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Do I even need to write this paragraph? I know that we all joke about movie Harry's dream of being an Auror based on the only spell in his arsenal; Expelliarmus. In the books, Harry is more knowledgeable and utilizes more spells. I mean, if you teach kids Defence Against The Dark Arts in a secret club designed to protect Hogwarts and fight Voldemort then you have to know your stuff. While he is not the most powerful, he has determination and field experience, which earns him this place.
Not a name you hear so much, Dolohov was one of Voldemort's earliest supporters. He often gets overshadowed by the likes of Bellatrix and the Malfoys, but make no mistake, this guy was messed up. He hurt many Muggles and enemies of The Dark Lord without hesitation to prove his devotion. He escaped during the mass-breakout in 1996 but was recaptured during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries. He attacked Harry, Ron, and Hermione on Tottenham Court Road and fought in the Battle of Hogwarts.
Known for being the Charms master at Hogwarts, Flitwick is more than the short professor who said 'swish and flick'. As a student, he was one of the best students alongside Dumbledore and holds the title of most knowledgeable Charms master in the world. Not just a smarty, Flitwick was also a dueling champion during his youth, which speaks volumes. I'm sure his skill was on full display during the Battle of the Astronomy Tower and the Battle of Hogwarts.
Headmistress of the Beauxbatons Academy of Magic, Olympe Maxime is a French half-giant who briefly dated Rubeus Hagrid. Now, we don't know much about her magically, but Hagrid described her spellwork during their mission to visit the giants as 'brilliant'. Her half-giant status makes her immune to many spells, which is a great edge to have in battle. All of this mixed with her fiery temper and stature make her a formidable opponent.
Do I need to write this paragraph as well? Described as the 'brightest witch of her age', Hermione is a powerful and knowledgeable witch. I am putting her here based on her age at the end of her time at Hogwarts; she would be placed much higher if we judge her based on her current age. Seventeen-year-old Hermione was a strong fighter and is the main reason Harry is still alive (besides his mother's love). Hermione was the gem of the Golden Trio and we admire her in this household.
Also known as Moony, Lupin is a beloved character in the eyes of many in the fandom. This kindhearted, brave and intelligent man was a member of the Marauders crew and eventually became the Defence Against The Dark Arts teacher, so the guy knows what's up. Lupin's status as a werewolf makes him an even more intimidating opponent depending on the time of the month; he is not one to be messed with.
Padfoot is yet another fan favorite; another Marauder, we remember him fondly as Harry's father figure and mentor. The man became an animagus and created the Marauder's Map while he was an underage wizard, marking him, James, and Remus as some of the most brilliant wizards Hogwarts had ever seen. He also performed un-Transfiguration on Peter Pettigrew, infused physical prowess in magical fights and could perform nonverbal magic. There is much more I could discuss here, but Sirius is one tough cookie.
One of Voldemort's followers, Yaxley was head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement and planted Pius Thicknesse in the Ministry as part of his plan to ruin it. He fought in both Wizarding Wars and was present not only at the Battle of the Astronomy Tower but also during the Battle of Hogwarts. He was a proficient duellist who held his own against Flitwick after Dolohov was defeated. He could also perform nonverbal magic as proven when he jinxed Greyback without uttering a word.
Known by Muggles as Dumbledore's brother and known in the wizarding world for performing inappropriate charms on a goat, Aberforth is pretty well-known by many. In his youth, he battled both Dumbledore and Grindelwald at the same time and not only held his own but survived dueling two incredibly gifted wizards. He could also conjure a corporeal Patronus like Harry, which is considered advanced magic. He fought alongside our heroes in the Battle of Hogwarts and was one of the survivors, which speaks volumes.
A hardened veteran Auror, Rufus Scrimgeour was the Head of the Auror Department; you have to be a strong person in this kind of position. In the midst of the Second Wizarding War, he was appointed Minister For Magic and provided the illusion of safety; his work getting Harry and Dumbledore's co-operation cost him his life, as he passed at the hands of Voldemort. We do not have much in terms of concrete examples of him using his powers, but to be a hardened veteran leader of Aurors must take some skill, leadership and general awesomeness.
'Mad-Eye' Moody was one of the greatest sorcerers of his time. He had fully mastered multiple branches of magic, including Charms, Transfiguration, Defensive Magic, Herbology and Potions, which is incredible considering most wizards choose to specialize in one subject.
He could also cast powerful protective charms over Order of the Phoenix headquarters, charms so powerful even Lord Voldemort could not break through. Moody could perform both nonverbal and Dark magic to great effect.
A controversial figure, indeed. Say what you like about Snape, he was a darn good Potions master who knew his stuff. He was also a skilled Occlumens and managed to teach Harry how to defend himself from Voldemort's mental attacks. He was also especially talented at curses particularly from a young age and even managed to create his own jinxes and hexes. Snape could also perform nonverbal and healing magic. While we don't have many instances of Snape dueling, he did manage to successfully block McGonogall's attacks and no Death Eater ever raised a wand to him, which is very telling.
Minerva was the best teacher at Hogwarts and I’ll fight anyone who says otherwise. Not only did she work for the Ministry and was Deputy Headmistress and Headmistress of Hogwarts concurrently, but she also participated in both Wizarding Wars. She was an utter badass and is one of the few wizards to make the sorting hat take over five minutes to place her into either Ravenclaw or Gryffindor. McGonagall led the students of Hogwarts into the Battle of Hogwarts and emerged unscathed.
The guy who managed to make himself live for hundreds of years must be high up on this list. Nicholas Flamel must have been a powerful sorcerer to see his 690thbirthday; imagine the upkeep staying alive that long takes.
He also made the Philosopher’s Stone himself, which is something that no ordinary wizard can accomplish. Voldemort wishes he lived for this long. Nicholas also helped both Dumbledore and Newt Scamander take on Gellert Grindelwald, which is a feat of bravery.
Gellert Grindelwald walked so that Voldemort could run. Grindelwald was skilled in the dark arts in his teens and was expelled from Durmstrang for experimenting and almost ending fellow students. Being kicked out of school led him to meet Albus Dumbledore and form a strong bond. Grindelwald was charismatic and charmed multiple people with his ideas regarding freedom for wizardkind. He managed to survive dueling the Dumbledore brothers and amassed a large following for his cause. He was ultimately defeated by Dumbledore, but not before he had terrorized and thrilled the wizarding community.
You all know the drill with this guy. He was so into using the Dark Arts that he became permanently ugly and is an accomplished Legilimens. Voldemort could fly without a broom, use magic without a wand, and was the first wizard to split his soul into eight pieces to obtain immortality.
Not only this, but he transformed Nagini into Bathilda Bagshot for months on the off chance that Harry would show up; this is from miles away and while he is presumably doing other evil deeds.
He is considered the best at Transfiguration, was an accomplished duelist, received an Order of Merlin for defeating Grindelwald and won a Barnabus Finkley Prize for Exceptional Spellcasting. If that’s not enough accomplishment, he was also a youth representative for the Wizengamot and won an award for his alchemy skills, which he learned from Nicolas Flamel.
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Therefore, the discriminant of the following quadratic equation is 1.
Find the discriminant of the quadratic equations.
The discriminant of the following quadratic equation is = - 12.
The discriminant of the following quadratic equation is = 1.
The discriminant, D of the following equation is 32.
Therefore, the discriminant D of the following equation is -3.
Here, a = 1, b = 1 and c = 2.
For a quadratic equation to have real roots, D ≥ 0.
Here we find that the equation does not satisfy this condition, hence it does not have real roots.
For a quadratic equation to have real roots, D ≥ 0.
Here it can be seen that the equation satisfies this condition, hence it has real roots.
Here, a = 3, b = -2 and c = 2.
Here it can be seen that the equation does not satisfy this condition, hence it has no real roots.
Here, a = 3, b = -5 and c = 2.
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This essay will compare and contrast the key concepts of psychology that developed after Sigmund Freud’s psychodynamic theory. These include the founding of other theories such as behaviourism, humanism, cognitive, biological, evolutionary, cultural and positive psychology. It will also outline some key theorists of each field and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each theory.
Behaviourism, also known as behavioural psychology, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviours are acquired through conditioning. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. Behaviourists believe that our responses to environmental stimuli shape our behaviours.
Some strengths of behaviourism include the fact that it is based upon observable behaviours, so it is easier to quantify and collect data and information when conducting research. (Cherry, 2014) Effective therapeutic techniques such as intensive behavioural intervention, behaviour analysis, token economies, and discrete trial training are all rooted in behaviourism. These approaches are often very useful in changing maladaptive or harmful behaviours in both children and adults. (Cherry, 2014) It is also a very scientific approach to psychology.
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What is the definition of a great place to work? Tony Schwartz says it begins with a work environment that enables and encourages all employees to regularly refuel and renew themselves, both on and off the job – that is what makes them capable of bringing the best of themselves to work.
Energy is our most precious resource. In physics, it’s defined starkly as “the capacity to do work.” Higher demand in the absence of sufficient rest and renewal means less energy. Less energy means less capacity.
The simplest measure of a great place to work is how it makes employees feel to work there day in and day out. That requires meeting the four core needs of their employees: physical, emotional, mental and spiritual.
1. Create places for employees to rest and renew during the course of the working day and encourage them to take intermittent breaks. Ideally, bosses should permit afternoon naps, which fuel higher productivity in the hours that follow.
2. Offer a well-equipped fitness center that encourages employees to move physically and stay fit. There should be incentives for employees to use the facilities, including during the workday as a source of renewal.
3. Provide healthy, high quality food, at the lowest possible prices, including in vending machines.
Is there any question that if people feel healthier, happier, more focused and more purposeful at work, they will perform better?
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Building a digital workplace starts by integrating apps and customizing information, so workers can be more productive and efficient across locations and devices.
defines digital workplace as the "use of technology to drive efficiency among the workforce regardless of location or device."
Digital workplace encompasses several broad technologies, including mobility, analytics, customization, cloud, collaboration and security. The goal is to enable workers to have the information and applications they need to do their jobs, and presented to them in a manner that they desire.
Given this broad definition, an increasing number of technology vendors -- offering everything from digital whiteboards to document collaboration platforms -- are defining their products as a "digital workplace."
Commencement. In this first phase, organizations become aware of the need to develop a digital workplace strategy. Often, they look for low-hanging fruit, such as integrating apps into a role-based portal and customizing information like personalized news feeds.
Execution. Next, organizations increase the integration of more complex applications, such as unified communications and collaboration and business processes.
Innovation. Lastly, organizations would analyze and deploy emerging technologies, such as augmented reality, machine learning and artificial intelligence.
Other examples of digital workplace technologies in the execution and innovation phases include human-to-machine interfaces, embedded biometric security and advanced collaboration tools, such as digital whiteboards and coauthoring.
According to a Nemertes digital transformation study, 69.3% of companies have started a digital workplace strategy, but just 18.5% have completed one. Measuring the success of a digital workplace strategy typically involves looking at business metrics, such as reduced project times, more efficient responses to opportunities or customer inquiries, use of provided services or revenue per employee.
Digital workplace projects typically have no definitive end.
Many companies start their digital workplace strategies by looking at how employees access information and applications. They also investigate opportunities to enable customization, role-based provisioning and integrating apps.
For example, a commencement phase may include integrating apps such as team chat and video conferencing with existing business apps into a desktop portal. Some organizations develop their own digital workspaces, while others invest in platforms such as Akumina InterChange, BMC Digital Workplace, Igloo or Unily Hub. Companies will use these platforms as the basis for collaboration, communications, business application and information integration.
Other companies look to existing collaboration applications, such as Microsoft Office 365, Cisco Spark or Slack, as the basis for their digital workplace environment. From there, organizations typically extend their digital workplace experiences to mobile devices, integrating apps for business processes and information sources. They also might evaluate the previously noted emerging technologies in their digital workplace strategy.
Digital workplace projects typically have no definitive end. Even companies that say they've completed a digital workplace project usually have only defined a short-term strategy.
Because digital workplace projects involve analyzing and deploying emerging technologies, the projects are continuous, providing the framework for constant analysis and refinement as the technology landscape changes. If you haven't yet started a digital workplace project, now is the time to do so.
Integrate communications with CPaaS tools.
See how app integrations boost collaboration.
Application integration doesn't have to be difficult.
What's your idea of a digital workplace strategy?
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The Channeled Scablands are probably the least known of the seven wonders of Washington State, but they have the most fascinating geological story of how they were created. I still meet people today who grew up in the Seattle area that have never heard of them. What are they? Most of eastern Washington State is either farmland or mountains, but then there are large swaths of the landscape where all you can see is barren bedrock and strange rocky land formations. The early settlers in eastern Washington referred to these areas as scablands because they were not suitable for farming. Their origin was a complete mystery.
The Channeled Scablands extend from the area around Spokane, west to the Columbia River near Vantage and southwest to the Snake River near Pasco. They are known as the "Channeled Scablands" because they are crisscrossed by long channels cut into the bedrock, called coulees. About 150 distinct coulees have been identified; some of them are hundreds of feet deep. The two largest are Moses Coulee, which is 40 miles long, and Grand Coulee, which is 60 miles long.
During the last ice age 10,000 to 20,000 years ago, part of a glacier blocked the Clark Fork River in northern Idaho that normally flowed into Washington near what is now Spokane. This created an ice dam that caused the river to form a lake in western Montana. This lake eventually grew to cover 3,000 square miles, containing as much water as Lake Erie and Lake Ontario combined. Then the ice dam collapsed. The water from the lake was released and created one of the largest mega floods in the history of the world. This was first theorized by a geologist named J Harlen Bretz in 1923. His theory was very controversial and other geologists thought he was nuts. It was not until the early 1970's that his mega flood theory was finally accepted, with the help of NASA's satellite imagery that clearly revealed the network of channels carved out by the mega floods.
Over 500 cubic miles of water swept across the landscape in a wall of water hundreds of feet deep and washed away everything in its path in a matter of days. The water flow of this mega flood was as great as the combined flow of all the rivers in the whole world, times ten. Geologists calculated that the Missoula Floods created their own earthquakes as they thundered across the landscape. The most dramatic evidence of the Missoula Floods is Dry Falls. What we can see now is a cliff three and a half miles wide and 400 feet high. At their peak flow the floodwaters were possibly 800 feet deep at the top of the falls, so the volume of water, icebergs and house-sized boulders crashing over the falls must have been unimaginable.
When the topsoil was all washed away the floodwaters scoured thousands of square miles of basalt bedrock and created the coulees we see today. Once Glacial Lake Missoula drained and the flood stopped, the ice dam gradually formed again and the glacial lake was re-created. Eventually, the second ice dam collapsed and another mega flood was unleashed. Geologists believe this happened more than forty times over a period of several thousand years, and only stopped when the last ice age ended. Each mega flood compounded the erosion of the previous one and culminated in the bizarre landforms we now call the Channeled Scablands.
Palouse Falls did not create the huge canyon we can see today in Palouse Falls State Park. The amount of water that currently flows in the Palouse River over the falls is much too small to have caused such extensive erosion of the basalt bedrock. Rather, the canyon at Palouse Falls was created by the Missoula Floods. At this location the flood waters were probably several hundred feet deep, at the top of the falls, so they easily could have filled the canyon to the brim with a raging torrent.
The photographs and information about the Channeled Scablands shown here are just a sample from the book, The Seven Wonders of Washington State, which is available for purchase via the Buy Now link below.
The marker on the map shows the location of Dry Falls.
Photographer Howard Frisk and musician Larry Merritt have teamed up to create a unique offer. Larry has created a special edition of his music CD, The Seven Wonders of Washington State, as a companion CD to Howard's book by the same title. The CD includes seven original instrumental songs written and performed by Larry, one for each of the seven wonders of Washington State. You can listen to the first track of the CD below and purchase the book with or without the CD via the Buy Now link below.
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(CNN) -- Diminutive South Korean Ji-Yai Shin was walking tall after a superb two-stroke victory from Australian Katherine Hull at the HSBC Women's Champions tournament in Singapore on Sunday.
South Korean Ji-Yai Shin is swept off her feet by her caddie after winning the Women's Champions tournament.
Seven adrift at halfway and still six behind with a round to go at Tanah Merah, the 20-year-old British Women's Open champion took the title with her second successive 66 for an 11 under total of 277.
Shin, who collected $300,000 for her latest triumph, birdied the first four holes and then picked up further strokes on the 11th and 15th to put the pressure on her big rival.
"I'm very surprised and very happy. My goal coming into the tournament was just to make the top 10," Shin told media.
"I can't believe I started with four birdies, but I was just feeling very comfortable. I made a birdie on the 15th and she double bogeyed and that made me more determined."
Hull was four clear after turning in 34, but followed a bogey on the 10th by going out of bounds and running up herdouble bogey seven three holes later.
She dropped another stroke on the next, but a birdie at the 17th left her needing another to force a play-off. Instead, the Australian Masters champion bogeyed for a disappointing 74.
Americans Paula Creamer and Angela Stanford finished a further stroke away along with Brazil's Angela Park who lived to regret her second round 76.
World number one and defending champion Lorena Ochoa, winner by 11 last year, finished with a 70 and 281 total.
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0.961366 |
How do I access each phase of Rings 1 ?
Rings 1 is time released, so you have access to one phase at a time. Once you've completed Phase 1 you'll have access to Phase 2, and once that's completed, Phase 3, and so on.
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Summary and Definition: The Sauk tribe, also known as the Sacs or Saukies were a fierce, warlike people who originally inhabited territory in the western Great Lakes region then moved west of Lake Michigan to present-day Wisconsin. In 1734, the Sauk joined in a alliance with the Fox tribe who had been defeated by the French in the Fox Wars.
The tribes extended their territory westward beyond the Mississippi. Sauk chiefs included Keokuk, Wapello and the famous Black Hawk, leader of the 1832 Black Hawk War.
The above picture depicts Pam-a-ho, meaning the Swimmer, who was one of Chief Black Hawk's Warriors. It was painted by the famous artist George Catlin (1796-1872) at Jefferson Barracks in 1832 where Black Hawk and his warriors were imprisoned following the Black Hawk War, the last of the Indian wars that took place in the Old Northwest Territory. Pam-a-ho's hair is shaved leaving a scalp lock to which a roach headdress was attached. The roach headdress stood straight up from his head like a crest and held open by comb-like object called a roach-spreader. The roach headdress was dyed red, the same color as his body paint. Black Hawk and his fellow captives such as Pam-a-ho and were presented to different nations in the United States and in Europe.
What language did the Sauk tribe speak?
The Fox tribe spoke in a related dialect of the Algonquian language. The name 'Sauk' derives from the Algonquian word, 'Osakiwug' meaning the "Yellow Earth People", in reference to their creation myth.
What was the lifestyle and culture of the Sauk tribe?
