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The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 75, July 1971 - April, 1972 Page: 340
The following text was automatically extracted from the image on this page using optical character recognition software:
Southwestern Historical Quarterly
enward urge inspired builders dedicated to the Deity to reach grace-
fully into the sky with complex systems of vaulting and flying but-
tresses. Pressure may be considered as form-giving, and tension as form-
orienting. Pressure influences internally the configuration of form;
tension influences externally the manner in which this form is related
to its surroundings-for instance, as in the plan of Washington, D.C.,
where numerous buildings and monuments were oriented in their
environment with respect to visual tensions created by reciprocal vistas.
The form and orientation of 'Texas courthouses similarly answered to
tensions and pressures created by relationships to their sites.
Before analyzing these responses, however, it is necessary to consider
aspects of life that made public squares so important in early Texas
communities. Law required that plazas be provided in towns founded
during the Spanish colonial and Mexican periods. However, the
conditions making a central public space a vital part of the fabric
of communities platted after Texas independence were similar to
those which influenced town planning in other parts of the southern
and eastern United States. To be sure, the public square of the days
of the republic and state was Anglo-American. With immigration it
came to Texas through Tennessee and Kentucky, from Philadelphia."
Several different types of squares were laid out by town builders."
The most basic and frequently used type was simply a block reserved
within a grid of streets, as at Houston, Dallas, Decatur, Waxahachie,
1In the Spanish colonies, "The Royal Ordinances for New Towns . . . ," issued
by Philip II, called for a plaza in proportion to the number of inhabitants and lo-
cated in the center of town. See Zelia Nuttall, "Royal Ordinances Concerning the
Laying Out of New Towns," The Hispanic American Historical Review, IV (Novem-
ber, 1921), 750; Dan Stanislawski, "Early Spanish Town Planning in the New World,"
Geographical Review, XXXVII (January, 1947), 94-105. For an example dealing with
the Spanish settlement at San Antonio, see John W. Reps, Town Planning in Frontier
America (Princeton, 1969), 53.
When Texas was a part of Mexico, the law required that the commissioners of new
towns "designate a square measuring one hundred and twenty varas on each side . ..
to be called the Principal or Constitutional Square" as the central space in town.
See Laws and Decrees of the State of Coahuila and Texas, in Spanish and English ....
trans. by J. P. Kimball (Houston, 1839), 72.
"For the early history of town squares in America, see Carl Feiss, "Early American
Public Squares," in Paul Zucker, Town and Square, from the Agora to the Village Green
(New York, 1959), 237-255. For further developments of public squares, see John W.
Reps, The Making of Urban America: A History of City Planning in the United States
(Princeton, 1965), 99, 111, 128, 172-174, 230-234; Edward T. Price, "The Central
Courthouse Square in the American County Seat," Geographical Review, LVIII (January,
'For illustrations and development of the various types, see Price, "The Central
Courthouse Square," 3o if.
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Texas State Historical Association. The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Volume 75, July 1971 - April, 1972, periodical, 1972; Austin, Texas. (texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth101201/m1/352/: accessed October 16, 2017), University of North Texas Libraries, The Portal to Texas History, texashistory.unt.edu; crediting Texas State Historical Association.
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In this week’s article, we will be discussing two things:
- Are EVs the new smartphones? The reshuffling of the EV supply chain.
- Coinbase’s upcoming IPO.
Are EVs the new smartphones?
The old way of making cars
Car making is very difficult business. Not only does it involve a long and complex supply chain, but making an internal combustion engine is really difficult. In this modern age, if you want to start your own car company, you must be able to master both.
It is no wonder that until Tesla went public in 2003, there hasn’t been a single car company that has successfully IPO’d since 1956.
To understand why this is the case, we must understand how internal combustion engines (ICE) work. These ICE engines are exceedingly complex and work by controlling explosion/combustion of fossil fuel and translating the energy output into mechanical motion (see Figure 1 for a Gif taken from the here):
- We inject a mixture of fuel and air into the combustion chamber.
- We then pressurize the chamber and add an electric spark, which ignites the mixture, creating a combustion.
- This creates pressure and heat, which turns the piston.
- The exhaust gases from the combustion then exit the chamber.
You repeat this process thousands of times a minute, faster at higher speed and load. You also have to create an engine that is reliable and stable to last more than a decade, and meet the ever increasing emission standards imposed by different governments around the world.
This is no easy task. It requires decades of research and development to master the making of ICE engines. Currently, the US, Japan and Germany are top three in terms of ICE engines for passenger vehicles. Even China, with its manufacturing prowess, cannot master engine production. Its domestic car market is dominated by foreign brands.
Because of the difficulty of making ICE engines, leading car companies always build their engines in-house. They integrate the design and engine production closely to the rest of the vehicle to improve performance and fuel efficiency, and outsource the rest of the car production to multiple vendors, commoditizing those aspects. And because they control the aspect of the car that is the hardest to make, they are associated with the brand that the consumer purchases from, and they capture most of the value.
The new way of making cars – no more ICE
All these are now changing. ICE is going on the wayside. As the world transitions to electric vehicles (EV), ICE engines are no longer critical in the production of a car.
The implications of this are massive:
- The electric motor is much simpler to build than the internal combustion engine. The traditional ICE has more than 2,000 moving parts, while the electric motor that propels an EV has about 20.
- All of a sudden, almost everyone can make an electric motor. The critical moat that the legacy auto manufacturers have is no longer important.
- Because there’s no longer ICE, the car design is simpler. The design can be modularized. You can build the skate (the chassis + battery) separately from the interior of the car. As a car brand, all you have to do is pick the motor size, battery size and wheelbase (Figure 2).
- As a result, contract manufacturers started cropping up to help you build EV cars. All the sudden, building a car at scale is no longer so difficult.
You are beginning to see this being played out in the space.
- Nio and Xpeng, both EV makers from China, do not build their own cars. They rely on contract manufacturers. This means that their businesses are more capital light, but they also have less control over the process (still not profitable though).
- Apple has been rumoured to be in negotiations with multiple contract manufacturers to build its EV cars.
- Fisker signed with Foxconn to build its EV cars.
- Foxconn is also providing EV manufacturing services to Byton (a Chinese car maker).
If manufacturing is outsourced to 3rd parties, then what will the defensible moat that these EV car brands will have?
Here’s the dynamic in the smartphone market (and computers more generally):
- The rise of contract manufacturers in the world of electronics, called EMS (Electronic Manufacturing Services, for example: Foxconn) led to the explosion of smartphone hardware.
- Google entered the space by providing free to use Android Operating System (OS).
- Everyone can launch their own smartphones.
- In the world of abundant smartphones, components become commoditized, and since all these handset makers do not make their own OS, the device experiences are also very similar.
- In contrast, Apple maintains tight control over (1) industrial design, (2) sales and distribution (Apple Store), and (3) Operating system (iOS), creating a unique user experience
- As a result, in 2019, Apple, although generating only one third of the global smartphone revenue, captures two third of the profit of the industry. No one else comes close. At the bottom of the industry, some handset makers, such as LG, make a paltry US 1.2 cents per smartphone sold in 2015, and have not turned a profit since then.
If we fast forward 3-5 years, will the same evolution occur in the EV space? Tesla, as the first mover in this space, has tight control of its R&D and Design, vertically integrates and controls its own manufacturing, has tight control over its own distribution, and writes its own software. Does this make Tesla the Apple of EV?
What about everyone else? WIll they be overly reliant on 3rd party contract manufacturers and build EV cars from the same part bins, creating non-differentiated solutions?
If so, who will be the Android for the EV? Who will create an operating system to run the car?
To prevent reaching the same fate as Android device makers, the non-Tesla EV brands need to not only have their own unique design, but also create their own EV software. But can they do this?
In many ways, the operating system for the EV is much more complex than the smartphone. Nevertheless, the reason it has been difficult to displace iOS and Android as the dominant smartphone operating system is because of the network effect of the app store. Many have tried to introduce their own and have failed.
It’s unclear if there will be a network effect in the EV operating system (App store for the car?). What is clear is that it will be harder to make the operating system for cars. The software platform will have to control the car’s battery, electric motor, cooling, infotainment and possibly autonomous driving.
The entity that might be best positioned to develop this software platform might be the contract manufacturer themselves. In the reshuffling of this automotive value chain, Foxconn is trying to move vertically into the software platform as well. As part of its manufacturing as a service platform for EV, it has announced that it will also deploy the open source operating system layer to control the car (MIH EV Open Platform). Its goal is to become the Android of EV.
If Foxconn becomes the Android of EVs, what will make Fisker (or the plethora of EV brands for that matter)? How will these EV brands avoid the fate of the many android smartphone makers?
The Chinese government perspective
The Chinese government sees this as a massive opportunity; They were not able to become the world’s supplier of internal combustion engines.
But currently, the country is spending the most compared to others in creating the largest domestic market for EVs. With this investment, the Chinese government also demands that all cars sold in China are made with Chinese components. This incentivizes the growth of the domestic Chinese supply chain ecosystem. Moving forward, as with the smartphone supply chain, they want to become the global supply chain center for electric cars, providing components for the rest of the world.
Last week, Coinbase, the premier crypto trading app in the US, dropped its S-1 prospectus ahead of its upcoming direct listing (which still might be some weeks away).
What is Coinbase?
In the early days, Coinbase was more focused on enabling Bitcoin as digital money (medium of exchange) and gained early traction when it was able to acquire large businesses to accept the then nascent crypto currency through its Bitcoin wallet.
But as we discussed two weeks ago, adoption of Bitcoin as a replacement of money has not taken off. As a medium of exchange, Bitcoin is too volatile and too slow (Bitcoin’s throughput is 7 transactions per second, while Visa’s network can handle up to 24,000 transactions per second).
Instead, Bitcoin has emerged as an alternative store of value, a vehicle for speculative investment. And Coinbase was there to take advantage of the trend.
How does it make money?
It is often said, it is best to sell pickaxes during a gold rush. In a way, that has become the primary way Coinbase makes money.
When a user transacts, Coinbase primarily generates revenue from two sources:
- Margin fee: Coinbase makes money by adding margin, or spread, to the market exchange rate.
- Commission fee: a variable percentage fee it charges on the value of the transaction.
As a result, the company makes about 0.59% total cryptocurrency transacted on its platforms (See Figure 4).
The only certainty is uncertainty
Because of the nature of Coinbase’s revenue is highly tied to the value of Bitcoin and the amount of trading occurring (which itself is tied to the value of Bitcoin), the company’s earnings will be highly volatile.
Here’s a snapshot of its multi year estimated revenue (Figure 5). Revenue spikes when the price of crypto runs up and declines sharply when trading activity falters.
With about US $1.3 billion in revenue (2020), the company was recently valued at US $100 billion in private share transactions, giving the company a revenue multiple of 77x! (even Tesla only has about 20x revenue multiple)
In addition to the revenue volatility risk, Coinbase also has significant regulatory risk from CTFC (the Commodities Future Trading Commission, which regulates cryptocurrencies, as they are considered digital commodities; CTFC is mentioned 31 times in the S-1).
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This article is meant to be informative and not to be taken as an investment advice, and may contain certain “forward-looking statements,” which may be identified by the use of such words as “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “should,” “planned,” “estimated,” “potential” and other similar terms. Examples of forward-looking statements include, without limitation, estimates with respect to financial condition, market developments, and the success or lack of success of particular investments (and may include such words as “crash” or “collapse”). All are subject to various factors, including, without limitation, general and local economic conditions, changing levels of competition within certain industries and markets, changes in interest rates, changes in legislation or regulation, and other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and technological factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from projected results.
This video is meant to be informative and not to be taken as an investment advice and may contain certain “forward-looking statements” which may be identified by the use of such words as “believe”, “expect”, “anticipate”, “should”, “planned”, “estimated”, “potential” and other similar terms. Examples of forward-looking statements include, without limitation, estimates with respect to financial condition, market developments, and the success of or lack of success of particular investments (and may include such words as “crash” or “collapse”.) All are subject to various factors, including, without limitation, general and local economic conditions, changing levels of competition within certain industries and markets, changes in interest rates, changes in legislation or regulation, and other economic, competitive, governmental, regulatory and technological factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from projected results.
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Black History Month at Meredith
Black History Month is an annual celebration of Black Americans’ achievements and an opportunity to reflect on their contributions in American history. According to NPR, Black History Month’s theme this year is “Black Health and Wellness.” This theme honors medical providers and scholars as society “enter[s] the third year of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disproportionately affected minority communities and placed unique burdens on Black health care professionals.” Carter G. Woodson, also known as the “Father of Black History,” picked February as Black History Month because it coincides with the birthdates of former U.S. President Abraham Lincoln and social reformer Fredrick Douglass, two men who were involved in the abolition of slavery.
To gain insight on what it's like to be a professor of color at Meredith, The Herald reached out to Dr. Alisa Johnson, Associate Professor of English and Assistant Dean of Arts and Humanities.
“I have spent most of my life in predominantly white institutions,” Dr. Johnson said, “some of which were quite difficult, and I have been very pleased by the amount of support that I have received [at Meredith].”
However, she stated that while she has felt supported overall, there have been a few concerning interactions. “There were a few occasions during my first year of teaching when I was asked by campus police to show my ID as I was entering or leaving Joyner,” she explained. Overall, though, Dr. Johnson said her transition to Meredith was “fairly easy” and she has “felt respected and appreciated, especially for [her] teaching.”
Dr. Johnson said that she appreciates Meredith’s awareness “that [the College] could be more inclusive and diverse” and finds that its steps towards accomplishing that are “very encouraging.”
However, she said she remains “concerned that the college has not been able to hire and retain more faculty of color, because one way to improve the environment for faculty of color is to employ more faculty of color.” She explained, “The presence of a diverse pool of faculty sends the message that an institution is inclusive and accepting of difference.”
Dr. Johnson said that when she began working at Meredith years ago, there were “far fewer open discussions of racism on campus than there are today, even though racist incidents happened.”
“The campus’s current antiracism efforts have created spaces for more discussion, and I am impressed by the number of students and faculty willing to become involved,” Dr. Johnson said. “If we follow through with our efforts to become more inclusive, we will see change. But change probably won’t happen as quickly as we want it to—it never does.”
While people may celebrate Black History Month in February, Dr. Johnson stated that “for African American scholars, every month is Black History Month.”
“I enjoy the public attention given to the contributions of African Americans during the month—the number of programs and events seem to grow each year, and that fact is very affirming,” Dr. Johnson said. “I especially love the attention paid to artists and their works…The variety of art on display this month makes my heart sing.”
“Black History Month is the perfect occasion to read James Baldwin,” Dr. Johnson concluded. “I’d like to include one of my favorite Baldwin quotes: ‘Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced.’”
By Evelyn Summers, Staff Writer
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Following is the background information on Hong Kong Disneyland:
Hong Kong Disneyland: Economic Benefits
* Hong Kong Disneyland will attract millions of tourists a year, create thousands of jobs, enrich the quality of life, and enhance Hong Kong's international image.
* The world-class theme park has the potential to provide Hong Kong with a net economic benefit of up to $148 billion over 40 years.
* It is estimated that attendance in the park's first year of operation will be over 5 million. This figure will gradually rise to around 10 million a year after 15 years.
* About 18 400 new jobs are expected to be created directly and indirectly on opening, rising to 35 800 over a 20 year period.
* Around 6 000 jobs are expected to be created during the construction of facilities for Phase I of Hong Kong Disneyland. In addition, some 10 000 jobs are expected to be created by the land reclamation and other infrastructural works funded by the Government.
The 'base case' scenario developed by Disney for Phase I of the theme park and evaluated by the Government puts the net economic benefit (in terms of additional value added or income over cost) at $148 billion over 40 years.
The base case is based on several assumptions, including:
* The park opens in 2005
* The park's attendance in its first year of operation is estimated at 5.2 million
* The park gradually reaches full annual capacity of 10 million after 15 years
Other more conservative scenarios (e.g. less visitors, less spending by tourists, lower usage by local residents) put the net economic benefit in a range of between $80 billion and $128 billion. Any upside scenario would, of course, make the net benefits greater.
The 'base case' estimates that 18 400 jobs will be created directly or indirectly at opening, rising to 35 800 over 20 years. More conservative scenarios put jobs created in the range of 11 400 to 17 600 in Year 1, rising to 18 100 to 28 700 in Year 20.
The number of jobs (in man-years) created during the construction phase of the theme park is around 6 000. The number of jobs (in man-years) created during the initial construction period for the land reclamation and infrastructural works funded by the Government is some 10 000.
Nearly all employees at Hong Kong Disney will be Hong Kong people. Management of the park will initially be undertaken by about 40 Disney employees from around the world. But eventually about 35 local employees will be trained to take up these management duties.
Staff training for key personnel will take place in Hong Kong and the United States. In the USA, trainees will receive hands-on experience at existing Disney theme parks.
In Hong Kong, the company will develop suitable training packages for a wide spectrum of Hong Kong Disneyland employees. A 'Disney University' will be established as part of this process.
It is estimated that Hong Kong Disney will attract 3.4 million incoming tourists in Year 1, rising to 7.3 million after 15 years.
Of those, 1.4 million (Year 1) will be 'new' or 'additional' tourists induced to visit Hong Kong because of the Disney theme park. This figure will rise to 2.9 million in Year 15.
It is estimated that additional spending by tourists will amount to $8.3 billion in Year 1, rising to $16.8 billion per annum in Year 20 and beyond.
Corresponding figures for more conservative scenarios range from $5.5 to $7.8 billion in Year 1, to $8.7 to $12.9 billion in Year 20.
The Disney theme park and resort will cost an estimated $14.1 billion to build, which represents a new injection of capital expenditure into the local economy. The resulting generation of income and employment will also benefit the economy.
Hong Kong Disneyland : Financing and Development Costs
Park Developer and Operator
Hong Kong Disneyland will be built and operated by a new joint-venture company - Hong Kong International Theme Parks Ltd (HKITP) - to be formed by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government (the Government) and The Walt Disney Company (Disney).
The Government will own 57% of the shares in the company initially, while Disney will own 43% of the shares.
Total equity of the company will be $5.7 billion, of which the Government will inject $3.25 billion (3.25 billion shares @ $1 a share) and Disney will inject $2.45 billion.
It is envisaged that third party investors may be interested in investing in HKITP in the future. This will allow the Government and Disney to sell down their shares.
However, Disney will be required to hold a minimum of 1.9 billion shares in the project.
The Government will not be subject to a minimum holding requirement after the park's opening.
Dividends will be paid to shareholders pro rata from operating profits when business results permit.
The estimated cost of building Hong Kong Disneyland is $14.1 billion.
This will comprise $8.4 billion in debt (including capitalised interest) and $5.7 billion in equity for an optimal debt-to-equity ratio of 60:40.
The debt component will comprise a $5.6 billion government loan#, repayable with interest over 25 years, and $2.3 billion in commercial loans.
# denotes: including capitalised interest of $0.5
billion, total Government debt will amount
to $6.1 billion
The Government loan will be repaid with interest over 25 years. To help the project in its early years, the government loan will be offered at a sliding scale:
During construction and for the first 8 years after opening: Prime less 1.75% (i.e. 6.75%)
For the next eight years: Prime less 0.875%
For the next nine years: Prime
The reason for raising only a quarter of the debt component in the open market is because projected cash flows in the early years of operation can only prudently cover that amount.
Supporting Infrastructure Costs
The Government will spend $13.6 billion on major infrastructure works including roads from North Lantau to Penny's Bay, two public ferry piers, transport interchanges, police posts, a fire and ambulance station, drainage and sewage works and the formation of the 280 hectare site. A special feature of the area will be a water recreation centre including a large lake which will also serve as an irrigation reservoir.
Much of the infrastructure would have formed part of the Government's capital works programme to prepare the site for tourism and recreation development even if a Disney theme park and resort were not being built.
Hong Kong Disneyland and associated Disney themed hotel, retail, dining and entertainment developments will occupy about 126-hectares of the site for Phase I. This can be expanded to 180 hectares at a future date.
Extensive landscaping will be carried out to eliminate visual intrusion into the theme park. Existing facilities such as the CLP Power Station and service areas will be screened by a combination of artificial embankments (called berms) and trees.
The land premium for Hong Kong Disneyland Phase I is $4 billion, the estimated pro rata cost of reclamation and land formation.
HKITP will settle the premium by issuing $4 billion worth of subordinated equity shares to the Government. The shares attract no dividend, initially, but are convertible to ordinary shares in the company at a progressive rate depending on operating performance.
Conversion of the shares can begin only after five years of operation of the park. The conversion ceiling will rise by 5% per annum, with maximum conversion in any one year capped at 10% to avoid undue equity dilution for other shareholders.
Full conversion of the subordinated shares can, therefore, take place 25 years after Hong Kong Disneyland has opened.
The land lease will run for 50 years, with right of renewal for a further 50 years.
There is an option, valid for 20 years after opening (and subject to extension in certain circumstances) to buy the Phase II site for $2.8 billion (1999 price to be escalated in accordance with inflation).
A New Era in Hong Kong Tourism
The building of Hong Kong Disneyland will herald a new era for Hong Kong's tourism industry, a mainstay of the economy. In 1998, tourism contributed 4% to GDP.
The $14.1 billion project is a key component of a renewed and reinvigorated push to strengthen and consolidate Hong Kong's position as Asia's most popular international destination. Hong Kong Disneyland will be the 'jewel in the crown' of a new 280-hectare tourism, recreation and entertainment district to be developed at Penny's Bay on Lantau Island.
The Government, in consultation with the Hong Kong Tourist Association (HKTA) and the tourism trade, has adopted a three-pronged strategy to rejuvenate the tourism sector:
* Promote Hong Kong as a key tourist destination
* Enhance the attractiveness of Hong Kong
* Facilitate entry of visitors
Important decisions have been taken to achieve this goal. Among them :
* The appointment in May 1999 of a Tourism Commissioner to provide a clearer focus for, and greater co-ordination of, tourism policy, projects and initiatives.
* A $100 million loan to the Hong Kong Tourist Association to support the staging of a variety of international events in Hong Kong over a five-year period.
* Streamlined entry requirements for visitors from the Mainland, Taiwan and Russia.
A number of other projects are being taken forward or are under consideration to enhance Hong Kong's attractiveness as a destination and to broaden the range of facilities and tourism experiences available in Hong Kong.
* An international wetland park at Mai Po Marshes in northwestern New Territories
* A new world-class performing arts venue in Kowloon
* A cable car system on Lantau Island, linking Tung Chung to the Big Buddha
* A $500 million 'Adventure Bay' attraction at Ocean Park on Hong Kong Island
* Development of a "Fisherman's Wharf" in Aberdeen
* New waterfront promenades on both sides of the harbour
* Improvements to tourist attractions in Central and Western
Greater emphasis is also being placed on attracting convention and exhibition business to Hong Kong, which boasts some of the best facilities in the world for such events. This type of visitor tends to stay twice as long and spends three times as much as a leisure visitor. The HKTA is also trying to develop the cruise market to attract high-yield visitors.
Arrivals and receipts
In 1998, tourism receipts totalled $55 billion. Taking into account the business generated directly and indirectly for different sectors of the economy, this contributed 4% to GDP. Tourism receipts in the first half of the year amounted to $25.2 billion.
Tourism arrivals have been growing healthily in the past year, following a significant drop in 1997 and 1998 due to the Asian financial turmoil.
For the first nine months of 1999 there were 7.7 million visitor arrivals, an increase of 11 per cent over the same period in 1998. The HKTA estimates there will be 10.4 million visitor arrivals this year. The majority of visitors come from the mainland of China (27%), Taiwan (19%), Japan (10%), South and Southeast Asia (12%) and the USA (8%).
End/Tuesday, November 2, 1999
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Folks in Veazie are concerned about chemicals in their water linked to cancer.
A group of nursing students from the University of Maine stopped by a meeting of the town council Tuesday.
They presented their findings about the health effects of trihalomethanes.
THMs, as they’re called, are formed when chlorine, and other disinfectants, is mixed with organic matter.
Exposure can lead to increased risk of bladder, colon, and rectal cancer.
The soon-to-be nurses say THM levels up to 80 parts per billion are acceptable.
A 2011 water sample showed Veazie’s levels at 89 parts per billion.
“I have no concerns at these levels.” says Orono-Veazie Water District Superintendent Dennis Cross. “I think we have successfully brought the average down below the 80 parts per billion which is the requirement.”
“I am willing to take a look at the costs of reducing that but I know they will be significant,” Cross adds. “There may be some value in sending a letter to our customers, sharing with them what we have done in the levels of where they have been brought down to.
One of the nursing students presenting at the meeting, Tiffany Bishop, said, “Our main goal here was promoting awareness amongst the community and just giving them an idea as to how they can reduce exposure to THMs.”
The nursing students suggest investing in a water filtration system.
For information on federal guidelines related to THMs visit water.epa.gov/drink.
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A Spinal Cord Stimulator is a minimally invasive procedure that is performed on an outpatient basis. In this procedure, the patient receives a local anesthetic to be utilized with a medical device that directs small electrical pulses to stimulate the spinal cord and spinal nerves. An electrical wire is implanted in the epidural space just outside of the spinal cord and delivers these electrical pulses. A series of between 4 and 8 electrodes are evenly spaced out and programmed to generate an electrical field.
Spinal Cord Stimulators are usually only considered in situations where more traditional treatment methods have failed. The first step is to install a temporary spinal cord stimulator for approximately one week to allow the patient to try the treatment before undergoing a full device implant procedure. During a trial, the electrodes are placed using an introducer needle, and an external device is used to generate the current. If the patient feels some relief with the temporary device, then the permanent simulator can be fitted at a later date.
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Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities
The final link in the cradle-to-grave concept is the treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) that follows the generator and transporter in the chain of waste management activities. The regulations pertaining to TSDFs are more stringent than those that apply to generators or transporters. A TSDF must comply with the standards of Chapter 14 or Chapter 15.
The Chapter 14/15 regulations apply to facilities that treat, store, and dispose of hazardous wastes. The terms “facility,” “treat,” “store,” and “dispose” all have specific definitions found in 22 CCR § 66260.10
- A facility includes all contiguous land, structures, and appurtenances on or in the land used for treating, storing, or disposing of hazardous waste. A single facility may consist of several types or combinations of operational units.
- Treatment is defined as any method, technique, or process designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological character or composition of any hazardous waste so as to neutralize such waste, or so as to recover energy or material resources from the waste, or so as to render such waste nonhazardous, or less hazardous; safer to transport, store or dispose of; or amenable for recovery, amenable for storage, or reduced in volume.
- Storage is defined as holding hazardous waste for a temporary period, at the end of which the hazardous waste is treated, disposed of, or stored elsewhere.
- Disposal is the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid or hazardous waste on or in the land or water. A disposal facility is any site where hazardous waste is intentionally placed and at which the waste will remain after closure.
Hazardous Waste Links
- Hazardous Waste Home
- Certified Appliance Recycler (CAR) Program
- Electronic Waste (E-Waste)
- Facilities (TSDFs)
- Hazardous Waste ID Numbers
- Hazardous Waste Manifests
- Hazardous Waste Tracking System
- Household Hazardous Waste
- Land Use Restriction Sites
- Metal Recycling
- Universal Waste
- Form 1358
- California Hazardous Waste Codes
Hazardous Waste Related Links
- Annual/Biennial Reports
- Emergency Response Program
- Export-Import Standards
- Fact Sheets & Publications
- Find a Registered Hazardous Waste Transporter
- Frequently Asked Questions
- Hazardous Waste Policies & Procedures
- Hazardous Waste Project Documents
- Kettleman Hills Landfill
- Office of Criminal Investigations
- Regulatory Assistance Office
- Report an Environmental Concern
- Retail Waste
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L’Enfant’s design of the Society of the Cincinnati Insignia
A Badge for a Gentleman!
According to The Insignia of the Society of the Cininnati (Minor Myers, Jr., 1998), Major Pierre L’Enfant was responsible for the Society’s founders deciding on a badge – not a medal, as Colonial Henry Knox initially proposed – for individual members to purchase. Writing to Colonel Knox, L’Enfant described a medal as ‘only the reward of the laborer and the artist, or the sign of a manufactory community or religious society’ adding that ‘a gentleman invested with any European order would be unwilling to carry a medal.’
Inspiration from France and Germany
Several examples of European insignia were well known in America and may have inspired Colonel Knox in his design for the Society.
Etching of Baron von Steuben. From the American Independence Museum Collection.
The Order of Fidelity of Baden established by the Margrave of Baden-Durlach in 1715. Baron de Steuben, Inspector General of the Revolutionary Army, was a member and regularly wore its decoration. Click here to see a portrait of the Baron by Charles Willson Peale wearing the Cross of Fidelity of Baden on a gold ribbon around his neck and the Star of Fidelity of Baden on the left side of his chest. Also, click here to be taken to another Hidden Gems page to read more about Baron de Steuben and his book that organized the Revolutionary Army Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States.
The Institution of Military Merit, created by Louis XV in 1759 to reward Protestant members of the French army. John Paul Jones, sometimes called ‘The Father of the American Navy’, was a recipient. Click here for more information on the Institution.
Portrait of John Paul Jones. On Loan to the American Independence Museum from the Portsmouth Historical Society.
Etching of Rochambeau. From the American Independence Museum Collection.
The Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, established by Louis XIV in 1693. The Comte de Rochambeau, commander of the French army sent to America and given much credit for the American success at Yorktown, was a member. Myers estimates that at least 86 French officers serving in the American army had been admitted to the order, which was open only to Catholics. Click here for more information.
Colonel Knox’s Design Idea for a Society Medal
When Colonel Henry Knox outlined a plan for ‘a fraternal organization for officers of the Continental Army’ in April of 1783, he described a medal:
‘The Society shall have an order by which it shall be known and distinguished, which shall be a medal of gold or silver of a proper size to recieve these emblems, the principal figure Cincinnatus three senators presenting him with a sword and other military ensigns. On a field in the background his wife standing at the door of their cottage near it yoked plough and instruments of husbandry, round the whole Omnia reliquit servare Rempublicam.’ (‘He gave all to save the Republic’)
‘On the reverse sun rising a city with open gates and vessels entering the port Fame crowning Cincinnatus with a wreath inscribed Victutis Praemium (The Reward of Virtue) beneath Hands joined supporting a heart with the motto Esto Perpetua (Let it be Perpetual)
‘Round the whole The name of the Society and year of its foundation.’
By May 1783, Colonel Knox had decided that the medal should be gold and ‘suspended from a blue and white ribbon, two inches wide, edged in white, descriptive of the union of America and France.’
Etching of Henry Knox. From the American Independence Museum Collection
So, What about the Watercolor?
L’Enfant Watercolor of the Society Insignia. From the American Independence Museum’s Collection
In June 1783, Major Pierre L’Enfant, a French engineer who had served in the Continental Army since September 1776, became involved in the discussions. He had served under George Washington at Valley Forge and was on Washington’s staff from 1780 until the end of the war. In a letter to Baron von Steuben dated June 10, 1783, he proposed the inclusion of the Bald Eagle, as the bird is ‘unique to this continent, and is distinguished from those of other climates by its white head and tail, [it] seems to me to deserve attention.’
He submitted two ‘concept designs’ to the officers of the Society and the two-sided watercolor shows the design which was chosen. But the watercolor – L’Enfant produced one for each state society – had a specific purpose: to get orders from members before he went to Paris to have them made (General Washington ordered eight, seven ‘of the regular sort’ and one in an ‘elegant, tho not costly Stile’.)
In other words, the watercolor is an ad!
According to Myers, at least four survive. Two of them are in AIM’s collection and one is on display in the Museum inside the glass case containing the medals of Brigadier General William E. Horton. L’Enfant’s design went through several changes during the creation of the first insignia, most notably adding a laurel wreath around the head of the eagle. His design was not used until the 1970s, as a special project for the New York Society.
Close up of the front of the eagle. The crest on the eagle’s chest uses Knox’s idea of Cincinnatus being given a sword while his wife looks out from their house.
1970s Society insignia using L’Enfant’s design. From the American Independence Museum’s Collection
Back of the Eagle. Again, L’Enfant uses Knox’s idea of an Cincinnatus in front of an open gate and a radiant sun.
Want to Know More?
- A copy of Minor Myers, Jr.’s book The Insignia of The Society of the Cincinnati is held in the Museum’s reference library.
- L’Enfant also designed the Society’s Certificate of Membership. Original certificates are on view at the Museum.
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Lack Of Vitamin D Causes Muscle Weakness In Alcoholics
It’s common knowledge that alcoholism is disastrous for your health. One surprising statistic, however, is that 40 to 60 percent of alcoholics suffer from myopathy – a muscular wasting disease brought on by the amount of alcohol that they consume. Now, a review of alcohol-related myopathy and vitamin D deficiency has suggested that a lack of vitamin D in the body could be partly to blame in the regular occurrence of myopathy alongside chronic alcoholism.
Myopathy is a muscular disease that causes the muscle fibres to not function correctly. This leads to muscular weakness and, eventually, muscles wasting away. It can lead to an inability to climb staircases or even difficulties in getting up from a chair.
Having a deficiency in vitamin D is well known as a risk factor in people developing myopathy. It’s also known that drinking heavily and regularly can reduce levels of vitamin D in your body to below a healthy rate.
The authors of the study suggested that the review linked deficiencies in vitamin D, phosphate and magnesium with muscle weakness in alcoholism. And while previous studies had suggested that alcohol-induced muscle weakness were not related to dietary deficiencies, this one specifically looked at how severely low-levels of vitamin D can affect myopathy.
Deficiencies in vitamin D levels in alcoholics can be caused by a large number of things. A poor diet, lack of exposure to the sun and dysfunction of the liver could all be to blame. It is well-known that alcoholism can lead to a loss of appetite or generally eating bad foods, which can stop the body from receiving the vitamins and minerals it needs to stay healthy.
On a positive note, the researchers also confirmed that myopathy that is caused by alcoholism tends to improve after six to nine months of stopping drinking. After this muscle strength often returns to its original level from before the alcoholism.
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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
Adopted in 1973, CITES was established to control or stop the trade of endangered species. Initially addressing species such as elephants, rhinos, and crocodiles, the mandate of the convention has subsequently expanded to include plant and animal species. The United States is a party to the convention.
CITES operates by placing species on one of three Appendices, with varying degrees of protection. Appendices I and II require approval by the Parties to the Convention. Appendix I offers the highest level of protection, for highly endangered species, by limiting trade in these species to that for scientific or conservation purposes. Appendix II regulates all global trade and requires scientific findings that the production, harvesting, and trade of listed species are sustainable. Native species can be unilaterally listed by a country on Appendix III, which requires that any traded shipments are from legally harvested sources.
In recent years, proposals to regulate trade in commercial timber species under Appendix II of the Convention have generated interest and some controversy. In 2002, big leaf mahogany became the first heavily traded timber species to be placed on Appendix II, and in 2004, ramin trees from Southeast Asia received a similar level of protection.
brochure on CITES and the wood products
trade is available online in four languages and
in both PC and Mac versions. The brochure provides
information on how trade is regulated by CITES.
more information on this brochure, please visit
Fish & Wildlife Service website.
following files are in PDF format, and may be
viewed with Adobe
Acrobat Reader) If you are having trouble
downloading these files, please contact
- Insert (for english version only): PC
-Jewel Case insert (for english version only):
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International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA)
Adopted in 1983 and extended in 1994, the ITTA commodity agreement focuses on promoting the sustainable management of tropical timber producing forests and the expansion and diversification of international trade in tropical timber from sustainably managed forests. Unlike some other commodity agreements, the ITTA has neither price regulation mechanisms nor market intervention provisions. Instead, the agreement relies on consensus decisions of its membership and financial support to concrete projects to promote sound policy and implementation of sustainable forest management in the tropics. The ITTA was renegotiated in 2006, and to date is still undergoing approval/ratification by individual member states before it can enter into force. ITTA, 2006 has an expanded scope, with provisions for work in the following areas: addressing illegal logging; information sharing on voluntary mechanisms to promote SFM; facilitating understanding of non-timber forest products and environmental services; and encouraging the role of forest dependent indigenous communities in the SFM of tropical timber producing forests.
The operational and implementation mechanism of the agreement is the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), a commodity organization that brings together countries that produce and consume tropical timber in order to discuss and exchange information and develop policies on all aspects of the world tropical timber economy. The organization’s work is guided by overarching goals outlined in the ITTA, as well as an action plan. The Action Plan is an elaborated strategy of substantive areas of work and cross-cutting actions that is aimed at achieving ITTO’s objectives. ITTO’s programs integrate both policy and project work, directed at improving understanding and awareness of key and emerging issues in three principal areas of economic information and market intelligence; reforestation and forest management; and forest industry.
Policy decisions of the ITTO are debated, negotiated, and approved through consensus of members at the ITTO council sessions. Policy decisions direct the programmatic and project work of the organization, as well as inform and build capacity within member states to address cutting-edge issues such as phased approaches to certification, criteria and indicators, and reduced-impact logging. ITTO’s project work is a primary means of assisting member countries to implement these policy initiatives.
The United States is one of the major donors of projects under the ITTO. The U.S. has supported numerous projects in tropical timber producing countries, including pilot and demonstration projects, human and technical capacity-building projects, and research and development.
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United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
Adopted in 1994, the UNFCCC calls on countries to control greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The United States is a party to the convention and therefore submits annual national inventory reports documenting changes in U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and carbon stocks, including forests. U.S. scientists, including researchers from the Forest Service, also participate in the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which serves as an advisory body to the Convention.
The Kyoto Protocol, which the United States has not ratified, was negotiated in December 1997, making specific reference to forests as sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases and calling for promotion of sustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation. The Kyoto Protocol went into force in February 2005. According to the Kyoto Protocol, verifiable changes in carbon stocks that are related to direct human induced land-use change and forestry activities, including afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, may optionally be included in the developed country accounting towards their agreed targets. In addition, there are additional sections of the Protocol setting out the rules for how actions assisting Developing Countries manage their forests. Among the most controversial elements related to land-use change were that reductions in deforestations do not qualify for credit under the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism, and concerns that land-use activities may be used as an excuse for continued industrial emissions.
In 2005, a number of countries have began an informal discussions on how land-use and forestry could be better addressed by any future agreement, given that the Kyoto Protocol expires in 2012. In 2007, this resulted in a new action plan agreed in Bali , Indonesia which started formal negotiations for a post-2012 agreement, including a new effort to more comprehensively include reductions in deforestation, forest degradation and forest conservation. Negotiations on the new agreement are scheduled to conclude by December 2009.
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Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
At the sixth meeting of the CBD Conference of Parties in 2002, an "Expanded Program of Work for Forest Biological Diversity" was adopted, calling on countries to integrate biological diversity considerations into their forest management systems and programs
At the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro , world leaders agreed on a comprehensive strategy for sustainable development, including establishment of a convention to protect the biological diversity of the planet. Adopted in 1994, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) establishes three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of genetic resources. Although former President Clinton signed the convention in 1994, the US Senate has not ratified the CBD. As a result, the United States has observer status in the forum, which now has 188 contracting parties. The U.S. supports the work of the CBD and is actively involved in Convention meetings, advisory scientific groups, special programs and initiatives, as well as in a number of expert groups supporting the work of the Convention.
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Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD)
in 1994, the CCD
calls on countries to combat the degradation of land
in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas caused primarily
by human activities and climatic variations. The United
States is party to the convention.
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Ramsar Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar)
in 1971, Ramsar
provides the framework for national action and international
cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands
and their resources. The United States is party to the
convention. Originally negotiated to conserve and wisely
use wetlands to preserve waterfowl habitat, the Ramsar
convention has broadened to cover all aspects of wetland
conservation and wise use.
Ramsar was the first of the modern global intergovernmental conventions on conservation and wise use of natural resources, and its provisions remain relatively straightforward and general compared to more recent conventions.
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Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds
bilateral convention between the United States and Canada adopted in 1916, the Convention
for the Protection of Migratory Birds was negotiated
to protect and provide for the preservation of migratory
birds that traverse Canada and the United States, recognizing
that the conservation of these birds is a joint responsibility
of the two countries. Among other things, it created
a uniform system of protection by establishing a Canada-United
States closed season on the hunting of migratory game
birds such as ducks and geese. Also as a result of this
convention, hunting of non-game migratory species is
effectively banned throughout the year.
The United States also has bilateral conventions for the protection of migratory birds with Russia, Japan, and Mexico.
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2000 US Forest Service International Programs
Information and Disclaimer
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Strontium and sulfur isotopic data support Chesterian (Late Mississippian) age for the Michigan Formation
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
Social and Behavioral Sciences
Determining the age of the Michigan Formation is difficult due to the general lack of biostratigraphic indicators. The literature shows that historically the formation has been assigned a chronostratigraphic position of Osagean-Meramecian (equivalent to Salem and St. Louis Limestones of the Illinois Basin) based mainly on the fauna of the conformably overlying Bayport Limestone. However, recent studies using pollen and spores suggest the age of the Michigan and Bayport Formations is Chesterian (uppermost Mississippian). Gypsum samples (Kent and Iosco Counties) were analyzed for strontium (87Sr/86Sr; range 0.70792 to 0.70806; mean 0.70799±0.00006; n = 8) and sulfur (d34S; range +15.2 to +17.0; mean +16.3±0.4; n = 40) isotopes. Consistent isotopic values, both stratigraphically and laterally, indicate a marine origin for the gypsum, and that the isotopic signature was not significantly affected by nonmarine waters or diagenesis. As a result, the 87Sr/86Sr values can be compared to the global secular curve for Mississippian marine precipitates to help determine the formations age. These data indicate the formation is either Kinderhookian or Chesterian. Because none of the data collected by prior researchers, including the recent pollen and spore data, suggest a Kinderhookian age, we suggest the isotopic data support a Chesterian age.
Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters
Hope College, Holland, MI
Videtich, Patricia E., "Strontium and sulfur isotopic data support Chesterian (Late Mississippian) age for the Michigan Formation" (2013). Faculty Scholarly Dissemination Grants. 1022.
This document is currently not available here.
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1 1 THE TIME VALUE OF MONEY A dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, because we can invest the dollar elsewhere and earn a return on it. Most people can grasp this argument without the use of models and mathematics. In this chapter, we use the concept of time value of money to calculate exactly how much a dollar received or paid some time in the future is worth today, or vice versa. What makes the time value of money compelling is the fact that it has applicability in a range of personal decisions, from saving for retirement or tuition to buying a house or a car. We will consider a variety of such examples in this chapter. The measurement of the time value of money is also central to corporate finance. In investment analysis, we are often called upon to analyze investments spread out over time. Thus, the managers at Boeing, when analyzing the Super Jumbo investment, have to consider not only what they will have to spend today but also what they will have to in the future, and measure this against what they expect to earn today and far into the future. The principles that we learn in this chapter also become crucial when we value assets or entire businesses, whose earnings will be generated over extended time periods. Given that our objective in corporate finance is to maximize value, it is clear that we cannot do so without an understanding of how to compare dollars at different points in time. The Intuitive Basis for the Time Value of Money Why is a dollar today worth more to you than a dollar a year from now? The simplest way to explain the intuition is to note that you could have invested the dollar elsewhere and earned a return on it, in the form of interest, dividends or price appreciation. Thus, if you could earn 5% in a savings account in a bank, the dollar today would be worth a $1.05 a year from today.
