutrition in gastrointestinal diseases. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2010:chap 5.
© 2011 University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC). All rights reserved.
UMMC is a member of the University of Maryland Medical System,
22 S. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201. TDD: 1-800-735-2258 or 1.866.408.6885
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Phalec (Luk 3:35) = Peleg (q.v.), Gen 11:16.
Phallu Separated, the second son of Reuben (Gen 46:9).
Phalti Deliverance of the Lord, the son of Laish of Gallim (Sa1 25:44) =
Phaltiel (Sa2 3:15). Michal, David's wife, was given to him.
Phanuel Face of God, father of the prophetess Anna (q.v.), Luk 2:36.
Pharaoh The official title borne by the Egyptian kings down to the time when that country was conquered by the Greeks. (See EGYPT.) The name is a compound, as some think, of the words Ra, the "sun" or "sun-god," and the article phe, "the," prefixed; hence phera, "the sun," or "the sun-god." But others, perhaps more correctly, think the name derived from Perao, "the great house" = his majesty = in Turkish, "the Sublime Porte." (1.) The Pharaoh who was on the throne when Abram went down into Egypt (Gen 12:10) was probably one of the Hyksos, or "shepherd kings." The Egyptians called the nomad tribes of Syria Shasu, "plunderers," their king or chief Hyk, and hence the name of those invaders who conquered the native kings and established a strong government, with Zoan or Tanis as their capital. They were of Semitic origin, and of kindred blood accordingly with Abram. They were probably driven forward by the pressure of the Hittites. The name they bear on the monuments is "Mentiu." (2.) The Pharaoh of Joseph's days (Gen. 41) was probably Apopi, or Apopis, the last of the Hyksos kings. To the old native Egyptians, who were an African race, shepherds were "an abomination;" but to the Hyksos kings these Asiatic shepherd who now appeared with Jacob at their head were congenial, and being akin to their own race, had a warm welcome (Gen 47:5, Gen 47:6). Some argue that Joseph came to Egypt in the reign of Thothmes III., long after the expulsion of the Hyksos, and that his influence is to be seen in the rise and progress of the religious revolution in the direction of monotheism which characterized the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty. The wife of Amenophis III., of that dynasty, was a Semite. Is this singular fact to be explained from the presence of some of Joseph's kindred at the Egyptian court? Pharaoh said to Joseph, "Thy father and thy brethren are come unto thee: the land of Egypt is before thee; in the best of the land make thy father and brethren to dwell" (Gen 47:5, Gen 47:6). (3.) The "new king who knew not Joseph" (Exo 1:8) has been generally supposed to have been Aahmes I., or Amosis, as he is called by Josephus. Recent discoveries, however, have led to the conclusion that Seti was the "new king." For about seventy years the Hebrews in Egypt were under the powerful protection of Joseph. After his death their condition was probably very slowly and gradually changed. The invaders, the Hyksos, who for some five centuries had been masters of Egypt, were driven out, and the old dynasty restored. The Israelites now began to be looked down upon. They began to be afflicted and tyrannized over. In process of time a change appears to have taken place in the government of Egypt. A new dynasty, the Nineteenth, as it is called, came into power under Seti I., who was its founder. He associated with him in his government his son, Rameses II., when he was yet young, probably ten or twelve years of age. Note: Professor Maspero, keeper of the museum of Bulak, near Cairo, had his attention in 1870 directed to the fact that scarabs, i.e., stone and metal imitations of the beetle (symbols of immortality), originally worn as amulets by royal personages, which were evidently genuine relics of the time of the ancient Pharaohs, were being sold at Thebes and different places along the Nile. This led him to suspect that some hitherto undiscovered burial-place of the Pharaohs had been opened, and that these and other relics, now secretly sold, were a part of the treasure found there. For a long time he failed, with all his ingenuity, to find the source of these rare treasures. At length one of those in the secret volunteered to give information regarding this burial-place. The result was that a party was conducted in 1881 to Dier el-Bahari, near Thebes, when the wonderful discovery was made of thirty-six mummies of kings, queens, princes, and high priests hidden away in a cavern prepared for them, where they had lain undisturbed for thirty centuries. "The temple of Deir el-Bahari stands in the middle of a natural amphitheater of cliffs, which is only one of a number of smaller amphitheaters into which the limestone mountains of the tombs are broken up. In the wall of rock separating this basin from the one next to it some ancient Egyptian engineers had constructed the hiding-place, whose secret had been kept for nearly three thousand years." The exploring party being guided to the place, found behind a great rock a shaft 6 feet square and about 40 feet deep, sunk into the limestone. At the bottom of this a passage led westward for 25 feet, and then turned sharply northward into the very heart of the mountain, where in a chamber 23 feet by 13, and 6 feet in height, they came upon the wonderful treasures of antiquity. The mummies were all carefully secured and brought down to Bulak, where they were deposited in the royal museum, which has now been removed to Ghizeh. Among the most notable of the ancient kings of Egypt thus discovered were Thothmes III., Seti I., and Rameses II. Thothmes III. was the most distinguished monarch of the brilliant Eighteenth Dynasty. When this mummy was unwound "once more, after an interval of thirty-six centuries, human eyes gazed on the features of the man who had conquered Syria and Cyprus and Ethiopia, and had raised Egypt to the highest pinnacle of her power. The spectacle, however, was of brief duration. The remains proved to be in so fragile a state that there was only time to take a hasty photograph, and then the features crumbled to pieces and vanished like an apparition, and so passed away from human view for ever." "It seems strange that though the body of this man," who overran Palestine with his armies two hundred years before the birth of Moses, "mouldered to dust, the flowers with which it had been wreathed were so wonderfully preserved that even their colour could be distinguished" (Manning's Land of the Pharaohs). Seti I. (his throne name Merenptah), the father of Rameses II., was a great and successful warrior, also a great builder. The mummy of this Pharaoh, when unrolled, brought to view "the most beautiful mummy head ever seen within the walls of the museum. The sculptors of Thebes and Abydos did not flatter this Pharaoh when they gave him that delicate, sweet, and smiling profile which is the admiration of travelers. After a lapse of thirty-two centuries, the mummy retains the same expression which characterized the features of the living man. Most remarkable of all, when compared with the mummy of Rameses II., is the striking resemblance between the father and the son. Seti I. is, as it were, the idealized type of Rameses II. He must have died at an advanced age. The head is shaven, the eyebrows are white, the condition of the body points to considerably more than threescore years of life, thus confirming the opinions of the learned, who have attributed a long reign to this king." (4.) Rameses II., the son of Seti I., is probably the Pharaoh of the Oppression. During his forty years' residence at the court of Egypt, Moses must have known this ruler well. During his sojourn in Midian, however, Rameses died, after a reign of sixty-seven years, and his body embalmed and laid in the royal sepulchre in the Valley of the Tombs of Kings beside that of his father. Like the other mummies found hidden in the cave of Deir el-Bahari, it had been for some reason removed from its original tomb, and probably carried from place to place till finally deposited in the cave where it was so recently discovered. In 1886, the mummy of this king, the "great Rameses," the "Sesostris" of the Greeks, was unwound, and showed the body of what must have been a robust old man. The features revealed to view are thus described by Maspero: "The head is long and small in proportion to the body. The top of the skull is quite bare. On the temple there are a few sparse hairs, but at the poll the hair is quite thick, forming smooth, straight locks about two inches in length. White at the time of death, they have been dyed a light yellow by the spices used in embalming. The forehead is low and narrow; the brow-ridge prominent; the eye-brows are thick and white; the eyes are small and close together; the nose is long, thin, arched like the noses of the Bourbons; the temples are sunk; the cheek-bones very prominent; the ears round, standing far out from the head, and pierced, like those of a woman, for the wearing of earrings; the jaw-bone is massive and strong; the chin very prominent; the mouth small, but thick-lipped; the teeth worn and very brittle, but white and well preserved. The mustache and beard are thin. They seem to have been kept shaven during life, but were probably allowed to grow during the king's last illness, or they may have grown after death. The hairs are white, like those of the head and eyebrows, but are harsh and bristly, and a tenth of an inch in length. The skin is of an earthy-brown, streaked with black. Finally, it may be said, the face of the mummy gives a fair idea of the face of the living king. The expression is unintellectual, perhaps slightly animal; but even under the somewhat grotesque disguise of mummification there is plainly to be seen an air of sovereign majesty, of resolve, and of pride." Both on his father's and his mother's side it has been pretty clearly shown that Rameses had Chaldean or Mesopotamian blood in his veins to such a degree that he might be called an Assyrian. This fact is thought to throw light on Isa 52:4. (5.) The Pharaoh of the Exodus was probably Menephtah I., the fourteenth and eldest surviving son of Rameses II. He resided at Zoan, where he had the various interviews with Moses and Aaron recorded in the book of Exodus. His mummy was not among those found at Deir el-Bahari. It is still a question, however, whether Seti II. or his father Menephtah was the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Some think the balance of evidence to be in favour of the former, whose reign it is known began peacefully, but came to a sudden and disastrous end. The "Harris papyrus," found at Medinet-Abou in Upper Egypt in 1856, a state document written by Rameses III., the second king of the Twentieth Dynasty, gives at length an account of a great exodus from Egypt, followed by wide-spread confusion and anarchy. This, there is great reason to believe, was the Hebrew exodus, with which the Nineteenth Dynasty of the Pharaohs came to an end. This period of anarchy was brought to a close by Setnekht, the founder of the Twentieth Dynasty. "In the spring of 1896, Professor Flinders Petrie discovered, among the ruins of the temple of Menephtah at Thebes, a large granite stela, on which is engraved a hymn of victory commemorating the defeat of Libyan invaders who had overrun the Delta. At the end other victories of Menephtah are glanced at, and it is said that 'the Israelites (I-s-y-r-a-e-l-u) are minished (?) so that they have no seed.' Menephtah was son and successor of Rameses II., the builder of Pithom, and Egyptian scholars have long seen in him the Pharaoh of the Exodus. The Exodus is also placed in his reign by the Egyptian legend of the event preserved by the historian Manetho. In the inscription the name of the Israelites has no determinative of 'country' or 'district' attached to it, as is the case with all the other names (Canaan, Ashkelon, Gezer, Khar or Southern Palestine, etc.) mentioned along with it, and it would therefore appear that at the time the hymn was composed, the Israelites had already been lost to the sight of the Egyptians in the desert, At all events they must have had as yet no fixed home or district of their own. We may therefore see in the reference to them the Pharaoh's version of the Exodus, the disasters which befell the Egyptians being naturally passed over in silence, and only the destruction of the 'men children' of the Israelites being recorded. The statement of the Egyptian poet is a remarkable parallel to Exo 1:10." (6.) The Pharaoh of Kg1 11:18. (7.) So, king of Egypt (Kg2 17:4). (8.) The Pharaoh of Ch1 4:18. (9.) Pharaoh, whose daughter Solomon married (Kg1 3:1; Kg1 7:8). (10.) Pharaoh, in whom Hezekiah put his trust in his war against Sennacherib (Kg2 18:21). (11.) The Pharaoh by whom Josiah was defeated and slain at Megiddo (Ch2 35:20; Kg2 23:29, Kg2 23:30). (See NECHO.) (12.) Pharaoh-hophra, who in vain sought to relieve Jerusalem when it was besieged by Nebuchadnezzar (q.v.), Kg2 25:1; compare Jer 37:5; Eze 17:11. (See ZEDEKIAH.)
Pharaoh's Daughters Three princesses are thus mentioned in Scripture:, (1.) The princess who adopted the infant Moses (q.v.), Exo 2:10. She is twice mentioned in the New Testament (Act 7:21; Heb 11:24). It would seem that she was alive and in some position of influence about the court when Moses was compelled to flee from Egypt, and thus for forty years he had in some way been under her influence. She was in all probability the sister of Rameses, and the daughter of Seti I. Josephus calls her Thermuthis. It is supposed by some that she was Nefert-ari, the wife as well as sister of Rameses. The mummy of this queen was among the treasures found at Deir-el-Bahari. (2.) "Bithiah the daughter of Pharaoh, which Mered took (Ch1 4:18). (3.) The wife of Solomon (Kg1 3:1). This is the first reference since the Exodus to any connection of Israel with Egypt.
Pharez Breach, the elder of the twin sons of Judah (Gen 38:29). From him the royal line of David sprang (Rut 4:18). "The chief of all the captains of the host" was of the children of Perez (Ch1 27:3; Mat 1:3).
Pharisees Separatists (Heb. persahin , from parash , "to separate"). They were probably the successors of the Assideans (i.e., the "pious"), a party that originated in the time of Antiochus Epiphanes in revolt against his heathenizing policy. The first mention of them is in a description by Josephus of the three sects or schools into which the Jews were divided (145 B.C.). The other two sects were the Essenes and the Sadducees. In the time of our Lord they were the popular party (Joh 7:48). They were extremely accurate and minute in all matters appertaining to the law of Moses (Mat 9:14; Mat 23:15; Luk 11:39; Luk 18:12). Paul, when brought before the council of Jerusalem, professed himself a Pharisee (Act 23:6; Act 26:4, Act 26:5). There was much that was sound in their creed, yet their system of religion was a form and nothing more. Theirs was a very lax morality (Mat 5:20; Mat 15:4, Mat 15:8; Mat 23:3, Mat 23:14, Mat 23:23, Mat 23:25; Joh 8:7). On the first notice of them in the New Testament (Mat 3:7), they are ranked by our Lord with the Sadducees as a "generation of vipers." They were noted for their self-righteousness and their pride (Mat 9:11; Luk 7:39; Luk 18:11, Luk 18:12). They were frequently rebuked by our Lord (Mat 12:39; Mat 16:1). From the very beginning of his ministry the Pharisees showed themselves bitter and persistent enemies of our Lord. They could not bear his doctrines, and they sought by every means to destroy his influence among the people.
Pharpar Swift, one of the rivers of Damascus (Kg2 5:12). It has been identified with the 'Awaj , "a small lively river." The whole of the district watered by the 'Awaj is called the Wady el-'Ajam , i.e., "the valley of the Persians", so called for some unknown reason. This river empties itself into the lake or marsh Bahret Hijaneh , on the east of Damascus. One of its branches bears the modern name of Wady Barbar , which is probably a corruption of Pharpar .
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Angela Davis (born January 26,1944) in Birmingham Alabama is a political activist, author, and scholar. She is a liberator and a leader.
- Educator, Author
- Clear communicator who partners with organizations such as the Black Panther Party and the Communist Party to fight for the rights of the people
- Political activist with over 20 years of experience
- Has an influential impact on the community
- A leader of the communists party
- Founder of Critical Resistance-an organization working to abolish the prison-industrial complex.
- Former director of the University of California’s Feminist Studies department
- Retired professor with the Hisory of Consciousness Department at the University of California
- Brandies University (B.A) 1965
- University of California, San Diego (M.A)
- Humboldt University (PhD)
Awards and Recognition
- The recipient of the Thomas Merton Center Award in 2006
- Received the distinguished honor of an appointment to the University of California Presidential Chair in African American and Feminist Studies 1994
- Received the Black Girls Rock Icon Award 2011
- Recieved the Lenin Peace Prize 1979
- Angela Davis: An Autobiography 1974
- Women, Race, and Class 1981
- If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance 1972
- One of her biggest accomplishments was receiving the Lenin Peace Prize in 1979 for strengthening peace among people.
- She made african american people aware of the corruption of the government.
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Biodiv Sci ›› 2007, Vol. 15 ›› Issue (6): 618-625.
• Special Issue •
Wanjin Liao*, Zhengmei Wang, Lina Xie, Wen Xiao, Yue Sun
Interaction between animal-pollinated plants and their pollinators is thought to be an important selecting force shaping the evolution of flowers. Successful pollination of a plant relies on its attractiveness to pollinators and the ability of the pollinators to deposit enough compatible pollen on the flower’s stigma. To assess the attractiveness, we manipulated the flower of Aconitum kusnezoffii by removing the sepals and pet-als, respectively. We then evaluated the mating system based on pollinator behavior and flower biology of A. kusnezoffii. The bumblebee, Bombus ignites, was the effective pollinator of A. kusnezoffii. Bumblebee be-havior differed on the manipulated flowers. The visiting frequency was significantly reduced by se-pal-removal treatment, but remained unchanged by nectar-removal treatment. Bumblebees were attracted by the flower exterior morphology formed by five sepals, not by the nectary formed by the two petals. The two lower sepals provided a landing platform, and the uppermost sepal functioned as a nectar guide, ensuring bumblebee find the nectar precisely and rapidly. The two lateral sepals restricted the direction in which a bumblebee can enter the flower, ensuring pollination efficiency in zygomorphic flowers. Nectar was the main reward for bumblebees, with a sugar concentration of 39.23% and histidine concentration of 0.25 μg/μL. The flower of A. kusnezoffii was large, protandrous and herkogamous, suggesting an outcrossing mating system based on the outcrossing index. In Aconitum inflorescences the oldest flowers were functionally female at the bottom of acropetal racemes, while younger flowers were functionally male at the upper positions. Bombus ignites generally flew from a younger functionally male flower near the top of an A. kusnezoffii inflorescence to an older functionally female flower near the bottom of another inflorescence, and then moved progres-sively upward. This behavior promoted the outcrossing of A. kusnezoffii. Aconitum kusnezoffii flowers were strongly protandrous, with the male phase lasting 2–4 days, during which the anthers gradually dehisced. Aconitum packaged pollen within each flower as individual anthers dehisced over a protracted period. Such pollen packaging necessarily limited pollen removal during single visits and increased male fitness by pro-moting pollen dispersal.
Wanjin Liao, Zhengmei Wang, Lina Xie, Wen Xiao, Yue Sun. Floral advertisement and rewards in bumblebee-pollinated Aconitum kusnezoffii (Ranunculaceae)[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2007, 15(6): 618-625.
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Editorial Office of Biodiversity Science, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
Tel: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: email@example.com
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Raynaud's phenomenon is a little understood condition in which the fingers and
toes show an exaggerated sensitivity to cold. Classic cases show a
characteristic white, blue, and red color sequence as the digits lose blood
supply and then rewarm. Some people develop only one or two of these signs.
The cause of Raynaud's phenomenon is unknown. It can occur by itself, as primary Raynaud’s (also called Raynaud’s disease), or as a consequence of other illnesses, such as
scleroderma. In the latter case, it is called secondary Raynaud’s.
Conventional treatment consists mainly of reassurance and the recommendation
to avoid exposure to cold and the use of tobacco (which can worsen Raynaud's).
In severe cases, a variety of drugs can be tried.
Preliminary evidence supports the use of several natural supplements in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Most of the positive evidence regards primary Raynaud’s.
In a 17-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 35 people with Raynaud’s,
fish oil (taken at a dose that provided a total of 3.96 g of EPA and 2.64 g of DHA daily) reduced reaction to cold among those with primary Raynaud’s disease, but did not seem to help those with Raynaud’s caused by other illnesses.2
In an 84-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 23 people with primary Raynaud’s, use of
inositol hexaniacinate significantly reduced the frequency of attacks.1
has been found to increase circulation in the fingertips
6 and thus has been proposed as a treatment for Raynaud’s. A 10-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 22 people with primary Raynaud’s found that use of ginkgo at the very high dose of 120 mg 3 times daily reduced the number of Raynaud’s attacks.8
One very small double-blind study found suggestions that
evening primrose oil might help primary or secondary Raynaud’s.4,5
A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial of 10 individuals failed to find
arginine at 8 g daily helpful for primary Raynaud’s.7
A small double-blind trial tested the effects of a single dose of 2 g
on Raynaud’s caused by
scleroderma and found no benefit.9
Current evidence suggests that
biofeedback is at most no more than marginally effective for Raynaud’s.10,11
The same is true of
Sunderland GT, Belch JJ, Sturrock RD, et al. A double-blind randomised placebo controlled trial of hexopal in primary Raynaud’s disease.
Clin Rheumatol. 1988;7:46-49.
DiGiacomo RA, Kremer JM, Shah DM. Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study.
Am J Med. 1989;86:158-164.
Ringer TV, Hughes GS, Spillers CR, et al. Fish oil blunts the pain response to cold pressor testing in normal males [abstract].
J Am Coll Nutr. 1989;8:435.
Belch JJ, Shaw B, O’Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) as a treatment for cold-induced vasospasm (Raynaud’s phenomenon).
Prog Lipid Res.
Belch JJ, Shaw B, O’Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a double-blind study.
Thromb Haemost. 1985;54:490-494.
Jung F, Mrowietz C, Kiesewetter H, et al. Effect of
on fluidity of blood and peripheral microcirculation in volunteers.
Khan F, Litchfield SJ, McLaren M, et al. Oral L-arginine supplementation and cutaneous vascular responses in patients with primary Raynaud's phenomenon.
Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40:352-357.
Muir AH, Robb R, McLaren M, et al. The use of ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.
Vasc Med. 2002;7:265-267.
Mavrikakis ME, Lekakis JP, Papamichael CM, et al. Ascorbic acid does not improve endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation of the brachial artery in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis.
Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2003;73:3-7.
Raynaud's Treatment Study Investigators. Comparison of sustained-release nifedipine and temperature biofeedback for treatment of primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Results from a randomized clinical trial with 1-year follow-up.
Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1101-1108.
Freedman RR, Ianni P, Wenig P. Behavioral treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in scleroderma.
J Behav Med. 1984;7:343-353.
Hahn M, Steins A, Mohrle M et al. Is there a vasospasmolytic effect of acupuncture in patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon?
J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2005;2:758-762.
Last reviewed August 2013 by EBSCO CAM Review Board
Please be aware that this information is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. CALL YOUR HEALTHCARE PROVIDER IMMEDIATELY IF YOU THINK YOU MAY HAVE A MEDICAL EMERGENCY. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing. All rights reserved.
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| 0.848803 | 1,337 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Driven to distraction
Why autonomous cars are still a pipe-dream
HOW much automatic aid should motorists accept from their cars? Most of us might be tempted to think the more the better.
After all, automatic gearboxes, servo-assisted brakes and power steering have taken much of the grunt work out of driving. Meanwhile, traction and stability-control systems have reduced the propensity of sport-utlity vehicles to roll over. With parking and navigation assistance, drivers can focus on pedestrians and traffic rather than kerbs and maps.
Now, even more advanced driver aids are finding their way from trucks and luxury vehicles into family cars. Prominent among them are devices that warn of—and take action to prevent—potential collisions, or nudge a driver who's drifting into an adjacent lane. Adaptive headlights peer around bends to see what's lurking in the dark. Blind-spot detectors warn of unseen hazards approaching from behind.
Such developments suggest the driverless car can't be far behind. Indeed, last November's “Urban Challenge”, sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), proved that autonomous vehicles could mix in with live traffic in a typical urban environment, while executing complex manoeuvres like merging, overtaking, negotiating four-way intersections and parking.
This was the third such challenge DARPA has sponsored. This year's first prize, worth $2m, went to a team from Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, which completed the 60-mile obstacle course at an average of 14mph—about the same speed driven during rush hour in Los Angeles. Six of the 11 finalists (out of 89 original entrants) finished the course.
Unlike pilotless aircraft such as the Predator (used in Afghanistan), which are flown remotely by aircrew on the ground, driverless vehicles in DARPA's competition had to make all handling and traffic decisions themselves. They had to obey all traffic laws while avoiding other robotic vehicles and live motorists jostling for position. In other words, the onboard software had to make intelligent decisions as it responded in real time to other vehicles on the road.
No question that autonomous vehicles will have an important role to play in minefields or where roadside bombs are an ever-present threat. But, absent such hazards, would a fully autonomous car that could carve its way through traffic without the driver touching the controls be desirable?
Difficult to say. The question goes to the arcane heart of control theory.
Before deciding there were easier things to do in life, your correspondent spent his formative years computing Nyquist control diagrams for flying machines that would ensure they pointed in the right direction while performing arduous manoeuvres. In many ways, the problems then were not all that different from those confronting driverless cars today.
In fact, the radio altimeters aboard a contour-hugging missile are close relatives of the adaptive cruise-control (ACC) system used to relieve motorists of having to brake and accelerate to maintain a constant distance behind a car in front. Meanwhile, those ACC systems introduced in cars a decade or so ago are now morphing into early-warning systems, similar to those on combat aircraft, designed to protect their operators from hazards surrounding them.
Among the biggest road hazards is the one ahead. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), an independent research institute supported by the insurance industry and based in Arlington, Virginia, reckons there are around 2.3m head-on collisions on American roads annually, causing some 7,200 fatalities. A further 3,100 or so deaths result from drivers braking too late.
Mitigating frontal crashes and panic braking—by alerting drivers to dangers ahead and, if necessary, automatically applying the brakes and even boosting the pedal pressure—could go a long way to reducing the number of people (42,000) killed annually on American roads. Carmakers that already incorporate such safety features include Acura, Mercedes and Volvo.
The other big killer on American roads is lack of lane discipline. While the number of accidents caused by straying into an adjacent lane is relatively small, such incidents account for a surprisingly high 10,300 deaths a year.
Lane-departure warning systems work by optically tracking lane markers using a digital camera, and then vibrating the steering wheel or making a drumming noise when the driver drifts wide. Cars that keep drivers on the straight-and-narrow include models from Audi, BMW, Buick, Cadillac, Infiniti and Volvo.
The technology for doing all these things is becoming amazingly reliable and cheap. Used as intended, no question it could avert countless accidents and save thousands of lives.
But in the race to develop the fully autonomous vehicle, doubts are beginning to surface about whether even the semi-automated car makes sense. There are fears that combining adaptive control with, say, automated steering would encourage the driver to become too dependent on safety aids for his own good. Automated systems can fail. Their software can crash. Mechanics servicing their hardware can make mistakes or forget things.
That's what happened at Three Mile Island back in 1979. Maintenance engineers checking one of the power station's reactors let water into a wrong pipe and then forgot to re-open some emergency valves.
When things went horribly wrong, inexperienced operators proceeded to make one mistake after another—turning a control system with stabilising (negative) feedback into a runaway (positive) disaster. Finally, soaring temperatures burst the fuel rods and triggered a hydrogen explosion.
The lesson of Three Mile Island was that the controls were too complicated, the operators too inexperienced, and the design itself flawed. The solution was to simplify the controls and make sure the operators were adequately trained.
A better (if more costly) solution might have been to engineer the operators into the reactor's actual control system—so they were in the feedback loop at all times. After all, one of the most reliable control systems ever designed remains the dead-man's handle. This applies a train's brakes should the driver's hand ever falter.
So far, the automated safety measures incorporated in cars have added assistance to the driver, rather than subtracted control from him. And the motorist still has to decide personally whether to switch the assistance on, or drive manually without it.
Because the driver can always over-ride the assistance, he remains in charge of the vehicle at all times—and is therefore legally responsible for it. That's important, as the last thing carmakers want is to be held liable for accidents caused by the driver's own inexperience, lack of attention or stupidity—no matter how well he is assisted.
As it is, product-liability settlements have cost the motor industry billions. The idea that class actions could ensue from “computer-aided accidents” on the road sends shivers through car companies everywhere.
And that's why—away from the battlefield or the surface of Mars—the driverless car is likely to remain a non-starter for many more years to come.
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Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy Human Genome Program
Human Genome News Archive Edition
Human Genome News, November 1990; 2(4)
Four new NIH human genome research centers have been established at U.S. universities to improve genome research technology and to develop complete genetic and physical maps of three human chromosomes and several mouse chromosomes. A private institution project mapping a fourth chromosome has been cofunded with DOE.
The 5-year genome center grants go to scientists at Washington University in St. Louis; the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF); the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge; and the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. The project grant was awarded to The Salk Institute.
As hubs of the diverse NCHGR research program, the centers will be made up of several different but interrelated research projects. Centers will also serve as resources to outside scientists by providing them with newly developed research materials, opportunities to learn new techniques, and access to computer databases containing genome research results.
In announcing the National Center for Human Genome Research (NCHGR) grants, Health and Human Services Secretary Louis W. Sullivan said, "These centers signal an important milestone in the history of biomedical research. Technologies developed by genome project scientists will change the face of medical research well into the next century."
Over the past 2 years, NCHGR has been establishing a plan and organizing its research programs, says NCHGR Director James Watson. "With these new research centers, we have begun to do work we said we would do."
First-year award $2,340,564
Under the direction of David Schlessinger and Maynard Olson, the Washington University Human Genome Center will use yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) technology, developed at this laboratory, to aid in the construction of complete maps of human chromosomes 7 and X. Chromosome 7 is believed to contain a total of about 5000 genes, including the cystic fibrosis gene and genes that control immune response. The X chromosome has also been the target of intensive study; genes for hemophilia A and B, diseases of the adrenal gland, fragile X syndrome, and color blindness are among those located on the X chromosome.
First-year award $2,240,242
Researchers headed by Richard Myers and David Cox will use a variety of techniques to complete a map of chromosome 4, which, at about 200 million nucleotides, is one of the largest chromosomes and is believed to contain genes for Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Using in situ hybridization, researchers will first construct a rough map of the chromosome and then fill in the details with landmarks prepared by other methods. The UCSF center will also have components at the University of Iowa and the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia.
First-year award $2,178,552
Eric Lander (Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research) will lead a consortium of 12 principal researchers at MIT, Whitehead, Harvard University, Princeton University, and Jackson Laboratories. They will construct highly detailed maps of mouse chromosomes 1, 11, and X, with the long-term goal of mapping the entire mouse genome. Because the mouse and human genomes are very similar, scientists have used mouse mutations as a model to study the effects of mutations on cell function, immunology, neurobiology, reproduction, and behavior. The MIT center will prepare a YAC library as a resource for other scientists interested in studying the mouse genome.
First-year award $1,560,942
A group led by Francis Collins will focus on improving technologies and speeding up the process of identifying disease genes "from clinic to base pair." The current long and arduous search for disease genes begins with collecting DNA from affected people and their relatives and continues through many difficult steps.
Glen Evans and his coworkers are mapping human chromosome 11 (project supported by NCHGR and DOE), to which 133 genes have been mapped, including those for Wilms' tumor, genitourinary defects, and mental retardation. Genes that play a role in several forms of cancer and allergies are also believed to be located on chromosome 11.
The electronic form of the newsletter may be cited in the following style:
Human Genome Program, U.S. Department of Energy, Human Genome News (v2n4).
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international 13-year effort, 1990 to 2003. Primary goals were to discover the complete set of human genes and make them accessible for further biological study, and determine the complete sequence of DNA bases in the human genome. See Timeline for more HGP history.
Published from 1989 until 2002, this newsletter facilitated HGP communication, helped prevent duplication of research effort, and informed persons interested in genome research.
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It is important to stay in your mind that the definition is not only one of one organism in discovering strain biology
It really is more often than not a collection of breeds from which brand new organisms have been generated each time. Plus, the is likewise crucial that you see that breeds out of one species could also be transformed into turn into brand new species.
The change within critical analysis essay the surroundings would figure out the species will be accommodated into the new environment In the event that you should see a publication on mathematics without having seen a related ecosystem, or even experiencing exactly the same diseases and disorders. Together with the huge variety of available environments, the selection of the species will be dictated by the need for those species to adapt to the environment. Adaptation, nevertheless, is a part of the story. What occurred before can also influences the kind https://expert-writers.net/resume-writing of daily life that is created.
Organisms reproduce by means of splitting. The division of labor means that a female sperm cell jaded by the feminine and may be caught by the male. Based on the range of sperm cells, the odds of the lady is more higher. It follows that, if a man performs sexual intercourse, the female creating a workable embryo’s chance increases.
When it comes to approaches, the species could include strains of bacteria, together with some other organisms like a fish, a bird, and sometimes maybe a monkey. Every and every organism has its own genetic code and should find a way to discover and survive in several kinds of setting. They should adjust to live, when obtaining https://cornerstoneseducation.co.uk/news/science-week-lesson-plan-liquid-layers-ks2/ themselves at a brand new environment.
When thinking of a organism such as being a bird that’s experienced mutations, which results in them being able to adjust into a new ecosystem, it is necessary to stay in mind that the potential is present the brand new species may perhaps not be that good at adapting to the new environment. In order for the species to become more in adapting to this new setting, effective, it has to have a number of living cells in order to create the demand to get more calories to your system. As with anything at all, there has to be a balance among the organism’s capacity to resist the changes in atmosphere and also the demand for new cells for the production of more cells.
It is intriguing to be aware that biological devices undergo a process of development. It’s crucial to retain a harmony between the need for cells and also your requirements of the organism to live as organisms have been exposed to fresh states. With no equilibrium, the organisms that have failed to accommodate will have less tissues to create more of the own cells.
Considering that the ability of organisms to adapt, the next query is how exactly do we get our desired sort of organisms and continue maintaining a control within the speed of development? This practice requires the capability to evolve in to a species, or an assortment between two species. Another way of permitting choice is to allow a certain organism in so doing with the help of germs on making life forms to carry.
That really is because bacteria could be manipulated and not destroyed, from the development of strains. These bacterial strains can be used to avert the destruction of a species that was certain. However, is a demand for bacteria to develop strains which will assist in preventing the devastation of a specific species, however still allow the creation of the following species.”
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Master of Science (MS)
Electrical and Computer Engineering
First Committee Member
Number of Pages
In this work, a novel pixel configuration RGBW, consisting of red (R), green (G), blue (B), and white (W) LEDs, is employed and investigated for color generation. Energy consumption and various hues of new pixels are compared to standard pixels consisting of RGB LEDs. Human perception experiments are conducted in order to study the perceptual difference between the two architectures when the same colors are generated using RGBW vs. RGB. Power measurements for an 8x8 pixel LED display has demonstrated up to 49% power savings for gray scale, over 30% power savings for low saturated colors, and up to 12% for high saturated colors using RGBW as an alternative. Furthermore, human perception studies has shown that vast majority of test subjects could not distinguish between most colors displayed using RGB and RGBW showing that RGBW is an excellent substitute for RGB. Statistics has shown that 44% of test subjects found the colors in gray scale to be the same, whereas 82% and 95% of test subject found low saturated colors and high saturated colors, respectively, to be identical.
Displays; Led; Novel; Pixel; Rgbw
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
If you are the rightful copyright holder of this dissertation or thesis and wish to have the full text removed from Digital Scholarship@UNLV, please submit a request to email@example.com and include clear identification of the work, preferably with URL.
Shlayan, Neveen, "A novel RGBW pixel for LED displays" (2008). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2431.
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In public school systems all around the country, educators – teachers, counselors, and administrators – have made significant progress in identifying and recruiting diverse populations in gifted and enrichment programs. Despite the efforts, too many African American students and other students of color (e.g., Hispanic Americans and Native Americans) are not faring well in gifted education. The social and cultural obstacles (e.g., racial and ethnic prejudice, negative peer pressure, poor parental involvement, negative teacher and counselor expectations, etc.) that students of color, particularly African Americans, face in gifted education are well known. In order to improve African American student retention, it is clear that public school systems must do more. Recruitment is an important component for increasing the number of African American students in gifted education, but retention is equally important. Using multiple frameworks, this article examines the notion of retention and its many challenges and offers recommendations for improving the retention of African American students in gifted education.
PUTTING THE RESEARCH TO USE:
A litany of publications has focused on the persistent underrepresentation of African American students in gifted education programs. In response, school personnel (e.g., teachers, counselors, and administrators) have attempted to develop strategies to increase the representation of these students in gifted education programs. Efforts primarily target fining instruments and developing policies and procedures to recruit gifted African American students. Less often is there a focus on retaining diverse students in gifted programs once they have been recruited (that is, identified and placed). In this article, we extrapolate from the work of scholars and social scientists in higher education, many of whom bemoan the loss of diverse students who opt to withdraw from college, and draw implications for gifted education. Our thesis is that this underrepresentation problem will persist until educators more assertively focus on both the recruitment and retention of students of color. We argue, in other words, that recruitment is not enough to change the demographics of gifted education and otherwise increase access to these programs for African American students.
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Track shoes, also referred to as track spikes, have been around since the 19th century. According to "The History of Sport Shoes" by Cameron Kippen, the motivation behind the creation of track spikes evolved from the need for a lightweight shoe with improved traction, which would help increase speed while competing in the modern games of those times.
Origin of the Track Spike
The earliest development of track spikes took place in 1852, and was catalogued by the Spalding Company in 1894. The spiked footwear were low cut, made of kangaroo leather and had six spikes on the sole of the shoe, according to Kippen. They were retailed at $6; back then that was very expensive, as most households survived on only $11 a week.
In 1890s, Joseph William Foster created the first sports shoe company in the United Kingdom; today it is known as the Reebox company. He was an athlete himself, and developed track spikes that helped him increase his speed. In 1920 Adolf Dassler, known as the father of the modern running shoe, began to create shoes that were designed for specific events. His company, now known as Adidas, offered a wide range of shoes, and used the lightest but strongest materials available at that time, according to Sports Shoes Technology.
Types of Spikes
With the evolution and advancement in technology, many different types of track spikes have been created depending on the event the athlete participates in. The actual spikes are also made of ceramic or metallic materials, and are removable so the athlete can replace the spikes when worn down and not have to replace the whole shoe. With high jump spikes, the spikes are at the front and back of the shoe; the front spikes helps the athlete gain speed while running up and the heel spikes provides grip for the athletes takes off, according to Sports Shoes Technology. Long jumps, pole vault, and running events only have spikes on the front of the shoe. The short distance running events require a lightweight but durable sole, and the long distance races require a thicker heel.
Current Spike Options
Advanced track spikes and are now offered by a wide range of brands, including Nike, Asics, Puma, Saucony, Adidas and Reebox. According to First to The Finish, the average price of track spikes can range from $10 to $120, depending on the brand and quality of the shoe. Spiked shoes are sold in a variety of styles including long distance, mid distance, sprint, jumps, javelin and high jump track spikes.
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National Study of Child Care for Low-Income Families Care in the Home: A Description of Family Child Care and the Experiences of the Families and Children That Use It: Final Report
- Child Care
- National Study of Child Care of Low-Income Families, 1997-2007 | Learn more about this project
The National Study of Child Care for Low-Income Families was a ten-year research effort that was designed to provide policy-makers with information on the effects of Federal, state and local policies and programs on child care at the community level, and the employment and child care decisions of low-income families. It also provides insights into the characteristics and functioning of family child care, a type of care frequently used by low income families, and the experiences of parents and their children with this form of care. Abt Associates Inc. of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the National Center for Children in Poverty at Columbia University’s Joseph Mailman School of Public Health in New York
City conducted the study under contract to the Administration for Children and Families of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The study was initiated in the wake of sweeping welfare reform legislation enacted in 1996. The first component of the study examined how states and communities implemented policies and programs to meet the child care needs of families moving from welfare to work, as well as those of other low-income parents. A second study component investigated the factors that shaped the child care decisions of low-income families and the role that child care subsidies played in those decisions. Finally, the study examined, in depth and over a period of 2½ years, a group of families that used various kinds of family child care and their child care providers, to develop a better understanding of the family child care environment and the extent to which the care provided in that environment supported parents’ work related needs and met children’s needs for a safe, healthy and nurturing environment. To address these objectives, study staff gathered information from 17 states about the administration of child care and welfare policies and programs, and about resource allocations. Within the 17 states, the study gathered information from agency staff and other key informants in 25 communities about the implementation of state and local policies and the influence of those policies and practices on the local child care market and on low income families. Information on states was collected three times: in 1999, 2001 and in 2002, and on communities four times over the same period to allow us to investigate change over time in policies and practices.
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In recent years, weaponized UAVs have been used primarily by US forces as part of the global war on terror (GWOT). Predators were employed to support Special Forces operating over mountainous area in Afghanistan and Northern Iraq. Predators launched their Hellfired into a “basket”, where the missiles could lock on the target, illuminated by laser designators operated by Special Forces teams which roamed the area, tracking their targets on the ground, waiting for an opportunity to launch an attack. These teams could also benefit from imagery transmitted from the UAVs, patrolling the area at high altitude.
Evolving concepts of operation call for the simultaneous and coordinated operation of multiple UAVs, operated partly autonomously, while mutually supporting each other with ISR and weapons coverage. Such constellations of UAVs are providing warfighters with rapid response when engaging time critical targets (TCT) at reduced rate of response between target detection, targeting and engagement.
More covertly, such platforms were reportedly employed by the Israelis throughout their recent conflict with the Palestinians, performing many ‘targeted killings’, on terrorists as they were spotted by Israeli intelligence, moving openly in the streets of the Gaza strip. The types of weapons used by the Israeli UAVs have not been disclosed, but according to Palestinian reports, a gradual evolution of weapons has been encountered during the years since the beginning of the Intifada in 2000. In recent years, the damages inflicted by the Israeli aerial launched weapons became more focused, more lethal, indicating of smaller, accurate weapons, designed to minimize collateral damage while enabling accurate and effective engagement of mobile targets in complex urban environment. According to foreign sources, various constellations of weaponized UAV swarms were employed over South Lebanon during the 2nd Lebanon War in the summer of 2006, in effort to hunt Hezbollah rocket launchers scattered in hidden lairs around this area.
Read additional parts of this article:
- Smart Weapons for UAVs
- Weaponized UAVs
- Smart Weapons for UAVs
- Evolution of UAV Employed Missiles
- Lightweight Weapons for Autonomous Platforms
- Gravity Dropped Munitions for UAVs
- Targeting at the pixel
- Loitering Autonomous Weapons
- Grouping in Constellations
- Empowered by the Swarm
- Weaponizing Unmanned Combat Helicopters
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It’s no big secret that English vocabulary is essential to your students’ success, not only when it comes to doing well on tests, but also if they wish to improve their overall English fluency.
First, you need to teach vocabulary like a pro. Then, you need to review the words they’ve learned, preferably through some fun games. But it doesn’t stop there. To really acquire new vocabulary, students must constantly practice and use new words. With these 8 vocabulary learning resources, your students will have the extra practice and review they need. Try some of these online activities in class to review for a test or instruct students on how to review vocabulary when they’re on their own.
8 Killer Online Resources for ESL Vocabulary Review
It’s no exaggeration. This is one dynamite online resource for advanced vocabulary review. Powered by Dictionary.com, WordDynamo offers lots of different ways in which students can practice and review vocabulary, from matching games to crossword puzzles and flashcards. The site is not specifically tailored to ESL students, so most of the vocabulary may be too advanced, but I always recommend this resource to students who are planning to take the TOEFL as there are exercises that are specifically targeted to this group. For your less advanced ESL students, I’d recommend checking out the Elementary School level lists - they may offer just the right amount of challenge to beginner/intermediate ESL students.
Spin&Spell is a fantastic online resource for young ESL learners. The app gives you five categories to choose from: clothes, food, transportation, animals or home vocabulary. Once students have chosen a category, they will find lots of words to review. They can choose to spell each word by themselves by clicking on the appropriate letter in the spinning wheel, or they can choose to see how each word is spelled. In the classroom, you can set up teams to challenge each other for points.
LearningChocolate is an online vocabulary platform that provides great practice for students of all ages. Though the images are not that great in some cases, it still gets the job done. Students have a variety of matching exercises to complete, and may even listen to and write each word. There’s also a nifty little dictation exercise! Wonderful for self-study!
MyVocabulary is another site that is not specifically tailored to ESL students, but offers some interesting vocabulary lists and activities. If you go to Themed Puzzles section, you’ll find vocabulary activities for all of major holidays like Halloween, Christmas, Thanksgiving and more.
Vocabulary.com is an invaluable source of vocabulary for advanced learners, particularly adult learners who have reached a language plateau they can’t seem to get out of. Under Vocabulary Lists they have words that relate specifically to today’s news and current events. A great complement if you wish to discuss current events with students.
In their Vocabulary Games section, EnglishMediaLab provides dozens of lists and activities to choose from. There are memory games with or without audio, video lessons, interactive quizzes and online games that are great for beginners in particular. Now of particular interest to more advanced students is the Idioms section, where students will not only see the definition of each idiom but also read it and hear it being used. Finally, there are links to online games designed for the classroom, with classics that any ESL teacher will enjoy playing with their class, like Jeopardy.
ESLGamesWorld offers interactive classroom games that your students will absolutely love. There are games to practice grammar and sentence structure, as well as great vocabulary games featuring classics like Snakes and Ladders, but also picture labeling games and listening games, as well as an assortment of other types of games. There are also fantastic Vocabulary Quizzes on a wide range of topics, including phrasal verbs.
You’d be surprised at how many free online resources Cambridge offers for ESL learners to practice vocabulary. Although these resources are designed to accompany some of the books published by Cambridge University Press, they can be used for vocabulary review, whether you are using these books in particular or not. For instance, if you’re teaching students who will be sitting for the PET, Cambridge offers a Vocabulary Trainer through which they can review all of the PET vocabulary they’ll need. Although it’s meant as a complement to their Objective PET book, any student taking the test will benefit from this practice. The same happens with the First Certificate. There’s a Vocabulary Trainer for FCE any student can use.
Everything you do in class to review vocabulary with students goes a long way towards helping them improve their English skills.
But don’t forget to give them enough resources so that they can continue working on their own at home.
Do you have any other great online vocabulary websites/resources to add to the list?
P.S. If you enjoyed this article, please help spread it by clicking one of those sharing buttons below. And if you are interested in more, you should follow our Facebook page where we share more about creative, non-boring ways to teach English.
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FindLaw Legal Dictionary
The FindLaw Legal Dictionary -- free access to over 8260 definitions of legal terms. Search for a definition or browse our legal glossaries.
general court-martial n
: a court-martial consisting of a military judge and usually at least five members and having authority to impose a sentence of dishonorable discharge or death compare special court-martial, summary court-martial
Source: Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law ©1996. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Published under license with Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
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Principles of Economics
BOOK V, CHAPTER XII
EQUILIBRIUM OF NORMAL DEMAND AND SUPPLY, CONTINUED, WITH REFERENCE TO THE LAW OF INCREASING RETURN.
§ 1. We may now continue the study begun in chapters III. and V.; and examine some difficulties connected with the relations of demand and supply as regards commodities the production of which tends to increasing return.
We have noted that this tendency seldom shows itself immediately on an increase of demand. To take an example, the first effect of a sudden fashion for watch-shaped aneroids would be a temporary rise of price, in spite of the fact that they contain no material of which there is but a scanty stock. For highly paid labour, that had no special training for the work, would have to be drawn in from other trades; a good deal of effort would be wasted, and for a time the real and the money cost of production would be increased.
But yet, if the fashion lasted a considerable time, then even independently of any new invention, the cost of making aneroids would fall gradually. For specialized skill in abundance would be trained, and properly graduated to the various work to be done. With a large use of the method of interchangeable parts, specialized machinery would do better and more cheaply much of the work that is now done by hand; and thus a continued increase in the annual output of watch-shaped aneroids would lower their price very much.
Here there is to be noted an important difference between demand and supply. A fall in the price, at which a commodity is offered, acts on demand always in one direction. The amount of the commodity demanded may increase much or little according as the demand is elastic or inelastic: and a long or short time may be required for developing the new and extended uses of the commodity, which are rendered possible by the fall in price*108. But—at all events if exceptional cases in which a thing is driven out of fashion by a fall in its price be neglected—the influence of price on demand is similar in character for all commodities: and, further, those demands which show high elasticity in the long run, show a high elasticity almost at once; so that, subject to a few exceptions, we may speak of the demand for a commodity as being of high or low elasticity without specifying how far we are looking ahead.