The Sauk (Sac) tribe were farmers, hunter-gatherers and fishermen who made good use of their lightweight birchbark canoes they used on hunting, trading and fishing trips. Originally living along the western Great Lakes, they extended their lands into Wisconsin and the biggest Sauk villages were on the Wisconsin River. They extended their territories further west where they hunted buffalo. Their neighbours were the Fox tribe who were defeated by the French during the Fox Wars (1712 - 1733). The Fox then joined the larger Sauk tribe, an association that led to a long standing alliance. Both the Sauk and the Fox (Meskwaki) people had a strong sense of tribal identity and each tribe retained their separate chiefs, customs and traditions. The Sauk maintained good relations with the French until the Fox Wars and also traded with the Dutch and the English. The Sauk left their central Michigan location for northern Wisconsin after tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy attacked the people in the mid-seventeenth century. The Sauk became allies with the British during the French and Indian wars (1689 - 1763). The Fox tribe relocated south from Wisconsin into Iowa, Illinois, and Missouri. Following the American War of Independence an alliance of many different tribes, called the Western Confederacy, was formed who aimed to keep the Ohio River as a boundary between Native Indian lands and the United States. The Sauk subsequently fought in Little Turtle抯 War (1785�95), Tecumseh's War (1811�13) and the 1832 Black Hawk War. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 resulted in the Sauk tribe being moved to reservations in Indian territory.
This article contains fast, fun facts and interesting information about the Sauk Native American Indian tribe. Find answers to questions like where did the Sauk tribe live, what clothes did they wear and what food did they eat? Discover what happened to the Sauk tribe with facts about their wars and history with the Sauk History Timeline.
Where did the Sauk tribe live?
The Sauk are people of the Northeast Woodland Native American cultural group. The geography of the region in which they lived dictated the lifestyle and culture of the Sauk tribe.
What clothes did the Sauk tribe wear?
The picture of the Sauk brave like all warriors, wore war paint to intimidate his enemies. He wears a necklace of bear claws and another of beads and shells. His buckskin clothing is decorated with his battle trophies in the form of small scalp locks taken from his enemies - refer to practise of Taking Scalps in Indian Warfare. His breech cloth is passed between his legs and attached to a cordage belt. Also attached to his belt is soft pouch made from deerskin. He wears buckskin leggings and moccasins. His elaborate shield would have been used during horseback warfare and he carries a gunstock club that would have been used in hand-to-hand combat.
What did the Sauk tribe live in?
The Sauk tribe lived in two different shelters, the permanent longhouse structure and the wigwam, a temporary shelter that was used by Algonquian speaking Native Indian tribes who lived in the woodland regions. The Sauk longhouses were built from birch bark and surrounded by their crops and often a lacrosse playing field. The dark, windowless Longhouses had a rounded roof with doors at both ends of the longhouse and a smoke hole in the roof to let in air and light.
The Sauk wigwams were small oval or cone-shaped shelters with an arched roof made of wooden frames that were covered with woven mats and sheets of birchbark, held in place by ropes or strips of wood. Some Sauk wigwams were covered with buffalo hides, if this was a major resource in the area they lived in. A Sauk wigwam was usually about 8-10 feet tall and 10 - 15 feet wide at the base.
The Sauk played stickball, the forerunner of lacrosse or racquette. The picture by George Catlin depicts stickball players. The Sauk maintained numerous clans and the young men were divided into two major ceremonial groups called "moieties" that ensured an equal division of the tribe during games like lacrosse. Members of the Kishko (Long Hairs) moiety painted themselves white. Whilst members of the Oskush (Brave) moiety painted themselves black. In this stickball or lacrosse game the ball was caught with a netted ball-stick. As many as 100 - 1,000 men from opposing teams, villages or different tribes would participate in these games.
What weapons did the Sauk use?
The weapons used by the Sauk warriors included bows and arrows, spears, lances, war clubs, gunstock clubs, tomahawks and knives. The Native Indian enemies of the Sauk included the Iroquois, Illinois, Osage and the Sioux.
What food did the Sauk tribe eat?
The food that the Sauk tribe ate depended on the natural resources that were available to them in the locations that they lived in.
Sauk History: What happened to the Sauk tribe?
The following Sauk history timeline details facts, dates and famous landmarks of the people. The Sauk timeline explains what happened to the people of their tribe.
1667: The first Sauk contact with the French at Chequamegon Bay, Lake Superior. Jesuit missionary Claude Jean Allouez, vicar general of Quebec, was the first person to describe the Sauk and wrote that the tribe was more savage than all the other peoples he had met.
1812: Black Hawk and the Sauk side with the British in the War of 1812.
1887: The Dawes General Allotment Act led to the break up of the large Indian Reservations and the sale of Native Indian lands to white settlers.
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In the following question, there is a certain relationship between two given words on one side of :: and one word is given on another side of :: while another word is to found from the given alternatives, having the same relation with this word as the words of given pair bear. choose the correct alternative. Melt: Liquid :: rreeze:?
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What are the best ways to warm up breast milk for your baby?
As a mother, you want your baby to always be fed on time. One of the best ways to make sure your baby always get her own share of fresh breast milk is to keep it in the special bottles that usually come in the package with the breast pump you use. But, what are the best ways to warm up that packed breast milk for your child?
First, it is a good idea to put in the refrigerator the exact amount of frozen breast milk you expect to use the next day. Thawing frozen milk in the fridge will shorten warming time, thus avoiding an extended period of time with a hungry, impatient, and crying baby. Later, you can warm thawed milk by holding the bottle under warm running water to quickly thaw. Never use hot water to thaw milk, luke warm will be better. You can also place the sealed container in a bowl of warm water for 20 minutes to bring it to body temperature. If you did not pre-thaw the frozen milk in the refrigerator, you can use these same way, but also, avoid them temptation to use hot water to warm up milk.
The best way to warming breast milk while preserving all of its nutritional value is to never overheat it. You should heat breast milk to approximately at or a bit below body temperature (which is 98.6 F / 37 C). Using only warm water bath temperatures to heat up milk will avoid the loss of nutrients and the risk of overheating.
Do not let the level of water in the bowl or from the tap touch the mouth of the container.
You should never refreeze your breast milk. Thawed milk is safe in the refrigerator for only 24 hours.
Always use your oldest milk first.
Your baby may drink milk cool, at room temperature, or a bit warmed.
Never use a microwave oven or stovetop to heat breast milk, as these may cause scald spots and will destroy antibodies. A microwave may also destroy valuable nutrients and vitamins in breast milk.
Swirl the container of milk to mix the cream back in, and distribute the heat evenly. Do not stir.
If there is some milk left in a container after a feeding, you should discard it and not use it again.
The Kiinde Kozii Bottle Warmer and Breast Milk Warmer allows you to safely and quickly warm your breast milk, formula, and food in storage bags, bottles, or jars of all shapes, sizes and materials. This is the first and only warmer designed specifically to follow all guidelines set forth by the CDC (Centers for Disease Control) and the USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) to safely thaw and warm breast milk using warm, flowing water. Patent pending SAFEHeat technology allows high-speed warming using a low temperature, nutrient-safe water bath that is safe for breast milk, with a built in timer to eliminate the risk of overheating. The result is a warmer that is safer, more precise, faster and easier to use than conventional warmers which use high temperature steam that can be damaging to the antibodies and nutrients contained in breast milk.
This warming chamber is designed to accommodate a full 8oz bag of frozen breast milk, and to quickly bring it to serving temperature. SAFEHeat technology promises that the contents of the warmer are brought to the same temperature every time as easily as possible. It is extremely easy to use: Simple, intuitive interface lets you know how much time is left before the meal is ready.
When the time is up, the warming stops completely, eliminating the risk of overheating, even if the bottle or bag is left in the warmer for longer than intended.
Pros: Heats safely, very simple to use, very nice design, automatically shuts down, worth the price.
Cons: A bit slow, breaks easily- not so durable.
Check out the Kiinde Kozii Bottle Warmer and Breast Milk Warmer here.
Dr. Brown’s Electric Bottle will help you warm food and milk so that your baby’s always happy and fed. It has a very spacious interior, which provides adequate space to place all kinds of your jars and bottles. The LCD panel lights up at night and sets off an alarm when the preferred temperature is reached. What’s more, the preferred time for heating can also be saved in its memory for future use so you don`t have to set it all over again.
It automatically powers off after 10 minutes of no use so you don`t have to worry about forgetting to turn it off.
The warmer shows a visual count down in terms of time. So you know exactly how much time you have before it is done. This breast milk warmer is very simple to use and it is very durable.
Pros: Modern yet simple design, easy to use, very practical, stable, buttons are easy to press, warms up the milk very fast, the cord can be placed under the device, very reliable.
Cons: Hard to clean: the water reservoir gets moldy.
Check out the Brown’s Bottle Warmer here.
breast milk, formula and baby food jars. It delivers bottles at the perfect temperature every time. The removable cooler conveniently keeps bottles cool for up to eight hours, and warms a chilled bottle in minutes.
It has a removable cooler which can hold 2 bottles and stays cool overnight.
It also has an auto shut-off feature for added safety, this way you don`t have to worry about forgetting to turn it off.
It works with most bottle systems—wide, narrow, angled, even disposables.
Pros: Good design, doesn`t take up too much space, very efficient, fast, easy to clean and use, fits a variety of bottle sizes.
Cons: The measuring of the water is not comfortable, the price is not that affordable.
The First Years Night Cravings Bottle Warmer & Cooler here.
Hopefully, this answers the question: how to warm up breast milk and this article offers up some solutions to your problems.
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Are the new-look Cavaliers favorites to get to The Finals once again?
Trade 1: The Cavs traded Channing Frye, Isaiah Thomas and their own 2018 first-round pick to the Lakers for Jordan Clarkson and Larry Nance Jr.
Trade 2: The Cavs acquired George Hill and Rodney Hood in a three-team trade, sending out Jae Crowder, Derrick Rose, Iman Shumpert, and a second round pick.
Trade 3: The Cavs traded Dwyane Wade to Miami for a second round pick.
The Cavs upgraded their talent and managed to keep the Brooklyn Nets' first round pick in this year's Draft. They did so by taking future salary off the Lakers' and Kings' books.
Even if you disregard Hood's qualifying offer this summer and assume that they will waive Hill in 2019 (paying him just his $1 million guarantee for 2019-20, rather than his full $18 million salary), the Cavs took on an additional $15.5 million in salary next season and an additional $6.6 million in salary for the 2019-20 season. How those commitments are judged, of course, will depend on whether or not LeBron James re-signs with Cleveland this summer.
James' status, of course, could be affected by how well the Cavs play over the next four months. And the players they acquired should certainly help them play better than they have over the last four.
The Cavs have been most desperate for help on defense. They currently rank 29th in defensive efficiency, with multiple problems. Only two teams have allowed more points per game in the restricted area, only three teams have allowed their opponents to take a greater percentage of their shots from 3-point range, and only four teams have forced fewer turnovers per 100 possessions.
In the 40 seasons since the league started counting turnovers, only one team (last season's Cavs) has reached The Finals after ranking in the bottom 10 in defensive efficiency in the regular season. The lowest ranked defensive team to win a championship was the 2000-01 Lakers, who ranked 19th.
The Cavs probably aren't going to climb out of the top 10 between now and April 11. But they have to get better if they want to get back to The Finals. And a couple of their new additions can help.
Hill (6-3) is six inches taller than Thomas (5-9) and Hood (6-8) is two inches taller than Crowder (6-6). The Boston Celtics' defensive improvement this season will tell you that size matters. The Celtics lost two guys - Crowder and Avery Bradley - with defensive reputations, but got bigger at all three perimeter positions, swapping Thomas, Bradley (6-2) and Crowder for Kyrie Irving (6-3), Jaylen Brown (6-7) and Jayson Tatum (6-8). The result has been the best defense in the league, one that has allowed 5.5 fewer points per 100 possessions than the Celtics did last season.
The Cavs' added size in the backcourt should help in regard to forcing turnovers, running opponents off the 3-point line, and rebounding.
Hill comes from another bottom-three defensive team, and the Kings were 5.6 points per 100 possessions worse defensively with Hill on the floor than they were with him on the floor, when they allowed 112.9 per 100. That is the fifth highest on-court DefRtg among 284 players who have averaged at least 15 minutes in 25 or more games. Two of the players with higher marks are new teammate J.R. Smith and former Cav Jae Crowder.
But it's reasonable to disregard Hill's Sacramento tenure given how bad of a fit Hill was on, statistically, the worst team in the league. The Kings have a chance to become the first team to rank last in both offensive and defensive efficiency in a 30-team league in a full, 82-game season.
Prior to this season, every team that Hill has played on (nine seasons in San Antonio, Indiana and Utah) has ranked in the top 11 in defensive efficiency. He was on two Pacers teams (2012-13 and '13-14) that ranked No. 1 on defense.
Last season, the Jazz allowed just 100.2 points per 100 possessions in 684 minutes with Hill and Hood on the floor together. It helped that Rudy Gobert was on the floor for 587 (86 percent) of those minutes and the Hill-Hood combo was not adept at forcing turnovers (the Jazz forced only 12.3 per 100 possessions with them on the floor). But with Hill and Hood on the floor, Utah opponents took only 26 percent of their shots from 3-point range. That would have been the lowest opponent 3PA/FGA rate in the league last season.
Defense from ... the Lakers?
Both Nance and Clarkson come from a decent defensive team. After ranking last in defensive efficiency each of the last two seasons, the Lakers ranked 11th prior to Thursday's trades and allowed just 100.4 points per 100 possessions in 475 minutes with Clarkson an Nance on the floor together. That's not a ton of minutes and the pair generally played against the opponent's reserves, but that mark is lower than that of any Cleveland combo that has played at least 300 minutes.
Nance does not rank well as a rim protector. Opponents have shot 68 percent at the rim when he's been there to protect it, the 10th highest mark among 88 players who have defended at last three shots at the rim per game. But he ranks in the top 50 in deflections per game and the Lakers forced 16.8 turnovers per 100 possessions (a rate which would lead the league) with him on the floor.
If you're going to play alongside James, it helps if you can shoot off the catch. And, cumulatively, the players that the Cavs acquired on Thursday have shot better off the catch over the last three seasons than the players they traded away.
The six players the Cavs traded were particularly bad on catch-and-shoot threes this season, making just 114 (31 percent) of their 364 attempts. Obviously, Nance isn't a shooter, but in regard to both his size on defense and his ability to knock down threes off the catch, Hill looks like the most valuable addition of the new guys.
But the loss of Frye shouldn't be overlooked. Though he didn't play much in The Finals the last two seasons (Tyronn Lue didn't like the matchup against Golden State), Frye was a problem for some of Cleveland's Eastern Conference opponents. And in the four seasons since James returned to Cleveland, the Cavs' offense has been at its best, scoring 118 points per 100 possessions, with Frye and James on the floor together.
Frye's Combo of size & shooting (with a quick release) made him a matchup problem with a passer like James. The Toronto Raptors, against whom Frye shot 23-for-38 (61 percent) from 3-point range over the last two postseasons, are probably glad he's no longer in Cleveland.
The trade:The Magic traded Elfrid Payton to Phoenix for a second round pick.
With just 28 games left on his rookie contract, the Orlando Magic finally gave up on Payton, whom they took with the 10th pick in the 2014 Draft. Payton has shot a career-best 52 percent from the field this season, but that number needs some context.
Payton has taken only 26 percent of his shots from outside the paint. That is the second lowest rate (higher than that of only Ben Simmons) among 125 guards who have taken at least 200 shots from the field.
Payton has improved his ability to finish at the rim in his four seasons. After shooting just 49 percent in the restricted area as a rookie, he shot 58 percent there over his second and third seasons and 67 percent in the restricted area this season. But as a guard who doesn't shoot much from the outside (maybe because his hair is in his field of vision), Payton isn't a huge threat offensively.
And on the other end of the floor, Payton has been a liability. The Magic allowed 113.6 points per 100 possessions with him on the floor. That is the highest on-court DefRtg among 284 players who have averaged at least 15 minutes in 25 or more games and 9.4 points per 100 possessions more than the Magic allowed with Payton on the bench.
The Magic have allowed 49.6 points in the paint per game, more than any team in the last 20 years. And they allowed 52.5 per 48 minutes with Payton on the floor.
The trade: In a three-team deal, the Nuggets acquired Devin Harris and a second round pick, the Knicks acquired Emmanuel Mudiay, and the Mavs acquired Doug McDermott and a second round pick.
The Nuggets are currently in seventh in the East, but tied in the loss column with the ninth-place Clippers. And they were desperate for a back-up point guard, because Mudiay's minutes have generally been a disaster.
The Nuggets were 12.7 points per 100 possessions worse with Mudiay on the floor (minus-8.6) than they were with him off the floor (plus-4.1). He did have some better minutes (plus-3.1 per 100) since returning to the rotation a few weeks ago and he has shot better from the outside this season (effective field goal percentage of 48 percent from outside the paint) than he did in his first two seasons (40 percent).
But Mudiay has remained one of the league's worst finishers in the rim (only three players have shot worse on at least 100 shots in the restricted area) and his overall effective field goal percentage of 46.0 percent is still well below the league average (52.1 percent).
Harris has generally given the Mavs a good lift off the bench this season. In fact, the Mavs were 13.5 points per 100 possessions better with Harris on the floor than they were with him off the floor. The Nuggets swapped the guy with the sixth worst on-off NetRtg differential (Mudiay) among 304 players who have played at least 500 minutes this season for the guy with eighth best on-off NetRtg differential (Harris) among that same group.
Harris' differential is as much about the Dallas starters, who have been consistently overmatched against the starting groups of their opponents, than it is about Harris. But the Mavs stayed in games (only two teams have had more games within five points in the last five minutes), because the Mavs had one of the best bench units in the league. In fact, the Mavs' lineup of Harris, J.J. Barea, Yogi Ferrell, Dirk Nowitzki and Dwight Powell outscored its opponents by 19.4 points per 100 possessions, the third best mark among 30 lineups that have played at least 200 minutes together.
Long live the super-fun, Dirk-plus-bench unit.
Trade 1:The Heat acquired Dwyane Wade from Cleveland for a second round pick.
Trade 2:The Heat acquired Luke Babbitt from Atlanta for Okaro White.
The Heat, dealing with a slew of injuries, needed depth and offense. And they added both by bringing back two guys they've had before.
Wade isn't the most efficient scorer in the league. His effective field goal percentage and true shooting percentage are well below the league average. He has taken just 50 percent of his shots from the restricted area (where he's still a good finisher) or 3-point range (where he's still pretty bad). He has attempted twice as many mid-range shots as 3-pointers. But he does give the league's 24th-ranked offense another ball-handler.
Babbitt gives them another shooter. He has shot 44 percent from 3-point range over the last four seasons, the third best mark among players who have attempted at least 500 threes in that time.
The Hawks are at the bottom of the Eastern Conference standings, but for a short time, they had a decent starting lineup (plus-3.1 points per 100 possessions) with Babbitt and Dewayne Dedmon on the frontline.
The trade:The Knicks traded Willy Hernangomez to the Hornets for Johnny O'Bryant and two second round picks.