2 2 While we often take the interest rate we can earn on our savings as a given, it is worth considering what goes into this interest rate. Assuming that you are guaranteed this return by the borrower, there are two reasons why you need to earn the interest rate to save. The first is that the presence of inflation means that the dollar today will buy more in terms of real goods than the same dollar a year from now. Consequently, you would demand an interest rate to compensate for the loss in purchasing power that comes with inflation. The second reason is that like most individuals, you prefer present consumption to future consumption. Thus, even if there were no inflation and the dollar today and the dollar a year from now purchased exactly the same quantity of goods, you would prefer to spend the dollar and consume the goods today. Therefore, to get you to postpone the consumption, the lender must offer you some compensation in the form of an interest rate on your savings; this is called a real interest rate. How much would you need to be offered? That will depend upon how strong your preference for current consumption is, with stronger preferences leading to higher real interest rates. The interest rate that includes the expected inflation in addition to the real interest rate is called a nominal interest rate. Thus far, we have assumed you are guaranteed the return on your savings. If there is uncertainty about whether you will earn the return, there is a third component to the return that you would need to make on your investment. This third component is compensation for the uncertainty that you are exposed to and it should be greater as the uncertainty increases. When there is no certainty about what you will make on your investment, we measure the return not as an interest rate but as an expected return. In summary then, when we talk about the return you can make by investing a dollar today elsewhere, there are three components of this return the expected inflation rate, a real interest rate and a premium for uncertainty. Central to the notion of the time value of money is the idea that the money can be invested elsewhere to earn a return. This return is what we call a discount rate. Note that the interest rate you can make on a guaranteed investment, say a government security, can
3 3 be used as the discount rate when your investment is expected to yield a guaranteed return. When there is uncertainty about whether you the dollar in the future will be received, the discount rate is the rate of return that you can expect to make on an investment with similar amount of uncertainty, in which case it will have to incorporate a premium for uncertainty. The discount rate is therefore a more general term than interest rates when it comes to time value, and that is the term that we will use through the rest of this chapter. In some of our examples, where what we will receive or pay out is known with a fair degree of certainty, the interest rate will be the discount rate. In other examples, where there is uncertainty about the future, we will use the expected return on investments of similar risk as the discount rate. CT 3.1: Economists and government officials have been wringing their hands over the desire for current consumption that has led American families to save less and consume more of their income. What are the implications for discount rates? Cash Flows and Time Lines In addition to discount rates, the other variable that we will talk about in this chapter is cash flows. A cash flow is either cash that we expect to receive (a cash inflow) or cash that we expect to pay out (a cash outflow). Since this chapter is all about the significance of comparing cash flows across time, we will present cash flows on a time line that shows both the timing and the amount of each cash flow. Thus, cash flows of $100 received at the end of each of the next 4 years can be depicted on a time line like the one depicted in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.1: A Time Line for Cash Flows: $ 100 in Cash Flows Received at the End of Each of Next 4 years Cash Flows $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ Year
4 4 In the figure, time 0 refers to the present. A cash flow that occurs at time 0 does not need to be adjusted for time value. In this case, we have no cash flows at time 0, but we have $ 400 in cash flows over the next 4 years. However, the fact that they occur at different points in time means that the cash flows really cannot be compared to each other. That is, $ 100 in one year should be worth less than $ 100 today but more than $ 100 in two years. In sum, $ 400 over the next 4 years should be worth less than $ 400 today. Note the difference between a period of time and a point in time in Figure 3.1. The portion of the time line between 0 and 1 refers to period 1, which, in this example, is the first year. The cash flow that we receive at the point in time 1 refers to the cash flow that occurs at the end of period 1. Had the cash flows occurred at the beginning of each year instead of at the end of each year, the time line would have been redrawn as it appears in Figure 3.2. Figure 3.2: A Time Line for Cash Flows: $ 100 in Cash Received at the Beginning of Each Year for Next 4 years $ 100 Cash Flow $ 100 $ 100 $ Year Note that in time value terms, a cash flow that occurs at the beginning of year 2 is the equivalent of a cash flow that occurs at the end of year 1. Again, it is worth noting that while we receive $ 400 in this case, as in the previous one, these cash flows should be worth more because we get each $ 100 one year earlier than in the previous case. In this chapter, we will examine ways to convert cash flows in the future into cash flows today. This process is called discounting, and the cash flows, once converted into cash flows today, yield a present value (PV). We will also reverse this process and ask a different question. How much would $ 100 in year 1 be worth in year 4? This process of
5 5 converting cash flows today or in the future into cash flows even further into the future is called compounding, and the resulting value is called a future value (FV). Time Value of Money: Compounding and Discounting In this section, we will consider how to discount and compound a simple cash flow, and why we do it. Compounding Assume that you are the owner of InfoSoft, a private business that manufactures software, and that you have $ 50,000 in the bank earning 6% interest for the foreseeable future. Over time, that investment will increase in value. Thus, at the end of 1 year, the $ 50,000 will be worth $ 53,000 ($ 50,000 + interest of 6% on $ 50,000). This is the future value at the end of the first year. We can write this value more formally as: Future Value at end of year 1 = $ 50,000 (1.06) = $ 53,000 At the end of year 2, the deposit would have grown further to $56,180 ($ 53,000 + Interest of 6% on $ 53,000). This can also be written more formally as: Future Value at end of year 2 = $ 50,000 (1.06) (1.06) = $50,000 (1.06) 2 = $ 53,000 Note that the future value at the end of 10 years would then be: Future Value at end of 10 years = $ 5,000 (1.06) 10 = $89,542 Note that in addition to the initial investment of $ 50,000 earning interest, the interest earned in each year itself earns interest in future years. Why do we care about the future value of an investment? It provides us with a measure that we can use to compare alternatives to leaving the money in the bank. For instance, if you could invest the $ 50,000 elsewhere and end up with more than $89,542 at the end of 10 years, you could argue for taking this investment, assuming this investment is just as safe as leaving your money in the bank. If it were riskier, you would need to end up with more than $89,542 to compensate you for the uncertainty, which is equivalent to saying that you would need a higher rate of return than 6%.
6 6 In general, the value of a cash flow today (CF 0 ) at the end of a future period (t), when the discount rate is given (as r), can be written as: Future Value of Cash Flow = CF 0 (1 + r) t The future value will increase the further into the future we go and the higher the discount rate. CC 3.1: In computing the future value of $ 50,000 in the example above, we assumed that interest earned was allowed to remain in the account and earn more interest. What would the future value be if you intended to withdraw all the interest income from the account each year? Illustration 3.1: The Power of Compounding - Stocks, Bonds and Bills In the example above, the future value increased as we increased the number of years for which we invested our money; we call this the compounding period. As the length of the compounding period is extended, small differences in discount rates can lead to large differences in future value. In a study of returns on stocks and bonds between 1926 and 1998, Ibbotson and Sinquefield found that stocks on the average made about 11% a year, while government bonds on average made about 5% a year. Assuming that these returns continue into the future, figure 3.4 provides the future values of $ 100 invested in stocks and bonds for periods extending up to 40 years.
7 7 Figure 3.4: Effect of Compounding Periods: Stocks versus T.Bonds $7, $6, $5, $4, $3, Stocks T. Bonds $2, $1, $0.00 Compounding Periods The differences in future value from investing at these different rates of return are small for short compounding periods (such as 1 year) but become larger as the compounding period is extended. For instance, with a 40-year time horizon, the future value of investing in stocks, at an average return of 11%, is more than 9 times larger than the future value of investing in treasury bonds at an average return of 5%. Discounting Discounting operates in the opposite direction from compounding. Instead of looking at how much a dollar invested today will be worth in the future, we ask what a dollar received or paid in the future will be worth today. Our measure of how much a future cash flow is worth today will depend upon our preferences for current consumption over future consumption, our views about inflation and the perceived uncertainty associated with the anticipated cash flow.
8 8 Consider the investment in the Super Jumbo that Boeing is considering making. Assume that Singapore Airlines is willing to place an order to buy $ 2 billion worth of the Super Jumbo 8 years from now. While this will weigh in positively on whether Boeing will make this investment, it is worth less than an order on which Boeing would receive $ 2 billion today. The time line for $ 2 billion received in 8 years can be shown in Figure 3.3: Figure 3.3: Present Value of a Cash Flow Cash inflow: $ 2 billion Year Discounting converts $ 2 billion in cash flows in year 8 into cash flow today One way of answering the question of what $ 2 billion in 8 years is worth today is to reverse the question and ask how much would Boeing would need to invest today to end up with $ 2 billion at the end of year 8. Assuming that Boeing s discount rate for this investment is 10%, we could consider how much we would need to invest today to have $ 2 billion in 8 years: Solving for the cash flow today, we get: CF t = $ 2 billion = CF 0 (1.10) 8 CF 0 = $ 2 billion/(1.10) 8 = $ 933 million Thus, $ 2 billion in 8 years is worth $ 933 million in present value terms. What exactly does that mean? With a 10% discount rate, Boeing would be indifferent between receiving $ 933 million today and $ 2 billion in 8 years. Generalizing, if CF t is the cash flow at the end of some future year t and r is the discount rate, the present value of a cash flow can be written as follows: CF Present Value of a Cash Flow = t (1 + r) t The present value will decrease the further into the future a cash flow is expected to be received and as the discount rate increases.
9 9 Why do we discount? Discounting allows us to convert cash flows in the future into cash flows today, so that we can compare them and aggregate them for purposes of analysis. To illustrate, the Boeing Super Jumbo investment might have cash inflows and outflows occurring each year for the next 30 years. While these cash flows, by themselves, cannot be compared to each other, the present value of each of these cash flows can be aggregated or cumulated. We could, for instance, answer the question of whether the present value of the cash inflows on this project will exceed the present value of the cash outflows. It is interesting to also look at present value from the perspective of Singapore Airlines. Singapore Airlines, after entering into a contract to pay $ 2 billion in 8 years, will have an expected cash outflow of that amount at the end of the eighth year. Assume that it wants to set aside the money today to ensure that it will have $ 2 billion at the end of the eighth year, and that it can earn 7% on its investments. The present value of $ 2 billion in 8 years can be written as: Present Value of Payment = $2,000 8 = $1,164 million (1.07) Singapore Airlines would have to set aside $ 1,164 million today, earning 7% a year, to ensure that it had $ 2 billion at the end of 8 years. Illustration 3.2: The Present Value Effects of Higher Discount Rates In the example above, we assumed that Singapore Airlines could make 7% on its investments and calculated that it would need to set aside $ 1,164 million today to arrive at a value of $ 2 billion in 8 years. What if it could earn a rate higher than 7%? Or, what if the rate of return were much lower? The higher the return that Singapore Airlines can earn on its investments, the lower is the present value, and the less is the amount that the firm would need to set aside to get $ 2 billion at the end of 8 years. This is illustrated in Figure 3.5.
10 10 Figure 3.5: Present Value of $ 2 billion in 8 years $2, $1, $1, $1, $1, $1, $ $ $ $ $- 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% Discount Rate At a 14% rate of return, for instance, Singapore Airlines would need to set aside only $ 701 million to reach $ 2 billion at the end of year 8. The Frequency of Discounting and Compounding In the examples above, the cash flows were discounted and compounded annually i.e., interest payments and income were computed at the end of each year, based on the balance at the beginning of the year. In some cases, however, the interest may be computed more frequently, such as on a monthly or semi-annual basis. In these cases, the present and future values may be very different from those computed on an annual basis. To illustrate, consider the investment of $ 50,000 in the bank earning 6% a year that we considered in the section on compounding. The future value of $ 89,542 was based upon the assumption that the bank computed interest income on the income at the end of each of the next 10 years. Assume instead that the bank computed interest every 6 months. We can then compute the future value of the investment at the end of 10 years as follows:
11 11 Future Value at end of year 10 = $ 50,000 (1+.06/2) 20 = $90,306 The interest rate every six months is now 3% (6%/2), but there are 20 six-month compounding periods in 10 years. Where does the increase in value from $ 89,542 to $90,306 come from? It arises from the fact that the interest income is now computed at the end of six months to be $1,500; this interest income now earns interest over the remaining six months of the first year. A a similar compounding benefit occurs with each interest payment from the bank. If the compounding were done every month instead of every six months, the future value would be: Future Value at end of year 10 (monthly compounding) = $ 50,000 (1+.06/12) 20 = $90,970 In general, then, the future value of a cash flow, where there are t compounding periods each year, can be written as follows: Future Value of Cash Flow = Cash Flow today 1 + Stated Annual Interest Rate t This analysis can also be reframed in terms of the interest rate that you earn on your investment. While the stated annual rate on the investment in our example is 6%, the effective annual rate is much higher when compounding occurs every 6 months. In fact, it can be computed as follows: Effective Interest Rate = = 6.09% In general, the effective annual interest rate, given that there are t compounding periods n / t every year, can be computed as follows Effective Interest Rate = 1 + Stated Annual Interest Rate t t 1 The bank can compute interest on a weekly or daily basis, in which case the future value and the effective interest rate would be even higher. At the limit, though, the bank could compound at every instant in time, in which case it is called continuous compounding. As compounding becomes continuous, the effective interest rate can be computed as follows: Effective Interest rate = 1 + Stated Annual Interest Rate 1 = exp stated rate 1
12 12 In our example above, for instance, the effective interest rate when a 6% annual rate is compounded continuously would be: Effective Interest rate = exp 06-1 = 6.18% The future value of $ 50,000 at the end of 10 years with continuous compounding would then be: Future Value of $ 50,000 with continuous compounding = $ 50,000 exp (.06)(10) = $91,106 In the context of discounting, more frequent compounding, by increasing the effective discount rate, reduces the present value. It should come as no surprise then that loan sharks use daily compounding to keep track of the amounts owed to them. Illustration 3.3: Estimating Effective Interest Rates on Mortgage Loans Most home mortgage loans in the United States require monthly payments and consequently have monthly compounding. Thus, the annual interest rates quoted on loans can be deceptive because they are actually too low. A loan with an annual interest rate of 8.00%, for example, when adjusted for monthly compounding, will have an effective interest rate of Effective Interest Rate = = 8.3% Illustration 3.4: APR Legislation Prior to 1968, banks in the United States were allowed to advertise using any interest rate they chose on both deposits and mortgage loans. Consequently, consumers were faced with a blizzard of rates, some stated, some effective, and some adjusted, which could not be compared across institutions. In 1968, Congress passed a law called the Truth-in-Lending Act, requiring that more information be provided on the true cost of borrowing to enable consumers to compare interest rates on loans. Under this law, which has been amended several times since its passage, financial institutions must provide an annual percentage rate (APR) in conjunction with any offer they might be making. The annual percentage rate is computed by multiplying the periodic rate by the number of
13 13 periods per year. Thus, a monthly rate of 1% will result in an annual percentage rate of 12%. Since this does not allow for the compounding effect, some lenders may get higher effective annual interest rates by changing the compounding periods on their loans. The APR include an amortization of any fixed charges that have to be paid up front for the initiation of the loan. For instance, on a mortgage loan, these fixed charges would include the closing costs that are normally paid at the time that the loan is taken. CT 3.2: Assume that you are comparing interest rates on several loans, with different approaches to computing interest. The first loan has a stated interest rate of 8%, with compounding occurring every month. The second loan has a stated interest rate of 7.8%, with compounding occurring every week. The third loan has a stated interest rate of 7.5%, with continuous compounding. Which is the cheapest loan? Time Value of Money: Annuities and Perpetuities The mechanics of time value of money described in the last section can be extended to compute the present value or future value of any set of cash flows. There are a couple of special types of cash flows, in which discounting and compounding can be simplified. We will look at those cash flows next. Annuities An annuity is a stream of constant cash flows that occur at regular intervals for a fixed period of time. Consider again the example we used earlier of investing $ 50,000 today at 6%, and estimating how much it would be worth at the end of 10 years. Assume, instead, that you intend to set aside $ 5,000 at the end of each year for the next 10 years, and you want to estimate how much you would have at the end of 10 years, assuming an interest rate of 6%. The amount set aside each year ($5,000) is the annual cash flow on the annuity. It can be presented in a time line as follows:
14 14 Figure 3.6: Annuity of $ 5,000 each year for 10 years $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 Year An annuity can occur at the end of each period, as in this time line, or at the beginning of each period. Compounding an Annuity To estimate how much $ 5,000 set aside at the end of each year for the next 10 years would be worth, we could estimate the future value of each deposit at the end of the tenth year. Thus, $ 5000 invested at the end of year 1 would earn interest at 6% for 9 years to be worth $8,447 by the end of the tenth year. Future Value of $ 5000 invested in year 1 = $ 5,000 (1.06) 9 = $8,447 Future Value of $ 5,000 invested in year 2 = $ 5,000 (1.06) 8 = $7,969 Computing the future values of all ten investments, and then adding them up, we obtain: Cumulated Future Value = $ 5000 (1.06) 9 + $ 5000 (1.06) 8 + $ 5000 (1.06) 7 +$ 5000 (1.06) 6 + $ 5000 (1.06) 5 + $ 5000 (1.06) 4 $ 5000 (1.06) 3 + $ 5000 (1.06) 2 + $ 5000 (1.06) 1 +$5000 = $ 5000 ( ) This can be simplified to yield the following: Cumulated Future Value = $ 5000 ( )/.06 = $65,904 In general, the future value of an annuity (A), received or paid, at the end of each year for n years with a discount rate r can be calculated as follows: FV of an Annuity = FV(A,r,n) = A (1+r) n - 1 r Thus, the notation we will use throughout this book for the future value of an annuity will be FV(A,r,n).
15 15 This analysis is based upon the assumption that the cash flows occur at the end of each year. If they occurred at the beginning of each year instead, each cash flow would earn an additional year of interest. This would result in a future value for the annuity that is greater by this factor: FV of a Beginning-of -the-period Annuity = A (1+r) (1+r) n - 1 r This future value will be higher than the future value of an equivalent annuity at the end of each period. Illustration 3.5 : Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA) Individual retirement accounts (IRAs) allow some tax payers to set aside $2,000 a year for retirement, and the interest earned on these accounts is exempt from taxation. If an individual starts setting aside money in an IRA early in her working life, its value at retirement can be substantially higher than the amount actually put in. For instance, assume that this individual sets aside $2,000 at the end of every year, starting when she is 25 years old, for an expected retirement at the age of 65, and that she expects to make 8% a year on her investments. The expected value of the account on her retirement date can be calculated as follows: (1.08) 40-1 Expected Value of IRA set -aside at 65= $2, = $518,113 The tax exemption adds substantially to the value because it allows the investor to keep the pre-tax return of 8% made on the IRA investment. If the income had been taxed at 40%, the after-tax return would have dropped to 4.8%, resulting in a much lower expected value: Expected Value of IRA set -aside at 65 if taxed = $2,000 (1.048) = $230,127 As you can see, the available funds at retirement drop by more than 55% as a consequence of the loss of the tax exemption.
16 16 Consider also the effect of setting aside the savings at the beginning of each year instead of the end of each year, for the next 40 years. The future value of this annuity would be: Expected Value of IRA (beginning of year) = $2,000 (1.08) (1.08) = $559,562 As you can see, the gains from making payments at the beginning of each period can be substantial. As a final example, consider a different scenario, where an investor or a company is saving to meet a goal and wants to estimate how much to save in each period to reach it. The analysis can be modified fairly simply to answer this question. For instance, assume in the example just described that the individual can save money at the end of each year for the next 40 years in an IRA account, earning 8% a year, and wants to have accumulated savings of $ 400,000 at the end of the 40 th year. To estimate how much the annual savings would need to be, we can do the following: Expected Value of IRA set -aside at 65 = $400,000 = Annual Savings (1.08) Solving for the annual savings,.08 Annual Savings= $400,000 * (1.08) 40-1 = $1544 Annual savings of $ 1544 at the end of each year for the next 40 years, and an annual return of 8% a year, produce a future value of $ 400,000. In general, the payment needed to arrive at a required future value can be calculated as follows: r Annual Cashflow given Future Value = A(FV,r,n) = FV (1+r) n - 1 CC 3.2: How much would you need to save each year for the next 40 years to arrive at a future value of $ 400,000 if you saved at the beginning of each year instead of the end? Discounting an Annuity
17 17 In 1997 and 1998, there was discussion of a comprehensive settlement between tobacco firms in the United States and the federal government, whereby the tobacco firms would pay approximately $ 20 billion a year for 25 years in exchange for immunity from lawsuits on smoking-related deaths. While the agreement was never ratified by Congress, let us consider how much the cost of the agreement would have been to tobacco firms, in present value dollars, if it had been approved. Assume that the tobacco firms collectively would have to guarantee the payments and that the discount rate is 6%. The present value of the payments can be computed by taking each payment and discounting it back to the present. Thus, the present value of $ 20 billion in 1 year, at a 6% discount rate, is $ billion, computed as follows: Present Value of $ 20 billion in one year = $ 20 billion/1.06 The present value of each of the remaining 24 payments can be computed similarly and then added up to yield the following: Cumulated Present Value = $ 20 billion (1/ / / / ) = $ billion This can be simplified to yield a short cut to computing the present value of an annuity: 1 - PV of $ 20 billion for 25 years = $ 20 billion 1 (1.06) = $ billion In general, the present value of an annual cash flow (A) each year for n years, with a discount rate r, can be calculated as follows: 1 - PV of an Annuity = PV(A,r,n) = A 1 (1+r) n r Accordingly, the notation we will use in the rest of this book for the present value of an annuity will be PV(A,r,n). Illustration 3.6 : Estimating the Present Value of Annuities
18 18 Assume again that you are the owner of Infosoft, and that you have a choice of buying a copier for $11,000 cash down or paying $ 3,000 a year for 5 years for the same copier. If the opportunity cost is 12%, which would you rather do? Consider the present value of paying $ 3,000 a year for 5 years. Each payment can be discounted back to the present to yield the values in figure 3.7: Figure 3.7: Payment of $ 3000 at the beginning of each of next 5 years $3000 $3000 $3000 $3000 $3000 PV $2,679 $2,392 $2,135 $1,906 $1,702 $ Alternatively, the present value of the payments can be calculated using the short cut described earlier. 1 - PV of $3000 each year for next 5 years = $ (1.12) 5.12 = $10,814 The present value of the installment payments is less than the cash-down price; therefore, you would want to buy the copier on the installment plan. In this case, we assumed that the payments were made at the end of each year. If, however, the payments were due at the beginning of each year, the present value would be much higher, since each payment will be discounted back one less year.
19 19 Figure 3.8: Payment of $ 3000 at the beginning of each of next 5 years $3000 $3000 $3000 $3000 $3000 PV $3,000 $2,679 $2,392 $2,135 $1,906 $11,338 In fact, the present value of $ 3000 at the beginning of each of the next 5 years can be calculated to be: 1 - PV of $3000 each year for next 5 years = $ $ (1.12) 4.12 = $11,338 In general, the present value of an annuity where the cash flows are at the beginning of each period for the next n periods can be written as follows: 1 - PV of Beginning of Period Annuities over n years = A + A 1 (1+ r) n-1 r Illustration 3.7 : Making Sense of Sports Contracts Sports contracts for big-name players often involve mind-boggling amounts of money. While the contracts are undoubtedly large, the use of nominal dollars in estimating the size of these contracts is actually misleading because the contracts are generally multi-year contracts. Consider, for instance, the $105 million contract signed by Kevin Brown to play baseball for the Los Angeles Dodgers on December 12, As the first player to crack the $ 100 million barrier, he clearly will not be pleading poverty in the near future. The contract, however, requires the payment of approximately $ 15 million a year for seven
20 20 years. In present value terms, assuming a discount rate of 6%, the contract is worth $83.74 million. 1 - PV of $15 m each year for next 7 years = $ 15 m 1 (1.06) 7.06 = $83.74 mil The use of nominal values for contracts does serve a useful purpose. Both the player and the team signing him can declare victory in terms of getting the best deal. The player s ego is satisfied by the size of the nominal contract, while the team s financial pain can be minimized by spreading the payments over more time, thus reducing the present value of the contract. Illustration 3.8 : How Do They Do That? Lottery Prizes State-run lotteries have proliferated in recent years, as states recognize their potential to create revenues for a variety of causes. The New York State lottery, for instance, was expected to generate funds for education since 50% of the revenue generated from the lottery was supposed to go towards education. It is therefore surprising sometimes to see lottery prizes that exceed the revenues from ticket sales. How, for instance, can a lottery pay out $ 40 million in prizes on ticket sales of $35 million and still claim to generate revenues for education? The answer is that while the sales are in current dollars, the prizes are paid out as annuities over very long time periods, resulting in a present value that is much lower than the announced prize. The present value of $ 2 million paid out each year for 20 years is significantly lower than the $ 35 million that the state receives today. CC 3.3: Assume that you run the lottery and you want to ensure that 50% of ticket revenues go towards education, while preserving the nominal prizes at $40 million. How much can you afford to pay out each year, assuming a discount rate of 10%? Illustration 3.9: Present Value of Multiple Annuities
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Chapter 2 - Sample Problems 1. If you wish to accumulate $140,000 in 13 years, how much must you deposit today in an account that pays an annual interest rate of 14%? 2. What will $247,000 grow to be in
CHAPTER 4 DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW VALUATION Solutions to Questions and Problems NOTE: All-end-of chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple steps. Due to space and readability
15.401 15.401 Finance Theory I Haoxiang Zhu MIT Sloan School of Management Lecture 2: Present Value Lecture Notes Key concept of Lecture 1 Opportunity cost of capital True or False? A company s 10-year
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Time Value of Money Reading 5 IFT Notes for the 2015 Level 1 CFA exam Contents 1. Introduction... 2 2. Interest Rates: Interpretation... 2 3. The Future Value of a Single Cash Flow... 4 4. The Future Value
300 Chapter 5 Finance 17. House Mortgage A couple wish to purchase a house for $200,000 with a down payment of $40,000. They can amortize the balance either at 8% for 20 years or at 9% for 25 years. Which
2 The Mathematics of Finance Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 2.3 Annuities, Loans, and Bonds Copyright Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Annuities, Loans, and Bonds A typical defined-contribution
6 Formulas Discounted Cash Flow Valuation McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Outline Future and Present Values of Multiple Cash Flows Valuing
1 Section 8.1 I. Percent per hundred a. Fractions to Percents: 1. Write the fraction as an improper fraction 2. Divide the numerator by the denominator 3. Multiply by 100 (Move the decimal two times Right)
Topic 3: Time Value of Money And Net Present Value Laurent Calvet firstname.lastname@example.org John Lewis email@example.com From Material by Pierre Mella-Barral MBA - Financial Markets - Topic 3 1 2. Present
In following we will introduce one of the most important and powerful concepts you will learn in your study of finance; the time value of money. It is generally acknowledged that money has a time value.
Present Value and Annuities Chapter 3 Cont d Present Value Helps us answer the question: What s the value in today s dollars of a sum of money to be received in the future? It lets us strip away the effects
REVIEW MATERIALS FOR REAL ESTATE ANALYSIS 1997, Roy T. Black REAE 5311, Fall 2005 University of Texas at Arlington J. Andrew Hansz, Ph.D., CFA CONTENTS ITEM ANNUAL COMPOUND INTEREST TABLES AT 10% MATERIALS
Managing Home Equity to Build Wealth By Ray Meadows CPA, CFA, MBA About the Author Ray Meadows is the president of Berkeley Investment Advisors, a real estate brokerage and investment advisory firm. He
Reading 5 The Time Value of Money Money has a time value because a unit of money received today is worth more than a unit of money to be received tomorrow. Interest rates can be interpreted in three ways.
Finance 350: Problem Set 6 Alternative Solutions Note: Where appropriate, the final answer for each problem is given in bold italics for those not interested in the discussion of the solution. I. Formulas
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KEATMX01_p001-008.qxd 11/4/05 4:47 PM Page 1 Calculations for Time Value of Money In this appendix, a brief explanation of the computation of the time value of money is given for readers not familiar with
CHAPTER 1 Compound Interest 1. Compound Interest The simplest example of interest is a loan agreement two children might make: I will lend you a dollar, but every day you keep it, you owe me one more penny.
Part 2 Important Financial Concepts Chapter 4 Time Value of Money Chapter 5 Risk and Return Chapter 6 Interest Rates and Bond Valuation Chapter 7 Stock Valuation 130 LG1 LG2 LG3 LG4 LG5 LG6 Chapter 4 Time
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319 CHAPTER 4 Personal Finance The following is an article from a Marlboro, Massachusetts newspaper. NEWSPAPER ARTICLE 4.1: LET S TEACH FINANCIAL LITERACY STEPHEN LEDUC WED JAN 16, 2008 Boston - Last week
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International Financial Strategies 1 Future Value and Compounding Future value = cash value of the investment at some point in the future Investing for single period: FV. Future Value PV. Present Value
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Reading 5 The Time Value of Money Money has a time value because a unit of money received today is worth more than a unit of money to be received tomorrow. Interest rates can be interpreted in three ways.
CHAPTER 6 Accounting and the Time Value of Money ASSIGNMENT CLASSIFICATION TABLE (BY TOPIC) Topics Questions Brief Exercises Exercises Problems 1. Present value concepts. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 17 2. Use of
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1 3. Time value of money We will review some tools for discounting cash flows. Simple interest 2 With simple interest, the amount earned each period is always the same: i = rp o where i = interest earned
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It is strange to learn that the observance of Christmas, which for four centuries was discountenanced in Scotland, was previous to the Reformation, more of a national festival in that country than in England. It began, by solemn proclamation, on 18th December and closed on 7th January.
Those three weeks were given over to peace, forgiveness, and rejoicing; no criminal court sat to dispense justice, for the worst of sinners was forgiven; hence the season was called Sanctuary. The belief is forced upon us that its privileges were abused, or our worthy leaders of the sixteenth century would not have so ruthlessly killed the spirit of rejoicing natural at the turn of the year.
For originally it was a nature festival. The yule log was kindled as a symbol of the re-kindling of the sun when it has passed the winter solstice. It was not until the fourth century after the birth of Christ that the Christian Church adopted this ancient pagan custom as a symbol of the birth of the Son of Righteousness.
It is instructive to dwell upon the continuity of history and the solidarity of the human race. East and West, ancient and modern, pagan and Christian, we are all bound together in unmistakable kinship by the spirit as shown by similarity of customs. Even the Christmas present is but a survival of the Yule gift of the ancient Romans, transmitted to us through the Romish Church.
It also links us with our Saxon and Danish ancestors who, in their northern forests, worshipped the reviving sun, burned their Yule log and sent peace gifts to neighbouring families and tribes. To this day, the Germans make much more than we do of the Christmas present.
As I write, the sky is so murky — it is so many days since we have seen the sun — that a few days more of such gloom will make pagans of all of us, ready to hold high festival when, next week, he renews his strength.
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Graphic overlays are often considered the “face” of your product because they’re the product's top layer and viewing surface. They are an integral part of your user interface design because they tell the user exactly how to operate the device. Graphic overlays can also be customized to your specific needs with different types of materials. There are many material options to choose from depending on your application and environment, so how do you know what material is best for you? Here is a comprehensive breakdown of the most common material types for graphic overlays.
1. Polyester Overlays:
Polyester overlays are the most frequently utilized material for graphic overlays as it is the most commonly used plastic in the world. Polyester overlays have good chemical resistance and can withstand higher temperatures compared to the other materials commonly used to produce graphic overlays.
Polyester overlays are most commonly used in applications where the product may be exposed to chemicals, harsh environments, temperature extremes, or cleaning agents. They’re also the most durable material that can be used even though their thickness only goes up to approximately .010”.
Common Industries Polyester Overlays are Used In:
- Industrial Controls
- Health & Wellness
- Fire & Safety
2. Polycarbonate Overlays:
Polycarbonate overlays are a common material used for graphic overlays when impact resistance and transparency are required, as they are naturally transparent materials. Polycarbonate material is known for being easy to laser cut, die-cut, screen print, and texturize. Unlike polyester overlays which are naturally chemical resistant, polycarbonate overlays need a hard coat protection to be applied to the top layer to increase the chemical resistance.
Standard polycarbonates can also be subjected to heat; however, they can only be exposed to a temperature of approximately 220 degrees Fahrenheit. Another form of polycarbonate overlay, known as an FR or Fire Retardant polycarbonate, can help to extinguish fires the overlay is exposed to or help with the temperature extremes the overlay may be placed into. When it comes to impact resistance for an overlay, polycarbonate overlays are hands-down the best material that can be used.
Common Industries Polycarbonate Overlays are Used In:
- Aerospace (Specifically flame retardant polycarbonate)
3. Acrylic Overlays:
Acrylic overlays are the least commonly used material for graphic overlays, but they’re another type of plastic overlay that can be utilized. Acrylic overlays gain popularity because they are clear and lightweight. It is also more transparent than typical glass and is nearly 50% lighter. If your main priority of an overlay is to diffuse or transmit light, then an acrylic overlay would be the best option for you. Acrylic overlays are strong and do not bend easily, which can help provide stiffness and make your display durable.
Common Industries Acrylic Overlays are Used In:
Other Material Options for Graphic Overlays
There are many other material options for your graphic overlays. Download our material selection chart for a comprehensive list of all material options.
No matter your application specifications, we have the material to suit your product best. Our experienced and educated team of engineers at BTI is willing to work with you to find what material would work best for you! Reach out to our team for any questions you may have or to get your next project started. We look forward to hearing from you!
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Lower Coastal Plain (Georgia)
Southeast Georgia's Lower Coastal Plain is a subregion that encompasses the lowest lying areas of the Atlantic coastal plain in the state, containing barrier islands, marshes, and swampy lowlands, as well as flat plains and low terraces. It differs from Georgia's Upper Coastal Plain in that it is lower in elevation with less relief and wetter soils. The United States Environmental Protection Agency defines the Lower Coastal Plain as an ecoregion, part of the larger, interstate Southern Coastal Plain.
Within the subregion flow the major rivers Altamaha, Ogeechee, Saint Marys, Savannah, Satilla, and Suwannee (all of which, except the Suwannee River, empty into the Atlantic Ocean); the Saint Marys and Suwannee rivers have their origins in the Okefenokee Swamp.
The subregion is synonymous with coastal Georgia, and contains the counties of Atkinson, Bacon, Brantley, Camden, Charlton, Clinch, Echols, Glynn, Lanier, Pierce, Ware, and Wayne, south of the Altamaha River; and Bryan, Chatham, Effingham, Liberty, Long, and McIntosh, north of the Altamaha River. The three metropolitan areas are those of Brunswick, Hinesville–Fort Stewart, and Savannah. The largest census county divisions, in the order of decreasing population, are Savannah, Hinesville, Pooler–Bloomingdale, Brunswick, Saint Marys, Tybee Island, Waycross, Jesup, Everett, and Richmond Hill. The total population of the eighteen-county subregion is 726,132 (286,271 south of, and 439,861 north of, the Altamaha River), as of the 2010 U.S. census.
- Griffith, Glenn E.; James M. Omernik, Jeffrey A. Comstock, Steve Lawrence, George Martin, Art Goddard, Vickie J. Hulcher, and Trish Foster., "Ecoregions of Alabama and Georgia" (PDF), United States Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved 2011-11-25, "75. Southern Coastal Plain (e-j)"
- "Visit the Georgia Coast". The Georgia Coast Travel Association. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- Parts of Appling, Bulloch, Coffee, Evans, Jeff Davis, Lowndes, Screven, and Tattnall, counties, are located within the EPA-defined ecoregion.
- "Population and Housing Occupancy Status: 2010 - United States -- Metropolitan Statistical Area". Bureau of the Census. United States Department of Commerce. April 14, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
- "2010 Census Interactive Population Search" (Interactive). Bureau of the Census. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
|This Georgia (U.S. state) location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
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Good oral hygiene habits are always the first line of defense against tooth decay. However, teeth can be difficult to protect as they have irregular shapes. Molars, particularly, are prone to buildup of food bits and bacteria that can lead to decay.
A great way to give molars an added layer of protection against cavities is a dental sealant, a thin, protective layer of dental material that adheres to the molars’ chewing surfaces and helps prevent food particles and bacteria from lodging in all the little crevices on them. At Bondi Dental, we’d like to introduce you to this inexpensive and effective treatment for patients of all ages.
Who Should Get Sealants?
The short answer? Children should get sealants and non-children should get sealants! Sealants help prevent cavities from forming, and have been shown to reduce the risk of decay by almost 80%.
Because the depressions and grooves of the premolars and molars of children can lead to decay in children and teenagers, these young patients are good candidates. Typically, children should receive sealants for permanent molars and premolars when they come in. If applied early, sealants can protect the teeth through the cavity-prone years of ages 6 to 14.
In fact, in some cases sealants can be applied earlier. In some cases Bondi Dental recommends sealants for infants, to protect temporary teeth, which help permanent teeth come into the mouth in proper alignment.
People often think that because they’re adults, sealants are not a treatment for them. But dental sealants can be ideal for anyone including adults with lightly damaged teeth. When a cavity or chip in a tooth is small, dental sealants provide the protection you need to keep the cavity or chip from expanding.
Sealants can also protect grooved teeth in adults. Adults benefit from sealants because they can save a tooth without removing any healthy tooth. If you thought sealatns were just for kids, you might want to think again!
What are Dental Sealants?
Dental sealants are a quick, easy, and relatively cheap (as opposed to the dental bills you might pay if you don’t seal teeth) solution for preventing cavities.
The sealant is a liquid plastic type material that, before curing, flows into the crevices of teeth to seal off areas that might be vulnerable to bacteria buildup and decay.
Here are the steps of a normal dental sealant treatment:
- The procedure begins with a healthy molar or premolar tooth free from tooth decay or dental restoration. It’s best to place a sealant on a molar or premolar within the first few months of its eruption into the mouth.
- The tooth is cleaned, rinsed, and completely dried.
- An etching material is applied to the grooves and crevices of the tooth. After a few seconds, the etching material is rinsed away and the tooth is dried again.
- A clear or tooth-colored liquid sealant material is painted into the grooves and crevices. It is important that the tooth stays very dry during this step. No wiggling for kids or adults!
- A blue light is used to cure or harden the sealant material. This takes a few seconds.
- The dentist checks to ensure that the material has covered and filled all of the tooth’s grooves and crevices.
These steps are repeated on each tooth that the dentist has recommended for sealants.
Taking Care of Dental Sealants
First off, good dental hygiene habits are important. With good home oral care and regular check ups at the dentist, sealants can last up to 10 years. Your dentist will check the structure and wear of the sealants at each dental exam and tell you when it is time for reapplication of the sealant.
Of course, patients with sealants should brush their teeth at least twice a day, floss regularly, and protect the sealants by avoiding stress on the teeth including tooth grinding.
It’s important not to abuse any teeth, but this is particularly true for teeth with sealants. Chewing hard things like ice will cause wear and tear on dental sealants. Even seemingly safe foods such as nuts or popcorn can accidentally cause damage to dental sealants. To take the best possible care of your dental sealants and be sure to schedule regular dental appointments so your dentist can check to see if your sealants are suffering due to food choices or habits.
If sealants do abrade or chip off, they can be quickly and easily replaced with another treatment.
The Bondi Dental Advantage
Bondi Dental is located in the Sydney area, at Bondi Beach. We offer high quality dental preventative, restorative, and cosmetic services for all patients in the region. Bondi Dental offers free parking at the rear of the building and FREE dental consultation including a complete dental check-up.
We are open 7 days a week 8am – 8pm!
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Primary sources are original documents created or experienced at the time of the event being researched. They are first-hand observations, contemporary accounts of events, and viewpoints of the time.
This page focuses on primary sources for the arts & humanities and social sciences. Please note, in the sciences, primary sources include journal articles that detail the results of original research.
Other types of information may also be considered to be primary sources if they are analyzed for their historical or cultural significance. If you're not sure what counts as a primary source for your assignment, ask your professor.
Although there is no "primary source" filter in OneSearch, you can filter your results in ways that will make you more likely to find primary sources.
Use the "resource type" filters on the left-hand side of the screen. Remember to click on "show more" to see all your options!
Although there is no "primary source" filter in OneSearch, you can filter your results in ways that will make you more likely to find primary sources
In the search box, adding words such as "oral history" or "diary" or "testimony" may be able to help you find such sources.
Some subjects will have more of these kinds of sources than others. Here are some examples of documents found with this technique.
Hostos Library provides access to databases that specialize in primary source materials.
Some documents fall into the public domain and are not covered by copyright. Under current copyright laws, public domain includes the following:
There are more complicated rules about anything published between 1923 and 1989.
What this means for your research is that there are many relevant primary sources available in the public domain. Google Books has digitized and made available many such books.
Library Info and Research Help | email@example.com (718) 518-4215
Loans or Fines | firstname.lastname@example.org (718) 518-4222
475 Grand Concourse (A Building), Room 308, Bronx, NY 10451
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The title of this video is "What Colour Is The Moon?"
This video explains why we see a different colour of the moon on earth (white) while in space, astronauts see the moon as grey.
Three things that I learnt in the video:
- The moon reflects about 13% of the light that hits its surface
- Before the brain figures out what colour something is, they first figure out how bright that thing is.
- The reason why we see the moon as white or bright as our eye has nothing to compare the moon with but the dark sky. Therefore, we see the moon as something bright.
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UTC to RT Rt Converter
Universal Time Coordinated is 4 hours behind Réunion Time
11:30 am11:30 in UTC is 3:30 pm15:30 in RT
UTC to RT call time
Best time for a conference call or a meeting is between 8am-2pm in UTC which corresponds to 12pm-6pm in RT
11:30 am11:30 Universal Time Coordinated (UTC). Offset UTC 0:00 hours
3:30 pm15:30 Réunion Time (RT). Offset UTC +4:00 hours
11:30 am11:30 UTC / 3:30 pm15:30 RT
Universal Time Coordinated
Offset: UTC is 0 hours ahead Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and is used in Universal
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is the world time standard that regulates clocks and time. It is successor to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For casual use, UTC is the same as GMT, but is used by the scientific community.
UTC is the time standard commonly used across the world since 1972. It is used in many technical fields, like aviation industry and meteorologists, also used to synchronize time across internet networks.
UTC representations, usage and related time zones
- Z - is the zone designator for the zero UTC/GMT offset, also known as 'Zulu' time
- +00 - basic short
- +0000 - basic
- +00:00 - extended
- +0000 - sign character (+) followed by a four digit time providing hours (00) and minutes (00) of the offset. Indicates zero hour and zero minutes time differences of the zero meridian.
- Zulu - Military abbreviation for UTC
- Z - short form of 'Zulu'
- EGST - Eastern Greenland Summer Time
- GMT - Greenwich Mean Time
- WET - Western European Time
- AZOST - Azores Summer Time
- UTC - Universal Time Coordinated
- WT - Western Sahara Standard Time
- Z - Zulu Time Zone
Offset: RT is 4 hours ahead Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) and is used in Indian
RT representations, usage and related time zones
- +04 - basic short
- +0400 - basic
- +04:00 - extended
- +0400 - sign character (+) followed by a four digit time providing hours (04) and minutes (00) of the offset. Indicates four hour and zero minutes time differences to the east of the zero meridian.
- Delta - Military abbreviation for RT
- D - short form of 'Delta'
- KUYT - Kuybyshev Time
- MSD - Moscow Daylight Time
- SAMT - Samara Time
- AMT - Armenia Time
- AZT - Azerbaijan Time
- D - Delta Time Zone
- GET - Georgia Standard Time
- GST - Gulf Standard Time
- MUT - Mauritius Time
- RET - Reunion Time
- SCT - Seychelles Time
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- slide 1 of 10
Misgivings over Safety Control in Nuclear Power Plants
The severity level of the Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster in Fukushima, Japan, last March, 2011, has been raised from a scale of level five to level seven. Accordingly, the severity rose as officials of Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) disclosed that the damages to the plant have progressed --- fuel rods have melted in three of the plant’s fuel reactors.
Fears over the effects of nuclear radiation continue to mount as critical information about the power plant’s faulty safety controls came into the open. Controversial issues related to the plant’s safety included TEPCO’s 2002 admission that the company had been submitting fake maintenance reports to the government’s regulators. In 2007, the electric company also suppressed information about six incidents of emergency stoppages in the Daiichi nuclear plant.
Mitsuhiko Tanaka, a former Hitachi-Daiichi nuclear engineer revealed that the steel pressure vessel, which contains the fuel rods in Daiichi’s number four reactor, was flawed from the start.
Tanaka admitted that in 1975, his team discovered that braces, which should have been placed inside the vessel, were missing. Moreover, he and his team also found that the vessel’s steel walls warped when subjected to temperature levels of 600o Celsius as part of their strengthening processes.
Tanaka further admitted that he had orchestrated a cover-up by submitting fake reports in order to pass safety inspections. Doing so had saved Hitachi, the vessel manufacturer from bankruptcy; inasmuch as the Japanese government’s law for flawed vessels demanded that they should be scrapped altogether.
Ten years later and two months after the Chernobyl nuclear accident, engineer Tanaka decided to report the cover-up to Japan’s Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry. Unfortunately, Tanaka's revelations did not receive much attention to merit a full-scale investigation and inspection of the Daiichi power plant.
Four more nuclear facilities in Japan, namely, Chubu Electric Power Co., Tohoku Electric Power Co. and Hokuriku Electric Power Co. and Kansai Electric Power Co. (Osaka) have followed suit in admitting that they had also submitted fake safety reports. Other disclosures included information that Chubu Electric Power Co. is located near Japan's earthquake fault-lines. On top of all these, there were numerous suppressed reports of nuclear accidents in different facilities during the past years, all of which emanated from omissions in safety systems.
In view of all these revelations, the greater concerns to consider are the effects of nuclear radiation brought about by accidents once they happen. A level seven nuclear accident denotes that the nuclear power plant has sustained severe damages and there is a total breakdown in the plant’s safety control mechanisms.
- slide 2 of 10
Understanding the INES Scale
The “International Nuclear and Radiological Events (INES) Scale" indicates the severity by which radioactive materials impact the surroundings after a nuclear event. It ranges from a scale of one to seven, for which levels one (1) to three (3) are classified as an “incident" while levels four (4) to seven (7) fall under the “accident" classification. Understand that any increase in level, raises the severity of the problems by tenfold.
Level One – The event is related to an anomaly or theft or breach of operational limits in a nuclear facility and does not require radiological barriers and control since it does not pose grave danger to the people and the environment.
Level Two – The incident involves a breakdown in the safety function of the power plant’s emergency power supply. There is a resulting failure in accessing the control system at the plant’s accelerator facility, in which radiation levels were detected at more than 50 mSV/h in the operating area.
Level Three – This is considered as serious nuclear incident, which involves the occurrence of a fire that causes near accident, resulting in loss of the safety systems at the facility. The problem is aggravated by the release of a substantial amount of radioactive concentration, but remains contained within the nuclear installation.
Level Four – This elevates the incident to the accident classification as the power plant has lost its defense-in-depth systems, thereby, releasing substantial amounts of radioactive material within the nuclear installation as a result of fuel melts. Amounts released are more than 0.1 percent of the nuclear plant’s core inventory, which can be expected to reach and affect the public.
Level Five – This type of accident is determined to have a wider coverage of the consequences inasmuch as the damages sustained is in the plant facility’s reactor core and there is loss of the defense-in-depth system. There are large quantities of radioactive material released within the installation and the likeliest possibility of exposing the public to harmful contamination. The criticality of the accident is expected to include the occurrence of fire.
Level Six – Considered as a serious power plant accident where there is loss of the defense-in-depth system and that radiological measures and control barriers are rendered ineffective. This type of accident calls for the implementation of the planned countermeasures against the significant release of radioactive materials that affect the public and the environment.
Level Seven – This denotes a major nuclear accident. The release of radioactive material is widespread and the problems more complex. Measures taken extend beyond the planned consequence and risk management strategies.
- slide 3 of 10
Significance of mSv as a Unit of Radiation Exposure Measurement
Comprehend that the metric unit “mSv" denotes the measure of radioactive energy that penetrates human or living tissues.
The letters “Sv" stand for Sievert (See-vert), which measures the amount of energy absorbed by the body that is expected to create harmful biological effects on the human being.
The “m" stands for Milli or a thousandth part of the energy absorbed. In some cases the measure is expressed as microsievert, which means a millionth part of the radioactive absorption.
If the measure is expressed as “mSv/h", the “h" stands for hour. In which case, the measurement context denotes the rate by which a specific amount of radioactive energy penetrates the human tissues in a matter of one hour.