But there are no such simple rules with regard to supply. An increase in the price offered by purchasers does indeed always increase supply: and thus it is true that, if we have regard to short periods only, and especially to the transactions of a dealer's market, there is an "elasticity of supply" which corresponds closely to elasticity of demand. That is to say, a given rise in price will cause a great or a small increase in the offers which sellers accept, according as they have large or small reserves in the background, and as they have formed low or high estimates of the level of prices at the next market: and this rule applies nearly in the same way to things which in the long run have a tendency to diminishing return as to those which have a tendency to increasing return. In fact if the large plant needed in a branch of manufacture is fully occupied, and cannot be rapidly increased, an increase in the price offered for its products may have no perceptible effect in increasing the output for some considerable time: while a similar increase in the demand for a hand-made commodity might call forth quickly a great increase in supply, though in the long run its supply conformed to that of constant return or even of diminishing return.
In the more fundamental questions which relate to long periods, the matter is even more complex. For the ultimate output corresponding to an unconditional demand at even current prices would be theoretically infinite; and therefore the elasticity of supply of a commodity which conforms to the law of Increasing Return, or even to that of Constant Return, is theoretically infinite for long periods*109.
§ 2. The next point to be observed is that this tendency to a fall in the price of a commodity as a result of a gradual development of the industry by which it is made, is quite a different thing from the tendency to the rapid introduction of new economies by an individual firm that is increasing its business.
We have seen how every step in the advance of an able and enterprising manufacturer makes the succeeding step easier and more rapid; so that his progress upwards is likely to continue so long as he has fairly good fortune, and retains his full energy and elasticity and his liking for hard work. But these cannot last for ever: and as soon as they decay, his business is likely to be destroyed through the action of some of those very causes which enabled it to rise; unless indeed he can pass it over into hands as strong as his used to be. Thus the rise and fall of individual firms may be frequent, while a great industry is going through one long oscillation, or even moving steadily forwards; as the leaves of a tree (to repeat an earlier illustration) grow to maturity, reach equilibrium, and decay many times, while the tree is steadily growing upwards year by year*110.
The causes which govern the facilities for production at the command of a single firm, thus conform to quite different laws from those which control the whole output of an industry. And the contrast is perhaps heightened, when we take the difficulties of marketing into account. For instance, manufactures, which are adapted to special tastes, are likely to be on a small scale; and they are generally of such a character that the machinery and modes of organization already developed in other trades, could be easily adapted to them; so that a great increase in their scale of production would be sure to introduce vast economies at once. But these are the very industries in which each firm is likely to be confirmed more or less to its own particular market; and, if it is so confined, any hasty increase in its production is likely to lower the demand price in that market out of all proportion to the increased economies that it will gain; even though its production is but small relatively to the broad market for which in a more general sense it may be said to produce.
In fact, when trade is slack, a producer will often try to sell some of his surplus goods outside of his own particular market at prices that do little more than cover their prime costs: while within that market he still tries to sell at prices that nearly cover supplementary costs; and a great part of these are the returns expected on capital invested in building up the external organization of his business*111.
Again supplementary costs are, as a rule, larger relatively to prime costs for things that obey the law of increasing return than for other things*112; because their production needs the investment of a large capital in material appliances and in building up trade connections. This increases the intensity of those fears of spoiling his own peculiar market, or incurring odium from other producers for spoiling the common market; which we have already learnt to regard as controlling the short-period supply price of goods, when the appliances of production are not fully employed.
We cannot then regard the conditions of supply by an individual producer as typical of those which govern the general supply in a market. We must take account of the fact that very few firms have a long-continued life of active progress, and of the fact that the relations between the individual producer and his special market differ in important respects from those between the whole body of producers and the general market*113.
§ 3. Thus the history of the individual firm cannot be made into the history of an industry any more than the history of an individual man can be made into the history of mankind. And yet the history of mankind is the outcome of the history of individuals; and the aggregate production for a general market is the outcome of the motives which induce individual producers to expand or contract their production. It is just here that our device of a representative firm comes to our aid. We imagine to ourselves at any time a firm that has its fair share of those internal and external economies, which appertain to the aggregate scale of production in the industry to which it belongs. We recognize that the size of such a firm, while partly dependent on changes in technique and in the costs of transport, is governed, other things being equal, by the general expansion of the industry. We regard the manager of it as reckoning up whether it would be worth his while to add a certain new line to his undertakings; whether he should introduce a certain new machine and so on. We regard him as treating the output which would result from that change more or less as a unit, and weighing in his mind the cost against the gain*114.
This then is the marginal cost on which we fix our eyes. We do not expect it to fall immediately in consequence of a sudden increase of demand. On the contrary we expect the short-period supply price to increase with increasing output. But we also expect a gradual increase in demand to increase gradually the size and the efficiency of this representative firm; and to increase the economies both internal and external which are at its disposal.
That is to say, when making lists of supply prices (supply schedules) for long periods in these industries, we set down a diminished supply price against an increased amount of the flow of the goods; meaning thereby that a flow of that increased amount will in the course of time be supplied profitably at that lower price, to meet a fairly steady corresponding demand. We exclude from view any economies that may result from substantive new inventions; but we include those which may be expected to arise naturally out of adaptations of existing ideas; and we look towards a position of balance or equilibrium between the forces of progress and decay, which would be attained if the conditions under view were supposed to act uniformly for a long time. But such notions must be taken broadly. The attempt to make them precise over-reaches our strength. If we include in our account nearly all the conditions of real life, the problem is too heavy to be handled; if we select a few, then long-drawn-out and subtle reasonings with regard to them become scientific toys rather than engines for practical work.
The theory of stable equilibrium of normal demand and supply helps indeed to give definiteness to our ideas; and in its elementary stages it does not diverge from the actual facts of life, so far as to prevent its giving a fairly trustworthy picture of the chief methods of action of the strongest and most persistent group of economic forces. But when pushed to its more remote and intricate logical consequences, it slips away from the conditions of real life. In fact we are here verging on the high theme of economic progress; and here therefore it is especially needful to remember that economic problems are imperfectly presented when they are treated as problems of statical equilibrium, and not of organic growth. For though the statical treatment alone can give us definiteness and precision of thought, and is therefore a necessary introduction to a more philosophic treatment of society as an organism; it is yet only an introduction.
The Statical theory of equilibrium is only an introduction to economic studies; and it is barely even an introduction to the study of the progress and development of industries which show a tendency to increasing return. Its limitations are so constantly overlooked, especially by those who approach it from an abstract point of view, that there is a danger in throwing it into definite form at all. But, with this caution, the risk may be taken; and a short study of the subject is given in Appendix H.
Notes for this chapter
See above III. IV. 5.
Strictly speaking, the amount produced and the price at which it can be sold, are functions one of another, account being taken of the length of time allowed for the evolution of appropriate plant and organization for production on a large scale. But in real life, the cost of production per unit is deduced from the amount expected to be produced, and not vice versâ. Economists commonly follow this practice; and they follow also the practice of business life in inverting this order with regard to demand. That is, they consider the increase of sales that will follow from a given reduction of price, more frequently than the diminution of price which will be required to effect a given increase of sales.
See IV. IX-XIII.; and especially XI. 5.
This may be expressed by saying that when we are considering an individual producer, we must couple his supply curve—not with the general demand curve for his commodity in a wide market, but—with the particular demand curve of his own special market. And this particular demand curve will generally be very steep; perhaps as steep as his own supply curve is likely to be, even when an increased output will give him an important increase of internal economies.
Of course this rule is not universal. It may be noted, for instance, that the net loss of an omnibus, that is short of passengers throughout its trip, and loses a fourpenny fare, is nearer fourpence than threepence, though the omnibus trade conforms perhaps to the law of constant return. Again, if it were not for the fear of spoiling his market, the Regent Street shoemaker, whose goods are made by hand, but whose expenses of marketing are very heavy, would be tempted to go further below his normal price in order to avoid losing a special order, than a shoe manufacturer who uses much expensive machinery and avails himself generally of the economies of production on a large scale. There are other difficulties connected with the supplementary costs of joint products, e.g. the practice of selling some goods at near prime cost, for the purpose of advertisement (see above V. VII. 2). But these need not be specially considered here.
Abstract reasonings as to the effects of the economies in production, which an individual firm gets from an increase of its output are apt to be misleading, not only in detail, but even in their general effect. This is nearly the same as saying that in such case the conditions governing supply should be represented in their totality. They are often vitiated by difficulties which lie rather below the surface, and are especially troublesome in attempts to express the equilibrium conditions of trade by mathematical formulæ. Some, among whom Cournot himself is to be counted, have before them what is in effect the supply schedule of an individual firm; representing that an increase in its output gives it command over so great internal economies as much to diminish its expenses of production; and they follow their mathematics boldly, but apparently without noticing that their premises lead inevitably to the conclusion that, whatever firm first gets a good start will obtain a monopoly of the whole business of its trade in its district. While others avoiding this horn of the dilemma, maintain that there is no equilibrium at all for commodities which obey the law of increasing return; and some again have called in question the validity of any supply schedule which represents prices diminishing as the amount produced increases. See Mathematical Note XIV where reference is made to this discussion.
The remedy for such difficulties as these is to be sought in treating each important concrete case very much as an independent problem, under the guidance of staple general reasonings. Attempts so to enlarge the direct applications of general propositions as to enable them to supply adequate solutions of all difficulties, would make them so cumbrous as to be of little service for their main work. The "principles" of economics must aim at affording guidance to an entry on problems of life, without making claim to be a substitute for independent study and thought.
See above V. V. 6.
End of Notes
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Being courteous in business goes a long way.
Don’t chew with your mouth open.
Elbows off the table.
Maintain eye contact while talking with someone.
Say please and thank you.
Be a good listener.
Sound familiar? It should. These are just some of the manners that moms teach their kids when they are growing up.
These are just a few of the lessons that mothers drum into our heads in our formative years. In our early years – typically when we are still measuring our age in single digits – our moms hammer these basic life skills into our heads. These manners help us earn the respect of those around us. They help us participate in society and begin to grow as we reach our teen years.
But somewhere after leaving the nest after graduating high school or college we forget what we were taught. We start our careers and companies and for some reason fail to realize that what our moms taught us when we were kids is critical to our future success.
Let’s look at what our mothers taught us and how we can use it in building our careers and our businesses.
- Say Please and Thank You
Nothing is more insulting than someone who takes something without asking and does not say thank you. Someone who takes something and does not acknowledge who they took it from with a thank you does so with a sense of entitlement. They act as though they were entitled to what they took. There is a sense that they assumed it was already theirs for the taking.
Saying thank you acknowledges that you appreciate the other person giving you what they gave you. Whether this is an honest day’s work by your employee or it is a project that a customer gave you they chose to give it to you. Saying thank you acknowledges that the person made a choice to work for you or with you. It extends a sense of gratitude and shows appreciation.
Here are a few groups to say please and thank you to:
Your employees – thank your employees for a good job and a good day’s work. Employees make a choice each day in who they work for. Thanking them for their work is a great way to show that you recognize their choice and appreciate them for what they contribute.
Your customers – thank your customers for giving you business. Show your gratitude to them for expressing their confidence in your ability to deliver their projects to them. Customers have choices in who they work with. Make sure that you recognize their choice in choosing your company and that you understand they have other choices.
Suppliers – do your vendors thank you for your business? On the flip side, do you thank your vendors for how they service your account? Recognize that without our suppliers, many of our projects would never come together. Material suppliers are critical. Recognize them by simply saying thank you.
- Maintain Eye Contact
Body language is critical in many aspects of growing a successful business. People – customers, suppliers, employees – judge us based on our body language. How you hold yourself will have a significant impact on how you are perceived. And like it or not, how you are perceived will have a tremendous impact on how successful you are in whatever you attempt to accomplish.
A critical component of body language is maintaining eye contact. Have you ever attempted to hold a conversation with someone who will not look you in the eye? It is not much fun. Failing to maintain eye contact makes people begin to question the person they are talking with. Allowing a seed of doubt to take root can derail a relationship quickly.
Here are few groups who are critical to maintain eye contact with:
Customers – sales are critical to every company. Without sales there is no way to build a company. In order to sell, you need to maintain eye contact with the person that you are attempting to sell to. If you fail to maintain eye contact you will fail to make the sale.
Employees – are you responsible for managing employees? Maintaining eye contact is a way of showing respect. Attempting to guide employees without maintaining eye contact is difficult at best. At its worst, it is impossible. If they feel that you are not paying attention to them, chances are good that they are not paying attention to you.
Stakeholders – your stakeholders are your bank, insurance company as well as your bonding company. They have risk in your business. Maintaining eye contact helps you to instill a sense of confidence in who you are and your abilities.
- Be a Good Listener
Listening is a skill. It is skill that alludes us when we are younger. Walk into any kindergarten or pre-school classroom to see evidence on display. Children want to be heard so they talk louder than their classmates. But the classmate wants to be heard so they talk louder. This situation quickly gets out of hand. (This may also describe Congress as well.)
John Maxwell asserts that leadership is influence, nothing more and nothing less. In order to influence someone you need to listen to where they are at. Once you learn about where they are at and then where they want to go, you can help them get there and through leadership. But you cannot influence someone unless you listen to them first.
Here are a few groups where good listening skills are critical:
Customers – in order to sell a project to a customer, you need to find out where they are at and where they want to go. Listening to your customers will help you find out about their problems and their desired solutions. You need to listen to their problems. Find out where they are at and where they want to go. Once you have listened you are then able to share with them your solution to help them achieve their goal.
Employees – employees have lives outside of the workplace. They have families, money troubles and other problems that develop. In many situations, they need a sounding board. They need someone who can listen to their problems and help offer potential solutions. But you cannot offer solutions to their problems until you take the time to listen and develop and understanding of their problems.
Advisors – each business needs advisors in order to be successful. These include your banker, accountant, insurance agent and your attorney. Without good advisors, the future success of the business is in doubt. Advisors are there to learn about your business and to offer advice on how to make the business better. Listen to their solutions and take the time to understand the advice that they are offering.
In Closing –
You can find advice everywhere on tips and tricks that can improve your business or your career. People pay tens of thousands of dollars each year to have someone tell them secrets to making their businesses better.
These sources of information are important and can significantly help improve the business. However, if you forget these foundational items that your mom taught you chances are that no additional information sources will help you much.
Attempting to construct a building on a flimsy foundation will only lead to the building collapsing. Building your company but forgetting these key items will leave your career or business in a weakened state.
When you find success – remember to thank your mom.
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A story of two of the largest eggs in the world and what they reveal about the extinct elephant bird (Aepyornis maximus).
Check out this picture:
That, of course, is Sir David Attenborough. In his hand is an elephant bird egg. He, and that egg are featured in a 2011 BBC documentary on Madagascar that I’ve just finished watching, called, Attenborough and the Giant Egg. In the 3-part series, Attenborough shows, through archival video, how he came to be in possession of the egg during his first visit to Madagascar in 1960, while filming an episode of the BBC TV series ZooQuest. This video clip, in which a young Attenborough receives his egg (in the form of several large pieces) and reassembles it with medical tape, is a gem worth watching.
Attenborough then retraces his steps, now 50 years later, updating the audience on Madagascar today and providing more information on what is known about elephant birds and what he has learned about his egg – including its age (which I’ll get to later).
I’m not going to recount the details about elephant birds here. The basics you can find on Wikipedia. For the rest I’d highly encourage you to watch the BBC production.
But I do want to say that the minute I saw Attenborough’s Giant Egg, I thought, Wait! I’ve seen that egg! Ok, not that exact one, but an elephant bird egg.
One day when I was in 4th grade, I came home from school all excited. In my Weekly Reader News Magazine was a story about the discovery of a giant egg laid by a bird called the elephant bird. Now, an enormous egg (1 foot tall!) was exciting enough, but even more exciting was this: The egg was on display at the Smithsonian. I could SEE it! So that I did. My parents took me to the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History (aren’t they the best!), and there it was: The Egg in all of its giant awesomeness.
Back then, I didn’t really know much about the elephant bird, except whatever short blurb my Weekly Reader provided. To me, the amazing part was the enormity of the egg itself, the fact that it was ancient, and that it belonged to some giant extinct bird. What else does an 8 year old need to know?
Now, after a bit of research, I know that the egg was one of two intact eggs collected in Madagascar in 1967 by National Geographic Photographer, Luis Marden. (This makes sense. I think I saw it 1967 or 68)
The research expedition to Madagascar and the story of the elephant bird and its eggs were featured in the October 1967 National Geographic Magazine along with a great artistic rendering of how the animal must have looked.
The discovery of the intact (and Attenborough’s mostly intact) eggs was exciting. That was the big news back in the 1960’s. But today even more is known about elephant birds and their reproduction. I’ll cover just a few of the recent findings here.
50 years after collecting his egg, Attenborough had it carbon dated. Most elephant bird eggshells had been dated to around 900 years ago. To Sir David’s surprise, his egg proved to be 1300 years old. Imagine, an eggshell lasting that long! Of course, these weren’t delicate little sparrow eggs. When you look at the video of Attenborough handling and repairing the egg, you realize how robust that shell really is.
One would expect the shell to scale up, not only in size, but in shell thickness, as baby bird size increases. But it turns out, in some birds the shell thickness is correlated more strongly with the mass of the parent than with the mass of the developing chick.
Well that makes sense. The parent bird has to actually sit on the egg without crushing it. But that then begs the question, how do you provide such a thick protective shell without making it so thick that chicks cannot peck their way out? This is a conundrum that probably places an upper limit on the size of birds.
One way to tackle the conundrum, which may apply to the half-ton elephant birds, is for the species to have a sexual dimorphism with males being smaller. In this way, the large females can carry and lay big eggs with proportionally thin shells, but the lighter males can do the incubating, thus avoiding shell breakage. This could explain why females outweigh males in the largest of species of extant birds. It may also explain the difference in elephant bird egg sizes. Notice the one in the Smithsonian is appreciably smaller than Attenborough’s egg. It could be that the largest eggs contain the larger female chicks.
We also know more about the chicks themselves today.
To our astonishment and gratification, the larger of the two eggs brought back from Madagascar by the GEOGRAPHIC’s Luis Marden proved to contain the remains of a well-developed embryo. X-ray photographs clearly show bones of a chick, perhaps three-fourths developed. Stereoscopic X-ray pictures were even more eloquent and scientifically valuable.
That early image was good for the time, but revealed little more than the shadows of bones.
In 2007 however, the other egg (mine!) was scanned using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (HRCT). Now we’re talking real x-ray vision! Take a look at what that revealed:
This image is the best anyone has ever had of an elephant bird embryo. The skeleton had disarticulated and settled into the bottom of the egg but with the HRCT, researchers were able to digitally isolate and identify over half of the skeleton, including the braincase, palate, rostrum, vertebral column, and both the fore- and hindlimbs.
What’s really neat is that they can reassemble some of the bones digitally. Check out what they did with the skull bones:
One other question that’s been raised is how (or more correctly, where) the female elephant bird carries her egg. Most birds carry their eggs in the rear of their pelvic cavity. However, there is one species that carries its inordinately large egg toward the front of its body. This is the kiwi.
Comparisons of the pelvic bones of the elephant bird with those of other palaeognaths (kiwis, cassowaries, and emus) indicates that the elephant bird may have carried her eggs in a similar fashion to the kiwi in order to provide stable support for such a large egg.
Finally, I leave you with David Attenborough and the trailer for BBC’s David Attenborough and Giant Egg:
Balanoff, A., & Rowe, T. (2007). Osteological Description of an Embryonic Skeleton of The Extinct Elephant Bird, Aepyornis (Palaeognathae: Ratitae) Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 27 (sup4), 1-53 DOI: 10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[1:ODOAES]2.0.CO;2
Birchard, G., & Deeming, D. (2009). Avian eggshell thickness: scaling and maximum body mass in birds Journal of Zoology, 279 (1), 95-101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00596.x
Endo, H., Akishinonomiya, F., Yonezawa, T., Hasegawa, M., Rakotondraparany, F., Sasaki, M., Taru, H., Yoshida, A., Yamasaki, T., Itou, T., Koie, H., & Sakai, T. (2011). Coxa Morphologically Adapted to Large Egg in Aepyornithid Species Compared with Various Palaeognaths Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.2011.01100.x
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Wetlands are important ‘entities’ which provide goods and services to the entire biosphere. These vital entities are disappearing rapidly.
The reasons behind this ecological havoc are habitat destruction, pollution, over use of resources, invasive species and encroachment. The immediate negative effect of this erosion is felt by the people who depend on natural resources i.e. fishermen and farmers.
For the conservation of natural resources, including wetlands, and the livelihood of these communities, a holistic approach is important.
In turn, the management of the whole river basin becomes essential wherein we have to consider various anthropological, ecological, economic, educational, cultural, political approaches to save natural resources ensuring a sustainable livelihood.
Nilesh Kamalkishor Heda is one of those rare river ecology scientists who is working out a way to save these dying rivers in the Amravati (Maharashtra) Division. He is not just a man holding a PhD in the subject but is also actively implementing his learning.
The following is a conversation with Nilesh about his work:
Saving rivers has been a roaring concept lately, starting with the Narmada Bachao Andolan to Ganga Action Plan. What is the specific issue regarding Vidharbha at this movement?
Nilesh: Siltation. A river starts from a source and flows down into the basin. To revive or save the river, its basin needs attention. The basin is 80% agricultural and is subject to excessive erosion due to which there is siltation which is blocking the rivers and reducing water flow.
What is your strategy to reduce this ‘siltation’?
Nilesh:The only remedy is to check soil erosion and this can be done through massive plantation and compartment bonding in fields. Earlier the farmers followed compartment bonding widely. Now the new generation lacks this awareness.
We have developed water sheds for the farmers and plan to do stream treatment projects where you stop the water and conserve it, but this is short term conservation. Changing cropping patterns also maintains the water level.
What else affects the river ecosystem?
Nilesh: Basically rainfall, source of water and aquifer are the key elements of a fresh water resource. The uneven rainfall, drying out of sources and use of fertilizers and pesticides are the other key factors after siltation that affects the ecosystem. Pesticides’ being the poisonous and harshest among all takes the lives of organisms living in water leading to loss in fishermen’s income and water scarcity affects the farmers.
How long does it take to revive a river?
Nilesh: A long time, 12 years. It is a slow process which is why we need to unite and strengthen the farmers first because they are the ones who can bring this change.
We are coming up with farmer co-operatives and advanced farming methods to help the farmers. One of our organizations is ‘Greenza’ which is extensively dedicated to productive and sustainable farming.
Can you throw light on the water crisis in Vidharbha?
Nilesh: Vidharbha has a water crisis mainly because of the lack of awareness. Fortunately, the Amravati division has ample amount of assured rainfall i.e. 1,200 mm, but the western Maharashtra faces a lot of droughts. Amravati has the least exploited aquifers in the state mainly because the farmers have no money to draw the water from underground.
Is there any role of ‘rain water harvesting’ in this conservation?
Nilesh: Yes, there is. But rooftop harvesting is fruitful only in urban areas. Farmlands need better techniques, awareness and infrastructure to conserve rain water which is not possible due to lack of funds.
What is the role of government in this?
Nilesh: The Maharashtra government has launched the ‘Jal Shivar’ scheme to tackle the water crisis in the state. The Chief Minister has laid out promising visions of the future. But the ground reality is different. There are no funds and the conservation process is haphazard. A river which is being depleted for human use can only be saved by humans. Bringing in advanced machines to replace farmers is not going to help them. Comparatively, the central government’s NREGA scheme is a better initiative.
As you are a man of rivers, what is your personal opinion on declaring Ganga and Yamuna as living beings?
Nilesh: Forces of nature have been worshipped by the tribals for thousands of years. It is not a new thing. And it is sensible to call them living beings as they harbor innumerable life within and sustain billions who depend on them.
For more on Nilesh’s work, visit www.samvardhan.org.in
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Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, which affects between five and 10 of every 100,000 children each year, is so rare that it can sometimes be challenging for clinicians to know how best to care for affected patients.
That’s why in 2011 a group of pediatric orthopaedic specialists led by Texas Scottish Rite Children’s Hospital created an international study group dedicated to using research to improve the care of kids with Perthes, a hip disorder characterized by a loss of blood flow to the immature femoral head. Children’s National orthopaedic surgeon Benjamin Martin, M.D., has participated in the group since its launch.
Recently, Dr. Martin and two study group colleagues published a review study that outlines common imaging modalities used in the diagnosis and treatment of Perthes disease.
“There are many imaging options out there, including recent advances in MRI, that can add to our knowledge of the disease and how to treat it so kids have optimal outcomes,” Dr. Martin says. “Our goal was to review what’s out there, how it’s used, and identify any shortcomings of these approaches for this particular patient population.”
The authors note that imaging, in various forms, has been a crucial contributor to understanding and treatment of this disease since it was first discovered. Today, radiography remains the most common imaging technique used to diagnose and follow Perthes over time. However, some MRI applications may offer additional insight into the disorder.
Perfusion MRI allows for early understanding of extent of disease and perfusion patterns may correlate with outcomes. Diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) MRI is another promising avenue for tracking disease progression. Additionally, dynamic MRI might provide range of motion assessments that could be used in the surgical planning process.
This study was one of a handful that the international Perthes group has published so far, with several more currently under development. Exploring treatments and technology applications will enhance early diagnosis and treatment for Perthes, which is a crucial component of treatment success and improved quality of life for affected children.
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The district participates through our local intermediate unit, BLaST IU #17 to complete Child Find activities on an annual basis. In addition, Sayre Area School District has developed policies in accordance with federal and state regulations and guidelines to ensure the provision of a free and appropriate public education to all school-age children, including those with disabilities. The District provides appropriate special education programs, related services, and early intervention programs that are:
- provided at no cost to parents
- provided under the authority of a school entity, directly by referral of by contact -individualized to meet the educational or early intervention needs of the child
- reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational or early education benefits and progress -designed to conform to an Individual Education Program (IEP)
SASD has procedures in place to screen and identify students who have special needs. All students are screened at Kindergarten registration using assessment tools by trained professionals in the areas of hearing, vision, speech, and potential for learning. If a disability or area of concern is suspected, a referral for a complete evaluation or further assessment is discussed and presented to the parents of the student. Furthermore, if parents suspect their son/daughter has a disability, a request for a school evaluation can be made by the parent. Screening of children using immediately available resources and data such as health records, report cards, attendance reports, enrollment records, etc. are tools the District use to help identify children with special needs. Screening of children helps the District to determine which students need further assessment and which students may benefit from regular education interventions without the special education identification.
Identification and Evaluation Process:
Sayre Area School District has an evaluation process in place. The procedure for referring students is outlined so teachers were more familiar and comfortable with the procedure. If a teacher or staff has a concern about learning, emotional, or behavioral need which is impacting that student’s learning or functioning at school, the teacher should refer the student to the Supervisor of Special Education. The Supervisor of Special Education then collects important data, including parent and teacher input, and reviews this with building principals and a school psychologist to determine whether a complete evaluation is necessary. Supportive interventions and teaching strategies may be tried in the interim or in lieu of a complete evaluation. The district’s school psychologists conduct a complete evaluation with varied assessment tools and diagnostic instruments to determine special education eligibility.
The Sayre Area School District is devoted to preparing students for the transition to adult life. We provide a continuum of services to support students as they prepare for adult life. Our Career Development Council provides job shadowing, speakers, and career fairs to students with disabilities and nondisabled students. Our Career Counselor provides one-to-one support in preparing students with disabilities with resumes, job applications, and job hunting skills. We also have a Transition Council that includes representatives from local agencies who meet with students and their parents for the purpose of transition planning. The council includes representatives from the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, Mental Health/ Mental Retardation, Futures Community Services, Northern Tier Career Center, Penn York Opportunities, and other agencies as needed (i.e., military recruiters, adult literacy coordinators, and medical assistance/social security representatives). The purpose of the council is to insure that both students and parents have the information required to make informed decisions about the services available to them after graduation.
In addition, we participate in a county-wide Transition Council so that our students may participate in a variety of services offered in our county. For example, our students participate in an “Experience Transition to College Program” that offers students an opportunity to acquire self- advocacy skills and a better understanding of how to access educational resources in college. Our students also participate in a “Transition Fair” that offers information to students about colleges, vocational training programs, and employment opportunities. We also provide services to students who have been struggling to find part time employment after school. We contract with local agencies to provide students with job coaching services. The job coaches assist the students with completing and submitting applications, shadowing various jobs, and participating in internships within local businesses.
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At the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, the Soyuz MS-04 spacecraft and its Soyuz booster were mated in the Integration Facility April 17 and transported to the launch pad on a railcar April 18 for final preparations before launch to the International Space Station April 20. The Soyuz MS-04 will carry Expedition 51-52 Soyuz Commander Fyodor Yurchikhin of Roscosmos and Flight Engineer Jack Fischer of NASA to the orbital complex for a four and a half month mission.
Tagged under: NASA,Expedition 51-52,Soyuz MS-04,Fyodor Yurchikhin,Roscosmos,Jack Fischer,International Space Station
Clip makes it super easy to turn any public video into a formative assessment activity in your classroom.
Add multiple choice quizzes, questions and browse hundreds of approved, video lesson ideas for Clip
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Turn any public video into a live chat with questions and quizzes
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When you were selecting the carpet in your home, you may not have thought much about how carpet contributes to your family’s health and well-being. Perhaps you were thinking style, colour, and durability. However, one of the greatest, but often overlooked benefits of carpet is its contribution to healthier indoor air quality.
Your carpet is the biggest filter in your home. Just like your washing machine filter or vacuum cleaner filter or air conditioning that filters out airborne soils that pass through it, your carpet does the same thing. During the autumn and winter months when your windows are rarely opened, it becomes a bigger issue.
Carpeting absorbs tracked in soil like dirt, asphalt, pollens, insecticides, bacterial matter, and fungus. This can be clearly seen with “draught marks”.
The black lines that appear on light coloured carpet around the skirting boards, under the doors and around cool air returns is called “filtration soiling” or “draught marks”.
The filtering process that your carpet provides keeps those soils from becoming airborne. These soils are trapped in the carpet. They are then removed with regular vacuuming and regular professional cleaning.
If you do not clean your carpet on a regular basis, the filter becomes full. Would you leave your air conditioning filters for years on end without replacing them or cleaning them? No. The cleaning industry at large has not done a good job of educating the public about these kinds of issues; therefore many consumers are uninformed of the impact.
Not maintaining your carpet not only leaves it exposed to permanent traffic area damage and permanent staining, but it contributes to an unhealthy indoor environment.
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Office of Research Compliance - Glossary of Lay Terms
Abdominal pertaining to body cavity below diaphragm which
contains stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs.
Absorb take up fluids, take in.
Acidosis condition when blood contains more acid than normal.
Acuity clearness, keenness, esp of vision - airways.
Acute new, recent, sudden.
Adenopathy swollen lymph nodes (glands).
Adjuvant helpful, assisting, aiding.
Adjuvant Treatment added treatment.
Antibiotic drug that kills bacteria and other germs.
Antimicrobial drug that kills bacteria and other germs.
Antiretroviral drug that inhibits certain viruses.
Adverse Effect negative side effect.
Allergic Reaction rash, trouble breathing.
Ambulate ability to walk.
Ambulation, Ambulatory ability to walk.
Anaphylaxis serious, potentially life threatening allergic reaction.
Anemia decreased red blood cells; low red blood cell count.
Anesthetic (general) a drug or agent used to decrease the feeling
of pain or eliminate the feeling of pain by putting you to sleep.
Anesthetic (local) a drug or agent used to decrease the feeling of pain
or by numbing an area of your body, without putting you to sleep.
Angina pain resulting from insufficient blood to the heart.
Angina Pectoris same as above.
Anorexia condition in which person will not eat; lack of appetite.
Antecubital area inside the elbow.
Antibody protein made in the body in response to foreign substance;
attacks foreign substance and protects against infection.
Anticonvulsant drug used to prevent seizures.
Antilipidemic a drug that decreases the level of fat(s) in the blood.
Antitussive a drug used to relieve coughing.
Arrhythmia any change from the normal heartbeat (abnormal heartbeat).
Aspiration fluid entering lungs.
Assay lab test.
Assess to learn about.
Asthma a lung disease associated with tightening of the air passages.
Asymptomatic without symptoms.
Benign not malignant, usually without serious
consequences, but with some exceptions e g benign brain tumor may have, serious
BID twice a day.
Binding/Bound carried by, to make stick together, transported.
Bioavailability the extent to which a drug or other substance becomes
available to the body.
Blood profile series of blood tests.
Bolus an amount given all at once.
Bone Mass the amount of [calcium in a give amount of] bone.
Bradyarrhythmias slow irregular heart beat.
Bradycardia slow heartbeat.
Bronchospasm breathing distress caused by narrowing of the airways.
Carcinogenic capable of causing cancer.
Carcinoma type of cancer.
Cardiac pertains to the heart.
Cardioversion restoration of normal heart beat by electric shock.
Catheter a tube for withdrawing or introducing fluids.
Catheter-(indwelling epidural) a tube placed near the spinal cord used
for anesthesia during operation.
Central Nervous System (cns) brain and spinal cord.
Cerebral trauma damage to the brain.
CHD coronary heart disease.
Chemotherapy treatment of disease, usually cancer, by chemical agents.
Chronic continuing for a long time.
Cisplatin a drug used to kill cancer cells.
Clinical pertaining to medical care.
Clinically Significant of major importance for treating or
Clinical trial an experiment in patients.
Coma unconscious state.
Complete response total disappearance of disease.
Congenital occurring prior to birth, due to parent's genetic input.
Conjunctivitis irritation and redness of the thin membrane covering the
Consolidation Phase treatment phase intended to make a remission
permanent, follows induction.
Controlled Trial study in which the experimental treatment or procedure
is compared to a standard (control) treatment or procedure.
Cooperative Group association of multiple institutions to perform
Coronary pertains to the blood vessels that supply the heart.
Ct (Cat) Scan computerized (axial) tomography; computerized series of
x-rays culture test for infection or organisms that could cause infection.
Cumulative total sum (of individual events, experiences, treatments).
Cutaneous relating to the skin.
CVA cerebrovascular accident; stroke.
Dermatologic pertaining to the skin.
Diastolic lower number in blood pressure reading; pertaining to resting
or relaxation phase of heart beat.
Distal toward the end, away from the center of the body.
Diuretic water pill or drug that causes increase in urination.
Doppler sound waves.
Double blind study in which neither investigators nor subjects know what
drug the subject is receiving.
Dysfunction state of improper function.
Dysplasia abnormal cells.
Echocardiogram sound wave test of the heart.
Edema increased fluid.
EEG electroencephalogram; electric brainwave tracing.
Electrocardiogram electrical tracing of the heartbeat or heart rhythm (ECG
Electrolyte Imbalance imbalance of salts or chemicals in the blood.
Elevation of Liver Function Tests evidence of liver or kidney damage.
Empiric based on experience.
Endoscopic Examination examination of an internal part of the body with a
lighted tube; looking at a part of the body with a lighted tube.
Enteral by way of the intestines.
Epidural outside the spinal cord.
Eradicating getting rid of (such as a disease).
Evaluated assessed; examined for medical condition.
Expedited Review rapid review of a protocol by human subjects committee
chair without full committee approval, permitted with certain low-risk research.
External outside the body.
Extravasate to leak outside of a blood vessel.
Fibrillation irregular beat of the heart or other
Fibrous having many fibers, such as scar tissue.
FDA U S food and drug administration, the branch of federal government
which approves new drugs.
General Anesthesia pain prevention by induction of
drugged sleep, as in surgery.
Gestational pertaining to pregnancy.
Hematocrit amount of red blood cells in the blood.
Hematoma a bruise, a black and blue mark.
Hemodynamic related to blood flow.
Hemolysis breakdown in red blood cells.
Heparin Lock needle placed in the arm with blood thinner to keep the
blood from clotting inside the needle or tubing.
Hepatoma cancer or tumor of the liver.
Heritable Disease a disease which can be transmitted to one's offspring
resulting in damage to future children.
Histopathologic pertaining to the disease status of body tissues or
Holter Monitor a portable machine for recording heart beats.
Hypercalcemia high blood calcium level.
Hyperkalemia high blood potassium level.
Hypernatremia high blood sodium level.
Hypertension high blood pressure.
Hypocalcemia low blood calcium level.
Hypokalemia low blood potassium level.
low blood sodium level.
Hypotension low blood pressure.
Hypoxia low oxygen level in the blood.
Iatrogenic caused by a physician or by treatment.
IDE investigational device exemption, the license to test an unapproved
new medical device.
Idiopathic of unknown cause.
Immunoglobulin a combination of antibodies from proteins in the blood.
Immunosuppressive drug which suppresses the body's immune response used
in transplantation and diseases caused by disordered immunity.
Immunotherapy giving of drugs to help the body's immune (protective)
system; usually used to destroy cancer cells.
Impaired function abnormal function.
Implanted placed in the body.
IND investigational new drug; the license to test an unapproved new drug.
Induction Phase beginning phase or stage of a treatment.
Indwelling remaining in a given location, such as a catheter.
Infarct death of tissue because of lack of blood supply.
Infectious Disease disease which is transmitted from one person to next.
Inflammation swelling which is generally painful, red, and warm.
Infusion introduction of a substance into the body, usually into the
Ingestion eating; taking by mouth.
Interferon agent which acts against viruses; antiviral agent.
Intermittent occurring (regularly or irregularly) between two time
points; alternately ceasing and beginning.
Internal within the body.
Interior inside of the body.
Intramuscular into the muscle; within the muscle.
Intraperitoneal into the abdominal cavity.
Intrathecal into the spinal fluid.
Intravenous (IV) into (within) a vein.
Intravesical in the bladder.
Intubate the placement of a tube into the airway.
Invasive Procedure puncture, opening or cutting of the skin.
Investigational New drug (IND) a new drug which has not yet been
approved by the FDA.
Investigational Method a treatment method which has not been
proven to be beneficial or has not been accepted as standard care.
Ischemia Procedure decreased oxygen in a tissue (usually because
of decreased blood flow).
Laporatony a procedure in which an incision is made in the
abdominal wall to enable a physician to look at the organs.
Leukopenia low white blood cell count.
Lipid profile (panel) fat and cholesterol levels in the blood.
Local Anesthesia creation of insensitivity to pain in a small local area
of the body.
Localized restricted to one area; limited to one area (of the body).
Lumen cavity of an organ or tube (e g Inside of blood vessel).
Lymphangiography an x-ray of the lymph nodes or tissues after injection
of dye in lymph vessels (e g in feet).
Lymphocyte a type of white blood cell important in the body's defense
Lymphoma a cancer of the lymph nodes (or tissues).
Malaise a vague feeling of bodily discomfort, feeling
Malfunction condition in which something is not functioning properly.
Malignancy cancer or other progressively enlarging and spreading tumor,
fatal if not successfully treated.
Medulloblastoma type of brain tumor.
Metronidazole a drug used to treat infections caused by parasites or
other causes of anaerobic infections.
Metabolize process of breaking down substances in the cells.
Metastasis spread of cancer cells from one part of body to another.
MI myocardial infarction, heart attack.
Monitor check on; keep track of; watch carefully.
Mobility ease of movement; ability to move around.
Morbidity undesired result or complication; serious disease.
Mortality death or death rate.
Motility the ability to move.
MRI magnetic resonance imaging, body pictures created using magnetic
rather than x-ray energy.
Myalgia muscles aches.
Mucosa, Mucous Membrane moist lining of digestive,
respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts.
Myocardial pertaining to the (muscle of the) heart.
M. Infarction heart attack; death of heart muscle.
tube from the nose to the stomach.
NCI National Cancer Institute.
Necrosis death of tissue.
Neoplasia tumor, may be non-cancerous or cancerous.
Neuroblastoma a cancer of nerve tissue.
Neurological pertaining to the nervous system.
Neutropenia decrease in the main part of the white blood cells.
NIH National Institutes of Health.
Non-Invasive not breaking, cutting or entering the skin.
Nosocomial Pneumonia pneumonia acquired in the hospital.
Occlusion closing; obstruction.
Oncology the study of tumors or cancer.
Ophthalmic pertaining to the eye.
Optimal best, most favorable or desirable.
OPRR Office of Protection from Research Risks of the NIH, oversees IRBs
and related matters.
Oral Administration given by mouth.
Orthopedic pertaining to the bones.
Osteopetrosis rare bone disorder characterized by dense bone.
Osteoporosis bone disorder characterized by loss of bone leading to
increased risk of fracture.
Ovaries female sex glands; female organs which release eggs.
Parenteral administration by injection.
Patency condition of being open.
Pathogenesis the initial cause of a disease.
Percutaneous Perforation through the skin puncture, tear or hole.
Peripheral not central.
Per OS (PO) by mouth.
Pharmacokinetics study of the way the body absorbs, distributes and gets
rid of a drug.
Phase I initial study of a new drug in humans to determine limits of
Phase II second phase of study of a new drug intended to obtain initial
Phase III large scale trial to confirm and expand information on safety
and usefulness of a new drug.
Phlebitis irritation or inflammation of a vein.
Placebo an inactive substance which may resemble an active agent but has
no medical value.
Placebo Effect symptom or change of condition seen when a placebo is
given; not attributable to an active drug agent.
Platelets small particles in the blood that help with blood clotting.
Potentiate increase or multiply the effect of a drug or toxin by
administration of another drug or toxin at the same time.
Potentiator an agent that helps another agent work better.
Prenatal before birth.
Prophylaxis a drug given to prevent disease or infection.
Prosthesis artificial limbs, such as arms and legs.
PRN as needed.
Prognosis outlook, probable outcomes.
Prone lying on the stomach.
Prospective Study study following patients forward in time.
Protocol plan of study.
Proximal closer to the center of the body, away from the end.
Pulmonary pertaining to the lungs.
QD every day; daily.
QID four times a day.
x-ray or cobalt treatment.
Random by chance.
Randomization assignment of treatment group by chance, similar to tossing
a coin (when there are two treatment choices).
RBC red blood cell.
Recombinant formation of new combinations of genes.
Reconstitution putting back together the original parts or elements.
Recur happen again.
Refractory not responding to treatment.
Regeneration regrowth of a structure or of lost tissue.
Regimen pattern of administering treatment.
Relapse the return or reappearance of a disease.
Remission disappearance of evidence of cancer or other disease.
Renal pertaining to the kidneys.
Replicable capable of being duplicated.
Resect remove or cut out (surgically).
Retrospective Study study looking back over past experience.
Sarcoma a type of cancer.
Sedative a drug to calm or make less anxious.
Seminoma a type of testes cancer.
Sequentially in a row.
Software computer program.
Spirometer an instrument to measure the amount of air taken into and
exhaled from the lungs.
Standard of Care treatment plan which the majority of the medical
community would accept as appropriate.
Staging a determination of the extent of the disease.
Stenosis narrowing of a duct, tube, or one of the heart valves.
Stomatitis mouth sores; inflammation of the mouth.
Stratify arrange in groups for analysis of results (e g , Stratify by
age, sex, etc).
Stupor stunned state in which it is difficult to get a response or the
attention of the subject.
Subclavian under the collarbone.
Subcutaneous under the skin.
Supine lying on the back.
Supportive care general medical care aimed at symptoms, not intended to
improve or cure underlying disease.
Symptomatic having symptoms.
Syndrome a condition characterized by a set of symptoms.
Systolic top number in blood pressure; pertaining to contraction phase of
Teratogenic capable of causing malformations in unborn
Testes male sex glands; male organs which produce sperm.
Thrombosis blood clotting within blood vessels.
TID three times a day.
Titration gradual alteration of drug dose to determine desired effect or
most beneficial strength of drug.
T-lymphocytes type of white blood cells involved in immune reactions.
Topical surface; on the skin.
Topical Anesthetic applied to certain area of the skin to reduce pain to
specific (limited) area to which applied.
Toxicity side effects or undesirable effects of a drug.
Transdermal through the skin.
Trauma injury; wound.
Treadmill walking machine often used to determine heart function.
Uptake absorption and incorporation of a substance by
living tissue; absorb and incorporate a substance, taking in of a substance by
Valvuloplasty plastic repair of a valve, especially of
Varices enlarged veins, usually in legs or lining of tube between mouth
Vasospasm narrowing of blood vessels due to spasm of vessel walls.
Vector a carrier, usually an insect, that carries and transmits
Venipuncture entering vein with a needle, generally through the skin.
Vertical Transmission spread of disease.
WBC white blood cell.
acute new, recent, sudden
assay lab test
benign not malignant, usually without
bolus an amount given all at once
carcinogenic Capable of causing
a tube for withdrawing or introducing fluids
continuing for a long time
clinical trial an
experiment with patients
a study in which the experimental procedures are compared to standard
(accepted) treatments or procedures
culture test for infection, or
organisms that could cause infection
double blind study in which
neither the investigators nor the subjects know which intervention the subject
edema increased fluid
extravasate to leak outside
of a blood vessel
bruise, a black and blue mark
heparin lock needle placed
in the arm with blood thinner to keep the blood from clotting
check on, keep track of, watch carefully
result or complication
or death rate
death of tissue
study of tumors or cancer
percutaneous through the skin
a substance of no medical value, an inactive substance
PRN as needed
plan of study
by chance, like the flip of a coin
the return of a disease
retrospective looking back over
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With the cooler weather we have recently had, ticks are moving again. Here at Clappison Animal Hospital, we have seen an increase of ticks. We have identified most ticks as Black Legged Ticks which can carry Lyme disease.
We ask that you please check your pets after every outing to make sure no ticks have attached, if you do find one please remove and bring it in to be identified.
If you do remove a tick from your pet please monitor for the following:
- The disease is a serious illness and symptoms can include fatigue, fever, and skin rash.
- Due to the minuscule size of the insect, bites are mainly painless and can go unnoticed until symptoms set in.
- Tick bites often resemble a ‘bull’s eye’; a red bite mark surrounded by rings of red, swollen skin.
- If left untreated, Lyme disease symptoms could progress to cardiac symptoms such as heart palpitations, arthritis symptoms, extreme fatigue, general weakness and central and peripheral nervous system disorders.
Spot a tick?
- Remove tick immediately using fine-tipped tweezers.
- Do not squeeze the body of the insect as this can accidentally let Lyme disease bacteria into the body.
- Do not put anything on the tick or try to burn it as this may also lead to the tick releasing bacteria into the bite area.
- Clean the bit area with soap and water.
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By Bernard Weiner, The Crisis Papers (crisispapers.org)
Capitalism is in crisis across the globe. When both the President of the United States and the Pope take out after its worst manifestations within days of each other, you know there's an internal time-bomb inside this dysfunctional economic system.