Hernangomez led all rookies with 11 double-doubles. He grabbed 39.8 percent of his team's rebounds while he was on the floor, the highest rate among rookies who played at least 500 minutes. And his effective field goal percentage of 53.3 percent was the best mark among 24 rookies who attempted at least 250 shots.
Hernangomez ranked sixth in offensive rebounding percentage among 294 players who averaged at least 15 minutes in 40 or more games last season, grabbing 14.2 percent of available offensive boards while he was on the floor.
On the other end of the floor, Hernangomez was, statistically, the worst layup deterrent in the league. With him on the floor, Knicks opponents took 38.2 percent of their shots in the restricted area, the highest rate among the 256 players who were on the floor for at least 2,000 opponent shots last season.
Charlotte leads the league in defensive rebounding percentage and ranks ninth in second chance points per game, so Hernangomez doesn't necessarily fit a need. And the Hornets just got Cody Zeller back from a two-month absence, so it's not clear that there's any immediate playing time available for the new acquisition. But Hernangomez is on a cheap contract for two more seasons beyond this one and with some work, Steve Clifford may be able to turn him into a not-so-terrible defender.
The trade:The Bucks acquired Tyler Zeller From Brooklyn for Rashad Vaughn and a second round pick.
The Nets' most-used lineup, with Zeller at center, was a plus-6.5 points per 100 possessions and pretty strong defensively.
The Nets grabbed 79.9 percent of available defensive rebounds, a rate which would rate fourth in the league, with Zeller on the floor.
The Bucks have seen the league's biggest drop-off in aggregate bench NetRtg, from plus-2.1 per 100 possessions (eighth in the league) last season to minus-4.8 (24th) this season.
The Grizzlies clearly couldn't get a first round pick for Tyreke Evans, who they shut down last week in anticipation of a trade. Rather than taking the best offer (likely two second rounders), they decided to hold onto Evans, who they might be able to re-sign in the summer.
We'll have to wait until July to see if Evans shows some loyalty to the team that helped him resurrect his career. The question for now is whether Evans goes back to playing 30 minutes a game for the Grizz, who are one of eight teams at the bottom of the combined standings with 17-19 wins.
Lottery odds for seven of those eight teams (and the Cavs, who own the Nets' pick) will change with their results over the last two months of the season. The Grizzlies have the most road-heavy schedule of those eight teams, but have also been 10 points per 100 possessions better with Evans on the floor than they've been with him on the bench.
It's really been a remarkable comeback for Evans, who was an inconsequential element of the DeMarcus Cousins trade a year ago. While registering a career-high usage rate of 28.3 percent this season, he has career-high marks in assist-turnover ratio, effective field goal percentage and true shooting percentage. And he has shot 40.4 percent on pull-up 3-pointers, the second best mark among 17 players who have attempted at least three pull-up threes in 25 games or more.
His status for the rest of the season will affect the Grizzlies win total.
The Pistons are 4-0 with Blake Griffin, who was acquired in the blockbuster deal that took place 10 days before the deadline, and they've allowed less than a point per possession over the four games.
Some context... First, the Pistons have had a rest advantage, with their opponent playing the second game of a back-to-back, in all four games. Second, all four opponents have been below-average offensive teams and three of the four rank in the bottom seven offensively.
They have two pre-break games against the 22nd-ranked Hawks (the second of which is another rest-advantage game), but will host the 11th-ranked Clippers on Friday and the seventh-ranked Pelicans on Monday. Overall, the Pistons have one of the league's easiest remaining schedules.
Even with the schedule advantages, it's worth noting that the Pistons have outscored their opponents by more than 24 points per 100 possessions in 84 minutes with Griffin and Andre Drummond on the floor together. Over the four games, Griffin has assisted Drummond on nine of the 21 baskets that the center has scored with Griffin on the floor.
Griffin has also been complemented well by third big Anthony Tolliver, though Griffin himself has shot just 39 percent with Drummond off the floor.
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what is the best spark plug iridium heat range 7 or 8 or brisk is better?
It really depends how modified your engine is or in other words how much power your engine is making. Generally for a moderate power upgrade over stock I'd look to move 1 heat range colder than stock. It's a balancing act because for a street car in particular, a plug that's too cold is prone to fouling.
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Najdorf and Scheveningen? Could someone please tell me what the differences between the Najdorf and Scheveningen set ups are?
In the Najdorf black uses Bb7, in the scheveningen he places this bishop on d7.
In the Najdorf black plays Nbd7, in the Scheveningen black places this knight on c6.
I don't mean that .a6 and ..e6 aren't required as I know they are, but am I right in thinking the above are the way to disguingish between the two systems? I'm a bit confused.
Don't worry about the naming; it's not that important, and there some overlap in ideas between the two systems anyway. In my mind, the distinguishing characteristic is that in Najdorf sytems, Black can play ...e5 all in one go, whereas in Schev systems, he plays ...e6 first, and then maybe ...e5 later if the situation warrants it. Of course, in the main Bg5 line of the Najdorf, Black doesn't play ...e5, but settles for ...e6 (since ...e5 in that positon is rather unfavorable). But truthfully, the two systems can transpose to one another quite readily. If you reach the exact same position, does it really matter whether you played ...a6 or ...e6 first, after all?
The name "Scheveningen" is the name of a Neederlands city, and the name of this variation of the Sicilian Defense cames from a famous tournament that taked place there.
The funny thing is that the correct pronuntiation of Scheveningen is: skE-fe-nin-ghen. During the WWII there were many covered nazis in the Neederlands, and many of them were discovered because they pronunciated the word "a la German": sh(e)-FE-nin-ghen (I put the "e" in brackets to mean that it must sound like the "e" of "terminal", not like the "e" of "she").
Another point of reference is that positions whichgenerally arise from the Najdorf (or Scheveningen) are called Najdorf (or Scheveningen). Now this might sound obvious but let me elaborate. There is a line in the Najdorf, indeed the main line, which goes 5... a6 6.Bg5 e6. Now this could arise from the Scheveningen if after 5...e6 6.Bg5?! black would play a6. However black has several better replies here so the position rarely arises from the Scheveningen move order. Hence it's called a Najdorf despite the black pawn being on e6.
Generally the only Najdorf-move orders that include a black pawn on e6 are 6. Bg5 e6 and 6. Bc4 e6. After, for example, 6. Be2 e6 or 6. Be3 e6 the game is a Scheveningen. (6. Be2 e5 and 6. Be3 e5 or 6. Be3 Ng4 remain in Najdorf territory).
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Charles Blackman OBE (born 12 August 1928), is an Australian painter, noted for the Schoolgirl, Avonsleigh and Alice in Wonderland series of the 1950s. He was a member of the Antipodeans, a group of Melbourne painters that also included Arthur Boyd, David Boyd, John Brack, Robert Dickerson, John Perceval, and Clifton Pugh. He was married for 27 years to the noted author, essayist, poet, librettist and patron of the arts, Barbara Patterson Blackman.
Blackman, born 12 August 1928 in Sydney, left school at 13 and worked as an illustrator with the Sydney Sun newspaper while attending night classes at East Sydney Technical College (1943–46) though was principally self-taught. He was later awarded an honorary doctorate. He came to notice following his move to Melbourne in the mid-1940s, where he became friends with Joy Hester, John Perceval and Laurence Hope as well as gaining the support of critic and art patron John Reed. His work met critical acclaim through his early Schoolgirl and Alice series, the latter Blackman's conception of Lewis Carroll's most famous character. For some time while painting the Alice series, Blackman worked as a cook at a café run by art dealer Georges Mora and his wife, fellow artist Mirka Mora.
In 1959 he was a signatory to the Antipodean Manifesto, a statement protesting the dominance of abstract expressionism. The manifesto's adherents have been dubbed the Antipodeans Group. His work is associated with dreamlike images tinged with mystery and foreboding. In 1960 he and his family lived in London after Blackman won a Helena Rubenstein travelling scholarship, settling in Sydney upon his return five and a half years later. In 1970 he moved to Paris, when awarded the atelier studio in the Cité des Artes. He lived there for a year at the same time as John Coburn, and subsequently returned often, as Paris was an eternal source of inspiration.
After 27 years of marriage, Barbara Patterson Blackman and Charles Blackman divorced in 1978, largely because of his alcoholism. He married the young artist Genevieve de Couvreur, a 19-year-old friend of his children. She divorced him after 8 years, as his alcoholism grew deeper; and in 1989 he married a third wife, Victoria Bower, whom he also later divorced. He has six children, Auguste, Christabel, Barnaby, Beatrice, Felix and Axiom, most of them artists and musicians in their own right.
His accountant and close friend, Tom Lowenstein, set up the Charles Blackman Trust to manage the painter's affairs. Lowenstein periodically sells off the works that Blackman still owns to ensure Blackman's expenses are taken care of. Blackman suffers from dementia and lives a simple but happy life in his rented home in Sydney.
He has won many prizes and distinctions, culminating in a major retrospective in 1993 and being appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to Australian art in 1977.
A portrait of Charles Blackman by Jon Molvig won the Archibald Prize in 1966.
In August 2010, the Blackman Hotel opened in St Kilda Road, Melbourne. It features 670 digitally reproduced fine art prints by Charles Blackman.
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Previous studies of higher order chromatin organization in nuclei of mammalian species revealed both structural consistency and species-specific differences between cell lines and during early embryonic development. Here, we extended our studies to nuclear landscapes in the human myelopoietic lineage representing a somatic cell differentiation system. Our longterm goal is a search for structural features of nuclei, which are restricted to certain cell types/species, as compared to features, which are evolutionary highly conserved, arguing for their basic functional roles in nuclear organization.
Common human hematopoietic progenitors, myeloid precursor cells, differentiated monocytes and granulocytes analyzed by super-resolution fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy revealed profound differences with respect to global chromatin arrangements, the nuclear space occupied by the interchromatin compartment and the distribution of nuclear pores. In contrast, we noted a consistent organization in all cell types with regard to two co-aligned networks, an active (ANC) and an inactive (INC) nuclear compartment delineated by functionally relevant hallmarks. The ANC is enriched in active RNA polymerase II, splicing speckles and histone signatures for transcriptionally competent chromatin (H3K4me3), whereas the INC carries marks for repressed chromatin (H3K9me3).
Our findings substantiate the conservation of the recently published ANC-INC network model of mammalian nuclear organization during human myelopoiesis irrespective of profound changes of the global nuclear architecture observed during this differentiation process. According to this model, two spatially co-aligned and functionally interacting active and inactive nuclear compartments (ANC and INC) pervade the nuclear space.
Accumulated evidence from different studies argues for an inseparable intertwining between nuclear structure and function . We have recently proposed a model for a functionally defined nuclear organization based on two co-aligned three-dimensional networks: an active and an inactive nuclear compartment (ANC and INC). This model has been experimentally substantiated by super-resolution fluorescence microscopy in mammalian somatic cell lines [2–5] and in bovine preimplantation embryos and can be summarized as follows: Chromosome territories (CTs) are built up from chromatin domain clusters (CDCs), which can perform locally constrained movements and interact dynamically with each other in ways, whose functional implications are still not well understood. The compacted core of CDCs is enriched in repressive histone marks and lined by a peripheral layer of decondensed chromatin, called the perichromatin region (PR). The PR is enriched in epigenetic marks for transcriptionally competent chromatin and represents the chromatin compartment, where transcription, splicing, chromatin replication and DNA repair occur. The PR is co-aligned with a contiguous channel system, the interchromatin compartment (IC), which starts at nuclear pores, permeates the nuclear space between CDCs and serves a role in nuclear import and export functions. More extended sites of this channel system, called IC lacunae, harbor splicing speckles and other nuclear bodies. The PR and the IC together form the ANC, whereas the INC is constituted by the compact interior of CDCs. Constrained motions of CDCs and chromatin loops expanding into the interior of the IC can lead to transient or consistent contacts between random or non-random sites of different CDCs (for a detailed review see ).
In this study, we aimed to test the ANC-INC network model during various stages of human myeloid cell differentiation as a naturally occurring somatic cell differentiation system. Myelopoiesis starts from self-renewable pluripotent stem cells, the common progenitor cells. By asymmetric cell divisions resulting daughter cells form lineage restricted precursors with increasing commitment, finally leading to terminally differentiated postmitotic cell types [8, 9]. This maturation process is associated with major changes of the nuclear landscapes [10, 11] and tightly controlled changes of gene expression patterns [12–17]. Proteins located on the cell surface can be used for a refined identification of cells within distinct maturational stages [9, 18].
Myelopoiesis is the part of hematopoiesis involved in the differentiation of multipotent myeloid progenitors into erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. For our study, we chose five human cell types from the myeloid differentiation pathway, namely (1) CD34+ cells from umbilical cord blood representing common myeloid and lymphoid progenitors, (2) myeloblasts and monoblasts representing lineage committed precursor cells, as well as (3) monocytes and granulocytes representing differentiated cells (see Fig. 1, upper left panel for an allocation of these cell types within the myeloid differentiation pathway).
Nuclei were imaged by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 3D structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM), a super-resolution fluorescence microscopic approach [19, 20]. 3D-SIM allows optical sectioning with a twofold resolution improvement over conventional fluorescence microscopy in each spatial dimension resulting in an approximately eightfold increased volumetric resolution (for review see ). TEM provides a resolution, which is superior to any current approach of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy . However, the capability of 3D-SIM for the simultaneous, high-resolution targeting of differently fluorescence-labeled macromolecules involved in functionally relevant structures, such as RNA polymerase II, nuclear bodies, or epigenetic histone marks, makes this approach an ideal tool for quantitative, high-resolution studies of the nuclear topography of such targets and their spatial nuclear relationships [2, 3, 5, 6].
Figure 1 exemplifies typical nuclear phenotypes of DAPI stained progenitor cells (upper panel), monoblast and myeloblast precursor cells (mid panel), and monocytes and granulocytes (bottom panel), represented by xy mid-sections of nuclei acquired with 3D-SIM. Inset magnifications of representative nuclear areas in progenitor and precursor cells reveal a network of chromatin domain clusters (CDCs). CDCs are dispersed throughout the nucleus and pervaded by finely branched IC channels with occasional enlargements into wider IC lacunae. Changes of global nuclear landscapes are most apparent during the transition from precursors toward mature monocytes and granulocytes. Horseshoe-shaped nuclei of monocytes are characterized by aggregations of CDCs into compacted chromatin islets, surrounded by wide interchromatin channels and lacunae. Chromatin in multilobulated nuclei of granulocytes appears mostly restricted to a rather uniformly arranged, densely compacted layer at the nuclear periphery. The interior of each nuclear lobe is filled by an ample contiguous IC lacuna with a few decondensed chromatin loops expanding from the compact chromatin layer toward the interior.
At all differentiation stages, IC channels penetrate the heterochromatin layer beneath the nuclear envelope (Fig. 2a, arrows). Their exit points appear as little holes on the nuclear surface (Fig. 2b) that were previously shown to be directly connected to nuclear pores [5, 7, 23, 24]. We used these holes, mirroring nuclear pores, to study their topography in 3D reconstructions of 3D-SIM image stacks. Their number is distinctly reduced in monocytes and even more in granulocytes compared to progenitor and precursor cells (Fig. 2b, for quantification see Additional file 1). These images as well as the section galleries shown in Additional file 2 also demonstrate the variations in the global nuclear morphology in the different cell types: nuclei of progenitors exhibit an overall roundish shape with invaginations at the surface. Monoblast and myeloblast nuclei are ellipsoid with typically deep and complex invaginations which can pervade the whole nucleus in myeloblasts. Monocytes are characterized by horseshoe-shaped nuclei with an irregular surface; nuclei of granulocytes are divided into several interconnected lobes.
Nuclear landscapes recorded with 3D-SIM were compared with landscapes of the same cell types in TEM sections after osmium ammine B staining, a DNA-specific staining procedure (Fig. 3). In line with SIM, TEM images reveal a change of landscapes with progressive differentiation from a fine granular network of CDCs/IC channels in progenitor cells to a dense and more lump-like chromatin pattern in granulocytes (Fig. 3a). However, compared with the range of DAPI staining intensities observed in 3D-SIM images, TEM sections present a more contrasted, black and white appearance of osmium ammine B positive and negative regions. Thresholded TEM images (Fig. 3b) of mid-sections of representative nuclei used to quantitatively determine the extension of the interface between chromatin and the IC as a measure for the IC surface show a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in monocytes and granulocytes compared to their precursors and progenitors (Fig. 3c).
A previously described segmentation algorithm [5, 6] was used to obtain 3D chromatin density maps for 3D-SIM acquisitions of whole nuclei from each cell type based on seven DAPI intensity classes of equal intensity variance. DAPI was previously shown to fulfill the requirements as an appropriate marker for global chromatin representation despite its reported binding preference to AT-rich DNA . Figure 4a presents examples of nuclear landscapes before (DAPI, upper panel) and after classification (lower panel) with seven intensity classes plotted in false colors. Class 1 represents regions close to background intensities, assigned to the largely DNA-free interchromatin compartment (IC). Classes 2–4 represent decondensed chromatin of low staining intensity, classes 5–7 the high intensity classes (Fig. 4b). While this classification is a deliberate reduction of the whole range of DAPI intensities (compared, e.g., to 255 gray levels in 8-bit images), it provides a robust tool of statistical comparisons between different samples [5, 6]. In progenitors and precursor cells, the compact core of chromatin domain clusters (CDCs) is represented by aggregations of pixels with highest density assigned to classes 5–7. These compact cores are lined by a layer of pixels assigned to class 2–4, representing the decondensed perichromatin region. Largely DNA-free class 1 regions expand between CDCs as part of the IC system. In the lobed granulocyte nuclei, an extended class 1 region extending into class 2 represents a large IC lacuna in the interior of each lobe, lined by a small rim of decondensed chromatin, while a broad layer of highly compacted chromatin (classes 5–7) resides at the periphery of lobes. Monocytes represent an intermediate state. Quantitative comparisons (Fig. 4c and Additional file 3) demonstrate a significant shift toward higher DAPI intensity classes in nuclei of differentiated cells, while the fraction of class 1 (IC) is similar in all cell types irrespective of their highly divergent global appearance of the IC compartment.
The functional link between nuclear landscapes defined by chromatin density and biologically relevant markers was established by quantitatively mapping the relative spatial distribution of histone H3K4me3, representing transcriptional competent chromatin, and of histone H3K9me3, conveying a silent chromatin state , to the seven DAPI intensity classes. In addition we mapped immuno-stained SC35, an integral protein of splicing speckles, involved in co-transcriptional splicing and in transcriptional elongation . We also studied the topography of RNA Polymerase II, phosphorylated in the carboxy-terminal domain either at Ser2 (RNA Pol II Ser2P) or at Ser5 (RNA Pol II Ser5P). RNA Pol II Ser2P is involved in transcriptional elongation, while RNA Pol IISer5P is considered as the transcription initiating form .