- slide 4 of 10
Potential Radiation-Related Problems
Responders to the accident, the rescuers and the plant workers have the highest potential and degree of exposure due to their involvement in the emergency activities.
In the event that a level seven nuclear power plant accident takes place, the people, land and everything within 20 to 30 kilometer radius around the plant’s vicinity are contaminated by a mixture of radioactive substances. The latter enters the body by way of skin penetration, inhalation of contaminated air and/or through the ingestion of contaminated food or water.
These substances are called “radionuclides" which were produced during the fission that transpired inside the reactor core. The most harmful radionuclides that can affect human health are the (1) radioactive iodine and (2) radioactive caesium.
Humans are said to be exposed to low doses of these radiologically active substances as part of their day to day activities. They become threats to life and the surroundings once they exceed the established safety levels per person.
The first signs that the amount of radioactive materials received by human tissues has been excessive are: skin reddening, radiation burns, hair loss, and a disorder known as Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS).
- slide 5 of 10
What is Acute Radiation Syndrome?
A person, who was exposed to high doses of radiation over a short period of time, is liable to develop ARS because the radioactive material that entered his body has reached and affected his internal organs.
Typically, a person afflicted with ARS experiences nausea, vomiting and diarrhea within minutes or days after being exposed to the radionuclides. The symptoms are expected to last for several minutes or days and are likely to come and go. This will later develop into a more serious health condition wherein the afflicted person debilitates due to loss of appetite, fever, fatigue and in most severe cases, seizures or becomes comatose.
ARS becomes fatal if the illness is allowed to progress into a state of bone marrow deterioration, because such a condition eventually leads to infection and internal bleeding; hence, it is important to seek immediate medical attention in order to increase one’s chances of recovering from the disorder.
- slide 6 of 10
Radioactive Iodine and Thyroid Cancer
The human body readily absorbs iodine whether by way of inhalation or ingestion. Once the substance enters the body, it is capable of crossing the bloodstream. As radioactive iodine flows into the body, the thyroid’s absorption process will include the said substance as part of the nutrients. Excessive radioactive accumulation can cause cell mutation or cell destruction by affecting nearby cells, which increases the risk of developing into thyroid cancer.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) furnishes information that taking potassium iodide pills can help lower the risks of thyroid cancer, since the medication can prevent the thyroid from reabsorbing the radioactive iodine carried by the blood cells.
- The risks of thyroid cancer are higher among children who were exposed to radioactive doses of more than 100 mSv.
- slide 7 of 10
Radioactive Caesium and Its Effects
Radioactive caesium that is contacted, inhaled or ingested, can easily penetrate the soft-muscle tissues and could cause involuntary muscular reflexes, spasms and damage to the reproductive organ.
- The concern over caesium as a radionuclide is long-term effects and greater potential of developing into a cancerous health disorder. Unlike radioactive iodine, caesium takes longer to disintegrate once the substance enters the body and cannot be prevented from participating in the re-absorption processes while inside the human body.
- Caesium-137 has a half-life of 30 years, which denotes that it will take around 240 years before the substance is converted or ceases to be a radioactive substance.
- Caesium-134 has a half-life of two years, which will take about 20 years before it fully loses its radioactive properties.
- slide 8 of 10
How Radiation Can Affect Fetuses and Children
The unborn child of a pregnant woman, exposed to radioactive materials, is at risk of brain damage. Doses of radiation exceeding 100mSv can cause fetal brain damage during the 8th to 15th week of the gestation period, and 200 mSv during the 16th-25th week. Fetal exposure, regardless of gestation period increases the risks of childhood cancer.
Children are said to be the most affected due to their inability to fully understand damage brought about by life changing events. Loss of property, lives, relocation, health and even a community, cause emotional stress to everyone directly affected, particularly the younger generations.
Nevertheless both adults and children may show signs of emotional distress, which are exhibited by the following symptoms:
- Anxiety over the effects of radiation and possible development of cancer as an illness
- Loss of appetite
- Trouble sleeping
- Behavioral changes common among children, i.e. clinging, nail-biting, bed wetting, irritability
- Difficulty in overcoming fear and developing new ones
- Feelings of guilt and suicidal tendencies
- Disorganized behavior
These symptoms are typically manifested for days, weeks or months and the WHO gives advice that anyone with such symptoms should see a health professional. The primary objective is to help the affected person overcome his grief, loss or anxieties. Early management is said to be the best way to prevent any emotional distress from developing into a long-term mental illness. Psychological stress is said to be the most detrimental and lingering health disorder that affects those who survived a nuclear accident.
- slide 9 of 10
Effects of Radionuclides on the Environment
Although food contamination is one of the many effects of radiological exposure, food substances that were dispatched prior to the disastrous event are not affected. Radioactive iodine in food has a short-term effect on the environment due to its shorter half-life as it loses its radiologic properties within a shorter life span.
1. This stands opposed to radioactive caesium C-137 and C-134, which lingers in the environment in a radioactive state for longer durations of up to 240 years and 20 years, respectively.
2. Rain water, snow and atmospheric deposits bring down the radioactive materials onto the Earth’s surface and are absorbed by the soil or combines with water. Agricultural produce grown from contaminated soil and/or irrigated with contaminated water are likely to contain radionuclides. Plants naturally absorb the harmful substances as part of the soil’s nutrients.
3. Animal feeds, fodder, pastures, and open-sources of drinking water that were contaminated during a level seven nuclear disaster, are later ingested by animals that are oblivious to the hazards. These animals are likely to produce milk or eggs or become sources of food, thereby transferring the undestroyed radionuclides to another animal or to humans.
4. Bodies of water are also contaminated by the radioactive nuclides and likewise affect aquatic animals particularly those consumed as food by humans. The contamination of algae and planktons, on which aquatic animals rely for subsistence, can likewise cause the indirect transfer of radioactive materials to humans.
The effects of nuclear radiation to public health and the environment are many, which were all monitored and documented by organizations like the WHO and the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). However, it seems that those who operate the nuclear power plants have learned very little from all the accidents that have happened.
The causes of most nuclear power plant disasters can be easily summarized as system flaws and failures that were deliberately ignored and intentionally suppressed.
- slide 10 of 10
Reference Materials and Image Credit Section
- By Clenfield, Jason "Japan Nuclear Disaster Caps Decades of Faked Reports, Accidents" - Bloomberg Mar 18, 2011 4:52 PM
- IAEA.org "The International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale"
- WHO- Health Action in Crises May 12,2011
- CDC.govt - "Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS): A Fact Sheet for the Public"
- Fukushima7 by Rama C. Hoetzlein /Wikimedia
- International Nuclear Event Scale Triangle en by 102orion/Wikimedia
- Cae halle Germany 2010 by Herder3 /Wikimedia
- Hiroshima girl by Dake at fr.wikipedia/ Wikimedia /Wikimedia
- Illu thyroid parathyroid, a work of the United States Federal Government / Wikimedia
- Cs-137 from nuclear tests by Harold L. Beck, National Cancer Institute/Wikimedia
- Japan Evacuees Brave Radiation Fears to Briefly Return Home by Steve Herman - VOA April 12 2011 Namie-05- Wikimedia
Cattle have been left to forage on their own for the past month, Namie, Fukushima Pref., Japan, April 12 2011 / Wikimedia VOA by Steve Herman
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Rules and Regulations
The State of California Department of Health Services sets the standards for levels of treatment and types of uses for recycled water. These standards are included in the California Code of Regulations, Title 22.
There are extensive rules and regulations (PDF) regarding the use of recycled water in the City of San Diego. These include making sure all pipes, sprinkler heads, meter boxes, and other irrigation equipment are properly marked or color-coded purple and proper signage to distinguish them from potable water supplies. The Public Utilities Department will work with customers to ensure they are in compliance with all regulations.
Approved uses include the irrigation of parks, playgrounds, school yards, residential landscaping, common areas, nurseries, freeway landscaping and golf courses. Additional approved uses for recycled water include recreational water bodies including fishing, boating and source water for industrial processing, commercial laundries and soil compaction.
With further advanced treatment, recycled water has been approved as an addition to existing water supplies in underground basins and open reservoirs. This process is called groundwater recharge or reservoir augmentation and is occurring in other parts of California and the United States, but is not occurring in San Diego at this time.
For more information about the Recycled Water Program, please e-mail us at email@example.com.
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It involves specifying a theory or hypothesis, including a Procedure for testing it.
The four corners of the Process icon stand for the Shewhart Process-cycle definition of “Plan-Do-Study-Act”.
The “Plan” phase sets out the order and timing of tasks and events that need to occur to achieve the “Do” phase. In addition, Plan specifies the entry and Exit-Conditions for the “Do” phase, including the criteria for terminating it early (prior to required results being achieved) and the testing procedures. It also plans the Resources required.
Plan is the west side of the rectangular Process symbol.
This Concept entered by Diane O'Brien.
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Ethics and the American
Dr. David Perry
Professor of Ethics, U.S. Army War College
Presented at Dickinson College, 18 November 2003
I'm very grateful to Prof. Susan Feldman for inviting me to participate in this important
and timely symposium. (Please note that although I'm a member of the faculty at the Army
War College, I'm not an official spokesperson for it or the Department of Defense, and
none of my comments should be construed as necessarily reflecting official U.S. views or
I'm persuaded that the U.S. is an imperial power in important respects, but also that the
American empire can be a force for justice today, as long as its policies and actions
reflect certain moral values and limits. Allow me to explain.
We may be tempted to think that when the U.S. gained its independence from the British
Empire, it became something entirely other than an empire. Now in some ways it was
different: our new state and federal governments were much more accountable to their
citizens than Britain had been to its colonists. But soon after the U.S. gained
independence, it began acquiring additional lands from European empires-some peacefully,
some coercively, but all without the consent of their inhabitants:
- Territories west to the Mississippi by treaty with Britain in 1797;
- The Louisiana Purchase in 1804;
- The annexation of Florida by 1820;
- The conquest of New Mexico and California in the 1840s;
- The purchase of Alaska in 1867;
- And the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines in the late 1890s.
In addition, there were many occasions during the 20th Century when the U.S. forcibly
intervened in foreign countries to overthrow governments that displeased it for various
reasons, such as the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Granada and
So I think it's accurate to say that the U.S. has had many "imperial moments" in
its history. Perhaps the American empire has been relatively benign compared with the
treatment of conquered peoples by other large empires of the past, such as the Persian,
Mongol, Ottoman, Russian, Japanese, German or Soviet empires. But to the extent that
possessing an empire implies a lack of consent on the part of communities thus acquired or
subjugated, it clearly bears some burden of moral justification no matter what form of
central government it has, but especially in the case of the U.S. which claims to embody
and promote principles of republican democracy.
Can we nonetheless identify instances of U.S. "imperialism" that have been
admirable in at least some respects? Well, after our military helped to defeat Germany and
Japan in 1945, we occupied those countries in many ways like an imperial power, installing
new political and economic systems, and even trying to mold their cultures to make fascism
and militarism less palatable. The Soviet Union did those things in Eastern Europe, too.
In both cases the long-term interests of the occupying powers were served. But unlike the
Soviet empire, American imperial occupation shortly left Germany and Japan with
independent governments that were subject to domestic democratic controls, and economic
systems that allowed their citizens to prosper. Within the past decade, we can also point
to our military interventions in Somalia, Haiti and Kosovo as instances when we acted with
intentions that were largely humanitarian.
In regard to Afghanistan and Iraq, it's certainly fair to point out that prior to 9-11 we
were not willing to intervene militarily to overthrow the governments of the Taliban or
Saddam Hussein, in spite of the extremely brutal ways in which they governed. On the
other hand, even if our recent invasions and current occupations of those countries can be
characterized as imperial in many respects, I'm persuaded that the President does not
intend to establish puppet governments there, nor economic arrangements that will be only
to our benefit. Why do I believe that? Because we're working with Afghanis and Iraqis to
write constitutions that guarantee their basic rights, to elect their leaders
democratically, to organize town councils, to run independent newspapers, and to rebuild
schools, hospitals and clinics, utilities, roads and bridges.
Should the U.S. retain at least some imperial prerogatives? I think so, since there are
very likely to be situations where no other option will realistically address a grave
problem. But let me suggest a few guiding principles for ethical empires:
1) Military intervention to depose a foreign regime may sometimes be justified in
the interest of national defense or regional security, or to end its abuses of human
2) But out of respect for the U.N. Charter and other international agreements, and
in order to minimize the incidence of unjust military aggression, unilateral military
intervention should only be used as a last resort when international legal procedures
prove inadequate to promote national or regional security or to end grave abuses of human
3) Interventions that remove governments should not result in long-term annexation
of those nations or subjugation of their citizens. Rather, the goal should be to enable
them to establish new governments that are independent, democratically accountable, and
that have sufficient checks on internal abuses of governmental power.
Have we lived up to these and other important ethical principles recently? Not entirely.
Here are some items that greatly
First, although the threat to American citizens of indiscriminate mass murder by groups
like Al Qaeda was and is quite real, in our response to their attacks, in waging a vague
and potentially endless "war on terror," we've given ourselves permission to
assassinate or detain "enemy combatants" without adequate legal constraints.
This seems at the very least inconsistent with the President's claim in his September 2002
National Security Strategy that "America must stand firmly for the nonnegotiable
demands of human dignity," which were said to include the rule of law, limits on the
absolute power of the state, and equal justice (p. 3).
Second, neither we nor our NATO allies are doing enough in Afghanistan now to protect
civilians from local warlords or remnants of the Taliban and Al Qaeda.
Third, in addition to officially blaming the Taliban and Saddam Hussein for all civilian
deaths that have occurred during our recent and ongoing wars, we also have not tried hard
enough to count how many have died, let alone how often we were responsible for their
deaths even if only unintentionally in attacking military targets.
Fourth, as we did during the Cold War, we've developed diplomatic and military
relationships with authoritarian regimes like those in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, which
may share our concern about international terrorism but deny their own citizens basic
rights. And in some cases we've reportedly sent Al Qaeda prisoners to countries that
regularly use torture (e.g., Jordan, Egypt, Morocco).
Fifth, although I believe that our preventive invasion of Iraq and overthrow of Saddam
Hussein were morally justified, some of the reasons cited by our senior officials appear
now to have been weakly supported by hard evidence, or perhaps even intentionally
misleading. This not only undermines our credibility, it sets a dangerous precedent for
future wars by opportunistic states.
Finally, there are practical limits to the exercise of American imperial power. The most
obvious one is that imperialism produces popular backlash and resentment, which can
undermine the intended effects of even the most humanitarian of military interventions. A
domestic limit on an expanding American empire is rooted in our long-term domestic
demographic trends and economic entitlements. More specifically, in a few decades the
number of elderly Americans on Social Security and Medicare relative to younger working
adults will increase dramatically. Since working adults are not likely to feel good about
significantly increasing their own taxes, our political leaders will probably not be able
to sustain the level of defense spending that a robust global American empire would
require. In other words, we may not be able or willing to pay for such an empire.
Andrew Bacevich, ed., The Imperial Tense: Prospects and Problems of American Empire,
Chris Brown, "Self-Defense in an Imperfect World," Michael Byers, "Letting
the Exception Prove the Rule," and
Thomas Nichols, "Just War, Not Prevention," Ethics & International
Affairs 17/1, 2003.
Pamela Constable, "A Role Model in Afghanistan," Washington Post National
Weekly Edition, 6-12 October 2003.
Ronald Dworkin, "Terror and the Attack on Civil Liberties," New York Review
of Books 50/17, 6 November 2003.
Thomas Friedman, "The Least Bad Option," New York Times, 12 October
David Luban, "The War on Terrorism and the End of Human Rights," Philosophy
& Public Policy Quarterly 22/3
Kenneth Pollack, The Threatening Storm, 2002.
Dana Priest and Barton Gellman, "U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations,"
Washington Post, 26 December
U.S. Dept. of Defense, "Iraq Progress Report," 2 September 2003.
Go to Dr. Perry's
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Valtrex is the generic name for the drug valacyclovir. It has applications in clinical practice as a drug that is effective against certain viruses. One such virus is the herpesvirus that is responsible for the development of cold sores. In this article, we shall briefly review the effect of Valtrex on cold sores.
What is Valtrex and how does Valtrex work?
Valtrex is an anti-viral agent that acts upon the genetic material of the virus through a specific enzyme. Once it is taken orally, it is broken down into its active form called acyclovir. Acyclovir is a commonly prescribed drug in the management of herpes infections, thus making Valtrex a useful drug in managing these infections as well.
Cold sores are sometimes called herpes labialis in the medical world. It starts off as an infection of the angle of the mouth by the herpes simplex virus. Most patients tend to have no symptoms but some may develop small boils and ulcers.
The virus takes a rest within the nerve fibres of the trigeminal nerve and when stimulating by triggers such as trauma, stress or fever, it can break out into small red spots around the mouth. They tend to be single in most cases though multiple spots may be seen rarely. This is known as cold sores.
Dosage of Valtrex in cold sores
In patients who have cold sores, Valtrex is prescribed at the dose of 2 g twice a day at 12 hour intervals. Only a single day worth of treatment is prescribed as this is sufficient to treat the infection. While Valtrex is helpful in reducing itching and pain due to the cold sores, it does not necessarily cure the infection completely. However, it reassuringly can prevent the development of new lesions.
As always, it is strongly recommended that all patients see a registered health care practitioner and take these drugs only on prescription.
Side-effects and precautions
The common side-effects that patients taking Valtrex experience include headaches, nausea and vomiting. Some patients may have a history of developing an allergic reaction to the drug and in such patients adequate precautions must be observed. Ideally such patients must not be prescribed the medication.
In elderly patients, there is a high chance that Valtrex can cause side effects on the kidney and the brain and care must be therefore taken. In such situations, it is advised that Valtrex be avoided particularly if the kidney function is poor.
There are side-effects include problems with the way the blood clots. Recognised conditions include thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
Valtrex is useful in the treatment of cold sores in both adults and children.
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125+ Albert Camus Quotes: Words of Wisdom from the Iconic French Philosopher
Albert Camus’ quotes are often thought-provoking and profound. Albert Camus was a French philosopher, author, and journalist who was born in 1913 and died in 1960. He is known for his existentialist beliefs and focus on the human condition.
Camus is most famous for his novel “The Stranger” and his work “The Myth of Sisyphus.” He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957 for his body of work. Some of his most popular quotes are showcased below.
118 Most Memorable Albert Camus Quotes
These are some of the most memorable and famous quotes by Albert Camus:
- A free press can, of course, be good or bad, but, most certainly without freedom, the press will never be anything but bad.
- A guilty conscience needs to confess. A work of art is a confession.
- A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world.
- A man’s work is nothing but this slow trek to rediscover, through the detours of art, those two or three great and simple images in whose presence his heart first opened.
- After all manner of professors have done their best for us, the place we are to get knowledge is in books. The true university of these days is a collection of books.
- After all, every murderer when he kills runs the risk of the most dreadful of deaths, whereas those who kill him risk nothing except promotion.
- Ah, mon cher, for anyone who is alone, without God and without a master, the weight of days is dreadful.
- Alas, after a certain age every man is responsible for his face.
- All great deeds and all great thoughts have a ridiculous beginning. Great works are often born on a street corner or in a restaurant’s revolving door.
- All modern revolutions have ended in a reinforcement of the power of the State.
- All that I know most surely about morality and obligations I owe to football.
- An intellectual is someone whose mind watches itself.
- As a remedy to life in society I would suggest the big city. Nowadays, it is the only desert within our means.
- At 30 a man should know himself like the palm of his hand, know the exact number of his defects and qualities, know how far he can go, foretell his failures be what he is. And, above all, accept these things.
- Autumn is a second spring when every leaf is a flower.
- Beauty is unbearable, drives us to despair, offering us for a minute the glimpse of an eternity that we should like to stretch out over the whole of time.
- Blessed are the hearts that can bend; they shall never be broken.
- By definition, a government has no conscience. Sometimes it has a policy, but nothing more.
- Charm is a way of getting the answer ‘Yes’ without asking a clear question.
- Conscious of not being able to separate myself from my time, I have decided to become part of it.
- Culture: the cry of men in face of their destiny.
- Don’t wait for the last judgment it takes place every day.
- Each generation doubtless feels called upon to reform the world. Mine knows that it will not reform it, but its task is perhaps even greater. It consists in preventing the world from destroying itself.
- Every artist preserves deep within him a single source from which, throughout his lifetime, he draws what he is, and what he says. When the source dries up, the work withers and crumbles.
- Every great work makes the human face more admirable and richer, and that is its whole secret.
- Every man, and for stronger reasons, every artist, wants to be recognized. So do I.
- Every revolutionary ends up either by becoming an oppressor or a heretic.
- Every time somebody speaks of my honesty, there is someone who quivers inside me.
- For centuries the death penalty, often accompanied by barbarous refinements, has been trying to hold crime in check; yet crime persists. Why? Because the instincts that are warring in man are not, as the law claims, constant forces in a state of equilibrium.
- Freedom is nothing but a chance to be better.
- He who despairs of the human condition is a coward, but he who has hope for it is a fool.
- How hard, how bitter it is to become a man!
- I am not made for politics because I am incapable of wanting or accepting the death of the adversary.
- I grew up with the sea, and poverty for me was sumptuous; then I lost the sea and found all luxuries gray and poverty unbearable.
- I have never been able to renounce the light, the pleasure of being, and the freedom in which I grew up.
- I should like to be able to love my country and still love justice.
- I was born poor and without religion, under a happy sky, feeling harmony, not hostility, in nature. I began not by feeling torn, but in plenitude.
- I would rather live my life as if there is a God and die to find out there isn’t, than live as if there isn’t and to die to find out that there is.
- In order to exist just once in the world, it is necessary never again to exist.
- In order to exist, man must rebel, but rebellion must respect the limits that it discovers in itself limits where minds meet, and in meeting, begin to exist.
- In order to speak about all and to all, one has to speak of what all know and of the reality common to us all. The sea, rains, necessity, desire, the struggle against death… these are things that unite us all.
- In order to understand the world, one has to turn away from it on occasion.
- In the depth of winter I finally learned that there was in me an invincible summer.
- Integrity has no need of rules.
- It is a kind of spiritual snobbery that makes people think they can be happy without money.
- It is normal to give away a little of one’s life in order not to lose it all.
- Judging whether life is or is not worth living amounts to answering the fundamental question of philosophy.
- Lying is not only saying what isn’t true. It is also, in fact especially, saying more than is true and, in the case of the human heart, saying more than one feels. We all do it, every day, to make life simpler.
- Man is the only creature that refuses to be what he is.
- Man wants to live, but it is useless to hope that this desire will dictate all his actions.
- Men are convinced of your arguments, your sincerity, and the seriousness of your efforts only by your death.
- Men are never really willing to die except for the sake of freedom: therefore they do not believe in dying completely.
- Men must live and create. Live to the point of tears.
- Methods of thought which claim to give the lead to our world in the name of revolution have become, in reality, ideologies of consent and not of rebellion.
- No cause justifies the deaths of innocent people.
- No matter what cause one defends, it will suffer permanent disgrace if one resorts to blind attacks on crowds of innocent people.
- Nobody realizes that some people expend tremendous energy merely to be normal.
- Note, besides, that it is no more immoral to directly rob citizens than to slip indirect taxes into the price of goods that they cannot do without.
- Nothing is more despicable than respect based on fear.
- One leader, one people, signifies one master and millions of slaves.
- Only a philosophy of eternity, in the world today, could justify nonviolence.
- Real generosity toward the future lies in giving all to the present.
- Real nobility is based on scorn, courage, and profound indifference.
- Retaliation is related to nature and instinct, not to law. Law, by definition, cannot obey the same rules as nature.
- Some people talk in their sleep. Lecturers talk while other people sleep.
- Stupidity has a knack of getting its way.
- The artist forges himself to the others, midway between the beauty he cannot do without and the community he cannot tear himself away from. That is why true artists scorn nothing: they are obliged to understand rather than to judge.
- The day when I am no more than a writer I shall cease to be a writer.
- The evil that is in the world almost always comes of ignorance, and good intentions may do as much harm as malevolence if they lack understanding.
- The gods had condemned Sisyphus to ceaselessly rolling a rock to the top of a mountain, whence the stone would fall back of its own weight. They had thought with some reason that there is no more dreadful punishment than futile and hopeless labor.
- The modern mind is in complete disarray. Knowledge has stretched itself to the point where neither the world nor our intelligence can find any foothold. It is a fact that we are suffering from nihilism.
- The myth of unlimited production brings war in its train as inevitably as clouds announce a storm.
- The need to be right is the sign of a vulgar mind.
- The only real progress lies in learning to be wrong all alone.
- The only really committed artist is he who, without refusing to take part in the combat, at least refuses to join the regular armies and remains a freelance.
- The only way to deal with an unfree world is to become so absolutely free that your very existence is an act of rebellion.
- The real passion of the twentieth century is servitude.
- The role of the intellectual cannot be to excuse the violence of one side and condemn that of the other.
- The society based on production is only productive, not creative.
- The welfare of the people in particular has always been the alibi of tyrants.
- The world is never quiet, even its silence eternally resounds with the same notes, in vibrations which escape our ears. As for those that we perceive, they carry sounds to us, occasionally a chord, never a melody.
- There is but one truly serious philosophical problem and that is suicide.
- There is in me an anarchy and frightful disorder. Creating makes me die a thousand deaths, because it means making order, and my entire being rebels against order. But without it I would die, scattered to the winds.
- There is no fate that cannot be surmounted by scorn.
- There is the good and the bad, the great and the low, the just and the unjust. I swear to you that all that will never change.
- There will be no lasting peace either in the heart of individuals or in social customs until death is outlawed.
- Those who lack the courage will always find a philosophy to justify it.
- Those who weep for the happy periods which they encounter in history acknowledge what they want; not the alleviation but the silencing of misery.
- Those who write clearly have readers, those who write obscurely have commentators.
- To assert in any case that a man must be absolutely cut off from society because he is absolutely evil amounts to saying that society is absolutely good, and noone in his right mind will believe this today.
- To be famous, in fact, one has only to kill one’s landlady.
- To be happy we must not be too concerned with others.
- To correct a natural indifference I was placed halfway between misery and the sun. Misery kept me from believing that all was well under the sun, and the sun taught me that history wasn’t everything.
- To cut short the question of the law of retaliation, we must note that even in its primitive form it can operate only between two individuals of whom one is absolutely innocent, and the other absolutely guilty. The victim, to be sure, is innocent. But can the society that is supposed to represent the victim lay claim to innocence?
- To govern means to pillage, as everyone knows.
- To insure the adoration of a theorem for any length of time, faith is not enough, a police force is needed as well.
- To know oneself, one should assert oneself.
- Too many have dispensed with generosity in order to practice charity.
- Truly fertile Music, the only kind that will move us, that we shall truly appreciate, will be a Music conducive to Dream, which banishes all reason and analysis. One must not wish first to understand and then to feel. Art does not tolerate Reason.
- Truth is mysterious, elusive, always to be conquered. Liberty is dangerous, as hard to live with as it is elating. We must march toward these two goals, painfully but resolutely, certain in advance of our failings on so long a road.
- Truth, like light, blinds. Falsehood, on the contrary, is a beautiful twilight that enhances every object.
- Violence is both unavoidable and unjustifiable.
- Virtue cannot separate itself from reality without becoming a principle of evil.
- We are all special cases.
- We call first truths those we discover after all the others.
- We continue to shape our personality all our life. If we knew ourselves perfectly, we should die.
- We rarely confide in those who are better than we are.
- We turn toward God only to obtain the impossible.
- We used to wonder where war lived, what it was that made it so vile. And now we realize that we know where it lives… inside ourselves.
- What is a rebel? A man who says no: but whose refusal does not imply a renunciation.
- What the world requires of the Christians is that they should continue to be Christians.
- When you have really exhausted an experience you always reverence and love it.
- Why should it be essential to love rarely in order to love much?
- Without culture, and the relative freedom it implies, society, even when perfect, is but a jungle. This is why any authentic creation is a gift to the future.
- Without freedom, no art; art lives only on the restraints it imposes on itself, and dies of all others.
- You cannot create experience. You must undergo it.
- You have to be very rich or very poor to live without a trade.
10 ‘The Stranger’ Albert Camus Quotes
Here are some quotes from one of Albert Camus’ most significant works, ‘The Stranger’:
- I may not have been sure about what really did interest me, but I was absolutely sure about what didn’t.
- Since we’re all going to die, it’s obvious that when and how don’t matter.
- I looked up at the mass of signs and stars in the night sky and laid myself open for the first time to the benign indifference of the world.
- If something is going to happen to me, I want to be there.
- Mother died today. Or maybe yesterday; I can’t be sure.
- After awhile you could get used to anything.
- It is better to burn than to disappear.
- I’ve never really had much of an imagination. But still I would try to picture the exact moment when the beating of my heart would no longer be going on inside my head.
- One always has exaggerated ideas about what one doesn’t know.
- I felt the urge to reassure him that I was like everybody else, just like everybody else.
8 Albert Camus Quotes on Love
Here are some poignant Albert Camus quotes on love:
- I know of only one duty, and that is to love.
- It is necessary to fall in love… if only to provide an alibi for all the random despair you are going to feel anyway.
- Man is an idea, and a precious small idea once he turns his back on love.
- To love, therefore, is to sterilize the person one loves.
- The desire for possession is insatiable, to such a point that it can survive even love itself.
- There is no love of life without despair of life.
- To abandon oneself to principles is really to die and to die for an impossible love which is the contrary of love.
- We always deceive ourselves twice about the people we love first to their advantage, then to their disadvantage.
5 Albert Camus Quotes on Life
Check out these profound Albert Camus quotes on life:
- Without work, all life goes rotten. But when work is soulless, life stifles and dies.
- Working conditions for me have always been those of the monastic life: solitude and frugality. Except for frugality, they are contrary to my nature, so much so that work is a violence I do to myself.
- You will never be happy if you continue to search for what happiness consists of. You will never live if you are looking for the meaning of life.
- But what is happiness except the simple harmony between a man and the life he leads?
- For if there is a sin against life, it consists perhaps not so much in despairing of life as in hoping for another life and in eluding the implacable grandeur of this life.
3 Happiness Albert Camus Quotes
Here are a few quotes on happiness by Albert Camus:
- Your successes and happiness are forgiven you only if you generously consent to share them.
- Heroism is accessible. Happiness is more difficult.
- Against eternal injustice, man must assert justice, and to protest against the universe of grief, he must create happiness.
7 ‘The Fall’ Albert Camus Quotes
Here are some quotes from Albert Camus’ one of the most critically acclaimed book ‘The Fall’:
- You know what charm is: a way of getting the answer yes without having asked any clear question.
- I used to advertise my loyalty and I don’t believe there is a single person I loved that I didn’t eventually betray.
- People hasten to judge in order not to be judged themselves.
- I love life – that’s my real weakness. I love it so much that I am incapable of imagining what is not life.
- I like people who dream or talk to themselves interminably; I like them, for they are double. They are here and elsewhere.
- But the heart has its own memory and I have forgotten nothing.
- Of course, true love is exceptional – two or three times a century, more or less. The rest of the time there is vanity or boredom.
8 Albert Camus The Rebel Quotes
Check out these profound quotes from Albert Camus’ book length essay, ‘The Rebel’:
- Every act of rebellion expresses a nostalgia for innocence and an appeal to the essence of being.
- If we believe in nothing, if nothing has any meaning and if we can affirm no values whatsoever, then everything is possible and nothing has any importance.
- Rebellion cannot exist without a strange form of love.
- Beauty, no doubt, does not make revolutions. But a day will come when revolutions will have need of beauty.
- Become so very free that your whole existence is an act of rebellion.
- The final conclusion of the absurdist protest is, in fact, the rejection of suicide and persistence in that hopeless encounter between human questioning and the silence of the universe.
- With rebellion, awareness is born.
- There are crimes of passion and crimes of logic. The boundary between them is not clearly defined.
5 Albert Camus Quotes on Absurdity
Here are a few Albert Camus quotes on absurdity:
- At any street corner the feeling of absurdity can strike any man in the face.
- Basically, at the very bottom of life, which seduces us all, there is only absurdity, and more absurdity. And maybe that’s what gives us our joy for living, because the only thing that can defeat absurdity is lucidity.
- The absurd depends as much on man as on the world. For the moment, it is all that links them together.
- The absurd is the essential concept and the first truth.
- I draw from the Absurd three consequences: my revolt, my liberty, my passion.
3 Albert Camus Friendship Quotes
Below are a few friendship quotes by Albert Camus:
- Martyrs, my friend, have to choose between being forgotten, mocked or used. As for being understood never.
- How can sincerity be a condition of friendship? A taste for truth at any cost is a passion which spares nothing.
- Don’t believe your friends when they ask you to be honest with them. All they really want is to be maintained in the good opinion they have of themselves.
8 Albert Camus Quotes the Myth of Sisyphus
Here are some quotes from Albert Camus’ “The Myth of Sisyphus,” one of the best literary and philosophical works of all time:
- I see many people die because they judge that life is not worth living. I see others paradoxically getting killed for the ideas or illusions that give them a reason for living (what is called a reason for living is also an excellent reason for dying). I therefore conclude that the meaning of life is the most urgent of questions.
- We get into the habit of living before acquiring the habit of thinking.
- This heart within me I can feel, and I judge that it exists. This world I can touch, and I likewise judge that it exists. There ends all my knowledge, and the rest is construction. (…) Forever I shall be a stranger to myself.
- As in all religions, man is freed of the weight of his own life.
- There is so much stubborn hope in a human heart.
- If it were sufficient to love, things would be too easy. The more one loves the stronger the absurd grows.
- Although “The Myth of Sisyphus” poses mortal problems, it sums itself up for me as a lucid invitation to live and to create, in the very midst of the desert.
- Likewise the mind that aims to understand reality can consider itself satisfied only by reducing it to terms of thought.
Who Is Albert Camus?
Albert Camus was a French writer, philosopher, and journalist. He was born on November 7, 1913 in Mondovi, Algeria, and died on January 4, 1960 in a car accident in Villeblevin, France.
He is best known for his novel “The Stranger,” which explores the theme of existentialism, and for his philosophy, which emphasizes the freedom and responsibility of the individual. Camus’s work is considered some of the most important and influential of the 20th century, and it continues to be widely read and studied today.
He was also an active member of the French Resistance during World War II, working as a journalist for an underground newspaper and helping refugees and Jewish people escape from Nazi-occupied France.
When Was Albert Camus Born?
Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913.
What Was Albert Camus’ Occupation?
Albert Camus was a writer, philosopher, and journalist. He wrote novels, plays, essays, and works of philosophy. He also worked as a journalist for various newspapers and magazines.
What Was Albert Camus’ Most Famous Work?
Albert Camus’s most famous work is probably “The Stranger,” a novel that explores the theme of existentialism.
What Was Albert Camus’ Philosophy?
Albert Camus’s philosophy is often referred to as “existentialism,” which emphasizes the freedom and responsibility of the individual. He also explored themes of freedom, morality, and the human condition.
What Was Albert Camus’ Relationship Like With Jean-paul Sartre?
Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre were friends and colleagues during the early years of their careers, but they later had a falling out due to their differing views on existentialism and politics.
Was Albert Camus a Religious Person?
Albert Camus was an atheist and rejected traditional religious beliefs. He believed that individuals must create their own meaning in life.
What Was Albert Camus’s Political Views?
Albert Camus was a humanist and believed in the values of freedom, democracy, and social justice. He was also a strong critic of totalitarianism and fascism.
Was Albert Camus Married?
Albert Camus was married twice. His first marriage was to Simone Hié, a painter and writer, and his second marriage was to Francine Faure, a pianist.
Did Albert Camus Have Any Children?
Albert Camus had two children, Catherine and Jean.
Was Albert Camus Ever Imprisoned or Exiled?
In March 1940, Camus, who was unemployed at the time, had gone into exile in France, just as the Nazi invasion was about to take place.
What Were Some of Albert Camus’ Other Famous Works?
Some of Albert Camus’s other famous works include “The Plague,” “The Myth of Sisyphus,” “The Rebel,” and “The Fall.”
What Was the Reception of Albert Camus’s Work During His Lifetime?
During his lifetime, Albert Camus’s work was well-received by critics and the public. He was awarded several literary prizes and was considered one of the most important thinkers of his time.
What Is the Existentialism That Albert Camus Is Known For?
Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the freedom and responsibility of the individual. Camus’s existentialism focuses on the human condition and the search for meaning in a meaningless world.
How Did Albert Camus Die?
Camus died in a car accident on January 4, 1960. He was a passenger in a car that collided with a tree in Villeblevin, France. He died instantly from his injuries.
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How pregnancy affects oral health?
During pregnancy, it is the mother’s responsibility to ensure the health of herself and the baby. Sustaining daily oral care and visiting the dentist for a comprehensive periodontal evaluation during pregnancy helps lessen the chance of adverse pregnancy complications. Pregnancy can lead to several dental concerns due to hormonal change and other adjustments of body in pregnancy duration.
Increased hormone level is responsible for change in mouth during the pregnancy. Hormonal changes make the gums more susceptible to dental plaque – primary cause of gum disease. Gum disease is the most common condition with presence of symptoms such as swollen, red, sore gums. Most pregnant women may notice bleeding gums when brushing or flossing. Pregnancy gingivitis is not serious but without care and treatment solution, it may develop to periodontitis that is regarded as the cause of premature and low-weight birth. To minimize the impact of gingivitis and prevent advanced periodontitis, pregnant women should sustain proper oral hygiene practice at home and have their teeth professionally cleaned by the dentist.
When it comes to tooth decay, there are several related causes, the most primary of which is dietary choices. Unusual food cravings, unbalanced diet with too much sugary or carbohydrate food makes teeth prone to decay. In addition, morning sickness results in acid production which contributes to teeth erosion.
Some women develop what are alarmingly called “pregnancy tumors” due to hormonal changes while pregnant. Pregnancy tumors are not malignant. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), the growths most often appear during the second trimester, and look like little raspberries that form between the teeth. Your dentist can remove them if they cause you discomfort, but in most cases, the tumors will vanish after your baby is born.
Special cautions for pregnant women
All medications that are not prescribed or indicated by the dentist must be avoided. You should carefully inform about your pregnancy to your dentist before any dental procedure. If your dentist needs to prescribe a medicine such as an antibiotic or a medicine for a tooth pain, he or she usually will confer with your obstetrician.
Study carried out by Journal of American Dental Association in 2015 pointed out that anesthetics causes no harm to women during pregnancy. It is safe to use anesthetics during pregnancy, as they cause no difference in the rate of miscarriages, birth defects, prematurity or weight of the baby. However, anesthetics must be indicated and applied by the dentist.
Advances in technology have made dental X-rays much safer for pregnant women. Digital X-rays use much less radiation than older systems that use dental film. However, using a lead apron will minimize the exposure to radiation, which helps protect mother and fetus
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At the launch of the 2014 American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Conference in New Orleans, Bill Gates said the meeting was talking place at a critical moment in the history of global health — in the midst of an Ebola epidemic in a part of the world that had already been hit hard by other diseases as well as poverty and civil strife.
“I think it’s worth noting that this particular Ebola outbreak was a unique event in many ways. The disease had formerly presented itself in Central Africa; now it was in West Africa. It had limited itself to relatively under-populated areas; now it was in cities. It had tended to burn itself out after intense but relatively brief outbreaks; now it was becoming a sustained epidemic,” he said.
Over the course of the meeting, a number of other experts in tropical diseases provided further insight into how the Ebola virus had reached West Africa, why the epidemic had spun out of control, and what have we learned from it.
Where did the Ebola come from?
“When the species identification came back as Ebola Zaire virus everyone, including me, was very surprised. Our first question was how did this virus get all the way from Central to West Africa,” said Dr. Daniel Bausch of Tulane’s School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in New Orleans.
“One of the possibilities is that the virus has always been there,” he said adding that unlike descriptions in the popular media, people do not necessarily present ‘with eyeballs melting’ or with other more pronounced symptoms of hemorrhagic fever.
“It turns out to be a difficult diagnosis to make in the early stages, and so it is not impossible that you can have some virus that circulates, and if you are lucky enough not to have nosocomial amplification and a large outbreak, it may go unnoticed,” he said.
There are some data to support this. Since Lassa fever is endemic to the region, specimens are routinely screened for Lassa, which is generally responsible for 30-40% of the acute febrile illnesses. To determine the causes of the other illnesses, researchers in Sierra Leone screened specimens collected between October 2006-October 2008 for antibody reactions to insect-borne and hemorrhagic fever virus antigens — and 8% tested positive for Ebola Zaire.
Most data suggest that bats are the reservoir for the virus, and there is a good chance that bats in the region harbor the virus — meaning that the potential for future outbreaks is significant. The virus may pass from animal to humans on a number of occasions but goes undiagnosed and dies out before it spreads far.
Late recognition in a weak healthcare infrastructure
“What usually happens is Ebola infection sort of bounces around from village to village for awhile. What converts this from a small outbreak, that no one ever knows about, is when someone gets into a hospital that isn’t really prepared for it,” said Dr Baush.
Most of the health facilities in the region were very poorly resourced, in terms of contact precautions, running water, soap, gloves and clean needles — so if someone comes into one of those facilities who is sick with Ebola, it could easily be spread to healthcare workers and other patients before the illness has been recognized.
“Meanwhile, unbeknownst to us, people were crossing between Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Many people in this part of the world identify more with their ethnic identities than their national ones. The border is an imaginary thing, and people cross back and forth,” said Dr. Bausch.
What do we usually do?
Once Ebola is recognized (and this can take months, since diagnostic capacity is limited in such settings), it is usually followed by an intense but relatively short (2-3 months) effort led by international teams.
This involves classical epidemiology:
• Case finding and isolation in Ebola Treatment Units (ETUs);
• Aggressive contact tracing and, if the contacts fall ill, move them into isolation in the ETU;
• Education and social mobilization efforts to promote healthy behavior and cooperation with community.
Why won’t the usual approach work now?
But in this setting — the poorest countries on earth with fledgling governments and under-developed health infrastructure — the epidemic quickly outstripped the local resources and international resources.
“To use a military analogy, each time you have a new case, it is a new front that opens, so you need a treatment center, but you also need the surveillance in the field, you need a laboratory to do diagnostics, and you need training for all the people who are working, and you need logistics and transport, and you need security — so each time it happens you think you can do this, but when so many new fronts open, how many fronts can you really operate on at once? You can make a plan for the situation now, but in two weeks, the situation may be completely different,” said Dr Bausch.
What are we doing or do we need to do now?
Funding is now coming from the US government, the Gates Foundation, the EU and others, but responding effectively to the Ebola outbreak will take a massive coordinated endeavor to scale up each element of the response effort.
“One of our big challenges is the logistics and the impediments to operationalizing what we want to do are not trivial,” he said. “Implementation takes time. And we don’t have a incredibly deep capacity for this anywhere in the world. MSF and the US CDC does this — we have lots of people with expertise, but we don’t have hundreds or thousands of people,” said Dr Bausch.
Leadership and communications must be streamlined. In some areas, the old paradigm of case finding and contract tracing is no longer possible — not when there are thousands of cases, so their surveillance must be decentralized or ‘ring surveillance’ implemented with isolation of villages.
As Bill Gates also said when he opened the conference, there must be more investment in research and an accelerated development of experimental therapies and vaccines, but there much also be an improvement in the basic standard of supportive medical care available in West Africa, to a level similar to what is available in the United States and Western Europe.
“The data are very promising if you can get people just basic medical care, where they can get a standard of care with good fluid repletion with electrolyte management, that they do very well with the disease,” said Dr Bausch.
Improving the standard of supportive care will decrease mortality and could increase health-seeking behavior in the community.
But where this is not available, all that can be provided are Ebola care units, with isolation to prevent transmission, and perhaps some oral hydration and food and ultimately palliative care. In some settings even this is not possible, and the only choice has been to support home care with the distribution of hygiene kits and some personal protective equipment to reduce transmission within the families.
Who is to blame?
Dr. Bausch said that there had been a lot of finger pointing about who was to blame for allowing this epidemic to spin out of control, but said the blame goes further back, and cited comments Bill Gates made at the opening of the conference.
“Some lessons are already out there and we need to act on them now: First, we need to strengthen health systems in developing countries so that they can respond to periodic crisis. This means building the capacity and resilience of national health systems so that they can identify outbreaks of any infectious disease at the out set and take steps to protect them,” said Gates.
Dr. Bausch stressed out that, with the exception of programs such as PEPFAR, the US government’s appropriations for global health have remained static since around 2003, and have actually not kept up with inflation — leaving the poorest countries in the world to fend for themselves. Now, the hardest-hit nations — Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea — clearly needed much more support to strengthen their own primary care systems as swiftly as possible.
Global Health Strategies generously supported Theo Smart’s attendance at the 63rd Annual American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Conference in New Orleans.
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A brand new treatment for osteoarthritis… next
New treatment could ease the agony of arthritis: Tiny bubbles made by the body’s own cells may slash the need for surgery
Fiona Macrae writing for the Daily Mail reported a bubble-based treatment that could ease the pain of arthritis and cut the need for hip replacements is being developed by British scientists.
It uses tiny particles that are naturally made by the body to protect and repair damaged joints.
This should mean that arthritis is better treated – reducing pain and improving movement of millions.
It may also cut the need for painful, complicated and expensive hip and knee replacement operations.
Scientists have discovered tiny bubbles called microvesicles, made by the body’s own cells, may ‘cure’ the cartilage of arthritis sufferers
The hope centres on microvessicles – tiny, fluid-filled bubbles made by the body’s cells.
Research at Queen Mary University of London has shown that the thick fluid that bathes the joints in arthritis sufferers is rich microvessicles that are battling against the disease.