Though the American population clearly feels and is forced to deal with the ramifications of this failing system, it's highly unlikely that capitalism will be dismantled in favor of full-bore socialism. (Even though recent U.S. polls demonstrate that "socialism" no longer is a boogeyman to be frightened of.) So the question now is which type of economic system do we want to live under: hardline, I've-got-mine-Jack-you're-on-your-own capitalism? "capitalism with a human face"? democratic socialism? a new blend?
While we're considering those choices, let's look at a little history.
Back in the 1930s, following the economic crash and Great Depression, both socialism and communism were gaining force in the United States and around the globe.
To cut the legs out from under those leftist movements, the aristocratic President Roosevelt borrowed a bit of socialism for the creation of the Social Security system and other people-friendly programs, such as the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and Works Progress Administration (WPA) to put out-of-work laborers temporarily on the federal payroll to help construct roads, bridges, parks and public buildings.
OUR OWN GENERATION'S DEPRESSION
In our own time, we're still suffering the after-effects of a semi-permanent economic depression fueled by greed and the lack of tough, appropriate regulation of the finance and banking sectors. The economy remains in dire straits; the gap between the truly wealthy and the rest of us shows little signs of closing. The long-touted "American Dream" no longer offers a means by which many of the poor and middle class can make their way up the socioeconomic ladder.
(Note: You can view every article as one long page if you sign up as an Advocate Member, or higher).
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Exposure to loud or long lasting noise can cause noise-induced hearing loss. People of all ages can develop the condition, which can be immediate or gradual.
As many as 17% of teenagers and 24% of adults in the United States may have some degree of noise-induced hearing loss in one or both ears, according to the
This article discusses noise-induced hearing loss, including the causes, prevention, and treatment of the condition. It also answers some common questions about noise-induced hearing loss.
The louder a noise is, the
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has occupational guidelines for occupational noise exposure. The permissible exposure limit for noise is a
How noise damages hearing
People rely on a
Sound waves enter the outer ear, travel through the ear canal, and cause vibrations in the eardrum. The eardrum transports these vibrations to bones in the middle ear, which match the sound vibration to fluid vibrations in the cochlea of the inner ear.
As the fluid in the cochlea ripples, a wave travels along the basilar membrane, which is an elastic partition that splits the cochlea into two parts. Sensory cells, or hair cells, on the basilar membrane move up and down with this wave.
As the sensory cells move with the wave, microscopic protrusions called stereocilia on the hair cells bend, which opens pore-like channels in the tips of the stereocilia. When this occurs, chemicals rush into the cell, forming an electrical signal. The auditory nerve carries this signal to the brain, translating it into a sound people can recognize.
In noise-induced hearing loss, loud or long lasting noise damages the hair cells, which eventually die. This means they can no longer form an electrical signal for the brain to interpret as sound. These hair cells do not regrow and are lost forever.
Signs and symptoms of noise-induced hearing loss can include:
A loud, one-time noise, such as an explosion, can cause noise-induced hearing loss, or continuous noise over a long time period, such as working on a construction site, may lead to the condition.
- recreational activities that involve loud noises, such as target shooting
- occupational noise
- listening to loud music through headphones or earbuds
- playing music in a band
- home sources, such as leaf blowers, power tools, and lawnmowers
- attending loud concerts or sports events
Other risk factors include:
Individuals can prevent noise-induced hearing loss. Some preventive measures
- using ear protection in noisy places, such as ear plugs or noise-canceling headphones
- avoiding noisy places where possible
- keeping the volume at a moderate level when listening through earbuds or headphones and while watching television or listening to music
- organizing check-ups with a doctor or audiologist, and discussing ways to protect the ears from noise
Hearing aids have a microphone and a speaker that
Cochlear implants are small devices that a surgeon
Below are some of the most common questions about noise-induced hearing loss.
Is noise-induced hearing loss permanent?
Noise-induced hearing loss is typically permanent. In some cases, a person may experience temporary hearing loss after exposure to a loud or continuous noise, which can disappear within
What are some common causes of noise-induced hearing loss?
Common causes of noise-induced hearing loss
- music from personal listening devices, especially at loud volumes
- events such as concerts, sporting events, movie theatres, and motorized sports
- power tools
- occupational noise, such as construction site noise or workshop noise
How loud do sounds have to be to cause hearing loss?
A person may develop noise-induced hearing loss after long-term exposure to noise, or exposure to a one-off, loud noise. Loud noises can damage the hair cells inside the ears, which play a vital role in hearing. These hair cells do not regrow, and without them, a person can experience permanent hearing loss.
As well as exposure to loud noises, risk factors include smoking, genetics, and aging. The best way for people to prevent this type of hearing loss is to avoid loud noises where possible and use ear protection in noisy surroundings.
There is no cure for noise-induced hearing loss, but a person may use certain devices to improve their hearing. These include hearing aids and cochlear implants.
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| 0.937833 | 947 | 4.03125 | 4 |
This chapter describes the principles and approaches used in the modification of habitats, such as grasslands, forests, and wetlands, to make them more suitable for species of interest. Sections describe how to plan and monitor habitats, and the general principles are described. For a range of habitats, the key management interventions are described with the likely consequences.
Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter.
If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian.
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First of all let me begin with a brief explanation or translation of the title. The term Boricua is an affectionate way in which Puerto Ricans nicknamed themselves. The words origin is from the dialect of the aboriginous natives the Tainos who inhabited the island. They were the ones who greeted Columbus upon his second voyage to the Americas. The Tainos named their island Borinquen (land of the Brave Lord) hence the name Boricua.
Todays entry will focus on Olga D Gonzalez-Sanabria a scientist and inventor; Dr Carlos Ortiz-Longo a cheif structual engineer and Enactali Figueroa a mechanical engineer.
Olga D Gonzalez-Sanabria
A scientist and inventor; Ms Sanabria is the highest ranking Hispanic at NASA Glenn Research Center, and a member of the Ohio Women’s Hall of Fame. As Director of the Engineering and Technical Services, she is responsible for planning and directing a full range of integrated services including engineering, fabrication, testing, facility management and aircraft services for the Glenn Research Center. She played an instrumental role in the development of the "Long Cycle-Life Nickel-Hydrogen Batteries" which helps enable the International Space Station power system.
Among the technical reports which she has authored and or co-authored are:
1. Effect of NASA advanced designs on thermal behavior of Ni-H2 cells (1987)
2. Component variations and their effects on bipolar nickel-hydrogen cell performance (1987)
3. NASA Aerospace Flight Battery Systems Program – Issues and actions (1988)
4. Effect of NASA advanced designs on thermal behavior of Ni-H2 cells 2 (1988)
5. Energy storage considerations for a robotic Mars surface sampler.
Dr Carlos Ortiz-Longo
Dr. Carlos Ortiz-Longo is the Constellation Program Division System Manager for the Structural Engineering Division at the Johnson Space Center in Houston. Dr. Ortiz Longo is responsible for integrating Constellation Program items related to structures, mechanics, materials, and thermal. Formerly the manager of the Crew Health Care System and Exercise Countermeasures for NASA’s Johnson’s Space Center. He began his career at NASA working on the Space Shuttle thermal protection system or TPS (the tiles) before transitioning into the ISS program, and was a semi-finalist astronaut candidate on the group 16 selection. Among his written works are;
NASA Group Achievement Award, Space Shuttle Risk Model Team, 1998,
NASA Group Achievement Award, Space Station Phase 1 Program Team, 1998,
NASA Group Achievement Award, Orbiter Upgrades Definition Team, 1998,
Various Outstanding Performance Ratings, and Performance Awards, 1985-1997, Chairman, Thermal and Fluids Analysis Workshop (TFAWS), International Conference, NASA JSC, 1997, and the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal.
Dr. Enactali Figueroa is a mechanical engineer, Astronaut applicant and an Assistant Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and the author of various papers including "Position-sensitive low-temperature detectors".
Dr. Figueroa’s research interests revolve around the development of high-energy-resolution imaging spectrometers for space-borne applications in experimental astrophysics and cosmology. Dr. Figueroa pioneered the development of position-sensitive detectors that will provide an order of magnitude more pixels (and thus larger field of view) than traditional single-pixel X-ray microcalorimeters." He is an expert and researcher on dark matterand a researcher with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and a professor of physics MIT.
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Welcome to Storycises
We have observed over the years the increasing number of children who are referred to us for paediatric physiotherapy who have difficulties with fine and gross motor skills. This observation prompted us to investigate why this may be, from a physical perspective.
Our clinical observations suggest that the children struggling with activities at school and learning often have gaps in their fundamental movement skills.
We’ve had many discussions between colleagues in health, education and sport, who agree that the physical profile of children in the UK is rapidly changing. This change of profile affects all levels of ability; from those who present with obvious difficulties through to children involved with sport at an elite level.
Some of the changes we have noted are increasingly poor stamina, hypermobility, lack of core stability, poor visual tracking, difficulty concentrating, the inability to sit still, problems with body organisation and coordination and reduced strength. We believe these issues all have their basis in the lack fundamental movement skills. We accept that nutrition, environment and good sleep patterns also play their part.
We are aware there are already many movement programmes in existence; however none that we have found concentrate solely on the acquisition of all these early foundation movement skills. Very few are timely enough to be considered true early intervention.
The aim of the project was to find a fun way for five year olds to have the skills they need to be able to be physically fit for school that was easy to fit into a busy school day.
This programme of Storycises™ is the result of our research, our experience and our passion and we hope you have fun with it!
Wendy Joy Jane Reynolds
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Colic in Babies
By Nestlé Start Healthy Stay Healthy
Colic is an unexplainable unsettled period where your baby is crying for a long time, sometimes for hours, and is inconsolable. The true definition is crying for more than 3 hours per day, for more than 3 days per week for more than 1 week and no failure to thrive. If your baby is feeding normally and your doctor says that everything is fine, then try not to worry. Our tips may help.
What is colic?
Your baby cries, is agitated (won’t stop wriggling) and passes wind. According to statistics, up to 1 in 5 babies, both breastfed and bottle fed, between the ages of two weeks and six months suffer from colic. There can be several causes of crying but when there is no obvious cause, and no failure to thrive, fever or illness, the inconsolable periods of crying are labelled colic. Possible causes of colic in babies may include:
- an immature nervous and digestive system
- parents’ anxiety perceived by the baby
- food intolerance or allergy
- an unbalanced micro-flora
- or overly frequent changes in infant formula
Typical signs of colic
- Your adorable little baby, who up until now has amazed you with their calm nature and regular growth, starts to cry repeatedly throughout the day and several times during the night
- Your baby is irritable and is inconsolable and unhappy
Combined with your tiredness, you are finding it harder and harder to cope with this sudden change in attitude. Be sure to have them checked with your healthcare professional, what your baby is experiencing may be colic.
What can you do?
Here are some tips you can use to help your baby.
- If breastfeeding, work with your health professional to continue.
- If you are bottle-feeding, limit air intake via the teat as much as possible – try an anti-reflux system and make sure you burp your baby properly.
- Don’t change infant formula without seeking the advice of a healthcare professional and make sure you use the correct scoop and quantities of powder and water.
- Discuss with your doctor about possible treatment options.
- Massage your baby’s stomach gently in a clockwise direction, place a warm heat-pack wrapped in a towel on their tummy (warmth is excellent for relieving pain);
- Give your baby a warm bath.
- It is important to note that sucking calms intestinal pain and your baby will want to feed all the time. The risk is your baby overfeeds, resulting in more stomach discomfort.
Talk to your health care professional for advice on colic treatments, as there is emerging evidence about a role for certain probiotics in helping to reduce the crying associated with colic.
BioGaia Probiotic Drops is a probiotic supplement for infant colic relief. ALWAYS READ THE LABEL. FOLLOW DIRECTIONS FOR USE. IF SYMPTOMS PERSIST OR WORSEN, TALK TO YOUR HEALTH PROFESSIONAL.
Find out more about Nestlé Start Healthy Stay Healthy
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Shiur #15: The Story of Mar Zutra Chassida and the Stolen Goblet
Over the course of the previous shiurim, we have examined the literary molding of various aggadot. One of the tools we employed was a reading of the biblical chapter of which a verse is cited in the story. For instance, in the aggada of Herod in Bava Batra (the first shiur of the series), Bava ben Buta, in his response to Herod, cites from Kohelet 10. When we looked at that chapter, we found that other verses, which were not quoted in that aggada, strengthened the aggada’s theme. For example, the verse, “I have seen servants upon horses” reinforces the theme of Herod essentially remaining a slave, even after seizing the throne by force. In this instance we are “referred” to the biblical chapter by quotations from the chapter, which appear within the aggada. However, there are other aggadot that do not cite verses explicitly, but nevertheless allude to a biblical chapter or narrative through language or content. In these instances, a reading of the relevant biblical text can enrich our reading of the story and even offer new insights.
An example of an aggada that belongs to this category is the story of the “stolen goblet.” The brief story appears in the second chapter of Massekhet Bava Metza, “Elu metziot,” which deals with the returning of lost objects to their owners. We will analyze this story, reading it in light of a biblical narrative that shares a certain similarity to it, and see how this reading offers an interesting conceptual perspective to the story.
- The story of the stolen goblet and its literary structure
- Mar Zutra the Pious once had a silver goblet stolen from him from his host.
- He saw a disciple wash his hands and dry them on someone else's garment.
- He said, ‘This is the one, for he has no consideration for the property of others.’
- The man was bound, and he confessed (Bava Metzia 24a).
The literary structure
The story is a condensed narrative, consisting of just four sentences. Each sentence gives a very brief description of a different occurrence, and together the sentences comprise the plot. Despite the minimal space that it occupies, the story is nevertheless dramatic: there is a tension that extends from the beginning, where the goblet is stolen, until the conclusion, when the thief is discovered. The tension surrounds the question of whether the item and the thief will be discovered, and how, and it reaches its climax in the surprising conduct of Mar Zutra the Pious in the third sentence. He sees a disciple who is doing something that is not right, but seemingly not too terrible, either – simply wiping his wet hands on his friend’s cloak. On the basis of this spectacle, Mar Zutra accuses the disciple of a far more serious crime: the theft of the goblet. In the fourth and final sentence it turns out that his assessment was quite correct; the disciple confesses to the theft, thereby confirming the connection between his overt behavior and his behavior in secret.
The linguistic molding of the story serves to emphasize its content. We discern a play on words in the third and fourth lines: the student who had no consideration (ikhpat) for the property of others ends up being bound (nikhpat). This may be intended to highlight the progression of events, and clarify that it is his lack of consideration that leads to his capture and binding. There may also be a play on words in the first and second lines, through the use of the words “agniv” (stolen) and “nagiv” (wipe). Here again, there is a connection between the less serious act (the wiping of the hands) and the more serious one (the theft). These plays on words contribute to the cohesion of the story as a whole around the idea that it expresses – that indeed there was a connection between the “slight” moral lapse on the part of the student and a far more serious one.
In the second sentence, in the description of the student’s “sin,” it seems at first that the expression “washed his hands” is redundant - the fact that he dried his hands would have sufficed for us to understand that he washed. However, these words have their own role in the molding of the tension between the two parts of the story. At first glance, it appears that the student is fulfilling the mitzva of washing his hands, and the drying of them on his friend’s cloak is simply part of that act. This being the case, some would be willing to forgive the student for the trifling lack of consideration that he shows in his performance of the mitzva. This possibility receives an unequivocal response at the end of the story, where the student is accused of theft and he confesses. Perhaps the use of the words “washed his hands” is also meant as an ironic allusion to the idea of “clean [i.e., innocent] hands” and expresses the assumption that the students hands are indeed clean – an assumption that is subsequently disproved.
The main character and subject of the story
What is the focus of the story? Theoretically, we might read it with a focus on the disciple, his actions, and the process that he undergoes (a covert sin – theft, followed by a “lighter” sin of lack of consideration for his friend’s property, which leads to the discovery of the more serious sin). However, it would seem that the narrator deliberately chooses to focus our attention not on the disciple, but rather on Mar Zutra, his actions, and his thoughts. If we look at the beginning of the story, we find that the syntax of the first sentence is rather strange: it recounts that a goblet was stolen from “the host,” and therefore we would expect the subject of the sentence to be either the goblet or the host. Instead, the narrator creates a strange and clumsy sentence in which Mar Zutra the Pious is the subject: “Mar Zutra the Pious had a silver goblet stolen from him from his host.” From this point onward, Mar Zutra is the subject of each of the sentences comprising the story. The act carried out by the student in the second sentence is described from the perspective of Mar Zutra. The story goes on to describe the actions of Mar Zutra that lead to the confession by the thief. This structure emphasizes the involvement of Mar Zutra, his sensitivity and his concern for the possessions of others – as expressed in his concern for the host who had his silver goblet stolen. Our initial impression from the first sentence is that it is Mar Zutra himself who is the victim of the theft, and this alludes to his level of concern for the property of his host. The actions that follow prove this concern. This trait is, of course, contrasted with that of the student, who “had no consideration.”
The righteous Sage in this aggada has two main characteristics. The first is his sensitivity with regard to the property of others. This is expressed in his efforts to find the thief and restore the goblet to its owner, as well as in the fact that he is troubled by a “mild” act of inconsideration which most people would probably have accepted with equanimity. More importantly, however, the reader becomes aware, over the course of the stages of the story, of Mar Zutra’s keen discernment. By the end, we realize that this close attention to small details that others might not notice also includes much more: Mar Zutra’s “seeing” is an inner seeing; it penetrates the outer façade that is visible to all, and arrives at the true significance of that façade. Hence, he is able to conclude, truthfully and accurately, from the student’s “lesser” misdeed that he is also guilty of the more severe crime. The conclusion we draw is therefore not that any minor manifestation of inconsideration necessarily conceals a more serious criminal character. The story is built on the combination of a student who is indeed guilty of immoral behavior of both lesser and greater severity, and a Sage of the caliber of Mar Zutra the Pious, who possesses a unique gift of “seeing” which allows him to penetrate the inner recesses of a person’s character.
- The biblical story serving as background to the aggada
At the climax of the story we find another literary element. The theft of the silver goblet and the discovery of the thief recall the biblical story of Yosef and his brothers (Bereishit 44). In this story, Yosef orders that his silver goblet be hidden in Binyamin’s sack, as the brothers make ready to return to Yaakov in Kena’an. Yosef then commands his servants to set off in pursuit of the brothers, and to accuse them of stealing the goblet, which is duly discovered. The presence of the goblet in Binyamin’s sack puts the brothers in a very difficult position, since their top priority in this journey is to bring Binyamin home safely to his father.
The theft of the goblet is staged by Yosef, and as such it is not a real crime. However, even the brothers, who are unaware of this, understand that in fact, the theft of the goblet does not stand alone as an incidental sin for which they have been caught. Yehuda’s first words to Yosef show that the brothers regard the whole incident as an allusion to their far more profound guilt: the kidnap and sale of their brother. “And Yehuda said, What can we say to my lord… God has found out the iniquity of your servants…” (44:16). This pronouncement is a continuation of a statement by Reuven earlier in the story, drawing a connection between the difficulties that the brothers are now experiencing in Egypt and their terrible crime of so many years previously: “Did I not speak to you, saying, ‘Do not sin against the child’… and now, behold, even his blood is required.” (44:22)
A reading of the story of the stolen goblet in the Gemara, in light of the biblical narrative, sheds new light on Mar Zutra’s conduct. This reading reinforces the link that Mar Zutra makes between the drying of hands on someone else’s cloak and the theft. This projection of the lesser misdeed onto the greater one might at first seem surprising. However, the story of Yosef’s goblet, in which a lesser misdeed (in the biblical context, the “theft” of the goblet was, relatively speaking, the lesser misdeed) hints to a grave sin, serves to underline and justify Mar Zutra’s penetrating perception. Moreover, Mar Zutra’s accurate perception is awarded an interesting dimension of reinforcement from a different verse in the biblical story – the words of Yosef himself: “Did you not know that a man such as I could certainly divine?” (44:15) In view of the connection between the two stories, these words might be projected onto Mar Zutra, too.
One final point: the story in the Gemara should also be read against the background of the ironic words that Yosef has his servants address to his brothers: “Why have you repaid good with evil” (v. 4)? This reading strengthens the link between the two narratives and illuminates Mar Zutra’s motives in seeking the thief: he feels that the theft of the host’s goblet by one of the guests is a matter of “repaying good with evil.”
- The context of the aggada within the sugya and the chapter
Our brief aggada is located in the sugya discussing the first Mishna of the second chapter of Bava Metzia (elu metziot):
“These found items belong to the finder, while these others must be announced. These found items belong to the finder: if one finds scattered fruit, scattered money… This is the view of R. Meir…
R. Shimon ben Elazar says: New [never-used] merchandise (anfuria) need not be announced.”
The sugya in which the aggada appears (Bava Metzia 23b) focuses on the last part of the Mishna and explains R. Shimon ben Elazar’s opinion:
“’R. Shimon ben Elazar says…’ – What is meant by the term ‘anfuria’? R. Yehuda said in the name of Shmuel: new vessels which the eye has not sufficiently noted….”
Thus, the Gemara cites the opinion of R. Yehuda in the name of Shmuel in order to explain that ‘anfuria’ refers to new items which are not yet sufficiently familiar to their owner that he would be able to identify them as his own just by seeing them. The Gemara goes on to explain that we are speaking of a situation where the items have no special identifying marks, and therefore there is no possibility of claiming them on that basis. A learned scholar may claim a lost article even in the absence of identifying marks, by virtue of his visual recognition of it - i.e., he is relied upon to recognize his property with certainty. However, even this possibility is limited to objects “which the eye has sufficiently noted” – i.e., where the scholar has had the opportunity of becoming sufficiently familiar with the object. Where new items are concerned, the required familiarity has not been established, and therefore the item cannot be returned to the scholar in accordance with this law solely on the basis of his visual recognition. The Gemara adds another teaching of R. Yehuda concerning the criterion for who may be considered a learned scholar, and its interpretation by Mar Zutra connects it to the law of “visual recognition:”
“For R. Yehuda said in the name of Shmuel: In the following three matters, learned scholars deviate from the truth: in learning (i.e., concealing their knowledge of a certain topic out of modesty); in sexual matters (i.e., concealing the details of their marital relations, out of modesty); and in hospitality (i.e., concealing the fine quality of the hospitality offered to them by a certain host, out of consideration for him, in order to spare him a deluge of guests seeking similar treatment). What is the practical significance of these three categories? Mar Zutra said: These are the criteria for discerning [the caliber of] a scholar to whom an item may be returned solely on the basis of his visual recognition of it. One who conceals the truth only in these three matters – we return the item to him; one who conceals the truth in other matters as well – we do not return it to him.”
Mar Zutra explains that the criteria enumerated by Rav Yehuda establish the level of integrity that a scholar must have in order to belong to the category of those to whom we may return an object solely on the basis of his visual recognition (in the absence of identifying signs). Immediately after this clarification comes the aggada about the stolen goblet.
- The connections between the story and the halakhic discussion, and their contributions to both
There are several linguistic links between the story of the goblet and the halakhic discussion that precedes it:
- The name ‘Mar Zutra’ – Admittedly, there is no way of knowing whether the Sage who offers the teaching and the main character of the story are the same person – and it is reasonable to assume that they are not, since only in the aggada is he referred to as “the Pious.” Nevertheless, the appearance of the same name creates a linguistic link.
- The term “host” is mentioned in the halakhic discussion as one of the categories concerning which a scholar is permitted to deviate from the truth, while in the story the goblet is stolen from the “host.”
- We might point to a more general link in the fact that both the story and the halakhic discussion deal with the returning of money/property to its owner.
It seems that a reading of the story within the context of the sugya reinforces the thematic connection between the story and the sugya. As noted above, at the center of the story is Mar Zutra the Pious, whose uprightness causes him to view any inconsideration towards the property of others in a serious light. His character is linked quite naturally to that of the Sage as presented in the halakhic discussion, who is very careful to tell the truth. In general, Mar Zutra may be viewed as the sort of Sage to whom the sugya refers. However, beyond this general connection, a reading of the story within the context of the discussion about the “visual recognition” of a Sage when it comes to restoring lost property serves to highlight the fact that Mar Zutra’s conduct is likewise based on a sort of “visual recognition.” He employs a sense of intuition or a level of perception that penetrates the outer wrapping of reality. Mar Zutra the Pious sees the student wiping his hands on his friend’s cloak – an expression of his close attention to the tiniest details in the realm of property, arising from his sensitivity to the slightest violation in this regard. However, his “seeing” not only discerns minor actions that others do not notice; it is a seeing that penetrates the person he is looking at, gaining insight into the internal ramifications of that which is visible on the outside. This seeing, which might be referred to as a sort of inner “visual recognition,” is what allows him to state quite confidently that the student who wipes (menagev) his hands is also the thief (ganav).
The Sage’s practice (mentioned in the halakhic discussion) of not stating the whole truth when speaking of his “host,” thereby expressing his gratitude toward him, is also connected to the story. This trait is also expressed in the actions of Mar Zutra in the story: he tries to bring benefit to his host and to reverse the ingratitude of the student who stole the goblet. As noted, this point is also emphasized through the biblical story in the background, in which Yosef asks (in relation to his goblet), “Why have you repaid good with evil?"
On the other hand, the description of the penetrating perception of Mar Zutra in the story sheds light on the concept of the Sage’s “visual recognition” in the halakhic discussion that precedes the story, and adds a new ethical dimension to the law permitting the return of an item to a Sage on the basis of his visual recognition. In light of the story, it seems that the returning of an item in circumstances of visual recognition concerns not only the formal plane, where a person who is known to speak the truth in many spheres can be relied upon when claiming an article that is in the public domain – even without any objective proof in the form of identifying marks. Rather, this type of person's visual recognition is also qualitatively better than other people's, thus it may be relied on to return an item, while for other people such recognition is not sufficient. In other words, it is not just a question of trust, it is the question of how reliable one's visual recognition of one's items is.
The same concept works in the opposite direction, too: one who receives his article back on the sole basis of his visual recognition of it should be someone like Mar Zutra the Pious. He should have qualities that lead him to engage in restoring lost articles to their owners, and to do so on the basis of that same intuition, or “visual recognition.”
It seems that Mar Zutra the Pious’s conduct also contributes a broad conceptual message to the chapter of “elu metziot” as a whole. His efforts to restore the stolen item to its owner – which, by law, he is altogether exempt from – and the gravity with which he views the inconsideration shown towards the property of others, offer an important model for the moral standards demanded by the commandment of restoring a lost article to its owners, which is the subject of the chapter.
Translated by Kaeren Fish
See Bava Batra, 3b-4b
Although it must be noted that in most manuscripts of this sugya a different verb appears, also denoting theft, such that the play on words does not arise.
Another link between the two narratives is to be found in the fact that in the sale of Yosef and the subsequent events, Yosef’s garments play an important role (the striped coat that is removed from him, and the garment that is torn and remains in the hands of Potifar’s wife) – recalling the garment used to wipe the student’s hands. The dipping of Yosef’s coat in blood may also recall the wiping of water on the fellow student’s cloak. In addition, it should be borne in mind that Yosef is, in a certain sense, a “lost article” – or, to state it more accurately, a “stolen article” – which ultimately returns to its “owner” – Yaakov.
These links are noted by S.Y. Friedman, Ichui Parshiot Semukhot be-Suyiot ha-Bavli,” Protocol of the Seventh World Congress of Jewish Studies, 3 (5741), p. 252.
Another connection between the story and the halakhic discussion might be the phenomenon of projection, or induction, from one moral realm to another, which they share: in the halakhic discussion, on the basis of the Sage deviating from the truth in three areas only, we induce the license to return a lost article to him on the basis of his visual recognition alone. In the story, Mar Zutra the Pious sees a moral defect in a student in one area, and induces a defect in a different area – although, obviously, in the story the gap between the two areas is far greater and more obvious.
Cf. Rashi: “If someone asks him whether his host welcomed him with a happy countenance and he says ‘No’, this is a good trait – so that he [the host] will not be inundated with ill-mannered people who will come to him constantly, and exhaust all his wealth.”
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Most people want a crystal clear fountain full of clean water. Unfortunately, a lot of fountains end up filled with ugly algae. What gives?
Whenever there is an unusual algae bloom, there is an excess of the resources different algae nutrients. The three main sources of nutrients for algae in ponds are runoff from garden fertilizer, fish waste material, and dead leaves from nearby trees and bushes.
But what can you do to deal with the algae once it’s there? And why will these things cause algae to bloom in the first place?
Why Algae Is In Your Fountain
So, in that earlier paragraph, I was a little misleading. Virtually all water has algae in it, the algae just won’t bloom unless it has an abundance of the needed chemicals, namely phosphorous and nitrogen.
Without large amounts of these nutrients entering their ecosystem, algae will go about their lives reproducing at the usual rate and not being particularly noticeable at all.
Add in a source of nutrients that puts the ecosystem out of balance, however, and the algae will begin to reproduce rapidly. This is usually harmless to the plants and fish in your little fountain, but there are certainly times when it can become a danger.
For instance, when a large number of algae all die at once, decomposers tend to explode in population, sucking all of the oxygen out of the water and killing any fish you may be keeping.
Some kinds of algae can also end up covering the whole fountain if nothing is done to deal with them. With the fountain completely covered, your fish can end up in complete darkness, which really isn’t very good for them.
Some algae blooms can even be toxic to both fish and humans. Cyanobacteria, a kind of blue algae, can be deadly if allowed to grow in your fountain.
However, your fountain may be the decorative kind that doesn’t really have any fish.
In that case, you may just not want your fountain to look green and murky, or to have a carpet of thick, plant-like algae on top of it. In these cases, it’s critical to figure out where these extra nutrients are coming from in order to decrease the algae population in your fountain.
A fountain looks like a closed system at first glance. The only thing that should be in your fountain is what you put in your fountain in theory. In reality, this is rarely true, and little things that you would never expect can lead to a change in your fountain’s ecosystem.
There are very few processes in the living world that output nitrogen, but decomposition is one of them. When dead plant matter ends up in your fountain, that gaurentees that there will be something decomposing in your fountain for quite some time to come, especially if leaves fall in in the fall and are still there in the spring.
This can cause a mass release of nitrogen into your fountain, the perfect time for algae to bloom. These blooms are usually harmless, although in a small enough fountain they can choke fish when all that agae runs out of new nitrogen and dies.
The best way to prevent this from being a problem is to keep your fountain clean as much as you possibly can.
One leaf floating on the surface of your fountain won’t cause any problems, but if there’s a tree directly above it that sheds its leaves every year around the same time, be ready to clean the leaves out of your fountain when it starts.
As a side note, if one of your fish dies it can end up causing similar problems if you allow the dead fish to remain in your pond for too long. Don’t do that. It’s gross.
The nutrients that algae need just so happen to be the same nutrients that plants need, meaning that anything that will fertilize a plant will also fertilize algae.
Man-made fertilizers are the most likely of these sources to cause a bloom that is harmful to the life of your pond. This is because fertilizers are designed to carry as much of these nutrients as physically possible in order to accelerate growth.
This will produce a ton of algae of whatever kind is the most common in your fountain. If there are no other living things in your fountain, this is probably your problem, and you may want to fix it before something evolves out of the increasingly thick algal bloom you’ve created.
It can be tricky to figure out where the fertilizer in your fountain is coming from. The most likely culprit is either runoff from rainwater, or runoff from when you’re watering your plants.
If the problem is the former, you may need to install a better drainage system in your garden and around your fountain to guide the runoff somewhere else.
If it is the latter, you can start by experimenting with watering your plants from a different direction. You may also want to try using a little bit less water if your plants will be okay with that.
Your plants may be right next to the fountain. In this case, you shouldn’t use any fertilizer as long as it’s avoidable. It’s best to have a twenty foot space around your fountain where you don’t use any fertilizer at all, although that may be unfeasible if you have a smaller yard.
Just like many animals, fish excretions contain nitrogen. If there isn’t anything else in your fountain eating up that nitrogen, algae will do it. If there are enough fish in the fountain, this imbalance can result in a fish kill.
However, this problem is really a problem of balance. If you find yourself with this particular, you can solve it by planting a few aquatic plants on the surface of your fountain.
These will compete with the algae for nitrogen, but more importantly they will balance out your fountain’s ecosystem.
There are some kinds of fish that will eat some kinds of algae, and these can be used as algae control if you’re in the right environment. Most of these fish are tropical, however, meaning that if you’re living in a more temperate part of the world like me these fish will only be able to stay out in the summer.
Types of Algae
The two kinds of algae most commonly found in fountains are filamentous and planktonic algae. These are both harmless in most situations. Planktonic algae will look a little bit like the water has been painted a green or blue color, while filamentous algae may look like a small mat on top of the surface.
While they are different kinds of algae, the ways to deal with them are fairly similar, although filamentous algae has enough of a form that it can be romoved trough mechanical means. This being said, because it tends to take in a lot of the most bacteria ridden materials in the water, it’s a bad idea to physically touch filamentous algae with your hands.
Taking Care of Algae
Outside of keeping fertilizer out of your fountain, the best way to take care of algae is to make sure that your fountain’s ecosystem is balanced. While the fountain may not be a completely closed system, you have control over a lot of what goes on in it. Use that control to keep everything healthy.
Floating plants like lilies and lotus are great for this, as they also provide shade for your water, limiting the amount of sunlight that the algae can get to. However, all aquatic plants are useful for limiting algae, especially if you have fish.
Some kinds of algae can be physically picked up and taken out of the pond. This is a viable short term solution, although the algae will grow back if nothing is done to take care of the excess nutrients.
One thing that you shouldn’t do is use chemical algaecides. Anything that hurts algae will hurt your fish too, and if you don’t take care of the root cause that your algae is blooming for it will just bloom again as soon as the algaecides runs out.
For a fountain that doesn’t have fish in it, algaecides can sometimes be safely used. Just be sure that the particular algaecides that you’re using is applied after you have removed the source of the nutrients that was causing the bloom in the first place, and that they won’t have any adverse affects on things near your fountain.
Remember that the algae is only a problem if there’s way too much of it. Algae is part of a healthy fountain ecosystem just as much as any of the other things living in it. Your goal isn’t to kill all of the algae, your goal is just to get the population under control.
This is less a campaign of eradication and more like pruning a tree. If the algae grow too plentiful, they’ll end up hurting themselves as well as the rest of the fountain. By keeping their population limited, you’re helping the algae to live its best life.
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On a warm, sunny afternoon, University of Minnesota scientists Richard Axler and Jesse Schomberg stroll along a stretch of Amity Creek on Duluth's east side, pointing out various restoration efforts — an enormous stabilizing bank of rocks enclosed in wire, two new culverts and a stone-lined channel.
"We think the road and little valley washed out during a hundred-year storm in 1946 and had been bleeding mud for 60 years," says Axler, a researcher with the U of M Duluth's Natural Resources Research Institute.
On this day, the repaired trout stream flows lazily across rocks toward the Lester River and on to Lake Superior. But during a big rain, so much water rushes from streets and driveways and rooftops into the creek — listed as "impaired" by the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency — it becomes a torrent. After a storm in August, a 13-year-old boy drowned in an Amity swimming hole.
Controlling water during storms in Duluth is a difficult enterprise. Not only does the city contend with steep terrain but its soil is loaded with clay, which means it doesn't absorb water well and is highly erodible. Stormwater flows fiercely, sometimes even overwhelming the city's sanitary sewer system (a problem being addressed with several new overflow tanks), and is routed as much as possible through underground lines leading in myriad directions, including to Amity Creek.
Considering the creek's volume, it was important to fix the washout and reduce the sediment flowing downstream to Lake Superior. The university and the city of Duluth teamed up for the effort, which was partly funded by a $100,000 grant from Ron Weber, a former Duluthian who made his fortune importing Rapala fishing lures.
"Weber money funded the engineering design and the city brought equipment and people," says Axler. "The city was a critical partner in this and they brought it to our attention. City public works staff really pushed hard for a couple of years to get the resources for the project. It's great when you are asking for resources all the time and then actually get them. It's nice to have a stakeholder partnership work as this one did."
In fact, Duluth is finding all kinds of innovative ways to address the difficult issue of runoff volume and quality, such as encouraging permeable parking lots and maintaining a series of 19 enormous concrete sediment catch boxes at the bottom of Duluth's hill. Some of the boxes are so large — one along I-35 is a quarter mile long — the city uses a Bobcat to clean them out every year or two. "I don't know of any other cities that use basins like we do," says Duluth project coordinator Chris Kleist. "Other cities tend to have ponds."
“Fishing in town, if you know what you're doing, can be good.”Chris Kleist, Duluth project coordinator
Duluth is searching for solutions in an unusually collaborative manner. For almost a decade, the city has been part of an informal group called the Regional Stormwater Protection Team, which includes a long list of partners — nearby cities, St. Louis County, the Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, the university and others.
Mainly the group focuses on educational efforts, such as environmental workshops for snow plow drivers and the people who maintain turf in the parks during summers. "Some communities were reluctant to be part of the stormwater group at first," says Schomberg, who works with the Minnesota Sea Grant program, a member of the team. "But over time, people got to know each other and got used to the idea. Some of the benefits are really unquantifiable. It's about relationships."
There are 16 designated trout streams, including the Amity, inside Duluth's city limits. The creeks are largely an unheralded amenity, according to Kleist, who is trying to land a separate grant to fix Buckingham Creek, which runs through Enger Park Golf Course. "These are one of the real treasures of the city," he says. "It's amazing how many people don't know they're there. Fishing in town, if you know what you're doing, can be good."
The objective with stormwater in Duluth is to slow it, settle out its sediment, and even cool it so it's less harmful to the fish that live in the streams. "We are trying to smooth out the spikes," says Kleist. "We are trying to slow the water down. It might be the same volume, but it will be released over a period of time. We're trying to create more of a natural runoff situation."
In late 2010, the city passed a new land use plan called the Unified Development Chapter, which stands to help water quality by emphasizing environmentally-friendly design and erosion control, and restricting the creation of impervious surfaces. Between 1990 and 2000, according to one study, Duluth was one of the only sizeable cities in the state to reduce its percentage of such surfaces.
In Duluth — because of all that clay — creating a permeable surface requires more effort than it does in some other places. Because water doesn't naturally percolate down into the ground, a permeable parking lot at the College of St. Scholastica actually has an impervious surface a few feet below it that collects and funnels runoff. Similarly, at the U of M Duluth, a parking lot was built with storage tanks underneath to catch the water, filter it and cool it before gradually releasing it.
Schomberg lauds the new code, which regulates landscaping around parking lots and gives parking space credits to developments near transit lines. "I went to every hearing and submitted lots of comments," he says. "It is what I wanted it to be. There is more in there than I thought there would be."
Beyond that, Kleist, Schomberg, Axler, lead researcher Valerie Brady and a handful of other partners just completed a three-year experiment to see what kind of impact individual homeowners with rain gardens and barrels could have on stormwater flowing into Amity Creek, the largest watershed in the city.
Starting in October 2007, the team monitored runoff from three streets in the Lakeside neighborhood for a year. The next year, the team — with the help of residents and the Conservations Corps Minnesota — installed conservation measures along one of the streets. They planted 250 trees and shrubs and put in 22 rain barrels, five rain gardens, 12 overflow storage basins and two swales. They also reconstructed a stormwater ditch.
The third year was spent measuring the difference in runoff volume and quality between the street with conservation measures and the two streets without them. "There were definitely benefits in the treatment group," says Kleist. Comparing one year to another was tricky, given varying rain amounts and temperatures and other factors. And the experiment was geographically small. Yet, says Kleist, "When we looked at the total volume throughout the season, it was down slightly."
This will be good information to have when talking with residents about the benefits of conservation, says Kleist. Already, the project is making a difference. When residents were surveyed early in the study, according to its final report, only half "knew that there was a stream five blocks away, and many of these folks incorrectly identified it as the Lester River (which is the next stream over)." Only 22 percent realized their stormwater flows into Amity Creek before going into Lake Superior.
By the end, however, there was, "an increase in understanding by treatment‐street residents of where stormwater flowed to and what it affected, and an increase in willingness to accept at least some responsibility for stormwater runoff." Even residents outside the study area were asking for rain barrels, Kleist said. This could be good news for Amity Creek, says Axler, who is part of the Weber Stream Restoration Initiative, recently awarded close to $850,000 from the national Great Lakes Restoration Initiative. With the money, the group will continue its Amity monitoring efforts and will build online resources for residential stormwater planning and ditch design. Progress can be followed on another of the U of M and city's joint projects, the Lake Superior Streams website.
Having the U of M and other colleges around makes Duluth a more progressive city, says Kleist. "They are great to work with. We try to work together on projects and coordinate educational programs so we're all saying the same thing. Younger students are a little more environmentally conscious," he adds. "They are more pro-active about their own environmental impact."
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BERLIN, Germany — Scientists say the hole in the Earth’s protective ozone layer over the Southern Hemisphere is larger than usual this year and already surpasses the size of Antarctica.
The European Union’s Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service said Thursday that the so-called ozone hole, which appears every year during the Southern Hemisphere spring, has grown considerably in the past week following an average start.
“Forecasts show that this year´s hole has evolved into a rather larger than usual one,” said Vincent-Henri Peuch, who heads the EU's satellite monitoring service.
“We are looking at a quite big and potentially also deep ozone hole,” he said.
Atmospheric ozone absorbs ultraviolet light coming from the sun. Its absence means more of this high-energy radiation reaches the Earth, where it can harm living cells.
Peuch noted that last year's ozone hole also started out unremarkably but then turned into one of the longest-lasting ones on record.
The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, led to a ban on a group of chemicals called halocarbons that were blamed for exacerbating the annual ozone hole.
Experts say that while the ozone layer is beginning to recover, it's likely to take until the 2060s for the ozone-depleting substances used in refrigerants and spray cans to completely disappear from the atmosphere.
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In November 2013, French Polynesia’s government committed to protecting at least 20 percent of the French territory’s waters by 2020. More than 50 local organizations voiced support for this goal at a June 2014 event celebrating the local visit of the Hokule’a—the traditional Polynesian vessel and its crew that stopped in Tahiti as part of its travels from Hawaii across the Pacific to promote ocean protection.
The Austral Islands, the southernmost archipelago in French Polynesia, present a great opportunity for conservation. They benefit from extraordinarily rich marine ecosystems, and their people have long sought to protect their environmental legacy. In 2014, municipal councils of the five inhabited islands called for the creation of a large marine protected area (MPA) surrounding the Australs. The government listened and announced in November at the World Parks Congress in Sydney that it intended to establish a large MPA in those waters.
Earlier that year, French Polynesia invited The Pew Charitable Trusts to conduct a detailed scientific inventory of the Austral Islands’ marine environment and examine the relationship between the islands and life in the surrounding waters. This interdisciplinary report is the result, produced with input from a wide range of experts. It is intended to serve as a foundation of knowledge to help define the conservation measures that the government and local communities will consider.
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Psalm 57 Lectio Divina (lectio in groups)
- Read through Psalm 57.
- Read again, noting the words and phrases that speak of lament and distress.
- Read a 3rd time, noting the words and phrases that speak of praise and thanksgiving.
- Compare the parts of the Psalm that speak of lament and those that speak of praise. Meditate on the contrasts.
- Where do you find yourself in this mix?
- Where can you find praise and thanksgiving in the midst of trial and suffering?
- Reflect on these questions and record your reflections in your journal.
- Repeat the words of the Psalm as a prayer.
- Ask God to give you a heart of thanks even in difficult times.
- Repeat the verses that allow you to pray with your whole heart.
- Be silent in the presence of God.
- Repeat the words from the Psalm that bring comfort to you. Rest in that comfort.
- End your time with a song of thanksgiving.
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5.4.4 Early breastfeeding
If everything is normal after the birth, the mother should breastfeed her baby right away (Figure 5.12). She may need some help getting started. The first milk to come from the breast is yellowish and is called colostrum. Some women think that colostrum is bad for the baby and do not breastfeed in the first day after the birth. But colostrum is very important! It is full of protein and helps to protect the baby from infections.
- Breastfeeding makes the uterus contract. This helps the placenta come out, and it may help prevent heavy bleeding.
- Breastfeeding helps the baby to clear fluid from his nose and mouth and breathe more easily.
- Breastfeeding is a good way for the mother and baby to begin to know each other.
- Breastfeeding comforts the baby.
- Breastfeeding can help the mother relax and feel good about her new baby.
If the baby does not seem able to breastfeed, see if it has a lot of mucus in his or her nose. To help the mucus drain, lay the baby across the mother’s chest with its head lower than its body. Stroke the baby’s back from the waist up to the shoulders. After draining the mucus, help the mother to put the baby to the breast again. You will learn a lot more about breastfeeding in the next Module in this curriculum on Postnatal Care.
5.4.3 Warmth and bonding
Summary of Study Session 5
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In the wake of the recent Olympic winter games in Sochi, Russia, a number of economists have mounted theories linking success at Winter Olympics with economic development for participating countries.
One such research paper by two French professors purports that the number of Olympic medals a country wins is directly correlated to that nation’s population and per-capita income. Based on their calculations, the U.S. was projected to lead in the medal count with 36, followed by Germany (28), and Canada (27), with Russia and Norway tied (24) in fourth place.*
[CLICK HERE to read the article, “Predicting the Winter Olympics with Economics,” at Freakonomics.com, Feb. 11, 2014.]
[CLICK HERE to read the article, “A Strong Economy Is the Secret to Winning Medals at the Winter Olympics,” at BusinessInsider.com, Feb. 9, 2014.]
Then there’s the question of how much being the host country for the Olympics can help that nation’s economy. In the case of Russia, its economy grew by only 1.3 percent in 2013, following a 7 percent average annual rate in the first eight years of Russian President Vladimir Putin’s rule.
The Russian government banked on the idea that hosting the Winter Olympics would have a significant long-term impact on the country’s economy. Money that could have been spent on schools, hospitals and general infrastructure was allocated to the construction and modernization of the airport, 260 kilometers of roads, highway interchanges and bypasses; 200 kilometers of railway, 54 bridges and 22 tunnels; 14 brand new venues and 19,000 hotel rooms.
Apparently the winter games are more expensive to plan and train for than the summer games. The investment to host this Olympic event was said to cost around $50 billion. Clearly, a lot of people had to be interested in visiting Sochi — which was only just developed as a ski resort destination in preparation for the event — for the games to deliver long-term returns to the host country.
[CLICK HERE] to read the article, “Are the Sochi Olympics Economically Worthwhile?” at DailyForex.com, Feb. 12, 2014.
[CLICK HERE to read the article, “Sochi Olympics: Going for the Gold, Spending in the Red,” at NBCnews.com, Feb. 14, 2014.]
Then again, a few of those new 19,000 hotel rooms weren’t quite finished. In fact, journalists from around the world had a field day tweeting about their accommodations, ranging from unfinished rooms to undrinkable water.
[CLICK HERE to read the article, “Journalists at Sochi are Live-Tweeting Their Hilarious and Gross Hotel Experiences,” from The Washington Post, Feb. 4, 2014.]
[CLICK HERE to read the article, “Images from Sochi: From the Bizarre to the Sublime,” at CBSnews.com, Feb. 8, 2014.]
If there’s a lesson we as individuals can take from this year’s Winter Olympic Games, it’s the importance of carefully considering our return on investment before we make an expensive purchase. Well, that and to pursue our dreams with passion and commitment the way our heroic Olympians do.