Despite their distinctly different nuclear phenotypes on a global level, nuclei from all cell types show a consistent overrepresentation (relative signal enrichment) of the “active” marks H3K4me3, RNA Pol II Ser2P/Ser5P and SC35 in the low-density classes representing the ANC and a corresponding underrepresentation (relative signal depletion) in high density classes considered as the INC (Figs. 5, 6, 7 and Additional files 4, 5). Notably, SC35 is largely restricted to the IC compartment (class 1) (Fig. 6b and Additional file 5B), and RNA Pol II Ser2P/Ser5P signals are both higher enriched in the IC compartment compared to chromatin bound H3K4me3 signals (Fig. 5b and Additional file 4B). The relative signal enrichment/depletion along chromatin density classes for the “silent” mark H3K9me3 (Fig. 7) shows a broader variability even between nuclei of the same cell type (data not shown). On average, in progenitor and precursor cells H3K9me3 signals show the expected underrepresentation (depletion) in classes 1 and 2, while they are fairly proportionally distributed within all other classes. Monocytes show a consistent overrepresentation (enrichment) of H3K9me3 in classes 6–7, while the averaged distribution profile is similar to the DAPI profile in the other classes. Despite these heterogenous results, the relative signal distributions clearly reveal that the majority of the H3K9me3 signals are located in the higher chromatin classes in all cell types. In granulocytes, we failed to detect positive H3K9me3 immunostaining. Failure of H3K9me3 immunostaining in granulocytes was previously described [29, 30] and may be due to a lack or a masking of H3K9me3 epitopes. The access of immunoglobulins required for immunodetection with an estimated size of about 20 nm may in addition be hampered when IC channels fall below a critical throat size of 15–20 nm (an overview on all measured parameters for a comparative topology in relation to chromatin density maps is provided in Additional file 6).
A lowered overall transcriptional activity was previously described for monocytes and resting granulocytes compared to their respective precursor cells [16, 33]. In line with their attenuated transcriptional activity we observed a profound shrinkage of nucleoli in monocytes and granulocytes (Additional file 7) and a decrease of RNA Pol II Ser2P/Ser5P signals defined both by recorded pixels and by custom defined spots (Fig. 8). Recording the number of all signal pixels compensates for differences in size of individually detected spots taking into account that a cell with few large spots can have the same number of positive pixels compared to a cell with many small spots. The counted number of RNA Pol II spots relates to potential “transcription factories”. Current attempts of quantification should be considered with the caveat that the values depend on the threshold setting of recorded images (for a detailed discussion see ).
Living cells are adapted to an osmolarity of about 270 mOsm. Previous studies have demonstrated that a transient incubation of cells in medium with higher or lower osmolarities exerts massive effects on chromatin compaction, which are fully reversible upon restoring normotonic conditions . Hypertonic medium results in increased chromatin compaction, while hypotonic conditions lead to chromatin decondensation [34, 35].
The huge IC lacunae of granulocytes observed under normotonic conditions may serve as a storage compartment and be tightly filled by macromolecular complexes and nuclear bodies, whose nature was not analyzed in the present investigation. In a live cell experiment, we tested effects of chromatin decondensation triggered by hypotonic conditions on the appearance of IC lacunae in granulocytes by exposing cells to a transient change from normotonic to hypotonic medium (~90 mOsm). Within <1 min in hypotonic medium chromatin expands into the large IC lacunae of granulocytic lobes and fills their space, resulting in a wide dissolution of the highly compacted, distinct peripheral chromatin layer typically seen in these lobes under normotonic conditions. This state can be rapidly restored (<1 min) after reincubation in normotonic medium. Repeated cycles of chromatin decondensation and compaction in granulocytes upon transient exposure to hypotonic and normotonic medium were observed (Fig. 9a). Osmium ammine B stained TEM sections of progenitors, precursors, monocytes and granulocytes, kept in hypotonic medium (~90 mOsm) for 1 min before fixation, demonstrate that hypotonic conditions trigger a rather uniform distribution of decondensed chromatin throughout the nuclear space in all cell types (Fig. 9b). These observations argue against a crowding of space-occupying nuclear bodies within the central IC lacunae of lobes and provide indirect evidence for a higher order chromatin organization, which allows a rapid, transient chromatin de- and re-condensation (see “Discussion”).
Co-staining of granulocytes with DAPI (high affinity to AT-rich regions) and 7-AAD (high affinity to GC rich regions) that were fixed after 30 s incubation in hypotonic conditions reveals remarkable differences of the staining patterns. 7-AAD denotes the lobe interior, while DAPI strongly stains the peripheral rim (Fig. 9c). This radial polarization of the two dyes illustrates a preferential expansion of GC enriched (gene dense) DNA segments toward the nuclear interior. This GC enriched DNA likely represents the transcriptionally competent chromatin fraction residing as ANC at the interface between the compact, peripheral chromatin layer and the internal lacunae in granulocytic lobes.
A radial gene density correlated arrangement of chromatin segments with the preferential localization of gene-poor chromatin at the nuclear periphery and gene-dense chromatin toward the nuclear interior has previously been described in several studies and was consistently confirmed for a large number of cell types and species (for review see ). For a further comparison of the topography of gene-dense and gene-poor chromatin regions in granulocytic lobes, we performed 3D-fluorescence in situ hybridization (3D-FISH) with differentially labeled sets of pooled BAC clones from human chromosomes HSA #1 and HSA #12 delineating gene-dense and gene-poor segments of these chromosomes (previously described in [37, 38]). We selected HSA #1 and #12 since they represent chromosomes with an overall intermediate gene density (19 and 18 genes/Mb, respectively, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/guide/human/), however, with distinct segmental differences of regional gene density within size windows of several Mbs (Fig. 10a, b). Confocal image stacks, recorded from granulocyte nuclei, were used for 3D distance measurements of the respective probe signals obtained with regard to the DAPI delineated border of a granulocytic nuclear lobe. The results demonstrate a gene density correlated radial arrangement with gene-dense chromatin oriented toward the IC lacuna and gene-poor chromatin enriched toward the nuclear border (Fig. 10c).
The maintenance of the conventional gene density correlated chromatin arrangement in multilobulated nuclei of granulocytes further confirms the general validity of such a radial arrangement. The only reported exception of an inverted architecture so far is rod cell nuclei of nocturnal mammals, where these cells act as micro-lenses for effective light transmission .
3D structured illumination microscopy (3D SIM), complemented by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), was used for a comparative study of nuclear landscapes during myelopoietic cell differentiation, including CD34+ progenitor cells, myeloid precursors (monoblasts and myeloblasts) and mature monocytes and granulocytes. Nuclei of all cell types carry a higher order chromatin network, composed of chromatin domain clusters (CDCs) with a compact core and a less condensed chromatin periphery, the perichromatin region (PR). The entire chromatin network is permeated by a co-aligned network of IC channels and occasional larger IC lacunae. IC channels are connected to nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). The topography of higher order chromatin arrangements and the nearly DNA-free interchromatin compartment (IC), however, differs starkly in different cell types. In CD34+ progenitor and precursor cells, this topography resembles the pattern previously observed by 3D SIM in various somatic cell lines [2, 5, 35]. In contrast, monocytes show larger aggregates of closely packed CDC islets, surrounded by wide IC channels, and multilobulated nuclei of granulocytes are characterized by a compact peripheral chromatin layer around a large internal IC lacuna, from which sparse, narrow channels penetrate the compact peripheral chromatin layer toward comparatively infrequent NPCs. The peripheral layer of granulocytic lobes likely represents a higher order chromatin organization of densely arranged CDCs with a strongly collapsed IC channel system, but other more intertwined chromatin arrangements have to be considered. Despite these major differences between nuclear landscapes of different myelopoietic cell types at a global scale, we noted a consistent organization between all cell types at a more local scale with regard to a functional compartmentalization into an active and an inactive nuclear compartment (ANC and INC). This consistency is most evident for the ANC, exemplified in our study by its relative enrichment with H3K4me3, a histone mark indicating transcriptional competence, RNA Pol II Ser2P/Ser5P representing initiating and elongating forms of active RNA Pol II and SC35, a protein involved in transcriptional elongation and RNA splicing . SC35 signals are strongly enriched within the largely DNA-free IC, whereas H3K4me3 is mostly overrepresented within the decondensed chromatin layer which forms the interface between the core of CDCs and the IC. RNA Pol II signals show an intermediate localization, with enrichments both within the IC and the PR.
H3K9me3 was employed as a marker for silent chromatin and compared to the “active” marks shows a higher variability between and even within cell types. Nuclei of progenitors and precursors, but not of monocytes, show on average the expected underrepresentation of H3K9me3 in the lowest DAPI intensity classes while this epigenetic mark largely reflects the DAPI distribution profile in the higher classes. Notably, H3K9me3 is involved in fine tuning of expression levels at promoters and enhancers for large-scale repression .
Differences in the topography of epigenetic markers and other proteins between individual cells and cell populations, respectively, may reflect a stochastic cell-to-cell variability, functional differences between cells at different stages of differentiation or during the cell cycle, as well as technical issues. The classification of DAPI intensity classes and the assignment of signal pixels from immuno-stained markers depends on parameters such as the chosen threshold. Cell-to-cell variability of staining efficiency has also to be taken into account as a caveat against an overinterpretation of differences detected even between nuclei from cell neighbors and in the interpretation of differences obtained from different experiments. However, we wish to emphasize the high reproducibility of the major result, which has emerged from our current approach of a quantitative assessment of the nuclear topography of chromatin and functional markers. The whole set of data so far obtained with this approach, including nuclei from mouse, human and bovine somatic cells, mouse embryonic stem cells and bovine preimplantation embryos obtained by in vitro fertilization and somatic cell nuclear transfer [2, 3, 5, 6] and our present study, consistently demonstrates an enrichment of H3K4me3, RNA Pol II Ser2P/5P and SC35 in DAPI intensity classes attributed to the ANC. An enrichment of epigenetic markers assigned to transcriptionally competent chromatin was also observed in a most recent study of nuclei from the mouse cardiomyocyte cell-line HL-1 performed with super-resolved, single-molecule localisation microscopy of DNA binding dyes together with immunodetection of H3K14ac . The fact that a highly non-random enrichment of such epigenetic markers with the PR was detected by super-resolved microscopy based on different physical principles rules out that our findings may result from artifacts of the complex algorithms involved in 3D-SIM generated images.
We still lack information on the possible redistribution of functionally relevant DNA between the ANC and INC during cell differentiation from precursors to (terminally) differentiated cells. We have raised this important problem in a recent review : “With respect to the topography of regulatory and coding sequences we consider several scenarios: (a) regulatory sequences of genes may be exposed within the ANC independent of whether genes are active or inactive. (b) Only regulatory sequences, which are in active use in a given cell, may be located within the ANC, whereas regulatory sequences of genes shut off in this cell are retracted into the INC represented by the compact and largely inaccessible interior of CDCs. In this case shifts of regulatory sequences embedded within the INC into the ANC should occur prior to the activation of the respective genes, while repositioning of such sequences from the ANC into the INC should occur, when these genes become inactive. (c) Similar considerations apply to coding sequences”. It should be noted that nascent RNA was shown to be preferentially synthesized in a narrow layer of decondensed chromatin, called the perichromatin region located at the periphery of chromatin domain clusters (for review see ). Accordingly, a potential repositioning of genes between the ANC and INC may typically take place at scales below 200 nm (see also ). Experimental studies to solve these issues pose an enormous challenge. Multicolor 3D-FISH experiments combined with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy can be considered, yet such experiments bear the danger that destruction of fine details of chromatin structure prohibit a clear answer at this size scale . Recently, it has become possible to visualize specific DNA sequences in nuclei of living cells . Yet, despite their enormous promise, these new technologies have not reached the state of routine applications.
Monocytes and granulocytes have an overall reduced transcriptional activity of a large number of genes compared to their precursors , in our study reflected by the relative paucity of active RNA Pol II signals and tiny nucleoli. Both, monocytes and in particular granulocytes are, however, capable of a rapid transcriptional upregulation of numerous specific genes upon environmental stimulation, such as exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharides or lectin stimulation [16, 17, 44–46]. It may be speculated that an architectural configuration with a diminished surface area of the interface between decondensed chromatin and the IC, as it is established in nuclear lobes of mature granulocytes and in monocytes, reduces the dwell time of transcription factors in search for their specific targets and may speed up regulation of genes.
Monocytes and granulocytes can migrate into tissues to the site of bacterial invasion within minutes by squeezing through the tight endothelial wall of blood vessels. Efficiently squeezing through the tight endothelial wall of blood vessels requires a high deformability of nuclei. Cytoskeletal filaments, in particular actin and the specific composition of the nuclear envelope have been found important for nuclear shape determination and deformability in human granulocytes and monocytes [45, 48]. The particular chromatin organization in these cell types may favor a high malleability of nuclear shapes. The large internal IC lacunae in granulocyte lobes are apparently not packed with larger, space filling and rather insolvable complexes, such as nuclear bodies. This was shown by incubation of living human granulocytes in hypotonic medium resulting in a rapid shift of chromatin from the peripheral chromatin layer into the IC lacunae. This effect was fully reversible, when the cells were again incubated in normotonic medium. While we lack evidence for the actual organization of compacted chromatin in the periphery of granulocytic lobes, these observations provide indirect evidence for a higher order chromatin organization, which allows a rapid, transient chromatin de- and re-condensation. It has been speculated that the possibility of a rapid expansion and re-compaction of chromatin domains plays a major role in gene regulation . In line with this assumption, it has been argued that chromatin domains may be built up from smaller globules like Russian matryoshka dolls [50, 51]. It is interesting to note that chromatin domains can be modeled as a polymer analog of a 3D Peano curve [first described by Guiseppe Peano (1858–1932)] which fill higher dimensional space as entirely unknotted structures. Such an organization prevents chromatin entanglements during the de- and re-condensation of chromatin domains. Direct evidence for such an organization is lacking and currently very difficult to obtain .
The ANC-INC network model argues that the IC channel system serves as a system for nuclear import–export functions (for review see ). This hypothesis is in part based on a study, which reported that interchromatin channels in mammalian cell nuclei ensure “a steady and continuous wave of mRNPs traveling toward the nuclear pore complex (NPC)” . It implies the assumption that the compact core of chromatin domain clusters is much less accessible for both RNPs produced within the ANC as well as for factors which enter the nucleus through NPCs to form aggregates involved in transcription, splicing, DNA replication and repair preferentially within the ANC. Multi-scale fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy analysis of the mobility of inert monomers, trimers and pentamers of GFP, as well as GFP fusions with other proteins in nuclei of living cells indicated that the nuclear interior acts like a sponge like structure. Chromatin domains may act as obstacles for individual factors and aggregations. In this type of nuclear organization, the protein–chromatin interactions at the obstacle surface occur in a particle-size dependent manner. Accordingly, the decondensed chromatin surface surrounding lacunas may become more easily accessible for functional macromolecules and macromolecule complexes than the much more compacted interior of CDCs. In a most recent study multifocus microscopy (MFM) was carried out to capture 3D single-molecule real-time images in living cells . It was concluded that β-actin mRNAs freely access the entire nucleus. The limited resolution imposed by conventional light microscopy employed in this study, however, does not exclude a diffusion along IC channels. Further high-resolution microscopic studies, e.g. by super-resolved MFM, are necessary to decide whether RNPs can take any routes throughout the peripheral chromatin layer for their passage toward nuclear pores or whether this passage occurs along IC channels that end directly at nuclear pores. Human granulocytes may serve as a useful model system for such studies assessing the potential importance of IC channels for nuclear import and export functions since their peripheral chromatin layer is pervaded by few and narrow IC channels. This topography provides good opportunities to decide whether mRNAs and RNPs, respectively, can take the entire layer of peripheral chromatin for their passage toward NPCs or whether this passage occurs preferentially along such narrow IC channels.
Conventional TEM sections suggest that the interior of chromatin domain clusters is not solid as suggested by the liquid drop model, but composed of fibrous chromatin arrangements, which arguably provide sufficient space for RNP export through such clusters . For a long time, it has been argued that both 10-nm beads-on-a string chromatin fibers and 30 nm thick higher order chromatin fibers exist in vivo . Despite undisputable evidence for the formation of 30 nm chromatin fibers in vitro , studies based on cryo-EM and X-ray scattering have argued that the interior of chromatin domains is so densely packed that nucleosome interactions between 10 nm thick chromatin fibers prevent the formation of 30 nm thick fibers [58–60]. To what extent 30 nm chromatin fibers may play a role in chromatin compaction in vivo is still an unsettled question. These problems sound a note of caution against naïve biological interpretations of images without a careful consideration of potential artifacts. A safeguard against misleading interpretations is the application of a set of different methods including novel correlative fluorescence—electron-microscopic (CFEM) approaches, as well as live cell studies.
This study demonstrates consistent hallmarks of nuclear landscapes present in all cell types of the human myelopoietic lineage irrespective of major differences of global chromatin arrangements. These hallmarks include the presence of co-aligned networks of an active (ANC) and an inactive (INC) nuclear compartment. The ANC starts with interchromatin compartment (IC) channels connected to nuclear pores and pervades the nuclear interior together with its co-aligned INC. ANC and INC differ with regard to functionally relevant hallmarks, including a highly significant enrichment of RNA polymerase II and histone signatures for transcriptionally competent chromatin in the ANC, whereas the INC is enriched in marks for repressed chromatin. These results are in line with the functional organization of nuclei previously observed in a variety of mammalian species, including bovine blastomeres, mouse embryonic stem cells, and various somatic cells, reviewed in . We conclude that the ANC-INC network model of nuclear organization reveals evolutionary conserved principles of the functional nuclear organization. To which extent these principles may be valid for eukaryote species in general remains to be seen.
Human CD34+ cells (progenitors) were purified from umbilical cord blood (CB) samples by magnetic cell sorting. Samples were obtained from the Emilia Romagna Cord Blood Bank (ERCB) at the policlinic S. Orsola-Malpighi in Bologna. Myeloid precursors (monoblasts and myeloblasts) were obtained by in vitro differentiation of CB derived CD34+ cells as described in . Separation of monoblasts and myeloblasts was achieved by selection for the surface antigen CD14: monoblasts are CD14+, myeloblasts are CD14−. Monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood using either magnetic cell sorting or Histopaque gradients. Granulocytes were isolated from peripheral blood using Histopaque gradients (for a detailed description see Additional file 8).
Antibodies used for immunodetection: primary antibodies against RNA Pol II Ser2P/Ser5P (rat monoclonal; kindly provided by D. Eick LMU Munich), H3K4me3 (rabbit polyclonal; Abcam, ab8580), H3K9me3 (mouse monoclonal; Active Motif, 39285), SC35 (mouse monoclonal; Sigma-Aldrich, S4045), nucleoli (human nucleolar positive control; Antibodies Incorporated) and secondary antibodies against rabbit coupled with DyLight488 (raised in donkey; Jackson Immuno Research), against mouse and rat coupled with Alexa594 (raised in goat, respectively donkey; Molecular Probes) and against human coupled with FITC or Alexa594 (raised in goat; Jackson Immuno Research or Molecular Probes, respectively). A detailed protocol for fixation and immunodetection procedure meeting the requirements for 3D-SIM imaging is provided in Additional file 8.