These microvessicles are packed with a protein called Annexin A1 that protects the cartilage that lines and cushions the joints from arthritis.
In experiments on arthritic mice, an injection of the microvessicles into the joints reduced cartilage damage. Plus, arthritis was worse in mice that made lower than usual levels of these microvessicles.
The protein may even repair damage.
Good news for RA patients… next
Heart disease-related deaths among US rheumatoid arthritis patients declined
Evan Douglas writing in wwntradio reported heart disease-related deaths among US rheumatoid arthritis patients declined.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients are twice as likely as the average person to develop heart disease, but a new study shows that efforts to prevent heart problems and diagnose and treat heart disease early may be paying off. Despite the heightened danger, deaths from cardiovascular disease among people with rheumatoid arthritis are declining, the research found. The study by the Mayo clinic was presented at the American College of Rheumatology’s annual meeting.
Dr. Elena Myasoedova, lead author of the study, believes that further research should be done to confirm why cardiac deaths among patients with rheumatoid arthritis have dropped, but factors such as improved treatment for rheumatoid and cardiovascular diseases, early screening for heart problems and more attention to the heart health of patients have indeed influenced the drop.
Comment: this is really good news since it means our therapies are working not only on the joints but on the rest of the organ systems as well.
Do lubricant injections work? Why is the data so unclear?
Osteoarthritis finding sheds new light on HA injection controversy
Reported in Eureka Alert, injections of hyaluronic acid (HA) are a common treatment of pain in osteoarthritis of the knee – a condition that affects 27 million Americans according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The injections replace natural HA that has depleted from one’s joints, which can cause pain and stiffness due to the lack of lubrication between bones moving against each other.
There are eight different HA products sold in the U.S And, while all of these products are approved by the FDA, studies have produced mixed results on their effectiveness, leading researchers and doctors to question how HA actually functions in the body.
A research group led by Lawrence Bonassar, professor of biomedical engineering, and graduate student Edward Bonnevie at Cornell University has discovered that another molecule, lubricin, helps anchor HA at the tissue surface, which, in turn, helps to move cartilage into a low-friction regime. “The implication of this finding is that the efficacy of HA treatment might depend on how much lubricin is in the joint at the time of injection, which could explain why clinical trials of HA have such variable outcomes and may also suggest new formulations of HA that might be even more effective in the clinic,” said Bonassar. The study was published in the journal PLOS ONE.
Pomegranates: Other Benefits Besides Arthritis Treatment
By Breana Noble | Thursday, 15 Oct 2015 03:24 PM
Breanna Noble reporting in Newsmax wrote people have long associated the pomegranate, a fruit native to Persia, with health, fertility, and eternal life in legend and mythology.
The healthful benefits of the pomegranate, however, may not be so fictional. In addition to helping with the symptoms of arthritis, the fruit may also work wonders for heart and blood diseases and cancers, according to Dr. Joel Fuhrman.
Studies have shown that pomegranates contain the most of every type of antioxidant over other fruits, such as strawberries and blueberries. Antioxidants are important for keeping a strong immune system and combating inflammation.
Unique to the fruit is a component called punicalagin, which is beneficial to heart and blood health, according to Fuhrman. The compound has shown to decrease blood pressure as well as increase the rate at which the body removes atherosclerosis, or heart blockages.
Pomegranates seem to also have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. “The use of juice, peel and oil have also been shown to possess anticancer activities, including interference with tumor cell proliferation, cell cycle, invasion and angiogenesis,” in the Journal of Ethnobiology.. “These may be associated with plant based anti-inflammatory effects.”
Comment: the latest in achieving benefit from natural ingredients.
What’s the primary cause of death in patients with rheumatoid arthritis…next
Cardiovascular disease remains leading cause of mortality among patients with RA
From Healio, results of a recently published study identified cardiovascular disease as the leading cause of death among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in São Paulo, Brazil, and highlighted infectious disease as an emerging cause of rheumatoid arthritis-associated death.
Pinheiro and colleagues reported in the Journal of rheumatology these findings… they studied 3,629,559 death certificates issued in São Paulo issued between 1996 and 2010 and identified 3,955 that listed death related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Of these, 1,095 certificates listed RA as the underlying cause of death and 2,860 certificates listed the condition as the non-underlying cause of death.
Death occurred after age 50 years in 90% of patients with RA. Seventeen patients were younger than 20 years at the time of their deaths, with four patients having RA as the listed underlying cause of death. The mean age of death was 67.1 years for patients with RA as the underlying cause and 67.9 years for patients with deaths in which RA was a non-underlying cause.
Comment: no surprise. Patients with Ra need to be monitored closely.
Can this creature help your arthritis? Next…
Marlborough mussels used in fight against arthritis
ASHLEIGH MONK writing in BusinessDay reported a Marlborough seafood company is helping fight the battle against arthritis with green-lipped mussels.
‘Mussel powder’ is more effective in treating joint pain than glucosamine, according to a study conducted by Queensland University in 2012.
Clearwater Mussels supply mussels to Talley’s Seafood Wholesaler, in Blenheim, who then supply about 20 to 30 tons of green-lipped mussels a day to nutraceutical company MacLab.
Clearwater Mussels owner John Young said the use of the mussels for arthritis treatment was a cause his company to be able to contribute to.
The 2012 Australian study involved treating 38 people who suffered from joint pain and inflammation during a 12-week trial.
The results found the powder “worked faster and provided better relief from pain” than glucosamine, said clinical investigator Samantha Coulson.
Comment: Well… I’ll be ….
Can your mood affect arthritis symptoms? The answer next…
Can depression worsen RA symptoms?
Dr. Bonnie Bermas writing in the Harvard health blog reported roughly one in six people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suffers from depression. Common symptoms of depression, such as fatigue, achiness, and difficulty completing activities of daily life (for example, dressing, cooking, cleaning), can mimic the symptoms of an arthritis flare. It is also possible that depression can contribute to a flare.
A team of researchers studied 379 people with RA who were already enrolled in a trial to compare different medications for the treatment of their arthritis. Participants were asked to describe their feelings using one of the following sentences: “I am not anxious or depressed,” “I am moderately anxious or depressed,” or “I am extremely anxious or depressed.” This assessment was administered alongside standard scales used to measure whether RA symptoms are getting better or worse, or remaining stable (what doctors call disease activity).
The researchers found that the participants reporting more anxiety and depression had higher disease activity scores. They also reported more tender joints and, when asked about their symptoms, they themselves rated their disease activity as higher. At the same time, depression and anxiety seemed to have no effect on the number of swollen joints found during physical exams or the level of inflammation in the body as measured by a blood test called ESR (also known as the sedimentation rate).
Comment: You were expecting something different?
So… which gender experiences more pain due to knee osteoarthritis? The answer will surprise you…next
Women experience greater pain sensitivity with knee osteoarthritis
Mohan Garikiparithi writing for Health News reported knee osteoarthritis can make daily tasks, such as walking and climbing stairs, quite difficult. However, a new study has revealed that when it comes to the pain associated with knee osteoarthritis, women have a greater sensitivity than men.
Researchers found that women have a lower tolerance for heat, cold and pressure in comparison to men. The findings may be beneficial for doctors and help them determine appropriate treatment for men versus women. Furthermore, additional research may help create new, sex-specific treatments that will be more effective for men and women alike.
Lead author, Dr. Emily Bartley, said, “Many questions still remain as to why women with knee osteoarthritis are more sensitive to painful stimuli than are men. While therapeutic approaches to control pain are only beginning to take these sex differences into account, there is still quite a bit of research yet to be done to help reduce this gender gap and improve clinical therapies for men and women alike.”
The findings were published in Arthritis Care and Research.
Methotrexate increases risk of liver abnormalities but not serious liver damage
Amy Karon writing in Rheumatology News reported that methotrexate use doubled the risk of liver enzyme abnormalities but was not ties to serious outcomes in patients with rheumatic disease, according to a meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials. The study examined more than 13 thousand patients and was published in Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism.
Comment: methotrexate is our workhorse drug for many rheumatic conditions. It’s comforting to know that the liver toxicity profile is not serious.
Smokers with low back pain must quit to feel better
Deepak Chitnis writing in Rheumatology News reported that according to a study presented at the American Academy of pain Management, patients that quit smoking find relief.
Smoking causes pain receptor desensitization creating the perception that a relatively small amount of pain is more severe than it really is. Smoking also leads to structural changes in the spine that can cause pain and smoking also impairs oxygen delivery to areas of healing.
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Cheetah’s are uniquely fast and humans are uniquely articulate – Nature indifferently gave to the one its speed and to the other its power of thought, even though Nature is indifferent to uniqueness.
We are not indifferent, however. We care. That we can care about Nature does not require that Nature cares about us. But that we can care -- about other people, other creatures, Nature – well, from whence did humans derive this talent if not from the processes of Nature?
Hidden in the so-call “big bang”; hidden, perhaps, in the darkness prior to the big bang, lay the potential to bring forth beings that cared, beings that were not indifferent. We are fruit of that potential. This ever present and currently actualized potential – is it not a most curious fact about Nature?
One can imagine (for Nature has also endowed us with an abundance of imagination) that Nature wanted to see, so it evolved into creatures with eyes; it wanted to care, so it brought forth creatures with sensibility and sensitivity; it even wanted to be able to explore itself, so it brought forth creatures with brains big enough to build precise telescopes to search the depths of its endless space.
Perhaps we satisfy some deep itch lodged in that originating potential of which we are the fruit when we study and contemplate the great questions of cosmology. There is no way of knowing; but such imaginings can, I think, remind us that we are without exception part of Nature’s great process -- and perhaps allow us to feel how wonderful it is to be able to care about Nature’s abundant indifference.
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Botanical Name: Larrea tridentata
Common Names: chaparral, creosote bush, guamis, jarilla
What parts of chaparral are used?
The twigs are used as well as the leaves and fresh or dried flowers to make infusions, creams or powders.
How do you identify chaparral and where is it grown?
Chaparral is a shrub that grows to about 10 feet tall with small, bright green leaves and small, yellow flowers. You find this highly adaptable plant in desert environments in Mexico and the United States. As a matter of fact, the oldest plant is located in the Mojave desert and is considered to be one of the oldest plants on earth at the age of 11,0000 years, or so, old.
Nifty trick to keep away predators
The chaparral shrub coats its leaves with a sticky resin that repels most herbivores with its bitter taste and smell.
Classically Chaparral is prepared in a variety of forms: teas, tinctures, fomentations, topical washes, mouth rinses, douches, oils and salves. For a tea infusion generally one half to one teaspoon per eight ounces of water. Steep for ten minutes.
When preparing a Chaparral tincture the ratio is 1:5, plant matter per liquid solvent.
Usually Prepared With:
Angelica root, Burdock root, Dandelion root, Elecampane root, Goldenseal root, Gumweed, Pau d'Arco, Pinon, Wild Yam, Yerba Santa and Yellow Dock root.
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| 0.908455 | 351 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The Benefits of Small Class Size and Flexible GroupingSeptember 5, 2019
HudsonWay Immersion School Educational Director Awarded Biculturalism Leadership AwardSeptember 5, 2019
An experiment described in Dr. Barbara Pearson’s book Raising a Bilingual Child illustrates how degrees of exposure to a second language can change social perceptions.
In this experiment, children were placed into three groups: (1) monolingual English speakers, (2) both Spanish and English-speaking children with language of instruction as English only, and (3) a classroom of Spanish and English-speaking children with learning taking place in both Spanish and English.
English speaking students in each group were shown a stack of photos of children of similar age, some of European heritage and some of Latino heritage, and asked who they thought might be smart, who had a lot of friends, who they would like to be friends with, etc.
Those in Group 1 (monolingual English speakers) chose Latino children for positive traits about 10% of the time.
Those in Group 2 (Spanish and English-speaking children with language instruction in English only) chose Latino children only about 12-13% of the time.
While those in Group 3 (Spanish and English-speaking children with learning taking place in both Spanish and English) chose Latino children for positive traits 40% of the time.
Interestingly, it was only the group of children who were learning Spanish who identified with individuals in other ethnic groups positively. This has implications for parents who feel that simply being in a diverse monolingual preschool environment is enough to develop cultural understanding. It shows that a deeper learning is needed, and that children who speak two languages can view the world from two lenses.
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What is periodization? It can be a difficult concept to grasp, but luckily there is a very basic definition. Periodization is “the organization of training into basic workable units. These units are defined as the training session, the micro cycle, the meso cycle, the macro cycle, and the quadrennial” (http://www.t-nation.com/free_online_article/sports_body_training_performance/the_periodization_bible). Don’t worry, it sounds a lot more complicated than it actually is. Don’t let those terms scare you.
The training session is exactly as it sounds: one particular workout. For some athletes, there may be multiple training sessions in a single day. But for the general population of recreational lifters, that’s not something to worry about. Assuming there are no special circumstances, only one session should be performed during a 24-hour span. When your training is seen from a larger standpoint, the training session may seem very miniscule and unimportant. However, this is so very far from the truth. Each and every training session contributes towards the overall goal of the program. That being said, it is extremely crucial not to downplay its importance.
A series of training sessions make up the micro cycle. In other words, the micro cycle makes up a single week of training. This single week may include three, four, or maybe even five training sessions all grouped together. Now you might be starting to understand why the training session is so important, even though it is but a single day of hundreds. Each particular piece of the program builds off of the previous pieces. One particularly poor training session often leads to a number of other bad training sessions. This situation constitutes a poor micro cycle. Perform to the best of your ability during each session to ensure a solid micro cycle.
The next step of periodization brings us to the meso cycle. This meso cycle consists of a series of micro cycles. Starting to see a pattern emerge? The meso cycle may also be deemed the training phase. A training phase is a period of training ranging from two to eight weeks that focuses on a specific component of exercise. The most common training phases include stabilization, conditioning, hypertrophy, strength, power, peak, and recovery. These phases often follow a specific progression as a means of accomplishing a certain goal or set of goals.
Finally, we hit the macro cycle. The big kahuna, so to speak. The macro cycle refers to the entire training program. This training program might last for 12 weeks, or 16 weeks, or possibly even longer. The macro cycle is fundamentally a number of meso cycles, or training phases, put together. This grouping of training phases should be specific to your goals. If you are training specifically for strength and already possess a decent base, it is often unnecessary to include the stabilization, conditioning, and hypertrophy phases. In addition, the peak and recovery phase are often left out of recreational programs, as they are more important to the competitive athlete.
Each of these particular “cycles” contributes equally to the overall training program. One poorly planned training session, micro cycle, or meso cycle has the power to throw off that entire period of training. Just remember that each component of periodization plays off of the others. Pay equal attention to each.
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Fewer than 1 in 5 of U.S. teachers are nonwhite according to new studies by the Center for American Progress and the National Education Association. Of the 3.3 million teachers in public elementary and secondary schools in 2012, 82 percent were white, 8 percent were Hispanic, 7 percent were black and about 2 percent were Asian. U.S. students are much more diverse — about 48 percent are nonwhite according to the Center for American Progress.
Getty Images/Hero Images
Minority students made up 31 percent of the U.S. public school population in 1993, but by 2003 that number had jumped to 41 percent.
Sunday, May 4, 2014 Updated at 4:39 PM PDT
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DV-12-06 Monitoring water quality in the Georges River
Georges River Tidewater Association
PO Box 336
Thomaston, ME 04861
The St. George River estuary has been listed as impaired by the Maine Department of Environmental Protection since 2000. The reason for the impairment are dissolved oxygen levels below what is required to protect the health of fish and other organisms. According to the Georges River Tidewater Association, population growth in the watershed may have offset pollution control measures taken by developers. The pH or acid-base balance of the local water is also a concern, as the St. George estuary accounts for one-sixth of the state’s clam harvests.
Volunteers monitor basic water quality parameters in St. George River and its tributaries, including dissolved oxygen and pH (acidity), in alignment with state priorities and methods. Sea Grant funds are allowing the Association to extend monitoring through 2013 and expand to the neighboring Medomak and Weskeag rivers.
Sea Grant funds: $4,000
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2007 Minimum Essential Standard of Living Budgets
The following is presented for each household:
- The cost of a Minimum Essential Standard of living for full-time worker without entitlements to secondary benefits (the costs of housing and car ownership are excluded)
- The expenditure for specific households in the same category
- Details of total weekly income and expenditure for each household and the weekly shortfall or discretionary income.
- Two adults and two children (3 year old girl and 10 year old boy)
- Two adults and two children (10 year old and 15 year old girl)
- One adult and two children (3 year old and 10 year old)
- (A) Pensioner couple - Contributory Pension (age 66-69)
- (B) Pensioner couple - Non-Contributory Pension (age 66-69)
- Lone female pensioner (age 70+)
- Single adult male (age 25+)
2007 Minimum Essential Budgets for Six Households
A minimum Essential Standard of Living – What is it?
‘A Minimum Essential Standard of Living is one which meets a person’s physical, moral, spiritual and social wellbeing’ (UN definition of an adequate lifestyle).
The findings of the 2006 study were updated to allow for changes in social welfare payments, threshold levels and changes in taxation. Inflation for each expenditure category was also taken into account.
For Further Information
For more information on the budget standards process and the contents of the 13/14 expenditure categories, see Minimum Essential Budgets for Six Households 2006 pages 40-43 (publications)
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| 0.90588 | 326 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Sufism appeared in Arab countries during the time of Islam. Many of those lived that times paid attention only to material values, but they did not care about the spiritual life.
This led to the development of a new religious movement, whose task was to fight the main enemy of mankind — itself. Sufism taught the inhabitants to fight, to conquer bad qualities (envy, arrogance, pride, craving for wealth, laziness and avarice), and to become better.
Historical information: When did Sufism appear?
Sufism is a branch of Islam that appeared in Egypt, Syria, and Iraq in the 8-9 century. In the 10th century, Sufism gained momentum as an independent religious movement and was known in all Muslim countries: from Egypt and Spain to Turkestan, Iran, and Central Asian countries.
Sufism represented a symbiosis of ancient religions. In times of popularization of Islam in Arab countries, there were still alive traditions of pre-Islamic faiths.
What does the word “Sufism” mean?
Each nation translates the word differently. For example, from Arabic “suf” means wool, from Greek “sofna” — sage, from Persian “Sof” — sincerity and simplicity, from Turkic “Sufa” — a place to sit.
Most historians believe that the word “Sufism” came from the Arabic “suf” (tr. “wool”). At the initial stage of development of Sufism, believers wore rough clothes made of sheepskin.
The way of the Sufi
Those wishing to join the ranks of sufs were called murids (tr. “thirsty”). But this is not the only name. Different people are eager to embark on the path of Sufism is called differently: salik, akhlidiy, mutassaviy.
The way of the disciple consists of 4 stages: Sharia, Tariqat, Marifat, Haqiqat. Each eager had to pass his way under the guidance of a teacher, who was also called Sheikh, Murshid, Pir, Eshon, Khadzhi, Mavlon, Makhdumi.
To be mentors, they have already gone their way under the guidance of earlier mentors. As you can see, Sufism was transmitted through the system of succession, under the guidance of the sheikhs, whose origin is connected with the origins of Islam.
Stages in the development of Sufism
There were several significant stages in the development of Sufism associated with socio-economic, ideological, geographical and political changes.
Historians distinguish 4 main stages of the current development:
- 8-10 Century (poorly perceived by Islamists, was considered heresy to the 11th century);
- 11-12 Century (Sufism is transformed in acceptable and tolerable flow, receives reconciliation in broad masses);
- 13-15 Century (The Brotherhood has been entered by not only the poor but also the rich. Being a Sufi became the norm and was considered a sign of good manners);
- 16-17 Century (In Central Asia it was formed three orders: Kubrawiya in Khorezm, Kadiria in Fergana and Yasawi in Turkestan. These orders (as small communities) waged a fierce struggle for influence among the faithful).
The complex of Bahauddin Naqshbandi has been preserved to this day near Bukhara. In Samarkand preserved the mosque and the tomb of Khoja Ahrar, the mausoleum of Gur-Emir and Zaynutdin Bobo. In Tashkent, one can watch Sheykhantaur mausoleum of Imam Kaffal Shashi. Sufi women’s abodes have also been preserved in Central Asia. One of such complexes is Kiz Bibi.
It is believed that the abodes of Sufism are sacred and have healing properties. Until now, people from distant countries come to the temples to be healed and receive wisdom.
Sufism, as for current, did not represent common goals. Each order developed its own statutes, special “sacred rites” (chants and dances).
Sufism did not become a common, clearly defined concept, with defined views. The flow had been left without any ideology. The only thing that united the orders and small communities — ritual practices in which Sufis received ecstasy, inner illumination and intuitively know the deity.
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Young people nowadays obtain conflicting messages on how to tackle and cope with the everyday options available to them which have lifelong repercussions for their healthy development.
Millions have been denied the vital support needed to become knowledgeable, confident and skilled adults. Most of these adolescents miss out on schooling for economic reasons or because their communities are displaced or disrupted by war or conflict. And, while most young people have loving families who protect and care for them, many grow up with no adults committed to their welfare or their health or where the ability of caring adults to support them has been damaged.
Countless adolescents are at risk of early and unwanted pregnancies, of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV and AIDS, and susceptible to the dangers of tobacco use, alcohol and other drugs. Numerous young people are exposed to violence and fear on a daily basis. Some of the pressures adolescents are under, or the choices they make, can change the course of their young lives, or even end them.
These outcomes represent personal tragedies for young people and their families. Likewise, there are unacceptable losses that put the health and prosperity of society at risk. ...Show more
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Christianity has no part in Tacitus’s history of the Caesars. Except for one questionable reference in the Annals he records nothing of a cult marginal even in his own day.
Sometime before 117 AD, the Roman historian apparently wrote:
“Nero looked around for a scapegoat, and inflicted the most fiendish tortures on a group of persons already hated for their crimes. This was the sect known as Christians. Their founder, one Christus, had been put to death by the procurator, Pontius Pilate in the reign of Tiberius. This checked the abominable superstition for a while, but it broke out again and spread, not merely through Judea, where it originated, but even to Rome itself, the great reservoir and collecting ground for every kind of depravity and filth. Those who confessed to being Christians were at once arrested, but on their testimony a great crowd of people were convicted, not so much on the charge of arson, but of hatred of the entire human race.
Their deaths were made farcical. Dressed in wild animals’ skins , they were torn to pieces by dogs, or crucified, or made into torches to be ignited after dark as substitutes for daylight.”
– Tacitus (Book 15, chapter 44):
As we have seen, the term ‘Christian’ was not in use during the reign of Nero and there would not have been ‘a great crowd’ unless we are speaking of Jews, not Christians. ‘Jewish/Christians’ – being perceived by Roman authorities (and the populace at large) simply as Jews meant that early Christ-followers also got caught up in general attacks upon the Jews.
“Their effects to dissemble their Jewish origins were detected by the decisive test of circumcision; nor were the Roman magistrates at leisure to enquire into the difference of their religious tenets.”
– Edward Gibbon (Decline and Fall)
One consequence of the fire which destroyed much of Rome in 64 AD was a capitation tax levied on the Jews and it was the Jews – throughout the empire – who were required to pay for the city’s rebuilding – a factor which helped to radicalise many Jews in the late 60s AD.
Not for the first time would Christian scribes expropriated the real suffering of a whole people to create an heroic ‘origins’ fable…
No Christian apologist for centuries ever quoted the passage of Tacitus – not in fact, until it had appeared almost word-for-word in the writings of Sulpicius Severus, in the early fifth century, where it is mixed in with other myths. Sulpicius’s contemporaries credited him with a skill in the ‘antique’ hand. He put it to good use and fantasy was his forte: his Life of St. Martin is replete with numerous ‘miracles’, including raising of the dead and personal appearances by Jesus and Satan.
His dastardly story of Nero was embellished during the Renaissance into a fantastic fable with Nero ‘fiddling while Rome burned’. Nero took advantage of the destruction to build his ‘Golden House’ though no serious scholar believes anymore that he started the fire (we now know Nero was in his hometown of Antium – Anzio – when the blaze started.) Indeed, Nero opened his palace garden for temporary shelter to those made homeless.
In short, the passage in Tacitus is a fraud and adds no evidence for a historic Jesus.
Update: The probing eye of science
11th century monk corrects Tacitus: “Goodies” to read “Christians”!
Ultraviolet photo of a critical word from the earliest known extant manuscript of Tacitus (second Medicean, Laurentian library, Italy).
The photograph reveals that the word purportedly used by Tacitus in Annals 15.44, chrestianos (“the good”), has been overwritten as christianos (“the Christians”) by a later hand, a deceit which explains the excessive space between the letters and the exaggerated “dot” (dash) above the new “i”. The entire “torched Christians” passage of Tacitus is not only fake, it has been repeatedly “worked over” by fraudsters to improve its value as evidence for the Jesus myth.
The truth may be that there was an original gnostic cult following a personified virtue, “Jesus Chrestos” (Jesus the Good). Consequently, they were called Chrestians, an appellation which seems to have attached itself at an early date to the sectarians of the “heretic” Marcion. Support for this possibility comes from the earliest known “Christian” inscription, found in the 19th century on a Marcionite church at Deir Ali, three miles south of Damascus. Dated to circa 318, the inscription reads “The meeting-house of the Marcionists, in the village of Lebaba, of the Lord and Saviour Jesus the Good”, using the word Chrestos, not Christos.
As a flesh-and-blood, “historical” Jesus gradually eclipsed the allegorical Jesus so, too, did “goodness” get eclipsed by “Messiahship”. Justin, in his First Apology (4), about thirty years after the death of Tacitus, plays on the similarity in sound of the two words Χριστὸς (Christ) and χρηστὸς (good, excellent) to argue for the wholesome, commendable character of Jesus followers.
The Chrestianos Issue in Tacitus Reinvestigated by Erík Zara © 2009
see more at the link above.
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Colleen Serafin, Cathy Wen, Gretchen Paelke, and Paul Green
This report describes three experiments to develop an easy to use car phone interface. In the first experiment,19 people at two local secretary of state driver licensing offices gave their preferences for button labels and abbreviations. The second experiment with seven participants concerned label abbreviations. The following labels (and abbreviations) are recommended: power (Pwr), Call, End, delete (Del), memory (Mem), and recall (Rcl).
Twelve drivers (six under 35 years, six over 60 years) participated in the third experiment, a laboratory study, in which they operated a simple driving simulator and used a car phone. The phone was either manually dialed or voice-operated, and the associated display was either mounted on the instrument panel (IP) or was a simulated head-up display (HUD). Phone numbers dialed were either local (7 digits) or long distance (11 digits), and could be familiar or unfamiliar. In addition, there were four conversational tasks, two of which were fairly ordinary (listening, talking) and two of which required some mental processing (loose ends, listing).
Driving performance (voice--5.7 inches; manual--6.1 inches) and dialing times (voice--9.2 seconds; manual--10.7 seconds) were better with the voice-operated phone than the manual phone using either the IP display or HUD. In addition, younger drivers outperformed older drivers with regard to both driving (younger--5.6 inches; older--6.0 inches) and dialing performance (younger--7.4 seconds; older--12.6 seconds). Thus, voice appears to be an effective way of improving the safety and performance of car phone use, but the location of the display is not important. The benefits of voice are particularly noticeable for older drivers.
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is the type of education we get in school and there are life lessons
we learn along the way. Both are important.
The only problem is that life moves us far along before we figure
out what's going on and the wisdom we hope to have gained is sometimes
late in coming.
To spare you some of the hard knocks and trial and error, here are
lessons to help you along.
The Life Lessons
1. As Richard Carlson says, 'don't
sweat the small stuff', and most of it is small stuff.
Much of the time we get stressed and worked up over
"stuff" that in the grand scheme of things really
doesn't matter. When we allow ourselves get too caught up in it
we ruin our perspective
and don't take time to enjoy the
3. The most boring word in any language is "I".
It's wonderful to be self-confident and self-sufficient, however,
it's not all about you. There is nothing more monotonous than
hearing someone talk about themselves and their accomplishments
endlessly. Being self-centered is not the same as having self-confidence.
4. People are more important than things. Relationships are
more important than any material goods you may acquire on the road
to success. Without the love and support
of family and friends in life, material goods are not of much use.
Setting your values
and priorities can help you establish what's important.
5. Nobody else can make you happy. Your happiness and state
of mind are your responsibility. It's up to each of us to know
what it takes to be balanced
and happy. Our relationships enhance our lives and make them
richer, but they do not "make" us happy. We do. Enjoy: 50
Ways to Be Happier
6. Character and integrity count. It's important to be a person of honor.
Your good word and deeds inspire trust and confidence from family,
friends and employers. Be the kind of person others are proud to
know. See: 10
Character Traits Worth Developing.
8. A good joke can be better than any pill. Take time to
laugh each day. Humor
really is good medicine.
9. There are no substitutes for exercise, eating well, and fresh
air and sunshine. Never take your health for granted, or
underestimate how much feeling good physically affects your moods.
Enjoy this article on The
Benefits of Regular Exercise. It's full of helpful tips.
10. Persistence will eventually get you almost anything.
Never give up. Keep your goals and dreams alive.
11. Television probably ruins more minds than drugs. Get away
from the TV and read,
exercise, learn and stretch
12. It's okay to fail. Everyone has failed at one time or
another. Failure is a great life teacher. It teaches us humility
and how to correct our course of action. Thomas Edison had a great
attitude towards failure. He said, "I have not failed. I've
just found 10,000 ways that won't work." See article: Overcoming
fear of Failure
13. Learn from the mistakes of others. There's an old Zen
proverb that states: "It takes a wise man to learn from his
mistakes, but an even wiser man to learn from others."
14. Don't be afraid to show and tell others you love them.
Life is short, so learn to give and receive love. Love and be
15. Live so that there is only standing room at your funeral.
Be the best spouse, parent, friend, boss or worker that you can be
so that you can leave the world a better place than you found it.
"The difference between school and life? In
school, you're taught a lesson and then given a test. In life, you're
given a test that teaches you a lesson." Tom Bodett
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| 0.95329 | 836 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A Complete Guide to Ethereum and How to Trade It
To fully understand Ethereum, what it entails and its effect in our society today, we first need to grasp what its core fundamentals are and how they differ from other approaches.
Firstly, Ethereum runs by a decentralized system, meaning that it has complete autonomy from any governing body. A good number of online services and businesses are operated using a centralized governing system. While this approach has, for hundreds of years, proven repeatedly to be flawed and inefficient, it’s application is necessary when the involved parties have a distrust for each other.
A centralized model of operation translates to a single-body control, which also translates as a single point of failure. This is why it is quite risky for apps and online-servers using this system as they are more exposed to cyberattacks and even power failure. Furthermore, most social networks mandate users to provide some form of identification and sensitive information, which is stored on their servers. This invariably means that the data is open to theft by external or even internal bad actors.
Ethereum, which is a decentralized system, has full independence and has no central point of failure. This is because the system is operated from several thousand volunteers’ computers across the globe meaning that it is very unlikely to witness issues like data theft, power failure, or any other downsides associated with centralized systems.
Secondly, it is imperative to know that even though they have been frequently compared with one another, Ethereum and Bitcoin are two entirely distinct projects with different goals and objectives. Bitcoin is regarded as the first-ever cryptocurrency and payment solution, built on a distributed ledger technology known as ‘Blockchain.’
Ethereum took advantage of the technology and idea behind Bitcoin, built on it and made it even better. Ethereum is a whole ecosystem with its internet browser, coding language, and payment system. One explicit feature of Ethereum is that it allows developers to build decentralized applications (dApps) on its blockchain.
The dApp can either be completely novel ideas or decentralized modifications of pre-existing concepts. This attribute essentially eliminates the need for a middleman including all the costs attributed to involving a third-party. For example, profits generated through the ‘liking’ and ‘sharing’ of celebrities’ posts on Facebook are gotten from the advertisements placed on their pages and it goes straight to Facebook. In an Ethereum-based edition of such social networks, both the celebrities and the people liking and sharing would receive rewards for constructive communication and support. Also, in a decentralized edition of ‘Kickstarter,’ instead of just receiving some artifacts for their efforts towards the firm, participants will be rewarded with profits generated in the future by the firm.
As we’ve established, Ethereum is a decentralized system meaning that it adopts a peer-to-peer protocol. All interactions only occur between the parties involved in it. There is no interference or supervision by any controlling body whatsoever.
The whole of Ethereum’s network is supported by a multinational network of “Nodes.” Nodes are volunteers who download the whole of Ethereum’s blockchain (usually worth gigabytes) to their computers and wholly implement all consensus rules of the system, thereby ensuring complete honesty in the network and receive rewards for their services.
The aforementioned consensus rules, including several areas of the network, are directed by “smart contracts.”
Smart contracts are developed to automatically execute transactions and other distinct activities within the network between parties who may not ordinarily have trusted each other. The conditions for both parties to meet are pre-programmed into the contract. The fulfillment of these conditions triggers a specific action.
It is believed that smart contracts are the future and will displace traditional contractual agreements as smart contracts provide superior security compared to its predecessors, cuts down transaction costs, and fosters trust between the involved parties.
Furthermore, the Ethereum ecosystem also provides its users with a feature called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, which functions as a test environment for Ethereum-based smart contracts. It allows its users to securely launch an untrusted code while ensuring that there is no interference between programs. The EVM is separated from the main Ethereum network, making it an excellent sandbox for examining and enhancing smart contracts.
The network also comes with a native cryptocurrency known as “Ether.”
History of Ethereum
In 2013, a young lad by the name Vitalik Buterin penned down his idea, after which he made several copies and dispersed them to a few of his friends. Soon enough, about 30 people contacted Vitalik to discuss the idea. Vitalik expected criticism and for several mistakes to be pointed out in his idea, but none of that happened instead, he received praises and commendations from tech enthusiasts. Fast forward to 2014 when the project was officially launched and consisted of Vitalik and 5 others as members of the executive. Vitalik went on and introduced Ethereum at a Bitcoin conference in Miami, and just a few months later the team launched a crowd sale of Ether, the native token of the network, to raise capital for the development.
Uses of Ethereum
Most importantly, Ethereum enables developers to create and deploy dApps. Also, any centralized service can become decentralized through the utilization of the Ethereum platform. Quite frankly, Ethereum’s platform creates immense possibilities for developers and is limited to nothing but the creativity of the developer.
DApps are revolutionizing the relationship between service providers and customers. Today, many services charge commissions for simply providing an escrow service and a platform for users to carry out transactions. Ethereum’s blockchain, however, can allow customers to track the origin of the products they are purchasing, while the utilization of smart contracts can guarantee secure and speedy transactions between involved parties without the need for an intermediary.
In essence, the Ethereum blockchain can instill its core principles (transparency, efficiency, and security) into any business or industry.
Ethereum is also used to develop Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), which are entities that carry out transparent operations completely independent of any form of singular control. DAOs are operated by codes and several smart contracts written on the blockchain. It is designed in such a way that it does not require any form of centralized control whatsoever.
DAOs are held by individuals or groups who buy their tokens. However, these tokens do not necessarily equate to equity or ownership in the entity offering the DAO. Rather, the tokens are a form of contribution which gives the purchasers certain powers like voting rights.
Advantages of Ethereum
The Ethereum platform expresses all the positive attributes of the blockchain technology which it operates on. It is impenetrable by third-party interference, meaning that all dApps and DAOs executed within the network functions free from the control of any sort.
All blockchain networks are created on a foundation of consensus, meaning that every node within the network must agree before any change can be carried out within it. This eradicates every possibility of fraudulent practices and corruption thereby making the network tamper-proof.
The entire system is decentralized, meaning that there are no feasible points of failure. This makes it rather impossible for apps on the network to experience downtime or power failure. Also, the decentralized nature of cryptographic security already predisposes the Ethereum network to protection from probable cyberattacks and illicit practices.
Disadvantages of Ethereum
Even though smart contracts are supposed to make a network flawless, they are, in reality, just as good as the developers writing the code for them. Because humans (the developers) are imperfect, there is always the possibility of error in the code, which if discovered by bad actors could be exploited. In such a scenario, there would be no way to prevent an attack except if a consensus is reached on rewriting the underlying code. Consequently, this defeats the purpose of the blockchain, which is supposed to be an unalterable ledger.
An example of such a scenario happened in 2016 where the 'DAO’ was attacked by hackers who exploited a ‘recursive call bug’ in the system and made away with about 3.5 million Ether tokens. Consequently, users lost trust in the whole Ethereum network which caused the value of the Ether to drop drastically.
How to Acquire Ether
There are two basic methods for acquiring Ether: by purchasing it and by mining it.
The simplest and most common method for procuring Ether is by purchasing it through an exchange. Ether is the second most prominent cryptocurrency after Bitcoin, so finding an exchange to buy it shouldn’t be a problem at all.
Firstly, you will be required to register with an exchange. However, make sure that the exchange you chose operates in your jurisdiction and accepts the currency denomination you wish to trade-in. Most registration procedures require you to send in some personal information. Subsequently, full identity checks will be mandated when it is time to make deposits or withdrawals. To pass these checks, proof of address and photo identification will be required. All these are done per the KYC and AML regulations.
After successfully passing these checks, the next thing to do is to choose your preferred deposit method. Different exchanges accept different methods of payments including wire transfer, credit and debit card payments, or Paypal transfers. Depending on what payment method you're using, there is usually a small fee attached.
Simply put, crypto mining is the process of solving complicated mathematical problems and in return, receiving a set amount of tokens as a reward. Miners, without a doubt, are the backbone of any crypto network as they use their time and computing power to solve math problems, delivering a ‘proof of work’ for the network, which verifies transactions. Ethereum miners receive Ether token as rewards whenever they verify a transaction which means that miners are also responsible for the creation of new Ether tokens.
Mining has become a big deal in today’s crypto industry, consequently, the influx of new miners is at a steady increase. Accordingly, the math problems have become more complicated, this means that more time and computing power is required to verify transactions. Also, the number of Ether being rewarded is
becoming smaller as time goes by, however, Ether keeps increasing in value making the rewards still relevant and substantial. Mining is also seen as a good incentive for supporting the network.
More On Ethereum Mining
For every block of a transaction, miners use their computing power to solve mathematical puzzles. Specifically, miners obtain the block’s distinct header metadata, which consists of a timestamp and software version, through a hash function, which creates a length of case-sensitive random numbers and alphabets.
This ‘string’ is known as a hash. When miners find hashes that match the current mark, the block will be regarded as mined and will be broadcasted to the entire network for modes to validate the transaction and update their blockchain copy.
Ethereum Mining Hardware
To become a miner, you need to select dedicated hardware to assemble a computer for full-time mining. There are two primary selections: Central Processing Unit, which involves using your computer processor and Graphic Processing Unit, which demands the purchase of a graphics card.
It is worth mentioning that using CPU to mine Ether is very inefficient and not beneficial, as even lower grade GPUs are hundreds of times faster than CPUs for mining activities. However, before purchasing a graphics card, you need to put into consideration the cost of the purchase itself and the amount of energy it consumes. More importantly, you need to put the hash rate performance into consideration, which involves how fast a math problem can be solved.
Additionally, you might consider assembling a mining rig, which is a system that comprises many GPUs, to boost your hash rate thereby increasing your chance of mining successfully.
Ethereum Mining Software
After choosing, purchasing, and assembling your hardware, the next thing to do would be to install the software. Firstly, you have to get drivers for your graphics card.
Next, you have to piece your node together and link it to the network. This means you’ll have to download the whole Ethereum blockchain, which is about 21 gigabytes and growing.
Once all this is set, your node gets linked to every other node and the network itself. Subsequently, you can begin mining as well as deploy smart contracts and develop dApps.
Receiving Mining Rewards
Whenever a block is successfully mined, the miner is bestowed with 3 ETH tokens. The miner is also rewarded with the fees linked to the transaction. These fees serve as an incentive for miners as transactions with larger fees are prioritized. The rewards get instantaneously sent to the wallet linked to the miner.
How to Sell Ethereum
After accumulating some Ether, either from purchasing or mining, a time would come when you'll want to sell. Indeed, Ether can be used as a payment option as many businesses accept cryptocurrencies as a mode of payment today.
So, if you don’t plan on using Ether as a payment solution, instead you bought or acquired to offload it in the future after its value has probably surged to realize a profit, here are some ways you can accomplish that.
How to Sell Ethereum on Exchanges
The procedure to sell Ether on exchanges is quite similar to buying it. First, you’ll have to select an Ether-compatible exchange that operates in your jurisdiction. Set up your account by identifying and providing the necessary information about yourself per the KYC and AML requirements.
After this, you’ll have to decide if you want to sell your Ether for fiat currencies or another cryptocurrency.
When you sign up for an exchange, a crypto wallet is addressed to you. Deposit the amount of Ether you want to sell from your external wallet to the exchanges. This transfer occurs almost instantaneously.
Next, you get to select how much Ether you want to sell and in what currency you’d like to trade it for. On most exchanges, this is executed by placing a sell order in anticipation that someone will accept it, or you could look out for an already placed order to fill. The exchange rate is usually determined by the current market rate, volatility, and size of your order.
Alternatively, there is another option for selling (or buying) Ether for those looking to bypass the trouble of registering on an exchange and providing sensitive information. This option is popularly known as the peer-to-peer exchange.
Unlike exchange trading, this method is purely decentralized. Escrow services and arbitrage are accomplished through the undertaking of smart contracts.
There are some recognized P-2-P platforms like Localethereum where users can publish offers or respond to one. This platform usually charges a meager 0.25% fee per transaction. It also comes with an in-built instant messaging service, where users can arrange in-person meetings to exchange Ether for cash. There are also platforms like MeetUp which helps users locate crypto-related meeting spots or environments, where they can sell their tokens safely.
However, worth mentioning is the fact that the P-2-P option is completely unregulated and you’ll be dealing with individuals in most cases and not corporate bodies, meaning that a lot could go wrong easily. Always carry out adequate precautionary measures before meeting strangers off the internet for your safety.
Ethereum Trading Strategies
The buy-and-hold trading strategy (popularly known as HODLing in the crypto community) is the easiest and most common trading approach adopted by investors. It involves buying and holding cryptocurrencies for an extended period (usually several years) and then selling them to realize substantial profits.
HODLers, as they are called, usually go for the more stable and reliable cryptocurrency stocks and hold it notwithstanding what the market conditions may be at that time. For the preferred crypto stocks, investors tend to flock towards Bitcoin and Ethereum as they are regarded to be more stable than others and have far lesser chances of crashing anytime soon. Several hundreds of early Bitcoin and Ethereum investors are reaping huge returns today as their trading strategy paid off. This number is steadily increasing as more and more HODLers join their ranks.
The most beneficial advantage of HODLing is how much time and energy it saves. All you need to do as a HODLer is to purchase your desired amount of Ether and lock it up in safe holding equipment. HODLers do not need to carry out regular fundamental analysis and market conditions in general. Also, HODLing does not require any technical analysis to make decisions. Choosing this trading strategy translates to lower portfolio maintenance, lower psychological tension, and lower transaction fees compared to active traders.
Active trading is where the real art of investing in cryptocurrencies is. It involves a more immersive approach into the crypto market and requires more knowledge, skill, and experience than HODLing. There are countless known active trading strategies, however, because of the nature of cryptocurrencies, a lot of those strategies won’t work effectively.
Active trading involves the speculation of the price of Ether, meaning that you’ll be required to observe technical and fundamental analysis regularly.
The ‘golden rule’ behind active trading is “buy low, sell high.” Essentially, traders wait for Either to drop in price, as the cryptocurrencies are known to be very volatile witnessing drops and spikes occasionally as the price continues on its overall trajectory, so they can buy at low prices and sell when the price spikes up again.
Price action can be monitored using charts, indicators, and several other technical tools (technical analysis). This brings us to the different types of active traders there are and which suits your personality. They include scalping, day trading, and swing trading.
1- Scalping or High-Frequency Trading involves the practice of executing and holding multiple trades for a very short period. High-Frequency Traders generally stay in trades for 1-5 minutes at most. HFT is based on the precept of scraping off tiny profits from price movements to realize a substantial amount at the end of the day. HF traders usually use the 1-5 minute charts to monitor price movement and identify trading opportunities.
HFT is quite risky and requires considerable expertise to pull off.
2- Day Trading, as the name implies, is an active trading method that involves the execution and holding of trades for a few hours to a day at most. Day traders usually focus on the 30 minutes – 1 hour charts to monitor price movements. Day traders also focus on news headlines (fundamental analysis) on Ether to make trading decisions. Although day trading is not as risky as HFT, it requires a consistent presence in the market to stay in-tune with happenings in the market.
Day trading requires a substantial amount of screen-time meaning that this method requires a more immersive approach.
3- Swing Trading is a fine blend between day trading and long-term trading. It involves the execution and holding of trades for a few days to a few weeks. Swing traders usually look for fairly long-term trades that could generate substantial profits at maturation. Swing traders also focus heavily on fundamental analysis and use the 4-hour – daily charts to monitor price movements.
This method has a passive approach to it and can be practiced as a side activity or in leisure time.
Technical vs. Fundamental Analysis
Experienced traders apply both technical and fundamental analysis in making trading decisions. Both markets analyzing methods have their unique functionalities and information sources making it inharmonious to switch one for the other (except in HODLing, where just fundamental analysis would do).
Fundamental analysis is focused on evaluating the asset’s underlying value (in this case Ethereum) and is very efficient for determining long-term actions, while technical analysis is focused on predicting the future movement of price based on historic trading activities and market sentiments.
It is always advisable to gain insight into wallet software and how Ethereum works. There are numerous Ether wallets out there, all under different categories. There are desktop wallets, mobile wallets, offline wallets, as well as an exchange provided wallet.
The exchange provided wallets are probably the easiest to use, however, using this type of wallet to store your funds is the riskiest. Exchanges are always targeted by hackers hence it is unsafe to leave your funds lying around on an exchange. There’s also no guarantee that you will be refunded if such a case were to occur.
The most secure method is by storing your funds on an offline or hardware wallet. This kind of wallet is not connected to the internet and as such is immune to hacking.