*Actual medal count rank was Russia (33), United States (28), Norway (26), Canada (25), Netherlands (24) and Germany (19).
By contacting us, you may be offered information regarding the purchase of insurance products.
These articles are being provided for informational purposes only and should not be used as the basis for any financial decisions. While we believe this information to be correct, we do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of the information included.
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Despite my article a few years ago clarifying the true origins of Halloween and a proper Orthodox attitude towards it ("Orthodoxy and Halloween: Separating Fact From Fiction", see also my Halloween Resource Page), many Orthodox Christian clergy and faithful still embrace and promote a false version promoted by fundamentalists of recent times to senselessly scare people away from ANY participation in the holiday. The only thing we should fear in this instance, however, is falsehood and bearing false witness when presented with the truth. Below is a more balanced version concerning the truth about Halloween, whether one likes the truth or not.
By Catherine Beyer
What is Halloween?
Halloween is a secular holiday combining vestiges of traditional harvest festival celebrations with customs more specific to the occasion such as costume wearing, trick-or-treating, pranksterism, and decorations based on imagery of death and the supernatural. The observance takes place on October 31.
Though it was regarded up until the last few decades of the 20th century as primarily a children's holiday, in more recent years common Halloween activities such as mask wearing, costume parties, themed decorations, and even trick-or-treating have grown quite popular with adults as well, making Halloween an all-ages celebration.
What does the name 'Halloween' mean?
The name Halloween (originally spelled Hallowe'en) is a contraction of All Hallows Even, meaning the day before All Hallows Day (better known as All Saints Day), a Catholic holiday commemorating Christian saints and martyrs observed since the early Middle Ages on November 1.
How and when did Halloween originate?
The best available evidence indicates that Halloween originated in the early Middle Ages as a Catholic vigil observed on the eve of All Saints Day, November 1.
It has become commonplace to trace its roots even further back in time to a pagan festival of ancient Ireland known as Samhain (pronounced sow'-en or sow'-een), about which little is actually known. The prehistoric observance marked the end of summer and the onset of winter, and is said to have been celebrated with feasting, bonfires, sacrificial offerings, and paying homage to the dead.
Despite some thematic similarities, there's scant evidence of any real continuity of tradition linking the Medieval observance of Halloween to Samhain, however. Some modern historians, notably Ronald Hutton (The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain, 1996) and Steve Roud (The English Year, 2008, and A Dictionary of English Folklore, 2005), flatly reject the commonly held notion that November 1 was designated All Saints Day by the Church to "Christianize" the pagan festival. Citing a lack of historical evidence, Steve Roud dismisses the Samhain theory of origin altogether.
"Certainly the festival of Samhain, meaning Summer's End, was by far the most important of the four quarter days in the medieval Irish calendar, and there was a sense that this was the time of year when the physical and supernatural worlds were closest and magical things could happen," Roud notes, "but however strong the evidence in Ireland, in Wales it was May 1 and New Year which took precedence, in Scotland there is hardly any mention of it until much later, and in Anglo-Saxon England even less."
Earliest Halloween customs
The earliest documented customs attributable to Halloween proper grew out of the tandem observances of All Saints Day (November 1), a day of prayer for saints and martyrs of the Church, and All Souls Day (November 2), a day of prayer for the souls of all the dead. Among the practices associated with Halloween during the Medieval period were the lighting of bonfires, evidently to symbolize the plight of souls lost in purgatory, and souling, which consisted of going door-to-door offering prayers for the dead in exchange for "soul cakes" and other treats. Mumming (or "guising"), a custom originally associated with Christmas consisting of parading in costume, chanting rhymes, and play-acting, was a somewhat later addition to Halloween.
Again, however, despite the obvious similarities between old and new, it's an overstatement to say these Medieval customs "survived" to the present day, or even that they "evolved" into modern Halloween practices such as trick-or-treating. There's no direct historical evidence of such a continuity. By the time Irish immigrants brought the holiday to North America in the mid-1800s, mumming and souling were all but forgotten in their home country, where the known Halloween customs of the time consisted of praying, communal feasting, and playing divination games such as bobbing for apples.
The secular, commercialized holiday we know today would be barely recognizable to Halloween celebrants of even just a century ago.
Is Halloween Christian, Pagan, or Secular?
The most straightforward answer is "secular." People who celebrate this day in a religious context generally do not call it Halloween, and the common practices associated with Halloween such as costuming and giving of treats are secular celebrations.
Christian Origins – All Hallows Eve and All Saints Day
However, Halloween evolved out of a Catholic holiday called All Hallows Eve, which occurs the day before All Saints Day, a general celebration of the saints on November 1.
In turn, All Saints Day originally was celebrated on May 13, and in the Orthodox Church is continues to be celebrated in late spring on the first Sunday after Pentecost, which in turn is seven weeks after Easter. Pope Gregory III is commonly credited with moving it in the 9th century to November 1, although the reasons for the move are debatable.
Ancient Celtic Origins - Samhain
It is often argued, most commonly by neo-pagans and Christians who are against Halloween celebrations, that All Saints Day was moved to November 1 to co-opt a Celtic Irish celebration called Samhain.
Did the Catholic Church Co-opt Samhain?
There is no direct evidence to say they did. Gregory's reasons for moving it from May 13 to November 1 remain mysterious. A twelfth century writer suggested it was because Rome could support larger numbers of pilgrims in November than in May.
There are similarities. Samhain appears to have connection with the dead and may have involved communication with, placating of, or honoring of those who had died. All Saints is a celebration of dead saints, whom Catholics communicate with through prayer and offerings in the hopes of the saints acting as intermediaries between humanity and God.
However, Ireland is a long way from Rome, and Ireland was Christian by the time of Gregory. So the logic of changing a feast day throughout Europe to co-opt a holiday originally celebrated in a small portion of it has some substantial weaknesses.
What is Samhain and How Does it Relate to Halloween?
Historically, Samhain was an Irish Celtic harvest festival that marked the beginning of the winter season. It is not likely to have been held on a specific calendar day, but rather whenever the harvest was finished for the year.
Connections between Samhain and Halloween
There are a variety of Halloween traditions often credited to Samhain, such as costume wearing and the creation of hallowed out vegetables (predecessors to the jack-o-lantern). Readers are cautioned to be very wary of such claims. The Irish were non-literate before the coming of the Romans and even then left us no documents about their society. Most of what we know of them therefore comes from outside sources, often people who had never actually met the Irish or, more often, were writing hundreds of years after their pagan society had vanished.
In addition, the common claim is that ancient Celtic practices became folklore practices in the Christian period which is how they were transformed into modern Halloween celebrations. Again, the evidence is often sketchy, with most of it dating on a couple centuries back. Many of these claims of Halloween celebrations being ancient are therefore conjecture at best.
Samhain in Mythology
From the mythological stories (again, written many centuries after Christianization), Samhain appears to be a time of transitions when chaos reigns. The are references to the closeness of the Otherworld to the world of the living during this time, and it is commonly associated with divinations and remembrances of the dead. The mythology rarely if ever touches upon specific rituals performed by common people.
Modern Samhain Celebrations
Today, a variety of neo-pagans celebrate Samhain. Many celebrate it the night of October 31, but some calculate the date via other methods such as astrologically or even by when local harvests are completed. Some even refer to the holiday as "Halloween" rather than as "Samhain," which merely further confuses the issue.
Modern celebrations manifest in a wide variety of ways. First, they may reflect mythology and beliefs specific to the celebrating neo-pagans. Wiccans and Druids, who belong to two separate neo-pagan religions, might hold significantly different celebrations, for example. Second, they frequently reference Northern European folklore or Celtic practices as they understand them to have been (which may or may not align with what was actually historically).
Modern Samhain celebrations are certainly not part of an unbroken pagan tradition. In fact, they post-date the secular emergence of Halloween.
Is Halloween Satanic?
Only in certain circumstances, and not historically.
Halloween is most directly related to the Catholic holiday of All Hallows Eve, although it has picked up a variety of practices and beliefs most likely borrowed from folklore. Even the origins of those practices are often questionable, with evidence dating back only a couple hundred years and older records being suspiciously mum about what might have been taking place around the end of October.
None of these things have anything to do with Satanism. In fact, if Halloween folk practices had anything to do with spirits, it would have been primarily to keep them away, not attract them. That would be the opposite of common perceptions of "Satanism."
When Anton LaVey formed the Church of Satan in the mid-20th century, he stipulated three holidays for his version of Satanism, the first organized religion to ever label itself Satanic. The first and most important was the Satanist's own birthday. The other two are Walpurgisnacht (April 30) and Halloween (October 31). Both dates were often considered "witch holidays" in popular culture and thus linked with Satanism. LaVey adopted Halloween less because of any inherent Satanic meaning in the date and more as a joke on those who had superstitiously feared it.
So, yes, Satanists do celebrate Halloween as one of their holidays. However, this is a recent adoption. Halloween was been celebrated long before Satanists had anything to do with it. Therefore, historically Halloween is not Satanic, and today it only makes sense to call it a Satanic holiday when referencing its celebration by actual Satanists.
Sources and Further Reading
• Adams, W. H. Davenport. Curiosities of Superstition and Sketches of Some Unrevealed Religions. London: J. Masters & Co., 1882.
• Aveni, Anthony. The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
• Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
• Opie, Iona and Tatem, Moira. A Dictionary of Superstitions. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
• Rogers, Nicholas. Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.
• Roud, Steve. The English Year. London: Penguin Books, 2008.
• Roud, Steve and Simpson, Jacqueline. A Dictionary of English Folklore. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
• Santino, Jack. "Halloween: The Fantasy and Folklore of All Hallows." The American Folklore Center, Library of Congress, September 1982.
• Santino, Jack (Ed.). Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1994.
• Skal, David J. Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween. New York: Bloomsbury, 2002.
• Wolfson, Jill. "Halloween Handwringing." Salon.com, 29 Oct. 1999.
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WILLEM, JOAN AND CORNELIUS BLAEU 1571 Willem Janszoon Blaeu was born in Amsterdam (He died also in Amsterdam in 1638). He was the founder of the Blaeu Publishing House and established the great reputation of Blaeu cartography. Willem Blaeu can also be found as Willem Janszoon Blaeu, Willem Jansz Blaeu, Guilielmus Janssonius, Willems Jans Zoon, Guilielmus or G. Blaeu. Blaeu was a maker of globes and scientific instruments and purchased some early map plates from Jodocus Hondius. Hondius was more of a craftsman engraver than a cartographer and so Blaeu was buying the work of other- possibly English- map makers. Hondius was the Amsterdam engraver who had worked with Speed, and so Speed works could have been among those early purchases, and Speed copied much from Saxton, so a given map- say Blaeu’s Herefordshire- could have this complex provenance. From this small beginning the Blaeu house was to emerge one of the largest and most prolific map publishing businesses of the seventeenth century. Willem’s great interest in mathematics and astronomy led him to travel to Denmark to meet Tycho Brahe where he learned globe-making. He returned to the Netherlands, set up a business in Amsterdam , produced globes and added a printing press which was to be the embryo of the family company. 1581 The Dutch Revolution and consequent rise of the Dutch Republic, from 1581, freeing the Provinces from French German and Spanish authority, had been one of the most remarkable events of modern European history. A small, low-lying region,smaller than Yorkshire, where the Rhine Amsel and Scheldt met the sea : essentially a group of estuaries lacking natural resources, developed an mercantile society based on shipping which came to dominate Northern Europe and out perform England as a naval power. The rise in commerce saw a flowering of art and science. It was tailored to a bourgeois clientele, not an aristocracy and not the Church. It was in cartography that these three disciplines: commerce, science and art, were to unite. The Dutch had a strong history in map making, most notably through Mercator and Ortelius, but by the middle of the 17th Century, it was the atelier of Blaeu stood out. The Blaeu workshop produced the fine atlases. A perfectionist, Willem Blaeu used the best engravers, printers, colourists and materials to achieve his goals. 1594 Death of Mercator. His birth name was Geert De Kremer- a German born in Flanders. Blaeu re-established the reputation of “Mercator Projection”. 1596 Joan Blaeu was born on the 23rd of September 1596 in Alkmaar. Joan Blaeu can also be found called Johannes Blaeu; John Wiliamson Blaeu; Johannes Willemszoon. Alkmaar lies north west of Amsterdam and about 38 miles distant near the coastal town of Egmond aan Zee The Zuider Zee lay due east but now that is the Markermeer. 1608 Willem is 37 years old and here in 1608 his first publications appear including sea charts in “Het Licht Der Zee-Vaert” “The Light”, in 1608 and a revised issue of Copernicus’ De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium. (Concerning the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres). The atlas was based around the printing plates acquired from Jodocus Hondius Jr.’s stock, who had himself published the later edition of Mercator’s Atlas. The Engraver Hondius was also the chief engraver working with Speed. The atlas contained some sixty maps. This work was expanded in 1631 to contain 98 maps and bore the joint imprint of father and son with the title Appendix Theatri A.Ortelii Et Atlantis G. Mercatoris. 1612 Death of Jodocus Hondius, who was really called Joost de Hondt. (1563 – 12 February 1612). He was the Dutch or Flemish engraver and cartographer who had sold plates Blaeu and had thus kick started that Cartographic house. a Low Countries’ engraver and cartographer. Hondius is best known for his early maps of the New World and Europe. He re-established the reputation of Gerard Mercator, and engraved for John Speed. It is interesting that Mercator’s star had waned at all. Mercator, 1512-1594, contributed two important things to cartography: first was the word “Atlas” which he took from the mythical King of Mauritania. This was a legendary King, cosmologer, geographer: he was not the same as the mythical Atlas and when designers show Atlas bearing the world of his shoulders as a symbol of a geographical atlas, they mistake this point. Secondly Mercator produced his famous projection which envisages the world, not as a sphere, but as a cylinder and thus the lines of longitude are equidistant but the lines of latitude expand to the north and south pole and in the high polar regions become nonsense. This projection allows a world map to be printed on paper continuously without “sections of a sphere” projecting north and south like fronds. It has the immediately apparent consequence of grossly exaggerating the northern realms. Greenland begins to dwarf Africa. Baffin Island is almost “continental” in size. The apparent magic of a Mercator projection is that bearings remain true; lines of bearings or Rhumb lines are constant and the map is of immense use to shipping. His new projection was introduced in 1569 as the “ Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata” : "A New and Complete Description of the Terrestrial Sphere properly adapted for Navigational Use". Mercator is Latin for Kramer (his birth name), which means “merchant”. 1620 In 1620 Joan Blaeu became a doctor of law but he chose to join the workshop of his father, William, rather than practise law. 1630 Willem's two sons, Joan and Cornelius, both entered the family business and in 1630 the firm published its first world atlas, bound as a single volume. This first world atlas, Willem’s “The Atlantis Appendix” was published in association with his eldest son, Joan Blaeu. 1631 The early atlas was expanded in 1631 to contain 98 maps and bore the joint imprint of father William and son Joan with the title “Appendix Theatri A.Ortelii Et Atlantis G. Mercatoris.”: a form of words which recalls the official title of Speed’s atlas. 1634 This is the year cited by some for the publication of the two volume “ Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive, Atlas novus”. 1635. The Blaeu World Atlas was increased to two volumes in this year. This Atlas Novus was properly titled “Theatrum orbis terrarum, sive, Atlas novus”. That word “Theatre” had also been used by Speed for his British Atlas. This two-volume work was more extensive still and now had up to 208 maps. This atlas was published in four separate editions in four different languages: ( Dutch¸ Latin, French and ???? perhaps English?) clear evidence of the Blaeu ambitions. The success of this atlas and plans for follow on publications meant a move of premises became necessary in this year. 1638 Joan and his brother Cornelius took over the studio after their father died in 1638. In that year Joan was 40 years old. Willem had been the founder of the Blaeu publishing house and established the fine reputation of Blaeu maps. 1640 The Blaeu World Atlas Was increased to three volumes. Joan became the official cartographer of the Dutch East India Company. 1644. Cornelius died in this years. Joan would have been 48 and Cornelius was his younger brother but his birth date is not known: one must assume he was about 44 when he died. 1645 Here Joan is working by himself – both Willem and Cornelius are now deceased. In 1645 Joan Blaeu published a county Atlas of England and Wales as part of his Atlas Novus, with maps based mainly on the earlier research of Saxton and Speed. The atlas was regarded as a masterpiece with a balanced style and calligraphic quality that has never been surpassed. Each map epitomised the craftsmanship and artistry of the Blaeu workshop being beautifully ornate with fine cartouches, heraldic shields and engraved calligraphy. 1648 Blaeu's world map,”Nova et Accuratissima Terrarum Orbis Tabula”, incorporating the discoveries of Abel Tasman, (after whom Tasmania was later named) was published in 1648. This map was revolutionary for it depicted the solar system according to the heliocentric theories of Nicolaus Copernicus: that is with the earth revolving around the Sun. Although Copernicus's book: “De Revolutionibus Orbium Caelestium”: “On the Revolutions of the Spheres in the Heavens” had been first printed in 1543, just over a century earlier, Joan Blaeu was, surprisingly, the first mapmaker to incorporate this now not so revolutionary heliocentric theory into a map of the world. 1649 Around 1649 Joan Blaeu published a collection of Dutch city maps called “Toonneel der Steeden”: or Views of Towns. In 1651 he was voted onto the Amsterdam Council. 1654 In 1654 Joan published the first atlas of Scotland, a work devised by Timothy Pont. Pont, it will be noted, was long dead by some 40 years. Timothy Pont, 1565–1614, was a Scottish cartographer and topographic surveyor. He is said to have been the first to draw a detailed map of the Kingdom of Scotland. Pontius or Pont' drew maps which are among the earliest surviving to show any country in accurate and close detail, from an actual ground survey carried out for the purpose. He was also involved in the Plantation of Scots in Ulster and so might have mapped the North of Ireland too. 1655 Blaeu's map was copied as the map of the world set into the pavement of the Groote Burger-Zaal of the new Amsterdam Town Hall, (he was on the Amsterdam Council) designed by the Dutch architect Jacob van Campen in 1655. This building is now the Royal Palace. 1659 Blaeu's “Hollandia Nova” or “New Holland”, by which is meant Au stralia, was also depicted in his Archipelagus Orientalis sive Asiaticus published in 1659 in the Kurfürsten Atlas (called also the Atlas of the Great Elector). 1662 In 1662 he reissued his Atlas Novus, also known as Atlas Maior, now in 11 volumes, and one for oceans. The English maps reappeared in Volume V. of his Atlas Maior, perhaps, say some, the finest cartographic work ever produced. Joan Blaeu’s objective was the fullest possible description of Heaven, Earth and Seas and continually expanded the Novus Atlas in this limitless quest. The work grew from one to two, to four, to nine, to eleven, to twelve folio volumes by 1662. Generally regarded as the pinnacle of 17th century atlas- making; the Atlas Maior in its final state comprised 655 maps. 1663 As "Jean Blaeu", he also published the 12 volume "Le Grand Atlas, ou Cosmographie blaviane, en laquelle est exactement descritte la terre, la mer, et le ciel": “ The Great Atlas or Blaeu’s Cosmology, in which is exactly described the Earth, the Sea and the Heavens”. One edition is dated 1663. That was folio sized (which is 540 x 340 mm), 1664 Hollandia Nova was used by Melchisédech Thévenot to produce his map, Hollandia Nova: or Terre Australe in1664. So perhaps “Australia” was first coined in French not English. 1672 Fire destroyed the atelier completely in the year 1672. Though his map production still continued in Amsterdam it never fully recovered from the catastrophe of 1672. The events ended Blaeu's hegemony over the Amsterdam map trade. The loss of his life’s work (plates and equipment) probably contributed to the great man's death in the following year. It does however, mean that unlike Saxton or Speed: there cannot have been a great number of pirated plates and pulls following his death and this fact may have enhanced his reputation. In its day the Blaeu publishing house was one of the largest in the world. 1673 Joan Blaeu died in Amsterdam, Holland on the 21st of December in 1673. He was 77 years old when he died. A Description of a Joan Blaeu Plate: taken from “Herefordshire”: The map is on a double page sheet 22 3/4 inches by 20 inches. The verso is printed in Latin Text describing counties. The Map defaults to Latin for most of its major working but English for the local toponyms: Hundreds, villages and towns. The points of the compass are in Latin as is the title in a scrolled decorative cartouche at top right. The Surrounding county names are in a Latin form and the phrase “Latin name “in English” English Name” is varied thus: RADNORIA Commitatis Anglice Radnorshire; SALOPAE COMITATUS Vulgo Shropshire; WIGORNIA COMITATUS Vulgo Worcestershre; BRECHINIAW Vernacular Breknocke Shire; MONUMETHENSIS Vulgo Monmouthshire; ANGLOCENTRIST Anglice Gloucestershire. A few pieces of English are suspect even for the date and probably a copy error and proof that Blaeu was not an English Speaker: Archenfeeilde (the double e is Dutch); Mounmouth Shire, Gilden Vale (Golden Vale). Bullingbrok (Bolingbroke). Munmow Flu (Monnow), perhaps: Arro (Arrow), Lidbury (which is Ledbury in the verso text). The parks of gentlemen are circular fenced enclosures – sometimes named, sometimes not. Towns or boroughs have a red spot: Kyneton, Hereford, Rosse (sic). Hundred are names in Roman Capitals thus “ HVNLINGTON HVND.” and are separated from each other by a dotted line. No reference to Wales is made and Blaeu counts this in the Kingdom of England. Dettacjed parts or Islands of Herefordshire are seen in Brecknockshire about “The Forkoke”; Radnorshire (about Lytton); in Shropshire (about Rocheford); and Part of Monmouthshire is on the western bank of the Wye between Herefordshire and Gloucestershire containing Welsh Bicknor. The county border has a dotted engraved line and is highlighted in umber watercolour. This colour is also used in lateral lines to give a landscape look to certain districts- about the engraved hills, about the woodland, and in the parks. The hills are engraved like quite realistic mountain ranges- not in the manner of the “mole-hills- of Saxton or Speed. They are uniformly lit by a sun in the south west and shaded to the north east. The rivers are blue coloured in wash and line engraved in the intaglio. They are named in English with the Latin “Flu” behind thus: Wye Flu, Arro Flu, Lug Flu, Bradfold Flu, Liddon Flu, Frome Flu, Teme Flu. The Armorial Bearings are in a line down the right hand margin and on the bottom margin right, but those bottom ones are empty escutcheons. The shields shown William Fitz Osborn, a shield , field gules with a bend and bar. argent ; Robert Bossu E. with a Cinque-foil argent on or. Miles, Constable of England, gules with two bends argent . Henry Bohum, Lions azure on field or and lions or on a field azure, divided by a bend argent bordered gules. Henry Bullingbrok Duke: Royal arms of England and France with a bend argent. Stafford Field or, chevron gules. Up in the top left is the escutcheon of the English Arms: gules three leopards- here uncoloured. The border is lines – a wide double, a thin double and a broad single line on the outer edge- Then the plate mark which is visible on all sides. This is quite near the outer engraved edging line and has hand chamfered rounded corners. The paper is thick and tram lined in both directions in the watermark. The decorative cartouche about the title shows ears of grain, apples and pears with oak leaves. The grain looks like barley. So this festoon is designed to represent the products of the county. The allegorical figures at bottom left show two putti holding the scale which is Milliaria Anglica quoru quatuor unum constituunt Germanicum: “ English Miles of which four constitute and German mile”. On the right of this group is an orb with bands on which are fixed the planets. This is a symbol showing that Blaeu is fully supportive of the system as described by Copernicus. On the left is a strange figure. He looks like a Norwegian in an almost Sami like costume – a smock top , blue breeches and boots and a tall red cap. In his cloth belt are instruments, set squares etch. Leaning to the left against the map border are his cross staffs and in his hand are dividers. I wonder who this figure is: Mercator perhaps whom the Blaeu Company did do much to advocate: maybe an English cartographer- Saxton or Rudd. He has a very long full beard in the Eastern European manner so I guess this is Copernicus. The Hundreds of the county were those regions of Saxon times (here in the Kingdom of the Mercians) which were required to raise 100 fighting men for the Fyrd when called upon to do so. Here they are : WIGMORE; WOLSEY; BROXASHE; STRETFORDE; HUNLINGTON; EWIASLACY; WEBTREE; GRIMSWORTH; RADLOWE; GREYTREE; WORMELOWE. The Hundred of Herefordshire sure south east from Hay seems not to have a name, nor does the very small region about Llantony and Trewin which might have been a district of “Breknoke” and thus not required to raise troops for the Hereford Fyrd- being without the Kingdom. Monmouth was a Marcher Lordship and had an ambiguous status at the time of this map, though the Lordship had long been taken back by the English Crown from the Baderon Breton lords. It only became officially Wales in 1972. It is not apparent that Blaeu or his source had any good understanding of the geography of hills: The Malvern Hills are shown in the east of this map and they are in fact a straight north south volcanic range but are here the same scattered hill-symbols seen throughout the map. The script is clear and uses the medial “s” in the form of an “f”: thus: Brinfop, Rofemaund, Kingefland. This causes some ambiguity when the medial letter might be an “f”: Derefold Forest, Clyfford Castle. The script tends towards “y” not “i”: Fowemynd, Mychaelchurch. Byllyngham. In vernacular toponyms the “V”is a “U”, and in the Latin toponyms the “U” is a “V”: MONVMENTHENSIS. There are language errors on the plate such as “Part of Moumouth Shire”. THE VERSO The page was never bound into Blaeu’s atlas. It was on a tab which was in turn bound in. The verso script is Latin and described Radnor on the Left and Herefordshire on the right. There are two columns to a page with margin notes throughout. The pages here were 291-292 of the ordinal Blaeu Atlas. The text is set type not engraved but the italic script may have been on complete relief blocks for each phrase for they do not look separable into letter blocks. Some words are in a Saxon Uncial Scrips and Anglo Saxon language and are then translated into Latin. Ledbury is so called in the text which suggests that “Lidbury” on the map is a script error.
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In an athletic training room, it’s a common sight to see college and professional athletes shivering as they sit in a tub of ice after a tough practice. Though extremely unpleasant, this cold-water immersion technique is the go-to treatment to reduce the pain of sore muscles and inflammation, or delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS).
But do those mind-numbing, painfully cold 20 minutes or so really soothe sore muscles? According to a study published in the Cochrane Library, the answer is yes.
Researchers had 366 people get into a bath or container of about 50-degree water after running, cycling, or resistance training. They spent 5 to 24 minutes immersed in the water.
Turns out the cold water technique, also called cryotherapy, helped reduce soreness by 20 percent after one to four days, compared with simply resting or no intervention at all.
However, the study didn’t test whether other methods of treating sore muscles work better than cryotherapy, or whether this technique poses any health risks. After all, “Cold-water immersion induces a degree of shock on the body,” pointed out Chris Bleakley, the study’s lead author.
Local trainer Natalie Marston says while cryotherapy definitely works for certain individuals, there are other ways for serious and everyday athletes to treat sore muscles. “The type of muscle soreness differs from one person to another, so it is important for the individual to determine the severity of the muscle soreness first in order to decide the proper recovery method.”
Marston broke down ideal recovery techniques that may relieve muscle soreness, depending on your type of training.
If you are a runner . . .
If you have mild muscle pain . . .
If you suffer from DOMS . . .
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Did you know? – A termite infestation can cause thousands of dollars in damage to your structure and wreak havoc on your life. Termites don’t just infest residential homes; they can attack commercial properties too.
Your strongest weapon against a termite infestation is a good preventative. With years of experience and a satisfaction guarantee policy, Preventive Pest Control offers the termite prevention services you need and want.
What you need to know
Every termite is NOT the same. In fact, there are numerous species of termites found throughout the United States. Three of the most common you may encounter include:
- Subterranean – These termites build their colonies underground. These termites need moisture to stay alive. You’ll often find these termites in basements.
- Drywood – This type of termite requires no contact with moisture to survive. Located above ground, you may find these in rotten, dry wood.
- Dampwood – This is another type of termite that requires moisture. However, unlike the subterranean termite, this kind of termite lives above ground. Dampwood termites are the largest of these three categories.
How Termites Spread
Much like ants, termites live in colonies and are highly social insects. The individual insects have specific roles such as workers, soldiers, drones (reproducers) and Queens.
As a colony grows, it will release winged termites – which are called “swarmers.” When these survive out in the wild, they form a new colony. If you have ever seen this it is impressive, if scary.
Termite swarm season occurs in late spring through end of the summer—which can vary depending on the type of termite and the location.
Catching Termites Early
Ideally, you want a termite preventative in place to make sure you do not have any issues with termites. However, whether or not you are utilizing professional termite preventative and treatment, it is vital that you know what to look for regarding an infestation so that you can catch the problem (and begin treatment) early. It’s vital you know both the standard entry points and first signs of an infestation.
Termites Entry Points
- Cracks in the foundation around plumbing
- Expansion points
- Hollow block walls
- Foundation walls and piers
Why Act Now?
Obviously, a swarm of winged termites (often on the ground) is a sign of an infestation. Additionally, another sign is the presence of mud tubes. These straw-like tubes are often a structure or on the ground. They can be an indication that an infestation is present or that the primary outbreak has already passed. Usually, these signs are most common of subterranean termites. Drywood termites, on the other hand, live within the wood and have no soil contact. They also have smaller sizes of colony. Instead, these termites create sand-like fecal pellets. These pellets might fall from the ceiling or furniture. Keeping an eye out for these signs and beginning treatment early is the best way to assure your home is protected.
Signs of an Infestation
If you’ve seen signs of termites, you know you need to act and by acting quickly you can help protect your home and save the structure as much as possible. However, if you haven’t seen signs of a termite infestation, you might think that it is okay to wait or put off treatment for now.
This is NOT the case.
You can save money and avoid stress by beginning a preventative effort today. Termites work 24 hours a day and seven days a week. They will never stop until they have consumed their food—your home or place of business. Signs of a termite infestation may also go undiscovered until it is already too late. The worst part about falling victim to termites is that it can greatly depreciate the value of your home and cost you not only in removing the pests, but cause you to lose money when you go to sell your house too. Whether you are buying or selling a home, the presence of termites can have a significant impact on how well the sale goes.
Preventive Pest Control offers solutions and protections for Termites. Our 9 locations across the Western United States are dedicated to helping you prevent and deal with pest problems—including termites. Our termite professionals are knowledgeable and constantly undergo training in the newest techniques to best serve you and your family. If you would like to learn more about how we can help you, call or contact us today. We look forward to helping you!
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Guru Nanak was yet another great saint of medieval India. He was born in 1469 A.D. in a village named Talwandi in Lahore district of trade Punjab. The place of his birth is known today Nankan.
Nanak was born in a Hindu family. His father was as trader. He wanted to engage his son in his business. But Nanak was deeply religious from his early life. He had no desire for worldly pleasures. Instead of earning money, he gave away money to the poor from his father’s business accounts. He was very much charitable to monks and sadhus. Gradually, he devoted himself to deeper spiritual thoughts.
Nanak visited many religious places inside India. According to traditions, he travelled outside, and visited Mecca and Madina.Like Kabir; Nanak lived the life of as simple householder. He believed that one could live saintly life without giving up home. Nanak died in 1538 A.D.
Nanak preached the nobody was as Hindu, nobody was a Muslim. Everybody was a man, belonging to human race. He discovered the inner spirit of Hinduism and Islam. The oneness of God appeared to him most real. The monotheism of the Hindu Upanishads appealed to him greatly. He believed that universal toleration was the aim of religions. Therefore, he preached against religious difference by pointing to the unity of Godhead.
The rigid outer forms of Hinduism and Islam appeared to Nanak as useless. His sayings contained the following Instructions:
“Religion consistent not in mere words,
He who looked only all men as equal as religious.
Religion consistent not in wandering to tombs or places of cremation,
Or sitting in attitudes of contemplation.
Religion consistent not in wandering in foreign countries
Or in bathing at places of pilgrimage.
Abide pure amidst the impurities of the world,
Thus salt thou fined the way to religion.”
Nanak was and ardent reformer. He criticized many superstitions in Hinduism and Islam. He denounced the worship of idols. To him, castes and races should disappear before the name of God. He laid great emphasis only personal purity of man. Selfishness, worldliness and falsehood were dangerous to religious conduct. He advised men to rise above this viee.
Nanak pointed out that man’s salvation depended only virtuous deeds. Exercise only words, phrases or philosophy would not take to God. It is by true devotion, love of fellowmen, and purity of mind that man could come nearer to divinity. He advised men to give upon blind beliefs. Men should realize the universal truth, he preached.
Nanak’s doctrines attracted large following. Both Hindu and Muslims became his disciples. Before his death, he nominated as disciple named Angad as his successor.Angad organized the followers of Nanak into distinct community. Thus, there emerged as new religion named Sikhism. The followers of this faith are known as the Sikhs.
Nanak’s preaching and spiritual thought left permanent results. His follower practiced the Guru’s principles of purity and reforms with zeal.
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How Digital Twins optimize production with Smart Services
Shorter time-to-market, the pressure to be more environmentally friendly and growing individual customer demands are playing an increasingly important role in mechanical and plant engineering as well as in the manufacture of consumer goods. The digitization of production helps manufacturers and suppliers to master the growing complexity that these changes bring. In order to intelligently control the process and machining stages and ensure quality at a consistently high level, today’s complex configuration of the control and execution level must be dynamized, drastically reducing the effort required to change the range of services and the physical or logical configuration of a manufacturing system or its components. This is achieved with the digital twin of manufacturing. The benefits that can be achieved through this are: Increased availability, reduced set-up times, reduced costs and increased flexibility, responsiveness and speed.
1. From steam engine to Industry 4.0
The beginning of industrialization goes back to the beginning of the 18th century when the first machines were introduced into production and manufacturing. The 2nd Industrial Revolution began at the beginning of the 19th century. The discovery of electricity made it possible to suddenly produce in record time in the factory halls. The 3rd Industrial Revolution started in the 1970s with further leaps in development favoured by the use of electronics and information technology in the factories. This led to extensive automation of manufacturing processes, with machines now taking over work steps that could previously only be carried out manually. After the introduction of mainframe computers, the personal computers were increasingly used and made new ways of working possible. We are still in this third phase of the industrialization process today, but the manufacturing processes are now on the threshold of the next revolution, Industry 4.0.
2. Flexibility, efficiency and speed are the goal
The boundaries between the physical and the virtual world are blurred with the release of considerable potential for development, planning, production and logistics. The goal is a completely networked factory with all the possibilities of modular and autonomous production. In the end, production and logistics should control themselves and always keep production in an optimal flow. Qualified employees remain indispensable in the Industry 4.0 world and play a new, important and challenging role: they become controllers and thought leaders who define future processes and then use software to train the machines and optimize their behavior.
3. Data alone is not the solution
In relation to Industry 4.0, the discussion is mostly only about data (Big Data, Datalake, etc.). The digitalization of production is primarily about exploiting the potential of the business logic behind this data, i.e. about networking and interpreting it. This is the only way to make adaptable and flexible business processes possible. This means that business logic is no longer rigidly stored in the shop floor. Their interaction can be flexibly organized and controlled and all production-relevant data can be accessed in real time. This not only opens up new potential in production control, such as for short-cycle changes, but also in data reuse, such as for big data applications, analytics or cloud-based machine learning.
4. The Digital Twin shall ensure the link-up
A prerequisite for a fully networked factory is the digital twin of production, in which the business logic and production processes are in context. On the one hand, all relevant information must be available by networking all actuators, sensors, plants and systems involved in the manufacturing process. On the other hand, the data must be assigned to a context and interpreted there just as quickly as it arrives.
Digital twins are partial models that represent a specific view of segments of real production in the sense of model-based production engineering. The business logic, the production processes, the information processes and the data flows are coupled via a semantic model. New requirements for a production line are formulated directly. The digital twin then enables them to be adapted at short notice in order to be able to manufacture the new product. Smart services and data analytics methods, such as IBM Watson, can operate at a new level with these models. With this context knowledge, Big Data becomes Smart Data.
5. Digital Transformation in the Production Process
In order to increase the potential benefits of digitalization, a number of prerequisites must be created. This includes the recording of the physical manufacturing processes in a first, digital manufacturing image with all relevant systems, measuring systems, control modules and operating resources.
The digital data is then assigned to the business processes in the context of production. This step is the key to a further integrated value chain and leads to an understanding of how the manufacturing processes connect with other parts of the value chain, for example with technical development, suppliers and customers. This can be realized, for example, with the help of semantic networks that are structured in such a way that they can control the processing and localization of data in real time.
Another important prerequisite is the linking of the IT systems involved in an integration layer. The latest bus technology is used here to gradually dissolve the existing, historically grown point-to-point connections between IT systems. This integration layer forms the basis for real-time information processing.
6. Application example: “Always know what’s going on on the shop floor”.
In this application example, the Digital Twin provides the required transparency by recording the work progress on the shop floor via sensors and subsequently semantically processing it without the workers having to report back the individual work steps. The decisive factor in this application case is that not every process step has to be monitored in order to be able to make reliable statements about the structural condition of the product. Certain work progresses can be indirectly determined by combining different sensor data. The digital twin must be able to process sensor signals and logic in real time. The core is a semantic engine equipped with highly scalable components based on Internet technology for highly parallel information processing. It is able to deliver the corresponding results within a few milliseconds – and it can do so continuously.
However, the recording of sensor data is not enough. They must also be interpreted in the right context. Whether a certain material is available or not is not meaningful as sole information. Only when the system knows that exactly this material is a prerequisite for a certain work step can it draw conclusions, e.g. that the work steps must be reorganized because this material is missing. Therefore, on the one hand, the logic of the assembly processes must be mapped in the solution, as it was conceived in production planning, on the other hand, this logic must be linked with the semantics of the sensor signals in order to be able to evaluate their significance for the assembly processes. At first glance, this may seem costly, but it is not, because certain situations at the workstations are recurring. The logic, e.g. how certain resource or tool movements are interpreted, can be described in reusable blocks.
7. The digital twin in use
In manufacturing, there is a multitude of concrete application possibilities for the digital twin. Some practical examples are given below:
7.1 Optimization of a single machine in production
Unlike conventional random samples or later statistical evaluations, the Digital Twin continuously supports quality assurance during production with individual machines and machine groups. With the manufacturing context in the form of the logical and functional machine image, the Digital Twin continuously records, stores and historicizes the combination of machine, product and process parameters and evaluates them. Deviations from the target values can be detected without delay, as well as quality problems that require immediate intervention.
7.2 Increasing efficiency at manual workstations
Here, the digital twin knows the construction order, the required parts, the work processes and the associated process parameters at all times. Wherever it is necessary, it can be used to easily document the construction status and carry out a parts assembly check. Via a touch display of the parts to be installed and the associated process steps, the operator can immediately start the rework process in the event of irreparable faults, e.g. damaged parts or faulty processes.
7.3 Optimization of rigidly interlinked assembly systems and flexibly interlinked production islands
Via a complete line image containing all relevant parameters, the Digital Twin represents the current state of the plant at any time. This data can be made available to any simulation system or algorithm together with the topological model and information on technical availability and upcoming maintenance measures. This means that production islands can either be clocked directly and recursively or the product can be optimally routed through the modular production island by constant simulation and optimization with regard to specified target criteria such as capacity utilization or run-through time.
In addition, the Digital Twin provides support in the event of necessary changes to a system, such as synchronisation or within the scope of CIP measures, in the event of shifts in material settings including triggering the necessary changes in the logistics chain and in the event of adjustments to the electronic work instructions. The Digital Twin can also provide assistance in ensuring the availability of parts at workstations via an electronic Kanban system that records which parts are consumed because they have been installed.
8. Digital Twin and Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES)
The special feature of the real-time Digital Twin is that the “raw”, almost unprocessed shop floor signals can be captured and thus a digital image of the behaviour and condition of the physical objects as well as the respective context can be created on the shop floor. This image can be used to analyze and anticipate the behavior of these physical objects. They can be monitored, controlled, diagnosed and predicted.
An MES, instead, is focused on the order and on the order progress and records pre-processed signals exclusively by PLC and cell computer in order to obtain an image of the production status. The preprocessing of the signals hides a considerable part of the object states from the MES, which can only react to “hard” facts, i.e. to explicit feedback.
Useful interfaces between MES and the planning world usually only exist in a proprietary context if the production planning system and MES come from a single source. The Digital Twin, on contrast, provides a quasi standard connection between the PLM world and the MES via an enterprise service bus and allows fine control of production and not just order control with status recording.
A digital twin, which can be used to plan, control and document in real time, uses full-context images of reality, i.e. images of material, energy and information flows in the planning, commissioning, operation and monitoring of production systems and plants, as well as in infrastructure management and logistics. This allows incoming signal streams, e.g. from production, to be received by any business object and stored in digital life cycle files. Such a digital twin has the ability to mirror analysis results and conclusions and can thus influence the system behavior of a plant or machine in real time.
The resulting virtualization of parts of the control hardware solves interface problems, supports standardization in production, and allows value creation to be controlled with all its consequences and possible access into the running process instead of just processing it, possibly supplemented by simulations preceding and following the process.
10. Core capabilities of a digital twin
• Real-time data integration based on an enterprise service bus
• Mapping of planning and production via semantic networking of shop floor data and business logic
• Complete mapping of logical networking across all production areas
• Data acquisition, process control and production control in real time
• Direct feedback of findings into the production process and into the quality control loops
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Would the U.S. government turn a blind eye to the theft of hundreds of thousands of GM vehicles each year? Of course not. Yet, large-scale theft occurs every day on the Internet from U.S. companies with little recourse. And the end result is still the same–lost sales translate into lost jobs.
In early 2000, increasingly fast Internet connections and cheap storage led to a rapid growth of digital piracy–the theft of music, movies, TV programs, software, video games, books, photos and periodicals. A decade later, Internet users around the world still download pirated content at an alarming rate. Much of this stolen content originates from the United States and digital pirates are expanding into new areas such as illegally streaming live programming like sports events. The government has done relatively little to stop this, which in turn is hurting American businesses and workers alike.
Some people see Internet piracy as nothing more than a digital version of Robin Hood–stealing from the rich to give to the poor. While this “David versus Goliath” style populism is trendy–even one British priest has blessed shoplifting as long as it is from big corporations–the reality is that piracy harms the artists, both the famous and struggling, who create content. Technicians are also hurt in the process–sound engineers, editors, set designers, software and game programmers–who produce it. Moreover, many of the countries engaging most frequently in digital piracy can afford to pay. For example, China tops the lists for both countries engaging in digital piracy and countries with which the U.S. has the largest trade deficit. (China is also one of the top sources of counterfeit items like toothpaste and sneakers, further evidence of its low standards for protecting intellectual property.)
Apologists for digital piracy often make the case that there is a difference between theft in the physical world and theft in the digital world. If a shoplifter steals one Blu-ray disc from Best Buy, the store has one fewer movie to sell. If a digital pirate illegally downloads a movie, no retailer or consumers supposedly suffers. However, when illegal downloads cut into actual sales (which they do), both the producers of the content and consumers are hurt, the producers through lower profits and the consumers through higher prices.
To this argument, it has become a common defense for those engaging in digital piracy to make claims like, “I only download music I wouldn’t buy” or “I end up buying the movies I like.” First, this may be true in some cases, but not all. Second, the desire to “try before you buy” does not give consumers the right to steal content anymore than it gives them the right to steal a car for a test drive. Third, businesses are listening, and there are now increasing numbers of ways to access content online legally without having to purchase it. For example, “free” music can be found on legal services like Lala, Pandora and Spotify to the YouTube channels of major record labels. The reasons to support piracy have dwindled.
Some might ask, if piracy is such a problem, why has Avatar, James Cameron’s new blockbuster movie set record worldwide sales? In part, it is because the film’s 3D special effects make the theatrical experience better than watching a pirated copy on a home PC. But the film has also set worldwide records for illegal downloads–in seven days, almost a million copies of the movie were downloaded illegally (compared to 610,000 downloads for New Moon). More importantly, films like Avatar, which may have cost as much as half a billion dollars to produce, will not be made if studios cannot recoup their investments from legitimate sales.
Interestingly, physical piracy, selling counterfeit products such as knock-offs of designer clothing or fake pharmaceuticals, is usually taken more seriously. For example, in pre-Christmas raids across the country, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents seized over $26 million in counterfeit goods. Efforts at reducing piracy of physical goods are becoming more common, in part because of claims that terror organizations are funding their efforts through selling counterfeit goods. As one expert describes it, “If you sell drugs, you go to jail. If you sell counterfeit products, the penalties aren’t as stiff, so terrorists see this as an easy way to make money.“
Lackluster enforcement of digital piracy has allowed it to grow unchecked and become a big business online. Digital piracy has quickly devolved from a “free music” cultural movement into a competitive business, often pitting enterprising criminals abroad against legitimate U.S. businesses. Piracy is no longer the domain of just a few college students trading files with their friends–it is a multi-million dollar industry operating on a global scale. And it is dependent on the same revenue streams as legitimate businesses–online advertising for “free” content or direct sales for access to pirated content. Stopping piracy will involve not only technical measures to make piracy more difficult, it will also involve legislative and industry efforts to cut off these revenue streams, such as by getting search engines to block piracy websites and getting businesses to stop advertising on these sites. (A recent review found major brands such as Amazon.com, Blockbuster, British Airways, and Sprint advertising on piracy websites.).
A common complaint among those opposed to the economic shifts seen in the United States over the past few decades is that “we don’t make anything anymore.” Yet some of the products the U.S. makes best–movies, music, software, games and books–are stolen not just by Americans, but increasingly by foreign consumers. Yes, stopping piracy will be good for big corporations. But it will also be good for the American economy and American workers. So if Congress is looking for new ways of creating jobs in 2010, here’s an easy one: work to stop piracy.
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…there’s gotta be enough space in there (between notes) so that the sound will work in an air space. That’s what makes the music work.
Without space there is no music. Try to imagine every note playing at the same time or being played so quickly that there’s no distinction between one note and the next. You wouldn’t have music. You’d have a solid wall of noise. As Zappa said, “There’s gotta be enough space in there.” You have to leave room for the sounds to be distinguished from each other, to be heard for what they are.
A few notes played together form a chord. All notes played together form noise. To create rhythm and melody requires a measured and planned space. Music isn’t sound. It’s a balance between sound and space. Without both there is no music.
The same is true visually. There’s gotta be enough space. Without whitespace none of your elements gets seen. They become noise.
What Does Space Do in Design?
Space can be used to both separate and connect elements in a design. Wider spaces separate elements from each other and narrower spaces connect elements to reveal relationships between them. Overlapping elements maximizes their relationship.
By controlling and shaping space in our designs, we create rhythm, direction, and motion. We create design flow through our use of space.
Whitespace does three main things in a design.
- Creates groupings of elements
- Creates emphasis and hierarchy
- Improves legibility
Consistent use of white space across pages connects those pages. Space is layout. When the space in boilerplate elements remains the same your visitors don’t get disoriented. Your navigation stays in the same location. Your logo is in the same spot on every page.