Super-resolution structured illumination imaging was performed on a DeltaVision OMX V3 system (Applied Precision Imaging/GE Healthcare) equipped with a 100×/1.4 UPlan S Apo oil immersion objective (Olympus), Cascade II:512 EMCCD cameras (Photometrics) and 405, 488 and 593 nm lasers . Raw data image stacks were acquired with 15 raw images per plane (5 phases, 3 angles) and an axial distance of 125 nm and then computationally reconstructed with a Wiener filter setting of 0.002 and channel specific optical transfer functions (OTFs) using SoftWoRx (Applied Precision) [24, 62]. The reconstruction process generates 32-bit data sets with the pixel number doubled in the lateral axes, resulting in the pixel size being halved from 79 to 39.5 nm to meet the Nyquist sampling criterion. The level of spherical aberration was minimized and matched to the respective OTFs using immersion oil of different refractive indices (RI). Best results were typically obtained with OTFs measured on red, green (both 110 nm diameter) and blue (170 nm diameter) fluorescent FluoSpheres (Invitrogen) using RI 1.512, and sample acquisition with RI 1.514 for depth adjustment in the region of optimal reconstruction a few µm into the sample. Images from the different color channels were corrected for chromatic aberration in SoftWoRx with alignment parameters obtained from calibration measurements with 0.2 µm diameter TetraSpeck beads (Invitrogen). If necessary (e.g. for large cells in axial direction) the alignment parameters were manually adjusted to compensate for the larger distance from the coverslip. To normalize all image stacks for subsequent image processing and data analysis, the original 32-bit images were shifted to positive values and transformed to 16-bit. Then the stack specific mode gray value (representing the peak of the background noise) was subtracted, unless the images were used for chromatin density classification described below. All further image processing was done in ImageJ (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/). 3D models of image stacks were generated in Amira (FEI Visualization Sciences Group).
For chromatin density quantification signals of DAPI stained DNA were segmented into seven classes with equal intensity variance using an in-house algorithm described in [5, 6]. A hidden Markov random field model classification was used, combining a finite Gaussian mixture model with a spatial model (Potts model), implemented into the statistics software R [63, 64].This approach allows threshold-independent signal intensity classification at the voxel level, not only based on the intensity of an individual voxel but also considering the classification of surrounding voxels. In our study the influence of the neighboring voxels was set to 0 as this yielded a better correspondence of the segmented images with the original images. Prior to chromatin density classification 3D nuclear masks were generated using the same segmentation algorithm, but without implementing a mask, followed by setting an appropriate threshold in ImageJ and if necessary further processing using dilate/erode functions and manual corrections. Care was taken that invaginations of the nuclear surface were maintained in the mask. All signals outside the nucleus were deleted from the mask. For the allocation of immunodetected marker signals (H3K4me3, RNA Pol II Ser 2P/Ser5P, SC35, H3K9me3) in relation to chromatin density the marker channels were thresholded and the individual voxels correlated with the corresponding voxel in the DAPI channel and assigned to the respective DNA intensity class. Statistical significance was tested by a Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction. Over-/underrepresentations (relative depletion/enrichment) of the marker signals were calculated by setting the difference between the relative amount of signals in the marker channel and the corresponding DAPI channel in relation to the relative amount of signals in the DAPI channel.
The number of RNA Polymerase II positive pixels was summed up from the number of pixels in the seven density classes obtained in the density classification described above. The number of spots within the segmented nuclear mask was determined in Volocity (PerkinElmer) using the “find spots” function: an appropriate offset for spot intensity was chosen in “extended focus” view and the minimum distance between spots was set to 0 µm. The total number of summed up pixels per cell and the number of “spots” were tested for statistical significance between cell types using a Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction.
Fixation of cells under normotonic conditions was performed with 4 % paraformaldehyde/1× PBS for 10 min, fixation under hypotonic conditions was performed by incubating the cells in 0.3× PBS for 1 min prior to fixation with 4 % paraformaldehyde/0.3× PBS for 10 min, followed in both cases by washing with 1× PBS. Further preparation of samples and cutting of ultrathin sections (100 nm) was essentially performed as described in . Staining of DNA in 2.8 mM osmium ammine B was essentially done according to . For a detailed description of TEM sample preparation and osmium ammine B staining see Additional file 8. Ultrathin sections were imaged on a FEI Morgani 268 operated at 80 kV. 8-bit or 16-bit gray scale 2D images were acquired at several magnifications with an average gray value of 50–60 %, taking care not to cut off signals on both sides of the spectrum (high and low values). The alignment of different magnifications of each nucleus to each other was performed in Adobe Photoshop using the rotate, resize, warp and distort functions. Further image processing was done in ImageJ.
Nuclear masks of osmium ammine B stained nuclei were generated as described above for the masks used for the chromatin density classification of 3D-SIM images. The IC/chromatin interface length was calculated by subtracting the perimeter of the nucleus (determined from the mask in Volocity, (PerkinElmer) from the perimeter of the chromatin threshold, set on the corresponding original image in Volocity. The results were normalized for the area of the nuclei. The Wilcoxon rank sum test with continuity correction was used for testing for statistical significance.
Live cell observations of granulocytes during changes between normotonic (live cell medium) and hypotonic conditions (0.3× PBS) were performed on an Axio Observer D1 (Zeiss) with an UltraView VoX spinning disk unit (PerkinElmer) and an 63×/1.4 plan-apochromat oil objective. Cells seeded into glass bottom dishes (MatTek) as described above for immunodetection were stained with 0.3 µg/ml Hoechst 33342 in live cell medium (DMEM without phenol red (Invitrogen), 50 mM Hepes, 10 % FCS) for 30–45 min. After replacing the medium with fresh live cell medium, stacks of 8-bit gray scale images were acquired with an axial distance of 300 nm between optical sections using the 405 nm laser line for excitation and FITC filter settings for emission detection. After completion of image acquisition the medium was exchanged with 0.3× PBS and image stacks were acquired again, resulting in an incubation time of ~1 min in 0.3× PBS. Subsequently the 0.3× PBS was changed back to live cell medium and image stacks were captured again. Another image stack was acquired after an additional 3 min incubation (i.e. total incubation in medium: 5 min) before repeating the cycle.
Pooled BAC probes, assigned to either gene-dense or gene-poor segments of human chromosomes 1 and 12 (19 clones for gene-dense segments of chr. 1 and of chr. 12, 9 and 12 clones, respectively, for gene-poor segments; compare Fig. 10), were differently labeled with haptens and used for the delineation of the respective sequences in human granulocytes. Probe setup, fixation in 4 % PFA/0.5 × PBS, pretreatment of cells, hybridization, DAPI staining and detection by Cy3- or Cy5-conjugated antibodies were performed as previously described [38, 66]. Nuclei were scanned using a laser scanning confocal microscope (Leica SP5) equipped with a 63×/1.4 plan-apochromat oil objective. Stacks of 8-bit gray scale 2D images collected sequentially for all fluorochromes were obtained with a pixel size of 50 nm and an axial distance of 200 nm between optical sections. Images were processed with ImageJ. Chromatic aberration was corrected with alignment parameters obtained from the measurement of multi-colored fluorescent beads and an in-house plugin for ImageJ. For the measurement of the shortest absolute 3D distances of all BAC signals to the surface of the segmented nuclear border, an in-house software (“enhanced absolute 3D distances to surfaces,” eADS) was used, previously described in detail in . For a detailed description see Additional file 8.
Granulocytes on coverslips were incubated in 0.5× PBS for 30 s and then fixed with 4 % paraformaldehyde/0.5× PBS for 10 min. The cells were stained with DAPI and 7AAD and images were acquired, processed and evaluated as described above for 3D-FISH.
Human CD34+ cells were purified upon donor’s informed written consent from umbilical cord blood (CB) samples, collected after normal deliveries, according to the institutional guidelines for discarded material (Clearance of Ethical Committee for Human experimentation of Modena: Secretary office Saverio Santachiara, santachiara.saverio@policlinico.mo.it, approval date: 18.01.2005; approval file number # 793/CE).
BH carried out most IF experiments and sample processing for TEM, all image recording by confocal microscopy, spinning disk microscopy, 3D-SIM and TEM, performed quantitative data evaluation and made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the study; ML carried out most cell preparations/separations, helped with IF experiments and sample processing for TEM and was involved in conceiving the study; FM helped with the cell preparation/separation; DI performed all FISH experiments and quantitative evaluation of FISH data; YM helped with setting up the IF protocol and 3D-SIM imaging and was involved in conceiving the study; SF was involved in conceiving the study; MC drafted and wrote essential parts of the manuscript and made substantial contributions to conception of the study; TC developed and designed the basic concept of the study, essentially contributed to data interpretation and wrote parts of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
We are indebted to D. Eick (LMU Munich) for the RNA Polymerase II Ser2P/Ser5P antibodies and to T. Ried (National Cancer Institute, Bethesda; MD) for providing BAC clones from chromosomes 1 and 12. The Center of Advanced Light Microcopy (CALM) of the LMU Biocenter (headed by H. Leonhardt) was essential for the 3D SIM studies. We are indebted to R. Beckmann for providing access to the TEM and to S. Fakan for providing EM sample preparation equipment. This work was supported by grants from the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; DFG) to TC (SFB 684, YM and BH), from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst (DAAD; Vigoni programme) to TC and SF (BH and ML), from AIL MODENA to SF (ML) and from the Centro di studi e richerche Enrico Fermi to ML.
The authors declare that there are no competing or financial interests.
13072_2015_38_MOESM1_ESM.tif Additional file 1. Exit points of IC channels at the nuclear surface in myelopoietic cell nuclei. Exit points of IC channels connected to nuclear pores were previously shown to appear as little holes in the nuclear envelope [5,7,23,24]. 3D reconstructions using Amira software (compare Fig. 2B) of whole 3D-SIM 3D acquisitions of DAPI stained nuclei from progenitors, precursors, monocytes and granulocytes were used for a quantitation of such exit points. Upper graph: Number per nucleus; lower graph: average nuclear surface area harboring one exit point. Number of exit points is significantly decreased in monocytes and granulocytes compared to their respective precursors (p < 0.001). Displaying the results as nuclear surface area harboring one channel exit demonstrates the profound difference between granulocytes and the other four cell types (p ≤ 0.001). n = number of analyzed nuclei; error bars = standard deviation.
13072_2015_38_MOESM2_ESM.tif Additional file 2. Section galleries of nuclei shown in Fig. 2. Galleries of light optical serial sections (axial distance = 125 nm between each optical section) of whole 3D-SIM 3D acquisitions of the DAPI stained nuclei shown in Fig. 2. For the progenitor cell every fifth image (axial distance = 625 nm), for the monoblast every second image (axial distance = 250 nm), for myeloblasts, monocytes and granulocytes every third image (axial distance = 375 nm) is included. Nuclei of progenitors exhibit an overall roundish shape with invaginations at the surface. Monoblast nuclei are of ellipsoid shape with typically deep and complex invaginations. Nuclei of myeloblasts are similar to monoblast nuclei; however, typically they are slightly thicker, and invaginations often pervade the whole nucleus. Monocytes are characterized by horseshoe-shaped nuclei with an irregular surface. Nuclei of granulocytes are divided into several interconnected lobes.
13072_2015_38_MOESM3_ESM.tif Additional file 3. DAPI intensity classification profiles from individual nuclei. Four representative chromatin density profiles based on seven DAPI intensity classes are shown for each cell type demonstrating the similarity of profiles within a given cell type and the overall shift towards higher intensity classes in differentiated cell types (monocytes and granulocytes). For comparison the average profiles are repeated from Fig. 4.
13072_2015_38_MOESM4_ESM.tif Additional file 4. Comparative topology of H3K4me3 and RNA Pol II Ser5P, markers for transcriptionally permissive/active chromatin in relation to chromatin density maps. (A) 3D-SIM light optical mid-sections from whole 3D acquisitions of nuclei and representative inset magnifications delineating DAPI stained DNA (gray), immuno-stained H3K4me3 (green) and RNA Pol II Ser5P (red). All cell types show a preferential localization of H3K4me3 and RNA Pol II Ser5P at decondensed chromatin sites or at the surface of compacted chromatin domain clusters. Scale bars: 2 µm; insets 0.5 µm. (B) graphs highlighted with yellow background: relative signal distribution of H3K4me3 (green) and RNA Pol II Ser5P (red) within respective DAPI defined DNA intensity classes. p < 0.005, except for H3K4me3 vs. RNA Pol II Ser5P in progenitors (p = 0.059). Graphs highlighted with light-blue background: quantified levels of relative enrichment (positive values) or depletion (negative values) of H3K4me3 (green) and RNA Pol II Ser5P (red) signals relative to the intensity classified DAPI signals. All cell types show a similar profile with a distinct overrepresentation of both markers in low chromatin density classes and a corresponding underrepresentation in high density classes. Note the stronger enrichment of RNA Pol II Ser5P compared to H3K4me3 in class 1 (IC compartment). n = number of analysed nuclei; error bars = standard deviation.
13072_2015_38_MOESM5_ESM.tif Additional file 5. Comparative topology of SC35 and RNA Pol II Ser5P, markers for transcriptional activity in relation to chromatin density maps. (A) 3D-SIM light optical mid-sections from whole 3D acquisitions of nuclei and representative inset magnifications delineating DAPI stained DNA (gray), immuno-stained SC35 (green) and RNA Pol II Ser5P (red). SC35, an integral part of splicing speckles is seen almost exclusively in the IC compartment while RNA Pol II Ser5P shows a preferential localization at decondensed chromatin sites or at the surface of compacted chromatin domain clusters (compare additional file 4). Scale bars: 2 µm; insets 0.5 µm (B) graphs highlighted with yellow background: relative signal distribution of SC35 (green) and RNA Pol II Ser5P (red) within respective DAPI defined DNA intensity classes. p < 0.001 for DAPI vs. SC35 and RNA Pol II Ser5P, and for SC35 vs. RNA Pol II Ser 5P, except for SC35 vs. RNA Pol II Ser5P in granulocytes (p = 0.004). Graphs highlighted with light-blue background: quantified levels of relative enrichment (positive values) or depletion (negative values) of SC35 (green) and RNA Pol II Ser5P (red) signals relative to the DAPI signals confirm massive enrichment of SC35 signals in class 1 reflecting the IC compartment. n = number of analysed nuclei; error bars = standard deviation.
13072_2015_38_MOESM6_ESM.tif Additional file 6. Overview of all measured parameters for a comparative topology in relation to chromatin density maps. Graphs highlighted with yellow background: relative marker signal distribution within respective DAPI defined DNA intensity classes. Graphs highlighted with light-blue background: quantified levels of relative enrichment (positive values) or depletion (negative values) marker signals relative to the DAPI signals. This summary demonstrates the similarity of the distributions in all cell types (progenitor = light blue, monoblast = yellow, myeloblast = red, monocyte = green, granulocyte = dark blue). n = number of analysed nuclei; error bars = standard deviation.
13072_2015_38_MOESM7_ESM.tif Additional file 7. Nucleolar phenotypes during myelopoiesis. Light optical mid-sections of whole 3D-SIM acquisitions show DAPI stained DNA (gray) and nucleoli (green) delineated by a human-anti-nucleolus antibody in representative cell nuclei. Scale bars: 2 µm, insets 0.5 µm. While all cell types contain similar numbers of nucleoli (monoblasts 1-3, myeloblasts 2-3, monocytes 2-4 and granulocytes 1-2; data not shown) they are distinctly shrinked in size in monocytes and in granulocytes compared to their precursors.
13072_2015_38_MOESM8_ESM.docx Additional file 8. Methods.
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0.946744 |
There was a terrible bus accident. Unfortunately, no one survived the accident except a monkey which was on board and there were no witnesses. The police try to investigate further but they get no results. At last, they try to interrogate the monkey. The monkey seems to respond to their questions with gestures. Seeing that, they start asking the questions.
The police chief asks, "What were the people doing on the bus?"
The monkey shakes his head in a condemning manner and starts dancing around; meaning the people were dancing and having fun.
The chief asks, "Yeah, but what else were they doing?".
The monkey uses his hand and takes it to his mouth as if holding a bottle.
The chief says, "Oh! They were drinking, huh??!" The chief continues, "Okay, were they doing anything else?"
The monkey nods his head and moves his mouth back and forth, meaning they were talking.
The chief loses his patience, "If they were having such a great time, who was driving the stupid bus then?"
The monkey cheerfully swings his arms to the sides as if grabbing a wheel.
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0.999998 |
This article is about the 1998 hurricane; there was also a Hurricane Georges during the 1980 Atlantic hurricane season.
Hurricane Georges was the second most destructive storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the sixth storm to make landfall in the United States this season. It also would affect six different countries, more than any other hurricane in years, and more than any other hurricane since. It was the only known Cape Verde-type hurricane to form in the 1998 season.
Hurricane Georges formed on September 15, 1998 as the seventh tropical depression of the season. Fifteen hours later, it became the seventh named storm of the season and 36 hours after forming, it became the fourth hurricane so far, following Bonnie, Danielle, and Earl.
It moved west rapidly into a lot of warm water to allow rapid strengthening. In the late afternoon hours on September 18, Georges had sustained winds of 105 mph (170 km/h) as it continued its westerly track racing at 22 mph.
Georges became a major hurricane early in the afternoon on September 19 with 125 mph (200 km/h) winds. Shipping reports estimated that the storm had winds of 150 mph by 11:00 P.M. that night.
The next day, hurricane hunter data showed that the storm was weakened slightly to 135 mph. Georges was now nearing the Leeward Islands. However, the storm strayed north of the islands and headed towards Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Cuba.
Georges slammed into Puerto Rico crossing the island completely. It caused nearly $1 billion in damage. Next, Georges crossed the mountainous terrain of Hispanola completely. 533 deaths were directly attributed to Georges in Hispanola (266 in the Dominican Republic and 267 in Haiti), and hundreds of millions of dollars in damage. Georges weakened some more, dropping from 120 to 115 mph while crossing Puerto Rico and then down to 75 mph while approaching Cuba.
Hurricane Georges landfalling at Key West on September 25th.
Georges sideswiped Cuba on the 24th and made a direct hit on the Florida Keys. Schools were closed in the southern part of the state. However, Miami, Florida and Key Biscayne got squally weather. Georges then moved northwest towards Biloxi, Mississippi where it would make landfall for a fifth time. Georges ravaged many towns in Mississippi with its winds, and storm surge. An occasional tornado wasn't out of the question, either.
President Clinton declared most of the state a disaster area. It caused $31 million dollars in damage in several counties in Mississippi. Georges dissipated near the Alabama-Georgia border on September 29.
Overall, Georges caused $5.9 billion in damage to the United States and its possessions, making it the third costliest hurricane to affect the US in the 20th century.
The name was retired in the spring of 1999 along with Hurricane Mitch.
This page was last modified 21:42, 28 May 2005.
This page has been accessed 1702 times.