Every wallet category requires that you set a passcode, commonly known as private keys, to secure your funds.
You need to secure your private keys adequately lest it falls into the wrong hands which could lead to loss of funds. You also need to guard against forgetting your private key as, without it, your funds will become inaccessible permanently. Setting a two-factor authentication protocol for your wallet is an advisable practice.
Future of Ethereum
Ethereum, just like Bitcoin, has been in existence for many years but is just beginning to gain mainstream media attention. Many crypto enthusiasts believe that this disruptive innovation is not only going to upgrade payment methods but is also going to revolutionize business and industrial systems thought to be the standard for hundreds of years.
Altogether, the overall outlook and expectation for Ethereum are positive and optimistic. However, regardless of Ethereum’s strides and obvious successes, some “old-school” financial specialists still feel it’s a risky endeavor and sooner or later, will come crashing down.
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This schematic shows the design of single-walled carbon nanotube photodetector, which provides a more efficient method of collecting infrared radiation without relying on cryogenics for cooling.
Carbon nanotubes, with their strong infrared absorption and tunable band gaps, are at the heart of a new type of infrared detector that operates at room temperature (Opt. Mater. Express 2, 840).
The group of Chinese scientists led by Sheng Wang, associate professor of electronics at Peking University in Beijing, fabricated the device by laying single-walled carbon nanotubes on a silicon substrate.
The ends of the parallel nanotubes, about 60 µm in length and only 1-2 nm wide, were connected to linear electrodes, one made of scandium and the other of palladium, to make a photodiode array. Palladium and scandium are metals with different work functions, and together with the valence and conduction bands of the semiconducting single-walled nanotubes, create an “ohmic contact” or region of low electrical resistance.
According to Wang, the team chose single-walled carbon nanotubes for their detector because the band gap can be tuned from 0.1 eV to 1 eV by using single-walled nanotubes of varying diameters. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which have been used in other types of infrared and terahertz experiments, have a band gap near zero because of their large diameters, and thus they cannot form photovoltaic diodes.
To test the detector’s response, Wang and his colleagues illuminated it with 785-nm laser light of variable power density. The nanotube array detected a signal at 157 mW/cm2, which is about an order of magnitude lower than the signal strength detectable by a single carbon nanotube.
The detectors are compatible with conventional silicon-based integrated circuits. Such non-cryogenic infrared detectors could be used in optical receivers in wireless communications systems, according to Wang. His team will try to improve the device’s detectivity by increasing the density of the carbon nanotube arrays. Wang and his colleagues, including researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Duke University (U.S.A.), also want to experiment with detectors built on flexible substrates.
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Renal agenesis is a condition in which a newborn is missing one or both kidneys. Unilateral renal agenesis (URA) is the absence of one kidney. Bilateral renal agenesis (BRA) is the absence of both kidneys.
Both types of renal agenesis occur in fewer than 1 percent of births annually, according to the March of Dimes. Fewer than 1 in every 1,000 newborns has URA. BRA is much rarer, occurring in about 1 in every 3,000 births.
The kidneys perform functions that are necessary for life. In healthy people, the kidneys:
Everyone needs at least part of one kidney to survive. Without either kidney, the body cannot remove waste or water properly. This accumulation of waste and fluid can offset the balance of important chemicals in the blood, and leads to death without treatment.
Both types of renal agenesis are associated with other birth defects, such as problems with the:
Babies born with URA may have signs and symptoms at birth, in childhood, or not until later in life. Symptoms can include:
Babies born with BRA are very sick and do not usually live. They typically have distinct physical features that include:
This group of defects is known as Potter Syndrome. It occurs as a result of reduced or absent urine production from the fetal kidneys. The urine makes up a large part of the amniotic fluid that surrounds and protects the fetus.
Risk factors for renal agenesis in newborns appears to be multi-factorial. This means that genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors combine to create a person’s risk.
For example, some early studies have linked maternal diabetes, young maternal age, and alcohol use during pregnancy to renal agenesis. More recently, studies have shown prepregnancy obesity, alcohol use, and smoking to be linked to renal agenesis. Binge drinking, or having more than 4 drinks over 2 hours, during the second month of pregnancy also increases risk.
Environmental factors may also result in kidney defects like renal agenesis. For example, maternal medication use, illegal drug use, or exposure to toxins or poisons during pregnancy may be factors.
Both URA and BRA occur when the uretic bud, also called the kidney bud, fails to develop at an early stage of fetal growth.
The exact cause of renal agenesis in newborns is not known. Most cases of renal agenesis are not inherited from the parents, nor do they result from any behavior by the mother. Some cases, however, are caused by genetic mutations. These mutations are passed on from parents who either have the disorder or are carriers of the mutated gene. Prenatal testing can often help determine if these mutations are present.
Renal agenesis is typically found during routine prenatal ultrasounds. If your doctor identifies BRA in your child, they can use a prenatal MRI to confirm the absence of both kidneys.
Most newborns with URA have few limitations and live normally. The outlook depends on the health of the remaining kidney and the presence of other abnormalities. To avoid injuring the remaining kidney, they may need to avoid contact sports when they’re older. Once diagnosed, patients of any age with URA need to have their blood pressure, urine, and blood tested annually to check kidney function.
BRA is typically fatal within the first few days of a newborn’s life. Newborns usually die from underdeveloped lungs shortly after birth. However, some newborns with BRA survive. They must have long-term dialysis to do the work of their missing kidneys. Dialysis is a treatment that filters and purifies the blood using a machine. This helps keep your body in balance when the kidneys can’t do their job.
Factors such as lung development and overall health determine the success of this treatment. The goal is to keep these infants alive with dialysis and other treatments until they grow strong enough to have kidney transplants.
Since the exact cause of URA and BRA is not known, prevention is not possible. Genetic factors can’t be changed. Prenatal counseling can help prospective parents understand the risks of having a baby with renal agenesis.
Women can lower the risk of renal agenesis by reducing exposure to possible environmental factors before and during pregnancy. These include use of alcohol and certain medications that can affect kidney development.
The cause of renal agenesis is not known. This birth defect is sometimes caused by mutated genes passed from the parents to the baby. If you have a family history of renal agenesis, consider prenatal genetic testing to determine your baby’s risk. Babies born with one kidney usually survive and live a relatively normal life, with medical attention and treatment. Babies born without kidneys usually don’t survive. Those who do survive will need long-term dialysis.
Written by: Anna Giorgion: Sep 20, 2016
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As we age, our bodies undergo many physical changes. Many of these, like changes in hair color or wrinkles, are easy to notice. Others, like the changes our brains experience, are a little less obvious but can have a noticeable impact.
Changes in the brain that come with age can be responsible for anything from the occasional “senior moment” to more serious cases of cognitive decline. One way to lessen your chances of experiencing significant cognitive decline is to engage in activities and make lifestyle choices that stimulate your brain.
Many people keep mentally active by reading and doing puzzles or brain games. These activities may have certain benefits. For instance, they may help the brain to become more adaptable so that it can compensate later for age-related brain changes. However, according to AARP, recent research suggests that their effectiveness in combating cognitive decline may have been overestimated.
This certainly doesn’t mean that you need to toss out your Sudoku books or stop doing the Sunday crossword. These activities are fun and engaging and definitely have a place in your life if you enjoy them. However, if you’re looking for maximum mental benefits, the following suggestions are some of the best ways you can stimulate your brain.
Learn New Things
When you learn something new, your brain is actually forming new connections, and that’s great for brain health.
Even if you haven’t attended school for decades, it’s never too late to take advantage of new learning opportunities. Have you always wanted to learn how to knit? Does your new tablet leave you feeling completely baffled? Would you love to impress your family with some newly acquired cake decorating skills?
There’s no end to the possible skills or subjects you could learn about. Check with your local senior center or adult education service to find out about their course offerings. Or you could take an online college course or two if your interests are more academic. Now is a great time to pursue interests that you may not have had time for earlier in life.
Make Social Connections
Connecting with other people can keep your brain active and can help you feel less isolated and more engaged in the world around you. Keeping in touch with family and friends is one way to stay connected socially. But even if your family isn’t local and your circle of friends has dwindled for one reason or another, there are ways to be socially active.
Your local senior center or Area Agency on Aging will likely be able to suggest activities where you can meet seniors with interests that are similar to yours. Volunteering is another great way to make social connections while also gaining personal fulfillment.
It’s a well-known fact that physical activity plays an important role in keeping your body healthy. Exercise has also been linked with mental benefits. For instance, it increases the size of the area of the brain that’s associated with memory and learning. It also stimulates the brain’s ability to make and maintain network connections.
Make sure to check with your doctor before beginning any new exercise routine.
Eat Foods That Promote Brain Health
Regularly eating foods that are high in omega 3 fatty acids, B vitamins, and antioxidants can improve the health of your brain.
Here are a few of the best sources of brain-boosting nutrients:
- Green, leafy vegetables.
- Fatty fish.
- Tea and coffee.
- Nuts and seeds, especially walnuts.
Unfortunately, there’s no miracle solution to prevent cognitive decline. However, by doing all you can to stimulate your brain you greatly increase your probability of staying mentally sharp.
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Rapid determination of the larval species composition and understanding of their genetic structure is important to establish the appropriate management system for multiple species infesting in fruits. We established accurate and rapid diagnostic methods based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic techniques to discriminate the three major lepidopteran species in orchard, Carposina sasakii, Grapholita dimorpha, and Grapholita molesta. Each species was identified by amplifying species-specific PCR products (375 bp for C. sasakii, 125 and 234 bp for G. dimorpha, and 125 bp for G. molesta). Based on species composition analysis from six types of infested fruits, G. dimorpha constituted the highest proportion (47.8%), followed by 35.2 and 13.5% for G. molesta and C. sasakii, respectively. Interestingly, high prevalence was found in G. dimorpha and G. molesta for plum and peach, respectively. Based on genetic diversity analysis, the three insect species exhibited moderate or high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, ranging from 0.319 to 0.699 and 0.0006 to 0.0045, respectively. Demographic expansion was not detected according to either a neutrality test or mismatch distribution analysis. Moreover, no significant genetic structure corresponding to province, host plant, fruit type, or collection period was observed. These results suggest that the population of each species would have high dispersal ability following fruit-generating periods via intrinsic host adaptation ability regardless of the spatial and temporal conditions. Determination of larval composition on fruit is valuable for establishing appropriate management systems that take the species into consideration; additionally, population genetic approaches can be utilized to understand the effects of environmental factors (province, host fruit, fruit type, etc.) on population structures.
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The history of eBay
An American Billionaire Entrepreneur, Pierre Omidyar
, laid the foundation of eBay back in the year 1995. He served in this multibillion-dollar business as a Chairman from 1998 to 2015. On September 3, 1995, he also started an Auction Web on eBay. This auction web sold a broken laser pointer for the first time for 14.83 US Dollars to a person who was fond of collecting broken laser pointers. This sale of auction web became so popular that it became the first online auction website that allows online transactions between one person to another person. From the year 2002 to 2015, eBay owned an American company of online payment system, PayPal, for offering online money transfers as part of its services.
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Drones that can see, hear and ... smell?
The high-powered cameras that are slung underneath the planes allow soldiers on the ground to know what's over a hill or what's happening miles down the road: Spotting ambushes before they happen, noticing bombs along the side of the road, and observing bands of insurgents dug in along the mountainside.
But new sensors are being developed to enable flying drones to "listen in" on cellphone conversations and pinpoint the location of the caller on the ground. Some can even "smell" the air and sniff out chemical plumes emanating from a potential underground nuclear laboratory.
A story in today's Times examines the industry of building the cameras and sensors for the pilotless spy plane, many of which are built in the Southland.
-- W.J. Hennigan
Photo: An Air Force Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle lands at Beale Air Force Base near Marysville, Calif. Credit: Associated Press / John Schwab/U.S. Air Force
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Dyspepsia is a Greek originated word that means indigestion or difficulty in digestion. It is one among the most common ailments of the intestines (bowel). It has been estimated that atleast 20% of the people in the United States are affected by it. But only 10% of them actually seek medical attention for their problem. Dyspepsia is very commonly known as indigestion. This condition is frequently referred by doctors as non-ulcer dyspepsia. The term Dyspepsia means the difficulty in digesting food. It implies painful, disturbed or difficult digestion.
Almost one-fourth of the total adult population in US suffer with Dyspepsia. It is often defined as a recurrent or chronic discomfort identified in the upper abdomen and can be caused due to a variety of reasons. It is identified through a group of symptoms that arise from a problem in your upper gut. The tube which starts from the mouth and ends at the anus is called the gut. Feelings of undue heaviness after eating, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, heartburn, vomiting or nausea and gas or flatulence are the common symptoms of dyspepsia. Usually vomiting provides relief. Foul tastes in the mouth, foul breathe and coated tongue are few other symptoms. A sensation of strangling in the throat may also be experienced at times. The patients suffer from constipation in most cases of indigestion. There are main causes for dyspepsia but most of them are not clearly understood. Dyspepsia is mistaken for a psychosomatic disorder most often.
Dyspepsia is main caused by eating wrong food combinations, over eating, neglecting proper mastication, eating too rapidly, salivation of food , makes the work of the kidneys, liver, stomach and bowels harder. The poisons from the food are absorbed into blood which eventually poisons the entire body when the food putrefies. Certain foods when not cooked properly may cause dyspepsia. Intake of spicy food, rich and fried food, alcohol, excessive smoking, habit of eating and drinking both together, emotions like fear, anger and jealous, lack of exercise and insomnia form the other causes for dyspepsia. However recent studies have found out that the malfunctioning of the muscular activity of the small intestine or stomach or malfunction of the nervous system also might result in dyspepsia.
The yoga teacher training in Goa proposes the following yoga asanas for treating dyspepsia.
Pawana muktasana (The Knee to Chest execise)
1. Lie down on a yoga mat. Exhale deeply and pause your breath. Lift your left leg, fold it at your knee and bring it up on to your stomach. Make your knee to touch your chin, while making the rest of the leg touch your chest. Push your leg downwards, so that the chest and stomach feel the pressure.
2. Lift your neck up and place your chin over your knee. Pause in this posture as long as you can pause your breath. Then breathe out gradually. Now straighten you leg and put your head back on to the ground.
3. Repeat the above steps with the right leg.
4. Repeat the same procedure with the both legs together.
5. Do this for three sets of repetitions.
1. The stomach, intestines, spleen, urinary bladder and the liver receive good exercise as the stomach is subject to pressure and allowed to go relax alternately.
2. Aids in getting rid of constipation, release gas and flatulence and improves appetite.
1. Keep your knees together and sit down.
2. Bring both of your toes together keeping your heels apart and sit over them. Keep your hands straight over your knees.
3. Breathe normally keeping your spine erect. Release your hands and legs.
4. Now lie down on your back and stretch your legs forward keeping your hands at the back and relax.
5. Rest for 10 seconds and repeat the above steps.
6. Repeat this process twice.
1. It prevents excess gas formation and ensures digestion.
1. People suffering with knee pain should avoid this asana.
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While wild budgies need the original color green and yellow for camouflage, the captive ones don’t. Breeders can create new color variations with captive budgies, producing spectacular colors, like purple, which bird lovers enjoy watching.
So, what are purple budgies? Purple budgies are budgies with the violet color mutation achieved by breeding budgies with specific genes. The purple color is rare and requires certain variations and intensity to produce. The color is possible to get from both blue and green-based colors.
This article covers as much information as possible on purple budgies, their origin, where to get them, and their price.
What Is a Purple Budgie?
Budgies are naturally found in the drier parts of Australia, where they have lived for over five million years. Since the 19th century, the birds have been bred in captivity producing colorful mutations. Purple budgies were first bred in 1934 in Australia and a year later in Europe.
Purple budgies are budgies with a violet color that is achieved by breeding birds with specific genes. Since the color is achievable from the green and blue-based birds, there are over 18 possible combinations resulting in the violet. Of the 18, only three have the acceptable variation and intensity to produce an agreeable purple appearance satisfying the budgerigar organization.
Purple budgerigars can have black and white patterns on the wings, with the intensity depending on the genes. The budgie’s head can be white, yellow, blue, violet, or green, which depends on the bird. The birds also have stripped markings on their head, orange beaks, and pink feet.
Like other colors and mutations, purple budgerigars need proper care from their owners. They need a spacious cage with toys and like other social birds, require the owner’s attention to bond. Purple budgies can live in pairs or in a flock from where they can pick mating partners. They should have a balanced diet and must be taken to an avian vet every six months for a checkup.
Are Purple Budgies Rare?
The purple budgie mutation is rare since the birds are selectively selected and bred. The budgie parent’s melanin, a substance responsible for darker shades of colors, must produce an equitable amount. The psittacine, which is responsible for yellow colors also must be fair to produce the vibrant violet required. Breeders often end up with the wrong color and intensity, hence the rareness.
The birds with the required genes deteriorate in health after years of inbreeding. In an article on inbreeding detrimental, inbred birds have shorter lives and don’t reproduce well compared to others. This contributes to the rareness since new birds must be researched and bred every time for healthy offspring.
Where can I Get a Purple Budgie?
Since the purple budgie is not natural and must be mutated, it’s hard to find one. The rareness of the bird also contributes to hardship, as only few breeders can successfully produce one. However, since only breeders can mutate the color, research the reputable ones online.
Another option is to buy the bird from pet stores where varieties are available. The downside with this option is the birds are not always in their best shape, and the color is hard to find. Also, if the bird is available, it’s likely to be sold at inflated charges due to its rareness.
Again, you may take home a budgie that has undergone mutation far too many times. Such birds will look beautiful, but they don’t enjoy the best life quality. You don’t want to purchase a bird that will suffer in your hands, or one that will not live long enough.
Are Purple Budgies Expensive?
The fact that purple budgies are rare and hard to breed makes them expensive. The birds are not commonly found in pet stores as some colors like green and yellow are. This makes any pet store with a purple-colored budgie overcharge or even bid for the highest buyer.
There are also few breeders who can successfully breed the right violet color required. Finding a genuine one is time-consuming as most found online cannot achieve the color. The experienced breeders are also expensive to buy from, though they’re much preferred over a pet store since their birds are healthier.
How Much Does A Purple Parakeet Cost?
A purple budgie can cost up to $30, depending on the violet color intensity. The budgie’s age can also influence the price as the trained birds are likely to cost more than the younger and untrained ones. A budgie with the ability to breed future chicks with the double-factor violet also costs more than one with a single-factor violet.
Some pet stores can have a purple, though at inflated prices. Make sure to get all documents regarding the bird information for future medical use. Also, buy the bird from a trusted breeder with healthy birds.
Are Purple Budgies Female or Male?
Purple budgies are both male and female which you can identify by looking at some features like their cere. A male cere is almost always dark blue while females have a tan or brownish. However, young male purple budgies have purple or blue cere while females have lighter blue.
However, if you are having a hard time determining the bird’s gender, get help from a vet. Also, you can get a DNA test done by a professional to tell the pet’s gender. Some birds also contain information handled when they’re bought, which also contains their gender descriptions.
How To Tell The Age of A Purple No Budgie
There are several ways to tell the age of your purple parakeet. You can always check the bird’s record from the documents received while buying. However, if there are no documents, you can tell by physically examining your bird.
Most young purple parakeet cere is light blue, blue, or purple. If your bird is very young and you notice their cere are any of these colors, it’s less than 8 months. You can also check the formation of the iris, where birds younger than four months have none. After four months, a dark gray iris starts to show and continues lightening, becoming light gray at 8 months.
Purple Budgie Lifespan
Like other colors and mutations, purple budgerigars need proper care from owners for longer life. Their lifespan is between 6 to 12 years, which can be achieved by keeping them healthy. Purple budgies need a spacious cage with toys to exercise and keep fit.
Purple budgies are also social, and they require the owner’s attention to create a bond. They can live in pairs or in a flock from where they can pick mating partners. They should have a balanced diet and must be taken to an avian vet every six months for a checkup.
Does My Purple Budgie Need Another Purple Companion?
All budgies need company and purple budgies are not an exception. If your purple budgie stays alone, no doubt it needs a companion. But, if you spend quality time with it, you may not necessarily need another budgie. If you realize the need to get it a companion, the color shouldn’t worry you.
Instead, focus on the gender to avert territorial conflicts. Normally, two male budgies, purple or not, co-exist better than females because they are less territorial. Also, male parakeets are friendlier, while the females are more territorial.
Can Purple Budgies Bite?
Yes, purple budgies can bite. They get agitated like any other budgies, but it’s not because of their color. If they are in fear, lonely, or angry, they may bite when you try approaching them. The good news is that if you understand and treat them right, you will manage their aggression easily.
While there are over thirty color combinations of budgies, some are rare, making them sound only like a myth. However, as most pet lovers do, research can help clear the doubts and teach more about the birds. The following are some frequently asked questions that will help clear out some of your doubts.
It’s very unlikely for a purple budgie to be born in the wild though it’s possible. The bird’s green and yellow colors provide better camouflage in the wild, as they hide from predators like birds of prey. However, most of the time, the color is achieved by breeding budgies with specific genes, which only experienced breeders do.
Because of the difficulty of breeding the right violet color with new birds, most birds are inbred. Inbreeding can increase cancer risk and result in short life expectancy, among other medical issues. However, breeding should be done by a professional breeder who should be able to prove the bird is healthy. If you have a reliable breeder, you should never worry about health concerns because these birds have always been healthy and can live up to 12 years.
However, you need to feed your purple budgie the right food to keep it healthy. Do not expose your purple parakeet to a seed diet alone. If you want them to live a long, healthy life, you’ve to cater for all their nutrition needs.
Your avian vet will advise you to incorporate fresh veggies, fruits, pellets, and clean water. Occasional treats like mealworms will also go a long way in keeping your purple budgie healthy. Combining the right foods ensures your bird gets the necessary supplements for proper growth. Your purple budgie may seem to enjoy seeds, but it doesn’t mean this should be their exclusive meal.
From 1805 when they were first scientifically described, humans have mutated budgies to over 30 color combinations. However, some colors remain rare, requiring specific genes to be successfully archived. This requires scientific knowledge to study the birds to provide the right shade of the color needed.
Purple budgies are some of the rare budgies that are achieved by breeding birds with the gene capable to produce the violet. They can be bought at pet stores, though most pet lovers prefer buying from a breeder they can trust. By reading this article, you have a fair amount of information on purple budgies, their appearance, history, and much more.
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The Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-1), launched by PSLV-C19 on April 26, 2012, has now been placed in its final Polar Sun-synchronous Orbit of 536 km height.
It may be recalled that PSLV-C19 had placed RISAT-1 in a polar orbit of 470 km X 480 km. As planned, on April 27-28, 2012, the satellite propulsion system was used in four orbital maneuvers to raise height of the orbit of RISAT-1 to 536 km. The satellite is now in its final orbital configuration and in good health. In the coming days, various elements of the C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar will be tested and calibrated as a prelude to payload operations.
As compared to the optical remote sensing satellites that depend upon sunlight, the Synthetic Aperture Radar of RISAT-1 transmits its own radar pulses (at 5.35 GHz) to study the objects on Earth. This facilitates
- cloud penetration and
- imaging even without sunlight.
For RISAT-1, imaging sessions around both 6 AM and 6 PM have been chosen.
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Saint Brigid Religious Education
100 Mayflower Street
West Hartford, CT 06110
This is the seventh day of the week, the day Jesus rested in the tomb.
In the first three Gospel accounts this was the Jewish Sabbath, which
provided appropriate symbolism of the seventh day rest. While some
church traditions continue daily services on Saturday, there is no
communion served on this day. This day between Good Friday and Easter
Day makes present to us the end of one world and the complete newness of
the era of salvation inaugurated by the Resurrection of Christ.
Some traditions suspend services and Scripture readings during the day
on Saturday, to be resumed at the Easter Vigil after sundown Saturday.
It is traditionally a day of quiet meditation as Christians contemplate
the darkness of a world without a future and without hope apart from God
and his grace.
It is also a time to remember family and the faithful who have died as
we await the resurrection, or to honor the martyrs who have given their
lives for the cause of Christ in the world. While Good Friday is a
traditional day of fasting, some also fast on Saturday as the climax of
the season of Lent. An ancient tradition dating to the first centuries
of the church calls for no food of any kind to be eaten on Holy
Saturday, or for 40 hours before sunrise on Sunday. However it is
observed, Holy Saturday has traditionally been a time of reflection and
waiting, the time of weeping that lasts for the night while awaiting the
joy that comes in the morning (Psalm 30:5).
In the primitive Church Holy Saturday was known as Great, or Grand,
Saturday, Holy Saturday, the Angelic Night, the Vigil of Easter. It is
no longer, like Maundy Thursday, a day of joy, but one of joy and
sadness intermingled; it is the close of the season of Lent and penance,
and the beginning of paschal time, which is one of rejoicing.
The night of the vigil of Easter has undergone a strange displacement.
During the first six or seven centuries, ceremonies were in progress
throughout the entire night, so that the Alleluia coincided with the day
and moment of the Resurrection.
In the eighth century these same ceremonies were held on Saturday
afternoon. On Saturday night the vigil opened with the blessing of the
new fire, the lighting of lamps and candles and of the paschal candle.
St. Cyril of Jerusalem spoke of this night that was as bright as day,
and Constantine the Great added unprecedented splendor to its
brilliancy by a profusion of lamps and enormous torches, so that not
only basilicas, but private houses, streets, and public squares were
resplendent with the light that was symbolic of the Risen Christ.
The assembled faithful gave themselves up to common prayer, the singing
of psalms and hymns, and the reading of the Scriptures commentated by
the bishop or priests. The vigil of Easter was especially devoted to the
baptism of catechumens who, in the more important churches, were very
On the Holy Saturday following the deposition of St. John Chrysostom
from the See of Constantinople, there were 3000 catechumens in this
church alone. Such numbers were, of course, only encountered in large
cities. But nevertheless, as Holy Saturday and the vigil of Pentecost
were the only days on which baptism was administered, even in smaller
churches there was always a good number of catechumens.
Previous Holy Day
Next Holy Day
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World Report 2013: Iran
In 2012, Iranian authorities prohibited opposition candidates from participating in parliamentary elections. They have held prominent opposition leaders under house arrest for more than a year-and-a-half. Executions, especially for drug-related offenses, continued at high rates. The government targeted civil society activists, especially lawyers, rights defenders, students, and journalists, and announced plans for the first phase of a halal (legitimate) internet. Authorities continued to block access to the United Nations special rapporteur on Iran.
Freedom of Assembly, Association, and Voting
Security forces prevented peaceful demonstrations marking the anniversary of February 2011 anti-government protests. Opposition leaders Mir Hossein Mousavi, Zahra Rahnavard, and Mehdi Karroubi remained under house arrest at this writing.
On February 21, the Guardian Council, an unelected body of 12 religious jurists, disqualified more than 2,000 candidates running for seats in Iran’s March 2 parliamentary election on ill-defined criteria. The Iranian judiciary announced on December 31, 2011, that calls for an election boycott constituted “a crime.”
At this writing, dozens of activists affiliated with banned opposition parties, labor unions, and student groups were in prison. The judiciary targeted independent and unregistered trade unions. In May, a revolutionary court in Tehran sentenced Reza Shahabi, a prominent labor rights activist working with the Syndicate of Workers of Tehran and Suburbs Bus Company, to six years’ imprisonment for “conspiracy against the national security” and “propaganda against the regime.”
In January, the Ministry of Culture ordered the dissolution of the country’s largest independent film guild, the House of Cinema, allegedly because it was not properly registered.
In 2011 authorities carried out more than 600 executions, second only to China, according to Amnesty International. Crimes punishable by death include murder, rape, trafficking and possessing drugs, armed robbery, espionage, sodomy, adultery, and apostasy.
The majority of those executed in recent years have been convicted of drug-related offenses following flawed trials in revolutionary courts. The number of executions increased following the entry into force in late December 2010 of an amended anti-narcotics law.
Iran leads the world in the execution of juvenile offenders (i.e. individuals under 18 when they allegedly committed the crime). Iranian law allows capital punishment for persons who have reached puberty, defined as 9 for girls and 15 for boys. In late 2012, there were more than 100 juvenile offenders on death row.
In January 2012, the Guardian Council approved the final text of an amended penal code. Children convicted for “discretionary crimes” such as drug-related offenses would no longer be sentenced to death under the amended code, but a judge may still sentence to death juveniles convicted of crimes such as rape, sodomy, and murder if he determines that the child understood the nature and consequences of the crime, a vague standard susceptible to abuse.
Authorities have executed at least 30 people since January 2010 on the charge of moharebeh(“enmity against God”) or “sowing corruption on earth” for their alleged ties to armed groups. Since May 2011, authorities have executed at least 11 Iranian Arab men and a 16-year-old boy in Ahvaz’s Karun prison for their alleged links to groups involved in attacking security forces.
As of September 2012, at least 28 Kurdish prisoners were awaiting execution on national security charges, including moharebeh.
Freedom of Expression and Information
According to Reporters Without Borders, 48 journalists and bloggers were in Iran’s prisons as of August 2012. On April 4, a revolutionary court notified Mansoureh Behkish, a prominent blogger and supporter of the Mourning Mothers, that she had been sentenced to four-and-a half-years for “propagating against the regime” and “assembly and collusion against national security.” Behkish had been active on behalf of families of victims of the 2009 post-election crackdown and 1988 prison massacres.
On September 2, 2012, authorities summoned journalist Jila Baniyaghoob to Evin prison to serve a one-year sentence for “spreading propaganda against the regime” and “insulting the president.” Authorities also banned Baniyaghoob from practicing journalism for 30 years. Baniyaghoob’s husband, Bahman Ahmadi-Amoui, is serving a five-year prison sentence on similar charges.
On November 6, authorities notified family members of blogger Sattar Beheshti that he had died in custody following his arrest on October 30. In response to international and domestic pressure, and allegations that Beheshti has been tortured, Iran’s judiciary announced on November 11 that it would launch an investigation into what happened, and hold anyone responsible for wrongdoing accountable.
The government systematically blocked websites, slowed internet speeds, and jammed foreign satellite broadcasts. In March 2011, authorities announced that they would soon launch a halal—legitimate—internet to protect Iran from socially and morally corrupt content. In September, they announced that the first phase had been implemented in most provinces.
Human Rights Defenders
On March 4, prominent rights lawyer Abdolfattah Soltani learned that a revolutionary court had sentenced him to 18 years in prison, barred him from practicing law for 20 years, and ordered that he serve his sentence in Borajan, a city more than 600 kilometers south of Tehran. Prosecutors charged Soltani with “propaganda against the state,” assembly and collusion against the state, and establishing the Center for Human Rights Defenders (CHRD), which Soltani co-founded with Nobel peace laureate Shirin Ebadi. An appeals court later reduced Soltani’s sentence to 13 years and reversed the ban on practicing law. The same day, an appeals court issued a six-year sentence for Narges Mohammadi, a CHRD spokesperson, on similar charges.
In April, an appeals court informed defense lawyer Mohammad Ali Dadkhah that it had upheld his nine-year sentence on charges related to his interviews with foreign media and membership of CHRD. The court also sentenced Dadkhah to fines and corporal punishment (in the form of lashes) and banned him from teaching for 10 years.
Iranian women face discrimination in personal status matters related to marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody. A woman needs her male guardian’s approval for marriage regardless of her age, and cannot pass on her nationality to her foreign-born spouse or their children. A woman may not obtain a passport or travel outside the country without the written permission of a male guardian.
Several universities banned female enrollment in several academic fields, including engineering and the sciences, and set quotas limiting the number of women in university courses as well as gender segregation in several higher education facilities.
Treatment of Minorities
The government denies freedom of religion to adherents of the Baha’i faith, Iran’s largest non-Muslim religious minority. Authorities conducted a campaign targeting Baha’is in the northern city of Semnan. According to the Baha’i International Community, at least 17 Baha’i-owned businesses have been shut down, and 22 Baha’is have been sentenced to prison terms ranging from 6 months to 6 years since 2009.There were 111 Baha’is detained in Iran’s prisons as of September 2012.
Authorities discriminate in political participation and employment against non-Shiite Muslim minorities, including Sunnis, who account for about 10 percent of the population. They also prevent Sunnis from constructing mosques in major cities and conducting separate Eid prayers. Government targeting of Sufis, particularly members of the Nematollahi Gonabadi sect, continued unabated.
In September, authorities released Yousef Nadarkhani, the pastor of a 400-member Church of Iran congregation in northern Iran, after almost three years’ imprisonment on the charge of apostasy, which carries the death penalty. Authorities reduced Nadarkhani’s charge to “evangelizing to Muslims” and commuted his sentence to three years’ imprisonment, which he had already served. According to Ahmed Shaheed, the special rapporteur on human rights in Iran, authorities have arbitrarily arrested and detained over 300 Christians, the majority of them evangelicals or Protestants, since June 2010.
The government restricted cultural and political activities among the country’s Azeri, Kurdish, Arab, and Baluch minorities. Security forces detained, tortured, and executed dozens of Arab activists in southwestern Khuzestan province since 2011. According to Arab minority rights activists, at least six people have been tortured to death in custody in connection with anti-government demonstrations that swept Khuzestan province between April 2011and February2012.
Key International Actors
On August 11, President Barack Obama signed new legislation into law expanding United States sanctions in the form of asset freezes and travel bans against human rights violators in Iran.
In March, the European Union reinforced its restrictive measures adopted in response to serious human rights violations in Iran and prolonged them by 12 months. These moves came on top of expanded sanctions aimed at blocking Iran’s alleged efforts to acquire nuclear weapons.
On March 7, Ahmed Shaheed released his second report, documenting a “striking pattern of violations.” Later that month, the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) renewed the mandate of the special rapporteur, established in 2011. In October, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released his annual report on the situation of human rights in Iran, saying he was “deeply troubled” by continuing violations in that country. Later that month, Shaheed released his third report, which also provided a “deeply troubling picture of the overall human rights situation” in Iran.
The UN Office of Drug Control (UNODC) continued to provide financial support to law enforcement projects to combat drug trafficking in Iran despite guidelines that require it to temporarily freeze or withdraw support in cases where executions for drug-related offenses continue.
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|Type||Who’s it great for?||What does it look like?||Tips?|
|Pre-teaching||Students with low academic self-confidence||Pre-teach the lesson you are going to teach tomorrow using the same worksheets that you would use. This is totally sustainable if you’ve already put together your materials.||Tell the kids why you are doing what you are doing. At the end, tell a couple kids that you will be calling on them specifically to answer one of the tough questions. Write that question on a sticky so they have time to think then ask that question of them in their large class. When they get it right in front of all of their peers, they will get a self-confidence boost!|
|Card Games||Students who are unable to identify vocabulary words on assessments||Go Fish:A “pair” is a definition matched with its word. Students have to ask for the definition/word opposite.For example, if you wanted a match for your own card “diligent” you would ask your partner “do you have work hard?”If they don’t, Go Fish J||Make the materials on card stock or laminate them so you can frequently re-use them.|
|Conferencing||Students who need one on one help||Do an extended conference, but make sure to ask them why or how they are making the mistakes they are making. Ex) Why did you put a comma there? It will be super informative to why they are making the same mistakes.||Share food with the student to make it seem more home like.|
|Manipulatives||Kids who like a change||Do the work you would normally do on a white board, or use sentence strips, or read with viewer strips.||Have 4-5 different manipulatives on hand that can be used for a variety of activities in case you want to change things up.|
Additional Resource: http://www.interventioncentral.org/
I highly recommend spending a few hours making your own intervention cart. It will make a big pay off in the long run.
i. Fix It Strategies
iv. Comprehension Questions
3. Put all materials and hand outs into each drawer.
a. Make 10-15 copies of old lessons that fall into that category
b. Print out graphic organizers (10-15 copies) that fall into that category
c. Make games for that category
The key is to print out all copies in advance, so once intervention time comes along, you can just grab your cart and go. You could make 2-3 months of intervention materials in advance and it saves a lot of time in the end.
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Vanishing Toads Could Portend Extinction Crisis
By Alister Doyle, Environment Correspondent
OSLO — Exotic frogs and toads are dying out in the jungles of Latin America, apparent victims of global warming in what might be a harbinger of one of the worst waves of extinction since the dinosaurs.
Accelerating extinctions would derail a United Nations goal of “a significant reduction in the current rate of biodiversity loss” by 2010. That target will be reviewed at a U.N. meeting of environment ministers in Curitiba, Brazil, on March 20-31.
“We are facing an extinction crisis,” said Anne Larigauderie, head of Paris-based Diversitas which promotes research into life on the planet.
She estimated the rate of loss of all species was now 10-100 times faster than little-understood rates from fossil records. The task of gauging the exact rate is complicated by the fact that no one knows exactly how many species exist.
Many scientists say global warming — widely blamed on burning fossil fuels in factories, power plants and vehicles — is adding to other human threats including destruction of habitats from expanding cities, deforestation and pollution.
For now, amphibians such as frogs, toads, salamanders and newts are on the front-line — they live both in water and on land and have a porous skin sensitive to changes in temperature and moisture. A skin fungus is also decimating amphibians.
In coming decades, threats could widen to creatures ranging from polar bears to tropical butterflies. A few species might benefit, such as forests expanding north to the Arctic.
“We’re probably looking at one of the worst spasms of extinction in millions of years, even without climate change,” said Lee Hannah, an expert at Conservation International. “But we have it in our ability to do something about it.”
“Many species are already moving right to the brink,” said Craig Hilton-Taylor, head of the “Red List” publication of endangered species at the World Conservation Union.
The latest 2004 Red List gives “climate change” alongside “disease” as main factors for the extinction of the Golden Toad of Costa Rica, Ecuador’s Jambato Toad and an Ecuadorean toad known as Atelopus Longirostis.
“We have never used ‘climate change’ in previous publications as a cause of extinction,” Hilton-Taylor said. “I’m sure it will be used more in future.”
A study in the journal Nature in January said two-thirds of 110 species of Harlequin frog in central and South America had died out in the past 20 years. It implicated a warming climate in helping spread fungus.
In the worst case, some studies say the world could be facing one of the biggest waves of species loss since the dinosaurs were wiped out 65 million years ago.
Larigauderie said the U.N. goal of slowing biodiversity loss was impossible. “It’s totally unrealistic. We don’t know what there is out there and we don’t know how it’s changing,” she said.
Overall, the Red List says 844 species have disappeared since 1500, ranging from the dodo to the Tasmanian tiger.
In one of the bleakest projections, a 2004 international study said a quarter of all species — perhaps a million — could be condemned to extinction by 2050, partly because of a warming climate.
“You could argue that climate change is already starting to be on a par with other causes of species loss,” said Chris Taylor, the study’s lead author who is a professor of conservation biology at the University of York in England.
Species limited to a single mountain-top — like the Golden Toad — were unable to escape if it got too hot. In other cases, cities, roads or farmland may block the path of animals and plants moving toward the poles, the study said.
Others say the outlook is less grim.
“In a lot of cases, species will be able to move toward the poles or find pockets of environments where they can survive,” said Paul Leadley, a professor of ecology at the University of Paris.
He said an abrupt temperature rise at the end of the last Ice Age 10,000 years ago did not trigger a mass extinction.
The head of the U.N.’s climate panel said preserving nature was more than just a question of helping exotic animals and plants to survive.
“Human progress has been supported by the healthy continuation of biodiversity,” said Rajendra Pachauri, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the scientific body of about 2,000 scientists that advises the United Nations.
“All our food crops, medicines and so many other things that we take for granted in day-to-day living are the result of what we have exploited in the form of nature’s bounty,” he said. He urged governments to do more to slow climate change.
The Kyoto Protocol, the main U.N. plan to curb global warming, obliges about 40 industrial nations to cut emissions of heat-trapping gases by 5.2 percent below 1990 levels by 2008-12.
President George W. Bush pulled the United States, the world’s top source of emissions, out in 2001. He denounced Kyoto as an economic straitjacket that would cost U.S. jobs and said it wrongly excluded developing nations.
Public concern about nature can sometimes produce huge efforts to protect species.
In the United States, discovery of the tiny snail darter fish delayed construction of the Tellico Dam on the Little Tennessee River after it was listed as endangered in the 1970s.
In other cases, species that held promise have vanished.
The tiny Australian Northern Gastric-Brooding Frog had the trick of incubating its young in its stomach by turning off its digestive juices. That could have helped pharmaceutical companies to work out stomach anti-ulcer drugs.
Extinct according to the Red List, it has not been seen in the wild since 1985, a victim of habitat loss and disease.
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On September 9, 1850, California became the 31st state in the union. It's one of the most geologically and geographically diverse states in the nation, and its history is rich and extensive. Here are five things you didn't know about California...
From Lima Beans to Luxury: Beverly Hills Used to Be a Bean Farm Beverly Hills may be known now for stars and fancy cars, but long ago, it was a water-rich (yes, really, in Southern California) ranch used for growing lima beans. In fact, the area was long known for its water sources, with the Tongva, the California Indians who inhabited the area, calling it "the gathering of the waters." The original Spanish name was "El Rodeo de las Aguas" as well. The water made the site perfect for establishing a town, and the ranch was eventually sold off in parcels to developers. Even the name "Beverly" comes from a farm in Massachusetts. The water sources dried up in the 1850s and 1860s, and repeated droughts and financial crises prevented developers from completing many of their plans until the early 1900s, when Beverly Hills was incorporated in 1914.
The Bear on the Bear Flag Has a Model and a Name The California bear flag is easy to spot and remember, particularly for its brown California grizzly bear that takes up the center of the flag. Turns out that bear is more than just a work of art; it's based on a real bear named Monarch. The California flag has long has a bear image on it, with the original version meant to scare authorities because of the grizzly's nasty reputation. But the official, current flag's image was based on Monarch, a trapped grizzly who was put on display at Golden Gate Park and, after his natural death (he wasn't killed), whose skeleton and pelt were used for museum displays.
The Whole Coast Was Designated a National Monument The entire coastline of California is called the California Coastal National Monument, a federal monument that is protected by the Bureau of Land Management. The wildlife along the coast are also protected as part of a National Conservation Land. The monument includes points of interest such as offshore rocks, lighthouses, viewpoints such as the Lost Coast Headlands, and Cotoni-Coast Dairies, a state park that offers sweeping views west of Highway 1 and farms east of Highway 1. Keep that in mind the next time you have a barbecue on a beach -- clean up after yourselves and take care of one of the best national monuments in the country.
Pre-State California Was Never Officially a Territory Before California became a state, it was a region named California that had been gotten from Mexico as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The discovery of gold and the influx of thousands of people to the formerly sleepy area made the U.S. government sit up and take action quickly; they both wanted to exploit the rich veins of gold in the state as well as provide for all the new people arriving in the area. Normally, land that was on its way to statehood went through an official territory phase, but in California's case, the government waived the territory requirement and fast-tracked the region to statehood in 1850.
Entering a Building in Old Town Sacramento? You Just Used a Balcony Door The Central Valley of California is known for its agriculture, and currently, its water woes. However, the valley has historically gotten huge storms and been underwater from flooding every so often. These storms, called atmospheric rivers due to the riverlike formation of storm after storm after storm that would hit the area, became particularly bad in the early 1860s. So bad, in fact, that the U.S. Geologic Survey has based the scenario for a disastrous mega-storm on the flooding events of 1861-1862, giving the scenario the name "ARkStorm" ("ARk" stands for "Atmospheric River 1,000"). The 1860s were so bad that the state capitol's workers had to temporarily leave Sacramento. By the end of the 1800s, the streets of Sacramento were raised up a full story, so that the street-level doors you see now on buildings from that era were once balcony doors on an upper story.
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What are testicular tumors?
A testicular tumor is a growth on the testicles. These are germ cell tumors that can present as either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Germ cell tumors are masses of tissue formed by immature cells that normally would have developed into mature eggs (in a female) or sperm (in a male). Ninety percent of germ cell tumors are gonadal, which means they begin in the reproductive cells of the testes or ovaries.
Many testicular tumors are benign. While they may grow in their original location, they do not often spread to other parts of the body. However, some testicular tumors can grow aggressively and metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body, most commonly to the lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and central nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord.
Testicular Tumors | Symptoms & Causes
What are the symptoms of testicular tumors?
Testicular tumors are often noticed when a growth develops on one of the testes. Keep in mind that the symptoms of a testicular tumor may resemble other more common conditions or medical problems. It is important to consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.
Testicular tumor symptoms may include:
- swelling in the affected testicle
- a hardened mass on the affected testicle
- abnormal shape of the testicle or irregularity in size between testicles
- testicular pain (though some tumors are painless)
What causes testicular tumors?
Doctors do not completely understand the cause of most testicular tumors. Scientists do know that certain germ-cell tumors can be associated with a number of other inherited defects of the central nervous system, genitourinary tract, and lower spine. Boys with undescended testicles have an increased risk of developing certain germ cell tumors.
Testicular Tumors | Diagnosis & Treatments
How are testicular tumors diagnosed?
The first step in treating your child is forming an accurate and complete diagnosis. Most testicular tumors are first noticed by the patient themselves, their parent, or their physician as a non-tender swelling in the scrotum.
Most of these scrotal masses, though, result from much more common problems like hernia, hydrocele, testicular torsion, or inflammation of the epididymis. Your child's doctor will usually be able to distinguish a testicular tumor from these more common conditions through an examination. In addition, your child’s physician may perform or order a number of different tests including including a complete medical history or an ultrasound.
If it is determined to be a tumor, your child will receive these additional tests:
- complete blood count
- additional blood tests may include blood chemistries, genetic testing, and an evaluation of liver and kidney function
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- computerized tomography scan (also called a CT or CAT scan)
There may be other diagnostic tests that your doctor will discuss with you depending on your child's individual situation. After we complete all necessary tests, our experts meet to review and discuss what they have learned about your child's condition. Then we will meet with you and your family to discuss the results and outline the best possible treatment options.