You can also show difference. Sections within your site can maintain consistent space within the section and differ from other sections. As long as the boilerplate remains consistent it’s apparent the site is the same.
Consistent use of negative space is a hallmark of professional design. Look at any design that strikes you as amateur. I can almost guarantee little thought will have been given to the space within the design.
If you arrange white space well your elements fall into place and look great, but if you only arrange the positive elements, your white space will most always be ineffective.
Whitespace gives a place for the eye to rest, which it needs in order to absorb the message you’re trying to communicate. It’s a visual cue that there’s a break in the content or that the content is finished. Whitespace makes your page and site easier to navigate.
Space can be used to convey a variety of meanings, some of which include
- quality – wealth, luxury
- solitude – abandonment, loneliness
- cleanliness – bleached, washed
- purity – unsullied, unadulterated
- spirituality – sacredness, connection to something greater
- openness – distance, infinity
- calmness – placidity, inaction
Negative space can be active or passive. When the space in a design is symmetrically balanced the space becomes passive. It’s static and formal and for the most part boring. When negative space is asymmetrically balanced it becomes active. It’s dynamic and modern and interesting.
How to Use Space in Design
Space in web design can be divided into to types.
- Micro whitespace – is the space within elements, such as the margins surrounding text and the leading between lines of text or the spaces between the individual characters.
- Macro whitespace – is the space between major elements in your design. These spaces tend to be larger and are usually immediately apparent
Micro whitespace is concerned with spaces between smaller elements. It’s space between list items and space between an image and its caption. It also includes the space between elements inside a larger element. For example you might have 2 images in your sidebar that sit next to each other or a search box and a search button in a form.
Much of micro whitespace will take place in your typography. I’ve written recently about legibility and readability in typographic design as well as offering thoughts on building a typographic stylesheet and I’ll direct you there to more details.
Suffice it to say your use of space in typography plays a huge role in how legible and readable your text is. One of your main concerns will be setting the leading or linespacing which will help determine typographic color and is used to set a vertical rhythm in your text.
Earlier I mentioned that space is used to separate and connect elements. Boxes (borders and backgrounds) are often used to enclose and connect some elements while separating them from other elements or groups of elements. Boxes can be overkill. Yes, they work well at separating things, but they do it too well and can sometimes harm the overall unity of the page.
Space can be used instead of boxes to separate and connect. Again wider spaces separate and in comparison narrower spaces will connect. Space can be a better way to separate elements while still maintaining unity across your design.
Negative space can be used to give emphasis to elements. Those placed within or near large blocks of space gain importance by their separation from other elements. They naturally stand out in a field of empty space as well. Through emphasis we begin to create a visual hierarchy in our design.
Whitespace plays a role in many other design principles. It’s used to achieve balance, both symmetrical and asymmetrical. Space implies rhythm and movement. It’s the ground in the gestalt figure/ground relationship.
Space creates columns, rows, and grids.
Grids and Space
Grids are a way to organize space. By learning to use grid systems a designer is forced to think about whitespace and learn to shape it in designs. Grids become visible in part by the way elements align and also by the fields and paths of empty space that aren’t filled.
Grids encourage you to create more dynamic and asymmetrical compositions in which space is not only present, but flows through and around elements in your design.
Fixed and Fluid Layouts
When working in print the overall size of your page, the total space you get to manipulate is fixed. Not so on the web.
One reason you see many web designers opt for a fixed layout is because it fixes the working space of your design. It allows for less surprises in the whitespace. Currently it’s common to set the page width at 960px. This gives web designers more control over the horizontal space, since one aspect of the total space is fixed.
Often fixed layouts are centered within the browser window. This creates a passive (symmetrical) balance of space outside the page. Inside the 960px the designer is free to use either passive or active space.
We lose control of the overall space with fluid layouts. The more fluid your design, the less control you have over the total whitespace. This leads to new problems to solve in regards to space. Will every column in the design be fluid? If so how will the micro space in the column be managed as the column expands and contracts? Will some columns be fixed and if so how will the macro space between major elements be managed?
I can’t speak for you, but when I’ve come across completely fluid designs their major failing seems to be in how the whitespace changes at different browser sizes. What looks good and is easy to read at one width looks horrible and becomes difficult to read at another. For the most part I don’t think web designers have thought much about or at least solved this problem of the total canvas space changing. Hence the more common use of fixed layouts.
Can You Have Too Much Whitespace?
You generally won’t hear many complaints about a design having too much whitespace. Many new to design will attempt to fill every last bit of space with color or graphics or content. More experienced designers will encourage you to use more space and not try to fill up every little bit. Again few people viewing a design will complain that it has too much whitespace.
Still there are times when it makes sense to fill more of the space. You have to consider both the content of the page and medium delivering the page.
Ecommerce sites are a good example of the former. There’s no reason why most pages in an ecommerce site can’t use ample space. However think about category and search pages, which are mostly a grid or list of products. Too much space can make it harder to compare one product with the next. That’s not to say you should fill all the space on these pages. Rather you need to think differently about it.
Micro whitespace takes on more importance to ensure that products and any information about them can be easily understood. You also need to make sure one product and it’s information can easily be differentiated from the next one. Overall though you would probably use a tighter grid with less space between elements (products)
A case where the medium takes on importance is design for mobile devices. Given the smaller screen sizes too much space could lead to a mostly or even completely empty screen requiring visitors to scroll to see anything. Again make use of micro whitespace for smaller screens, but be aware that large blocks of space may not work as well as you think. You have to carefully consider the smaller amounts of space you have to work with.
Information graphics are another case where less space in the content makes sense. More densely packed information allows readers to compare the data more quickly. You’ll want enough space so each bit of information can be clearly seen and discerned, but not so much that it makes it hard to compare and contrast them. Here you might opt for other ways to separate elements such as different colored backgrounds on rows or columns in a table.
Whitespace in Logos
One of the more fun ways to study whitespace is to see how it’s been applied in logos. I don’t have any specific thoughts to share in regards to whitespace in logos other than to say the principles above still apply. Mostly I thought I’d point you to a few posts that show a variety of logos where whitespace is not only used, but used in a way where it makes the logo what it is.
There are plenty more similar posts if you search and want to see more use of negative space in logos.
In his famous book on writing, The Elements of Style, William Strunk offers the phrase “omit needless words.” We can modify that for visual design as “omit needless elements.”
When designing a page think about what truly needs to be there. Omit everything else. Thinking about space will help you see what is and isn’t essential on the page. More than likely you can include less elements than you think in your design.
An interesting point system (<— scroll down to the bottom of the page) which I've seen a few times, is where a total amount of points is allocated to be distributed across all the elements on the page. You assign more points to the most important elements and less to the least important elements, thereby creating a hierarchy for your design. In establishing this hierarchy you'll find that there are no points left for some elements, which should tell you they probably don't need to be included in the page. You'll need less elements, more whitespace, to give emphasis to your most important design elements. Space is perhaps the most important tool for any visual designer. It plays a role in grids and typography and is a component of so many different design principles. When we learn to see space and learn to control it within our designs we elevate ourselves to a new level of design skill. As you find designs you like take the time to study them, particularly in how they use whitespace. Learn how effective use of space can make or break a design and how controlling space in your designs can make them more interesting and communicate more effectively.
The Elements of Design Series
- Introduction: Design Elements and Principles
- Points, Dots, and Lines
- Form: Surfaces And Planes, Volume And Mass
- Structures, Patterns, and Textures
- Size, Scale, And Proportion
- Thoughts on Whitespace
- How to Use Space in Design
- Color Theory
- The Meaning of Color
Download a free sample from my book, Design Fundamentals.
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Counting calories – not adjusting our meals to just “small and often” – is the only important factor in weight loss, according to a new study by the Society for Endocrinology.
The research shows that following a pattern of eating small yet frequent meals will not boost metabolism or encourage weight loss. It is only calories and calories alone, that count.
Conversely, eating single high fat meals can have a negative impact upon health, increasing the risk of developing type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. An increase in endotoxins – fragments of gut bacteria – enter the blood system after eating a single high fat meal, causing a low level inflammation in the body.
This type of inflammation has been linked with a future risk of developing type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Warwick scientists investigated the effects of eating little and often to prove if this eating habit would increasing the potentiality of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in obese patients.
24 lean women and 24 obese women were selected to participate in the food trials. The trial involved women receiving two meals on one day and five smaller meals on the next day.
The results showed that the women consumed the same number of calories on both days. Energy expenditure was monitored using whole body monitor calorimeters.
Calorie wise, regardless of the number of meals that were consumed, both the learn and obese women were seen to burn the same number of calories over a 24 hour period.
However, obese women showed significantly higher levels of endotoxins after eating five meals, compared to when they only had two. This proves that, in obese adults, eating “small and often” not only has little impact on weight loss, but can ultimately prove detrimental to overall health.
Lead author of the study Dr Milan Kumar Piya commented,
Our studies have identified two main findings; firstly that the size or frequency of the meal doesn’t affect the calories we burn in a day, but what matters most for losing weight is counting calories. Secondly, by carrying more weight, more endotoxin enters the circulation to cause inflammation and eating more often will exacerbate this risk which has been linked to metabolic diseases such as type-2 diabetes.”
The researchers hope to continue their studies by explore the impact of diet, gut flora and how calories burned in different people.
By understanding how diet affects inflammatory risk and energy expenditure, we will further our understanding of how we can better target diet intervention on an individual basis,” according to Dr Piya.
According to the BBC, the number of obese people in the developing world has quardupled in the last thirty years – one in three people worldwide are now classed as overweight.
In the UK alone, 64% of adults are classed as being overweight or obese. The report predicts a “huge increase” in heart attacks, strokes and diabetes. With obesity on the agenda, many follow diets – some faddy or ineffective – but the research at Warwick shows that the “small and often” diet often recommended in weight loss is not just ineffectual, but potentially dangerous to those who are already carrying additional weight.
Warwick study: Meal size and frequency influences metabolic endotoxaemia and inflammatory risk but has no effect on diet induced thermogenesis in either lean or obese subjects
Image with thanks to Steve Woods of RGB Freestock http://www.rgbstock.com/user/woodsy
BBC: Obesity quadruples to nearly one billion in developing world
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That that is is that that is not is not is that it it is
The sequence can be understood as either of two sequences, each with four discrete sentences, by adding punctuation:
That that is, is. That that is not, is not. Is that it? It is.
This relates a simple philosophical proverb in the style of Parmenides that all that is, is, and that anything that does not exist does not. The phrase was noted in Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.
This phrase appeared in the 1968 American movie Charly, written to demonstrate punctuation to the main character Charly’s teacher, in a scene to demonstrate that the surgical operation to make the character smarter had succeeded.
- Buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo Buffalo buffalo
- Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
- James while John had had had had had had had had had had had a better effect on the teacher
- List of linguistic example sentences
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About JustEnglish.meThis blog is Zoe's way to spread the joy of finding and learning interesting bits about English. Join her and learn something new every time.
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On this date, the Danish botanist and geneticist Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen was born. His experiments in plant heredity offered strong support to the mutation theory of the Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries (that changes in heredity come about through sudden, discrete changes of the heredity units in germ cells). Many geneticists thought Johannsen’s ideas dealt a severe blow to Charles Darwin’s theory that new species were produced by the slow process of natural selection.
Johannsen explained his ideas in his book entitled On Heredity and Variation (1896), which he revised and lengthened with the rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s laws and reissued as The Elements of Heredity in 1905. The enlarged German edition of this work was published in 1909 and became the most influential book on genetics in Europe. In it, Johannsen coined the terms “gene”, “phenotype”, and “genotype”.
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Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, commonly called Parallel Lives or Plutarch's Lives, is a series of biographies of famous men, arranged in tandem to illuminate their common moral virtues or failings. The surviving Parallel Lives (in Greek: Bioi parallèloi), as they are more properly and commonly known, contain twenty-three pairs of biographies, each pair consisting of one Greek and one Roman, as well as four unpaired, single lives. It is a work of considerable importance, not only as a source of information about the individuals biographized, but also about the times in which they lived.
As he explains in the first paragraph of his Life of Alexander, Plutarch was not concerned with writing histories, as such, but in exploring the influence of character—good or bad—on the lives and destinies of famous men. The first pair of Lives—the Epaminondas-Scipio Africanus—no longer exists, and many of the remaining lives are truncated, contain obvious lacunae and/or have been tampered with by later writers.
His Life of Alexander is one of the five surviving secondary or tertiary sources about Alexander the Great and it includes anecdotes and descriptions of incidents that appear in no other source. Likewise, his portrait of Numa Pompilius, an early Roman king, also contains unique information about the early Roman calendar.
The table below links to several on-line English translations of Plutarch's Lives; see also "Other links" section below. The LacusCurtius site has the complete set; the others are incomplete to varying extents.D Dryden is famous for having lent his name as editor-in-chief to the first complete English translation of Plutarch's Lives. This 17th century translation is available at The MIT Internet Classics Archive
These translations are linked with D in the table below; those marked (D) in parentheses are incomplete in the HTML version.G Project Gutenberg contains several versions of 19th century translations of these Lives, see: http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/authrec?fk_authors=342 and http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14114
The full text version (TXT) of such a translation is available at http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/674
These translations are linked with G in the table below.L LacusCurtius has the Loeb translation by Bernadotte Perrin (published 1914‑1926) of part of the Moralia and all the Lives; see http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/home.html
These translations are linked with L in the table below.P Also the Perseus Project has several of the Lives, see: http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html
The Lives available on the Perseus website are in Greek and English according to the Loeb edition by Bernadotte Perrin; and/or in English according to an abbreviated version of the Thomas North translations. This last edition concentrates on those of the Lives Shakespeare based his plays upon: Thomas North's translation of most of the Lives, based on a French version published in the 16th century, preceded Dryden's translation mentioned above.
These translations are linked with P in the table below.
There are also four paperbacks published by Penguin Books, two with Greek lives, two Roman, rearranged in chronological order, and containing a total of 36 of the lives.
All dates are BC except Galba and Otho.
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In recent years, creationists have become more aggressive in their attempts to undermine science education. The movement, originating in the U.S., has gained political support in Great Britain and Canada.
The Alberta government has been quietly increasing funding to faith schools -- to 100 per cent in the case of "alternative" programs -- and allowing creationism to be taught alongside the Alberta curriculum.
Currently, this movement is most visible in the Ontario election campaign where Conservative Leader John Tory has promised a free vote on funding for all faith schools, pointing to Alberta as an example.
In response to a question, Tory said, "You know it's still called the theory of evolution. But they teach evolution in the Ontario curriculum, but they also could teach the fact to the children that there are other theories that people have out there that are part of some Christian beliefs." His comments show a dismal lack of scientific literacy.
Creationists are fond of stating that evolution is a theory, not a fact. In everyday use, the word "theory" means a hunch or guess. In science, however, it means a comprehensive analysis that explains and interprets the empirical evidence, or facts. A theory is not the bottom rung on the ladder of truth that aspires one day to attain a higher rung called fact.
Humans evolved over millions of years from hominids in Africa and share a common ancestor with the chimpanzee. That's a fact. Whales evolved from land-dwelling carnivores, another fact. The facts tell us "what" happened, whereas the theory of evolution interprets the "how" -- the mechanisms by which evolution works.
When Tory states "there are other theories that people have out there that are part of some Christian beliefs," he refers, of course, to biblical creationism or its latest disguise, intelligent design. His use of the word "theory" ducks under the scientific meaning, yet is used to imply creationism is just as valid as evolution.
This is a common ploy by creationists and is unacceptable for a political leader in a secular society that depends on science and technology.
Creationism usually comes with a choice of two flavours, YEC (young Earth creationism) or OEC (old Earth creationism).
The OECs accept the scientific age of the universe at about 13 billion years. The YECs count the "begats" in the Old Testament and come up with about 6,000 years. The difference is a factor of a bit over two million. Using the same ratio, the diameter of the Earth would be less than six metres. If it were made of rubber and filled with air, it would make a wonderful beach toy.
Tory should clarify whether YEC or OEC would be the official government version of creationism. They cannot both be true -- logically either one is false or both are false. If Tory allows both, he will be using public funds to teach children at least one doctrine that he knows must be false.
When people believe that Adam and Eve had a pet vegetarian Tyrannosaurus rex who used his massive, serrated teeth to crack open watermelons, should we respect their beliefs? (Don't laugh; this is roughly what some creationist cults actually believe).
Should we reward them with taxpayers' money to pass on these wonderful insights to the next generation? Should our future leaders learn to smother their critical thinking and make decisions based on faith rather than evidence and reason? From Canada, we don't have to look too far south to see how tragic these faith-based decisions can be.
Science and technology are the engines of our economy. If we indoctrinate our children with pseudo-science like creationism or intelligent design, or dumb down the curriculum to avoid "offending religious sensibilities,"we are robbing them of exciting careers and harming Canada's future scientific and economic power.
The science curriculum need to be strengthened, not gutted. It needs to inspire young children with the wonders of distant galaxies and nebulas, with the vastness of geological time, and with the incredible diversity of life on Earth and how evolution shaped it.
Teaching biology without mentioning evolution is like teaching astronomy without mentioning gravity. Yet, evolution seems to have become a dirty word in our science classes -- the "e-word."
In Alberta schools (K-12), it's only covered in a brief section in the optional Biology 20. If we want our children to have a good grounding in biology, we need to introduce the basics of evolution and natural selection in elementary grades and continue through high school.
Alberta Education officials say it's OK for religious schools to teach creationism as long as they also teach the Alberta curriculum. But, with evolution erased from the curriculum except in Biology 20, it means our provincial government accepts the "creationism-only" model for young children in publicly funded faith schools.
At a recent high school graduation I attended, several students praised their science teacher, who taught them to accept nothing without critically analyzing the evidence. It's a pity more of our political leaders did not have such teachers.
Scott Rowed lives in Banff and is currently heading up a study on science education and faith schools for the Society for Secular Humanists in Calgary.
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Let's learn about Religions
This worksheet contains informative activities and exercises about religions. The aim of this 28-page worksheet is to give the students a basic understanding of the most popular religions there are today, as well as ancient religions. The answers are included.
Page 1: Religions in pictures
Page 2/3: Christianity
Page 4/5: Islam
Page 6/7: Judaism
Page 8/9: Hinduism
Page 10/11: Buddhism
Page 12: Review of all major religions
Page 13/14: Religious Figures
Page 15/16: Religious Holidays
Page 17: Ancient Egyptian Religion
Page 18/19: Ancient Greek and Roman Religions
Page 20/21: Revision
Page 22/23/24: Christian Denominations
Page 25: Sunni & Shia Muslims
Page 26: Shintoism
Page 27: Confucianism
Page 28: Sikhism
The following questions are just a few examples of the things handled in this worksheet:
- Who was Buddha?
- What is the difference between Hinduism and Buddhism?
- What is Islam, Muhammad and the 5 pillars?
- What is Reincarnation, Karma and Nirvana?
- What is Confucianism?
- Who are the Egyptian, Greek and Roman Gods and Goddesses?
- What is a pope?
You can save money by purchasing the Humanities Bundle!
Humanities Bundle (Ancient Civilizations, Religions and Wonders of the World)
You might also like these worksheets:
The Middle East
India (country study)
Italy (country study)
Greece (country study)
Egypt (country study)
Wonders of the World
Religions, Christianity, Islam, Hindu, Hinduism, Buddha, Buddhism, Buddhist, Muslim, Jesus Christ, crucifix, priest, nun, church, temple, mosque, Qur'an, bible, torah, God the Father, Resurrection, Old and New Testament, Allah, Moses, Abraham, Bar Mitzvah, Jewish people, Kosher, Brahman, Siddharta, Reincarnation, karma, dharma, moksha, Mount Olympus, Zeus, Jupiter, Hermes, Mercury, Hades, Pluto, Apollo, Poseidon, Neptune, Aphrodite, Venus, Ares, Mars, Osiris, Ra, Isis.
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Wrist & Hand
The carpal tunnel is a passageway in
the wrist. Passing through this tunnel is the median nerve
and the tendons that connect the fingers to the muscles of
the forearm. CTS occurs when this median nerve is pinched
because of swelling of the nerve, tendons, or both. CTS can
be caused by sports like racquetball or handball, daily activities
like sewing, typing, writing, driving, painting, etc. It is
common in people who perform repetitive motions of the hand
and wrist. It is most common in women aged 30-50.
- Pain in the hand and wrist
- Tingling and numbness
- Typically, patients will wake at night with a burning or
aching pain with numbness and tingling and will shake their
hands to obtain relief and restore sensation.
Trigger finger is a condition in which your finger or thumb
locks or catches in a bent position. The finger or thumb may
straighten with a snap (like a trigger being pulled and released).
In a severe case, the finger may lock in the bent position.
This is caused by inflammation of the tendons in the finger.
The tendon is covered by a protective sheath, which is lined
with a lubricating fluid. When the tendon becomes inflamed,
bending the finger or thumb may pull the inflamed portion
through a narrowed tendon sheath, creating the snap or pop.
- Soreness at the base of the afflicted finger or thumb
- Painful clicking or snapping when attempting to flex or
- Catching worsens after inactivity
- In a more severe case, the finger may lock in either the
extended or flexed position and must be gently straightened
with the opposite hand
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Watershed Restoration uses state-of-the-art techniques to reduce sediment, nutrients and pollution to the County’s streams and waterways.
The program structure provides a comprehensive framework of protection and restoration of the County’s natural resources. Projects are prioritized in part based on opportunities identified in watershed management plans. Project funding is supported primarily by County General Obligation Bonds and supplemented by State grant funds from the Maryland Departments of the Environment and Natural Resources and with grants from the Chesapeake Bay Trust.
Stream Restoration and Stabilization integrates natural channel design techniques to enhance ecological function of Baltimore County’s streams and rivers.
Baltimore County has a nationally recognized program for implementing stream restoration and stabilization projects. The goal is to improve water quality and ecological function by:
- Calculating the appropriate channel dimensions to maintain base flow, manage storm flows, and have appropriate sediment movement
- Creating appropriate bed features (riffles and pools) and plan form (shape of the channel within the stream valley) to provide important biochemical exchanges, habitat and energy dissipation
- Stabilizing stream banks to reduce sediment input to receiving waters
- Creating or enhancing the vegetative buffer to reduce nutrient pollution and provide habitat
- Using natural, native materials such as rock, logs and plants to recreate a stable, functional stream system
- Sustaining long-term, natural function and stability by replacing traditional engineered channels which negatively impact ecological function and require periodic maintenance or replacement
Baltimore County strives to ensure that the projects consists of restored, ecologically functional, self-maintaining and aesthetically pleasing stream systems. Watershed Restoration staff conduct monitoring of restoration sites to ensure that the projects are performing according to design intent.
Stream restoration projects are selected based on a systematic assessment of the severity of degradation, the achievable goals for each site and the overall benefit to the watershed. Watershed Restoration identifies and prioritizes potential projects utilizing watershed plans, technical assessments and a stream complaint database.
Stream Restoration Videos
Learn more about stream restoration by viewing our short documentaries:
- All About Stream Restoration
- What to Expect During Construction
- Scott's Level Branch Stream Restoration Project
Issues Due to Urbanization
Land use changes, including urbanization, have interrupted the natural, beneficial processes of stream systems. These changes impair the ecological function of Baltimore County’s waterways and ultimately the Chesapeake Bay.
Increased impervious area
Pavement, roofs and other structures resulting from development
Lack of riparian buffer
Floodplain encroachment to maximize development
Piping, channelization and armoring of streams
Rerouting or removal of open streams to maximize development
Infrastructure encroachment within floodplains
Flooding and damage to public and private property
Increased pollutant and sediment loads
Impaired water quality and aquatic habitat
Uses hard (rock jetties and breakwaters) and soft (biologs and vegetation) engineering techniques to reduce erosion and improve ecological function, water quality and habitats along the County’s tidal waterways and on public property. Shoreline projects are identified through comprehensive watershed planning efforts. Project components can include breakwaters, sills, groins, stone revetments and tidal and nontidal plantings.
Shoreline enhancement projects aim to restore eroded shorelines. Causes and impacts of shoreline erosion include:
Living Shoreline Approach
Living shoreline projects protect shorelines from erosion while incorporating nonstructural project design elements. A typical hybrid living shoreline project will consist of low profile stone sills or breakwaters engineered to dissipate wave energy. The area landward of the structures is turned into a shallow wetland area with sand fill planted with native wetland plant species that provide valuable ecosystem benefits. Over five miles of County shoreline have been protected and enhanced and significant acres of wetland have been created, resulting in a reduction in sediment and nutrients entering and impairing local waterways.
Watershed Restoration identifies and implements stormwater retrofit projects to:
- Address unmanaged runoff from precipitation
- Update and improve older stormwater management facilities (conversions)
- Installs new treatment devices
- Improve the water quality of the County waterway
Projects involve the installation of best management practices (BMPs) to store and treat stormwater runoff, particularly in communities built prior to stormwater management requirements.
Types of Stormwater Facilities and Retrofits
These facilities and retrofits retain, and in some cases, filter stormwater to lessen the quantity of water that is entering the stream at one time. The first inch of rainfall is most likely to be carrying pollutants washed from the streets, parking lots and rooftops (impervious surfaces). These stormwater facilities and retrofits ensure that this polluted runoff is allowed to soak into the ground to filter pollutants before they reach streams and tidal waters. Conversion projects have enhanced and created acres of vegetated areas which treat runoff from impervious surfaces resulting in reduction in pollutants, sediment and nutrients entering and impairing local waterways.
Underground Water Quality Device
Underground device connected to a storm drain pipe
Online, Beginning or End of Pipe Improvements
Baltimore County has the most extensive SAV program in Maryland. Many County creeks have an abundance of SAVS, which grow in shallow water areas and which have increased in County waterways in terms of presence, density and species diversity. SAVs are monitored and documented annually as an indicator of the water quality in Baltimore County’s tidal waterways. Since 1989, SAV data has been collected for analyzing and mapping growth trends for all creeks (30 waterways) where the County maintains a navigation channel. SAV data is included in the annual report Distribution of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in the Chesapeake Bay and Coastal Bays.
SAVs provide numerous environmental benefits including:
- Food and habitat for birds, fish, crabs and other aquatic species
- Water quality and clarity improvements through filtering pollutants and uptake of nutrients
- Shoreline protection by dissipating wave energy and preventing erosion
The Waterway Dredging program maintains navigable passage for Baltimore County's recreational boaters. This shoreline stabilization project uses breakwater structures as well as vegetation. Dredging projects are designed and constructed to restore historic access for recreational and commercial boats to County waterways. CPO oversees each step of dredging projects including bathymetry surveys, design, permitting, construction of main channels and assistance with individual spur channels that connect to the main channel. Aids to navigation buoys marking dredge channels are deployed on a seasonal basis in 17 County waterways.
CPO has completed dredging projects in 25 waterways.
- Bird River
- Breezy Point Cove
- Browns Cove
- Chestnut Cove
- Chink Creek
- Galloway Creek
- Goose Harbor
- Greenhill Cove
- Greyhound Cove
- Frog Mortar Creek
- Hopkins Creek
- Jones Creek
- Lynch Cove
- Lynch Point Cove
- Norman Creek
- Middle River
- Muddy Gut
- North Point Creek
- Pleasure Island “The Cut”
- Railroad Creek
- Schoolhouse Cove
- Shallow Creek
- Seneca Creek
- Sue Creek
- Tabasco Cove
- Improvements in water quality often improves in a dredged waterway due to the reduction of harmful prop dredging.
- Increased water quality
- Increased water clarity
- Increased growth density, growth area and species diversity of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)
- Increased SAV leads to improved water quality and aquatic habitat
- Improved boater safety
- enhanced waterfront property value
Baltimore County has a nationally recognized watershed improvement program for implementing stream restoration, shoreline enhancement and stabilization, reforestation, stormwater runoff and best management practice (BMP) projects. Featured below are before-and-after pictures of recently completed projects. To reveal more of the before or after images below, place your cursor on the white line between the images and drag either left or right.
This project was selected based on the goal of reducing sediment and nutrients from entering the Loch Raven Reservoir, severity of stream erosion, and the opportunity to install and improve streamside habitat. Stream banks were graded to a stable slope and armored at critical locations. A vegetated buffer was created with a variety of native plants to help stabilize the stream and improve riparian function and habitat.
This project improves water quality to Back River and the Chesapeake Bay by using structural and non-structural erosion control shoreline enhancement techniques. A series of stone breakwaters and marsh creation reduce nutrient and sediment loads as well as provide ecological uplift with improved tidal shallow water habitat and forested buffer.
This urban tree planting project was part of a County-wide effort to plant nearly 1,000 shade trees to increase the County’s urban tree canopy and lower long-term costs for heating and cooling at County school and government buildings. These trees will provide other environmental benefits, including intercepting nearly 144 million gallons of stormwater over 30 years.
A concrete drainage channel that was installed in the 1960s was beginning to deteriorate. The concrete channel ended abruptly causing severe erosion to adjacent streambanks. The concrete was removed and replaced with native materials using natural channel design techniques to adequately dissipate energy and improve ecological function of the waterway.
This reforestation project converts 12 acres of an abandoned golf course to native oak canopy. As they grow, these trees provide high-quality wildlife habitat and help intercept and treat stormwater, reduce erosion and sediment, improve air quality, and shade streams.
One of five stormwater facility improvement projects in the Gwynns Falls watershed that was converted from runoff quantity control to water quality. Water quality is improved by increasing the time stormwater spends at the facility, allowing nutrients to be absorbed and sediment to settle. This facility was converted to extend the detention of storm water runoff in the pond by constructing forebays, shallow marsh wetland and micropools, and creating a sinuous water channel. Stormwater discharged from the facility has less nutrients and sediment than when it entered.
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This collection of charts and a related brief explore trends in the costs of treating diseases. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) disease-based health spending estimates allows users to examine national health spending trends by disease category from 2000 – 2012. The BEA satellite account differs from the official national health expenditure accounts, developed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, which break out spending by type of service. This means that, in addition to knowing how much the U.S. spends on hospital care, for example, we can now also know how much the U.S. spends to treat different diseases like circulatory conditions and cancer.
Circulatory and ill-defined conditions, such as check-ups, are the largest categories of spending
Circulatory conditions had been the largest contributor to health spending, for at least a decade, until 2012 when they were surpassed in total spending by ill-defined conditions (a category including check-ups, follow-up appointments, preventive care, and treatment of minor conditions such as colds, flus, and allergies). In 2013, $253 billion was spent on ill-defined conditions, and $236 billion went toward the treatment of circulatory conditions.
The top 5 disease categories account for half of spending
The top five disease-based spending categories (ill-defined conditions, circulatory, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and endocrine) account for half of all medical services spending by disease category. Ill-defined conditions each represent about 13% of overall health spending by disease while circulatory, musculoskeletal, respiratory, and endocrine conditions represent 12%, 10%, 8%, and 7% respectively.
Spending grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and slowest for circulatory conditions from 2000-2013
From 2000 – 2013, among the major disease categories, the fastest spending growth was on ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders.
About a third of medical services cost growth was from ill-defined, musculoskeletal, and circulatory conditions
Ill-defined conditions accounted for 16.5% of medical services spending growth. Treatments for circulatory and endocrine diseases were the second and third largest contributors to overall health services spending growth over the 2000 – 2013 period. Together, these three disease areas account for 36% of health services spending growth by disease.
Among major disease categories, the cost per case grew fastest for infectious diseases
The cost of treating infectious diseases has grown faster than any category (the price index for this category grew at an average annual growth rate of 5.5% from 2000 to 2013).
Price indexes in the Health Care Satellite Account differ from official price indexes in that they are not only influenced by the price of a given treatment, but also by greater treatment intensity per visit, shifts from lower-cost to higher-cost treatments, and movement into less restrictive insurance plans.
The number of treated cases grew fastest for endocrine disorders and ill-defined conditions
The number of treated cases grew fastest for ill-defined conditions and endocrine disorders, each at an average annual growth rate of 4.4% from 2000-2012. (Because the spending changes above adjust for treatment cost, they primarily represent changes in the number of cases over the time period.)
The cost per case has grown faster than the number of treated cases in most years since 2001
Over the 2000-2012 period, the cost per case generally grew faster than the number of treated cases. 2012 was the first time in recent years that the number of treated cases grew faster than the cost per case.
Increases in prices and service intensity have driven most of spending growth
Over the 2000-2012 period, about 65% of per capita spending growth can be attributed to growth in the cost per case, with the remaining 35% due to non-price factors. (This estimate differs from that previously released by the BEA because the number of treated cases started to drive the growth relatively more in the most recent years.)
Major disease categories have mostly seen better outcomes along with higher spending
Assessing the value of health care spending is challenging for a number of reasons (including limited availability of outcomes data, differences in categorization between data sources, and inability to control for socioeconomic and other external factors that influence health). Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are one way to measure health outcomes that account for both premature death and years lived with disability. In the 2005-2010 period, the increase in per capita spending generally corresponded with an improvement in DALYs. A study done by researchers at the BEA comparing spending and outcomes across 30 chronic conditions from 1987-2010 found that “overall gains in health outcomes for the population more than offset the increase in the average cost of treatment, suggesting a positive net value for medical spending.”
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Having become general purpose computers that run almost any application, mobile devices, particularly smartphones and tablets, have pervaded our professional and private lives. In addition to voice calls and text messaging, they offer the use of internet services (social networks, content sharing, etc.) and feature sensors collecting an increasing amount of information linked to their users, such as location and other environmental and personal parameters. Smart mobile devices have had a profound impact on the way organisations, including EU institutions, work. Increasingly, applications for these devices are being developed that are replacing workstations and laptops for some uses. Among the benefits of using mobile devices increased employee satisfaction, cost savings and the flexibility to work remotely are significant.
Users of mobile devices usually process personal data (also known as personal information) of other people, for example, when taking a photo of somebody, contact lists, sending or receiving emails, and so on. All individuals (data subjects) with any connection to the organisation, staff, contractors, candidates for a job vacancy, journalists or others are potentially affected.
Accountability – Organisations that allow the use of mobile devices need to weigh up the benefits of using mobile devices for each specific processing operation (case-by-case) and take into account the risks and invasiveness that their use may imply. This assessment should also consider the added functionalities and features of the mobile devices and the impact on the security of IT infrastructure.
Right of information - When organisations provide mobile devices, they must inform users of what data processing will be carried out. This is one element of an acceptable-use policy on mobile devices which lays down the rules for their professional use. Where Bring-Your-Own-Devices (when private devices are used for work purposes) are permitted, such a policy is even more important for clarifying the rights and obligations of organisations and their staff.
Data security – Security is one of the main principles of data protection. To guarantee an adequate level of protection, organisations must implement a risk management process, assessing the security risks of using mobile devices for processing personal data; organisations must then implement measures to deal with the identified risks.
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What Is Antioxidant Formula?
Antioxidant Formula is not a specific drug or medication. Instead, it is a term used to describe a formulation of various vitamins and minerals that have antioxidant properties. Antioxidants are substances that help protect the cells in our body from damage caused by harmful free radicals. Free radicals are unstable molecules that are produced during normal bodily processes and can also be influenced by factors such as pollution, radiation, smoking, and some unhealthy foods. Excessive free radicals in the body can contribute to conditions such as heart disease, cancer, and aging. Antioxidants, which include vitamins A, C, and E, as well as minerals like selenium and zinc, work by neutralizing these free radicals, reducing their potential for causing harm. The idea behind an antioxidant formula is to provide a blend of these beneficial substances to support overall health and wellbeing. Multivitamin supplements, including those labeled as antioxidant formulas, are widely available over the counter and do not require a prescription. However, it is always important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement regimen, as individual needs may vary. They can help determine if an antioxidant formula or any other supplements are suitable for your specific health goals and needs.
How to use Antioxidant Formula?
The usage instructions for Antioxidant Formula may vary depending on the specific product and brand you are using. However, in general, Antioxidant Formula is taken orally with water. It is typically available in the form of tablets or capsules. To use Antioxidant Formula, follow the instructions provided by your healthcare provider or read the label on the product carefully. It is important to adhere to the recommended dosage and frequency of administration. Some general tips for using Antioxidant Formula: 1. Take the medication at the same time every day to establish a routine. 2. Swallow the tablet or capsule whole, without crushing or chewing it. 3. If the product requires it, you may take it with food to improve absorption or to minimize potential stomach upset. 4. If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is close to your next scheduled dose, skip the missed one and continue with your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one. Remember to consult with your healthcare provider or pharmacist if you have any specific questions regarding the proper usage of Antioxidant Formula, as they can provide personalized guidance based on your individual needs and medical history.
Before taking Antioxidant Formula or any other multivitamin medication, it is important to consider the following warnings: 1. Allergies: If you have known allergies to any of the ingredients in the Antioxidant Formula, you should avoid taking it. Carefully read the ingredients list provided by the manufacturer or consult with your healthcare professional. 2. Medical Conditions: Inform your doctor or pharmacist about any pre-existing medical conditions you may have, such as liver disease, kidney disease, or any other chronic illness. These conditions may affect how your body processes and utilizes the multivitamin. 3. Other Medications: Inform your healthcare professional about all the medications you are currently taking, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and herbal supplements. Certain medications can interact with the Antioxidant Formula, affecting its efficacy or increasing the risk of adverse effects. 4. Pregnancy or Breastfeeding: If you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or breastfeeding, discuss the use of Antioxidant Formula with your healthcare provider. They can provide guidance on the appropriate dosage and any potential risks to you or your baby. 5. Dietary Restrictions: Some multivitamins, including Antioxidant Formula, may contain animal-derived ingredients, gluten, or other allergens. If you have specific dietary restrictions or sensitivities, make sure to review the product labeling or consult with a healthcare professional. 6. Overdose: Taking excessive amounts of multivitamins can be harmful. Follow the recommended dosage provided by the manufacturer or your healthcare professional. If you accidentally take more than the recommended amount, seek immediate medical attention. Always consult with your healthcare provider or pharmacist before starting any new medication or supplement, including Antioxidant Formula, to ensure it is safe and appropriate for you.
The specific ingredients of an antioxidant formula can vary depending on the brand and formulation of the medication. In general, antioxidant formulas contain a combination of vitamins, minerals, and other compounds that possess antioxidant properties. Common ingredients found in antioxidant formulas may include: 1. Vitamins: These may include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene. These vitamins are known for their antioxidant properties and their ability to neutralize harmful free radicals in the body. 2. Minerals: Certain minerals such as selenium, manganese, and zinc are also known to have antioxidant effects and may be included in antioxidant formulas. 3. Plant extracts and compounds: Some antioxidant formulas may also contain extracts or compounds derived from plants with antioxidant properties. Examples may include green tea extract, grape seed extract, or resveratrol. It's important to note that the specific ingredients and dosages of an antioxidant formula can vary between different products and brands. It is always recommended to carefully read the packaging or consult with a healthcare professional for detailed information about the specific ingredients in a particular antioxidant formula.
To properly store Antioxidant Formula, it's important to follow the manufacturer's recommendations and general guidelines for storing medication. Here are some key points to keep in mind: 1. Read the label: Start by carefully reading the storage instructions provided on the medication package or bottle. The manufacturer's guidelines take precedence. 2. Store at room temperature: In most cases, Antioxidant Formula should be stored at room temperature, typically between 68°F and 77°F (20°C and 25°C). Avoid exposing the medication to extreme temperatures, such as excessive heat or cold. 3. Protect from moisture: Keep the medication container tightly closed to protect the contents from moisture. Avoid storing Antioxidant Formula in the bathroom, as the humidity and moisture levels can be higher there. 4. Keep away from light: Some medications, including Antioxidant Formula, may be sensitive to light. Store the medication in a cool, dark place, away from direct sunlight or bright artificial light. 5. Maintain childproofing: To prevent accidental ingestion, it's crucial to store Antioxidant Formula out of the reach of children. Consider using childproof containers or cabinets for added safety. 6. Check for specific instructions: Different products may have specific storage requirements. If any additional storage instructions are provided with the medication, make sure to follow them accordingly. Remember, always consult the medication's packaging or your healthcare provider for any specific storage recommendations. If you have any concerns or questions about proper storage, it's best to reach out to your pharmacist or healthcare professional for further guidance.
Our philosophy is simple — hire a team of diverse, passionate people and foster a culture that empowers you to do your best
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Though it was controlled by Hungary from medieval times and was a part of the Yugoslav state for much of the 20th century, Croatia has a very strong national identity.
Geography: Rocky, mountainous Adriatic coastline is dotted with islands. Interior is a mixture of wooded mountains and broad valleys.
Climate: The interior has a temperate continental climate. Mediterranean climate along the Adriatic coast.
People and Society: Croats are distinguished from Bosniaks and Serbs by their Roman Catholic faith and use of the Latin alphabet. Many Serbs fled Croatia during the early 1990s conflict that accompanied Yugoslavia’s breakup. Minority rights and fighting organized crime are key issues in the quest for EU membership by 2011.
The Economy: The war cost the economy an estimated $50 billion. Unemployment has been persistently high. Corruption deters foreign investment. Tourism is mainly on the Dalmatian coast.
Insight: Croatia only regained control of Serb-occupied Eastern Slavonia, around Vukovar, in 1998
Official Name: Republic of Croatia
Date of Formation: 1991
Population: 4.42 million
Total Area: 21,831 sq. miles (56,542 sq. km)
Density: 202 people per sq. mile
Religions: Roman Catholic 88%, other 7%, Orthodox Christian 4%, Muslim 1%
Ethnic Mix: Croat 90%, other 5%, Serb 5%
Government: Parliamentary system
CURRENCY: Kuna = 100 lipa
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Gilliand Hudson, a carpenter with FLOUR, acts as Santa Claus and poses alongside U.S. soldiers with 4th Battalion, 25th Field Artillery Regiment, 3rd Brigade Combat Team, 10th Mountain Division, on Forward Operating Base Clark, Afghanistan, Dec. 25, 2013. Hudson dressed as Santa Claus to spread holiday cheer for soldiers away from home for the holidays. Photo courtesy of Cpl. Amber Stephens/DVIDS.
The holidays are supposed to be a time when families come together to enjoy a nice meal, exchange gifts, and make long-lasting memories. In a war, Christmas can be a sign of hope or a sign of uncertainty. This Christmas, whether one is deployed overseas or enjoying it with friends or family, remember how others throughout history have spent the day. This Christmas list doesn’t include desired presents but significant military operations and memories from no man’s land to Auschwitz to a Christmas miracle and a hellacious bombing campaign.
The sounds of whining artillery shells, screeches of whistles, and cries of agony were absent on the night of Christmas Eve along the Western Front. Royal Irish Rifles observed Germans illuminate their trenches and heard Christmas carols like “Silent Night” sung in unison. The beginning of a festive celebration was met with a British encore of “The First Noel.” The two armies put down their weapons and waded into no man’s land to greet their enemy and share pleasantries. One soldier from the Scots Guards wrote in his war diary that he “met a German Patrol and was given a glass of whisky and some cigars, and a message was sent back saying that if we didn’t fire at them, they would not fire at us.”
The Christmas Truce of 1914 saw British and German troops shaking hands, posing for photographs, playing games of soccer, and burying their dead. It was part of the “Live Let Live” system, a code honored on the front lines where cease-fires were agreed upon to rebuild trenches and gather fallen troops. The Christmas truce did not become a tradition and did not occur again throughout the course of World War I.
There were five harsh Christmases experienced behind the barbed wire at the Auschwitz concentration camp. The first Christmas Eve in 1940 set the tone for the hell that not even the Christmas holiday could diminish. The sadistic SS displayed a Christmas tree with electric lights and placed the corpses of prisoners who who were worked to death or froze to death during roll call underneath the tree as if they were presents.
Over the years, some prisoners defied the miserable conditions in small ways. Henry Bartosiewicz smuggled a Christmas tree into Room 7 of Block No. 25. Witold Pilecki, the Polish war hero who volunteered to be imprisoned in Auschwitz to gain intelligence on what was really going on inside, carved a Polish Eagle from a turnip to decorate the tree. Toward the end of World War II, the Third Reich was largely dismantled. The women at Birkenau sewed about 200 toys for children in the hospital, one even dressing up to look like St. Nicholas to pass out presents. The Christmas wishes for freedom were granted on Jan. 27, 1945, when the camp was liberated by Soviet troops.
The Hungnam Evacuation, sometimes referred to as the “Miracle of Christmas” or an “amphibious operation in reverse,” was the successful withdrawal of over 100,000 United Nations military personnel and an estimated 91,000 North Korean refugees during the Korean War. In December 1950, a massive rescue operation was underway to save those who were trapped at the Hungnam port in North Korea. A fleet of about 100 ships responded to their desperate pleas, including the SS Meredith Victory, a US merchant marine ship. The plan was only to evacuate the military and its supplies, but when they met the North Korean refugees they couldn’t turn them all away.
“These guys there at Hungnam listened to their better angels and did what I like to say was the right thing, for the right reasons, in a very difficult situation,” said Ned Forney, the grandson of Col. Edward Forney of the US Marine Corps. The SS Meredith Victory, the largest ship to enter the port, had a crew of just 60, and yet they left with newly acquired military supplies and 14,000 refugees. Remarkably, without food or water, zero lives were lost aboard the ships during the entire military operation, and all returned safely to South Korea.
President Richard Nixon ordered the US Air Force in December 1972 to bomb the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong into submission. The bombing campaign was known to the military as Operation Linebacker II and to historians as “11 Days of Christmas” and the “11 Day War.” The relentless strikes over North Vietnam occurred over a span of 12 days from Dec. 18 to Dec. 29, with a stand-down on Christmas day.
B-52 aircraft released 20,000 tons of explosives, the majority of the munitions dropped over Hanoi. The US Air Force flew 729 nighttime sorties and killed as many 1,000 to 1,600 Vietnamese, but the total number was expected to be much higher. The US lost 15 of the 129 bombers involved in the air raids and 11 other aircraft. The two-week-long bombing campaign led to Nixon suspending all offensive actions in North Vietnam in January 1973; however, the war went on.
Matt Fratus is a history staff writer for Coffee or Die. He prides himself on uncovering the most fascinating tales of history by sharing them through any means of engaging storytelling. He writes for his micro-blog @LateNightHistory on Instagram, where he shares the story behind the image. He is also the host of the Late Night History podcast. When not writing about history, Matt enjoys volunteering for One More Wave and rooting for Boston sports teams.
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As summer is ending and the leaves start to change color, and cold weather starts to set across the country, certain illnesses rise to their peak and spread throughout your workplace and schools.
Top Diseases that peak during fall – winter
As summer is ending and the leaves start to change color, and cold weather starts to set across the
country, certain illnesses rise to their peak and spread throughout your workplace and schools.
Due to this changes from hot to chillier weather and your kids going back to school, a gigantic number of
germs spark the start of a new season of diseases that sweep the country. When the weather starts to
turn into icy temperatures, colder air and darker skies, the threat of catching certain diseases is greater.
The cold weather suppresses your immune system, making you more susceptible to infections. The chilly
days of autumn are responsible for colds, flues and allergies.