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0.976922 |
First listed by the English herbalist John Gerard (1545-1612) in 1597, this winter-flowering species is found naturally from Bulgaria to Iran and north-east Turkey, where it was once used as a swine fodder.
The petals were used in tea and a snuff, which was thought to cure baldness, was prepared from the roots. In ancient Greece the plant was associated with the goddess Hecate the protectress of enchanters and witches. It was also used as a contraceptive and love potion and may also have been used in midwifery during confinement.
The best of the hardy cyclamen, it was introduced from the eastern Mediterranean prior to 1600. It is often referred to as sow bread because the corms looked like small loaves and were thought to have been favoured by pigs in the wild.
According to the Greek philosopher Theospartus (c327-c287BC) it was used to excite love and voluptuous desires. It was also valued by midwifes, although why is unclear. Under the doctrine of signatures it was associated with the stomach, a tincture 'ointment of arthainta' was prepared from the corms and used to treat worms in both adults and children.
In ancient Greek mythology sowbread was associated with the goddess Hecate, the queen of ghosts who was accompanied by hell-hounds.
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0.939098 |
Kenneth Coates, who has died aged 79, was a lifelong campaigner for workers' control and against nuclear weapons, and a thorn in the side of the Labour Party, which twice expelled him. A miner who became a sociologist and had a chair created for him at Nottingham University, he produced ground-breaking studies of poverty in the city.
Branded a Trotskyist by critics and seen on the Right as downright subversive, Coates campaigned for his version of socialism for over four decades. His vehicles included the Institute for Workers' Control, which he helped found in 1964, the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation, European Nuclear Disarmament (END) and the Centre for Socialist Education.
Cast by Harold Wilson as "guru" to Tony Benn when he lurched to the Left, Coates derided Wilson for "truly gargantuan duplicity" in office, later conceding he had "overestimated his villainy". When Benn ran for Labour's deputy leadership in a party-splitting contest, Coates wrote: "Benn has a gift for forming friendships that are not exploitative. He is more devoid of petty ambition than any other politician I have known. He inspires love among his associates, and hope in the wider community of labour."
Coates had no time for Tony Blair, whom he termed "simply a Liberal". He roused Blair to fury by leading opposition to the dropping of Clause IV – the commitment to public ownership – from Labour's constitution. As the 1997 election approached, he said: "Bugger the election. What difference is it going to make if we have [Kenneth] Clarke or Blair? Blair and his allies are bastards and shits who are going to walk past the unemployed."
By then Coates had, remarkably, been elected to the European Parliament as a Labour member. The arrangement could not long survive. He told constituents at the end of 1997 he was "heartily ashamed of New Labour's agenda of cuts in the welfare state". His local party demanded an explanation, but before he could give it Labour HQ expelled him and his fellow MEP Hugh Kerr for having supposedly applied to join the Green group at Strasbourg. They sat as Independent Labour until the 1999 Euro-elections.
Kenneth Sidney Coates was born of middle-class parents on September 16 1930. He began his rebellion young, leaving school at 17 to go down the pit in Nottinghamshire because "I didn't want to go to Malaya and kill communists. I felt I ought to be killing the people who were shooting the communists."
In 1956 he won a scholarship to Nottingham University, taking a First in Sociology. He stayed on as, in turn, an assistant tutor, tutor and senior tutor in adult education, becoming a Reader in 1980 and finally, in 1990, Special Professor in Continuing Education, a post he held until 2004.
Coates in 1967 co-published Poverty, Deprivation and Morale in a Nottingham Community: St Ann's, which bleakly depicted the "squalid and depressing" existence of its working-class population. A follow-up survey found 22 per cent of families on one estate living in poverty, though nine in 10 of these had a television. Coates insisted: "We do not think Nottingham is an abnormally bad city", but could not resist adding that the poor were worse off under Labour.
In 1963 Coates led a faction that ousted the leaders of the city Labour Party, and was installed as president. This gave him a locus to attack Wilson after Labour returned to power the following year. He wrote that the parliamentary Left had "bought every dud peace mission, every hoax and placebo" offered by Wilson, and told Labour's 1965 conference that a vote against halting America's bombing of North Vietnam was "supporting murder and mutilation".
That November Labour's national executive (NEC) expelled Coates after a dispute in the Nottingham party. Fifty MPs backed him, and Bertrand Russell accused the party of "bullying intolerance", saying: "Those who formed the Labour Party had ideals of which Mr Coates is one of the most articulate and honest advocates."
Coates had got to know Russell through his Peace Foundation, and when Russell's difficult American secretary, Ralph Schoenman, departed became its co-director with Chris Farley. In 1969 Coates, Schoenman and Farley held a conference in Stockholm to "appraise" whether the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia was justified; Coates later campaigned against the detention of dissidents in Soviet mental hospitals.
Russell died in 1970 aged 97, as he was planning to launch The Spokesman; Coates took over as editor, remaining so for the rest of his life. The first issue contained an interview with Russell by the academic Ralph Miliband (father of the current Labour leadership contenders) in which he dismissed America's Moon missions as "cosmic impiety".
In 1975 a dispute, fuelled by Schoenman, erupted over the Foundation's stewardship of Russell's literary income, with claims that Russell's second wife Dora was living in penury. Yet funds were short; Benn and Michael Foot backed an appeal to enable the Russell Press, a subsidiary of the Foundation, to pay its taxes.
If critics saw the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation as naive, the Institute for Workers' Control (IWC) looked downright dangerous. Coates played a leading role from the start, writing pamphlets discrediting nationalisation in favour of inspiring workers to take over their plants, as with the Meriden, Kirkby and Scottish Daily News co-operatives.
By 1969 the IWC was being blamed for unrest at Ford, and the next year for strikes in the Notts coalfield, the result of a pamphlet which – by demanding workers' democracy – upset the National Union of Mineworkers as much as the Coal Board. As Benn romanticised the workers after the Upper Clyde Shipbuilders work-in, Coates became his unofficial adviser.
Readmitted to the Labour Party, Coates in 1977 went for the by-election candidacy at Ashfield. Local Right-wingers kept him off the shortlist, but in the event the Conservatives overturned a 22,915 majority. Five years later there was a fresh move to expel him when the engineers' leader Terry Duffy gave the NEC a list of 12 alleged Trotskyists including Coates. Surviving, he became candidate for Nottingham South.
By now Coates had found a niche in Professor EP Thompson's END movement, which sought disarmament by both superpowers, starting with the non-deployment of American cruise missiles in Britain. Coates's work and contacts as joint secretary of END from 1981 led him to see the European Parliament as a seedbed for socialism, and in 1984 he fought the Nottingham Euro-constituency, losing by 10,000 votes. Five years later he took the seat, from 1994 representing the redrawn Notts North and Chesterfield.
In 1990 Coates was expelled from Algeria with his colleague Glyn Ford after accompanying the country's former leader Ahmed Ben Bella home from exile. He chaired the parliament's Human Rights Committee, and was rapporteur to the Temporary Committee on Employment which examined the scope for EU-wide job creation.
He opposed deregulation in Europe, advocated by successive British governments, as a threat to jobs, and feared the Maastricht treaty might make 11 million redundant. He was also concerned at a sharp decline in the number of young Britons in full-time work. He gave enthusiastic backing to Jacques Delors's 1993 plan to create 15 million jobs through higher public spending; Delors returned the compliment, choosing a letter to Coates as his vehicle for condemning Britain for not taking up £320 million in grants.
Coates's many books included Industrial Democracy in Great Britain (1967); Think Globally, Act Locally (1988); The Making of the Transport and General Workers' Union (1991); Clause IV, Common Ownership and the Labour Party (1995); and The Blair Revelation: Deliverance for Whom? (1996).
Kenneth Coates died on June 27. He married Tamara Tura in 1969. She, three sons and three daughters survive him; a further daughter died young.
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0.924233 |
Is there a good way to maintain your own list of publications on your home page? If you are lazy, you may simply add a link to your list of articles on arXiv.org and to your Google Scholar profile. An elegant alternative solution is to embed automatically your arXiv list of articles using the myarticles widget. This requires to setup an arXiv author-id and to claim or request ownership for articles uploaded by co-authors. You may also add Journal references and digital objects identifiers (DOI) on arXiv to your published articles.
French institutions members may use Hyper Articles en Ligne (HAL) to upload their articles. HAL is able to automatically upload on arXiv, and has the advantage to allow additionally bibliographic entries without documents (arXiv does not). HAL provides moreover automatic publication lists.
You may also cook up a link to a list of publications based on your MR author-id or zbMATH author-id, but the access to these databases is limited by subscription.
You may find an implementation of all that in the source code of my home page.
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0.999998 |
Why not use fabric softeners?
The soft feeling and the pleasant scent that fabric softeners provide may seem appealing, but it actually damages high performance and waterproof clothes. Softeners stick to the garments and give a waxy, oily coating. The drawback is thus a dramatic reduction of the breathability of the garment. The coating blocks the garment’s ability to evacuate moisture from the inside, and it reduces the water absorbance. In addition, it obstructs tape from sticking to the fabric, which can be problematic when repairing the garment.
Another reason for not using fabric softeners is for environmental and health reasons. The main softening agents are of ammonium compounds. They provide the fabric with electric charge to prevent static cling. Unfortunately, they are also known asthmagens and some can be bio accumulative, and thus harm the nature and its organisms due to degradability. The softeners often also contain fragrance, dyes and preservatives, which are comprised of many chemicals such as phthalates, also harmful for the environment and health.
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0.926506 |
Khat is an internationally used, shrub‐like plant with stems and leaves that contain natural stimulants. Here are five things you may not know about this drug.
Khat is a shrub-like plant with stems and leaves that contain natural stimulants. Here are five things you may not know about this drug.
Khat is traditionally from East Africa and the Arabian peninsula and has been used for centuries by people in those regions.
Users often chew khat and hold it in their cheek (similar to chewing tobacco). Others will smoke dried leaves, make them into a tea or sprinkle them on food. Khat has an extremely short shelf life, however, and loses its potency within 48 hours. This makes its illegal exports and imports a time-sensitive process.
Khat contains cathinone and cathine, chemicals that stimulate the brain and body. It causes a release of the neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and dopamine, leading to feelings of euphoria, arousal and alertness.
Some negative side effects of long term use of khat include weight loss, malnutrition, gastric disorders, insomnia, liver damage, depression and heart problems.
Khat, being a natural plant-based stimulant, has been a debated issue regarding its legal status. Currently, it is not scheduled under the Controlled Drug and Substances Act. It is, however, considered a Schedule I drug, meaning it is illegal both recreationally and medically.
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0.924206 |
Limited hours in April. Full hours during summer months.
Compose a style that’s all your own through an inspired selection of accessories for home and her!
Based on the quote by William Morris “Have nothing in your house that you do not know to be useful or believe to be beautiful” FOUND strives to fill lives and homes with unique, comfortable items that tell your story.
Our style at FOUND includes vintage, eclectic, boho, traditional… but can be best summed up as rustic and refined. Many of our vintage and found items are sourced directly from Europe and can provide that perfect farmhouse chic feel. You’ll also find “new and now” market brands – like Magnolia Home candles - that reflect a more discerning, boutique feel for you and your home. We didn’t forget to include recognizable, nostalgic brands that have a camp feel – like Pendleton! We’ve diligently sourced items that we would surround ourselves with inspired by years of travel and love of design.
Our goal at FOUND is to help you live a thoughtful life that’s curated not cluttered!
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0.99535 |
Interesting article on conservatism and liberalism. Coming from a working class background in Brooklyn, I have found that the low brow elements I grew up with among friends, family, neighbors, and classmates could be said to have largely embraced conservative principles, especially on race and attitudes towards the non-religious and the LGBT community, and those that are still alive adore Trump and vote Republican, whereas the better educated element turned out to be almost universally liberal, tolerant towards "outsiders" and support the Democrats. Conservatism today is anti-science, rejecting evolution, modern cosmology and AGW, and tends to harbor clearly racist and populist sentiments. I am pretty sure that the near half of the nation that thinks the Universe is about 6,000 years old when God created it and that baby dinosaurs were on Noah's Ark is largely conservative, while most scientists, especially the leading ones, are overwhelmingly liberal and secular.
You are correct about the greater religiosity of conservatives and the secular perspective of liberals. I would say that David Barton and other evangelicals are good examples of how many American conservatives often openly distort U.S. history by ignoring the dominant influence of the Enlightenment in the creation of our nation and falsely claim that the USA was founded on Judeo-Christian biblical principles, although certainly that claim would be accurate if applied to Europe from the time of the late Roman Empire to the 18th century. Hereditary monarchies and aristocracy, slavery and theocratic societies are very Judeo-Christian indeed, while pogroms and bloody religious wars were very Christian.
I would say that among the accomplishments of liberalism in this country are the 13th and 19th Amendments, Child Labor Laws, Anti-Trust Acts, Social Security, the Minimum Wage, the Civil Rights Acts and Medicare, to cite some of the more prominent ones. All were opposed to varying degrees by conservatives of the time. Public education, the bulwark of our secular democracy, is under fierce attack from conservatives today, who malign the entire system as "corrupt government schools." Well, I personally am glad I attended public schools, from Kindergarten through my senior year at Brooklyn College many years ago.
Your experience goes far to explain why the less educated tend to be conservatives and the more educated tend to be liberals; the former are less likely to think themselves competent to think issues through on their own.
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0.999999 |
Name the Scientific Adviser to Raksha Mantri and Director General, Missiles and Strategic Systems, who has been conferred with the prestigious National Design Award?
He is an Indian Aerospace Scientist and by and by Scientific Adviser to Raksha Mantri and Director General, Missiles and Strategic Systems. Satheesh by and by points and steers Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex, The Missile Hub of India. Prior, Satheesh filled in as Director of the Defense Research and Development Organization, Research Center Imarat a key lab of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Missile Complex, and a propelled community for plan, advancement, and conveyance of flying frameworks for rockets and different applications. Reddy spearheaded numerous mechanical improvements for Indian Missiles and has made noteworthy commitments towards fruitful flight testing of the nation's lady intercontinental ballistic rocket Agni-Vmission. In June 2015 he was delegated logical counselor to the safeguard priest of India. He was instrumental in indigenous outline and improvement of best in class weapon frameworks, rocket innovations, detailing of national strategies and made the nation a reckonable Missile control on the planet.
Satheesh drove the Research Center Imarat lab and as Program Director, effectively led the improvement of medium-range surface-to-air rocket program which scored a cap trap in its initial three back to back missions. The President and Defense Minister of India expanded they're all the best for the group. Satheesh adulated his whole group behind the effective mission and said "It is a quantum hop in air protection ability, the rocket effectively caught a moving air-breathing target copying an assaulting battle airship. It was a flawless dispatch accomplishing all the mission parameters". Satheesh drove numerous indigenisation endeavors and made maintained commitments for fortifying MSMEs for making India confident in basic frameworks, parts and advancements, amid his deliver to the representatives of Confederation of Indian Industry he said "Import of Defense innovation may murder development in Indian organizations and it ought to be permitted just when there is no homegrown innovation accessible."
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0.958954 |
Addicted. The term is thrown around often, but what exactly does it mean? The no-nonsense definition according to Webster is, “strongly inclined or compelled to do, use, or indulge in something repeatedly”. Drugs and alcohol are obvious offenders, but we can also become addicted to many other harmful behaviors like uncontrolled anger, negative thought patterns and overly-selfish ambition.
Addiction as a disease specifically refers to the “compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance characterized by tolerance and by well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal”. With the rising number of people using marijuana and taking prescription medication, awareness of one’s tendency to fall into unintended addiction is critical.
Addiction can affect anyone, but unfortunately, some people are more prone to its devastating effects than others. It can worsen in people with certain genetic makeups and specific personality traits. However, if you know the warning signs, then you may able to better look out for yourself and avoid falling victim to this debilitating disease.
Look out for these five signs if you suspect that you may have an addictive personality that may make you especially susceptible to suffering from addiction.
Those who have an addictive personality often describe themselves as rebels. They will do things even though there is a high potential that those actions will cause them harm. They do not like to comply with norms. They do things recklessly to seem cool and get a rush of adrenaline. This desire for excitement may lead them to not fully comprehend the ramifications of consuming large amounts of alcohol or drugs. Over-consumption frequently causes people to fall into addiction.
Studies have shown that those who have trouble relaxing may turn to inappropriate behaviors as a coping mechanism. Additionally, conceding to impulsive behaviors may lead people to feel this way. While everyone gets nervous from time to time, extreme levels can lead you to do things you will later regret. Additionally, struggling with any mental illness can make people more likely to form addictive behaviors.
People with an addictive personality have a tough time working toward long-term goals because they thrive off instant gratification. Things that take a lot of time and effort are not as appealing to them. They jump from project to project always looking for the newest most exciting thing. This makes substances like drugs or alcohol appealing because they provide instant rewards that make the user feel better for a time.
Being antisocial is a significant indicator of an addictive personality. Some introverted people may even find themselves turning to drugs or alcohol because of how distant they feel from their peers. Some people will also use drugs and alcohol as ways to release their inhibitions and connect with others which could lead to addictive behaviors regarding those substances.
Many people first start considering using drugs and alcohol to improve their social standing or to seem cool. Having lower than average self-esteem can lead people never to feel adequate and always feel the need to turn to dangerous and reckless behaviors. Once users start using drugs, they may think that the drugs are what makes them desirable and it can be extremely difficult to quit.
If one or more of these traits are dominant in your personality, then you may want to be especially careful when engaging in activities that could potentially be addictive. When it comes to drugs, some are more addictive than others. For instance, marijuana is fairly harmless while heroin can cause serious harm extremely quickly. Heroin actually changes your brain to make you dependent on it, which is what make it so addictive.
If you are in any stage of addiction to any substance or activity, it is vital that you receive help and treatment so that your condition does not worsen. Addiction is an illness that needs treatment to improve just like the flu. Letting symptoms go untreated will allow them to get exponentially worse over time. Do not be afraid to reach out for help when you need it because it just might save your life.
Hopefully, these warning signs will help you to stay alert and avoid falling into addictive behaviors so that you can live a more healthy and happy life.
I loved this article and thought you would too. Here it is 5 Signs You May Have An Addictive Personality located at http://www.inwealthandhealth.com/5-signs-you-may-have-an-addictive-personality/.
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0.998903 |
Are Your Brokerage IRA Cds Handled Like Stock Purchases??
I just realized recently (after so many years with both of our brokerages) that when I receive their statements it does not show an amount for the total of the CDs we have in the IRA accounts but the amount that the CDs would be worth if sold on the secondary market for that statement date. So many of the balances show a lesser amount than what we actually paid for the CDs. It is almost like they are treating them like stocks which go up and down according to the market price.