What are the treatment options for testicular tumors?
Your child's physician will determine a specific course of treatment based on several factors, including your son's age, overall health, and medical history, as well as the size and malignancy of the tumor.
Testicular tumors, whether benign or malignant, are usually removed. Your child's treatment will almost always include surgery. A pediatric urologic surgeon will surgically remove the tumor — if the tumor is malignant, the entire affected testicle may need to be removed through a procedure known as orchiectomy.
If your son's testicular tumor is malignant, treatment may also include:
When testicular cancer spreads, it first spreads to the lymph nodes at the back of the abdomen behind the intestines. Additional surgery is sometimes considered to remove these lymph nodes. This surgery can potentially be performed using minimally invasive techniques, typically robotic surgery. Depending on the findings, additional chemotherapy may be required. Surgery is also occasionally performed after chemotherapy.
Chemotherapy is a drug that interferes with the cancer cell's ability to grow or reproduce. Chemotherapy before surgery may help shrink the tumor, making it possible to remove; used after surgery it can help fight a cancer's recurrence. Different groups of chemotherapy drugs work in different ways to fight cancer cells and shrink tumors. Your child may receive chemotherapy orally, as a pill to swallow; intramuscularly, as an injection into the muscle or fat tissue; intravenously, as a direct injection into the bloodstream, or IV; or intrathecally, as a direct injection into the spinal column through a needle.
Throughout your child's treatment, our doctors use supportive care to prevent and treat infections, minimize side effects of treatment, respond to complications, and keep your child comfortable.
It is important to note that treatment for testicular tumors may affect fertility. Before your son begins treatment, talk with your doctors about whether their fertility is likely to be impacted — and, if so, whether fertility preservation options, such as sperm banking, should be considered.
What is the long-term outlook for children with testicular tumors?
The prognosis for benign testicular tumors is usually very good, with minimal if any long-term complications. If one testicle remains, fertility will be preserved, so your son will still be able to father children.
The prognosis for a malignant tumor can vary greatly from individual to individual and depends heavily on the extent of the disease. Prompt medical attention and aggressive therapy are important. Continual follow-up care is equally essential to monitor for side effects of radiation and chemotherapy, as well as second malignancies.
Children treated for a testicular tumor should visit a cancer survivorship clinic every year to manage disease complications, screen for recurrence, and manage late treatment side effects. A typical follow-up visit is likely to include a physical exam, laboratory testing, and imaging scans.
The David B. Perini Jr. Quality of Life Clinic at Dana-Farber provides care and advocacy for survivors of childhood cancer, conducting research on the long-term effects of cancer treatments, and offering education and support for survivors of cancer. In addition to meeting with your pediatric oncologists, your child may see one of our endocrinologists, cardiologists, neurologists, neuro-psychologists, or alternative/complementary therapy specialists. We also offer patient and family education, psychosocial assessment, genetic counseling, reproductive and fertility evaluation and counseling, and opportunities to speak with other childhood cancer survivors.
How we care for testicular tumors
Children, teens, and young adults with testicular tumors are treated at Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center through our Solid Tumor Center. Our treatment team includes medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, and pediatric subspecialists, including urologists, who have specialized expertise in treating all types of germ cell tumors, including testicular tumors.
Because of their unique expertise in treating these types of tumors, our urologists can help identify and, when possible, avoid potential side effects such as infertility, sexual dysfunction, or incontinence — that may result from cancer treatment. We also offer procedures that can help preserve fertility, including harvesting stem cells.
Testicular Tumors | Research & Innovation
What is the latest research for testicular tumors?
Various germ cell tumor research studies are underway to help build our understanding of how treatment types and dosages can be modified according to the tumor subtype, stage, location on the body, and the age and gender of the child — to provide the best possible outcome.
Due to the rarity of germ cell tumors in children, however, statistically meaningful data with multivariate analysis is difficult to achieve. To address that, the Malignant Germ Cell International Collaborative (MaGIC) was formed. This consortium, led by A. Lindsay Frazier, MD, a pediatric oncologist at Dana-Farber/Boston Children’s, is a collaboration of the world’s experts in germ cell tumors, including pediatric, gynecologic, and genito-urinary oncologists.
Clinical trials for testicular tumors
For many children with rare or hard-to-treat conditions, including testicular germ cell tumors, clinical trials — research studies evaluating new treatment approaches – provide new options.
Participation in any clinical trial is completely voluntary. We will fully explain all elements of the treatment plan prior to the start of the trial, and you may remove your child from the medical study at any time.
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mica, any of a group of hydrous potassium, aluminum silicate minerals. It is a type of phyllosilicate, exhibiting a two-dimensional sheet or layer structure. Among the principal rock-forming minerals, micas are found in all three major rock varieties—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Of the 28 known species of the mica group, only 6 are common rock-forming minerals. Muscovite, the common light-coloured mica, and biotite, which is typically black or nearly so, are the most abundant. Phlogopite, typically brown, and paragonite, which is macroscopically indistinguishable from muscovite, also are fairly common. Lepidolite, generally pinkish to lilac in colour, occurs in lithium-bearing pegmatites. Glauconite, a green species that does not have the same general macroscopic characteristics as the other micas, occurs sporadically in many marine sedimentary sequences. All of these micas except glauconite exhibit easily observable perfect cleavage into flexible sheets. Glauconite, which most often occurs as pelletlike grains, has no apparent cleavage.
The names of the rock-forming micas constitute a good example of the diverse bases used in naming minerals: Biotite was named for a person—Jean-Baptiste Biot, a 19th-century French physicist who studied the optical properties of micas; muscovite was named, albeit indirectly, for a place—it was originally called “Muscovy glass” because it came from the Muscovy province of Russia; glauconite, although typically green, was named for the Greek word for blue; lepidolite, from the Greek word meaning “scale,” was based on the appearance of the mineral’s cleavage plates; phlogopite, from the Greek word for firelike, was chosen because of the reddish glow (colour and lustre) of some specimens; paragonite, from the Greek “to mislead,” was so named because it was originally mistaken for another mineral, talc.
The general formula for minerals of the mica group is XY2–3Z4O10(OH, F)2 with X = K, Na, Ba, Ca, Cs, (H3O), (NH4); Y = Al, Mg, Fe2+, Li, Cr, Mn, V, Zn; and Z = Si, Al, Fe3+, Be, Ti. Compositions of the common rock-forming micas are given in the table.
Few natural micas have end-member compositions. For example, most muscovites contain sodium substituting for some potassium, and diverse varieties have chromium or vanadium or a combination of both replacing part of the aluminum; furthermore, the Si:Al ratio may range from the indicated 3:1 up to about 7:1. Similar variations in composition are known for the other micas. Thus, as in some of the other groups of minerals (e.g., the garnets), different individual pieces of naturally occurring mica specimens consist of different proportions of ideal end-member compositions. There are, however, no complete series of solid solutions between any dioctahedral mica and any trioctahedral mica.
Micas have sheet structures whose basic units consist of two polymerized sheets of silica (SiO4) tetrahedrons. Two such sheets are juxtaposed with the vertices of their tetrahedrons pointing toward each other; the sheets are cross-linked with cations—for example, aluminum in muscovite—and hydroxyl pairs complete the coordination of these cations (see From L.G. Berry, B. Mason, and R.V. Dietrich, Mineralogy: Concepts, Descriptions, Determinations, 2nd ed., copyright © 1983 by W.H. Freeman and Co., used with permission.). Thus, the cross-linked double layer is bound firmly, has the bases of silica tetrahedrons on both of its outer sides, and has a negative charge. The charge is balanced by singly charged large cations—for example, potassium in muscovite—that join the cross-linked double layers to form the complete structure. The differences among mica species depend upon differences in the X and Y cations.
Although the micas are generally considered to be monoclinic (pseudohexagonal), there also are hexagonal, orthorhombic, and triclinic forms generally referred to as polytypes. The polytypes are based on the sequences and number of layers of the basic structure in the unit cell and the symmetry thus produced. Most biotites are 1M and most muscovites are 2M; however, more than one polytype is commonly present in individual specimens. This feature cannot, however, be determined macroscopically; polytypes are distinguished by relatively sophisticated techniques such as those employing X-rays.
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|*This polytype has not been recorded for natural micas.|
The micas other than glauconite tend to crystallize as short pseudohexagonal prisms. The side faces of these prisms are typically rough, some appearing striated and dull, whereas the flat ends tend to be smooth and shiny. The end faces are parallel to the perfect cleavage that characterizes the group.
The rock-forming micas (other than glauconite) can be divided into two groups: those that are light-coloured (muscovite, paragonite, and lepidolite) and those that are dark-coloured (biotite and phlogopite). Most of the properties of the mica group of minerals, other than those of glauconite, can be described together; here they are described as pertaining simply to micas, meaning the micas other than glauconite. Properties of the latter are described separately later in the discussion.
The perfect cleavage into thin elastic sheets is probably the most widely recognized characteristic of the micas. The cleavage is a manifestation of the sheet structure described above. (The elasticity of the thin sheets distinguishes the micas from similarly appearing thin sheets of chlorite and talc.) The rock-forming micas exhibit certain characteristic colours. Muscovites range from colourless, greenish to blue-green to emerald-green, pinkish, and brownish to cinnamon-tan. Paragonites are colourless to white; biotites may be black, brown, red to red-brown, greenish brown, and blue-green. Phlogopites resemble biotites but are honey brown. Lepidolites are nearly colourless, pink, lavender, or tan. Biotites and phlogopites also exhibit the property termed pleochroism (or, more properly for these minerals, dichroism): When viewed along different crystallographic directions, especially using transmitted polarized light, they exhibit different colours or different absorption of light or both.
The lustre of the micas is usually described as splendent, but some cleavage faces appear pearly. The minutely crystalline variety consisting of muscovite or paragonite (or both), generally referred to as sericite, is silky.
Mohs hardness of the micas is approximately 21/2 on cleavage flakes and 4 across cleavage. Consequently, micas can be scratched in either direction with a knife blade or geologic pick. Hardness is used to distinguish micas from chloritoid, which also occurs rather commonly as platy masses in some metamorphic rocks; chloritoid, with a Mohs hardness of 61/2, cannot be scratched with a knife blade or geologic pick.
Glauconite occurs most commonly as earthy to dull, subtranslucent, green to nearly black granules generally referred to as pellets. It is attacked readily by hydrochloric acid. The colour and occurrence of this mineral in sediments and sedimentary rocks formed from those sediments generally are sufficient for identification.
Micas may originate as the result of diverse processes under several different conditions. Their occurrences, listed below, include crystallization from consolidating magmas, deposition by fluids derived from or directly associated with magmatic activities, deposition by fluids circulating during both contact and regional metamorphism, and formation as the result of alteration processes—perhaps even those caused by weathering—that involve minerals such as feldspars. The stability ranges of micas have been investigated in the laboratory, and in some associations their presence (as opposed to absence) or some aspect of their chemical composition may serve as geothermometers or geobarometers.
Distinct crystals of the micas occur in a few rocks—e.g., in certain igneous rocks and in pegmatites. Micas occuring as large crystals are often called books; these may measure up to several metres across. In most rocks, micas occur as irregular tabular masses or thin plates (flakes), which in some instances appear bent. Although some mica grains are extremely small, all except those constituting sericitic masses have characteristic shiny cleavage surfaces.
Glauconite is formed in marine environments. It can be found on seafloors where clastic sedimentation, which results from the relocation of minerals and organic matter to sites other than their places of origin, is lacking or nearly so. Although some glauconite has been interpreted to have been formed from preexisting layered silicates (e.g., detrital biotite), most of it appears to have crystallized from aluminosilicate gels—perhaps under the influence of biochemical activities that produce reducing environments.
The common rock-forming micas are distributed widely. The more important occurrences follow: Biotite occurs in many igneous rocks (e.g., granites and granodiorites), is common in many pegmatite masses, and constitutes one of the chief components of many metamorphic rocks (e.g., gneisses, schists, and hornfelses). It alters rather easily during chemical weathering and thus is rare in sediments and sedimentary rocks. One stage in the weathering of biotite has resulted in some confusion. During chemical weathering, biotite tends to lose its elasticity and become decolorized to silvery gray flakes. In a fairly common intermediate stage, weathered biotite is golden yellow, has a bronzy lustre, and may be mistaken by inexperienced observers as flakes of gold.
Phlogopite is rare in igneous rocks; it does, however, occur in some ultramafic (silica-poor) rocks. For example, it occurs in some peridotites, especially those called kimberlites, which are the rocks in which diamonds occur. Phlogopite also is a rare constituent of some magnesium-rich pegmatites. Its most common occurrence, however, is in impure limestones that have undergone contact metasomatism, a process through which the chemical composition of rocks is changed.
Muscovite is particularly common in metamorphic gneisses, schists, and phyllites. In fine-grained foliated rocks, such as phyllites, the muscovite occurs as microscopic grains (sericite) that give these rocks their silky lustres. It also occurs in some granitic rocks and is common in complex granitic pegmatites and within miarolitic druses, which are late-magmatic, crystal-lined cavities in igneous rocks. Much of the muscovite in igneous rocks is thought to have been formed late during, or immediately after, consolidation of the parent magma. Muscovite is relatively resistant to weathering and thus occurs in many soils developed over muscovite-bearing rocks and also in the clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks derived from them.
Paragonite is known definitely to occur in only a few gneisses, schists, and phyllites, in which it appears to play essentially the same role as muscovite. It may, however, be much more common than generally thought. Until fairly recently nearly all light-coloured micas in rocks were automatically called muscovite without checking their potassium:sodium ratios, so some paragonites may have been incorrectly identified as muscovites. Its weathering is essentially the same as that of muscovite.
Lepidolite occurs almost exclusively in complex lithium-bearing pegmatites but has also been recorded as a component of a few granites.
Glauconite, as noted above, is forming in some present-day marine environments. It also is a relatively common constituent of sedimentary rocks, the precursor sediments of which were apparently deposited on the deeper parts of ancient continental shelves. The name greensand is widely applied to glauconite-rich sediments. Most glauconite occurs as granules, which are frequently referred to as pellets. It also exists as pigment, typically as films that coat such diverse substrates as fossils, fecal pellets, and clastic fragments.
Because of their perfect cleavage, flexibility and elasticity, infusibility, low thermal and electrical conductivity, and high dielectric strength, muscovite and phlogopite have found widespread application. Most “sheet mica” with these compositions has been used as electrical condensers, as insulation sheets between commutator segments, or in heating elements. Sheets of muscovite of precise thicknesses are utilized in optical instruments. Ground mica is used in many ways such as a dusting medium to prevent, for example, asphalt tiles from sticking to each other and also as a filler, absorbent, and lubricant. It is also used in the manufacture of wallpaper to give it a shiny lustre. Lepidolite has been mined as an ore of lithium, with rubidium generally recovered as a by-product. It is used in the manufacture of heat-resistant glass. Glauconite-rich greensands have found use within the United States as fertilizer—e.g., on the coastal plain of New Jersey—and some glauconite has been employed as a water softener because it has a high base-exchange capacity and tends to regenerate rather rapidly.
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Multiple System Atrophy
What is Multiple System Atrophy?
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) refers to three slowly progressive related disorders that affect the central and autonomic nervous systems. The disorders are characterised by their foremost symptoms: olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA), which primarily affects balance, coordination, and speech; a parkinsonian form (striatonigral degeneration), which can resemble Parkinson's disease because of slow movement and stiff muscles; and a form with predominant autonomic nervous system involvement (formerly Shy-Drager syndrome, now called MSA with orthostatic hypotension). In all three forms of MSA, the patient can have orthostatic, or postural, hypotension-an excessive drop in blood pressure when the patient stands up, which causes dizziness or momentary blackouts. Other symptoms may include stiffness and rigidity, loss of balance and coordination, impaired speech, breathing and swallowing difficulties, blurred vision, male impotence, constipation, and urinary difficulties. Most patients develop dementia late in the course of the disease, which is usually diagnosed in persons over age 50. MSA is twice as common in men as in women.
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Until recently, four species were held responsible for human malaria infections: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae. P. knowlesi is increasingly recognised as the fifth and emerging human malaria parasite, which is particularly prevalent in South East Asia and can cause potentially life threatening malaria. Recent surveys suggest that many P. knowlesi infections have been misdiagnosed by microscopy as P. malariae, resulting in gross underestimates of its prevalence.
The genome sequence reveals a dramatic example of 'molecular mimicry' that is likely to be crucial for survival and propagation of the parasite in the body. Remarkably, the team found several members of a large gene family that contain sequence signatures that closely resemble a key human gene involved in regulation of the immune system. The parasite versions of the human protein are thought to interfere with recognition of infected red blood cells.
In addition to this uniquely expanded group of genes, P. knowlesi has a fundamentally different architecture of the genes involved in 'antigenic variation' compared to other malaria parasites. The study also emphasizes the fact that, although 80% of genes are shared among all sequenced malaria parasites, each species may have a unique set of tricks and disguises that help it to escape host responses and to keep itself ahead in the host–parasite interaction.
"P. knowlesi has thrown up several surprises. Our study demonstrates the power of sequencing additional malaria genomes to unravel as yet undiscovered and fascinating aspects of the biology of malaria parasites" says Dr Arnab Pain, the first author in the study and the project manager at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
"Unusually, the key genes that we think help the parasite to evade detection and destruction by host defences are scattered through the genome. In the other species we have examined, these genes are most often near the tips of the chromosomes".
The phenomenon of 'antigenic variation' - where the parasite constantly changes the coat of parasitized red cells in order to avoid recognition by the host - was also first discovered in P. knowlesi. Moreover, it can be studied and grown in the lab, making it ideal to understand it's basic biology such as how it invades red cells.
Identified initially as a monkey parasite, P. knowlesi had been identified in only two cases of human infection before 2004. However, at that time, Professor Balbir Singh and colleagues developed DNA-based detection methods and examined samples from malaria patients in Malaysia. They showed that almost all cases of what was thought to be infection with the human parasite P. malariae were due to infection with the 'monkey' parasite P. knowlesi.
"Rapid and appropriate treatment is vital in cases of malaria," says Professor Balbir Singh, Director of the Malaria Research Centre at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, "but before the development of molecular detection methods, we had been hampered by our inability to distinguish between P. knowlesi and the benign P. malariae parasites by microscopy. This parasite multiplies rapidly and can cause fatal human infections, so it is vital that doctors are aware that P. knowlesi is the fifth cause of human malaria.
"The genome sequence of what has been considered to be a 'model' for human malaria becomes much more significant with our findings of the widespread distribution and high levels of human infections with P. knowlesi."
P. knowlesi is an important model for studying the way that malaria parasites interact with host cells. It is a robust species in which invasion of red blood cells can be examined in detail. The genome sequence provides an updated catalogue of proteins that might help the parasite in these first stages of infection: the team identified novel regions in the genome that help to understand the regulation of these key genes and the transport of their proteins to the red cell surface.
Switching of surface proteins is a key defence mechanism for malaria parasites, as well as being essential for successful transfer between human and mosquito host, but the mechanisms of switching remain unclear.
"This is our first view of a monkey malaria parasite genome. It brings us intrigues and surprises - as well as new resources to help in the fight against malaria," says Dr Alan Thomas, Chairman of the Department of Parasitology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre in RIJSWIJK, Netherlands. "P. knowlesi is closely related to the second-most common cause of human malaria, P. vivax. With our new understanding of the genetic architecture of both parasites, we will more efficiently translate our studies on P. knowlesi to other human parasites.
"Just as important, the genome will help in understanding human cases of knowlesi malaria."
It is thought that P. knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite that is transmitted by mosquitoes of the Anopheles leucosphyrus group that feed on humans and monkeys.
The function of the majority of Plasmodium proteins remains unknown. Comparison with the other malaria parasites will help to understand the differences in pathology and the mechanisms they share in interacting with the human, monkey or mosquito hosts.
The current work is published in Nature along with a companion study, deciphering the genome of another human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax. That study was led by scientists at the New York University School of Medicine and the J Craig Venter Institute [formerly The Institute for Genomic Research (TIGR )] of Rockville, Maryland, USA. The Sanger Institute is also sequencing the remaining two human-infecting Plasmodium species. The genome of P. falciparum was deciphered in 2002.
Don Powell | alfa
How brains surrender to sleep
23.06.2017 | IMP - Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pathologie GmbH
A new technique isolates neuronal activity during memory consolidation
22.06.2017 | Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)
An international team of scientists has proposed a new multi-disciplinary approach in which an array of new technologies will allow us to map biodiversity and the risks that wildlife is facing at the scale of whole landscapes. The findings are published in Nature Ecology and Evolution. This international research is led by the Kunming Institute of Zoology from China, University of East Anglia, University of Leicester and the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research.
Using a combination of satellite and ground data, the team proposes that it is now possible to map biodiversity with an accuracy that has not been previously...
Heatwaves in the Arctic, longer periods of vegetation in Europe, severe floods in West Africa – starting in 2021, scientists want to explore the emissions of the greenhouse gas methane with the German-French satellite MERLIN. This is made possible by a new robust laser system of the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen, which achieves unprecedented measurement accuracy.
Methane is primarily the result of the decomposition of organic matter. The gas has a 25 times greater warming potential than carbon dioxide, but is not as...
Hydrogen is regarded as the energy source of the future: It is produced with solar power and can be used to generate heat and electricity in fuel cells. Empa researchers have now succeeded in decoding the movement of hydrogen ions in crystals – a key step towards more efficient energy conversion in the hydrogen industry of tomorrow.
As charge carriers, electrons and ions play the leading role in electrochemical energy storage devices and converters such as batteries and fuel cells. Proton...
Scientists from the Excellence Cluster Universe at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich have establised "Cosmowebportal", a unique data centre for cosmological simulations located at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. The complete results of a series of large hydrodynamical cosmological simulations are available, with data volumes typically exceeding several hundred terabytes. Scientists worldwide can interactively explore these complex simulations via a web interface and directly access the results.
With current telescopes, scientists can observe our Universe’s galaxies and galaxy clusters and their distribution along an invisible cosmic web. From the...
Temperature measurements possible even on the smallest scale / Molecular ruby for use in material sciences, biology, and medicine
Chemists at Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU) in cooperation with researchers of the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)...
19.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
13.06.2017 | Event News
23.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
23.06.2017 | Physics and Astronomy
23.06.2017 | Information Technology
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This review considers two textbooks on differential equations that are designed for a course following calculus: Differential Equations and Linear Algebra and Differential Equations: Computing and Modeling, both by Edwards and Penney. The two books are similar in many ways, and some chapters are essentially identical. The differences are due to a divergence in aims for the two books that is largely reflected in their titles. One of the books incorporates an introduction to linear algebra and integrates linear algebra with its treatment of differential equations. The other book emphasizes computation and modeling more extensively and introduces a limited amount of linear algebra, largely in the context of systems of linear differential equations. There are also versions of this book that include boundary value problems.
Both of these books have been extensively classroom-tested and modified in succeeding editions based on classroom experience. The authors’ general goals in both books are the same: to concentrate on conceptual development and to use applications to provoke and maintain student engagement. An application manual, available with both textbooks, provides descriptions of how Maple, Mathematica, and MATLAB can support numerical and symbolic investigations of differential equations.
As previously noted, the two books have a lot of material in common. Chapters in common include: first order equations, mathematical models and numerical methods, higher order equations, linear systems of differential equations, nonlinear systems and Laplace transform methods. Distributed throughout are a number of computing projects called “application modules”, and many of these are the same in both books.
Most of the differences between the books consist of additional material in the text with linear algebra. These include the expected chapters on basic linear algebra, as well as chapters on the matrix exponential and on power series solutions.
The books have excellent collections of exercises, and many of these are tied to the application modules. It is especially nice to see so many fresh exercises and so few of the well-worn problems common to many other similar texts. One striking example is a set of exercises dealing with earthquake-induced vibrations of multi-story buildings that is a terrific application of second order linear systems.
Another strength of the books is that the authors, having chosen to treat numerical methods, do so with care and in detail. Of course, not all introductory differential equations texts need to include numerical methods, but when they do it should be more than perfunctory. So, for example, these books introduce Euler’s method as an algorithm for numerical approximations of solutions of differential equations, explain why numerical methods are sometimes necessary, and then carefully follow up with several examples and then a refined version of the method. After that the authors follow up with an extended discussion of the Runge-Kutta method and explain why it is more accurate than Euler’s method.
Either of these texts would be a worthy choice for an introductory differential equations course. They’d also be a great source of additional exercises and examples for an instructor using a different textbook.
Bill Satzer (firstname.lastname@example.org) is a senior intellectual property scientist at 3M Company, having previously been a lab manager at 3M for composites and electromagnetic materials. His training is in dynamical systems and particularly celestial mechanics; his current interests are broadly in applied mathematics and the teaching of mathematics.
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Bring Hummingbirds to Your Yard
National Pollinator Week is June 17-23 this year, so I’m highlighting one of my favorite pollinators: hummingbirds. They are easy to attract, all you need is the right nectar plants. Hummingbirds have regular feeding routes, and will come around just long enough to sip some nectar at each plant, and then they are on to the next nectar stop. “My” hummingbirds stop through a few times a day, and I usually spot them only because I hear the buzz of their wings as they zoom by, and sometimes their tiny, high-pitched chirps when they talk to each other.
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is likely the only species you’ll see in Osceola County. They overwinter in Mexico or South America, and migrate here in spring (start looking for them in February). Some of them stay in South Florida year-round. These spunky little birds are most abundant here during their breeding season in June-July. They usually make their nests on top of tree branches at least ten feet off of the ground. They weave nests together with spider webs; this allows the nest to stretch as the babies grow! Nests are lined with silky plant fibers inside, and covered with lichens on the outside, providing excellent camouflage.
To bring hummingbirds to your yard, you’ll need to plant flowers they like. Hummingbirds are attracted to trumpet-shaped flowers, especially red ones. They also eat small insects like aphids and mosquitoes. Some of my favorite hummingbird plants for Central Florida: cross vine (Bignonia capreolata), native firebush (Hamelia patens var. patens), native scarlet salvia (Salvia coccinea), and coralbean (Erythrina herbacea). I don’t recommend using hummingbird feeders, because sugar water doesn’t provide the beneficial nutrients the birds need, and can quickly grow toxic bacteria in Florida’s heat.
Male hummingbirds are territorial, and will chase each other off from food sources, so it’s ideal to have nectar plants in different places around the landscape to allow multiple hummingbirds to feed at the same time. Good bird habitats should also have fresh water. Place a shallow birdbath in the shade and keep birds healthy by changing water daily.
By adding only a few extra plants in your landscape, you can attract one of Florida’s most entertaining and beautiful birds. For information about attracting pollinators and other wildlife to your farm or landscape, contact the UF IFAS Extension-Osceola.
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Website Terminology Glossary
A DNS editor is a tool used to manage the Domain Name System (DNS) records for a domain. It allows users to create, modify, and delete DNS records for a domain name, which are used to resolve the domain name to an IP address.
A DNS editor typically provides a user interface that allows users to easily manage various types of DNS records, such as A, CNAME, MX, and TXT records. These records contain information about the domain name and its associated IP address, mail server, and other configuration settings.
A DNS editor may be provided as part of a web hosting control panel, or as a standalone tool provided by a DNS hosting provider. Some DNS editors may also offer advanced features, such as DNSSEC support, dynamic DNS updates, and bulk record management.
A DNS editor is an important tool for managing the DNS records for a domain, and can help ensure that the domain name is correctly resolved to its associated IP address and other services.
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We live and work in a world with many options. While uniformity can be nice, many of us want to use the very best product for the task at hand, even if it involves using multiple different technology platforms. Some would also argue that companies who allow for integration to their competitors’ platforms go further in the enterprise world.
The Ultimate Partnership
Even more recently, large, closed-sourced technology companies have made huge strides in being more optimistic by giving the consumer the option to use their product with their open source counterparts. Microsoft, for instance, now has released its own version of FreeBSD (a UNIX based operating system) and created a partnership with Canonical to bring features from the Ubuntu operating system to Windows 10. Business partnerships like this allow the consumer to do things they couldn’t do before within their technology environments.
Microsoft, however, is not the only technology giant moving forward in this direction. Hypervisors, such as vmware, and storage vendors have made big partnerships and integrations with their competitors, as well. This will allow businesses like yours to get the very best, customizable environment for your customers and personnel to employ.
Platform Integration: Physical Hardware and Virtualization
The first area that we’ll cover is platform integration as it relates to physical hardware and virtualization. There are many components that make up the physical infrastructure of a server environment or ‘cloud.’ In order for each piece of hardware to function properly in the environment, it is imperative that each device be able to successfully communicate with its counterparts. For instance- the server(s) providing resources such as CPU, memory, etc. must be able to interact with the other aspects of the environment such as networking devices and storage devices (assuming the storage is not locally attached to the servers). This where the hypervisor running on the server comes in.
What is a Hypervisor?
A Hypervisor, sometimes referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM) is software, firmware, or hardware that operates virtual systems such as computers, servers, storage or network devices. The computer, or server that runs the hypervisor is referred to as the host machine, and all of the virtual machines operated by the hypervisor are referred to as ‘guest machines. The host machine, in which the hypervisor is installed on, presents the operating systems of the guest machines and masks the physical components of the system from the end-user. Various instances of operating systems (such as macOS, Linux, Windows, and UNIX-based operating systems) can use the same hardware resources that the hypervisor operates on. In addition to guest operating systems, the hypervisor can also manage networking devices, storage volumes, and other infrastructure devices virtually. This essentially allows a systems engineer to almost fully manage a datacenter from anywhere. This concept is referred to as Data Center Virtualization.
How does Data Center Virtualization Fit in?
For data center virtualization to be possible, the hypervisor software must allow for integration to a number of different platforms. For instance, the physical server in use must support and be able to effectively run the hypervisor OS itself, and the hypervisor technology in use must be able to support all of the hardware devices plugged into the physical server in order to virtualize the environment. Examples of hypervisor technologies that have achieved this concept of platform integration and compatibility include VMware ESX/ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, and Citrix XenServer to name a few.
Next, we will discuss the role integration plays in virtualization, resource utilization, and storage solutions.
The Benefits of Storage APIs
As system virtualization evolves rapidly into common business practice, the close-fitting integration between virtualized systems and physical storage becomes more and more critical. Many storage vendors and virtualization software companies picked up on this trend early on, and continue collaborations with one another to generate better storage APIs so businesses can reap the full advantages of virtualization on an enterprise level. These APIs assimilate storage with virtualization, allowing both to communicate more efficiently and ultimately designate each task to the more appropriate platform. This results in an organizational benefit that is quantifiable by increased systems performance, scalability, and stability.
A Robust Virtualized Solution
Of course, the virtualization of storage is only as good as the physical hardware that sits behind it. Earlier, we talked about the benefits of solid state media over mechanical disk; however, this is only part of what constitutes a robust, and effective virtualized solution. You also need to ensure that the hardware which provides processing power and memory resources is up to par. For instance, if you have multiple servers in your environment with dissimilar specifications, most hypervisors will only function at the level of the lowest variable- hence the saying, ‘A chain is only as strong as its weakest link.’ Therefore, designing a well-rounded, consistent virtual infrastructure is imperative.
Beyond storage and resource efficiency, a good hypervisor also needs to offer solid networking capabilities that can integrate with multifaceted enterprise networks. Virtual networking allows you to configure VMs, hosts, and virtual storage in the same fashion as a physical network topology. Virtual switching allows for guest machines on the same, or disparate hosts to interconnect with one another using identical protocols that are used over physical switches, eliminating the need for additional hardware. Hypervisors should also offer virtual switching that supports VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) that are multi-vendor compatible, as well as virtual Ethernet adapters that can possess their own IP and MAC addresses independently.
In conclusion, a virtual environment that is well-integrated, highly scalable, and designed with as much consistency as possible is generally the most efficient and reliable type of infrastructure. Also, when virtual systems have practically the same characteristics as physical entities from a resource, networking, and storage perspective, it makes the management and maintenance of the infrastructure much easier. From a business standpoint, this cuts down on costs, remediation time, and the need for additional staff.
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There are two ways of connecting components:
so that each component has the same current.The battery voltage is divided between the two lamps
so that each component has the same voltage.Both lamps have the full battery voltage across them.
Most circuits contain a mixture of series and parallel connections
The terms series circuit and parallel circuit are sometimes used, but only the simplest of circuits are entirely one type or the other. It is better to refer to specific components and say they are connected in series or connected in parallel.
For example: the circuit on the right shows a resistor and LED connected in series (on the right) and two lamps connected in parallel (in the centre). The switch is connected in series with the two lamps.
Lamps in Series
If several lamps are connected in series they will all be switched on and off together by a switch connected anywhere in the circuit. The supply voltage is divided equally between the lamps (assuming they are all identical). If one lamp blows all the lamps will go out because the circuit is broken.
Christmas Tree Lights
The lamps on a Christmas tree are connected in series.
Normally you would expect all the lamps to go out if one blew, but Christmas tree lamps are special! They are designed to short circuit (conduct like a wire link) when they blow, so the circuit is not broken and the other lamps remain lit, making it easier to locate the faulty lamp. Sets also include one ‘fuse’ lamp which blows normally.
If there are 20 lamps and the mains electricity voltage is 240V, each lamp must be suitable for a 12V supply because the 240V is divided equally between the 20 lamps: 240V ÷ 20 = 12V.
WARNING! The Christmas tree lamps may seem safe because they use only 12V but they are connected to the mains supply which can be lethal. Always unplug from the mains before changing lamps. The voltage across the holder of a missing lamp is the full 240V of the mains supply! (Yes, it really is!)
Lamps in Parallel
If several lamps are connected in parallel each one has the full supply voltage across it. The lamps may be switched on and off independently by connecting a switch in series with each lamp as shown in the circuit diagram. This arrangement is used to control the lamps in buildings.
This type of circuit is often called a parallel circuit but you can see that it is not really so simple – the switches are in series with the lamps, and it is these switch and lamp pairs that are connected in parallel.
Switches in Series
If several on-off switches are connected in series they must all be closed (on) to complete the circuit.
The diagram shows a simple circuit with two switches connected in series to control a lamp.
Switch S1 AND Switch S2 must be closed to light the lamp.
Switches in Parallel
If several on-off switches are connected in parallel only one needs to be closed (on) to complete the circuit.
The diagram shows a simple circuit with two switches connected in parallel to control a lamp.
Switch S1 OR Switch S2 (or both of them) must be closed to light the lamp.
(Article from the Electronics Club)
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Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) started going on sale in 2003. Recently, they have seen increased demand for use as a smoking cessation device that delivers nicotine in a less harmful way. As of 2016, over 500 brands of e-cigarettes are available, generating over $10 billion in sales.
While e-cigarettes (also known as “vapes”) have made a lot of progress, many still choose tobacco cigarettes over e-cigs, despite the proven and severe health risks tobacco cigarettes carry. This is mainly because tobacco cigarettes are more accessible to the public at large, and new laws to regulate vapes for sale could make them even more difficult to obtain.
Why should smokers switch to vaping? How does vaping work? And how does it compare to smoking a regular tobacco cigarette to satisfy a smoker’s need for nicotine? It’s been said that smoking one tobacco cigarette reduces your lifespan by 11 minutes, does vaping cause less harm?
Here’s a short course on how vaping works. “Mod” units are battery-operated devices with a fire button pressed to release the vapor from the e-liquid inside the other main component of a vaping unit, an “atomizer tank”. E-liquids (or E-juices) come in different flavors and are dripped into the atomizer tank. Once everything is sealed up and turned on, users place their mouths on the mouthpiece, inhale, and wait a beat before exhaling. Vapers can either short-drag the vapor (as one would drag on a tobacco cigarette) or perform a long, deep drag for lasting effect. The vapor is exhaled from the mouth or from the nose, or both.
So, why should you vape instead of smoking a tobacco cigarette? We listed 10 reasons so you can decide for yourself. And we hope that by the end of this article, you start puffing from your vape pens instead of the cancer sticks you are accustomed to.
- Vapes reduce your chances of getting lung cancer.
E-cigarettes and vapes reduce smokers’ exposure to carcinogens and other harmful substances found in tobacco like tar, carbon monoxide, cyanide, ammonia and radioactive compounds. Tobacco cigarettes contain 100 known carcinogens, and other chemicals that can potentially cause cancer. E-cigarettes may not be considered fully safe because they use nicotine, which is toxic at very high concentrations, but according to a 2011 review, e-cigarettes are a lot safer than tobacco cigarettes.
The exhaled vapor from E-cigarettes is also harmless to bystanders, unlike secondhand smoke that has been linked to health problems for non-smokers. A report in 2015 from Public Health England said that e-cigarettes actually “release negligible levels of nicotine into ambient air with no identified health risks to bystanders.”
- No need to clean up ashes and smoke dust.
Nobody can deny that smoking creates an awful mess. All smokers are familiar with dusting off their shirts after having a smoke, or realizing that their home or apartment is covered in a thin layer of ash. Vapers have no need to sweep or vacuum the floor for ash and dust; at worst they might accidentally let some e-liquid drip out from a tank, but this is easily wiped up.
- No after-cigarette smell.
There’s an unmistakable smell a tobacco cigarette leaves on the fingers, body and breath after a smoke. And it’s especially easy for non-smokers to smell when someone has recently been smoking. Vapers never have to worry about trying to wash the smell off of their hands. E-liquid vapor actually smells nice and will leave a sweet-smelling vapor from whichever flavor is used.
- When properly used, e-cigarettes pose no fire risk.
Unlike cigarettes, cigars and pipes, vapes have no open burning area that might cause a fire if improperly discarded. The heated coil is sealed, so vapers don’t have to worry about the smoldering cigarette butts that cause terrible fires every year.
- There are a lot of flavors to choose from.
Banana strawberry? Mochaccino? Chocolate? Tutti Frutti and Bubblegum? Vapers can choose these flavors and many more from thousands of e-juice makers. DIY vapers mix their own liquids, customizing their own flavor according to taste. Mixing and matching flavors is also an option and most e-liquids complement each other very well.
- Better teeth, Better breath.
Since e-liquids have fewer chemicals than tobacco cigarettes, vapers don’t have breath that smells like tar. They also don’t have to think about the effect of the tar on teeth, which go from pearly white to yellowish brown.
- Vapers choose the Nicotine level.
Yes, it is not easy to quit cigarettes, but with e-cigs vapers can gradually lessen their nicotine intake, as every eliquid clearly indicates its nicotine content on the bottle. Who knows how much nicotine is in a tobacco cigarette? Vapers can also use a higher-nic liquid when they feel like an extra nicotine buzz. Nicotine levels in e-liquids vary from none at all, to small amounts like 3 or 6 milligrams, to cigarette-like levels of 18 or 24 mg. Those who have just quit smoking can start with high nic juice an gradually step down the nicotine until they’re using very little.
- Smoke anytime, anywhere.
Most bars and clubs will allow e-cigs and vape users to smoke inside because the exhaled vapor poses no threat to others. It is always a drag to go outside to smoke, it’s a waste of time and utterly inconvenient. Be mindful that some places might not allow smoking or vaping at all on their premises.
- Vaping is eco-friendly.
E-cigs don’t have butts that end up being thrown away or washed down the drain, the gutters, the rivers and the streets. This unsightly litter causes a huge environmental problem whereas vaping does not. Some e-cigarette units are even recyclable. Chemicals like carbon monoxide and other harmful compounds are not found in e-liquid, and so vaping is an environmentally responsible choice.
- Vaping saves money.
A 5, 10 or 20 year smoker has spent thousands of dollars on a deadly habit. By contrast, a good vaping device will last for years, and requires only fresh liquid and fresh replacement coils to keep working correctly. E-liquids vary in price, but inexpensive juice is available, and a 60mL bottle will generally last for weeks.
So, do you have a friend who already switched to vaping? Are you thinking of tossing the smokes and buying your own unit? Tell us your thoughts and do not hesitate to leave your vaping story below!
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The Twentieth as a commemoration / assembly date was established by the ancient Epicureans in memory of Epicurus and Metrodorus.
The background of this event is as follows:
From the will of Epicurus in Diogenes Laertius:
"The income of the property left by me to Amynomachus and Timocrates shall be divided by them as far as possible, with the advice of Hermarchus, for the offerings in honor of my father and mother and brothers, and for the customary celebration of my birthday every year on the tenth of Gamelion, and likewise for the assembly of my disciples which takes place on the twentieth of each month, having been established in recollection of myself and Metrodorus. Let them also keep the day of my brothers in Poseideon and the day of Polyaenus in Metageitmon, as I have done myself."
Modern Articles Devoted to Observation of the Twentieth:
"Happy Twentieth" - Society of Epicurus
"The Celebration of the Twentieth" - Society of Epicurus
"Twentieth Celebration Posts" - NewEpicurean.com
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Calculus AB is designed to be taught over a full high school academic year. It is possible to spend some time on elementary functions and still cover the Calculus AB curriculum within a year. However, if students are to be adequately prepared for the Calculus AB examination, most of the year must be devoted to topics in differential and integral calculus. These topics are the focus of the AP Exam.
Before studying calculus, all students should complete four years of secondary mathematics designed for college-bound students: courses in which they study algebra, geometry, trigonometry, analytic geometry, and elementary functions. These functions include those that are linear, polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, and piecewise defined. In particular, before studying calculus, students must be familiar with the properties of functions, the algebra of functions, and the graphs of functions. Students must also understand the language of functions (domain and range, odd and even, periodic, symmetry, zeros, intercepts, and so on) and know the values of the trigonometric functions of the numbers 0, pi/6, pi/4, pi/3, pi/2, and their multiples. (Taken from College Board web site http://www.collegeboard.com/student/testing/ap/sub_calab.html?calcab )
Download the Course Description for Calculus AB
AP Calculus AB Course Home Page from the College Board
AP Calculus AB: Curricular Requirementshttp://www.collegeboard.com/html/apcourseaudit/courses/calculus_curricular_requirements.html
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Faults in Speech
Certain general tendencies in New Zealand speech may be classed as faults, mispronunciations, or vulgarisms, such as occur wherever the language is spoken, especially of course among the comparatively uneducated, though some of these occur among speakers of all grades, including the teachers and even the university staffs. One of the most widely spread and insidious is the obscure pronunciation of short unstressed i, ut uz (it's), wickut, hatud, and so on. I and e are dulled before l, shulling, Phullup (Phillip), Wullington, Nulson, and so on. The letter H is called “haich” in all schools of a certain denomination both here and in Australia. Dais is frequently pronounced as dias; misled as if it were a participle of a verb to misle. Ate, as in other English-speaking countries, is frequently ayt. Maroon is very commonly marone, especially in the shops. New Zealand (alas!) is all too often New Zilnd. Deity and spontaneity become dayity and spontanayity.
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You may not be Jon Snow and you may have seen news about North Korea on TV. There are a lot of memes about its leaders on online social media platforms. You may think you know a lot about this country located just by the east coast of China, but you actually know little about it or none at all. It’s been called so many names. Condoleezza Rice called it an outpost of Tyranny, while George W. Bush called it the third of the axis of evil.
Here are facts about North Korea that are guaranteed to blow your mind:
- Pyongyang has 2.843 million people, while the Houston, Texas has 2.195 million people, which the fourth most populous city in the US.
- Literacy means 15 years old and above who can read and write. North Korea has a hundred percent literacy rate. Take that!
- There are only 28 hairstyles allowed in North Korea. Married women have different standards with single women. Young men can’t have their hair any longer than 5 cm, while older men can have their hair up to 7cm or 3 inches.
- The late Kim Jong-il spent $1.2 million a year on Henessy, while the average annual income there is somewhere from $1,000 to $2,000.
- He also owned a total of 20,000 videotapes, which will take three and a half years to watch if watched non-stop.
- North Korea lost against Brazil in the 2010 World Cup, but they scored one goal.
- At 120,538 square km, North Korea is about as big as Pennsylvania.
- The arable land in North Korea is just 8,722 square miles, almost the size of New Jersey.
- On average, North Koreans are 2 inches shorter than their neighbouring South Koreans. This is because of lack of food and malnourishment.
- North Korea has 1.190 million active military; meanwhile the US only has 1.369 million military personnel.
- 6 million people in North Korea need food and a third of this population are chronically malnourished.
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One of the ways in which Ismailis have expressed their identity wherever they have lived is through their places of prayer, known today as the Jamatkhana. Other Muslim communities give their religious buildings different names: from ribat and zawiyya to khanaqa. And, in addition, there are other places where Muslims of all interpretations can come together, such as non-denominational mosques.
Imam Shah Karim al-Husayni Aga Khan IV,
(Toronto Ismaili Centre Opening Ceremony, Toronto, September 12, 2014, Read at NanoWisdoms)
“The night of mi’raj is the one on which the Prophet revisited his original abode … It is not that only Hazrat ‘Ali’s progeny can attain this status. Whoever is determined enough will be able to reach the goal. It can come in stages, through repeated efforts.”
– Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III, (September 29, 1899)
In the traditional, exoteric (zahir) understanding of Mi’raj (ascension), the Prophet Muhammad travels from the Ka’bah in Makkah to the Sacred Masjid in Jerusalem on the winged horse Buraq. In Jerusalem, after the Prophet Muhammad led a prayer of all Prophets, Buraq ascended with the Prophet through the seven heavens, after which the Prophet experienced his vision of Allah. However, in Ismaili philosophy, the mi’raj considers this understanding as symbolic of a deeper, esoteric (batin) explanation, or ta’wil. Read more below.
Come, I will show you that which is truly the House of God,
Not what you imagine to be the House of God.
Is a House of stone more sacred than the chosen guide
[Muhammad] who established the House?
Sayyidna al-Mu’ayyad al-Shirazi
(Diwan al-Mu’ayyad, tr. M. Adra, Mount of Knowledge, Sword of Eloquence , 189)
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By Steven Heller, Rick Poynor
This revised version additionally highlights contemporary traits in picture layout reminiscent of aesthetic adjustments in typography within the electronic age and the nexus among photo layout and stressed tradition. this can be an eclectic examine how, why, and if photograph layout affects our ever-evolving, assorted world.