Fall's kickoff sparks the start of flu season beginning in the autumn months and continues all the way to
January and February during the brunt of winter. The flu, a respiratory illness, typically spreads from
person to person mostly through coughs, sneezes and even talking. It is possible to contract the flu just
by touching a surface that is already infected with the flu virus and then transmitting it to your mouth,
eyes or nose. Each year up to 20 percent of the population is impacted by the flu.
Common colds can affect anyone at any time of the year, but peak cold hits during the colder and rainy
months. There are over 1 billion colds reported in the United States throughout each year. An upper
respiratory infection, colds are spread similarly to the flu. Colds ordinarily bring nasal congestion,
scratchy throats and sneezing along with other symptoms depending on the strain.
Norovirus, is one of the most common stomach inflammation illness in the U.S and it is commonly
referred to as the stomach flu. It reaches its highest strength during the fall and winter months. The
stomach flu is extremely contagious and can be spread easily from person to person.
Ear infections, especially in younger kids, are more likely to occur in fall and winter rather than any other
season. Changes in climate, especially as colder air starts to hit, will most likely enhance the threat of an
ear infection. Symptoms of general ear pain and even nausea can be the most common symptoms.
Allergies can happen at any time of the year. Fall allergy triggers are different but they can cause just as
many symptoms as in the spring and summer. Ragweed is the biggest allergy trigger in the fall. Though it
usually starts to release pollen during the cool nights and warm days in August, it can last into
September and October. Even if it doesn't grow where you live, ragweed pollen can travel for hundreds
of miles on the wind.
Mold is another fall trigger. You may think of mold growing in your basement or bathroom -- damp areas
in the house -- but mold spores also love wet spots outside. Piles of damp leaves are ideal breeding
grounds for mold. Also, don’t forget dust mites. While they’re common during the humid summer
months, they can get stirred into the air the first time you turn on your heat in the fall. They can trigger
sneezes, wheezes, and runny noses.
Asthma is one of the most severe diseases there is of the respiratory system. Asthmatics must avoid the
dust, mold and the small and humid spaces because they can provoke a severe asthma attack. Due to
the cold weather, people with asthma must avoid getting a cold, flu or bronchitis. They should spend as
much as possible less time outdoors during fall to avoid asthma attacks caused by weather.
Arthritis is a form of joint disorder that involves inflammation in one or more joints of your body. Many
people that suffer from arthritis swear by the pain in their joints as a predictor that rainy or cold
weather is coming. If it’s cold outside, keep aching hands warm with gloves and try adding extra layers
over your knees and legs to prevent the colder air from causing pain. While it's understandable to want
to avoid the winter weather, people with joint pain should always stay active. The less sedentary you
are, the better your physical function is going to be. Try to exercise inside and keep your body active to
avoid the symptoms of arthritis. Finally, always stay safe particularly when the weather turns icy. It is
important that people with arthritis protect their joints from further damage. If you’re going outside,
pick solid, supportive shoes and try to walk on a surface that doesn’t look slippery or fragile.
Dehydration is not only a summer thing. People don't realize that it's just as easy to become dehydrated
in the winter. Because few people recognize the signs of dehydration in the winter, it can be even more
dangerous. Water is vital to both organ function and digestion any time of the year! Do not forget to
keep yourself hydrated even in the chilly days of Autumn.
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Secrets of the Tombs
Archaeologists at the Kingsley Plantation in Florida shed light on the slaves who lived, worked and died there 200 years ago.
With its elegant bay windows and breezy verandah, the gleaming white Kingsley Plantation House is Florida’s oldest and best-preserved planter’s residence, but a recent discovery “out back,” in the woods surrounding the 25 remaining slave cabins has upstaged the splendid manor house.
In May 2010, University of Florida archaeologist Dr. James Davidson and his students excavated the buried remains of six plantation slaves, including a middle-aged man, an elderly woman, and three school-aged children. Historians had long suspected that a burial ground existed somewhere on the site, thanks to references in plantation documents from the early 1800s, when Zephaniah Kingsley and his family occupied the house and 40 to 50 slaves resided in 32 neighboring cabins (25 of which remain). Davidson’s dig confirmed the cemetery’s existence and sheds light on enslaved people whose lives have been shrouded in mystery.
For years, researchers have puzzled over the semi-circular design of the slave cabin complex. Why not build the cabins in straight rows? Pistols unearthed from the slave quarters offer one idea: In the event of an attack, the semi-circle allows residents to mount a more effective defense by forcing assailants to enter a ring of firepower.
“We can’t know who the individuals are in the burial plots we discovered,” says Barbara Goodman, superintendent of Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve, which includes the Kingsley Plantation. But the discovery brings slaves’ voices to a historical record that largely excluded them. “Visitors could see the slave cabins and imagine family life in these small quarters,” she adds, “but to know that those inhabitants are buried beneath our feet makes that history more real.”
Previous digs added valuable insights to that missing history. In 1968, Dr. Charles Fairbanks of the University of Florida conducted formal excavations at two Kingsley slave cabins. His work was the first archaeological inquiry focused on enslaved people in the United States and provided initial glimpses into their daily lives: Ceramics and metal tools yielded clues about slaves’ dietary patterns and helped researchers determine when the cabins were used.
More clues surfaced between 2000 and 2010, when National Park Service archaeologist John C. Whitehurst uncovered a variety of household and personal items: smoking pipes; bone, shell, and metal buttons; ceramics; gunflints; and tabby processing materials used to build Kingsley’s slave cabins. Those objects hint that slaves at Kingsley kept firearms—and not just muskets for hunting, but pistols, too. After the Patriots Rebellion of 1812−14, when Seminole Indians burned Kingsley’s Laurel Grove Plantation, Kingsley probably armed his slaves to defend his property in case of attack (see sidebar below).
Kingsley slaves were also pagans who likely practiced traditional African Culture: Blue beads were concealed within the cabins, likely to ward off evil, and a chicken burial at the entrance to one cabin points to African fertility rituals. “Zephaniah was known to have prohibited Christian religious leaders from preaching to his people,” explains Whitehurst. In fact, Zephaniah married one of his slaves, Anta Majigeen Ndiaye, in an African ceremony. The couple had three children, and Anta (or “Anna,” as Kingsley called her) eventually became a slave-owner herself.
But, says Whitehurst, “While artifacts and objects can enlighten us about how people lived, their remains tell us who they were.” Studies have already confirmed the age and gender of the buried people; further DNA analysis could indicate what part of Africa they came from, and perhaps even tribal affiliation. “We could determine things like the types of diseases they were exposed to, nutrients absorbed or lacking, and what they were eating,” says Whitehurst.
These six burials are just the first prong of what might someday be a much broader investigation into the cemetery’s full boundaries. Already, the Park Service has used radar technology to measure variations in soil density, and the readings suggest that other bodies may have been laid to rest near the current excavation site. But for now, the park is focusing on engaging the public in conversations about respecting and valuing those who lived and died here.
You can read this and other stories about history, nature, culture, art, conservation, travel, science and more in National Parks magazine. Your tax-deductible membership donation of $25 or more entitles…See more ›
The discovery has made a tremendous impact on those who can trace their lineage back to the Kingsley family. “Now we need to do more to give voice to those who no longer have a voice,” says Dr. Johnetta Cole, director of the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, whose great-grandfather married the great-granddaughter of Anna and Zephaniah Kingsley. “I can’t help but wonder if, under the earth, in that particular place, are the remains of human beings—people—to whom I am related.”
Before the Park Service announced the findings publicly, it disclosed the news to descendants of the Kingsley family, who met for a private meeting and paid homage to their ancestors with a ceremony at the excavation site. “These descendants had so many thoughts and emotions about their heritage already,” explains Goodman. “Now, that history becomes tangible, becomes more than just stories.”
“I remember many years ago hearing [author] Julius Lester say that you will never understand America well until you understand slavery,” Cole adds. “This discovery is just another piece of that puzzle as I try to understand, in a full way, the country that I was born in and the country that I love.”
About the author
Freelance writer Kelly Bastone lives in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.
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In tandem with his 11/17/11 appearance, Dr. Cliff Pickover shares two images featured in his new work, The Physics Book: From the Big Bang to Quantum Resurrection. He describes the photos:
(left image) The spaceships on Star Trek are powered by antimatter drives, but antimatter, a kind of mirror form of matter, is real -- and it’s even possible that worlds made entirely of antimatter exist in the universe. Antimatter-matter reactions have practical medical applications today in the form of positron emission tomography (PET), which employs positron-emitting atoms. In the 1960s, researchers at Brookhaven National Laboratory used detectors, such as this, for studying brain tumors that absorbed injected radioactive material. Breakthroughs led to the more practical PET machines of today. (Courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory.)
(right Image): Artistic rendition of Laplace’s Demon observing particles (represented here as bright specks) at a particular instant in time. In 1814, French mathematician Pierre Laplace described an entity that was capable of calculating and determining all future events, provided that the demon was given the positions, masses, and velocities of every atom in the universe and the various known formulas of motion. In a universe with Laplace’s Demon, would free will be an illusion? (Image by Solvod.)
Click on photos to view larger.
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The Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
) (), translation
: Indian Popular Youth Front
) is the youth wing of Bharatiya Janata Party
(BJP). It is founded in 1978 and first national president was Kalraj Mishra
The BJP is one of the few parties in India to have a popular-based governing structure, where workers and leaders at the local level have a great say in much of the decision-making. This has also been blamed for public spats between different factions of the party. Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha which is Youth wing of BJP has similar organizational structure like BJP.
The highest authority in the BJYM is the National President. Many BJP prominent leaders like Rajnath Singh
, Pramod Mahajan
, Shivraj Singh Chauhan
, etc., were National President of BJYM. Beyond this, there are several Vice-Presidents like Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi
, General-Secretaries, Treasurers and Secretaries. The National Executive consists of an undetermined number of senior party leaders from across the nation who are the highest decision-making body in the party. At the state level, a similar structure is in place, with every state unit being led by the respective President, General Secretary, Incharge and Co-Incharge. State level Morcha mainly focuses on the local issues.
BJYM also maintains close relation with Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
(RSS), which has millions of affiliates. It also maintains close links to other Sangh Parivar
organizations, such as Vishwa Hindu Parishad
and Swadeshi Jagaran......
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folderName from the current folder.
be empty. If the operation is not successful, MATLAB® throws an
error to the Command Window.
rmdir also attempts to remove all
subfolders and files in
folderName, regardless of their
write permissions. The result for read-only files follows the practices of the
specified folder and returns a status of
status = rmdir(___)
1 if the operation
is successful. Otherwise,
0. Warnings and errors are not thrown to the Command
Window. You can use this syntax with any of the input argument combinations in
the previous syntaxes.
Remove Folders from Current Folder
Create the folders
myproject/myfiles in the current folder, and then remove them.
mkdir myproject mkdir myproject/myfiles rmdir myproject/myfiles rmdir myproject
Remove Nonempty Folder
Remove the folder
myfiles, which contains the files
Create the folder
myfiles and move the files
myfile2.m from the current folder into the new folder.
mkdir myfiles movefile myfile1.m myfiles movefile myfile2.m myfiles
Try to remove the folder
rmdir. Because the
myfiles folder is not empty, the operation fails and returns a status of 0 and an error message detailing why the operation failed.
[status, message, messageid] = rmdir('myfiles')
status = logical 0
message = ''myfiles' was not removed. The directory must be empty before removing.'
messageid = 'MATLAB:RMDIR:DirectoryNotRemoved'
Now, use the 's' flag to remove the folder
myfiles. A status of 1 and an empty
messageid indicate that the operation is successful.
[status, message, messageid] = rmdir('myfiles', 's')
status = logical 1
message = 0x0 empty char array messageid = 0x0 empty char array
folderName — Folder name
character vector | string scalar
Folder name to remove, specified as a character vector or string scalar.
folderName as an absolute or relative
status — Folder removal status
0 | 1
Status of folder indicating if the attempt to remove the folder is
successful, specified as
the attempt is successful,
status is 1. Otherwise,
status is 0.
msg — Error message
Error message, specified as a character vector. If an error
or warning occurs,
msg contains the message text
of the error or warning. Otherwise,
msg is empty,
msgID — Error message identifier
Error message identifier, specified as a character vector. If
an error or warning occurs,
msgID contains the
message identifier of the error or warning. Otherwise,
You can use
rmdirto create folders in remote locations. To write to a remote location,
parentNamemust contain the full path of the file specified as a uniform resource locator (URL) of the form:
It is also valid to use one or three "slash" (
/) characters between
path_to_file. For example:
Based on your remote location,
schema_namecan be one of the values in this table.
Windows Azure® Blob Storage
As with local folders,
rmdircannot remove nonempty virtual folders unless you specify the
sflag. Some file services do not support empty folders. On these services, if
rmdirremoves folders and leaves their parent folder empty, then the parent folder will be removed as well. For more information, see Work with Remote Data.
In the Current Folder browser, right-click the folder name and select Delete from the context menu. To open the Current Folder browser, use the Current Folder Browser command.
Version HistoryIntroduced before R2006a
R2020a: Wildcard expression
*.* on UNIX platforms matches only files that have an extension
Starting in R2020a, on UNIX® platforms, the wildcard expression
*.* no longer
matches folders or files without an extension. In previous releases, the expression
matches folders or files regardless of extension, including files without an
extension. This change of behavior does not apply to Microsoft®
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Remember your childhood summers of playing outside, before everyone was glued to their TVs, computers and smartphones? According to a recent survey, children today spend half the time their parents did playing outside. While modern technology has made life a lot easier, it has also made us less active. In fact, only one in three children are active every day. It is time to motivate and influence our kids to get involved in outdoor physical activities as much as we can.
If your kid has been neglecting their outdoor play equipment, encourage them to go outside and get involved in more outdoor activities. Make fitness a regular part of a child’s day by providing them with as many opportunities as possible to play, move and be physically active. Here are a few ways to do so:
- Not everything is a competition
When games have defined winners and defined losers, those who do not win may feel discouraged to continue to play outside. It’s important to teach your kids that not every game or sport is a competition. Instead, introduce your kids to some activities they truly love that can be just as fun when played alone. While a little competition can be healthy, not every activity needs to be competitive. Show your kid that they can have fun just by shooting hoops or riding their bike up and down the street.
- Think outside traditional sports games
If your child doesn’t enjoy common team sports, such as football or basketball, that doesn’t mean there’s not plenty of other games to play to stay active. Introduce your kids to a wide variety of activities, such as dancing, rock climbing, swimming or kayaking. Be patient, and your kid will find something they like.
- Join in
Bring out the inner child in you by joining in on your kids’ outdoor activities. When was the last time you played tag or tried to see how high you could swing? Whether you just play with your child one-on-one or organize a game day for the whole family, you will create memories that both you and your child will remember forever.
- Avoid using physical activity as a punishment
Some kids are reluctant to engage in physical activity because they see it as a punishment. For example, your child’s coach may have punished him or her for bad behavior during practice with extra laps and push-ups. Or, some parents may punish their child by withholding physical activity from them. Try not to forbid them from going to practice or playing outside just because they did something wrong. Instead, use physical activity as a reward. Reward their good behavior with a present, such as a bike or a trampoline. Also, consider taking them to one of our showrooms for open play!
Combat the “lazy child syndrome” by trying these tips on encouraging your children to play outside! Got any others? We’d love to hear them! Comment on our Rainbow of the Heartland Facebook pages – Rainbow of the Heartland – IA and Rainbow of the Heartland – KS - to share your tips with us, and we will share them with our followers.
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The Revised Grail Psalter
The life of a Benedictine monk hinges upon the motto ora et labora, which is Latin for “pray and work”. Specifically, St. Benedict intended his followers to be deeply rooted in the psalms, drawing upon their richness in writing his holy Rule and expounding at length upon how they should be prayed. For nearly 1,500 years now, Benedictines have carried on the tradition of their founder, and the Order is well known for its dedication to the liturgy. It should come as no surprise, then, that when the U.S. Bishop’s Committee on the Liturgy wanted a new translation of the psalms for use in the liturgy, they approached Conception Abbey‘s own Abbot Gregory Polan to undertake a revision of the 1963 Grail Psalter.
What are the Grail Psalms?
In the years leading up to Vatican II, when the liturgy was still in Latin but moving toward
greater lay participation, the psalm responses of the Mass were permitted to be sung in the vernacular. A French Jesuit by the name of Joseph Gelineau prepared a French translation of the psalms which was very rhythmic and worked well with a particular set of psalm tones. In response to his work, a community of lay women formed a secular institute called The Grail (of England) and undertook an English translation of Fr. Gelineau’s work. They employed scholars and musicians to work on the project and they began to release the fruits of their work in a series of books, each containing a few psalms, throughout the 1950s. The full version with all 150 psalms was released in 1963.
Just like the French Gelineau psalm tones, the 1963 Grail Psalter proved to be very well-suited for choral recitation, singing and chanting. It was soon incorporated into the Liturgy of the Hours. While the lectionary in the United States used the psalms of the New American Bible and the Revised Standard Version, the 1963 Grail Psalms were also permitted for use as the Responsorial Psalm at Mass. GIA Publications of Chicago featured these Responsorial Psalms in their Worship III Hymnal.
Why was a new translation needed?
The 1963 Grail Psalms made a wonderful transition from Latin into English because they were so easily understood, they had a clear poetic rhythm and they could be recited and sung with ease. All of these things were important objectives when the Ladies of the Grail set about their work. And while the 1963 Grail Psalter was very successful in this regard, there are places where the adherence to a set rhythm necessitated a paraphrase of the original Hebrew as opposed to a more authentic translation, taking into consideration the sometimes irregular rhythm of the Hebrew Psalms. Since Vatican II, however, we have seen a move to preserve sacred texts’ fidelity to their original sources.
Secondly, since the 1950s when most of these psalms were composed, “Much has happened in the area of biblical scholarship to enable us to understand better both the structure of Hebrew poetry and some of the more problematic texts,” Abbot Gregory said. He continued, “This scholarship will make a more accurate translation possible.”
Additionally, the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments’ 2001 document Liturgiam Authenticam insists that a consistent translation be used in all the texts of the liturgy, which is currently not the case as far as the psalms are concerned. The Revised Grail Psalter will be the official translation used in the Lectionary, the Liturgy of the Hours, the texts for all books of the Sacraments, etc.
Obviously, a project of this scope is quite the undertaking. But why were monks of Conception chosen to bring this work to fruition? As mentioned above, the mere fact that Conception Abbey is a Benedictine monastery is already a tally mark under the “pros” column. However, it is the combination of the scholarly pursuits of Abbot Gregory Polan that made the initial request from the U.S. Bishop’s Committee on the Liturgy in June of 1998 the first and obvious choice.
Abbot Gregory would tell anyone (and he told the Bishop’s Committee) that he is first and foremost an abbot. Next on the list, though, you’ll find “Scripture Scholar” and “Musician”. After working on a translation of a section of the book of Isaiah in the Revised New American Bible, the staff at the Bishops’ Conference–knowing also his musical background–rightly assessed that his combination of abilities especially suited him to the task of revising the Grail Psalter which, like the 1963 Grail Psalter, needed to be suitable for choral recitation, singing and chanting. When Abbot Gregory agreed then, mentioning that he was first an abbot though, the bishops were happy to communicate that they just wanted it done right.
So, Abbot Gregory began the project, enlisting the help of other monks of Conception
Abbey, and after four years an initial draft was completed. This draft was then brought before a November meeting of the Bishop’s Committee on Divine Worship where it was approved to undergo the rigorous process to deem it an acceptable translation. And acceptable it was as the USCCB approved its widespread use in a 203-5 vote at their meeting of November 11, 2008. It is now awaiting approval from the Vatican.
What does this mean for the Church?
For the Faithful who attend any liturgy in English, the Revised Grail Psalter means consistency in what they’ll hear across the board. For musicians and those who use the psalms for choral recitation or chanting, it means a translation which is well suited to these uses without sacrificing the integrity of the translation. All in all, the consistency and fidelity to the ancient texts of the psalms means that the Revised Grail Psalter will help promote a more effective, unified catechesis.
For Conception Abbey, the Revised Grail Psalter is another way that they, in their 135 years since their founding, have been able to respond to the needs of the Church.
Ut in omnibus glorificetur Deus
The copyright for The Revised Grail Psalms is held jointly by Conception Abbey and The Grail (England). GIA Publications serves as the international literary agent for this new version of The Grail Psalms.
Copies of the Revised Grail Psalter will not be released until the recognitio is received from Rome. For more information you may contact:
Director of Communications
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This is an excellent volume — carefully-researched and eye-opening — on caste-based injustice in our society and economy. Now, while there is a literature that documents discrimination and the denial of civil liberties, there is very little understanding and research on the practice of caste discrimination in markets, notably in modern, urban and metropolitan settings, and in public institutions. This book takes up the challenge of understanding the latter by means of systematic research on the question.
A useful four-fold classification of the types of discrimination is proposed by Thorat and Newman: complete exclusion, selective inclusion, unfavourable inclusion, and selective exclusion. Complete exclusion would occur, for example, if Dalits were totally excluded from purchase of land in certain residential areas. Selective inclusion refers to differential treatment or inclusion in markets, such as disparity in payment of wages to Dalit workers and other workers. Unfavourable inclusion or forced inclusion refers to tasks in which Dalits are incorporated based on traditional caste practices, such as bonded labour. Lastly, selective exclusion refers to exclusion of those involved in “polluting occupations” (such as leather tanning or sanitary work) from certain jobs and services.
Study in rural areas
There is a body of research on discrimination in rural areas and on the continuation of caste barriers to economic and social mobility in village India. There is a myth, however, that caste does not matter in the urban milieu and that, with the anonymity of the big city and with education and associated job and occupational mobility (assisted by affirmative action), traditional caste-based discriminatory practices disappear. This book explodes that myth in a set of chapters that focus on the formal labour market. These chapters use methodologies developed in the United States to study racial discrimination, and are written in collaboration with scholars from the U.S.
Thorat and Attewell ran an experiment to test caste discrimination in the urban labour market. For one year, researchers collected advertisements from leading English language newspapers for jobs in the private sector that required a university degree but no specialised skills. The researchers then submitted three false applications for each job. The applicants, all male, had the same or similar education qualification and experience. One of them had a recognisable upper caste Hindu name, another a Muslim name and the third a distinctly Dalit name. The expected outcome was a call for interview or further screening.
An analysis of the outcomes, using regression methods, showed that, although there were an equal number of false applicants from three social groups, for every 10 upper caste Hindu applicants selected for interview, only six Dalits and three Muslims were chosen. Thus, in modern private enterprises (including IT), applicants with a typical Muslim or Dalit name had a lower chance of success than those with the same qualification and an upper caste Hindu name.
In another chapter, Jodhka and Newman report on detailed interviews with human resource managers of 25 large firms in New Delhi. All the managers insisted that hiring was solely on the basis of “merit,” and old practices such as hiring kin or members of the same community did not exist.
At the same time, every hiring manager said “family background” (including the educational level of parents) was critical in evaluating a potential employee. This is clearly discriminatory, for Dalit applicants may not have the same social and educational background as those from the upper castes. As the authors note, “one must take the profession of deep belief in meritocracy with a heavy dose of salt.”
These findings raise serious questions about allowing the corporate sector to monitor itself in respect of “inclusive employment” instead of making it abide by a policy of reservation.
Another set of chapters explores the patterns of discrimination in public services and public institutions, including in health care services, in schools, and in programmes of food security.
Sanghmitra Acharya gives a detailed account of various forms of discrimination experienced by Dalit children in gaining access to health care from both private and public providers in rural Gujarat and Rajasthan. Untouchability was reported by children “seven out of 10 times” from “doctors, laboratory technicians, and registered medical practitioners”, and it was “more vigorously practised by pharmacists, ANMs and AWWs.” Geetha Nambissan writes of similar experiences of Dalit children in schools in rural and urban Rajasthan.
Or, take the case of the public distribution system (PDS). Fair price shops are owned privately or run by cooperatives or, in a few cases, by government. An analysis by Thorat and Lee, drawing on a survey of PDS outlets in 531 villages across five States, shows that there was discriminatory behaviour against Dalits by the PDS staff in respect of prices in 28 per cent of villages and in respect of quality in 40 per cent. In 26 per cent of the villages, dealers practised untouchability “by dropping goods from above into cupped Dalit hands below, so as to avoid ‘polluting contact'.”
As the authors say, to term the prevalence of such practices as merely the “phenomenon of caste discrimination remaining or still continuing or lingering” is to not understand that these practices are associated with new institutions set up after Independence and after the legal abolition of untouchability.
An important and urgent policy implication of this set of studies is that the government needs to ensure that its own policies and progarammes (such as the public distribution system or provision of mid-day meal to school children or of health care at Public Health Centres) are implemented in a non-discriminatory manner. Institutions (whether public, cooperative, or non-governmental) that accept government funds or implement government programmes must be held responsible and penalised if they practice untouchability.
A fair-price shop dealer is both a private individual and an arm of public policy, and the severest action should be taken if he is found to discriminate against Dalits or those from other socially disadvantaged groups.
In conclusion, this book — based on careful and a methodologically innovative research — shows that caste discrimination not only persists but has taken new forms and penetrated into new systems and institutional structures. It also raises serious questions about patterns of economic development.
BLOCKED BY CASTE, ECONOMIC DISCRIMINATION IN MODERN INDIA: Edited by Sukhadeo Thorat, Katherine S. Newman; Oxford University Press, YMCA Library Building, Jai Singh Road, New Delhi-110001. Rs. 750.
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I receive many calls from seriously concerned physicians seeking advice and guidance regarding the use of lindane, particularly in infants, children, and pregnant women. There has been so much negative publicity about the safety of this drug that, unfortunately, I often find physicians' emotions have clouded their knowledge and experience on this subject. That is why I accepted the invitation to write this editorial—to share my thoughts on the subject and, hopefully, provide a prudent approach to a potential problem.
There is no question that lindane is a neurotoxin when used in very large amounts.1,2 Convulsions represent the main symptom. Percutaneous absorption does occur as with most topical agents. When lindane is applied in the form of either a cream for the treatment of scabies3 or as a shampoo for the treatment of head lice,4 very small quantities appear in the blood. With frequent closely spaced
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You may not have heard the buzz yet but now’s the time to keep bees in mind. April’s slightly warmer weather means garden clean-up goes into high gear and that can be a big problem for bees–solitary bees, that is.
First, a quick note on the difference between solitary bees and honey bees.
Honey bees are social bees. Their home-making is a group effort and their hives are usually easy to spot unless they’ve taken up residence in your roof in which case you might not be aware of their vicinity until you see honey dripping from the ceiling. Ick.
Solitary bees* are the most common native pollinator in Ontario. Among other things, they help pollinate the flowers in your garden, ensuring the production of seeds–a healthy garden is a pollinated garden. They nest in hollow stems, holes in trees, the nooks and crannies of dead wood, and in the soil.
Wild bees are losing their battle against pesticides and habitat loss. But we can help.
1. Don’t be a neat freak. When you’re doing that thorough April garden clean-up, leave behind some dead wood and keep the soil in the back corners of the yard undisturbed.
2. Plant some bee food. Different bees like different kinds of plants but you’ll likely help at least one kind if you’ve got any of these:
- Catnip–This plant feeds bees, repels mosquitoes and gives cats a high. Read my posting on this fab flower for more info.
- Cucumbers, melons, pumpkin and squash
- Sunflowers and dahlias
- Dandelions and goldenrod
- Apple and cherry trees
- Maple trees
- Sage (salvia spp.) and thyme
- Yellow Rocket (Bararea vulgarism), an Ontario wildflower.
- Take a look at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s list of nectar and pollen plants good for bees, for more ideas.
3. Become a bee landlord. Build a bee nest from the cuttings of hollow-stemmed plants or a chunk of untreated wood. If you’re not the crafty type, you can invest in a fancy pre-made bee condo like the one shown above left–look for them in garden and wildlife accessories stores. But this can be a pricey option. To prevent the spread of fungal diseases you’ll need to replace your stick condo every year. A way-cool option is offered by a Canadian company called Armstrong & Blackbury. They offer a state-of-the-art pollen bee nest for $24.95 each (or less if you buy more) which can be cleaned annually.
For more inspirations, David Suzuki has an excellent guide to bees of urban Southern Ontario–Toronto, in particular. Clear photos help you identify the solitary bees spotted in your garden and includes the home building and flower-feeding preferences of each type of solitary bee. Check out the Wanna-Bee section as well. If you want to do a deep dive into the details of defending bees and their habitats, check out A Landowner’s Guide to Conserving Native Pollinators in Ontario.
And, on another B note, kids of all ages should check out the North American Bumble Bee Watch. Bumble bees aren’t solitary bees but they are mighty cute and they need our help, too. On this site, you can upload your photos of bumble bees to start a virtual bumble bee collection, have your bees’ i.d.’s verified by experts and help researchers track and pinpoint the conservation needs of bumble bees. Once you’ve connected with this site, you can keep your eyes peeled for the endangered Rusty-patched bumble bee whose range includes Southern Ontario. They’re scheduled to start making their appearance in gardens this month.
* Encouraging detail for people not keen on bees: Solitary bees rarely sting.
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A person who fumbles over his words and cannot explain himself is an example of someone who would be described as inarticulate.
- produced without the normal articulation of understandable speech: said of vocal sounds: an inarticulate cry
- not able to speak, as because of strong emotion; mute
- not able to speak understandably, effectively, or coherently
- not expressed or not able to be expressed: inarticulate passion
- Zool. without joints, segments, hinges, or valves
Origin of inarticulateLate Latin inarticulatus: see in- and articulate
- Uttered without the use of normal words or syllables; incomprehensible as speech or language: “a cry … that … sank down into an inarticulate whine” ( Jack London )
- Unable to speak; speechless: inarticulate with astonishment.
- Unable to speak with clarity or eloquence: an inarticulate debater.
- Going unexpressed: inarticulate sorrow.
- Biology Not having joints or segments.
- in′ar·tic′u·late·ness in′ar·tic′u·la·cy
(comparative more inarticulate, superlative most inarticulate)
in- + articulate
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This Photo Friday, take a look at Glaciar Perito Moreno in Argentina, where ice collapse has become a spectacle. Perito Moreno is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Patagonia region. The terminus of the Perito Moreno glacier is 5 km wide, with an average height of 74 m above the surface of the water of Argentino Lake. It has a total ice depth of 170 meters (558 ft).
According to the glaciology studies, while most of the glaciers are retreating in the world as well as in Patagonia region, this unique glacier has advanced or remained the stable during the 20th century. Glaciar Perito Moreno is located in Los Glaciares National Park (Argentina) and is an eastern outlet glacier of the Southern Patagonia Icefield, the largest reserve of fresh water of the southern hemisphere outside of Antarctica.
Periodically, the glacier advances through the the “Lago Argentino,” or Argentine Lake, and reaches the Península de Magallanes. It has regularly produced an ice dam between the Brazo Rico and Canal de los Témpanos since the early 20th century. The most recent ice dam establishment was in 2016.
The ice dam is expected to collapse eventually in a spectacular rupture event due to the effect of calving.
We’ve all heard of glacial retreat. But have you heard of this glacier in Argentina that keeps collapsing?
Take a look at this BBC video of the Perito Moreno glacier in the country’s Patagonia region, where a part of the glacier recently collapsed. This event is, thankfully, not due to climate change. Rather, its part of an unusual cycle of an advancing glacier, slowly damming a section of the Argentino Lake, creating an ice bridge, which then ruptures and collapses when the water pressure becomes too great. This collapsing spectacle is part of a natural cycle that can occur once a year or sometimes less frequently, around once a decade.
Even though this collapse may not be due to climate change, scientists do say that overall the amount of glacial ice in the Patagonia region is decreasing.
An ice bridge collapsed at Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina earlier this month. Hundreds of tourists and locals gathered to witness the dramatic event.
Huge glacier collapses in Argentina:
On March 9, huge masses of ice broke up into pieces and fell intoArgentino Lake, the largest lake in the country. This is a periodic process that happens every three to four years; the last one happened in 2012.
“The Perito Moreno Glacier began its breakup process. We’re waiting! (We) came to experience it firsthand!” the Tourism Secretariat of El Califate said, according to Fox News Latino.
There is no precise calculation as to when the breakups happen, but based on the history it starts when the glacial outflow begins to occur, during which water constantly flows out through an opening at the bottom of a glacier.
The Perito Moreno ice field generates pressure and forces the glacier to grow toward the southern arm of Lake Argentino, forming a dam. As the amount of water increases within the dam, the flow of water creates a tunnel through the glacier. Gradually the water flow washes out the exterior of the ice wall and creates the famous ice bridge. When the ice bridge can no longer hold the weight of ice above it, the spectacular collapse happens. The bridge structure is believed to have consisted of several thousands tonnes of ice.
In 2008, the ice fell apart in winter in the Southern Hemisphere for the first time, according to Reuters. There were concerns as to whether global warming had an impact on the collapse. However,experts said the collapse only happened because of natural physical processes and no climate change factor was involved.
In fact, Argentina’s Perito Moreno glacier is one of a few glaciers that are growing in spite of global warming, according to NBC News.
“We’re not sure why this happens,” a glaciologist, Andres Rivera, with theCenter for Scientific Studies, in Valdivia, Chile said according to NBC News. ”But not all glaciers respond equally to climate change.”
The Perito Moreno Glacier, located in the Los Glaciares National Park, is one of the most important tourist sites in Argentina and is the world’s third largest freshwater reservoir as well.
A spokesman for Los Glaciares National Park Matilde Oviedo told The Daily Mail there was a “tremendous noise” when the bridge fell, according to areport.
“There were a lot of people but we were expecting it to happen a little later.”
The Perito Moreno Glacier is a glacier located in the Los Glaciares National Park in southwest Santa Cruz Province, Argentina. It is one of the most important tourist attractions in the Argentinian Patagonia. The tourists can view the glacier from a small boat. Lucky visitors also could witness huge chunks of ice breaking from the glacier, falling into Lake Argentino. The Perito Moreno Glacier is one of only three Patagonian glaciers that is growing while most of the glaciers around the world are retreating, but the mysterious reason still puzzles climatologists.
A Glaciers Photo Contest was held last summer by ViewBug and Resource Magazine. It is difficult to capture galciers due to the size, location, and reflection of light. However, the winner of this contest, Paul Cashman, mastered the task with “The Coldest Shots of Patagonia“. In order to well capture these cold giants, he traveled to Torres Del Paine and Mount Fitzroy in Chile and Argentina where most of the pictures were taken. Check out the wining photo of Paul Cashman and more photos for this project, or visit his website.
Photo Friday highlights photo essays and collections from areas with glaciers. If you have photos you’d like to share, let us know in the comments, by Twitter @glacierhub or email us at email@example.com.
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The Environment Management Plan of Seychelles (EMPS) is the principal institutional mechanism for addressing national and international environmental concerns. Currently, there is a lack of a comprehensive framework for linking these concerns with other national development priorities. Further, as a result of deficiencies in the current institutional and policy framework, there are unnecessary divisions between sectors, ministries and organizations/NGOs involved in conservation.
This UNDP-supported, GEF Trust funded project therefore, is designed to address key institutional barriers and related capacity limitations that constrain the effectiveness of the current EMPS operations. It will also help integrate local and global environmental management and enhance the capacity to implement global environmental management objectives within national programmes.
(More information to come)
Key results and outputs
The project has three major outcomes with the following associated outputs –
- Awareness and capacity are developed for mainstreaming global environment conventions into national programmes. This will include a review, extension and incorporation of the international commitments in the EMPS (Outcome 1.1); Establishment of a new EMPS Secretariat (Output 1.2); Identification and appointment of National Centres of Expertise for EMPS implementation (Output 1.3) and; Training of key technical and management staff from lead stakeholder groups on the global environmental conventions and mainstreaming opportunities (Outcome 1.4)
- Environmental information and reporting is strengthened through the development of a central environmental database on key indicators related to global conventions (Outcome 2.1) and a “State of the Environment” reporting framework (Outcome 2.2)
- Capacity for local implementation of global environmental conventions is developed, applied and disseminated. This will be achieved through the development of an institutional framework (legal and organizational basis) for mainstreaming global objectives into local land and water management in residential and rural contexts (Outcome 3.1); Development of a training programme for promoting integrated implementation of climate change, biodiversity and land management objectives in land and water management at the local level (Outcome 3.2); Training of government staff, NGOs and local stakeholders on integrated approaches to Rio Conventions implementation at the local level (Outcome 3.3); Design of demonstration sub-projects to promote integrated environmental management at the local level (Outcome 3.4) and; Monitoring, reporting and dissemination of experiences that support Rio Conventions implementation (Outcome 3.5)
Programme meetings and workshops
(More information to come)
Reports and publications
Monitoring and evaluation
Project monitoring and evaluation will be conducted in accordance with established UNDP and GEF procedures.
The Programme Coordination Unit (PCU) will be responsible for day-to-day monitoring activities including submission of (i) Inception Report; (ii) Annual Project Report; (iii) Project Implementation Review; (iv) Quarterly Progress Reports; and (v) Project Terminal Report.
Annual Monitoring will occur through the Tripartite Project Review (TPR). The TPR will be composed of representatives of GOS, UNDP and the Project. Additionally, the project will be subjected to at least one independent external evaluation.
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<urn:uuid:2d27f542-ec24-4bd6-a426-40a496c78c73>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.adaptation-undp.org/projects/tf-seychelles
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en
| 0.884515 | 638 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The swamp is a marvelous canvas of quiet flowing water, exotic bird calls, and tall trees that drape over the water in every direction. Spanish moss hangs from oaks, and bald cypress knees sprout up out of the water - sometimes 4 ft high. We listened for the tell-tale Ivory-bill "kent" call or the "double-knock" as we ever so slowly made our way down the channel toward the mammoth and enveloping Choctawhatchee River.
We searched the landscape for sounds and for trees that would indicate the nest hole of an Ivory-bill. Tanner wrote in his 1942 Research Report that Ivory-bills were found feeding in the pine woods bordering the cypress swamps. So, we looked for evidence of feeding among the trees as we made our way down the channel.
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<urn:uuid:82c66d38-16df-470f-9d0b-332fd50784b8>
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CC-MAIN-2017-34
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http://marriedtoabirder.blogspot.com/2010/01/day-3-continued-ivory-billed-expedition.html
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en
| 0.957285 | 169 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Cartographic symbol sizes in points are often confusing when dealing with different map scales and symbols. Symbol sizes in ArcGIS are specified in points (Points are a standard graphic measurement unit equal to 1/72 of and inch). Symbols are drawn at their point size with respect to a scale (typically scale is controlled for a map by
setting a reference scale). This sample
provides two simple calculations on one form to help move between points, map units, and map scales.
The first section converts point size at one scale to point size at another scale. This conversion allows you to convert a point size at one scale to point size
at another scale and maintain the same geographic size. For instance, 8 point text at a scale of 1:1200 is the same geographic height as 16 point text at 1:2400. A common use for this conversion is to model multiple scales of text in one annotation feature class. Since annotation feature classes only have one scale, modeling different scales of text will require this calculation.
The second section of this calculator sample converts geographic units to points at a specific scale. Cartographic specifications often note symbol and
text sizes in map units. Since ArcGIS symbols are specified in points, calculation can be difficult. This sample allows you to simply specify the size in the
map units and the reference scale of the map. The correct point size is then calculated. Note: Font sizes refer to the size of the text block body, not the size of any specific character(s). Very few fonts contain characters that occupy the entire height of the block. Therefore, text and character based symbols will most likely not draw at the exact geographic size.
How to use:
Platforms: WindowsMinimum ArcGIS Release: 9.0
- Run the PointSizeCalculator.exe to launch the sample.
- Enter the values for the conversion you wish to perform and press the appropriate Convert button.
Download the files for all languages
||Form containing the GUI and main conversion code for this sample
||The Visual Basic project for this sample.
Download the VB6 files
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CC-MAIN-2017-30
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http://resources.esri.com/help/9.3/arcgisdesktop/com/samples/Cartography/Labeling_and_Annotation/PointSizeCalculator/a2b8686d-673f-4954-92c8-8f2568125164.htm
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en
| 0.805002 | 430 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Use what you have. Do what you can. – Authur Ashe
Recap and Introduction
You may recall in our previous issue we discussed the basic first steps you need to take in order to create good revision habits and the information you’ll need to know before hand. In this issue, we will be looking at the many resources available to students and how they can save you time.
Use What Your Uni Provides
I think when it comes to this, students tend to be limited in how much they put into their education especially at higher levels. I myself, in the first two years of university, struggled to use all the resources available to me but believe it or not there are so many!
- Your University Website
This will not give you specific study information but what it will do is give you all the basic information you need to complete your studies such as :
a) University regulations
b) Exam dates and regulations
c) Information about financial aid
d) How to get tested for dyslexia and other learning difficulties
e) Library information
f) How to book a study room
g) How to report extenuating/mitigating circumstances
h) Your university’s other resources and important links to tools such as moodle
i) Graduation of course.
2. Your Department’s Page
Furthermore, if you go to your department’s page on your university website you’ll probably see the specific department requirements which would include information on:
a) Department guidelines for Referencing
b) Department expectations for the format of essays/exams
c) The names of course leaders and lecturers
d) Who is in charge?
e) Information about changing your course or your mode of study.
Depending on the university or college/sixth form, there are obviously more or less of these bits of information on the site but please make sure you check it out.
3. Other University Websites
These are things like moodle and campus connect or “my *insert uni name*” any of that kind of stuff as well as any extensions from those pages. They are all important for providing valuable information about your education – it’s literally all handed to you with the hope that you’ll apply common sense and use it – so use it.
4. Online Library Resources
I never used to use this at all but it’s so much quicker to be able to read your uni’s E-version of a text or check if the book you need is available online before you make the trip to the library. I really really advise doing this to save time especially because it also tends to show you exactly where to find the book.
5. Fellow Students
I know they can seem pretentious and a bit stuck up (some really are) but there’s a high chance that your fellow students are just as confused as you. Have study groups where you can break down the information together because two heads are better than one. Ask each other questions, create a group chat – whatever works for you. As you grow closer you’ll find yourselves motivating and cheering each other on which really helps in the last few hours before work is due or before an exam.
6. LECTURERS/TUTORS/COURSE LEADERS/HEADS OF DEPARTMENT+EMAILS
Yes I’m shouting. The reason for this is that not many students actually approach these important people for help. They are literally there for you. And of course you cannot show your lecturer your essay before you hand it in. But what you can do is visit them during their office hours and ask them loads and loads of questions whilst taking notes and use those answers to shape your responses. You have to play the game. These are the people marking your work – work out what they want from you by constantly discussing your ideas with them. Your tutors are there to support you – some are useless – mine airs my emails until I knock on her door – but since I know that, that’s what I do. I think my head of department sighs when he sees my name on his screen but I don’t give a damn – it’s my education and I will bother you continuously because that’s what you’re there for. I know in first year it’s a bit scary and you might feel nervous but baby – £27,750? Ka… Hm.
7. Library Spaces and Study Rooms
If you can’t work at home for whatever reason the silent study area in the library is always a good idea or booking a study room in advance. I say silent area because I can’t lie anywhere else in the library is just a massive distraction and you don’t need that. But book whatever you are allowed to book in terms of working spaces and really make full use of that £27k.
Study and Revision Resources
Aside from what is available to you directly from your university, there are so many other tools and resources available to you as a student and you’ll find that most of them are free if you log in with your uni credentials. Here are just a few (some of them are English specific because that’s what I study – sorryo):
- Google Scholar
Stop using the general google search bar. Google is so vast and filled with so much great information but it’s also got a whole heap of crap that will not sit well in academic essays. Google Scholar is uniquely designed with students in mind and aims to narrow down search results to the ones which are academia friendly – try it outtt and let me know how you find it.
Literally, YouTube is so fantastic if you know how to use it. Find lectures on topics you don’t quite understand. Also from what we spoke about last time in issue 1 – if you’re a visual or auditory learner, YouTube is a massive help in breaking things down using voice and visuals.
3. Bitesize (for our younger readers)
BBC bitesize is a tool I encourage my GCSE/A level students to use. It covers all the basics of a topic, shows you a video about it and then gives you an online test so you can measure how well you’ve understood it.
I can’t lie JStor is the love of my life. It has a massive bank of academic resources including journals and articles and extracts from important critics. So here’s where I get 80% of my alternative points of view from. And this is one where you can log in through your uni so just check that your uni has a JStor subscription.
5. The OED
The Oxford English Dictionary is just so important when you want to do close up analysis of a word and need a standardised definition, the OED is perfect for you. It also include the etymology of a word and it’s first recorded use. The most thorough dictionary you could use.
I’m sorry – it’s English specific but Opensourceshakespeare is basically a bank of Shakespeare’s entire oeuvre. You can search specific words or phrases and see how many times they come up in a specific play or in several or all of the plays. This is an excellent tool for demonstrating wider reading and knowledge of Shakespeare’s motifs. (Okay I’ll stop). I’m going to try my best to find similar ressources for other subjects, I promise.
There are literally loads and loads more but you need to research what is available to you specifically for your course. Ask your lecturer – they would definitely be able to help (hopefully?).
Editing and References Resources
Editing and referencing are crucial parts of academic study. As long as you’re writing essays in English, you have to be able to display command of the English language regardless of which course you do. Basic SPAG is important. But English isn’t everyone’s strong point and even for those of us who enjoy English – that really doesn’t mean we can spell or punctuate well sksksk. So here are some tools that will help you with that:
1. Spell check – like duh?
Grammarly is designed to help you make your work more concise, avoid repetition, avoid spelling errors, avoid using the wrong tense etc. It generally works quite well although you do need to keep your eye on it for American spellings etc. You do need a monthly subscription to unlock all the extra features but I promise you it’s worth it if you’re not sure about SPAG yourself. The best thing about Grammarly is that you can install it into your actual computer so it can correct emails and other documents.
3. Cite this for me
A LIFE SAVER (but I don’t use it anymore because I’ve learnt to reference finally sksksksk). Cite this for me is a tool which creates a bibliography for you. All you need to do is entire the book title or ISBN and you have the citation. But I’d say learn to reference just in case there are mistakes.
When I’m doing research sometimes a quick poll on twitter really helps. Use the public, obviously not for academic facts/statements but to get an idea of the opinions and povs out there.
I’m going to stop there because I could honestly go forever about resources that are available to students. Let me know if you would like me to create a bank of links to more educational resources either on Twitter or in the comments.
Please use the resources that are available to you. Education is already really hard – do not make it harder for yourself by not reading into all the different ways you can simplify it.
Until the next one, stay blessed ❤️🙌🏾📚
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en
| 0.940034 | 2,082 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Lesson of the Plucked Chicken
During those final days of the collapsing Marxist experiment in the Soviet Union, Soviet novelist Chingiz Aitmatov retold the following story, which has been paraphrased here.