When I called them about this, I was told that is to give an indication of what the account would be worth if sold on a certain date. They said the only way they would have to give me the actual amount we paid for the CDs over the years is if we did an IRA transfer. I have never had any of our bank IRA CDs handled this way so it must just be a brokerage "thing". I was wondering if anyone on DA has IRA CDs with a brokerage and if their statements show the balances this way. The brokerages we deal with are Fidelity and Vanguard. Frankly, I don't like looking at the statements and seeing them with a "lost" listed. How can CDs show a lost? I am not concerned with the cost of selling them at any time so I would prefere a brokerage which doesn't handle IRA CDs this way. If you know of any would you please provide the name or names. Thank you very much for any information you can provide.
Brokerage Firms I think have to provide the current price of an security and CDs purchased through a broker are treated as a security. I logged into my account and it shows me the quantity I purchased (face amount), the current market price, and the market value based on the quantity * the market price.
And my stock holdings are the basically the same way. My statement has two lines for each CD. The first one shows how much I bought and the current value compared with the original amount and value.
I'm surprised that the statement or on-line browse doesn't show the original value, which for CDs, is really what you care about.
Chris: I just got off the phone with one of our brokers and you have it correct. He said since prices can change when or if we need to sell a CD, the SEC makes them do their statements so people can be aware of these changes. I would prefer to just see a total value of all the CDs purchased and the amount of cash in the cash reserves for a "total" of everything. So what I do is add the CDs up myself and add the cash reserves amount to them for a complete total whenever I get a statement or want to check the account.
The original amounts paid for each CD is on each statement with the info for the bank but you have to total everything up yourself if you want to know how much you have actually paid for all CDs purchased for the period. He said all brokerages must follow the same rules so I guess I will cancel my request to find out what others are doing. Thanks for the reply.
Are your broker CDs being held in a IRA? If yes, what value do you you base your RMD year end value on? The "TRUE Value" or the reported value from the broker?
Hal: I use whatever value they show for 12/31/14 (for example, the date of the year before I would be taking the RMD. The brokerage usually puts up the correct needed date and the amount they are figuring it out of. The value they use is considered to be the "true" value for the date used so I use this amount also. When I have time, I think I will check out what they used for his last RMD and which value they used now that you have perked my couriosity. What they used has always been accepted by the IRS since I have never been questioned on it. They are all Rollover IRAs.
Hal: I just spoke to the brokerage and it is the "Ending Value" of what the account would be worth for that date if he were to try to sell it. I checked the 12/31/14 statement where they got their figure from and noticed it had about $1,300.00 deducted for a loss for that period. If there is a gain, it is added in. Thanks for bringing this to my attention so I will be sure to use the correct figures if I try to figure his RMD before they send us their statement. It seems to be a constantly learning experience with these RMDs and using brokerages. BTW, I have already withdraw his RMDs for all of the brokerages for 2015. Much appreciation.
How are the semi-annual interest payments handled? It's my understanding they don't compound, so therefore must go to another account (taxable?) or mailed to you? And how does that affect the RMD required?
Hal: When we opened the brokerage IRAs umpteen years ago they always included a seperate with Vanguard "Prime Money Market Fund" and with Fidelity the "Cash Reserves" which earns about 0.01%. The CDs depending on which are selected pay interest usually monthly or semi-annually. The interest goes into those accounts and accumulate until (in our case) they reach $5,000 to $10,000.00 and then I purchase a new higher paying CD with them. I don't like too much funds sitting at that low rate for long. Those accounts are tied into the core IRA so no taxes are paid on the interest unless it is withdraw which I never have over the years except when it is included in the amount I need for the RMDs.
I like to withdraw his RMD around February of each year to use to pay our regular taxes etc. (I am aware this is not approved by some but it is best for me). I try to have one of the CDs closer to the amount we will need for the RMD mature and go into the Prime Money Market (Vanguard) or Fidelity Cash Reserves and withdraw it in February to pay most of the RMD. The rest of the RMD I would use interest I let accrue in the other account and withdraw it. The gov doesn't care where we withdraw the funds from as long as we withdraw everything needed for all the accounts for that year. Since all the interest is left in the accounts until I withdraw it in about Feb, it has no affect on the RMD or problem.
The brokerages are really great because with one phone call, I have it set up for them to transfer the entire RMD amounts to a local bank account for our use for the year. We, of course, must pay our taxes due on the entire amount which raises our income and the amount of Social Security taxes.
No skin in this conversation but if at the end of year could you use the 1300 $ "loss" to lower your taxed income? Or is it only if you sell.
Ricochet: No this isn't the way it works with any "losses" or "Gains" that's what confused me about why the SEC makes them do it this way. The figures are mainly to show us what it would approximately cost us it we tried to sell at the particular time. Whether or not we could take it off as a "loss" if we sold, I don't know since we have never tried to sell any of the CDs. They just mature, the total amount of what we paid ex. $25,000.00 goes into the Money Market or Cash Reserves I wrote about earlier with any interest due and I quickly purchase another CD so I can keep it earning something besides the 0.01% in the Core account.
The IRAs are only affected by taxes when we withdraw our RMDs each year and the amounts never show the "paper" losses or gains. The brokerages we use are very good about sending us the particular forms we need showing how much the accounts were worth on the end of the year before and they even figure out how much is due for their particular RMD. I can do my own calculations according to his age factor for the year with an online calculator or just an adding machine. I always want to make sure "they" got it right! :) Have a nice day.
i knew that people could write off the penalty for redeeming CD early,but I was confused about "loss" aspect seeing as how I generally consider CD as an Investment. Thought maybe I was missing out on a tax opportunity DUH.
No "DUH" about it. I respect anyone who tries to do the best he/she can taxwise or financially. I am still slapping myself for not making certain other better choices in the past. But I reached my goal and that is what is most important. Can't win them all.
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0.995849 |
What do you think are the biggest drivers of success for your business? Vision? Marketing? Investing skills? Community connections? All these and other factors are likely contributors, but you may be surprised to find out that one of the biggest drivers of success for most business owners is.
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0.878397 |
He was born on June 10, 1939, locally to Goodwood at Pulborough, West Sussex, where his father, Wally Harwood, had established a petro-chemical manufacturing business and the car dealership Harwoods eight years earlier.
Harwood, who was educated at Stowe, signed a three-year engineering apprenticeship with a firm in Dartford upon leaving school, with the intention of joining the family business, but he developed a love of racing during that time when staying with the famous Winter family at Southfleet.
He began riding out at for Ryan Price at Findon and, aged of 18, opted for a life with horses, riding 40 point-to-point winners along with14 under National Hunt Rules over the next few years. He started working as pupil assistant trainer to Bryan Marshall when he was 21 and, five years later in 1965, he commenced training under permit. That year also saw the sale of the family engineering business, as well as his marriage to Gill Lawson.
Harwood first took out a full licence to train in 1966 after initially training jumpers for a year under permit. He proceeded to establish Coombelands stables at Pulburough as a state of the art training complex and succeeded in attracting some of the finest horses and biggest owners in the world.
Acrania won the Jockey Club Stakes in 1967 and six years later the trainer announced his arrival at racing's top table when Jan Ekels landed the Queen Elizabeth II Stakes at Ascot, a race he would go on to win thrice more with To-Agori-Mou (1981), Sackford (1983) and Warning (1988).
His association with Goodwood racecourse, which is but a short hack across the downs from Pulborough, is well established, and his big-race victories at his local course include two wins in the track's showpiece contest, the Group One Sussex Stakes.
Harwood's first success in the great race came in 1985 with Rousillon, winner of the Queen Anne Stakes and Prix du Moulin that same season, who swept to the lead inside the final furlong under Greville Starkey to record a two and a half length verdict over Bairn.
The second of Harwod's Sussex Stakes triumphs was with the brilliant Warning in 1988, who had landed the Richmond Stakes at Goodwood the previous year. The Khalid Abdulla-owned three-year-old, ridden by Pat Eddery, went clear of Then Again by a length and a half victory in the mile championship event.
Overall Guy Harwood trained 116 winners at Goodwood, including at least two trebles on a day’s racing here and enjoyed more 32 winners during Glorious Goodwood.
His initial Classic triumph came in 1981 when Recitation captured the Poule d'Essai des Poulains and a week later To-Agori-Mou captured the 2,000 Guineas at Newmarket to give him the first of his two English Classic wins. The second came in 1986 when the great Dancing Brave took the same Newmarket Classic in scintillating fashion.
Dancing Brave was the best horse to grace Coombelands and Harwood did a masterful job in priming his exceptional charge for a string of top-level triumphs that included the Eclipse Stakes, King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes and the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe but sadly not the Derby in which he finished fast to take second.
Other stars to have benefited from Harwood's expertise include Kalaglow, winner of the King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes and Eclipse Stakes, dual Ascot Gold Cup winner Sadeem, Lockinge Stakes and Prix Jean-Prat victor Young Generation, Allez Milord, Prix Jacques le Marois and Champagne Stakes winner Lear Fan, Cacoethes, Ela-Mana-Mou, Polish Patriot and Brocade.
As well as horses, there were a stream of talented people who started off with the trainer or were connected with the yard such as jockeys Greville Starkey, Ray Cochrane, Tony Clark, Chris Kinane, Wendyll Woods, Nigel Hawke, bloodstock agent James Delahooke and trainers to be like Guillaume Macaire and Steve Hall, His brother-in-law and assistant Geoff Lawson was one of many who helped contribute to the success of the yard as did loyal staff like Tommy Townsend and Martyn Windsor.
Harwood handed over the reins at Coombelands in 1996 to his daughter Amanda Perrett in order to focus his efforts on the family business, of which he is chairman and indulge in hobbies like bridge.
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0.996701 |
(CNN) -- Bou Meng walks into a big open room, sits down on the floor and points to a number, which is stenciled on the wall. Number 13. It was his prison number and the spot on the floor where he says he was shackled in Cambodia's infamous Tuol Sleng Prison.
The prisoners who entered were often killed. Bou was one of the few who survived the torture, starvation and executions routine when the Khmer Rouge were in power.
Led by the late Pol Pot, the regime was responsible for the deaths of millions of ordinary Cambodians during a four-year reign of terror that was eventually halted in 1979 by invading Vietnamese forces.
But the memories of this dark chapter continue to haunt victims such as Bou more than 30 years later, as four surviving members of the Khmer leadership, including Pol Pot's "number two," prepare to stand trial for their alleged role in the genocide.
In 1975, the Khmer Rouge ordered everyone out of the capital Phnom Penh and other cities in Cambodia to work in the countryside as farm laborers.
Bou, an artist, was sent off to work in the paddy fields. One day in 1977, he was told he was being moved away from farm life.
"I was supposed to move to the Royal University of Fine Art, but instead I was brought to S-21, also known as Tuol Sleng Prison," he says.
"The first thing I saw was the people that had long hair to the waist. Their eyes were sunken and their bodies were only bone and skin. I was so shocked."
It didn't take long before the plight of the others became his fate. He was tortured mercilessly.
But art saved his life. The prison officials asked him if he could draw Brother Number 1, the man known as Pol Pot, the leader of the Khmer Rouge.
Bou said yes. They were impressed by his work, so he began working on a huge portrait that would take him months.
The Khmer Rouge government was then wreaking havoc on the entire country. It is said to be responsible for about 1.7 million deaths, roughly a quarter of the population back them.
Its aim was to create a Communist utopia but instead the regime forced Cambodians into a living hell.
City dwellers were marched into the countryside and forced to work as farm laborers. Those already living in rural Cambodia were expected to produce enough food for the country while teaching farming to those who had never done it before. Currency was abolished, and anyone with an education was considered a threat. No one was allowed modern medicine and the country isolated itself trying to become completely self-sufficient.
The results were disastrous: People died of starvation and disease as soldiers tortured and killed anyone suspected of being disloyal.
Eventually, everyone, including the soldiers, became a target due to the leadership's paranoia.
Tan Than was a soldier, although he says he never had a gun and was only given farming tools.
By 1978, a year before the fall of the Khmer Rouge, Tan and all the soldiers in his brigade were arrested and sent to work on an airport. Tan said he saw people dying of hunger as they tried to build the airport and the road leading up to it.
Cambodians have been waiting for more than 30 years for someone to be held accountable for what happened during the years the Khmer Rouge was in power.
As he walks up to the airport road where he once toiled, he suddenly begins to sob. It is the first time he has been back since 1979.
"I cry when I remember the people and my older brother who they separated from me."
He has not seen his older brother since. He doesn't even know where the body is buried.
Tan himself was supposed to be one of the tens of thousands of bodies dumped in what have become known as the "killing fields" located all over Cambodia.
But Tan and a few others in his brigade fought back the day they were supposed to die.
He says when the soldiers came into the building where all 292 members of his brigade had been taken it was clear they meant to exterminate them.
"When we got inside they were shouting you betrayed (us). You are Vietnamese. You are American. You are CIA. Then they came inside the house and we fought back."
He and 12 others escaped.
Tan's sister-in-law Long Saoda worked at the same site where the soldiers were taken and watched in horror the fate of hundreds of unarmed people.
"I saw a truck full of people. ... I hid and tried to listen more. Then I saw them (soldiers) holding guns. They were hiding in the forests on both sides with guns," she recalls.
"Shoot, shoot, shoot, bang, bang, bang," Long re-enacts with her hands. "...When the people got off the truck they tied their hands and then they walked the people to the hole they had dug, then they killed all those people and then the second truck came."
Eventually, she says, a tractor would cover the hole with dirt even if the people inside it were still alive. There are still two noticeable indentations where villagers point out you can still see the gravesites in their village.
Similar scenes were repeated around the country.
More than three decades on and the story is not yet over.
The remaining leaders of the regime are finally being put on trial. The indictment, more than 350 pages long, includes accusations of everything from genocide to torture to war crimes.
Case number 002 is the second and perhaps most important case being heard by the United Nations-backed tribunal in Cambodia.
"They are alleged to be responsible for the whole policy, which ended up in crimes being conducted all over this country," says Lars Olsen, the spokesman for the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia.
"It is probably one of the first times since the Nuremburg trials (the case against the Nazis that began in 1945) where the whole remaining political leadership ... have been put on trial together. Cambodians have been waiting for more than 30 years for someone to be held accountable for what happened during the years the Khmer Rouge was in power."
Tens of thousands of people from around Cambodia are expected to come watch the trial, even if for only one day.
As for Long Saoda, Tan Than and Bou Meng, they hope the trial provides the answer to one question that has haunted them all these years: Why would a government treat its own people this way?
CNN's Tim Schwarz contributed to this report.
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0.951236 |
The Appalachian Trail originated as a vision in 1921 by Benton MacKaye, a US Forest Service worker. Commonly referred as "The Father of the Appalachian Trail," MacKaye's initial idea came to be after observing a rapidly industrial and urbanized post-World War I America. Believing such an environment had detrimental effects on the citizens, MacKaye proposed a plan to construct a natural scenic trail to reintroduce man to nature.
Benton MacKaye is widely considered the visionary of the AT; however, it was Myron Avery who was responsible for the trail's construction. With the help of volunteers, local clubs and national organizations, among them being the Appalachian Trail Conference (founded in 1925 and later renamed the Appalachian Trail Conservancy) and the local Civilian Conservation Corps, Avery set out to blaze the trail from Mount Oglethorpe, Georgia to Mount Katahdin, Maine.
By 1937, the trail was completed, though maintaining the trail and conserving the land would prove to be a difficult challenge for the federal government once authority began to transfer from private land owners. The southern terminus of Mount Oglethorpe would later be changed to Springer Mountain in the 1950s, an example of the difficulties regarding the maintenance and conservation of the Appalachian Trail. In 1968, the National Trails Act was passed by Congress, allowing the federal government to proceed with acquiring the remainder of the Appalachian Trail Corridor, shifting the trail into the National Park Service's control. Unfortunately, it would take another ten years before the act was amended, giving the federal government power to relocate sections of the trail that were threatened by the construction of roads and other types of developmental zones.
A path leading out of Damascus onto the Appalachian Trail toward Feathercamp Ridge.
To provide workers with the opportunity to partake in recreational activities, MacKaye proposed the creation of shelter camps, farming communities, and industrial communities along the trail. MacKaye wanted the camps to become small communities in their own right, where American workers could spend their vacations and ultimately produce their own sources of food. The camps would transform into agricultural centers and because of their close proximity to natural resources, the small towns could properly develop, eventually expanding into new communities instead of becoming larger ones. If anything, this was MacKaye's way of reintroducing man back into nature and the existence of the Appalachian Trail served to deconstruct the notion of a massively industrialized society.
The AT goes through the town of Damascus and interestingly, Damascus is the only community where the white blazes are painted throughout the town, guiding section and thru-hikers instead of signs. While MacKaye's original vision entailed the creation of cooperative and self-sustaining towns, the way Damascus sustained itself over the years is peculiar. Instead of people staying and developing the town further, the population of Damascus saw a decline during the Great Depression and World War II eras.
By the late 1980s and early 1990s, the town experienced a revival of sorts, thanks in part to environmental concerns, an improved attitude toward outdoor recreation, and the creation of Trail Days. An influx of tourism helped economically support the town, ultimately contributing to the maintenance of the trail through volunteers and local clubs like the Mount Rogers Appalachian Trail Club. As a result, there is a symbiotic relationship between Damascus and the AT as the town depends on the trail both economically and culturally, while the same applies to the Appalachian Trail in regards to the various communities that provide services to hikers and tourists. Altogether, trail towns like Damascus are important to the survival of the Appalachian Trail and vice versa.
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0.968251 |
“We have developed a “throw-away” society and are filling the environment with many plastic bags and rubbish that we cannot fully dispose of. What measures should be taken to combat the problem?
Ours is a “throw-away” society strongly influenced by consumerism as we value convenience over environmental protection. We throw awayout of convenience, and societal conventions have us move on to the next fad or technology. For example, we are dumping large quantities of thrash, such as plastic bags and diapers, that we cannot fully dispose of. Likewise, we are discarding televisions, cell phones, computers and other used items in exchange of new ones that unsurprisingly will become our future garbage. Under these circumstances, environmental pollution is the cruel price we have to pay for the consumerism culture in the age of mass production. Even though our society as a whole is increasingly aware of the environmental pollution, more has to be done to prevent the problem from worsening.
In order to relieve the environmental impact of the consumerism culture, we believe that recycling is the most effective solution. It is necessary for governments to make recycling a legal requirement, and “punish” those who throw away recyclable materials. For example, households will be legally required to separate all rubbish into different bins for recycling, on penalties of fines. New waste management rules should be introduced to act as adeterrent and to encourage people to abide by strict recycling standards. At the same time, government-sponsored recycling education programs (through the media) can be useful to increase recycling by changing people’s behavior and create an environment-friendly culture.
In conclusion, mandatory laws must be put in place so that people who are used to the lifestyle of convenience will refrain from throwing away plastic bags and rubbish. It is important for governments to make recycling everybody’s business; otherwise, environmental protection might become nobody’s business.
1. Likewise, we are discarding televisions, cell phones, computers and other used items in exchange of new ones that unsurprisingly will become our future garbage.
2. Even though our society as a whole is increasingly aware of the environmental pollution, more has to be done to prevent the problem from worsening.