Read or Download Design literacy : understanding graphic design PDF
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Additional info for Design literacy : understanding graphic design
Ungerer never felt restrained from making strong political commentary even if it offended those purportedly on his own side. Self-censorship was never an issue, and the absence of taboos in his work resulted in drawings that eschewed the clichés and universal symbols that neutralized most graphic commentaries. Being an outsider, an immigrant, and peripatetic wanderer allowed him to see through the artifice of American politics and society, and underscored his vision. Born in Strasbourg, Alsace, Ungerer grew up under French rule and German occupation.
But it was a mnemonic representation of government folly that underscored deep-seated dissent and an effective component of the larger antiwar campaign. It was also ubiquitous in graphic design magazines and competition annuals, which presumably helped to raise the awareness, if not stimulate the activism, of those in the design profession. Men with No Lips ROBBIE CONAL The notice Post No Bills was coined in mid-nineteenth-century England to prevent the hangers of illegal placards from littering London’s otherwise dreary streets.
In fact, Milton put his finger on what might be called my own learning curve. Although I have become fluent in many of the subjects I write about in the book, I am also constantly learning about the whys and wherefores—how graphic designs responded to all kinds of external cultural, political and economic stimuli. So to continue Milton’s food analogy, this book is a tasting menu, with a smorgasbord of dishes that ultimately nourish . . but may leave some people hungry for more. My formulation for Design Literacy was (and is) similar to how I curated the conference “Modernism & Eclecticism: A History of American Graphic Design,” which I did (with Richard Wilde) annually for the School of Visual Arts (SVA) throughout the ‘90s, and was an armature on which I hung many curiosities.
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|Died||8 July 1950 (aged 71)|
Neustift bei Schlaining, Austria
Othmar Spann (1 October 1878 – 8 July 1950) was a conservative Austrian philosopher, sociologist and economist whose radical anti-liberal and anti-Socialist views, based on early 19th century Romantic ideas expressed by Adam Müller et al. and popularized in his books and lecture courses, helped antagonise political factions in Austria during the interwar years.
Othmar Spann was the son of Josef Spann, a manufacturer and inventor. Spann grew up in Altmannsdorf, a suburban area of Vienna, Austria which is 15 minutes outside of the central city. Spann attended a Bürgerschule (citizen school) and graduated in 1898. After that he studied philosophy in Vienna, followed by Political Sciences in Zürich, Bern, and Tübingen. He received his doctorate in Political Science in 1903.
From 1904 to 1907, Spann worked for the "Center for Private Welfare Service" in Frankfurt am Main. He was responsible for empirical studies of this population of workers. By the end of 1904 Spann, along with Hermann Beck and Hanns Dorn founded a newspaper called "Critical Pages for the whole Social Sciences."
In 1907, Spann wrote his "Habilitation in Political Economy" for the Hochschule in Brünn. From 1907 to 1909 he was given the position of "privatdozent" which allowed him to teach and collect fees from students. As early as 1908 Spann began working as the full-time imperial-royal vice-secretary of the statistic central commission in Vienna. He was given the position of creating a new census for Austria between 1909 and 1910.
From 1914 to 1918, during the First World War, Spann was a first lieutenant of the reserve. He was hurt during a conflict in Lemberg, Ukraine on 27 August 1914. When he recovered he was first a commander of a company of Russian prisoners and then until later in 1918 he was given a position on the "scientific committee for wartime economy" with the war Ministry in Vienna.
In 1919, Spann was appointed to a position at the University of Vienna, where he taught until 1938.
Spann was popular with students, not only for his lectures which would spill out into the hallways at the University, but also for mid-summer festivals which he would hold in the woods where he would teach that "the ability to intuit essences was nurtured by jumping over the fire..." (Caldwell 2004, 138-9)
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Repeatedly, Spann tried to draw the ruling powers' attention to his authoritarian theory of a corporate state, which he thought should be introduced immediately for the benefit of all. In 1928, he joined the Militant League for German Culture. Around 1930, he also joined the Nazi Party. In 1933 the Austro-Hungarian social philosopher Karl Polanyi wrote that Spann had given Fascism its first comprehensive philosophical system, and that his idea of anti-individualism[n 1] had become its guiding principle.
Removal from teaching
Although to a large degree in tune with the Zeitgeist, he repeatedly met with disapproval until, in 1938, right after the Anschluss, he was briefly imprisoned by the Nazis and eventually barred from his professorship at the University of Vienna, which he had held since 1919. Living as a recluse till the end of the war, Spann tried to get his university post back in 1945, aged 67. However, he was not allowed to resume his teaching and died in 1950, disappointed and embittered.
- Der wahre Staat (1921).
- Kategorienlehre (1924).
- Der Schöpfungsgang des Geistes (1928).
- Gesellschaftsphilosophie (1932).
- Naturphilosophie (1937).
- Religionsphilosophie auf geschichtlicher Grundlage (1947).
- Die Haupttheorien der Volkswirtschafts' Lehre (Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer 1949).
- "Moral decay in Liberalism, cultural paralysis through Democracy, and final degradation by Socialism," are inevitable. Polanyi, K., "The Essence of Fascism" (1933-4, p. 362, n.1.).
- Caldwell, Bruce. Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F.A. Hayek. The University of Chicago Press. 2004
- Giovanni Franchi (a cura di), Othmar Spann. La scienza dell'intero, Edizioni Nuova Cultura, Roma 2012. ISBN 9788861348042
- Sebastian Maaß, Dritter Weg und wahrer Staat. Othmar Spann - Ideengeber der Konservativen Revolution. Regin-Verlag, Kiel, 2010.
- Dooyeweerd, Spann, and the Philosophy of Totality
- A Historical Tour of the University of Vienna
- Anthony Carty: "Alfred Verdross and Othmar Spann: German Romantic Nationalism, National Socialism and International Law", European Journal of International Law Vol.6, No.1 (see also nationalism)
- Newspaper clippings about Othmar Spann in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
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There are people who love to read and prize the story above all else. These people will read anything – traditional printed books, e-books, magazines, comic books, and so on. Then there are others who love the form of the book as much as the words. These people love the feel and smell and heft of a book. They appreciate the font used to create the words, the paper used to create the pages, the color used to create beautiful endpapers or illustrations, and the art of the cover. A book is a book is a book.
In the little book of BOOK MAKING by Charlotte Rivers, the art of creating a book is broken down into multiple types of processes that artists and crafters can use to create beautiful handmade books. Rivers begins by offering an “anatomy of a book” that illustrates and describes all the different parts of a book – signatures, endpapers, head- and tailbands, the case, covering, backing material, and spine. This simple illustration and accompanying text is useful for any beginning bookbinder and will be something a budding book artist will refer to again and again.
Rivers then introduces the reader to a number of accomplished book binders and artists from around the world. Their featured work illustrates types of book creation such as folded bindings and includes intricate work from artists like Gabriela Irigoyen, Thereza Rowe, and Becca Hirsbrunner among others. Each page features a different artist, including photos and descriptions of their work. The same descriptive process is followed for chapters on sewn bindings and packaging.
Rivers reserves the final chapter for “Bookmaking in Practice” where she gives the tools and steps needed to begin binding your own books. I nice set of illustrations and descriptions of necessary tools precedes instructions written by individual artists on how to make a variety of books, from an “Instant Book” to accordian, carousel, and dragon books. Also included are step by step instructions on various binding techniques such as pamphlet stitch, coptic stitch, long stitch, and Japanese stab stitch. Finally, instructions for creating a case binding, marbling endpapers, hand-dying paper, and creating cloth-covered boards are also included.
While the drawn, illustrated instructions might put some people off, they work in this little book. The instructions are clear, and using photos of real artist bound books to demonstrate different aspects of book making helps makes this a handy guide for anyone interested in trying book making.
Recommended for library collections and students.
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Study Shines Light on Urgent Threats to Fireflies
Habitat loss, light pollution and pesticide were identified as three key risks that could push the insects toward extinction
Few insects tickle our fancy quite like fireflies. Unlike many other beetles, these critters are widely regarded as beautiful thanks to their bioluminescent qualities, which light up the night skies with a flickering glow. But a new survey published in BioScience has found that humans are putting fireflies at risk of extinction around the globe.
As much as we might like fireflies, the insects have been “largely neglected in global conservation efforts,” according to the authors of the report. Population data is lacking for nearly all of the 2,000 firefly species, which can be found across a variety of habitats.
Hoping to gain a better sense of how fireflies are faring, a team led by scientists at Tufts University and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature polled 350 firefly experts from around the world, asking them to rank ten different threats on a scale of zero-to-five, in terms of the risk they pose to firefly populations. Responses varied across geographic regions, but on average, the top three threats were identified as habitat loss, light pollution and pesticide.
Some of the survey results were expected. “Lots of wildlife species are declining because their habitat is shrinking," says lead study author Sara Lewis, professor of biology at Tufts. "[S]o it wasn't a huge surprise that habitat loss was considered the biggest threat.”
Previous research has in fact shown that fireflies are put at risk as their habitat shrinks. In Malaysia, for instance, breeding populations of the Pteroptyx tener firefly species declined after riverbank mangroves where they make their home were cleared for agriculture, aquaculture and urbanization. In parts of England, Lampyris noctiluca numbers are going down, possibly due to factors like road building and ditch filling. In Japan, the problem is the loss of satoyama, traditional landscapes of streams, ponds, paddies and cultivated fields were fireflies once thrived.
The researchers were more surprised to find that many experts were also concerned about the risk of light pollution, which was ranked as the second-greatest threat to fireflies, over factors like water pollution and climate change. Bioluminescence is key to the insects’ reproduction; according to Shola Lawal of the New York Times, males flash to signal their availability and females light up to show that they are also willing mates. Artificial light at night has been shown to interfere with these courtship signals by decreasing male attraction.
Pesticides, ranked as the third highest threat, target pests—but fireflies can become their unwitting victims. Larvae are particularly vulnerable because they spend up to two years below ground or under water, where insecticide concentrations tend to be high. “Although only a few studies have investigated their direct effects on fireflies ... broad-spectrum insecticides are known to adversely affect numerous nontarget insects and other taxa,” the study authors write.
Because fireflies play a key role in their ecosystems, serving as food for birds and other animals, these threats need to be taken seriously. The study authors outline a number of recommendations for reducing risks to the glowing creatures—among them identifying critically endangered species and protecting their habitats, reducing artificial light at night, and minimizing the use of insecticide for cosmetic purposes on lawns, gardens and in public parks.
“People, certainly in the US, who don’t like insects would say, ‘I love fireflies and I’ll do anything to conserve them,’” Lewis tells Oliver Milman of the Guardian. “We want a world where they are still around.”
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An eye bolt is a bolt with a loop at one end. It is a mechanical fastener with a threaded shaft and a head forming a ring. They are used to firmly attach a securing eye to a structure, so that ropes or cables may then be tied to it. A common use is to create a lifting eye so that a crane can be attached to machinery, with special-purpose lifting eyes rated for their safe working load. High-strength eyebolts have forged heads that normally include a substantial shoulder. The shoulder enables them to support significant off-axis loads. The ability to support off-axis loads is often important in lifting applications where lifting slings with multiple legs are used to attach to multiple lifting eyes. When lifting machinery, it is common for an eyebolt to be screwed directly into a tapped hole in the structure. In this case, an eyebolt is required that is fully threaded all the way up to the shoulder. When an eyebolt is intended to be inserted through a hole and fastened by a nut on the other side, it is better if there is a shank. A shank is an unthreaded section of the shaft, below the shoulder, which provides a better transfer of load into the surface of the hole and is less likely to crack under a fatigue loading.
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Conservationists are working to protect endangered wildflower species around the world. Wildflowers play a crucial role in supporting pollinators, soil and watershed conservation, but are threatened by habitat loss, climate change, and human activities such as agriculture and urbanization. Conservation efforts include lobbying governments for protective legislation, reintroducing plants into their natural habitat, and establishing botanical gardens and seed banks for preservation. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) maintains a red list of endangered and threatened wildflower species. The efforts being made by conservationists, governments, and organizations highlight the importance of protecting natural resources for ecological balance.
Conservationists Aim to Protect Endangered Wildflower Species
Wildflowers have a crucial ecological role in our planet, they provide vital support to pollinators, as well as soil and watershed conservation. However, many wildflower species around the world are currently facing extinction due to habitat loss, climate change, and human activities such as extractive industries, agriculture, and urbanization. In response to this crisis, conservationists have been working tirelessly to protect these vulnerable species and preserve their habitat.
In the United States, the Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides federal protection for threatened and endangered plants and animals, including wildflowers. One such wildflower is the flowering plant called “Kern Mallow” which is only found in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The Kern Mallow has been classified as endangered and it faces many challenges, including habitat fragmentation due to urbanization, farming, and transport infrastructure development.
Conservationists are working closely with federal and local government agencies to fund conservation projects aimed at preserving the Kern Mallow’s habitat. This includes promoting minimal development and strict conservation laws enacted to safeguard the Kern Mallow’s life.
In Canada, conservationists have set up the Canadian Wildlife Federation (CWF) whose mission is to preserve and conserve the natural habitat of wildflowers in Canada. The CWF carries out several initiatives to raise awareness and lobby for conservation efforts aimed at preserving wildflower habitats.
The Declaration of Bern launched by the European countries aims at conserving wildflower species in their natural habitat, protecting them from extinction through concerted efforts that would safeguard their ecological balances.
The Role of Botanical Gardens in Wildflower Conservation
Botanical gardens help preserve wildflowers by breeding and propagating these species in a more controlled environment. They allow visitors to learn about wildflowers in a fun and engaging way, creating educational opportunities for the public. Additionally, botanical gardens often engage in seed banking, where they preserve wildflower species’ seeds in case of future destruction of their natural habitats. Botanical gardens, therefore, play a critical role in the conservation of wildflowers.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q. How do we know which wildflowers are endangered?
A. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has a red list of endangered and threatened species. Wildflower species that are endangered or threatened appear on this list.
Q. What are the measures conservationists take to protect wildflower species?
A. Conservationists undertake several measures to protect wildflower species, including lobbying governments for protective legislation, reintroducing plants into their natural habitats, and establishing botanical gardens and seed banks for preservation.
Q. Can I help conservation efforts for wildflowers?
A. Absolutely! You can make a difference by learning about the wildflower species in your area and engaging in conservation efforts, such as planting wildflower seeds or supporting funding for conservation initiatives. Every little bit helps!
In conclusion, the conservation of wildflowers is crucial for our planet’s ecological balance. The efforts being made by conservationists, governments, and organizations show our commitment to preserving the natural habitat of these species. The role of botanical gardens in preserving wildflowers and the participation of individuals demonstrate the importance of collective action towards protecting and conserving our natural resources.
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Higher education is an integral part of the American Dream. But today more and more young people increasingly have to finance their education through student loans.
In the past three decades, the cost of attaining a college degree has increased more than 1,000 percent. Two-thirds of students who earn four-year bachelor’s degrees are graduating with an average student loan debt of more than $25,000, and 1 in 10 borrowers now owe more than $54,000 in loans.
African American and Latino students are especially saddled with student debt, with 81 percent of African American students and 67 percent of Latino students who earned bachelor’s degrees leaving school with debt. This compares to 64 percent of white students who graduate with debt. With $864 billion in federal loans and $150 billion in private loans, student debt in America now exceeds $1 trillion.
Many factors have contributed to the dramatic increase in student debt, including the global economic recession of 2008, which led to a dramatic rise in college enrollment and consequently more students borrowing to pay for school.
One of the major self-inflicted causes is the consistent decline in state funding for higher education, which had helped colleges keep tuition affordable. The steadily and rapidly increasing cost of college nationwide prompted a dramatic rise in student borrowing—a natural result as families could no longer rely on scholarships, grants, and personal savings, which cannot keep up with the rapidly increasing tuition costs that have far outpaced the rise in other basic costs like those of health care, gas, and food.
Beyond the job losses and decreased savings, the recession also had a major impact on state colleges and universities directly. One major effect was a drop in colleges and universities’ endowment values, which meant that they had fewer dollars to distribute in grants and scholarships to the students who rely on them to pay for school. The recession also led to significant cuts in state higher education funding and consequently a further uptick in tuition.
Another cause has been the rise of the for-profit college sector. Students at non-four-year, for-profit colleges have seen the largest increase in student loan debt among any group of student borrowers. In 2001, 62 percent of freshmen at these schools took out student loans—and just eight years later, that number jumped to 86 percent. These trends are a result of a lack of oversight of private lenders and the marketing practices of these loans by for-profit schools in particular.
These practices include direct marketing to borrowers who are often unaware of all their options, a tactic that has been widely criticized for the part it’s played in saddling borrowers with unmanageable levels of debt. Additionally, these schools have made a concerted effort to market to and recruit veterans, even relying on third-party marketing firms who create the illusion that they are part of or endorsed by the federal government—using websites like GIbill.com—and that these for-profit colleges are the only ones accepting Post-9/11 G.I. Bill education benefits. The result is often exhausted benefits and unnecessary student debt.
One of the most troubling segments of student lending, however, is the private student loan sector. Defaulted private loans alone currently total more than $8.1 billion, representing 850,000 individual loans. Because these loans often carry high and variable interest rates, many students can end up paying far more than the cost of tuition.
Private student lending has become so great a concern among students, schools, and higher education advocates that the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau dedicated an entire report to the subject. Over the last decade, the demand for securities backed by these loans led to a dramatic growth in private student lending. From 2005 to 2011 alone, total private student loan debt more than doubled from $55.9 billion to $140.2 billion.
Regardless of which kind of loan students take out (federal or private), all student borrowers face the challenge of repaying their loans—specifically, navigating the bureaucracy involved with the private companies contracted by the original lender (federal and private) to oversee and facilitate repayment. But the problem is more than these loan servicers being unresponsive or unhelpful. Over the last year 1 million borrowers saw their loans arbitrarily assigned (some only notified after the fact) to a new company, which has resulted in fluctuation of their payments, being put in forbearance, and other inaccuracies in their statements.
Major progress was made with the student loan reforms President Barack Obama signed in 2010, which eliminated $60 billion in unnecessary subsidies to private lenders. Those funds were put toward grants for low-income students and the federal government began making fixed, low-interest loans directly to students.
Behind these stark national numbers is the impact these trends are having on students. In fact, the impact often extends beyond the students, burdening their families for decades. This threatens the ability of current and future generations to build successful careers and contribute to the economy, and it affects the ability of previous generations to save for their own future.
Indeed, the overwhelming debt many students face leave them unable to wait for higher-paying jobs and forces them to take lower-paying jobs in order to stop the payments and interest from ballooning. This results in fewer graduates starting their own businesses and negatively impacts the economy. Though many with federal student loans have the option of income-based repayment—a recently expanded program which caps borrowers’ required monthly payments at an affordable amount based on income and family size—the majority of borrowers with federal student loans are either unaware or do not understand the program. Additionally, this is not even an option for those with private student loans.
Furthermore, the escalation of college costs has resulted in many students and families barely scraping by, having to turn down admissions to their top-choice schools they couldn’t afford, or delaying college altogether. Worse still, some students leave school with debt and no degree.
Despite these issues, higher education remains critical for millions of students and their families. Recent reports from the Bureau of Labor Statistics now show that college graduates are nearly twice as likely to find work as those with only a high school diploma. The current unemployment rate for those with a college degree—4.1 percent—is about half of the national average. For individuals, it provides a clear path to the middle class, a higher likelihood of gainful employment, and life-long financial and personal benefits. An advanced degree also provides for a skilled workforce that is crucial to rebuilding the American economy.
This report will provide an overview and analysis of:
- Existing student debt
- The factors contributing to the rise in student debt
- Changes in student debt over time
- The role lenders have played in the current student debt crisis
- Who has the debt
- The impact of student debt
We begin with student loans.
Anne Johnson is the Director of Campus Progress, Tobin Van Ostern is the Deputy Director of Campus Progress, and Abraham White is the Communications Associate for Campus Progress.
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Florida Hotel Reservations
Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park
Take a break while traveling in the Florida Panhandle region of northern Florida, to revisit the past. Make your way to the southern edge of the Osceola National Forest, to spend time in the Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park.
Located east of Lake City, this state park was established in 1970, as Florida's first state park. The park is located on the site of the largest Civil War Battle in Florida, that took place on February 20, 1864. Over 10,000 troops battled for five hours, ending with the Union troops retreating to Jacksonville. 2,807 troops lost their lives.
Visit the park to see the monument that was erected in 1912, from the efforts of the Florida Division of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.
Enjoy a short walk along the mile-long trail to view the interpretive signage and stop by the park's Visitor Center to view the historical artifacts. Take a few moments to read the center's interpretive panels, to learn more about the battle. If visiting in February, visit the park to see thousands of reenactors portray the Battle of Olustee.
Alberta | British Columbia | Manitoba | New Brunswick | Nova Scotia | Ontario | Prince Edward Island | Quebec | Saskatchewan | Yukon | Caribbean
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Medical researchers from The University of Texas Health Science Center propose the interesting possibility of using cell transplants as a treatment for schizophrenia.
Transplant restored normal function
Dr. Lodge and lead author Stephanie Perez, graduate student in his laboratory, biopsied tissue from rat fetuses, isolated cells from the tissue and injected the cells into a brain center called the hippocampus. This center regulates the dopamine system and plays a role in learning, memory and executive functions such as decision making. Rats treated with the transplanted cells have restored hippocampal and dopamine function.
Stem cells are able to become different types of cells, and in this case interneurons were selected. “We put in a lot of cells and not all survived, but a significant portion did and restored hippocampal and dopamine function back to normal,” Dr. Lodge said.
‘You can essentially fix the problem’
Unlike traditional approaches to treating schizophrenia, such as medications and deep-brain stimulation, transplantation of interneurons potentially can produce a permanent solution. “You can essentially fix the problem,” Dr. Lodge said. “Ultimately, if this is translated to humans, we want to reprogram a patient’s own cells and use them.“
After meeting with other students, Perez brought the research idea to Dr. Lodge. “The students have journal club, and somebody had done a similar experiment to restore motor deficits and had good results,” Perez said. “We thought, why can’t we use it for schizophrenia and have good results, and so far we have.“
Original source: http://www.uthscsa.edu/
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This test makes images that show activity in body tissues. A substance that gives off a tiny amount of radiation is put into your body. This substance goes to the part of your body that is most active. A machine can then detect where that substance is. PET can be done for many body parts, including:
- Whole body
Reasons for Test
A PET scan may be done for a number of reasons, including:
- Looking for tumors or assessing tumor level of activity after treatment
- Assessing causes of memory disorders
- Finding the cause of seizures and helping to find treatments
- Assessing brain metabolism in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
- Looking for heart disease
Complications are rare. If you are planning to have a PET scan, your doctor will review a list of possible complications.
Some people have a bad reaction to the contrast dye. The contrast is the chemical that improves the details in the pictures. In some people, the contrast can cause allergic reactions or kidney problems.
A PET scan does use radiation. You and your doctor will weigh the harms and benefits of this test. A PET scan may not be advised if you are pregnant.
Be sure to discuss these risks with your doctor before the test. Let your doctor know about any allergies or unrelated illnesses you may have.
What to Expect
Prior to Test
- Wear comfortable clothes.
- Do not eat or drink anything, except water, for at least four hours before the scan.
- Check with your doctor about taking your regular medications.
- If you have diabetes, ask the doctor for specific diet recommendations for the test day, since this can affect your results.
- Tell your doctor if you are or might be pregnant.
Description of Test
You will be given a radioactive substance. This may be done through an injection, or in some cases, you will be asked to breathe in a gas. It will travel through your blood to the area of the body being studied. It takes 30-90 minutes for the substance to be absorbed by the tissue. When the substance has been absorbed, the scan can take place.
You will lie on a table and be moved into a machine that looks like a large, square doughnut. This machine detects and records the energy levels from the substance that was injected earlier. The images are viewed on a computer monitor. The scan lasts about 30-45 minutes. You may be asked to perform specific tasks before or during the test. For example, during a heart PET scan, you may be asked to walk on a treadmill.
Drink plenty of fluids to help the radioactive substance pass from your body.
How Long Will It Take?
At least 2 hours
Will It Hurt?
Except for the pinprick from the injection, a PET scan is a painless procedure. People who are uncomfortable in closed or tight spaces may have some anxiety .
The images will show activity levels as different colors or degrees of brightness. A radiologist will review the images and send the results to your doctor. It may take a few days for your doctor to receive the report.
Call Your Doctor
Call your doctor if you have any unusual symptoms such as a rash, itching, or difficulty breathing. These symptoms may mean that you are having an allergic reaction to the radioactive substance.
- Reviewer: Daus Mahnke, MD
- Review Date: 09/2016 -
- Update Date: 09/05/2014 -
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Impact of a Bullet
In order to arrive at a clear understanding of what takes place when the motion of a projectile is arrested by any resisting medium, it is necessary to recall some of the elementary principles upon which these phenomena depend. The manner in which a projectile acquires its velocity, is a good illustration of the manner in which its motion is destroyed. If the mean pressure of the gas be multiplied by the space passed over by the projectile while acquiring its velocity, the result will be the measure of the work done by the charge of powder; and it will also be equal to the work of stopping the same projectile, no matter how or by what means it may be brought to rest. The same result is generally arrived at by measuring the velocity imparted to the projectile under the circumstances mentioned, and multiplying the square of the velocity by one-half of the mass of the projectile. The following are the different effects produced by the impact of a projectile upon any solid body; some of these being so connected as to render their relative importance extremely doubtful.
Compression.—The first effort of impact is to compress or drive back those portions of both projectiles and target first coming in contact upon those immediately behind them; the amount of this compression depending upon the material and velocity of impact, as well as upon the form of the projectile.
Elongation.—The greater part of the work of the projectile in penetrating wrought-iron and similar materials is expended in overcoming the tenacity of the material, or in elongating the fiber. This is evident when we consider that punching or shearing consists not so much in cutting the fiber, as in bending it, and afterwards pulling it in two lengthwise.
Shearing.—This, as just stated, consists chiefly in the two strains already mentioned.
Bending.—This also implies tension and compression; the back of the target being elongated, and the front compressed.
Pulverizing—a portion of the material. This takes place only in case of hard materials, as a stone or cast-iron, and it then absorbs a very great amount of work. Like bending and shearing, it involves compression and elongation, the material being compressed until it yields laterally to a tensile strain.
Motion.—While the work is being expended, a certain amount of time is allowed for the force of the projectile to impart motion to the target, especially that portion immediately in front of the projectile.
Friction.—The friction is very great, especially in the case of the more pointed form of projectile, and varies inversely with the velocity of the projectile.
Heat.—This is due to friction, both external and internal, that is, of the projectile and the fragments against the target, and against each other during the distortion of the material, from compression, bending, etc. The suddenness with which this heat is generated is almost unequalled by any known source of heat.
Farrow, Edward S. American Small Arms; a Veritable Encyclopedia of Knowledge for Sportsmen and Military Men. New York: Bradford, 1904. Print.
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Contact: Robert Mehnert
"The National Library of Medicine has one of the three greatest collections of Islamic medical manuscripts in the world (388 treatises in all), and some of them are the only ones in existence," says Dr. Emilie Savage-Smith, an American scholar from Oxford University and one of the world's foremost authorities on Islamic medicine.
Savage-Smith, who has prepared the illustrated catalog, said that a manuscript copied in 1094 containing a treatise written by the famous physician and clinician al-Razi (known to Europeans as Rhazes) is the crown jewel of the Library's collection. "It is believed to be the third oldest Arabic medical manuscript in the world," said Dr. Elizabeth Fee, chief of the History of Medicine Division. Beautifully scripted, the manuscript's pages are still in superb condition, as readable as they ever were.
The Library acquired its collection from various sources, including purchases made from a bequest of Dr. William F. Edgar, a physician who in 1849 had taken a wagon train over the Oregon Trail and settled in California.
Dr. Philip M. Teigen, who has coordinated the Library's 10-year project, which included an earlier exhibit and a symposium on Islamic medical manuscripts, says, "we then wanted to take the treasures of our Islamic Medicine collection and make them more widely available to the general public. Publishing them on the World Wide Web seemed to be the best way to reach the largest number of people." He notes that many of the manuscripts are beautifully illustrated and very appealing.
Savage-Smith has carefully examined all of NLM's Islamic medical manuscripts and the illustrated catalogue is the result of her nearly decade-long endeavor.
The online catalog includes an essay on each of the manuscripts and has links to a glossary of terms, illustrations, biographical material, and other pertinent information. It will be published in three segments. The first section, now on the Web, deals with medical encyclopedias. Subsequent sections will deal pharmaceuticals, plague tracts, veterinary medicine, and general hygiene. As many as 300 illustrations will be included in the catalog.
Islamic physicians, inspired by Hippocrates, Galen, and other Greek and Roman predecessors, made extensive efforts to understand the remarkably wide range of diseases they faced. In response to that challenge, they identified many new surgical, medical, and pharmaceutical treatments.
The manuscripts show that Islamic physicians treated a wide variety of ailments and diseases, including stomach diseases and hemorrhoids (very prevalent), promoted dental hygiene, and listed tips on how to improve sexual desire. There is a treatise on how to treat forgetfulness (mental exercises were recommended), and their techniques on eye surgery were so successful that some of them continued in use into the 20th century.
The Islamic achievements in this area, as well as in anatomy and surgery, led European teachers and practitioners to translate the hundreds of Arabic and Persian medical tracts into Latin and then into French, Italian, and English. In a very real sense, the European tradition of medical science and practice, which has now spread world-wide, owes a great debt to Avicenna, al-Nafis, Rhazis, Abulcasis and other Islamic practitioners and scholars.
"Much of our medical vocabulary comes from the Arabic," says Savage-Smith "and virtually all European medical manuscripts were based on the Islamic medical practices."
You can view the collection at: www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/arabichome.html.The National Library of Medicine, a part of the National Institutes of Health, is the world's largest library of the health sciences. It is located at 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland, close to the Medical Center stop on Metro's Red Line.
Note to editors: A color illustration from the 11th century manuscript is available from firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Parents are always skeptical of sending their kids to daycare or childcare centers. They often feel guilty about leaving their kids under others’ supervision. If you’re one of those parents hesitant to put your children at daycare, you ought to understand the benefits it offers to the kids and how it can positively impact their mental and physical development.
Before knowing the benefits of daycare centers, let’s first dive into the topic of understanding what daycare centers are and how they work!
What exactly is a daycare center?
Daycare is a place that takes care of children and toddlers who are left unattended or in the absence of their parents and guardians to revise early physical and mental development. It is one of the best options which help parents manage their work and personal life effectively.
Advantages of a daycare center for children
During the early stages of a child’s development, children are filled with energy and enthusiasm, which, when not utilized effectively, can hamper their development. Therefore, on the surface level, sending your kids to daycare centers can help them build emotional, mental, social, and cognitive skills. Other benefits are mentioned below:
- Developing love for learning: Daycare centers are filled with fun activities, including hanging out with other children of the same age group and learning to develop the kind of friendships. They are also constantly engaged in activities that help them in learning.
- Socialization and interaction: Since a child gets an opportunity to interact and communicate with other kids and teachers, they will develop the skills of learning to interact and socialize without hesitation.
- Routine and discipline: There is no denying the importance of routines and discipline. If there is a disturbance in their routine, it will disturb the entire family. Hence, by admitting them to such centers, parents will be sure to create a routine or a timetable for them and follow it throughout the week. This will also help them predict what’s next and give them enough confidence.
- Better communication: A channelized environment in a day center with educated and trained teachers will help them understand the proper use of formal language. A survey conducted on sending their kids to daycare centers reveals that they were better at communicating words like please and thank you!
- Self-engagement and independence: Most toddlers and children are clingy to their parents in their early years. Although the child is never left unattended in a daycare center, it still changes their brain ability. It gives them the freedom to manage things independently, even without their parent’s help. Such children become highly independent in the future and can develop better decision-making skills.
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What it is
Gonorrhoea is a STD caused by bacteria, which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility if left undiagnosed. The bacteria usually affects the genitals, but it can also affect the throat, rectum, or eyes. You may have heard gonorrhoea being referred to as ‘the clap'.
How you get it
Gonorrhoea is passed on through unprotected sex of all kinds, including oral sex. It is easily spread with or without symptoms so make sure you protect yourself and use a condom. It can also be passed from a pregnant mother to her foetus.
It's a tricky one because in five out of every six cases, there are no symptoms. So if you have contracted gonorrhoea you may not even know you have it. But you should be on the look out for vaginal discharge, itchiness or swelling of the vagina, abdominal pain, pain during sexual intercourse and a burning sensation when urinating. Since gonorrhoea can also affect the throat (usually due to oral sex), it may cause a sore throat.
Gonorrhoea is easy to treat with antibiotics. So take a trip to your doctor and get checked out. But remember that condoms are the easiest and the best preventative!
The advice provided in this material is general in nature and is not intended as medical advice. If you need medical advice, please consult your health care professional.
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What does “transgender” mean?
Transgender is an umbrella term that signals movement between or across genders. A transgender person is someone who identifies as a gender other than the one they were assigned at birth based on the appearance of their sex organs. Many transgender people experience anxiety and distress that their gender — their personal sense of being male, female, or non-binary — is not reflected by the way they interpret their body or the way others interpret their body..
Some transgender people find significant mental, emotional, and physical relief when they begin using a name and pronouns which align more with their gender identity, rather than with their assigned sex. Trans people may also choose to dress in a way that more accurately reflects their gender identity, and sometimes to pursue hormonal treatment and/or surgery which brings their body more into alignment with the gendered expectations associated with their gender.
This means that transgender bodies can be very different than cis expectations. Some trans women, for example, do not have breasts. Some trans men, for example, have vaginas and menstruate each month.
“cisgender” or “cis-gender”
A cisgender person is someone whose gender identity matches the one they were assigned at birth. The prefix “cis-” signals a sense of being all on the same side, in contrast to “trans-” which signals a movement between or across.
“transgender man” or “trans man”
A transgender man is an individual who was assigned or designated female at birth (usually based on sexual characteristics), but who identifies as male.
“transgender woman” or “trans woman”
A transgender woman is an individual who was assigned or designated male at birth (usually based on sexual characteristics), but who identifies as female.
Non-binary gender describes any gender identity which does not fit within the binary of male and female.
“AMAB” and “AFAB”
AMAB is an acronym for “assigned male at birth,” and AFAB for “assigned female at birth.” At birth (or prior to it, through observation in ultrasound), a baby’s genitals are observed by doctors and other medical professionals who declare that the child, based on sex organs, is “male” or “female.” This is an assumption about gender based on anatomy and the gender binary.
What is cissexism, transphobia, and transmisogyny?
The reality of living as a transgender person means experiencing prejudice, discrimination, material harm, and even violence. These negative outcomes result from a set of multiple overlapping social forces, which we will refer to as cissexism, transphobia, and transmisogyny.
What is cissexism?
Cissexism is the explicit or implicit assumption that cisgender narratives, experiences, and bodies are more natural, normal, or valid than trans ones.
Examples of cissexism include:
– Assuming that a woman has periods or can bear children (although this also affects a large number of cisgender women as well), or assuming that a non-woman doesn’t or can’t.
– The assumption that everyone is either a man or a woman (including phrases like “brothers and sisters”, “the opposite gender”).
– Assuming that someone is cisgender because one cannot tell that they are trans.
– Assuming that someone who is a man has always presented as male, been included in male spaces, and had experiences culturally expected as boys; and likewise for women.
– The belief that trans womanhood or manhood is an imitation of cis womanhood or manhood, or that trans experiences of gender are not expressions of womanhood or manhood just as valid as cis experiences. Rather than challenging cisgender experiences of gender, transgender expressions and experiences can enhance the way all humans can experience gender and gender identity. Gender experiences are not restricted only to those who are cisgender. Trans women’s experiences are women’s experiences in the same sense that cis women’s experiences are. Being a woman in a boys’ locker room is a woman’s experience. An AMAB woman denying that she can possibly be a woman is a woman’s experience.
– Terms like “biological sex,” even when used in medical contexts. Chromosomal configuration, genital configuration, secondary sex characteristics, or reproductive ability have been often treated in direct relationship to maleness or femaleness, and doing so inherently privileges cisgender narratives. In addition, chromosomal configuration, genital configuration, secondary sex characteristics, and reproductive ability do not always correspond with each other in a perfectly divided or “binary” way, and assuming that they do excludes and erases both trans people who have modified their bodies to alleviate dysphoria and intersex people.
Cissexism is in many ways ingrained into many common expressions, including “men and women” as two contrasting and all-encompassing categories. One attempt to resolve this problem is the use of phrases such as “people with vaginas” and “people with penises”. This expression acknowledges the existence of trans men and and trans women, which is useful, but the expression then groups them with cis women and cis men, respectively. Except in a medical context, implying that cis women and trans men form a socially cohesive category (essentially, because they share sexual organs) is incorrect and very harmful, as is implying that trans women and cis men form a socially cohesive category. Even in a medical context, speakers should be careful to only say “people with vaginas” if vaginas are the relevant body part – assuming that all AMAB (assigned male at birth) or AFAB (assigned female at birth) people have the same anatomy is ignorant of the experiences of both trans and intersex people.
What is transphobia?
Transphobia is explicit anti-trans sentiment. The line between cissexism and transphobia is not always clear or meaningful or important.
Examples of transphobia:
– Believing that being transgender is a symptom of mental illness, a lie people tell, or a fad (read more: Is being transgender a mental disorder?)
– Belittling non-binary people for not fully identifying as male or female.
– Requiring transgender people to use gendered facilities such as public bathrooms that are inconsistent with their identified gender.
– Evaluating the validity of someone’s gender identity based on their ability “pass” as cis.
What is “passing”?
Passing is the ability of a trans person to appear to be a cis person of their gender. Passing is not absolute; many trans people only pass sometimes.
Trans people who frequently pass are, for obvious reasons, less likely to experience direct anti-trans violence or discrimination. Additionally, even when others know they are trans, trans people who pass are often taken more seriously. However, all trans people, whether or not they pass, experience living in a world that is structurally not built to include them, and must cope with the practical consequences of that, as well as the internalized feelings that result.
It is important to note that passing is not necessarily a primary goal for trans people. The validity of a trans person’s identity or experience is not related to how well they imitate cis-ness. Passing can result in protection from discrimination and violence, and can boost self-esteem due to internalized cissexism, but may not be important or worthwhile to every trans person. Depending on the person and their experiences, passing may take considerable effort. The pressure to “pass” can also increase internalized cissexism, potential for anxiety and depression or other mental illness, body dysphoria, and hyper-femininity or -masculinity (for example, a trans man attempting to eliminate all expressions of emotion because “boys don’t cry”).
What is transmisogyny?
Transmisogyny is prejudice aimed specifically at trans women and AMAB (assigned male at birth) trans people. Some think of transmisogyny as a specific expression of misogyny, others as a kind of transphobia, and others as the intersection of misogyny and transphobia.
Transmisogyny often manifests as a belief that trans women’s bodies are revolting, untouchable, or sexless. This message coincides with the misogynist belief that women’s bodies are inherently sexual, and therefore trans women’s bodies are constructed as having very little worth.
Another common example of transmisogyny is the insistence that trans women are misogynists, or in some way threaten cis women. Transmisogyny gives all AFAB people, cis and trans, as well as cis men, structural power over trans women and other AMAB trans people. As a result, trans women are many times more likely to be abused, but are more likely to be seen as potential abusers.
In many instances transmisogyny may be invisible to those who don’t experience it, in particular at times where transphobia is also operating. For example, consider the case of bathroom bills. These laws make it illegal for many or all trans people to use public bathrooms consistent with their identified gender. If these bills become law, trans people are required to use bathrooms consistent with the gender they are assigned at birth – rather than the gender they identify with and, in some cases, physically appear to be.
The primary motivation behind these bills is to protect cis women and girls, who are seen as vulnerable, from “dangerous” and “fake” trans women and girls, who are seen as predatory men. In reality, trans women and girls are even more vulnerable to violence, not only from men, but from other women. While there have been no reported instances of trans women assaulting cis women in public restrooms, there have been many instances of cis women assaulting trans women.
One popular response in opposition to these bills has been for gender-conforming, cis-passing trans people (particularly trans men) to take pictures of themselves in public bathrooms and post them online with captions such as “Do you really want me in the women’s bathroom?”, with the implication that because they do not appear to belong, they don’t. This response falls short because it obscures the fact that while general transphobia is certainly in play (in not believing trans people’s identified genders), a deeper motivation behind bathroom bills is transmisogyny. The implication that trans people don’t belong in the wrong bathroom because of how they look puts exactly the people who need the most protection from these laws, trans women who don’t pass as cis, at the most risk.
What are the effects of anti-trans sentiment?
While many examples of cissexism, transphobia, and transmisogyny listed above may seem relatively minor to those who do not experience them, they can have profound consequences. One in five trans people has been homeless, either due to housing discrimination or family rejection. Transgender people are far more likely to live in poverty than cis people due to family rejection, housing discrimination, and employment discrimination. Trans people face discrimination in health care as well – even when insured (which trans people, who frequently live in poverty and are uninsured, are less likely to be), trans people face discriminatory policies about health care coverage and discrimination from health care professionals.
Fear of using public bathrooms is particularly prominent among trans people. Fifty-four percent of trans people have reported negative health outcomes, such as urinary tract infections, from avoiding bathroom use; 58% reported avoiding going out in public in order to avoid the problem altogether.
Rates of mental illness among transgender people are very high. Approximately 6.8% of American cisgender people experience social anxiety, and 8.2% of military personnel. In contrast 55% of transgender people experience this type of anxiety. Forty percent of American trans people report that they have attempted suicide, as opposed to 1.6% of all Americans.
The distribution of anti-trans discrimination and violence is not even, however. Ninety-eight percent of physical violence against transgender people is perpetrated against AMAB trans people, and the bulk of that is against non-white AMAB trans people. For instance, of the 38 transgender people reported to have been murdered in 2003, 70% were trans women of color. Virtually all of the effects mentioned here are much more likely to affect AMAB trans people and trans people of color, and affect them more severely.
Transgender people living in our society face many significant obstacles of prejudice, borne both of ignorance and malice. The way that our society primarily conceives of gender is inherently exclusionary of trans people, and the consequences are profound. The negative ways that our society views gender affect trans women disproportionately, especially trans women of color. If any remedy is to be made for all of this, the voices of transgender people need to be given priority, and those not affected by these social structures must be willing to admit their own role in them, and be willing to change.
What does the Bible say about gendered clothing? (Deuteronomy 22:5)
Movement Advancement Project, “Understanding Issues Facing Transgender Americans”
The TransAdvocate, “Extreme Pressures Faced by Trans People”
The Task Force, “Transgender Equality: A Handbook for Activists and Policymakers“
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Date Published: 1/28/2020
Author(s): Layla F. Saad
Resource Link: https://www.meandwhitesupremacybook.com/
Summary: Me and White Supremacy leads readers through a journey of understanding their white privilege and participation in white supremacy, so that they can stop (often unconsciously) inflicting damage on Black, Indigenous and People of Color, and in turn, help other white people do better as well. The book goes beyond the original workbook by adding more historical and cultural contexts, sharing moving stories and anecdotes including expanded definitions, examples, and further resources.
Have the knowledge to understand one's participation in white supremacy and to help other white people do better too.
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Definition of Depression glass
: tinted glassware machine-produced during the 1930s
Origin and Etymology of depression glass
Great Depression of 1929 to circa 1939
First Known Use: 1971See Words from the same year
Learn More about depression glass
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up Depression glass? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).
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Happy hunting grounds: A somewhat fictionalized version of the hereafter held by somewhat fictionalized American Indians. The standard (and somewhat free) German translation of this phrase is "ewige Jagdgründe", which literally means "eternal hunting grounds".
The earliest known occurrence of the phrase in writing is in the last chapter of novelist James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans (1826), in which the deceased Indian Uncas is said to have entered the happy hunting grounds. While Cooper's Mohicans are fictional, they may have been loosely based on either or both of two actual and distinct (though related) Algonquin tribes with similar-sounding names: the Mohegans, on one hand, and the Mahicans (or Muhheconnuk), on the other. Both of these tribes came in time to be called "Mohicans", but both are alive and flourishing today. (In fact, the Mohegans, an offshoot of the Pequot, today run a quite successful chain of casinos* near Uncasville, Connecticut. Likewise, the largest surviving group of Mahicans, the so-called Stockbridge Indians, today live mostly on a reservation in Wisconsin, where they run a small casino and bingo hall.) Regardless of what the "real" Mohicans, of either tribe, would think of the idea of happy hunting grounds, given the liberties Cooper clearly took in his depiction of "Mohicans" we should be skeptical of the correspondence between his Mohicans' vision of the hereafter and any such vision ever held by any actual Indians. Accordingly, the German translator of "happy hunting grounds" should not be scolded for rendering "happy" as "eternal" — at least, not on the grounds that he or she has thereby distorted fact in some way.
There are vastly different ideas of the afterlife among the real North American Indians. The Cheyenne believe that the souls of the deceased rise up to the sky and travel along the Milky Way to eventually enter the realm of the Great Spirit. According to the Iroquois, the ghost spirits of the deceased remain as shadows within the community. Navajo mythology does not believe in an afterlife at all; only a malicious spirit — a so-called "chindi" — sometimes remains from the dead, which is why they are to be avoided at all cost. (You had better not even mention the name of a deceased person, or else you might be calling her chindi back to haunt you!) In some tribes of the Great Plains, however, such as the Sioux and Comanches, a green valley awaits the warriors at the end of their lives, one in which there is no sorrow, pain, or hunger, and where their spirits will be free to roam and hunt. This probably comes closest to Cooper's concept of the happy hunting grounds. And with regard to the literal use of the concept of happy hunting grounds, we can at least say this much: the phrase "happy hunting ground" (though in the singular) was used for the English translation of a speech by Many Horses, an Oglala Sioux chief and close friend of Sitting Bull, on the occasion of the Ghost Dance ritual held at Standing Rock in 1890:
"I will follow the white man’s trail. I will make him my friend, but I will not bend my back to his burdens. I will be cunning as a coyote. I will ask him to help me understand his ways, then I will prepare the way for my children. Maybe they will outrun the white man in his own shoes.There are but two ways for us. One leads to hunger and death, the other leads to where the poor white man lives. Beyond is the happy hunting ground where the white man cannot go."