On one occasion, so it was narrated, Stalin called for a live chicken and proceeded to use it to make an unforgettable point before some of his henchmen. Forcefully clutching the chicken in one hand, with the other he began to systematically pluck out its feathers. As the chicken struggled in vain to escape, he continued with the painful denuding until the bird was completely stripped. “Now you watch,” Stalin said as he placed the chicken on the floor and walked away with some bread crumbs in his hand. Incredibly, the fear-crazed chicken hobbled toward him and clung to the legs of his trousers. Stalin threw a handful of grain to the bird, and it began to follow him around the room, he turned to his dumbfounded colleagues and said quietly, “This is the way to rule the people. Did you see how that chicken followed me for food, even though I had caused it such torture? People are like that chicken. If you inflict inordinate pain on them they will follow you for food the rest of their lives.”
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https://bible.org/illustration/lesson-plucked-chicken
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Relationships in UMLDependency
Dependency is the relationship between two things in which a change in one thing may affect the other thing, but not necessarily the reverse. Graphically, it can be represented as a dashed directed line, directed to the thing being depended on.
An association is a relationship that connects classes. Example of association is relationship between person and company. An association is rendered as solid line.
Adornments of association
Name: You can use Name to specify the nature of association
Role: Each class has specific role that participates in the relationship. We can specify role to the classes involve in the relationship.
Multiplicity: It represents how many objects may be connected across an instance of an association.
Aggregation: It implies whole/part relationship where one class represents larger thing which consists of smaller things.
In this type of relationship, the child shares the structure and behavior of the parent. It is represented as a solid line with a hollow arrowhead pointing to the parent.
A realization is a relationship where one class specifies a contract which another class carries out. This kind of interface can be found out between the interface and the class.
QUESTION - What are Relationships in UML?
- Dependencies, Generalization, and Association.
- Dependencies -a change in specification of one thing may affect another thing.
- Generalization-class subclass scenario, one entity inherits from other.
- Associations-a room has walls, person works for a company.
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<urn:uuid:497b7451-8a6a-4b02-b0ca-6e05779d5047>
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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| 0.924995 | 326 | 3.71875 | 4 |
HOLBOX, Q. Roo — In order to curb illegal construction and mangrove logging on Isla Holbox, members of the Environmental Gendarmerie carried out the first patrols in support of the National Commission on Protected Natural Areas (Conanp).
After receiving training and drawing up a strategic plan with park rangers, Federal Police elements are collaborating to try to reduce and prevent environmental crime.
Holbox, which in the Mayan language means “black hole”, is part of the Protected Area of Flora and Fauna Yum Balam, where you can find protected species such as pink flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber), white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), and eagle fisherman (Pandion halaieuts), as well as three mangrove varieties and the Chit, Nakax and Ciricote palms.
Likewise, the so-called big island of Holbox has to the north a stretch of 24 kilometers of beach where four species of sea turtles nest, mainly the Carey (Eretmochelys imbricata).
It has a tropical climate, which allows it to develop diverse tourist activities, fishing and in smaller scale the artisan production. The Laguna de Yalahau or Conil, serves as habitat for many marine species such as dolphins, manatees and crocodiles.
Likewise, this ecosystem serves as a breeding, birth and development site for commercially important fishery species, which are fundamental to the local economy and development.
Leave a Comment
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CC-MAIN-2023-23
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https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2017/07/environmental-gendarmerie-move-to-stop-illegal-construction-on-holbox/
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en
| 0.907232 | 333 | 2.75 | 3 |
Your peritoneum would contain some amount of fluid on a normal day. All things being equal, you should have about 50 to 100 ml of fluid in your peritoneum. But then, this fluid spreads across different regions of your peritoneum. This distribution depends on many different factors. Some of them include hydrostatic pressure (HP), as well as gravity. One of the regions on your peritoneum where fluid can accumulate is your perihepatic space. Fluid accumulation in your perihepatic space is called perihepatic ascites. This condition is not a rare occurrence. It occurs due to direct invasion of the perihepatic ligaments.
The HP in your peritoneum would change from time to time. This works hand in hand with many other factors. As these factors interact, they would cause fluid to migrate toward the under-side of your diaphragm. As fluid redistributes in your peritoneum, it becomes quite easy for inflammation, infections, and cancer to spread from one region to the others. The perihepatic ligaments seem to offer some kind of guard to the perihepatic space. However, this is not enough to protect the space from the normal fluid redistribution in the peritoneum. That is why abscesses, ascites, inflammation (perihepatitis), and cancer (perihepatic metastases) in the perihepatic space are not so uncommon. Therefore, perihepatic abscess, perihepatitis, or seeded perihepatic metastases are not uncommon.
As we said earlier, it is normal to have some fluid in your peritoneum. But then, whenever the fluid exceeds the normal volume, there is a problem. Too much fluid in the peritoneum is called ascites.
Ascites is not a stand-alone health condition. It usually has a root cause. Ascites will never happen just by itself. There is always an underlying health issue that causes fluid to accumulate in the peritoneum.
Three out of every 4 cases of ascites in the perihepatic space is a result of cirrhosis. This means that liver cirrhosis is the most frequent cause of perihepatic ascites. However, in 10 percent of the cases, the cause of ascites in the perihepatic space is cancer (peritoneal carcinomatosis).
Another fairly common cause of ascites in the perihepatic space is heart failure. This is responsible for 5 percent of all cases.
There some unusual things that may, however, cause this form of ascites. They include accumulations of urine, blood, pancreatic juice, bile, or chyle.
If the attenuation of the buildup in your perihepatic space is very low (0–20 HU), finding the root cause may prove difficult. The nature of the ascites may also be hard to establish. But then, a few specific secondary findings may point to the possible cause.
For example, if you are managing cirrhosis, it is safe to conclude that it is the reason why you have ascites. Nodular thickening of the peritoneum may also suggest the cause of your ascites as cancerous.
If the attenuation of ascites in your perihepatic space is high (20 HU and above), the ascites is most likely a result of hemoperitoneum. That is the leakage of blood into your peritoneum.
Tuberculosis is another possible cause of a high-attenuation ascites in your perihepatic space. If that is the case, the attenuation of the ascites would be as high as 20 to 45 HU. Extravasation from your urinary or GI tracts may also cause ascites to develop in the perihepatic space.
Should You Be Afraid of Cancer?
Well, if cancer is responsible for 1 out of every 10 cases of perihepatic ascites, then should you be afraid of cancer if you have the condition? Well, your doctor would not stop as telling you that you have ascites. He will also tell you the cause.
The diagnosis of ascites is not complete until the doctor detects the root cause. So then, you should wait for your doctor to tell you why you have ascites. If your doctor doesn’t say there is a malignant cause, then there is nothing to fear.
While peritoneal malignancy can cause ascites, ascites does not lead to peritoneal malignancy. However, ascites can sometimes accompany elevated liver enzyme levels in cases where cirrhosis is the cause. Elevation of liver enzymes for a prolonged time can cause liver cancer.
You should understand, however, that even in such a case, ascites is not the cause of cancer. The real cause is the elevated levels of liver enzymes. This elevation just happens to some alongside ascites because they are both results of cirrhosis.
Peritoneal carcinomatosis usually arises from a person’s colon, ovary, pancreas, or stomach. This means that it is mostly a secondary malignancy. It originates from somewhere else and then spreads to the peritoneum.
When there is peritoneal carcinomatosis, there will be a high volume of ascites. This ascites is usually loculated. This means that the accumulated fluid is usually divided into small cavities. A CT scan may also show enhancements or thickening of your peritoneum. These may appear as nodular or smooth.
If your doctor finds peritoneal malignancy, he would seek to know where it originated from. Many times, however, malignant ascites is not a primary finding. A lot of people are already battling the primary malignancy before the complication of ascites shows up.
But then, the cancer cells that spread from the original site would find a place to implant within the peritoneum. Your doctor would also find out the implantation site.
Common sites where tumor cells implant in the peritoneum include the following:
- Subphrenic space
- Intersegmental fissure
- Lesser sac (Particularly its superior recess)
- Morison pouch
With the help of expert healthcare professionals, you can easily detect ascites in your perihepatic case. You will also be able to find out the root cause. Your healthcare provider would also guide you on how to treat the condition.
Some causes of perihepatic ascites are hard to tell apart. But then, certain radiologic features may help to tell them apart. In some cases, however, these features will overlap. In such cases, your medical history will be compared with the details from radiology tests to make a correct diagnosis. Once you get a correct diagnosis, proper treatment can begin.
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CC-MAIN-2023-40
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https://www.livermd.net/what-is-perihepatic-ascites/
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en
| 0.933683 | 1,460 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Fueling Innovation Through Shared Technology
INNOVATING BASED ON MODELS
Technology has always been innovated based on other people’s successes, from the discovery that the earth was round, to the invention of the telephone, steam engine, or airplane. And scientists have found resources in biological systems for technological innovations, for example the development of VELCRO modeled after a Burr plant, or SONAR inspired by the echolocation in bats.
OPEN HARDWARE MOVEMENT
Although patent laws were originally designed to protect inventors’ ideas, patents constrain further innovation. The more that designs and processes can be open and shared, the quicker that innovation can happen.
There are many examples of successful businesses openly sharing software, such as Mozilla and Linux, but the rise of the Open Hardware trend is just beginning. The Open Hardware definition states that it is any hardware whose documentation is made publicly available for others to use, modify, and distribute. This growing trend is founded in the belief that sharing ideas, designs, and methodologies can bring technological innovation and manufacturing mainstream on local and global scales, making it easier to engineer new solutions to complex problems.
Open Hardware projects that facilitate free sharing of documentation, source code, and CAD designs, are an approach to proliferate innovation. Arduino, a platform developed for hobbyists to make electronic prototypes, has expanded the world of hardware development from electrical engineers to artists, hobbyists, and even youth. Open Hardware projects range from industrial machines [open source ecology], 3d printers [RepRap], environmental disaster relief efforts [Protei, Open Relief], and underwater robotics [openROV].
As modern technology and the Internet dissolves boundaries between countries and people, even expensive information is getting easier to steal. Evidence of this can be seen from the recent rise of industrial espionage by mostly Chinese University students gaining access into US University and Library material. The recent NY Times Article on the rise of Cyberattacks cites Bill Mellon of the University of Wisconsin saying, “We get 90,000 to 100,000 attempts per day, from China alone, to penetrate our system”.
China is a special mecca for hackers. Companies employ hackers to spy on competitors’ trade secrets, and Chinese universities partner with corporations to sponsor hacking competitions that army talent scouts attend. China’s rapidly accelerating economic growth and extreme rate of production, as well as the immense pressure to publish research papers explains the intensity of cyber-hacking in academics and business. For instance, 31% of the publications Journal of Zhejiang University–Science were deemed to be plagiarized, .
A very interesting trend has sprouted from China’s copycat culture, called Shanzhai, literally meaning “Mountain Fortress”. Shanzhai refers to a cluster of about 300 “underground” factories tucked away in the mountains of Shenzhen, China. These factories rapidly produce cheap knock off consumer electronics such as watches and iPhones. Brand names include NOKLA (Nokia knockoffs) and Hi-Phone (iPhone copycats). Although quite secretive and hard to access, Shanzhai is not a small operation: by 2010, Shanzhai cell phones took 20% of the 2G market.
SHANZHAI and OPEN HARDWARE
There are many similarities between Shanzhai and the Open Hardware community. Both Shanzhai and Open Hardware projects borrow information, tools, source code, CAD files, and techniques; both improve upon other’s work to accelerate development.
What differentiates Shanzhai from Open Hardware projects is that it doesn’t build upon the work of others for increased innovation, but it exactly copies it and prices it lower.
BORROWING FROM NATURE : OPEN SOURCING BIOLOGY
Not only does technology proliferate by building upon the innovation of others, but drawing inspiration from biological processes has also refined technological innovation. In contemporary times of extreme technological advancement, social infrastructures (Facebook, Google, Yahoo) are built upon sourcing individual data to inform collective intelligence. Redesigning urban frameworks for efficient transit options is becoming increasingly critical due to growing urban populations. Therefore, looking to biology for influence for organizing emergent intelligent systems is increasingly crucial for design considerations.
Biomimicry as used in design and engineering takes the form of copying a form and function (like the use of a fin for swimming), modeling principles occurring in nature (such as aerodynamics for flight), or mimicking organizational principles (modeling online social networks on ant colonies). A pivotal example of biomimetic design is the experimental IBM computer chip, released in 2011, that emulates the human brain’s cognition.
Using complex yet efficient biological systems as a model and a mentor for design and engineering solutions parallels the way that Open Hardware projects can increase innovation potential through building upon effective past work.
EXPLORING BIOMIMETIC DESIGN: BIOMIMICRY AND OPEN TECHNOLOGY IN ACTION
I just returned from teaching a 2 week course at CIID (Copenhagen Institute of Interaction Design) in Denmark. With the use of open source electronics boards and modular code libraries shared online through open source communities (such as Adafruit, Sparkfun, and DIYDrones), the students’ projects were able to reach great levels of sophistication, conceptually and technologically, in a short amount of time.
This rapid innovation is possible when communities and individuals willingly donate R&D online, making available modular code libraries and hardware toolkits for affordable prices. Through open source sensor distributors, like Sparkfun and Adafruit, the prices of the sensors, (ie for temperature, humidity, acceleration, barometric pressure) are super affordable ($10 – $30USD). In just two weeks, people who had never built electronic circuits, never programmed a microcontroller in the programming language C, or never made real-time interactive computer graphics, were able to map their bike routes with GPS sensors, 3D-print prototypes to manufacture, develop a system for bacteria to harness energy based on people’s twitter feeds, design reactive screen based projections based on sensor data from people’s motion, and prototype robots to collect trash.
Explore more about the class here.
Today we spent most of the day trying to revise our 2-pager but eventually ended up mostly working on our vision and financials. At this point I am having trouble remembering what we did else that day but I will come back to it. I know we talked with Ben Boeser, Laura, and Shawn from Microsoft about sponsorship. But there must have been other fun stuff that happened on the ship.
DAY 77: Arrival
Today we arrived in South Africa. In the morning we went over the schedule of events. Then eventually we arrived and begun our journey.
There would be many goodbyes to mentors / learning partners as many people were getting off the ship: CAROLINE; COLMAN; BEN; KAMRAN; SHAWN; REHAN
We met Sean for lunch who runs Unknown Union, a design and fashion shop, or international collective. It’s pretty cool. We had lunch nearby and eating real food and vegetables was so nice.
We picked up a rental car from Avis, and although we asked for the cheapest available option, we ended up getting a nice yellow Fiat convertible. It was Easter week so I believe that most of the cars were taken.
The Koeberg Nuclear Power Plant, is currently the only commercial one in the country, and the sole commercial one in the entire African continent.
We drove to Koeberg Nuclear Power Plant but every road we tried to enter on, we got blocked off. But there is a Nature Reserve right next to the power plant, in essence, protecting the land around it. But the Nature Reserve was closed after 4 PM, so we would return in the following days. Instead, we went to the beach and tried to swim in the freezing cold water.
In the evening, we headed over to the house of NIKE Foundation, for a party near the beach, there.
CAMPS BAY ST. YVES BEACH CLUB, THE PROMENADE, VICTORIA ROAD
DAY 78: PROTEI WINS SAP PITCH EVENT
The event was really interesting, a great mix of people, including a number of SAP leaders, businessmen, environmentalists, activists, and creatives. We presented our pitch, in the operatic style that we had prepared, and although experimental, it went over really well.
Protei ended up winning the award for the best pitch, which was awarded with an amazing dinner a few nights later with superstars such as Prince Fahad of Saudi Arabia, KamRan, Matt Mullenweg (founder of Facebook)…
Then we had dinner at La Colombe, which I heard is the # 1 restaurant in South Africa. It was surely very fine food.
Day 79: Shuttleworth Foundation, Woodstock Studios, Moyo
We head to the Shuttleworth Foundation in the morning.
Then we head to Woodstock, to meet Ralph Borland. His studio is amazing and we met some guys working in the same studio complex, from Thingking. They’re doing super cool work:
And the hooked us up with some really great folks we met the next couple days.
Day 80: Koeberg Nuclear Power Plant, UTC Electrical Engineering,
Day 81: Joe from North Sails, RLabs, Dinner with Prince Fahad & Matt Mullenweg
Bridge Town & RLABS:
Day 82: Moving Sushi, mapping coral reefs & departure from Cape Town
We met with guys from Moving Sushi, who had just returned from a 5 month voyage called Marine Transect , where they sailed around the African coast lines mapping coral reefs and fish using stereoscopic video technology made by Sea GIS.
It was amazing hearing about their journeys and their research, and gave me much insight into using / developing stereoscopy for research and science.
Then we head back to the ship but on the way had one of the best cups of coffee I’ve ever had, award winning from Rwanda. And we ate an amazing feast of fruit, cheese, and bread from the NewTown Bakery where we took breakfast.
I hung out with Emma again, and showed her some of my work. It’s rare here I get to chat with anyone about conceptual work so it was nice.
The weather also has cooled immensely.
I’m still trying to download the adafruit Occidentalis disk image to begin using Raspberry Pi but 0.9 megabytes being downloaded on this ship is totally impossible
Workshop with Kamran and Caroline on leading and organizing companies
Caroline’s 10 top tips on Team Building
1.do what you do best: BE CLEAR WHAT YOU”RE GREAT AT
2. Only the best : always recruit people better than you
3. fIT OVER FUNCTION
4. keep the people that SHARE THE VSIOSN : also, get clear what is the vision
5. MIX IT UP: as in gender and other
6. Plan Dinner (you have to enjoy who you are spending time around people you work with)
7. Let them run (hard to do but have to let peole have their freed and give feedback and have checkins)
8. 1×1=4 – the concept of the multiplier – a multiplier of talent vs the opposite
9. laugh a lot
KamRan on startups:
How do you hire the definition of best? first you have to understand their environment – startup – change, inertia, layers of management -
- in astart up you’re immersed with others who are making decisions AS fast as you are, no time for analysis. It is full of highs, full of lows. Revenue is plotted in a jagged line, but if you plot it monthly, it is full of ups and downs; The higher resolution, the quicker are the spikes at rapid fire.
1. characteristics: highly intelligent – need smart people to solve hard problems
2. smart person will find a solution sooner or later
unfortunately finding a solution and having it become real, there is a huge gap , so PERSEVERENCE is key
3. problem – lots of ups and downs – if you find out when it is happening and start to look for solutions when it turns around quickly – if you don’t know about it , and no one talks about the problem, it take s awhile – so HONESTY is important
Moshe and I continued to work on Aprisi website idea (connecting artists with people’s homes to make curated works). Then Cesar and I chose some music for our pitch delivery in South Africa – we were basically writing an opera, not a pitch.
I spoke with Ivana and it was really great to do that.
Today we had a workshop on our pitches. We got some really good feedback. Cesar and I ended up redoing our slides. It is going to be epic. We composed an opera, not a slide deck…
We were also introduced to Ed Sobey who is going to act as our new mentor. He is the oceanography professor who can do 27+ pullups. He has written many books, “The way toys work” and 26 other books, and his life mantra is: Live Curious
Pitches, a workshop by Shawn Wright, from Microsoft Xbox Kinect Creative Director
1. name and co
2. driving idea – big vision, OLC – everything supports this (wholistic vision)
3. why do we need this? don’t get caught up in details; take audience on a journey -
4. how are we going to do this – yes, it’s possible i’ll show you how ; why is this important
5. FEATURE A:
6. FEATURE B.
7. Feature C: what is the magic, this is the KYEY difference between other things
8. GO BACK : to your holistic picture:
10. COMPETITION – why you are different; what is there opportunity in this space
11. BUSINESS MODEL
12. WHAT WE NEED: what is your ask? what do you want them to walk away with – keep it clean and simple, what do YOU need to make it successful (the seinfeld effect – take it around to people, see how they react)
In the evening, Moshe walked me through the website layout and we made a plan for the next couple days: write out the “transactions” that occur between the customer and client, and the entire web experience; in preparation for the next day to draw out a wireframe for the entire website. Cesar and I had a meeting with Bill from Dragon Innovations which was extremely helpful into the nuances and challenges we will have to deal with when it comes to manufacturing.
Then Cesar and I worked through a new slide deck, watched some Die Antwoorp do get into the mood for South Africa.
At 3:00 AM we were supposed to have a meeting with Bill from Dragon Innovations to talk about manufacturing in China. He had to postpone the meeting so I ended up going back to sleep in the Glazer Lounge for another few hours, although at about 4 AM the staff came and cleaned it up, but it didn’t last for too long. Then at 6 AM, Moshe and I had a meeting via Skype with Tom and Lucille to prototype the Art Commission website, called Aprisi, that we are working on together. It was a good meeting. I skyped with Jack about the possibility of applying to the Science Gallery show, Illusions, and it was super to chat with him. I went back to sleep for an hour, then woke up to have a meeting on deck 5. Little did I know that the pull up contest was happening now, and I wish I’d have been there to represent team Luna-Sea (ie the staff and faculty team).
Today was the Olympics. That means that lots of people, all day were participating in shipwide competitive events, including “frozen tee shirt contest”. It was an extremely nice day to remain in the classroom 1 and work quietly on a lot of work. At the end of the day, Cesar was displaying the movie WE ARE MANY in the Union for the students. After, I went to the toocan lounge and danced to K3$HA or whatever. It was good.
Here’s some of what I worked on besides Protei and a bit of grant writing and preparing work etc..
Basically just getting opencv working with Cinder and messing around with some of the cinder examples, OSC, etc.
In order to install OpenCV for Cinder, navigate to your /blocks directory:
gabriellas-MacBook-Air:~ gabriellalevine$ cd /Users/gabriellalevine/Documents/cinder_master/Cinder/blocks
Then do :
gabriellas-MacBook-Air:blocks gabriellalevine$ git clone git://github.com/cinder/Cinder-OpenCV.git opencv
Cloning into 'opencv'...
remote: Counting objects: 1217, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (638/638), done.
remote: Total 1217 (delta 596), reused 1101 (delta 480)
Receiving objects: 100% (1217/1217), 175.04 MiB | 21 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (596/596), done.
This took me 3 tries and 24 hours because of the slow internet, but finally I got it installed and can begin to work with Cinder OpenCV. I wonder if I will want to continue to use Kyle’s OpenFrameworks OFxCV rather than cinder’s opencv, but I’ll mess around with them both and figure out which platform will support what I am trying to do.
I also found out who is on our network, because they are deciding that students have been hijacking our internet (and we’re about the change the password).
To do this, I : 1. installed homebrew:
ruby -e "$(curl -fsSL https://raw.github.com/mxcl/homebrew/go)"
2 installed nmap;
gabriellas-MacBook-Air:blocks gabriellalevine$ brew install nmap
3. sudo nmap -sn 10.200.10.0/24
In the morning, Cesar went to the Arch’s last-minute Fireside Chat in order to try to ask him some questions pertaining to the film,
At 11:30 we met with Kamran and chatted until workshop at 13:00.
two pager deep dive with Colman and Kamran: honing in on Protei’s identity
We have some feedback and things to work on, mainly too cluttered towards the second page, the images need to be sexier, the logo looks like a Mexican hat, etc.
The biggest takeaway : What is the BIG ONE LINE CLAIM? that is universal, powerful. Also, perhaps a 2 tiered approach to the business model: we are selling hobby / play / leisure market in order to eventually sell to corporate, gov’t, to have environmental impact, big data. So two tiered approach to reach our goal of environmental cleanup.
work in the glazer lounge
In the evening, most of the ship was preparing to get ready for the BIG OLYMPIC GAMES. I stayed in the Glazer Lounge working, and ended up staying there all night long, as it was an awesome spot to do work as well as have a beer.
There are some grants we are working on, and follow up from the 2-pager workshop.
Colman came for a while to brainstorm more about the big, one liner that is captivating and universal – Who is protei, what is the big claim: Virgin Oceanica: the HOOOVER of the ocean; thenext frontier; the ocean roomba; OLC: uncovering the undiscovered… etc
Then I slept there, but only for an hour or so because I had skype meetings all night long.
Today we are somewhere here, heading south west from Mauritius making our way south around Madagascar and towards Africa coast, through the Indian Ocean.
Their boats reminded me of a small robot boat I made (and taught guys to make at a workshop at the Science Gallery, Dublin, Trinity College) :
Also I published this on Instructables
We had a meeting with Rehan Hasan, the resident attorney on board.
We of course have many IP and legal questions, especially considering that we are in the midst of completing a Protei-specific Open Hardware Licence with Andrew Katz.
Open Hardware: build business to fail, build technology for the environment
We do not want anyone to put us out of business : as in, steal our tech and patent it so we cannot any longer make flexible hull sailboats with segmented bodies. We DO want people to copy and produce and distribute our technology. How do we protect ourselves for this. can we do it with a license
–>License : what does this protect – i.e. cern open source hardware license to protect documentation ownership and distribution of the “electronic / hardware” product
–is a license just a social framework / agreement or is this actually protecting you for the technology
–What are the implications of publishing documentation about the technology ?
–>does this make it impossible for others to NOT patent… does this protect us in any way?
Some IP questions from the past:
2 what are the implications of a patent on electronics? if it is open source
3 can we / should we file for provisional patents?
4 What does a patent do: protect against anyone else that tries to do what we’re doing? from taking our tech and putting us out of business?
5 How do we ensure we can monetize this technology before anyone else?
6 Shall we find a specific IP lawyer?
7 how do we stay true to open source, perhaps we cannot get a patent because then it is just free, but not open?
8 can you patent just one part of the technology and the rest is open source? will this help with funding?
9 if we publish our paper in a journal, does this suffice for protecting us against others who try to patent our technology?
4 types of protection: copyright, patent, trademark and tradesecret. Tradesecret is the only type of protection that you don’t apply for. For example, the recipe for coca cola, which is TRADESECRET, confidential. As soon as information is public info, it ceases to be proprietary because it’s in the public general knowledge. Open source means that it is published in general public knowledge, so that someone else cannot claim it as their own. So therefore, protection might come from publishing it, and making it accessible.
A LICENSE? what does it do?
It sets up general guidelines, but doesn’t force someone because we dont own it if the community makes it, it is their IP.
It sets up guidelines about : Liability issues and protections – how to get paid, warranty, limit damages, limit liability,
you can have a royalty or a license fee
Segmenting companies with different industries, geographies, assets, IP, and missions insulates liability and risk. For example, an investor can invest in one or many, or a holding company. Segmenting earlier is better. And you build in culture: control your branding strategically and thoughtfully.
workshop: intros and legal discussion
Chris from Microsoft;
Kamron – angry birds, ~5000 out of 29M users; only created technologies that brought humans closer. Now interested in : god 2.0 and self organized mesh networks using 2d technology, non regulated hi bandwidth networks, resolve power way from government pass it onto the masses.
Reyan Hassan – attorney in Denver; Entrepreneur himself, involved with venture community
Caroline from Nike.
George gives the brief of what we should prepare for the global design entrepreneurship class, but Protei opts not to be involved with the next brainstorming design challenge.
A simple framework to design good design challenges : usually people think we’re designing a thing (a lamp, a wallet) but what about service, policy etc… Try to just add the word “experience”.
REDEISTIGN BLANK experience BLANK.
Here are a couple of examples: redesign the solar cooking experience while camping. Redesign the school experience for a new students.
Redesign the investors experience for learning about prakti stoves.
IP MEETING / Workshop:
usually the answer is: it all depends.
The roadmap: the lifecylce of a business: with every company the timing changes – but by and large, it starts with:
1. the formation of the company, entry point (c corp, llc etc)
2. Doing business: form as an entity, start doing business: do contracts so you get paid through service you do, and widgets you sell
3. constructing the business – get IC and employees
5. incentivising and keeping the employees
4. scale up, take outside investment, bring it to the next level – funding from friends, family, private equity, consumer, bank loans
6. your exit: sales to third party, pass down to family, sell to employees…
There’s no such thing as a wasted experience if you learned.
We spent the rest of the day and night working a grant proposal for Think Beyond Plastic and developed our slide deck:
In the morning we had a “deep dive” with the mentors and learning partners about Protei short term next steps, but we dove deep into some tough questions about the business models, long term goals, funding strategies etc.
Some topics: how to increase durability of platform; focus our efforts so it has social value; What apps do customers go after so we can support those businesses? What does it mean that Protei is technologically superior? Self righting, communication system doesn’t break, weather resistant / water proof. Lateral lift , act like a wing in the water
Where is the payload? sensors above water, sensors below water, sensors that need to be reeled in / pulled up
-application attributes: ie, surveillance: 6 m boat, line of sight, 2 tons of payload; 1m boat, sensors in a shoebox, sensors below water
-do you want to put your foot on the gas now or not? no. why wait? not for leverage but for conviction. And by the way, you can never take out the gamble.
-how to get to a robust product, how to target 1st user base; so that that first user base can help us lead to the next customer base, so that they eventually lead to the next customer, so that our involvement with those people help get to the next platform, to get to a more robust platform. And where do we get capital? around step three – leading to the next customer. If we undercapitalize too long, we might never get to where you are going. How can you be fastest to iterate? And then, how do you manage capital to make sure you have the greatest impact? Look internally for core tech, and Incentivize community: but how?
IE: mozilla – non profit significantly profitable organization, delivers a product that works to scale. It sounds open source : for poetry and pragmatic sake: The phoilosphy is open but everything important comes in house
how does this open strategy help you to : maintain focus, advance the product, get customers to lead to other customers? The business dev/ loop: helps ID applications and advance the technology. How does this help you do this better?
Also here is Daniel Epstein’s cool photo from Cesar and I getting on the ship in India and later getting rejected from bring our glue, epoxy, and resin on board.
We had a 1 hour deep dive with the learning partners and mentors on the Protei financials. We brought them our projected inputs / outputs for the next years of Protei. We showed them our projected models of financial input and outputs. We got a lot of input and questions about transforming from scrappy moving forwards to putting the “gas pedal” down in order to raise capital to get big quick. It is interesting to hone in on which customers will help move our technology along the fastest for the next set of customers. For example, we must focus most on our core technology, then use the applications of the technology platform as the ASSETS of Protei Inc, and therefore, we will prosper from the community and must have a robust community website. Besides equity, what companies would be willing to be a corporate donor for big ocean data… Google? Shell? BP? We do not necessarily need a pilot because this will immediately put a limit around our technology. At first, most of the feedback was: more money, better team, make the market, create demand, focus, get 75% of your time back-have someone commercially out there creating demand / BD person; understand the market; give market feedback; commercially savvy expert; can create demand; give product feedback. So we got urged to change the customer: drop the hobbyist, recognize what you are doing is outside the value; push to do other markets for data and operations, and place value over advantages. the margin is HUGE because you’ve solved it at a big scale so the price point should come after (the price is MORE than the parts)
so for now:
everything is focused on small grants (scrappy), not big equity investors.
1. income statements; profit and loss;
2. balance sheet – shows your assets, specific point in time how much asset you have
3. cash flow statement – what cash do you have in the bank today and what’s it going to look like
Then we had a meeting with the ship captain about not disagreeing about bring stuff for building on the ship. How can SAS (semester at sea) and UAS (unreasonable at sea) work together?
ALso I am happy that Modi gave me some mango treats, thanks Abishek! I’m obsessed with salty Indian pickles. and I ate some fish from Heather, Thanks Heather!
In the afternoon, we had a meeting with Tom Clayton, and it was really helpful. One thing he said is that: if her were to do what we are, he’d think big, think fast: raise big capital, form a big team, move fast. If we want to change the world, you have to build it up big and move fast. It is ok to prioritize for a few years, and be scrappy and run a lower cost startup. Also, beware of “cultural attrition issues” with one person who might bring the entire team down.
Tom’s five rules to running business, especially in Singapore:
1. Be Positive
2. hire the ABSOLUTE BEST, always smarter than yourself
3. Be Scrappy – think of creative ways to do things.
4. Maniacal focus on the end user
5. take initiative, move fast, fail fast
Today was the day that the MV explorer crossed the equator. There is a festival that happens at 8 AM in the morning as we are crossing from the northern to the southern hemisphere. This is what happens:
Many people : 1 shaved their head, and 2. jumped into a pool of fish guts then kissed the fish. I dont know the history behind the tradition but I decided to do work during that time. So I caught up on some work while there were brown waters of fish guts floating around the seventh deck of the ship.
Desmond Tutu and George Kembel getting a haircut:
The rest of the day I spent in room 5021 doing work, did some deck of cards in the evening, and that’s about all I remember. In the evening I hung out with the Badgers in Jesse’s room.
We arrived into Mauritius Port, Port Louis, in the morning around 8. Cesar and I stayed on the ship working in the morning until around 12:30, then head off with Daniel for a run, straight up the mountain.
At first we got urged to take a cab to the base ($50 USD!!, super expensive here), but it turns out the base of the hill was about a 7 minute jog. So we jogged to the base then bushwacked our way directly uphill.
The brush was as high as me, and I was swimming through the grass to carve the path. I got nearly 1000 mosquito bites and later noticed some scratches on my shoulder that I hadn’t much noticed, but waiting online for reentering the ship, the students definitely noticed because they assumed it was an encounter with a coral reef (as mostly everyone from the MV Explorer / Semester at Sea fled to the beaches for our 8 hours in Mauritius.
Finally, we made it to the electric lines / satellite tower on the top, and sure enough, there was a paved road that leads directly up to the top. We had started to doubt that there was even a road up there.
It is quite a colorful city, and we could see our ship in the distance.
An interesting phenomena is all the “snail” shells that we were seeing as we walked upwards. We assumed they were from the ocean years prior, but as there were so many intact “seashells” it just made sense that actually, there are lots of giant land snails.
We head down the paved road, Daniel ran back to make it back to the ship on time, and Cesar and I walked through the town, passing through the “old city” along the way. I call it old city because it had many old stone buildings and churches.
It’s quite a colorful city.
And we passed by a radioactivity testing center, so we went inside to ask for more information, and it turns out that: xrays are a new technology for Mauritius Island, so they have just been open for 6 years, mostly aimed at hospitals and dentist offices. Not exactly the type of radioactivity from nuclear power plants that Protei is aimed at tackling with the Safecast Geiger counters, but perhaps something to consider in the future…
We grabbed a whole lot of fruit (apples, peaches, plums) as well as salt / pepper covered star fruit. This was so good. I saw some ripened starfruits on some trees in the town and in people’s backyards. Lucky.
Mauritius seems like a really interesting mix of Indian, Asian, African, and French / Caucasian. It seems quite touristy, like a resort town. I still do not know much about it, but I had a great few hours.
On the way back to the ship, we stopped at the “duty free center” thinking that hopefully we’d be able to grab some last minute alcohol and use up our Mauritius rupees, but instead, it was an extremely fancy, expensive shop selling rugs, precious stone jewelry, tapestries, and cashmere scarves for thousands of Euros. One of the sales guys was both looking at me questioningly – sweaty all over, mosquito-bitten, and bloody shoulder from brush scratches – yet he still kept persisting “don’t you want to try on some jewelry?”. As if I was ready to spend 10K Euros on some precious stone adornments.
Here is the hill we just ran up, and here are some guys fishing right at the drainage. I think.
We walked back to the ship, got into a slight encounter with a drunk guy right outside the port, walked through the restricted gates, waited online with the students to get on board. People were worried because, as the line was so long but the 6 o’clock deadline was approaching, they might both arrive late on board and get dock time, and miss the burgers being served on the 7th deck BBQ that ended at 6PM. It’s a nice ploy to get students on board by the deadline. Apparently, so many students returned to the ship drunk that they were overflowing the drunk tank (with 26 patients!).
In the evening, we had a Town Hall meeting, and most significantly, introduced many new folks:Julie: a global traveller, waiting to hear about being a fulbright scholar
Kamron: adventurer, charity, former VC
Reyan: IP lawyer
Caroline: from nike foundation; branding, GM , lived / worked in europe , s. america , canada, sailing enthusiast
Sean – creative director microsoft
Debrief about the 1 hour “deep dive” sessions with the mentors and the individual companies: people generally like the 1 hour sessions with the entrepreneurs. Colman mentioned that the guys who showed up with something on paper were able to get far help, so do your homework. So we will continue to work in these 1 hour sessions as they are: intense, get everyone together, effective, and allow for good feedback. Perhaps 90 minutes will be ideal.
We continued to head West through the Arabian Sea, along the coast of Somalia.
Here is our schedule for the rest of the voyage.
Deep Dive with Damascus Fortune
Cesar and I caught up : I filled him in on Bangalore and he filled me in on Kochi and showed me the equipment he bought. In the evening, we spent a bit of time trying to catch up on our budget / business model (money in, money out) for the short, medium and long term based on different financial scenarios.
Then we had another nice sunset:
Photo Credit to Pedro.
Here is some press that has come out about Protei at Startup Center Design Thinking workshop with Unreasonable Kochi:
Business Model Protei
We had a 1 hour “deep dive” session on the Protei Business Model.
Design Entrepreneurship class final
We got the final projects from each of the three groups working with Protei.
Recap of the stories:
* joe is a college student on stumbleUpon reviewing the hot topics and sees a new post of Protei.org. He thinks, “how can this contribute to my marine biology skills? i know science and marine bio, it’s cool but i’m hesitant” So he watches the intro video. The whole point of the video is empowerment : failure doesn’t exist, even an avg joe can do it and use the technology. The problem for protei is that people are scared to buy it, it is a significant $ burden for students; everyone is capable but we want them to be inspired enough to actually purchase it.
* Jerry is passionate about enviro issues ; he is smart and curious individual; jerry learned about protei; and loved the idea about open source tech; it felt daunting that he couldn’t use it but then he learned through the website by clicking on “scientist” that you do not have to be a protei expert to use a protei boat; jerry gains knowledge and success.
The idea is that we can empower and approach someone by taking a different approach for each demographic – get students and scientists to design boats themselves and have easy to use tutorials to get students to buy a boat.
* [This seems quite lonely to me and I love tech the most when I work socially]
* A lonely fisherman, Carter, buys Protei for him and his grand-daughter; play and share: both old and young, parent and child – work together. What people invest in and what people enjoy. Together in a social collaborative activity they feel that they can change the world – build data add ons mapp the ocean. The intersection between the old and the new, with the feeling that they’re making the wold a little bit better – a combination of both – like freeRice.com.
And we had another nice sunset again
Photo credit to Ben Gallagher
I worked out with Daniel and Evan pretty late, and we delved into the zip code system…a confidential game.
The next 6 days we are on the water from India to Mauritius: we will spend the next few days gaining clarity on our business model, financials, etc. The next three mornings mentors & learning partners will spent 1 hour with each company going over:
Day 1. Business model
Day 2. Off day
Day 3. Basic Financials
Day 4. Timeline:where aer you now, where are you pushing towards?
Deep Dive with Aquaphytex
Then we had a deep dive into Aquaphytex in the morning, 9:30-12:30. It was really interesting. Pedro discussed some of his issues and long term visions, and the biggest challenge is that they seem to differ with his partner’s long term visions. Profit versus worldwide impact, social benefit, and keeping his core team of employees. So we spent the first 1.5 hours understanding the issues, then spent the next 1.5 hours putting ourselves in Pedro’s position and trying to brainstorm together in three groups of 4 people, how to move ahead with Pedro’s company if we were him.
It is nice to have Tom Clayton back on board because he is super helpful, piercing at times, and asks amazing questions.
Design Thinking Class, student review
In the afternoon, we had the design thinking class session with George, and the students had prepared more work on Protei and our broad, open-ended question about engaging the open hardware community through a website and gamification platform.
The interesting things I took out of it:
Group 1: most people didn’t understand at first what Protei is, what the technology is, and a quicker way of explaining it to people will be beneficial. Most people do not feel comfortable with technology and therefore feel fearful to get one so an “empowerment video” would be the best next step in order to engage people to take the next step : from interest to actually purchasing one.
Group 2. They prototyped a game. Making a website as a hub for activity using gamified methods of technology to incentivize people to change the world is what will be useful. People didn’t necessarily love the game aspect but what is most important is the SOCIAL aspect.
That afternoon and evening I spent trying to catch up with work and documentation.
Finally I got the package from Heather from that had travelled from Brooklyn to LA (Laura’s house) to Bangalore (from Laura’s hotel to Taylor’s room in the service center) to Kerala Kochi with Taylore onto the MV explorer. I finally got it from Taylor’s room. The weird thing is it was opened completely, but I still ate the swedish gummi shoes, despite being mysteriously opened.
I went to Jaaga first thing in the morning and met Yashas who runs Hackteria.
I also met Ron who is an artist in residence at Shrishti funded by the goethe-institut, from Berlin.
Then I went to lunch at a Korean restaurant, tried to go to SP road but most of the electronics shops were closed, so I returned to Jaaga to meet up with Archana. Meanwhile, a start up festival / meetup was occurring at Jaaga, where there were a lot of guys who I had met at the start up festival.
Later on the way back to the hotel I passed by FABINDIA and then met Min and Minh at the hotel and together made our way to Punjabi by Nature where the rest of the Unreasonable team was meeting, and already eating.
After eating, we went back to the Service Center and caught a night bus headed to Kochi, at 10:30. We arrived at 7:30 in the morning back in Kochi, at the port. That day in Kochi I ate breakfast and then we went around Kochi by bike.
First we picked up the package of sweatshirts and tee shirts, sitting at the JM BAXI Post Center from ALMA MATER that we had ordered, then we went “shopping” in Fort Cochin, where we met Modi, Kashe, Shira and Taylor. We went back to Fabindia then another store. Then we ate a delicious lunch.
Then we took the ferry to the mainland and went to the store where Cesar had visited the first day in Kochi, where Cesar had later purchased resin and epoxy, catalyst and accelerator. But he was disallowed to bring it on board the MV explorer without proper documentation so we returned and got paper documentation of each chemical. It took a LONG while while to get print outs of the test reports from each chemical. Probably around 2 hours. We were getting angry and a bit impatient.
Then we head to purchase the remaining items, aluminum rods for the mast, tupperware containers for holding the nano-filler beads that were just packed in a cardboard box and would fly everywhere, etc.
We realized that we were running late and SPED across Kochi to the bike rental place, then head back in a TUkTUk to the port. We arrived in time but unfortunately, when we returned to the MV explorer, we were not allowed to bring ANY of these items on board, so the entire afternoon’s worth of equipment gathering was fruit-less.
We had dinner then had a town hall meeting, welcoming returning folks : tom clayton, ben from Nike Foundation, Laura Edwards back from TED LA, Modi from Damascus Fortune… and one new learning partner from Microsoft. Then we did some work and before sleeping, we tried on our sweatshirts and tee shirts.
We had a meeting via Skype with Scott from Dragon Innovations, and learned that they actually act as what represents the “manufacturing intermediary company” for us, and they work with companies from all over the world who are manufacturing, in China. They also provide a design review process, which I am specifically curious about learning more about what this entails for Protei.
And here are a few more photos from the Kerala start up village event from Cesar’s photo stream:
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Today, as in the time of the judges, we are to pray and work for regeneration and reformation, over against the spirit of revolution against God and his Word, declaring the whole counsel of God to the culture without fear or compromise.
The period of the Judges in biblical history was frequently a time when God’s rightful rule and law was being ignored and all the people were “doing what was right in their own eyes” – God’s Word and promise was not important to them (cf. Jdgs. 17:6; 21:25). Consequently, in the sovereignty of God, Israel was afflicted by a corrupt priesthood and the oppression of the Philistines. In other words, there were problems within and without for a nation that had chosen to abandon the Lord. There are always consequences to rejecting the Lord.
Yet God is always working with a remnant of people who are ready to trust and obey his Word. At this very time, a barren woman named Hannah, a woman of true faith, implored the Lord for a son. As a result, the prophet-judge Samuel was born. In response to Hannah’s faith and obedience, God acts to change the fortunes of his people – actions that will culminate in the kingship of David and ultimately that of Christ Jesus himself. The ministry of the prophet Samuel actually bridges the difficult period of the judges and the promising beginnings of kingship under Saul and David. Samuel’s life proved to be a faithful ministry of preparing the way for the king.
A change in the form of government from judges to monarchy, however, was no guarantee of godliness and faith among the people – something that soon became clear in the history of the people of Israel. The risks of kingship included both the danger of unfaithfulness to God in the appointed king, and therefore tyrannical rule, as well as the people’s tendency to put their trust in the king or the state rather than in God. For this reason, God had explicit expectations of kings:
And when he sits on the throne of his kingdom, he shall write for himself in a book a copy of this law, approved by the Levitical priests. And it shall be with him, and he shall read in it all the days of his life, that he may learn to fear the Lord his God by keeping all the words of this law and these statutes, and doing them, that his heart may not be lifted up above his brothers, and that he may not turn aside from the commandment, either to the right hand or to the left, so that he may continue long in his kingdom, he and his children, in Israel (Deut. 17:14-20).
Interestingly, these words had a profound impact on the development of Christian monarchy in the West.
The immediate fulfilment of righteous kingship in biblical history is, of course, the monarchy of king David. However, Hannah’s marvelous prayer of thanksgiving for her son in 1 Samuel 2 alludes to a greater coming King beyond David, the coming Messiah king, the Lord Jesus Christ himself and the sovereign government of God’s kingdom in the earth through his Son:
The Lord brings death and gives life;
He sends some to Sheol, and He raises others up.
The Lord brings poverty and gives wealth;
He humbles and He exalts.
He raises the poor from the dust
and lifts the needy from the garbage pile.
He seats them with noblemen
and gives them a throne of honor.
For the foundations of the earth are the Lord’s;
He has set the world on them.
He guards the steps of His faithful ones,
but the wicked perish in darkness,
for a man does not prevail by his own strength.
Those who oppose the Lord will be shattered;
He will thunder in the heavens against them.
The Lord will judge the ends of the earth.
He will give power to His king;
He will lift up the horn of His anointed (1 Sam. 2:6-10).
Critically, Hannah’s song brings together into a unity her personal life, the life of the nation, and the life of Christ and kingdom his rule, all into one great prayer of praise. This should be the direction of Christian prayer and of our lives as believers. The gospel is no private, spare-time spirituality; it is all-encompassing because it concerns one’s personal life, family life, cultural life, and the life of the nation in its relation to the kingdom of God.
Now, for a king to be identified and anointed, to establish the line of kings that would lead finally to the King of all kings, required a faithful prophetic ministry that heard the voice of the Lord and prepared the way for the king. Just as John the Baptist was called from his mother’s womb (like Samuel) to be the forerunner of Christ, God needed a prophet to prepare the way for his king. The people clearly needed to be made ready, because in Samuel’s day, the populace and their priests languished in a terrible state. The people needed to repent, turn to God and see the hearts of the children return to their fathers. This need was clearly manifest in the terrible family relationship existing between the High Priest Eli and his rebellious sons (recorded in 1 Samuel 2-4), and the rapid degeneration of Israel under their corrupt administrations.
It is very important to note what this episode in the history of Israel teaches us today – especially in view of the family of Eli, who was Samuel’s guardian and mentor. A church or a people which rejects the living God and his law-word inevitably produces a culture that rejects fathers, fatherhood and godly authority – for God himself is revealed as Father, Son and Holy Spirit. In such a culture, family is threatened and collapses, just as Eli’s family collapsed and was judged emphatically.
The church is meant to model the fatherhood of God to the world, but we live in an age of a deeply corrupted church and priesthood in the West; a context where God’s faithful fatherhood as a covenant-keeping God who rules through his Son as King of all kings, is obscured or denied by many and God’s norms for complementarity in family and the church are badly distorted. Liberal-progressive women bishops, pastors and priests frequently preside over radically feminized, homosexualized and declining churches who call them to office, while emasculated men sit back and do nothing, or applaud apathetically from the sidelines. The present cultural rejection of fatherhood and its perverse reinvention of God’s norms for sexuality and the family, producing both a widespread delinquency and fatherlessness of children, should therefore be no surprise to us. Just as Eli’s sons rejected their father’s authority, apparently in part due to his negligence, our culture is in the grip of a radical denial of fatherhood, family and familial authority. God’s faithful people must restore the hearts of children to their fathers. This includes recovering respect and gratitude for our past, our Christian cultural heritage and our fathers in the faith – not tearing down their statues and trampling their legacy underfoot.
In addition, just as Eli’s sons, who served as priests, robbed God and the people in the tabernacle and committed sexual immorality, so ecclesiastical theft from God and the people in the form of faithlessness, disobedience, rebellion, sexual perversion and the misuse of God’s resources is a mark of large parts of the modern egalitarian church (in some cases, even evangelical movements). From liberal Protestantism’s enthusiastic adoption of LGBTQ affirmation, to a sexually perverse segment of the Roman priesthood abusing children, and an evangelical church all too often disinterested in God’s reign and law, declining to speak out for the king, we have greatly accelerated the collapse of our own culture. Most especially the established church in Britain and the informal establishment in Canada has dragged the nation down and robbed the people of truth, meaning, and the gospel. The spirit of Hophni and Phineas is the spirit of much of the modern church.
From Samuel’s era then, we must take warning. As surely as the priesthood was taken away from Eli’s house and its corrupt ministry was set aside and destroyed, so will the corrupt, idolatrous and faithless ministers of today’s churches be set aside, and those denominations and movements who treat the sacred as profane and blaspheme the name of a Holy God by their abominations and rejection of God’s Word, be overthrown. When corruption is manifest in the sanctuary, look out, for judgment begins at the house of God (1 Pt. 4:17). As God declares through the prophet Jeremiah, “Woe to the shepherds who destroy and scatter the sheep of my pasture.… Their way of life has become evil, and their power is not rightly used because both prophet and priest are ungodly, even in my house I have found their evil … their way will be to them like slippery paths in the gloom” (Jer. 23:1, 10-12).
Samuel was called by God at a critical moment in Israel’s history, when the decline of Israel’s culture was manifest in every respect. Samuel was a forerunner to the king because he was a judge who combined judgeship with prophecy. In like manner, the church today must restore its calling to judge righteously in terms of God’s law, as Paul commands in 1 Corinthians 6:1-11, and to prophecy by speaking the Word (the whole counsel of God) faithfully and boldly:
If any of you has a legal dispute against another, do you dare go to court before the unrighteous, and not before the saints? Or don’t you know that the saints will judge the world? And if the world is judged by you, are you unworthy to judge the smallest cases? Don’t you know that we will judge angels—not to mention ordinary matters? So if you have cases pertaining to this life, do you select those who have no standing in the church to judge? I say this to your shame! Can it be that there is not one wise person among you who is able to arbitrate between his brothers? Instead, believer goes to court against believer, and that before unbelievers!
Therefore, to have legal disputes against one another is already a moral failure for you. Why not rather put up with injustice? Why not rather be cheated? Instead, you act unjustly and cheat—and you do this to believers! Don’t you know that the unrighteous will not inherit God’s kingdom? Do not be deceived: No sexually immoral people, idolaters, adulterers, or anyone practicing homosexuality, no thieves, greedy people, drunkards, verbally abusive people, or swindlers will inherit God’s kingdom. And some of you used to be like this. But you were washed, you were sanctified, you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and by the Spirit of our God.
This is the kind of prophetic judgment required from the church, that prepares the way for the return of the King, that advances his kingdom cause in the earth till he comes.
The first prophetic message heard by Samuel as a young man serving under Eli was a terrible revelation, the details of which had been declared before to Eli (1 Sam. 2:27-36) by an unknown wandering man of God whose identity is known only to the Lord – a faithful man willing to speak out the truth. Samuel, however, was to be proven as the Lord’s prophet-judge by confirming this word. There were two difficult challenges that were now before the young Samuel. He was quite naturally reluctant to tell Eli that the judgment God had threatened was certainly coming soon – who wouldn’t be? Eli had been his mentor, his friend and guardian and very much like a father to him. Yet Samuel had been told that God would soon carry out the judgment on Eli’s house – and it was too late to do anything about it. All those who heard about God’s dealing with them would find their ears quivering with shock and dread. So first, Samuel had to repeat a Word that had been declared before. And second, he needed the courage to speak it when he knew it might be taken badly – in this case, by someone he knew well.
Samuel therefore had to be willing to declare God’s Word, even though it might sound familiar or worn to Eli. Sometimes, as Christians, we are in danger of getting too familiar (in the sense of taking lightly), even bored, with the truth. We are often reluctant to repeat the ancient truths of the word of the gospel, spoken down the centuries for our culture today, especially to people we know. We crave novelty and think that a new word, a softer word, a more palatable word, would be better. But such a course can only lead us astray. How tragic it is today that so much of the church has lost the Spirit of Samuel and, instead of listening to God and repeating His Word, craves a new word of its own and seeks to declare a message that is more acceptable to men.
Scripture is plain however that Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, today and forever. Heaven and earth shall pass away, but His Word shall never pass away! The grass withers and the flowers fall, but His Word shall stand. Let God be true and every man a liar! The spirit of the age demands a new word and originality. But if Christians want true originality, they must speak the truth! In a day when truth is rare, speaking the truth makes one original even when you are not aware of it. If we stay true to the Word, making God’s testimonies our meditation, then as King David discovered, we can have “more understanding than all [our] teachers” (Ps. 119:99). It certainly goes very much against our natural inclinations at times, to say what the Lord has commanded to a rebellious culture. Yet if the Word of God has come to us in Jesus Christ and the scriptures, we cannot break away from its influence – it is always there in our ears holding us to account. As the apostle Paul wrote, “woe is me if I preach not the gospel!” (1 Cor. 9:16).
After that first occasion of faithfulness on Samuel’s part, delivering an unpopular message and holding nothing back, we are told that God continued to reveal himself to Samuel at Shiloh by his Word. God had found a faithful prophet ready to speak, ready to serve. Here was a man who would say, “Speak Lord, your servant is listening.” And because of this, because he spoke in terms of that Word, none of his words fell to the ground (1 Sam. 3:19-21). God’s Word cannot return to him void. When we are faithful, we discover that God’s Word never falls to the ground when working in us or through us.
As Christians we serve the Lord Jesus Christ as prophets and priests in difficult and barren times in the church and culture, where corruptions of the gospel proliferate. Like the period of the judges, ours is an age of revolution, with all the people doing what is right in their own eyes. And God is still looking for a faithful and obedient people, ready to listen and to obey, preparing the way for the return of the king.
The reality of revolt against God is nothing new. The French Revolution in the West, as a cultural manifestation of the thinking of the Enlightenment, attacked the spiritual foundations of Western civilization with great vigour. Groen van Prinsterer, an important Dutch statesman, a contemporary of William Wilberforce and founder of the Anti-revolutionary party in the Netherlands in the years following the French Revolution, wrote with insight:
In its essence, the Revolution is a single great historical fact: the invasion of the human mind by the doctrine of the absolute sovereignty of man, thus making him the source and centre of all truth, by substituting human reason and human will for divine revelation and divine law. The Revolution is the history of the irreligious philosophy of the past century; it is, in its origin and outworking, the doctrine that – given free reign – destroys church and state, society and family, produces disorder without ever establishing liberty or restoring moral order, and, in religion, inevitably leads its conscientious followers into atheism and despair…For Christians of whatever church there is now a common cause. They have to maintain Christian faith and law against impiety and anarchy. But if they are to be adequate for this task, nothing less than Christian truth is required … the Gospel is, and always will be, the ultimate anti-revolutionary principle. It is the sun of justice that after every night of error, appears over the horizon and scatters the darkness. It destroys the revolution in its root by cutting off the source of its deceptive reasoning … we must take up once more the work of the Reformation and continue in it … the Reformation put the Christian principle – obedience out of love for God and as the servant of God – into practice, and when in every sphere it placed human authority under God’s authority, it validated power by putting it back on its true foundation … the Revolution starts from the sovereignty of man; the Reformation starts from the sovereignty of God.
The challenge in our time remains the same. Regeneration and reformation, over against the spirit of revolution against God and his Word. This battle can only be won when Christ’s faithful prophets and priests hear the Word of God and declare the whole counsel of God to the culture without fear or compromise. A corrupt priesthood that strengthens the hands of evildoers will find itself, as the prophet Jeremiah declared, in slippery paths of gloom, “for what is straw compared to grain?” (Jer. 23:28).
Guillaume Groen Van Prinsterer, Christian Political Action in an Age of Revolution (Aalten, The Netherlands: WordBridge, 2015), 8, 88-89.
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February – The star-forming Cat’s Paw Nebula through ArTeMiS’s eyes
This image of the star formation region NGC 6334 is one of the first scientific images from the ArTeMiS instrument on APEX.
The picture shows the glow detected at a wavelength of 0.35 millimetres coming from dense clouds of interstellar dust grains. The new observations from ArTeMiS show up in orange and have been superimposed on a view of the same region taken in near-infrared light by ESO’s VISTA survey telescope at Paranal.Credit:
ArTeMiS team/Ph. André, M. Hennemann, V. Revéret et al./ESO/J. Emerson/VISTA
Acknowledgement: Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit
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Living With Chronic Illness - How To Cope
Scary and overwhelming, a diagnosis of a long-term condition is a concern for the well-being of everyone. However, after accepting the initial shock of a diagnosis, figuring out coping methods for living with an illness is beneficial.
Chronic health ailments tend to leave people feeling vulnerable and add new layers of stress on top of the usual challenges most people face. For example, these new challenges may include:
- Managing pain or discomfort brought on by your symptoms
- Formulating a plan to manage your condition and engaging in self-care
- Coping with further lifestyle limitations brought on by your condition
- Adjusting to increased financial demands
- Getting through feelings of isolation, frustration, or confusion
Learn everything you can about your condition.
Understanding all there is to know about your symptoms and treatment options is beneficial to coping with a long-term illness. For starters, you can inquire with your doctor about specific concerns regarding your condition. Then, to expand your knowledge, you can look to your local library and patient associations specializing in particular conditions.
Being self-aware of your body is also helpful - carefully pay attention to what keeps your symptoms at bay and what causes them to flare up. Record relevant patterns and observations in a notebook or calendar, which may help you manage your symptoms. For your healthcare team to better assess the effects of your condition, you must share these notes with your healthcare provider.
Learn how to self-manage yourself.
You can learn to become your self-manager to gain control and improve your quality of life. In addition, keeping your symptoms and stress under control can be accomplished by adhering to your recommended treatment plan. These can be achieved by taking prescription medications as directed and attending your scheduled healthcare visits.
How efficiently you handle stress is tied to additional daily choices impacting your actions and lifestyle. For example, following a healthy diet and getting adequate exercise may benefit your mood, increase mobility, and calm your symptoms. In addition, you should also take action to stabilize your relationships, emotions, and attitudes.
Regulate your emotions.
To nature of chronic illness can be all-consuming to your well-being. Not only can it derail your life and plans altogether, but it can also bring forth a flood of emotions, such as:
To regulate stress and hurtful emotions, there are many helpful coping methods. Once you discover a technique that helps, find ways to include it in your routine. Some valuable methods include:
- Working out
- Listening to music
- Deep breathing
- Socializing with loved ones
Be selective about relationships.
When you have a chronic illness, you may discover your time and energy for socializing are limited. Friends and family who don't have the issue may not understand the limitations you deal with.
To live your highest quality life, being selective about where to direct your time and energy may be beneficial. For example, you should focus on the most significant relationships in your life while letting go of unnecessary stress relationships is okay.
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Activities to Do With Your Baby
You are your baby's first teacher
Babies are usually easy to please. They like to be well rested, fed, and kept clean and dry. However, every minute your baby is awake, he is learning something new from the people and world around him. He is growing and changing every day, and there are many ways you can communicate and play with him. Remember, babies can be lots of fun!
How to spend quality time with your baby
- Spend time cuddling. Babies love to be touched and held. Do not be afraid of spoiling your infant by picking him up too much. Holding your baby actually makes her feel comforted. She is fragile, though, so be sure to support her head and neck and do not shake her hard.
- Learn your baby's cues. Sometimes babies do need their time and space because all the sights and sounds can be too much. If your baby moves his eyes away or starts to cry, she may just need some quiet time in her seat or crib. When your baby is ready to play, she will let you know by smiling, reaching out, and moving her eyes towards someone who is talking.
- Make some tummy time. When your baby is three months old, it's important to start giving him some time on his stomach to exercise his neck muscles and help him learn to reach for things. Put him on a soft surface on the ground, such as a blanket or carpet, put toys in front of him, and let him try to reach for them. Remember, though, never to put your baby to sleep on his tummy!
- You baby likes to see. Babies can't see all the colors right away, but they do like to follow things with their eyes. Your baby will like contrast and brightly colored things like mobiles, but most of all, she wants to see your face!
- Your baby likes to hear. Your baby will get used to your voice pretty soon after he is born, and soon after that, he will love hearing new sounds. Babies love music and singing, especially songs that have clapping and rhyme. You can even make them up as you go along! The best way to introduce your child to new words is to talk to him as you do things, even if he can't talk back. Tell him where you are going and what you are doing. Most importantly, read out loud to your baby. Reading should be part of your child's day from the time he is born. Point to and name the pictures in the book.
- Your baby likes to touch. Your baby will start to hold on to you early on – your finger, your hair, watch out for those earrings! But you can also use some simple toys, such as soft books or rattles.
This information was compiled by Sunindia Bhalla, and reviewed by the Program Staff of The Children’s Trust.
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Fifty years ago this month, Jim Whittaker became the first American to summit Everest. Three weeks later, a second party from the same team made an even more stunning assault on the mountain’s unclimbed West Ridge. Using never before published transcripts from the 1963 expedition, Grayson Schaffer takes a new look at a bold ascent that changed everything.
“Yanks Seek Himalaya Grand Slam: 3 Seattleites Going”Chapter 1
There’s been a bit of news around recently, but not from Washington, Moscow or outer space.” This was the first line of a dispatch sent by James Ullman, the American Mount Everest Expedition’s official historian and a Life magazine correspondent. He was trying to play it cool. It was May 4, 1963, seven months after the Cuban missile crisis and during the early years of the moon race. The news Ullman was breaking—and that he and others at the American Embassy in Kathmandu had huddled by the radio to hear, waiting with “damp palms and thumping hearts”—was this: three days earlier, on May 1, an effusive six-foot-five-inch store manager from the Seattle gear co-op Recreational Equipment Inc. had become the first American to climb the world’s tallest mountain.
The names of James “Big Jim” Whittaker, then 32, and his Sherpa climbing partner, Nawang Gombu, a 28-year-old nephew of Everest pioneer Tenzing Norgay, were initially withheld from the public. The expedition’s leader, Norman Dyhrenfurth, a 44-year-old Swiss-American climber and the former head of the UCLA film school, had turned around short of the summit on May 1. Back in Base Camp, before he radioed the news to Kathmandu, he polled eight of the expedition’s climbers, who voted to keep the successful pair anonymous for the time being. Dyhrenfurth had at least two more assault teams, as they were called, still trying to make the summit—one of them via a fearsome new route up the West Ridge, a steep and technical line—and the group didn’t want its potential accomplishments overshadowed.
Despite coming ten years after Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay’s historic first ascent, the announcement of Whittaker’s triumph would be big news back home. Like everything else at the height of the Cold War, the American Mount Everest Expedition wasn’t just a race to claim bragging rights but a proxy battle among nations. The Soviets were rumored to have attempted the mountain from the north in 1952 and failed. The Swiss made the second ascent, in 1956, via the South Col. And in 1960, a Chinese expedition made a bid for the summit via the North Col, though few people outside the Communist world believed Mao’s claim that they had summited. Getting an American to the top “will be like winning the Olympics,” Dyhrenfurth had told the New York Mirror in 1961, amping things up as he worked to raise funds.
By 1963, the golden age of Himalayan mountaineering was winding down. All but one of the world’s 8,000-meter peaks had been summited. Most of them were claimed by massive expeditions run like military campaigns, with siege-style tactics, top-down chains of command, and an emphasis on the collective over the individual. From an outsider’s perspective, the American expedition was no different. The operation required an army of men, including more than 900 lowland porters who carried 27 tons of equipment into Base Camp. And it was organized like a military detachment, with Dyhrenfurth in charge and the other men given ministerial titles like deputy leader and climbing leader.
On the other hand, the American expedition had a lot in common with modern climbing projects. It was laden with science experiments that, like charity causes and awareness raising, have since become standard operating procedure for anybody who wants to get funding. Likewise, Dyhrenfurth’s desire for good footage of the trip for his film Americans on Everest was second only to his need to put somebody on the summit. (In 2012, you couldn’t find a climber on Everest who wasn’t making a documentary.) And as Dyhrenfurth admitted in his audio diary, the 1963 expedition was not run like those that came before it. “I am not a dictator,” he said. “We try to be as democratic as possible.”
The team also included a new generation of climbers who were beginning to put more emphasis on style and route difficulty than on “conquering” virgin summits. The insurgents were led by Tom Hornbein, a 32-year-old anesthesiologist from St. Louis, and Willi Unsoeld, a 36-year-old Kathmandu-based Peace Corps staffer. The two had climbed together three years earlier on the first ascent of Pakistan’s steep and treacherous Masherbrum (25,659 feet), though only Unsoeld and George Bell had made the summit. Hornbein and Unsoeld, while respectful of Whittaker’s achievement, didn’t particularly care about summiting via the South Col route; it had already been climbed. In their view, there was only one challenge worthy of the force they’d marshalled: the West Ridge.
Their quest would require a radical and risky new approach to mountaineering, and their zeal had the potential to upend the entire expedition. Even now, 50 years later, many aspects of their story have never been deeply explored. More than a dozen books and magazine stories have been written about the American Mount Everest Expedition, but nearly all of them are first-person accounts that politely gloss over the competing visions of Dyhrenfurth and the West Ridgers. As Maurice Isserman and Stewart Weaver noted in their authoritative Himalayan climbing history Fallen Giants, “The American Mount Everest expedition had not been without conflict but it would take a careful reader to detect animosity.”
Only Hornbein, in his 1965 book Everest: The West Ridge, really explains the schism. But the trip was laboriously documented by each of the climbers in diaries and on reel-to-reel audiotapes. When Barry Bishop, the team’s National Geographic staff photographer, died in a car crash in 1994, he left 500 pages of these transcripts and diary entries to his son, Brent. Combing through these and the pages of Dyhrenfurth’s audio diary, recently released by the American Alpine Club (AAC), provides a more complete picture of the 1963 expedition that highlights why, even today, elite climbers give Whittaker his due yet still stand in awe of the team’s accomplishments on the West Ridge. “It really set the bar for American Himalayan climbing,” says Brent Bishop, 46, an accomplished alpinist who has climbed Everest and recently attempted the West Ridge, though not successfully. “It is by far the most significant American Himalayan ascent to date. And it happened 50 years ago.”
“Everest Teams Assault Peak From Two Sides”
It was Dyhrenfurth, oddly enough, who came up with the idea of attempting the West Ridge, pointing it out on a series of photographs arranged on the floor during a pre-trip meeting in San Diego. Hornbein would later become fixated on an Indian air force aerial photograph of Everest, taken from the west, that appeared in the 1953 book Mountain World. Even from that photo he could vaguely make out the route. It was a beast.
Following a path from Base Camp through the Khumbu Icefall, the West Ridge climb shares its first two camps with the South Col route. From there it jogs left, up to the mountain’s west shoulder at 23,000 feet, and traverses out into Tibet along Everest’s giant North Face, which gets pounded by the jet stream’s full force. Climbers then ascend through a double-black-diamond-steep ribbon of snow—a feature the 1963 team named the Hornbein Couloir—and then back to the ridge itself, where a series of cliffs perched 4,000 sheer feet above the Western Cwm lead to the summit.
Until they arrived in Nepal,the expedition had plans to execute the “grand slam” idea that Dyhrenfurth had sold to sponsors: Everest via the South Col, followed by ascents of its neighbors, Lhotse (at 27,940 feet, the world’s fourth-highest peak) and Nuptse (25,790 feet). But by the start of the three-week walk to Base Camp from the town of Banepa, Hornbein and Unsoeld were obsessing over the West Ridge and began lobbying for a change of plans. With their experience in the Himalayas, each of them understood that a new route up Everest would be a far more coveted prize than Everest via the South Col—a route Hornbein, in Everest: The West Ridge, was presciently dismissive of, noting that one of the climbing Sherpas even dubbed it “the old milk run.” And what was the point of knocking off Lhotse and Nuptse, which had already been climbed? “The West Ridge,” said Unsoeld after the expedition, carried “greater prestige value expedition-wise than either of the other two peaks, which had been conjured up previously in an attempt to make the expedition more attractive to potential backers.”
The two made an odd but effective combo. Hornbein came across as both nerdy and supremely confident, the type to disconnect his oxygen at 27,000 feet while writing a letter home to examine hypoxia’s effect on his handwriting. Unsoeld was something of a charismatic wild man, a self-styled Old Guide who’d named his daughter Nanda Devi after India’s second-highest peak. A lifelong educator and professor of philosophy, he embraced risk as essential for growth. “It has to be real enough that it can kill you,” he often told students—a mantra that would help define his legacy.
In nightly discussions along the trail, which were recorded as part of a psychological study commissioned by the U.S. Navy of men under stress in tight quarters, Hornbein and Unsoeld presented their case to Dyhrenfurth and the 16 other climbers. Hornbein played evangelist, while Unsoeld stayed silent or pretended to restrain him. Initially, Dyhrenfurth wasn’t hearing any of it. “He had really not considered [the West Ridge] seriously,” Unsoeld said after the expedition. “He gave an impassioned pitch … to pursue the avowed objective of the expedition. It was not until … the entire expedition was highly in favor of a West Ridge attempt that he began to change his views.”
Indeed, as the team neared Base Camp, most of its 19 climbers had embraced the idea of climbing the West Ridge instead of Lhotse and Nuptse, and they’d divided themselves into two camps. The climbers with Himalayan experience tended toward the West Ridge. Also supporting Hornbein and Unsoeld were a contingent of Teton climbers who’d all attended Dartmouth College. These included Bishop, Barry Corbet, Jake Breitenbach, and surgeon Dave Dingman. Sociologist Dick Emerson, who’d been with Hornbein and Unsoeld on Masherbrum, also chose the West Ridge. On the South Col side were Whittaker, Dyhrenfurth, University of Oregon graduate student Luther Jerstad, and a handful of others.
Dyhrenfurth conceded to the change in plans, but he wasn’t about to let the West Ridgers put his goal of getting a team to the summit at risk. He had worked for two years to secure $400,000 ($3 million in today’s dollars), which came from sponsors that included the National Geographic Society—by far the largest benefactor, with a contribution of $114,000—Life, the American Tobacco Company, and Rainier Beer. The Office of Naval Research chipped in, hoping to use the climbers as lab rats in a Pentagon altitude study. Seattle gearmaker Eddie Bauer outfitted the entire team and issued all 37 climbing Sherpas high-loft down sleeping bags and Nylon parkas with first-of-their-kind Velcro closures. As trip leader, Dyhrenfurth carried the full weight of these sponsors’ expectations. Believing the team’s best chance at a summit was via the South Col, he focused his manpower there.
A diary entry recently released by the AAC shows that Dyhrenfurth believed Hornbein was willing to “possibly jeopardize success” because of his devotion to the West Ridge.
But the frustration was mutual. In a taped debriefing shortly after the expedition, Unsoeld expressed his displeasure with Dyhrenfurth’s decision making. “The Sherpas were stripped from … the West Ridge and primarily concentrated on the Col route,” he said. “Extra climbers were shunted over to the Col. … This illustrated to our minds a vacillation on Norman’s part. He did not have the decisiveness to carry out the initial [West Ridge] plan. In fact, initial plans sat very lightly on him, and he would alter them with an extreme casualness.”
“Mt. Everest Climber Dies; Wife Notified in Wyoming”
Early on, the team was unified by the grueling task of simply getting to the mountain and up to the higher camps. During their trek, a rickety chain-link bridge collapsed, injuring eight porters. On another day, they attended to a woman who’d been badly burned trying to rescue her dzo (a yak-bovine hybrid) from a barn fire. But by far the most troubling incident in the early going was an outbreak of smallpox, brought into the Khumbu region by a 13-year-old porter.
“We looked back at him and under [his] cloth cover. He had a swollen, sweaty face,” Bishop said in an audiodiary entry. “It was broken out with what we found out to be smallpox.”
The boy died. Though none of the team’s climbing Sherpas were infected, and the expedition had vaccinations brought in, Ullman, in his book Americans on Everest, estimated that 40 Khumbu locals succumbed to the disease in the subsequent outbreak.
Once the team arrived at Base Camp, they had to contend with the Khumbu Icefall, a half-mile-wide glacier flowing down from Everest’s Western Cwm and blocking the path to Camp I. The mess of constantly shifting and teetering blocks, which moves some four feet every day, has killed more than two dozen climbers over the years. Nowadays, the icefall is tamed each climbing season with aluminum ladders placed by a group of Sherpas whose sole job is to maintain a safe passage through it. In 1963, the team also employed a special group of Sherpas to help with the icefall, but their tools were more basic. They had a few aluminum ladders from Acme Ironworks in Seattle but mostly relied on ropes, rope ladders, and timbers that were cut, limbed, and dragged up from lower elevations, then slung across the glacier’s yawning gaps to create bridges.
On March 23, the expedition’s second day probing the icefall, two rope teams were hit by a collapsing wall. Jake Breitenbach, a 27-year-old Teton guide from Wyoming, became the icefall’s first casualty. His ropemates Dick Pownall and Sherpa Ang Pema were banged up but survived. Breitenbach’s wife of three years, Lou, was notified by a Wyoming sheriff.
“We went up and couldn’t get to Jake,” recalled Whittaker. “We cut the rope that led down to him, and I carried Ang Pema down in a fireman’s carry. We came down that night very demoralized.”
In an audiotape debriefing after the expedition, Bishop recalled that the men briefly considered quitting and going home. Instead they dealt with their grief by throwing themselves into the monumental task ahead. “We knew that the best memorial [for] Jake would be just clobbering the hell out of the mountain.”
“Americans Reach Summit”
Over the next month, the expedition established Camp II, a cluster of four-man Eureka Draw-Tite tents at 21,350 feet. From there both teams began shuttling gear up their respective routes, setting and stocking higher camps as their bodies acclimatized to the altitude. The South Col team, however, was having much more success. By late April they had established their Camp V on the geographical pass that the route is named after, while the West Ridgers, given fewer Sherpas and less oxygen to work with, were struggling with a gasoline-powered winch that was never able to haul much of anything up to their Camp III on the west shoulder.
On May 1, after setting up Camp VI on the triangle face, just 2,000 feet shy of Everest’s peak, two teams with the South Col group were in position to launch the expedition’s first summit bids. Whittaker and Gombu went first, setting out at 6 A.M. in a gale, followed shortly after by Dyhrenfurth and Ang Dawa. “You couldn’t see your feet,” Whittaker recalled of that day. “I looked over and said, ‘Up, Gombu. We go up.’ ” Before leaving, they melted snow for water but put the bottles in their packs instead of under their jackets, so they froze within minutes. “Dumb as hell,” said Whittaker. Despite climbing without liquids all day, they reached the summit by 1 P.M. Gombu’s most pressing thought, he later told an Indian reporter, was “how to get down.”
That was Whittaker’s first concern, too, but close behind was the urgent need to move his bowels. Near the South Summit, he yanked the rope and brought Gombu to a halt. “I dropped my pants and went—face down into Nepal, everything blowing into Tibet. When I took off my pack, the camera went rolling down into Nepal and stopped. I thought: Oh shit, I’m going to leave it.” This is how the mind operates at 28,000 feet, but fortunately for Whittaker and the rest of the world, he came to his senses. The summit photos were on that camera. He tromped down some 80 feet into Nepal and retrieved it.
Dyhrenfurth and Ang Dawa, who had turned back shy of the South Summit, were waiting for Whittaker and Gombu at Camp VI when the two returned. As they descended, a radio operator at Camp II relayed a coded message about their success—“the tall one and the small one.” Dyhrenfurth hadn’t been able to shoot as much film of the triumphant pair as he’d hoped, so he restaged the climbing scenes in the ice pinnacles around Base Camp, “pretending that this was Camp VI.” He had one man rattle the tent, simulating wind, while Whittaker spoke into the radio. In Americans on Everest, you can see Whittaker start to crack a smile during this scene and come out of character as the camera cuts away. “I think we can get away with it,” said Dyhrenfurth in his audio diary.
After Ullman’s press release went out, the outside world clamored for Dyhrenfurth to reveal the names of the successful summit team. Ullman was under considerable pressure from his editors at Life to give them the scoop. Dyhrenfurth objected, anticipating that the media would overlook the efforts of the rest of the team—including himself. Besides, he lamented, “Life didn’t give us very much money compared to the National Geographic.”
Henry Stebbins, the first U.S. ambassador to Nepal, got on the radio to twist arms. Finally, on May 9, Dyhrenfurth relented, though he wasn’t pleased about it. “I’ll be God damned if we’re going to have one or two heroes” he said. He knew that he and Whittaker, as the expedition’s leader and the first American on the summit, would get the lion’s share of public adulation. But it would be another two weeks before climbing entered the modern era.
“Winds Delay Everest Climbers”
After a brief lull and a celebration for the successful summit team, the climbers began to regroup for the next summit bids. Hornbein and Unsoeld were relentless in their pursuit of the new route, a state Dyhrenfurth described in his diary as “pathological fanaticism.” Hornbein became hypervigilant about fighting for resources. At Base Camp, he recoiled when he overheard glaciologist Maynard Millar saying, “Now that the mountain is climbed, we’ve got to put our major effort into research.”
Whittaker and Gombu’s summit had consumed 75 of the 95 oxygen canisters the team had budgeted for the Col, but Dyhrenfurth still wanted to get a second team up the route. The next assault team would consist of Luther “Lute” Jerstad, 26, and Bishop, a veteran climber who had made the first ascent of Everest’s iconic neighbor Ama Dablam (22,494 feet) in 1961. Meanwhile, Unsoeld, Hornbein, Corbet, Emerson, expedition radio operator Al Auten, and five Sherpas busied themselves carrying loads up the west shoulder to continue stocking Camp III and establish Camp IV at 25,000 feet. On the night of May 16, a windstorm on the west shoulder nearly ended their quest.
Hornbein and Unsoeld were asleep in their tent at Camp IV just past midnight. Unsoeld recalled, “Suddenly, we were awakened by the screams of Al Auten, who had his head stuck in the door … and was shouting to us that the tents had blown away. It took us some time to take this in, but we finally decided we would have to go outside and investigate.”
In the spot where the four-man Draw-Tite tents should have been they found only a skid trail leading down into the dark. Unsoeld, Hornbein, and Auten followed the track downhill 150 feet into Tibet, where they discovered the tents upside down, with Corbet and Tashi Sherpa still inside. “None of us were hurt. … I was simply just dragging my hands through the floor of the tent,” said Corbet in a post-expedition interview. “The floor became the ceiling and the ceiling became the wall. We didn’t know what direction we were going.”
“The direction was extremely important,” said Auten. “Because to the south of us lay the Western Cwm, and at that point we were at the top of a many, many thousand–foot cliff.”
The tents were ruined, recalled Unsoeld, “with one large spar standing up like a pylon out of the middle with a ragged piece of fabric flapping in the wind like a flag, and great holes and tears all over them.” The team drove their ice axes into the snow, then used ropes to cover what remained of the tents with a web to hold it down. Corbet and Tashi spent the night in the ruined tent, and Auten climbed in with Hornbein and Unsoeld. The next morning the wind strengthened, delivering 100-mile-per-hour gusts. The men lay prone and clung to their ice axes to avoid being sent into the sky above China.
The gale finally let up, but it was followed by the inevitable realization of its consequences: the West Ridgers had lost too much equipment to establish and stock the last two camps they’d planned to help them reach the summit. “We also thought [the] death warrant had been [signed] for the West Ridge,” said Corbet.
But Hornbein hatched a new plan that night; he kneed a sleeping -Unsoeld in the ribs and started talking. Rather than trying to set and stock two additional camps above Camp IV, they’d all make one carry to 27,000 feet and set up a single two-man tent that would be Camp V. The support team would descend, and Hornbein and Unsoeld would spend the night there and try to finish off the remaining 2,000 feet of steep couloir and crumbling rock, pushing for the summit in a single day. Then they’d descend toward the South Col and spend the night at Camp VI.
When they radioed the plan back to Dyhrenfurth, he’d said, “We’re all 200 percent with you,” and he agreed to hold off Bishop and Jerstad, who were moving into position for a summit bid via the South Col. They’d all try to meet on top of the world on May 22, the same day Dyhrenfurth had originally set as the deadline to break down Base Camp and begin the march home.
In his post-expedition tapes, Hornbein aptly described his plan as “one last desperate effort.” By the standards of the era, the notion of covering 4,000 vertical feet of steep, unknown, unprotected terrain in two days—all of it above 25,000 feet—and then descending via an unfamiliar route was a suicide mission. Should things go wrong after they set out on the second day, the terrain was too steep and their gear too limited to turn back and descend the West Ridge. Like a cat climbing a tree, they had no way to reverse course. After Corbet and the Sherpas left them at Camp V, they’d either go over the top or die on the mountain.
If they were successful, however, it was a gamble that would go down in history. At that time, only Austria’s Hermann Buhl, who executed the first ascent of Nanga Parbat solo and without oxygen in 1953, could lay claim to a bolder climb. The 1963 American team had set out to climb in the old siege style. But on May 22, Hornbein and Unsoeld were ushering in a new age of bold, light-and-fast climbing that would come to define the strict standards of modern alpinism.
“Four Americans Do ‘Impossible,’ Meet Near Top of the World; Two Climb ‘Unclimbable’ on Everest”
On the night of May 21, Corbet, Auten, and a team of five Sherpas led Hornbein and Unsoeld up to an 18-inch-wide ledge just below a stripe of sandstone layer known as the yellow band. “Ang Dorje got up to the top,” Corbet recalled in a post-expedition interview, “and he was gasping, and he sat down with his load and scraped his oxygen mask off his face, put a cigarette between his lips, and lit it.” They were at 27,250 feet.
The team helped Hornbein and Unsoeld sculpt out a site for their two-man tent and said their goodbyes with the realization that it might be for the last time. “We all three admitted that we were bawling behind our oxygen masks,” said Corbet.
That night, Hornbein and Unsoeld ate a four-man ration of chicken-and-rice soup and grapefruit segments. Hornbein wrote a letter to his wife, whom he would see again only if he summited. Around 9 P.M., Unsoeld stepped out of the tent to relieve himself, and Hornbein offered him a belay. “No thanks, Tom,” Hornbein recounted in Everest: The West Ridge. “A guide can handle these things himself.”
At 4 A.M. the two awoke, ate, strapped on their crampons in the dark, and, just before seven, abandoned their camp for good. They first made their way up through the couloir as it cut through the yellow band. Where it pinched in at the top, they had to climb two pitches of limestone, hammering pitons into the rotten rock. By noon they had reached the upper flanks of the mountain but had lost their bearings; they couldn’t figure out which route led to the summit. Up would seem like the obvious answer, but as Unsoeld observed, “The mountain is so immense, and you get such a different perspective when you are right in the midst of it, that we couldn’t tell whether we were in the westernmost couloir or eastern-most couloir.” They radioed down to Whittaker in Base Camp to see if he could offer some direction, but he’d barely seen anything from inside the ground blizzard of his summit day. When Unsoeld told Whittaker that they’d already passed their point of no return, Whittaker immediately tried to get them to turn around.
“Uh, boys, I want you to reconsider this carefully,” Whittaker told them. “I don’t like the sound of that at all. You always want to have an escape route off the mountain.”
“He was genuinely concerned,” recalled Unsoeld. “The main thing that we got out of these contacts was the reassurance of hearing Big Jim’s voice. Indeed, I can remember great difficulty in keeping my own voice steady just from the fact that he was talking to me. It just broke me up.” Hornbein and Unsoeld decided that traversing back toward the West Ridge would lead them to the summit. At 3 P.M. in the middle of the traverse, they hit a rocky slab and stopped for a lunch of kippered snacks.
At nearly the exact same time, unbeknownst to them or anyone else on the expedition, Bishop and Jerstad were 1,000 feet above them near the summit. The team summited at about 3:15 in high winds. Though they had a radio—not light in those days—they never turned it on, so Dyhrenfurth and the rest of the men didn’t know what had happened to them. By today’s standards, Bishop and Jerstad arrived well beyond a reasonable turnaround time. When they saw no sign of the West Ridgers, they turned back, assuming the team had given up.
Hornbein and Unsoeld, of course, didn’t have a turnaround time. When they finished their traverse back to the ridge itself, they were confronted by a series of rocky cliffs that would require “three or four leads of delight ful rock climbing and then a bit of rottenness,” recalled Hornbein, understating the challenge that lay ahead. They removed their crampons and began climbing—Unsoeld on lead— making slow progress toward the summit as the afternoon wore on, still unsure of how far they had to go.
“It was sheer pleasure to edge out over” the Cwm, said Unsoeld. “We felt like we were just climbing an alpine peak someplace.”
Finally, around 6:15 P.M., Unsoeld stopped and began coiling the rope. In an interview with Bishop after the climb, he described the moment he saw the flag Whittaker had planted three weeks earlier.
“Suddenly, plodding along … head to the ground, I raised my eyes, and about 40 feet ahead was the American flag, shining in the slanting rays of the sun and flapping wildly in the breeze. It was wrapped around the picket once and very slightly frayed.” They didn’t say much. “We did talk some,” Unsoeld later recalled, “but it was just an emotional expression of how closely together this climb had brought us. It was a testimony to interpersonal relations rather than overcoming a great mountain.”
With daylight waning and another 2,000 feet to descend, there was little time to celebrate. Unsoeld keyed the radio, and Maynard Miller answered from Camp II. He was overjoyed but wanted to know if there was any sign of Bishop and Jerstad. Yes, replied Unsoeld. There was a faint set of tracks that in the fading gray twilight became a lifeline. “Without them,” he recalled, “I am sure we would have gone down the wrong ridge.”
For the next hour, the pair blindly descended. They clumsily rappelled over the famous Hillary Step and were soon enveloped in darkness. “Willi was out of sight … out on the saddle … where Whittaker had taken his famous defecation 21 days earlier,” recalled Hornbein. “I yelled at him to wait.” Unsoeld’s torch was nearly dead, and they could no longer see the tracks. They wandered aimlessly downward until Hornbein suggested that they switch on the torch one last time. There were the tracks again. They shouted into the darkness, and somebody shouted back.
“It’s the first time in my life I’ve used the international distress signal of three yodels in succession,” recalled Unsoeld. “We had just about given up hope when suddenly we heard an answer.”
Bishop and Jerstad were still descending but had become lost themselves and were just sitting down—a dangerous precursor to giving up. With the tricks wind and altitude play with sound, they could have been a few hundred feet or half a mile away.
“It was about 7:30 P.M. when we first heard their voices,” recalled Jerstad, who’d been reciting poetry to make sure he wasn’t losing his mind. “We were calling, ‘Who’s there?’ … They yelled again. The second or third time, we started thinking … this isn’t coming from below.”
Hornbein crept down through the dark toward the voices but suddenly tumbled. “He stepped off a cut bank and disappeared in thin air,” recalled Unsoeld. “I gave him a great static belay, just crunch. Practically shattered his ribs.”
Two hours later, Hornbein and Unsoeld came upon two hunched shapes—Bishop and Jerstad, who had stopped moving. It was 9:30 P.M., and the men were roughly halfway between Camp VI and the summit. They’d all been climbing for more than 14 hours straight, and only Hornbein, whose regulator had likely malfunctioned, had a bit of oxygen left. Bishop was in the worst shape of all. Hornbein fished a couple of pills of dexadrine—an amphetamine—out of his shirt pocket and gave one to Bishop and one to Jerstad.
“We went on and on and on, stumbling, falling, and getting up again, waking Barry up when he’d fall asleep,” said Unsoeld. “He would sit down and he’d be gone just like that. We felt like beasts, but the Old Guide’s instincts came to the fore, and we’d flay the flesh off his bones to get him on his feet. We’d keep telling him, Anybody can walk 100 feet. … It’s only another 100 feet!”
At 12:30 A.M., exhausted and making little headway, the group finally decided to bivouac. Even with today’s equipment, a bivouac above 28,000 feet without a tent or sleeping bag is generally a death sentence. Certainly, it almost guarantees the loss of digits to frostbite. Buhl had spent the night standing up on the summit of Nanga Parbat and lived, and Italian climber Walter Bonatti had famously survived an open bivouac unharmed just above 26,000 feet during the first ascent of K2 in 1954, though his high-altitude porter, Amir Mahdi, who was with him, suffered severe frostbite. But above 28,000 feet was exponentially more dangerous; in fact, the four climbers were likely higher than any other summit in the world. Dry lightning popped and fizzed out over the plains of India to the east. There was no moon. They should have died, but despite the minus 18 degree temperature, the night was unusually calm.
None of the men recalled suffering. In a discussion of their night recorded a few weeks later in Kathmandu, the four sound like Boy Scouts proudly reminiscing about a weekend camping trip.
Jerstad: “Willi and Tom found a nice place, and Barry was all curled up, and I was wandering around the place, couldn’t see where I was going. Once I almost fell off the rock looking for a place to lie down.”
Bishop: “I was enjoying it, actually, the view every time I opened my eyes. … I was trying to wiggle my toes during the night. … I couldn’t tell whether they were moving or not.”
Jerstad: “I had my crampons in my pack. Was it you I was kicking?”
Bishop: “Uh-huh. Right in my right kidney.”
Unsoeld took Hornbein’s boots and socks off and was massaging them against his bare belly, likely the only reason Hornbein kept his toes.
“I couldn’t feel a darn thing … but he must have massaged them for at least half an hour,” remembered Hornbein. “I kept thinking, Gee, if my feet are on his belly, I ought to feel a hairy abdomen. But I didn’t.”
The sky lightened at 4:30, but the men stayed put until the sun crested the curving horizon an hour later. Bishop was still delirious as they started down: “I remember Tom patting me on the head like I was a beagle dog, you know, encouraging me. Willi was a little out of it, too.”
“We left you behind not realizing how tired you really were,” said Hornbein. “We rounded the corner on the rocks and there was Dave [Dingman] waiting for us. … He figured he was coming up for Lute and Barry’s bodies.”
At the very end of their taped debriefing, Bishop has one last question: “Lute, I’ve been trying to remember what we ate.”
Jerstad: “A bowl of soup. That’s it, just a bowl of soup. No, we did have the baked beans [scavenged] from the Indian Everest expedition, wondering if we were going to get ptomaine poisoning.”
Hornbein: “Some Kraft cheese.”
Jerstad: “You had Kraft cheese?!”
“Copter Will Fly 2 From Everest: Climbers to Get Treatment for Frostbitten Toes”
By 10:30 P.M., after a short stop for a nap and some tea at Camp VI, the haggard group had made it all the way down to Camp II—some 40 miserable hours after they’d begun climbing the previous day. On the Lhotse face during the descent and by way of a relay, Unsoeld radioed his wife, Jolene, who was in Kathmandu at the American Embassy, and told her, “I promise this will be my last big climb.”
“This time,” Jolene replied, “I have a lot of witnesses.”
The soles of their feet were frozen white and hard. The next morning, they hobbled downhill for one last passage through the icefall. They stopped at the spot where Breitenbach had died. “I thought, ‘Well, Jake, we have the mountain for you,’ ” recalled Bishop. They had a local stonemason carve his name into a boulder near Gorak Shep as a memorial. Breitenbach’s body didn’t emerge from the icefall until 1969.
From Base Camp, Bishop and Unsoeld were carried by Sherpas down to Namche Bazaar, where they could be flown by helicopter back to Kathmandu. Unsoeld lost nine toes, Bishop all ten.
As expected, the press treated their heroic ordeal as an added bonus to Whittaker’s feat rather than the crowning achievement of all mountaineering up to that point. Though Life and National Geographic both did their best to explain the significance of the West Ridge, the South Col route stole the show. It was Whittaker who became the face of the expedition. He was given a starring role in the Orson Welles–narrated Americans on Everest, as well as the key to Seattle. In 1970, he became the second CEO of REI.
Over the years, however, Hornbein’s account, Everest: The West Ridge, gained a following among climbers. In Into Thin Air, Jon Krakauer cited Hornbein and Unsoeld as early heroes, and he recently wrote a new foreword to an anniversary edition of Hornbein’s book. Last February, Whittaker and Hornbein joined Dyhrenfurth and Dingman at the American Alpine Club’s annual benefit dinner, in San Francisco, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of their expedition.
Unsoeld, the team’s most articulate member, never wrote a book, but his career was celebrated as well. The Old Guide became a professor of philosophy and outdoor education at Evergreen State College, in Washington. Despite his vow to discontinue “big” climbs, he traveled to India’s Garhwhal Himalaya range with his daughter in 1976 to try and summit the mountain he’d named her after, Nanda Devi (25,643 feet). Devi Unsoeld died of altitude sickness in the tent at high camp. Her father and fiancé were both with her. Willi Unsoeld incorporated the incident into his lectures, often punctuating the dark episode with humor. Two years later, Unsoeld died along with one of his students in an avalanche on Mount Rainier. His life became the subject of two biographies—Robert Roper’s Fatal Mountaineer and Kennedy family historian Laurence Leamer’s Ascent. Robert Redford had two different screenplays made from Ascent, but neither has ever been produced.
What lives on is the achievement itself. Conrad Anker, one of today’s most respected alpinists, puts it in perspective, noting that El Capitan was first climbed during the same era, in 1958. That ascent took 47 days, while today some expert climbers can do the route in a couple of hours. The West Ridge is still among the most demanding Himalayan routes and probably always will be. In 50 years, only 17 climbers have repeated variations on Hornbein and Unsoeld’s ascent, and 13 have died in pursuit.
Recent history confirms the enduring legacy. Just last spring, two teams of top modern alpinists tried their luck on the West Ridge, one from Eddie Bauer that included Barry’s son, Brent, and the other sponsored by the North Face that included Anker. Both teams were stopped well short of Camp III by falling rock and hard ice.
Like all great feats of alpinism, the West Ridge is only possible for those who fully commit. Perhaps Hornbein put it best, describing his mentality that final day as “the total feeling of detachment with anything else in the world that seemed to matter—family, child—only Mount Everest was there at the time, and only the summit above us seemed to be beckoning me.”
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