However, because this speech was given 64 years after the first publication of Cooper's novel, we cannot be sure to what extent the speech, or its translation, is already infested by the white man's fiction.
* To make amends for the displacement of the Indians from their real hunting grounds, the ►US grants members of federally-recognized Indian tribes certain liberties such as permits for commercial gambling and reduced tobacco tax.
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FREE ONLINE LESSON
So you want to take voice lessons?
Get ready for a flood of competing views on how to sing properly: Put the tone forward. Put the tone in the nose. Don't put the tone in the nose. Don't put the tone anywhere. Cover the tone. Belt the tone. Support the tone. It's enough to make anyone throw up their hands and quit.
Singing is not a mystical process. It is simply an extension of something that comes naturally to us all: speaking. In fact, let's simplify the whole vocal process by talking. Say "Mary had a little lamb." Now, sing "Mary had a little lamb." Did you hear or feel a noticeable difference between the two besides the fact the latter has a melody? Did your singing sound breathier, more like whispering? Or did it feel tighter and more strained than your speaking?
Most of us have a healthy speaking voice because we care more about what we are saying than how we say it. We don't care what we sound like--we just want to communicate. But we start singing, and suddenly we are keenly aware of what we sound like. At this point, many alter the sound of their natural voice to approximate what they feel sounds "nice" or "cool". Healthy? Probably not. Limiting? Most definitely.
Where we usually get into trouble is on higher notes. Do this with me: Sing the vowel "eeeee" and ascend up in pitch from low to high . What happened? Did your voice crack in the middle into a breathy, "Mickey Mouse" voice sometimes called falsetto?
Or did you have to sing louder to make it to the top, almost shouting out your high note? Let me point you to the problem: put your finger on your "Adam's Apple," the bump on the front of your throat also called the larynx. Now say "eeeee" again. What happened? Did it go up? Now, with your finger still on the bump, swallow. What happened? The larynx went up again. So you are swallowing your high notes!
Let me explain. When I swallow, my larynx pulls up, completely closing off my throat in a sphinchter action, so that when I drink water, it can't get into my lungs. My windpipe is closed. That's great for eating and drinking, but it's terrible for singing! If your larynx pulls up as you sing, you are choking off the very opening where the sound needs to come out.
Do you feel like you can't sing high notes unless you belt the note out? Then you are probably singing with a high larynx. And sooner or later, it will catch up with you. As the larynx pulls up, the vocal cords (housed in the larynx) get compressed by the swallowing muscles, putting undo stress on them. This means your vocal cords are now pinched and rubbing together, and like any other part of your body, they don't appreciate the irritation.
Do you get hoarse easily? Do you suffer from frequent bouts of laryngitis? Is your voice permanently raspy? Then you may be singing with a high larynx. All that pressure on your vocal cords is making them irritated and swollen. What do vocal cords look like? Have a look. (video coming shortly) What are those nasty bumps on the cords?
They are called vocal nodes. They are basically a callous that the tissue builds to protect itself from the irritation. Nodes are very serious; some can only be treated with surgery. If any voice teacher ever tells you to push/belt/yell your way through your high notes, leave them immediately. I am currently working with students who learned to sing by this method of opening the mouth wider and yelling more sound. They are now recovering from vocal nodes.
So what should we do as we sing higher, let go completely and go into that breathy falsetto? Not at all. Make a squeaky door" noise with me. Didn't sound breathy to me. If you did it correctly, you would have felt a buzzy feeling throughout, which connected your top and bottom range.
This is the feeling of your vocal cords staying closed as you inflect up from the bottom to the top. Flipping into falsetto on the other hand is the sound made when your vocal cords pop apart due to excessive air pressure.
When we connect two areas of our voice by not cracking in the middle, we are singing over a bridge or "passaggio" ("passage" in Italian.) The resulting middle area is called a "mix", a combination of the bottom and top resonances.
Is your larynx still pulling up doing the "squeaky door." Then put a "woofy" yawning sound into it. Sounds like a cow, doesn't it. This should help you connect your voice together with less strain because of the lower larynx. Put your finger on your Adam's Apple and yawn. Goes down, doesn't it?
Ultimately, we want to be able to sing any note in a 2.5-4 octave range at any volume with our larynx stabilized in the middle and our vocal cords staying together. Does that sound impossible? Put your finger on your larynx one last time and say, "Mary had a little lamb." Larynx stayed relatively still, cords were buzzing away. You do both all the time, every day, when you speak.
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Image Licensed by Ingram Images.
HOLISTIC HEALTH - May 2017 - Kansas City
Natural Approaches to Heartburn and Reflux
By Nancy Russell, M.D.
An estimated 30% of Americans, about 100 million of us have regular bouts of heartburn, which is also called acid reflux and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Americans spend over $14 billion a year on heartburn drugs to prevent and stop the pain. Integrative and functional healthcare practitioners strive to get to the root of the problem, not just treat symptoms.
In heartburn, the food-dissolving HCL, hydrochloric acid of the stomach refluxes up through the esophageal sphincter, burning the vulnerable lining of the esophagus and throat. The body produces stomach acid for a reason: to start the process of digesting your food. Turning off the stomach acid with proton pump inhibitors, such as Prilosec, Nexium, Protonix, Aciphex, etc can decrease the pain of heartburn as can less potent drugs such as Pepcid, Zantac and Tums. But these drugs don’t treat the cause of heartburn, which is poor digestion.
The following are recommended for heartburn and other forms of digestive issues, such as stomachache, ulcers and gastritis.
Take digestive enzymes as one of the primary causes of indigestion in the United States is lack of enzymes in our food, which have been removed during processing. Nutritional supplements are available containing plant based enzymes, taken with each meal, can counter indigestion and improve health and well-being. If the plant enzymes cause any irritation, start with zinc carnosine or DGL licorice and mastic gum remedies until symptoms are improved, usually in a month or 2 and then start taking the digestive enzymes.
While eating, sip warm liquid rather than cold. Cold drinks slow and stop digestion. Drink warm liquids such as tea or warm water with a squirt of lemon. Save the cold drinks for in between meals.
Avoid coffee, colas, alcohol, aspirin, ibuprophen, naproxen as all of them can hurt your stomach. After your indigestion and reflux are resolved, limited amounts may be able to be consumed. Also avoid foods and substances that cause symptoms for you.
Check for too little stomach acid as HCL stomach acid decreases with aging. Without enough acid, food doesn’t digest, sits in the stomach, sloshing around and the refluxing into your esophagus, causing heartburn and indigestion. Too little acid can actually cause the same symptoms as too much acid. Apple cider vinegar taken before meals, diluted with warm water or in a salad dressing can help with digestion if you have too little acid. If the apple cider vinegar causes increased symptoms, too much acid is more likely the culprit.
Get tested for and treat H. pylori. Helicobacter pylori is a bacteria that can infect the stomach, a common cause of stomach upset and ulcers. There are prescription treatments with PPI’s and antibiotics or natural approaches with DGL licorice and mastic gum until the stomach calms down and then use limonene oil.
Stop prescription PPI’s. Continue to take your PPI’s or other antacid medication until symptoms subside then gradually taper off of them over 2-3 months. You can continue to take zinc carnosine or DGL licorice and mastic gum long term as needed.
Tums or other products that contain plain calcium should be avoided. For instance, using plain calcium without Vitamin D and magnesium for osteoporosis has been shown to increase heart attacks risk by 31% as the calcium can deposit in the arteries to the heart and other arteries.
More Information can be found in Dr Jacob Teitelbaum M.D.’s book, “Real Cause, Real Cure” he discusses natural approaches to many different health problems.
The bottom line is to break your addiction from PPI’s and antacids and allow your stomach to produce the acid you need for proper digestion. Occasionally betaine HCL or hydrochloric acid is needed in addition to digestive enzymes for optimal results. Consult an Integrative or Functional Medicine provider for more specific, individualized treatment.
Click to Read the Current Issue!
Nancy Russell, M.D. has been a holistic Internal Medicine physician in the Kansas City northland for over 30 years at 5140 N. Antioch Road in Kansas City, MO.
Her phone number is 816-453-5545 and website is www.nancyrussellmd.com where you can get more information. Dr. Russell is board certified in holistic medicine and is a member of the American Holistic Medical Association and a prior board member.
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Liberty Square re-creates Colonial America at the time of the Revolutionary War. The architecture is Federal or Colonial, and provides a seamless transition from the edge of Fantasyland to Frontierland. A real, 130-year-old live oak, the Liberty Tree, lends dignity and grace to the setting.
Despite being one of the smallest "lands" in any Disney park, Liberty Square requires an unusual level of detail because it reflects the qualities of places that really exist and would be accessible to many of Disney World's visitors. The challenge for the design team was to create, in the Imagineers's words, an "enhanced reality" that is "better than real".
Just like Frontierland, the use of architectural details provides the clues for our trip through time and geography. For Liberty Square, our trip begins in New York along the banks of the Hudson River in the early 1700s, where the Haunted Mansion is based on the gothic architecture used in the New York region when it was known as Dutch New Amsterdam.
The nearby Columbia Harbor House would feel right at home in the port city of Boston in the mid-1700s. Traveling south, the buildings begin to take on the Georgian style popular in Williamsburg during the late 1700s. The Hall of Presidents is modeled after buildings in Philadelphia at the time of the Constitution's adoption in 1787. Liberty Square ends at the edge of the American frontier with the Diamond Horseshoe Saloon, which could have been in St. Louis during the 1830s. The westward expansion continues in Frontierland.
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Research essay english literature
In this kind of essay, the author examines the book, novel, play, etc.
- 101 English Research Paper Topics, Questions and Ideas;
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There is no single typical set of paragraphs which your literary analysis essay should contain. It depends on the type of the writing piece, a field in which it is written and requirements of your teacher. In the case of analyzing a poem, your analysis will have one content, and when you talk about the novel, you will use another approach.
Writing a research paper in English literature
The length of the analysis can also differ. Here you can find the common list of points which you should talk about in your essay despite the type of literature:. In some cases, it is important to include interpretation of denotation or images if they are important for the understanding of the main ideas. As any other assignment, this type of task requires some preparations, careful meticulous work. However, having a good plan you can make the process easier and more fun.
How to write a literature review
Find here the common plan consisting of five steps, follow them and make your writing assignment excellent. Read the work which you have to analyze thoroughly, make sure that you completely understand the author's idea, the plot and the characters. Read twice if you need. When reading, try to answer the questions:. Collect facts, expressions, other evidence to make a reasonable conclusion in your analysis.
You should have enough material to be persuasive in your conclusions. Make the notes while reading. Order your paper now! Writemy- Essay Forme. Posted on Jun 07, Now that we've covered the basics, let's discuss some of the top literature topics for a research paper: 10 American Literature Research Paper Topics Contemporary American literature.
Renaissance in the American literature. Analysis of the Last of the Mohicans by Cooper. Evaluation of Leaves of Grass by Whitman.
Literature research paper - Write My Custom Paper.
The roles of gender in the US literature. Comparing 2 characters from the US literature. Allusions in a specific novel. Historical background of a chosen book. Analysis of 2 different genres. Symbolism in the books of the US authors. The Imagist movement analysis. Contributions made by Indian authors. The socio-political context of a chosen book.
Scottish authors in the UK literature.
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Famous authors from London. The reasons why certain books get banned. Representation of children in the UK books.
Challenges of studying English literature. Peculiarities of the literary English language. Victorian age literature. This type of paper requires thorough research, excellent writing skills, and the right approach. It needs to be presented accordingly and in a unique way different from any other copy, mainly to avoid plagiarism. How you choose to write your paper greatly helps in determining if it will be a good one or not. Just like every other essay, a literature research paper requires the right approach.
Looking for killer advice on how you get started on writing your literature research paper for your school project? The introduction of every good essay should always be catchy. It needs to capture the attention of your readers. You can start with either a question or a brief story that will have them hooked wanting to continue reading the whole paper.
The hook here needs to be unique, showcasing your writing skills. You need to write in a way that appeals and intrigues your readers for them to stay on your paper. Your essay structure needs to be up to par for the paper to appear presentable and well thought-out. When it comes to writing an introduction, this is where most people fail. A good introduction needs to be brief and catchy.
You need to be able to craft an introduction that will get your readers hooked on your paper. One thing you must avoid is a long story in your intro.
Advice on How to Write a Good Literature Essay
In case you want to start with a story, ensure you keep it short and relevant to the topic you are writing about. The introduction is a very delicate part, and this is where you can win or lose your reader. Are you looking for the best way to write a great body for your paper? Writing a good essay body requires a lot of research and great writing skills. Also, ensure the body flows well, having all the relevant facts. By doing this, you will make your paper stand out and in return get rewarded with some good points by your professor.
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We all know that fresh air is vital for our good health, but what if you're stuck indoors most of the time? Heather McNicol, from interior landscaper, Urban Planters, shows how just one or two air-purifying plants can make all the difference to our wellbeing.
Fresh air is not something we get enough of in modern life, especially as most of us seem to be increasingly stuck inside for a lot of the time.
Indoor air can be stale, and thanks to modern synthetic materials and temperature regulation, it also contains pollutants and is often well below recommended humidity levels.
Synthetic furniture, paints and computers, to name but three, silently pump chemical vapours into the air, while air conditioning and heating dry the air.
This can lead to complaints such as allergic attacks, asthma, headaches and tickly coughs. This is where plants come in.
The humble plant can make all the difference to the air we breathe indoors. They work hard at cleaning our air of these toxins and releasing humidity back into the atmosphere.
In fact, there are many health benefits to being near plants. Studies have shown time and again that plants help us to:
- Stay healthy
- Have fewer headaches and coughs and feel less tired
- Have fewer allergy symptoms
- Recover faster
- Feel less stressed
- Feel happier
- Be more productive and creative
But not all plants are the same. Some like more light or heat than others, and some clean the air better (we call the most effective ones "scrubbers", a sign of how hard they work for us!).
So it is important to get the right one. To help you choose the right plant, here are our top ten plants that clean the air:
1. Bamboo Palm
Aside from its exotic good looks, it scores highly for removal of chemical vapours and for creating humidity in a room.
More good news: it is very easy to care for and is highly resistant to insect infestation.
2. Boston Fern
Nephrolepis exaltata “Bostoniensis”
A mass of lush foliage helps this plant to scrub the air of toxins in a room and improve humidity.
With a bit of regular misting and watering it should thrive.
3. Kimberley Queen Fern
Another foliage-rich fern, this plant is great at removing pollutants from the air and for humidifying a room.
Like the Boston Fern, it needs regular watering.
4. Areca Palm
An elegant palm which offers everything: it releases lots of moisture into the air, removes toxins very effectively, is easy to look after and resists insect infestations well.
Its delicate fronds look good pretty much anywhere.
5. Gerbera Daisy
This gerbera sports beautiful bright flowers in orange, yellow or red. NASA tests found that this plant was particularly good at removing toxins from the air.
This plant should come indoors in the autumn, providing you with winter colour and an antidote to spending more time indoors.
6. Florist’s Mum
This plant only flowers for several weeks but while they do, they bring splashes of bright colour to a room while also removing some of the most common toxins from the air.
7. Peace Lily
Beauty in all its simplicity, the peace lily boasts strong dark green leaves and tall elegant white flowers.
Easy to care for and high-scoring for air moisture, toxin removal and insect resistance.
8. Dwarf Date Palm
One of the best palms for removing toxins, it creates a statement in a room, with its strong main trunk and long fronds which grow to about 3 feet.
9. Rubber Plant
Ficus Elastica “Robusta”
Bred for toughness, this is the plant to choose if the room doesn’t have a lot of natural light. Its architectural form makes it a designer’s favourite and its simple, large leaves look good in most places. Especially good at removing formaldehyde, one of the most common toxins found in our indoor air.
10. English Ivy
A great air scrubber and humidifier, and perhaps unsurprisingly, easy to care for.
You can use ivy in hanging baskets, as ground cover for indoor planting beds or it can be trained to stand upright around a frame.
Keep its growth in check, though!
We believe there is something here for everyone, so if you want to take an easy step towards improving your health and wellbeing, pick a plant!
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Birds have been using tobacco filters for quite some time and there are several studies on this. This new habit can cause problems in birds.
We already know that tobacco consumption causes death. The nicotine it contains is highly addictive, and around 70 of its chemical compounds are associated with cancer. Although these data correspond to the inhalation of tobacco, 30 substances continue to be carcinogenic in other forms of consumption such as chewing or vaporization.
These chemical compounds are toxic to smokers and many other species sensitive to these substances.
Antimicrobial activity has been detected in tobacco extracts, which inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. This is why macerated tobacco is used as an insecticide and acaricide in crops.
All this data is essential for birds.
nests with nicotine
The Renaissance botanist and chemist Paracelsus is credited with concluding that “everything is poison and nothing is poison, only the dose makes the poison“. We now know that the minimum dose at which a substance becomes toxic depends on the species receiving it and the weight of the individual. So the same amount of nicotine in a puff of smoke inhaled by a 7 kilo baby does not affect the same amount as a 70 kilo adult. In the baby it will have a much higher toxicity.
And the same thing happens in animals. An insect of a few milligrams, or a mite of the order of a microgram, has a much lower toxic dose than a sparrow of 30 or 40 grams.
This is the main benefit that birds derive from tobacco butts. Once the cigarette is consumed, the cellulose that makes up the filter is impregnated with nicotine. Some birds crumble the filter and intertwine its component strands with the twig weaving of their nest. We don’t know why they do this — cellulose is an excellent thermal insulator, and they might do so by researching this feature — but we do know its effects.
It is a fact that the presence of cigarette filter remains greatly reduces the number of parasites in the nest, especially insects and mites. This is probably due to the insecticidal effect of nicotine. In arthropods, this alkaloid affects brain development and acts as a neurotransmitter disruptor, reducing the ability to control muscles and the heart, which often has a fatal outcome.
Not everything is good for the nest
This apparent advantage is not necessarily the case. On the one hand, the use of butts by birds as raw material for their nests can have negative consequences on their health and especially that of their chicks. They maintain prolonged contact with everything in the nest and, through the skin, they can absorb these products. In addition, they frequently deposit food in the nest which they will consume later. If leftover cigarette filters, nicotine and other dangerous compounds can leach into food and enter the food chain. Only the dose makes the poison said Paracelsus. But birds don’t usually read Paracelsus.
The apparent benefit that the absence of parasites may bring does not outweigh the inherent risks of sleeping in a poisoned bed.
But there is another problem underlying this behavior. And it is that if many birds have the possibility of decorating their nests with filter scraps, it is because they have them within their reach.
The cigarette butt as a contaminant
Not surprisingly, these behaviors were observed primarily in urban populations. Cigarette butts are one of the most common litter in the world. It is estimated that approximately 5.5 billion cigarettes are produced worldwide each year and discarded butts reached some 1.2 million tonnes in 2020, a value that could increase by up to 50% in 2025.
Since they are frequently thrown on the ground, it is normal that they end up being carried away by the wind or by water, and end up in natural environments.
Filters are usually made from non-biodegradable materials, which take years to break down naturally. Additionally, the contaminants that remain in the cigarette butt after smoking cigarettes have antimicrobial capacity, inhibiting the growth of many spoilage organisms. They are toxic to plants, algae, fish, amphibians… Of course, their toxicity increases the more recent the cigarette butt, however evidence of toxicity has been found in microalgae up to five years after the cigarette butt was discarded.
Bonanomi, G. et al. 2020. The Fate of Cigarette Butts in Different Environments: Decomposition Rates, Chemical Changes, and Ecotoxicity Revealed by a 5-Year Decomposition Experiment. Environmental pollution, 261114108. DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114108
Lans, C. et al. 2011. Biological parasite control for poultry and rabbits in British Columbia, Canada. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 7(1), 21. DOI: 10.1186/1746-4269-7-21
Morris, M. et al. 2018. Developmental nicotine exposure affects larval brain size and the adult dopaminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC
Developmental biology, 18(1), 13. DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0172-6
Slaughter, E. et al. 2011. Toxicity of cigarette butts and their chemical constituents to marine and freshwater fish. tobacco control, twenty(Suppl 1), i25-i29. DOI: 10.1136/tc.2010.040170
Suárez-Rodríguez, M. et al. 2013. Incorporation of cigarette butts into nests reduces ectoparasite nest load in urban birds: new ingredients for an old recipe?
Biology Letters, 9(1), 20120931. DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2012.0931
Torkashvand, J. et al. 2020. Discarded Cigarette Butt as a Well-Known Hazardous Waste: A Comprehensive Systematic Review. Hazardous Materials Journal, 383121242. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121242
Vorvick, LJ et al. 2020. tobacco risks. Medline Plus.
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Through Digital Technology, students develop an understanding of designing and developing digital outcomes and computational thinking. The programme exposes the students to a range of digital tools and scaffolds their learning so they are able to make connections to other areas of their lives. Contexts within Digital Technology will link strongly to our school-wide inquiry and skills across different curriculum areas.
As part of the course they will investigate:
- sensor systems – how they are used for controlling robots
photography – the use of symbolic language
- 3D printing and media study – examine and create product design
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In that, while I may speak of being ladies and gentlemen, what I really talking about is being respectful and respectable citizens. And the greatest part of it is that everyone can develop these skills; the skills themselves are not dependent on a child being a particular race, gender, religion, or ability. The success of developing proper manners is one we will all feel when the plan comes together.
That's why I want to expand what we have started in the past three years. We are very good at shaking hands and maintaining eye contact, but we want more. That's where posture comes into play. This year, we will develop specific posture skills in three areas: sitting, standing, and walking, but not the rigid posture of which you may be thinking; in each of these areas, I want my students to think about where their feet, eyes, and hands are.
A discipline specialist once told me that a person's attention is really not on the item their face is facing, but on where their feet are pointing. I find this to be true. A student is really committed to paying attention only to the things and people at whom their feet are pointing. They turn temporarily to face someone else, but they always return to the focus of their feet. Therefore, if a student is to be participating in our class, his/her feet must be pointed toward the action. It is disrespectful for him/her to only commit temporary attention to their group, a partner, or the source of direct instruction.
At the same time, eyes, while they may be the "window to the soul", are also very important. If a person is having a conversation with you, your eyes should be committed to that person. Wandering eyes, for whatever reason, only send the message to this person that you really aren't listening to anything s/he is saying. Again, that's disrespectful. I have difficulty with this myself, and I could have benefitted by some direct instruction and practice in this area. Those eyes need to track the action, the instruction, the conversation in the classroom.
Finally, it's hard to know what to do with the hands, isn't it? Sometimes hands need to stop altogether in order to focus your attention on the other person in the conversation. In social situations, talking with food or drink in your hands is an art to itself. To assist the other person in focusing on your own message, these things need to be held below the waist. Holding them higher puts those items between you and your acquaintance and, again, sends the wrong message. Then there is the concept of public speaking. If you intend to keep an audience's attention or express passion about a topic, you need to gesture above the waist. This will animate you and excite your audience.
Notice I didn't speak to the idea that your back should be rigid and straight. That's not what I mean by posture in our school. In fact the whole straight back thing makes us appear to be fake and pretentious in social and casual. Our goal is not to make other people feel uncomfortable or to express our superiority, but to show and to receive mutual respect. Our goal will be for people to leave our classroom with the idea that something was different in there, that something was clicking in Room 404, that the Hoggatteers have their act together. Together, perhaps we achieve a new Golden Age!
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A very ancient tradition of Christian meditation was introduced in the 4th century and used extensively in the monastic tradition. It is also slowly becoming known in the Protestant Church. It is called the Lectio Divina, or literally the “sacred reading” of scripture. Richard Foster calls it “reading with the heart” and sees it as a very worthwhile approach to meditating on the Word. I have found it helpful because it uses Scripture as the focus of our meditation and not the “empty mind” meditation popularized by Eastern Religion.
The Lectio Divina is composed of four parts; not necessarily consecutive steps but integrative parts of a whole process:
- Lectio– The chosen text is read out loud, slowly and deliberately.
- Meditatio– As you read, stop at a word or phrase that somehow grabs your attention. Reflect on these, ponder them as God’s Word to you, and listen to His voice in this Word.
- Oratio– Respond to God in prayer; turn His Word as a prayer back to Him; thank Him for how he revealed Himself to you or perhaps uncovered your secrets; or pray about anything else that this passage has brought to mind.
- Contemplatio– Remain silent in the presence of God, in humility and gratitude. “Simply being present to God in loving communion serves as the exclamation point to the meditative moment.” (Demarest, p. 137)
So here is a suggested assignment for the next week; spend 15 minutes each day applying the Lectio to the following brief passages from the Psalms. For those of you who journal, keep track of what God is saying to you through His Word. May God bless you with a deeper awareness of His presence in your life this week.
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On July 18th, 2016, the 4,000th article was added to the SuccuWiki!
Tammuz (Syriac: ܬܡܘܙ; Hebrew: תַּמּוּז, Transliterated Hebrew: Tammuz, Tiberian Hebrew: Tammûz; Arabic: تمّوز Tammūz; Akkadian: Duʾzu, Dūzu; Sumerian: Dumuzid (DUMU.ZI(D), "faithful or true son") was the name of a Sumerian god of food and vegetation, also worshiped in the later Mesopotamian states of Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia.
- 1 Ritual Mourning
- 2 Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible
- 3 Dumuzid in the Sumerian King List
- 4 Dumuzid and Inanna
- 5 The "Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi"
- 6 In Arabic sources
- 7 Literary References
- 8 Church of the Nativity and Shrine of Adonis-Tammuz
- 9 Performances
- 10 Demonology
- 11 References
- 12 Bibliography
- 13 Further Reading
- 14 External Links
In Babylonia, the month Tammuz was established in honor of the eponymous god Tammuz, who originated as a Sumerian shepherd-god, Dumuzid or Dumuzi, the consort of Inanna and, in his Akkadian form, the parallel consort of Ishtar. The Levantine Adonis ("lord"), who was drawn into the Greek pantheon, was considered by Joseph Campbell among others to be another counterpart of Tammuz, son and consort. The Aramaic name "Tammuz" seems to have been derived from the Akkadian form Tammuzi, based on early Sumerian Damu-zid. The later standard Sumerian form, Dumu-zid, in turn became Dumuzi in Akkadian. Tamuzi also is Dumuzid or Dumuzi.
Beginning with the summer solstice came a time of mourning in the Ancient Near East, as in the Aegean: the Babylonians marked the decline in daylight hours and the onset of killing summer heat and drought with a six-day "funeral" for the god. Recent discoveries reconfirm him as an annual life-death-rebirth deity: tablets discovered in 1963 show that Dumuzi was in fact consigned to the Underworld himself, in order to secure Inanna's release, though the recovered final line reveals that he is to revive for six months of each year (see below).
In cult practice, the dead Tammuz was widely mourned in the Ancient Near East. Locations associated in antiquity with the site of his death include both Harran and Byblos, among others. A Sumerian tablet from Nippur (Ni 4486) reads:
- She can make the lament for you, my Dumuzid, the lament for you, the lament, the lamentation, reach the desert — she can make it reach the house Arali; she can make it reach Bad-tibira; she can make it reach Dul-šuba; she can make it reach the shepherding country, the sheepfold of Dumuzid
- "O Dumuzid of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes," she sobs tearfully, "O you of the fair-spoken mouth, of the ever kind eyes," she sobs tearfully. "Lad, husband, lord, sweet as the date, [...] O Dumuzid!" she sobs, she sobs tearfully.
Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible
These mourning ceremonies were observed at the door of the Temple in Jerusalem in a vision the Israelite prophet Ezekiel was given, which serves as a Biblical prophecy which expresses YHWH's message at His people's apostate worship of idols:
- "Then he brought me to the door of the gate of the Lord's house which was toward the north; and, behold, there sat women weeping for Tammuz. Then said he unto to me, 'Hast thou seen this, O son of man? turn thee yet again, and thou shalt see greater abominations than these." —Ezekiel 8:14-15
It is quite possible that among other Judeans the Tammuz cult was not regarded as inconsistent with Yahwism.
Ezekiel's testimony is the only direct mention of Tammuz in the Hebrew Bible, though echoes of Tammuz have been seen in the books of Isaiah, and Daniel.
Dumuzid in the Sumerian King List
In the Sumerian king list two kings named Dumuzi appear:
- Dumuzid of Bad-tibira, the shepherd (reigning 36 000 years), the fifth King before the Flood
- Dumuzid of Kuara, the fisherman (reigning 100 years), the third King of the first dynasty of Uruk, reigning between Lugalbanda and Gilgamesh, circa 2,700 BC.
Other Sumerian texts showed that kings were to be married to Inanna in a sacred marriage, for example a hymn that describes the sacred marriage of King Iddid-Dagan (ca 1900 BC).
Dumuzid and Inanna
Today several versions of the Sumerian death of Dumuzi have been recovered, "Inanna's Descent to the Underworld", "Dumuzi's dream" and "Dumuzi and the galla", as well as a tablet separately recounting Dumuzi's death, mourned by holy Inanna, and his noble sister Geštinanna, and even his dog and the lambs and kids in his fold; Dumuzi himself is weeping at the hard fate in store for him, after he had walked among men, and the cruel galla of the Underworld seize him.
A number of pastoral poems and songs relate the love affair of Inanna and Dumuzid the shepherd. A text recovered in 1963 recounts "The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi" in terms that are tender and frankly erotic.
According to the myth of Inanna's descent to the underworld, represented in parallel Sumerian and Akkadian tablets, Inanna (Ishtar in the Akkadian texts) set off for the netherworld, or Kur, which was ruled by her sister Ereshkigal, perhaps to take it as her own. Ereshkigal is in mourning at the death of her consort, Gugalanna (The Wild Bull of Heaven Sumerian Gu = Bull, Gal = Great, An = Heaven). She passed through seven gates and at each one was required to leave a garment or an ornament so that when she had passed through the seventh gate she was a simple woman, entirely naked. Despite warnings about her presumption, she did not turn back but dared to sit herself down on Ereshkigal's throne. Immediately the Anunnaki of the underworld judged her, gazed at her with the eyes of death, and she became a corpse, hung up on a meathook.
Based on the incomplete texts as first found, it was assumed that Ishtar/Inanna's descent into Kur occurred after the death of Tammuz/Dumuzid rather than before and that her purpose was to rescue Tammuz/Dumuzid. This is the familiar form of the myth as it appeared in M. Jastrow's Descent of the Goddess Ishtar into the Lower World, 1915, widely available on the Internet. New texts uncovered in 1963 filled in the story in quite another fashion, showing that Dumuzi was in fact consigned to the Underworld himself, in order to secure Inanna's release.
Inanna's faithful servant attempted to get help from the other gods but only wise Enki/Ea responded. The details of Enki/Ea's plan differ slightly in the two surviving accounts, but in the end, Inanna/Ishtar was resurrected. However, a "conservation of souls" law required her to find a replacement for herself in Kur. She went from one god to another, but each one pleaded with her and she had not the heart to go through with it until she found Dumuzid/Tammuz richly dressed and on her throne. Inanna/Ishtar immediately set her accompanying demons on Dumuzid/Tammuz. At this point the Akkadian text fails as Tammuz' sister Belili, introduced for the first time, strips herself of her jewelry in mourning but claims that Tammuz and the dead will come back.
There is some confusion here. The name Belili occurs in one of the Sumerian texts also, but it is not the name of Dumuzid's sister who is there named Geshtinana, but is the name of an old woman whom another text calls Bilulu.
In any case, the Sumerian texts relate how Dumuzid fled to his sister Geshtinana who attempted to hide him but who could not in the end stand up to the demons. Dumuzid has two close calls until the demons finally catch up with him under the supposed protection of this old woman called Bilulu or Belili and then they take him. However Inanna repents.
Inanna seeks vengeance on Bilulu, on Bilulu's murderous son G̃irg̃ire and on G̃irg̃ire's consort Shirru "of the haunted desert, no-one's child and no-one's friend". Inanna changes Bilulu into a waterskin and G̃irg̃ire into a protective god of the desert while Shirru is assigned to watch always that the proper rites are performed for protection against the hazards of the desert.
Finally, Inanna relents and changes her decree thereby restoring her husband Dumuzi to life; an arrangement is made by which Geshtinana will take Dumuzid's place in Kur for six months of the year: "You (Dumuzi), half the year. Your sister (Geštinanna), half the year!" This newly recovered final line upset Samuel Noah Kramer's former interpretation, as he allowed: "my conclusion that Dumuzi dies and "stays dead" forever (cf e.g. Mythologies of the Ancient World p. 10) was quite erroneous: Dumuzi according to the Sumerian mythographers rises from the dead annually and, after staying on earth for half the year, descends to the Nether World for the other half".
The "Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi"
Aside from this extended epic "The Descent of Inanna," a previously unknown "Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzi" was first translated into English and annotated by Sumerian scholar Samuel Noah Kramer and folklorist Diane Wolkstein working in tandem, and published in 1983. In this tale Inanna's lover, the shepherd-king Dumuzi, brought a wedding gift of milk in pails, yoked across his shoulders.
The myth of Inanna and Dumuzi formed the subject of a Lindisfarne Symposium, published as The Story of Inanna and Dumuzi: From Folk-Tale to Civilized Literature: A Lindisfarne Symposium, (William Irwin Thompson, editor, 1995).
In Arabic sourcesTammuz is the month of July in Iraqi Arabic and Levantine Arabic, and references to Tammuz appear in Arabic literature from the 9th to 11th centuries AD. In a translation of an ancient Nabataean text by Kuthami the Babylonian, Ibn Wahshiyya (c. 9th-10th century AD), adds information on his own efforts to ascertain the identity of Tammuz, and his discovery of the full details of the legend of Tammuz in another Nabataean book:
"How he summoned the king to worship the seven (planets) and the twelve (signs) and how the king put him to death several times in a cruel manner Tammuz coming to life again after each time, until at last he died; and behold! it was identical to the legend of St. George which is current among the Christians."Ibn Wahshiyya also adds that Tammuz lived in Babylonia before the coming of the Chaldeans and belonged to an ancient Mesopotamian tribe called Ganbân. On rituals related to Tammuz in his time, he adds that the Sabaeans in Harran and Babylonia still lamented the loss of Tammuz every July, but that the origin of the worship had been lost.
Al-Nadim in his 10th century work Kitab al-Fehrest drawing from a work on Syriac calendar feast days, describes a Tâ'ûz festival that took place in the middle of the month of Tammuz. Women bewailed the death of Tammuz at the hands of his master who was said to have "ground his bones in a mill and scattered them to the wind." Consequently, women would forgo the eating of ground foods during the festival time. The same festival is mentioned in the 11th century by Ibn Athir as still taking place at the appointed time on the banks of the Tigris river.
- John Milton, "Paradise Lost", Book I
THAMMUZ came next behind,
Whose annual wound in LEBANON allur'd
The SYRIAN Damsels to lament his fate
In amorous dittyes all a Summers day,
While smooth ADONIS from his native Rock
Ran purple to the Sea, suppos'd with blood
Of THAMMUZ yearly wounded: the Love-tale
Infected SION'S daughters with like heat,
Whose wanton passions in the sacred Porch
EZEKIEL saw, when by the Vision led
His eye survey'd the dark Idolatries
Of alienated JUDAH.
- Oscar Wilde, "Charmides"
And then each pigeon spread its milky van,
The bright car soared into the dawning sky
And like a cloud the aerial caravan
Passed over the Ægean silently,
Till the faint air was troubled with the song
From the wan mouths that call on bleeding Thammuz all night long
Church of the Nativity and Shrine of Adonis-Tammuz
According to some scholars, the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem is built over a cave that was originally a shrine to Adonis-Tammuz.
The Church Father Jerome, who died in Bethlehem in 420, reports in addition that the holy cave was at one point consecrated by the heathen to the worship of Adonis, and a pleasant sacred grove planted before it, to wipe out the memory of Jesus. Some modern mythologists, however, reverse the supposition, insisting that the cult of Adonis-Tammuz originated the shrine and that it was the Christians who took it over, substituting the worship of their own God.
A performance of Inanna's descent to the Underworld was organised in 2001 at the Cove in Denmark, Western Australia, and it has also been used by Jean Houston as a part of her Mystery School work.
In demonology, Thammuz is a demon of low category, considered inventor of the Inquisition, fire guns, artillery, and the one that stimulates men to torture others. Some treatises on demonology say that he is the ambassador of Hell to Spain. According to some demonologists of the 16th century, his power is stronger in September.
- Joseph Campbell "the dead and resurrected god Tammuz (Sumerian Dumuzi), prototype of the Classical Adonis, who was the consort as well as son by virgin birth, of the goddess-mother of many names: Inanna, Ninhursag, Ishtar, Astarte, Artemis, Demeter, Aphrodite, Venus" (in Oriental Mythology: The Masks of God pp 39-40).
- Edwin M. Yamauchi, "Tammuz and the Bible" Journal of Biblical Literature 84.3 (September 1965:283-290).
- Inana and Bilulu: an ulila to Inana, from Black, J.A., Cunningham, G., Robson, E., and Zólyomi, G., The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature (Oxford)
- Women's Bible Commentary | edited by Carol Ann Newsom, Sharon H. Ringe | Westminster John Knox Press, 1998 | pg 197
- The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel | By Mark S. Smith | Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2002 | pg 182
- Samuel Noah Kramer, "Cuneiform studies and the history of literature: The Sumerian sacred marriage texts", ''Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 107 (1963:485-527).
- Samuel Noah Kramer, "The Death of Dumuzi: A New Sumerian Version" Anatolian Studies 30, Special Number in Honour of the Seventieth Birthday of Professor O. R. Gurney (1980:5-13).
- Two editions, one ca 1000 BCE found at Ashur, the other mid seventh century BCE from the library of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh.
- S. N. Kramer, "Dumuzi's Annual Resurrection: An Important Correction to 'Inanna's Descent'" Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 183 (October 1966:31), interpreting this newly-recovered final line as uttered by Inanna, though the immediately preceding context is incomplete.
- Diane Wolkstein and Samuel Noah Kramer editors/translators 1983. Inanna, Queen of Heaven & Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer. (New York: Harper Colophon).
- Cragg, 1991, p. 260.
- Fuller, 1864, pp. 200-201.
- de Azevedo and Stoddart, 2005, pp. 308-309.
- Giuseppe Ricciotti, Vita di Gesù Cristo, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana (1948) p. 276 n.
- NPNF2-06. Jerome: The Principal Works of St. Jerome
- Marcello Craveri, The Life of Jesus, Grove Press (1967) pp. 35-36
- de Azevedo, Mateus Soares; Stoddart, William (FWD) (2005), Ye shall know the truth: Christianity and the perennial philosophy, World Wisdom, Inc, ISBN 9780941532693
- Cragg, Kenneth (1991), The Arab Christian: A History in the Middle East, Westminster John Knox Press, ISBN 9780664221829
- Fuller, John Mee (1864), Essay on the Authenticity of the Book of Daniel, Deighton, Bell and co.
- Campbell, Joseph, 1962, Oriental Mythology: The Masks of God (New York:Viking Penguin)
- Campbell, Joseph, 1964. Occidental Mythology: The Masks of God (New York:Viking Penguin)
- Kramer, Samuel Noah and Diane Wolkstein, 1983. Inanna : Queen of Heaven and Earth (New York : Harper & Row) ISBN 0-06-090854-8
- Jacobsen, Thorkild, 1976, The Treasures of Darkness: A History of Mesopotamian Religion (New Haven: Yale University Press)
- The original source of this article at Wikipedia
- Sumerian Poems about Dumuzid and Inanna
- The Akkadian "Descent of Ishtar"
- "Descent of the Goddess Ishtar into the Lower World", trans. M. Jastrow, 1915; at Sacred Texts and Ancient Texts
- "The Descent of Ishtar", trans. E. A. Speiser, 1950: Eliade and Gateway to Babylon
- "The Descent of Ishtar", trans. Stephanie J. Dalley
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An orderly procedure or test for determining the sensitivity of a transducer or instrument as a function of frequency, temperature, speed etc. Known values of the measured variable are applied to the transducer or instrument, and output readings are varied or adjusted. During the process, values are compiled, and deviation charts are produced, so that the reading can be correlated to the actual values being measured.
To ascertain that the output of a device properly corresponds to the information it is measuring, receiving or transmitting. This might involve the location of scale graduations, adjustment to bring the output within specified tolerance or ascertaining the error by comparing the output to a reference standard.
A graphical representation of the calibration report, which report can be in the form of a table or chart.
The application of known values of the measured variable and the recording of the corresponding output readings over the range of the instrument in both ascending and descending directions.
The relationship of the calibration process to the calibration steps performed by a national standardizing laboratory.
A mathematically-constructed diagram used to check for coincidences of vibration sources (1x imbalance, 2x misalignment, etc. shaft speed) with rotor natural frequencies, resulting in rotor resonances. It plots frequency vs. RPM, with plot size growing with increasing amplitude. Sometimes called an interference diagram.
The form of the diagram is a rectangular plot of resonant frequency (y-axis) vs. excitation frequency (x-axis). Also known as an interference diagram.
See Spectral Map.
A localized low-pressure condition which can occur in liquid handling machinery (e.g. centrifugal pumps pr compressors) where a system pressure decrease in the suction line or in the pump inlet line, lowers the fluid pressure, and vaporization occurs (cavities or bubbles) within the liquid, for example around a propeller or impeller. As the bubbles collapse, the resulting mixed flow may produce unwanted sound and/or vibration. May be destructive.
For a band-pass filter, the center of the transmission band.
The forward Fourier transform of a spectrum. (the spectrum of a spectrum), It is useful in many types of signal analysis. Periodicities, or repeated patterns, in a spectrum will be sensed as one or two specific components in the Cepstrum. If a spectrum contains several sets of sidebands or harmonic series, they can be confusing because of overlap. But in the Cepstrum, they will be separated in a way similar to the way the spectrum separates repetitive time patterns in the waveform. Gearboxes and rolling element bearing vibrations lend themselves especially well to Cepstrum analysis.
A sensor (or pickup or transducer) with its associated signal conditioner and monitor (for observing the signal) and recorder (for storing the signal).
A control group affecting Input channel settings and Signal Generator outputs.
Characterization is aimed at providing the shaker control system with needed information about the testing system and the test article. Pretest characterization (at reduced intensity), repeated several times – iteration – is commonly performed. Increasingly, adaptive characterization – modifying the control system, based upon observing responses, is being performed during the test.
An amplifier which converts a very high impedance charge signal (as from a piezoelectric charge coupled accelerometer) into a low impedance output voltage i.e. a charge-to-voltage converter. This makes calibration much less dependent on cable capacitance.
Circuit card / Circuit Board
A flat board that holds chips and other components on the top side and has printed electrically conductive paths in multiple layers for the components on its bottom side.
Closed Loop Control
Responses are measured and fed back to the control system so as to refine or modify drive signals in order to bring responses closer to the reference or desired motions. See iterative closed loop control.
Closed loop motor controller
PID Controller used for precise control of multiple motor.
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
The constant value or factor of expansion of a material for a given increase in temperature, divided by the length of the material. This is different for each material.
An effective means of measuring the similarity of vibration at two locations, giving insight into possible cause and effect relations.It is the ratio of the coherent output power between channels in a dual-channel Digital Signal Analyzer (DSA).
Another name for the real part of the frequency response function.
Common mode rejection
The ability of a circuit to discriminate against a common mode voltage.
Common mode voltage
A voltage of the same polarity on both sides of a differential input relative to ground.
A term applied to calibration (e.g. of an accelerometer) in which sensitivity is tested against a standard. See also Absolute Calibration.
The reciprocal of stiffness, i.e. displacement divided by force.
Condition monitoring (CM)
The measurement, recording and analysis of machinery parameters (such as acceleration) to determine machinery health.
The current machine condition or signature, is compared with earlier condition or fingerprint, usually taken when a machine was new or newly refurbished. It is used as an indicator for detecting potential failure before it occurs. Also called Machinery Health Monitoring.
Constant bandwidth filter
A band-pass filter whose bandwidth is independent of center frequency. Filters simulated digitally by an FFT process are constant bandwidth.
Constant percentage filter / Constant percentage bandwidth
A band-pass filter whose bandwidth is a constant percentage of the center frequency of that same filter (¼ x, ½ x etc).
The intermittent opening of relay contacts during closure.
Multi-turn potentiometers with programmable display.
A Test type providing Auto and Cross Correlation functions to measure cause/effect in the time domain
Device used to totalize production volumes
The smallest amount of damping required to return a system to its equilibrium condition without oscillating.
A particular resonant frequency (see resonance) at which damage or degradation in performance is likely.
Machines in a process or power plant which are vital to continued operation. These machines are usually un-spared. Machine Health should be monitored continuously.
Any rotating speed which results in high vibration amplitudes. Often these are speeds which correspond to system natural frequencies.
Critical Speed Map
A rectangular plot of system natural frequency (y-axis) versus bearing or support stiffness (x-axis).
A measure of off-axis response of velocity and acceleration transducers (see also Transverse Sensitivity/)
In sinusoidal vibration testing, the unique forcing frequency at which the required displacement yields the desired acceleration and vice versa.
Interference or noise in a sensor or channel, coming from another sensor or channel.
One complete sequence of values of a periodic quantity – for exampl,e a sine wave processing from zero to 360°.
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