3. At the same time, government-sponsored recycling education programs (through the media) can be useful to increase recycling by changing people’s behavior and create an environment-friendlyculture.
4. In conclusion, mandatory laws must be put in place so that people who are used to the lifestyle of convenience will refrain from throwing away plastic bags and rubbish.
5. It is important for governments to make recycling everybody’s business; otherwise, environmental protection might become nobody’s business.
Ours is a “throw-away” society strongly influenced by consumerism as we value convenience over environmental protection. We throw away out of convenience, and societal conventions have us move on to the next fad or technology. For example, we are dumping large quantities of thrash, such as plastic bags and diapers, that we cannot fully dispose of. Likewise, we are discarding televisions, cell phones, computers and other used items in exchange of new ones that unsurprisingly will become our future garbage. Under these circumstances, environmental pollution is the cruel price we have to pay for the consumerism culture in the age of mass production. Even though our society as a whole is increasingly aware of the environmental pollution, more has to be done to prevent the problem from worsening.
In order to relieve the environmental impact of the consumerism culture, we believe that recycling is the most effective solution. It is necessary for governments to make recycling a legal requirement, and “punish” those who throw away recyclable materials. For example, households will be legally required to separate all rubbish into different bins for recycling, on penalties of fines. New waste management rules should be introduced to act as a deterrent and to encourage people to abide by strict recycling standards. At the same time, government-sponsored recycling education programs (through the media) can be useful to increase recycling by changing people’s behavior and create an environment-friendly culture.
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0.993521 |
Person who receives legal rights from a third party.
John lost a lawsuit and was required to pay Mary $50,000. John sold a piece of property, and assigned the proceeds of $50,000 to Mary. That means Mary has the legal right to receive the $50,000. Mary is the assignee.
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0.999637 |
What is known about manta rays?
The research focused on manta rays is still very young and there is great anticipation for the knowledge it can shed. Only in 2009 it was announced the discovery of a second species of manta ray, and possibly will be reporting on a third species.
Many years ago there were many misconceptions about manta rays. To begin with, it was thought that the seas harbored a single species. People used to fear these beings in view of their enormous size and thought they were dangerous animals to humans. In the 70’s, divers who encountered these giant marine animals realized that they were not looking to attack, and the collective perception began to change favorably.
The world is continually changing, that’s for sure, and most of the knowledge about nature is the result of observations and scientific studies encompassed in activities of scientific research.
Manta rays are important components of the marine ecosystem but are also gentle and charismatic creatures, which tend to show an intelligence that hasn’t been observed in detail in elasmobranches or cartilaginous animals. Just as species of proven intelligence like whales and dolphins they often jump out of the water and 3 reasons are considered for this: to eliminate parasites from their skin, to communicate or for play, the latter two are related to a significant cognitive capacity.
So far, numerous studies have focused on the investigation of their biology, including anatomy, morphology, genetics, distribution, habitat and food. In 2009, researcher Andrea Marshall revolutionized the taxonomy of the genus Manta to disclose the existence of two species instead of one, with marked differences in the color pattern and size. A basic thing you need to know to distinguish both species is that the giant manta ray (Manta birostris) is clearly larger than the reef manta (Manta alfredi), with a width of up to 9 meters. The same researcher created the first global database of manta rays, called Manta matcher.
In July 2014 researchers from Stanford University realized that the manta rays in Hawaii usually enter lagoons to consume plankton in the area. According to these scholars, lagoons could be key factor to the conservation of the populations that are affected in their marine habitats.
Experts studying manta rays often spend much time in the water, diving near them. They usually have to stay to one side, because it is dangerous to stand behind and in front as they can be damaged. Their individual color patterns should also be monitored through the use of photography to recognize each one.
It is believed that the larger the brain of an animal is, the higher its intelligence. Manta rays have the largest brain of all fish based on the size of their bodies, and are probably smarter than you think. A simple experiment to test intelligence is putting an animal in front of a mirror. If the individual shows signs of recognizing itself, it is considered a being of superior intelligence compared to others. This test was carried out with manta rays, which spent much time near the mirror in the process; however, the results have been inconclusive.
The more it’s discovered, the more questions and new lines of research are born. What has been found so far is only a fraction of what could be known. The less abundant information is that related to their breeding habits, their intelligence and their social relationships. Investigations allow for greater and better understanding of their life and the importance they have for the marine balance also provides relevant data to help establish conservation efforts.
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0.999992 |
What dog supplies do I need for my new pet?
When a puppy comes into a new family besides love he requires dog supplies. Owners might not know a lot of things about what a dog needs in order to grow healthy and well.
There are a lot of dog stores with a lot of dog products exposed but sometimes it is difficult to decide from all those hundreds of dog products what dog supply to buy.
The term of dog supply refers to: dog beds, blankets, food, bowls and feeders, furniture, bones, cages, even books, and calendars with dogs.
The most essential dog supplies you will need are: a dog bed, a bowl, a collar, health products, a cage, a toy, maybe even dog clothes if you want your dog to look cool. It is indicated that you buy only the dog supplies that have been dog tested, to avoid any accidents and illnesses.
If you do not have time to go to a dog store and buy these dog supplies, you can access the internet and order from there the needed dog products.
You must be very attentive when buying any dog supply because some might not fit your dog. The dog bed must be on its size otherwise the poor pet might not rest as comfortably as you initially wanted to. The bowl must too match your dog size because some might not feed enough if they have a small bowl and might also make a mess around when eating.
Other dog supplies that must be chosen by your dog type are the food. Picking up the right food means: choosing the right food for the right age group: puppies, adult dogs or senior pets. Within the age group pick the right dog weight category; try different types of food for your dog to get a feel for what he likes and dislikes and offer your dog variety because no one likes eating the same things every day.
Bones are a dog's favorite supply. A dog will always be happy when receiving a bone. This kind of treats must be carefully chosen because they can lead to the dog's choking if they are too small.
Other requested dog supplies in dog stores are the dog houses. They are designed for the dogs that sleep outside the house. They will require a dog blanket too.
These dog supplies are regular ones and everybody affords them. Besides these, there exist other dog supplies which are more expensive and not every owner wants those products for its dog. Some of them are: dog clothes, boots, jackets and sweaters, and dog jewelry.
Also, if you have doubts on a dog supply you can always ask details about it at the shop you bought if from. The dog store's personnel will gladly answer your questions about any dog supply.
About the Author: If you are looking for a large variety of dog supplies fallow this links. At http://www.familypet.com you will find any dog supply that will make your beloved pets life happy.
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0.999915 |
Which 3 extracurricular activities at Horseheads Senior High School are most popular? Which extracurriculars would you recommend?
The most popular extracurriculars are National Honor Society, Interact, and the Greenroom Players (the theatre group). I would recommend not going with the popular clubs and other extracurriculars and instead join a smaller club that focuses on something that interests you. You will have more fun and be part of a tight-knit group. Some examples include Science club, Film Club, and Academic Challenge.
Horseheads Senior High School: Would you recommend attending Horseheads Senior High School if you had the choice? Why or why not?
Horseheads Senior High School: What is a typical Horseheads Senior High School student like? Describe the type of person who should attend Horseheads Senior High School.
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0.975481 |
When I was a bit younger, I used to imitate her make up a bit and had a similar haircut. She always looked great, great style.
Paul speaking about Nancy: "'She's a party girl!'"
And while Paul McCartney tends to keep his marriage to Nancy Shevall private, he did open up about the brunette businesswoman to Australia's 60 Minutes on Sunday.
'She's a party girl,' laughed the clearly-smitten 75-year-old.
I hope that episode of 60 Minutes comes to the US or at least to an internet screen near me. He looks so cute in the video.
Ohhh Boy likes to watch shows where they fix up old cars. Last night they were fixing up a Chevelle.
I bet you can figure out the thought that popped into my mind immediately.
I wonder if Nancy Shevell ever owned a Chevelle. LOL!
Nancy's nephew got married Saturday. Guess who just had to get up and sing.
The guy can't help it...he. must. sing. and. perform.
If anyone gets to go, please give us a report.
Someone needs to inform Paul that Glasgow is a city, not a town.
*London is interchangeable for Dublin, in this instance.
Cynthia Lennon: Like John, lost a parent early in life. An accomplished artist, she most likely influenced John's artwork for Sean. Provided a template for John on how to bring up a son. Admirable for dealing with the massive fame and personal intrusion she didn't ask for.
Patti Boyd: Beatles' male insiders regarded her as having a low IQ for constantly using the phrase 'goody gumdrops' and for speaking with a plush home counties accent. In reality, she was pretty street smart and they couldn't keep up with her. Was the first to discover transcendental meditation influencing both George and Paul. She was instrumental in getting them to India where she developed her talent for photography.
Jane Asher: From a talented, professional, eccentric family. Can sing and play the guitar and piano. An erudite and voracious reader, she must have influenced Paul's vocabulary for his lyrics. John got the credit. Her reading of Jabberwocky at the age of twelve almost outpsychedelics I Am The Walrus . She held concerns about the environment as far back as 1966 when no one else cared.
Maureen Starkey: Showed an eye for both furniture and clothing design which she shared with Ringo. Reared three talented kids away from the public gaze.
Bettina's friend Rosi Webber says, "...I do know that John had a very strong sexual appetite and was weird with his tastes - he was attracted to Bettina because she was out of proportion."
The part about being weird with his tastes made me think of what people thought of John for choosing Yoko.
Patti Boyd: Beatles' male insiders regarded her as having a low IQ for constantly using the phrase 'goody gumdrops' and for speaking with a plush home counties accent. In reality, she was pretty street smart and they couldn't keep up with her. Was the first to discover transcendental meditation influencing both George and Paul. She was instrumental in getting them to India where she developed her considerable talent for photography.
Where'd you get that from, I've never heard that about Pattie- quite funny if it's true though.
I remember reading this statement before about the Beatles' partners, and it's stuck with me. Their first wife (or long-term girlfriend in Paul's case) was their idea of what a wife 'should' be.
Cynthia: homely, sweet, very much a woman who adored being a mother and it was the thing she was meant to be. She wasn't an avid partier and preferred being at home with her child or painting, to going out to nightclubs.
Jane: intelligent, gorgeous, talented actress. However, her constant touring, and needing to be outside of London for recordings really damaged their relationship.
Pattie: once again gorgeous, extroverted, partier. Very much a fun-times girl, got on well with everyone, and was the life and soul of the room.
Maureen: quiet, pleasant, very supportive and patient with Ringo, used to stay up 'til the early hours of the morning so she could have his dinner heated for him when he came home from studio sessions.
Yoko: loud, confident, very abstract-minded. Very experimental and could challenge John.
Linda: very supportive, always there for Paul, used to go everywhere with him, cared for the kids, and used to cook dinner- perfect textbook housewife.
Barbara: willing to try anything, stunning, and once again supportive.
Obviously this is summing up the wives in short snippets, their personalities being far more than what I just wrote but I think it's a decent summary of their relationship to their husbands/boyfriend.
The rumour mill is spinning that Olivia is going out with Steve Perry (of Journey fame). They went to see LOVE together last week, but we have no official confirmation as to what's up. If she has found someone then I'm happy for Olivia.
"A friend of mine, Steve Ferrone, is very close to [George Harrison 's widow] Olivia Harrison, and I said, 'Someday, I'd love to play the song for her and get her blessing. You ask her.' So he comes back and he says, 'I spoke to her. Here's her e-mail. She said give her a call.' I said, 'What?' So, all of a sudden, I'm e-mailing Olivia Harrison and I'm trying to be very careful with every question. 'Can I please talk to you? I just wanna play you this song?' And she gets back to me immediately; it was so beautiful. So I went to her office and I played her the song, and I was so nervous. Because when you're in the George Harrison environment, you just feel him there. And it's Olivia. So she listen[ed] to it and then she quickly grabbed the remote and restarted [the song]. [And I thought,] 'I hope she loves it.' And she restarted it and got halfway through the second listen and said, 'George would have loved this version.' And I'm telling you, I got the blessing."
That is a lovely cover. I can't say I've ever been a great fan of his voice, but it works there. George would have approved.
I'm reminded just now that Journey covered "It's All Too Much " (quite poorly) on one of their earliest prog-jazzy LPs, before Perry was even a member.
Yikes, I'm not a fan of that version! It's too far removed from It's All Too Much without being different. It's in the 'uncanny valley', if you will.
Decent musical base but the guy signing should stop.
A story about Nancy's dad.
Guess his son-in-law isn't bailing him out.
Meetthebeatlesforreal, valuable for its observations from people about the Beatles who were actually there at the time. Yoko seemed to be accepted by fans contrary to popular opinion. Poor Patti! I'm sure she wasn't the airhead she was portrayed to be at all. I think she just wanted to be loved. Paul seems to be attracted to women who have busy, active lives of their own - Jane Asher, Heather Mills (deplorable perhaps, but too much hate, people), Nancy Shevell, perhaps all resembling his own mother, a midwife who most likely enjoyed her job very much. What people think they want and what they actually want can be two different things.
Should this not have ended up in the Beatle LoLs! thread?
@Saltie why might you say that?
Two were very supportive, others only just supportive and the rest were not even supportive of their men at all, apparently, and responsible for the failure of their marriages/relationships to boot. It's just so wrong as to be laughable.
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Can I play multiple audio files at the same time?
Yes, you can play two audio streams simultaneously: one via the HDMI, and a second via the 3.5mm audio or SPDIF using an .mp3 or .wav file.
Multiple audio files can also be played to the same audio output. In that case the audio files are mixed together.
Note: Files that are played simultaneously must all have the same audio sampling rate.
You can play up to three audio streams to the USB expander at the same time. This can be three audio files, or one video plus two audio files.
You can play a separate audio file to each of the three analog outputs, while also playing audio to the HDMI/SPDIF output.
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The Caldecott Tunnel is currently a three bore east-west highway tunnel that connects Oakland to communities in Contra Costa County, through the Berkeley Hills. The idea of a tunnel through the hills was first conceived in 1860, and an early tunnel was built in 1903. Later, the first two modern bores were completed in 1937, named after Thomas Caldecott, mayor of Berkeley 1930-1932) and president of Joint Highway District 13. The third bore was completed in 1964.
In the 19th century, traffic over the Berkeley Hills in this area went up Harwood Canyon, now known as Claremont Canyon (behind the Claremont Hotel). The road leading up the canyon from the west was initially called Harwood's Road, later changed to Telegraph Road, and finally, Claremont. The road on the other side of the hills was, and remains Fish Ranch Road. An inn once existed at the summit.
The idea of a tunnel through the hills began as early as 1860. In that year, the idea was proposed and rejected by the citizens of Alameda and Contra Costa Counties. It was revived in 1871 with a proposal which described a route running from the end of Broadway, similar to the actual routing of today's Caldecott Tunnel although it isn't clear from the description exactly which canyon was being referred to. The proposed tunnel would be only some 500 feet long and would have its outlet in the San Pablo Creek watershed with a road leading into Lafayette. A franchise was granted to a group of developers who passed the franchise onto another group. The proposal languished until the turn of the century.
In 1903, a tunnel was finally built above the present location of the Caldecott Tunnel, in the next canyon south of Claremont Canyon. This tunnel was approached by a new road dubbed "Tunnel Road" which started at the top of Ashby Avenue in Berkeley.
In 1929, construction of the first two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel began. They were completed in 1937, and were originally known as the Broadway Low Level Tunnel as the approach was from the top of Broadway in Oakland, and was below the portal of the old tunnel. However, access from Ashby Avenue was retained as it was designated the connecting thoroughfare from the Eastshore Highway (now Freeway) and the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge, and dubbed State Highway 24. The approach to the east portal on the other side of the Berkeley Hills was via Mount Diablo Blvd., also at that time part of State Highway 24.
The third bore was opened in 1964. In the late 1960s, the Grove-Shafter Freeway was completed and replaced Broadway as the main access route to the Caldecott Tunnel from Oakland as well as replacing Ashby as the principal connector for traffic coming from San Francisco. Ashby Avenue and Tunnel Road were redesignated State Highway 13 and aligned with the new Warren Freeway through the Montclair District of Oakland. The Grove-Shafter Freeway was then designated State Highway 24.
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Why allow age and ailments to surround you as you age without doing anything about them? Surely you understand that your eyes are very important to your daily life, and it can be extremely detrimental if they are not working properly. Learn now what you can do to prevent this from happening.
People often take their eyes for granted, and this is not a good idea at all. You could wake up one day with a problem that you would not have to be facing if you had paid attention to these tips. Therefore, it’s important that you follow them now so that you have good eyesight in your later years.
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Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte Wuthering Heights is Emily Bronte's only novel. Written between October 1845 and June 1846, Wuthering Heights was published in 1847 under the pseudonym "Ellis Bell"; Bronte died the following year, aged 30. Wuthering Heights and Anne Bronte's Agnes Grey were accepted by publisher Thomas Newby before the success of their sister Charlotte's novel, Jane Eyre. After Emily's death, Charlotte edited the manuscript of Wuthering Heights, and arranged for the edited version to be published as a posthumous second edition in 1850. Although Wuthering Heights is now widely regarded as a classic of English literature, contemporary reviews for the novel were deeply polarised; it was considered controversial because its depiction of mental and physical cruelty was unusually stark, and it challenged strict Victorian ideals of the day, including religious hypocrisy, morality, social classes and gender inequality. The English poet and painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti referred to it as "A fiend of a book - an incredible monster ... The action is laid in hell, - only it seems places and people have English names there.
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2nd pregnancy, is it okay to have another Baby Shower?
This is my 2nd pregnancy. My first child will be 7 years old when the new baby is born. I have absolutely no baby items. No crib, clothing, blankets, nothing. My first child's father and I are no longer together, we broke up years ago. This will be the first child for my boyfriend. I had a baby shower with my first, but was wondering if it will be okay (polite) for me to have another one? What do you all think?
Absolutely!!! Most people are excited about a new baby and no way to better celebrate the birth of your baby then to shower it with gifts!!! plus...even if you did have clothes from the last one that you could pass on...u don't want your baby to grow up and say.."mom....how could u dress me in clothes like that" lol. styles change alot in seven years hehe!!!
Absolutely! Especially since there is such a huge age difference between your first and second. Every baby deserves to be celebrated!
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25/06/2018 · 1. Open twitter. 2. Login in to it. 3. Write in box whats happening. 4. Click on plus button to add another tweet. 5. Add another tweet. 6. Click on plus button to add another tweet.... What is a Twitter chat? A Twitter chat is a public discussion on Twitter around a specific hashtag (see: topic). Twitter chats are led by a designated moderator—brand or individual—who ask questions and facilitate the discussion at a predetermined time.
The Tweet Button will create a default message for your visitor to Tweet which will include your Title Tag for the page it is being displayed on and the usernames … kingdom come deliverance how to clean sword 27/12/2018 · Click or tap the “+” button in the bottom-right corner of the Compose new Tweet box to create a thread of two Tweets. 3. Continue pressing the “+” button to add more Tweets to the thread.
8/01/2019 · With Thread Reader, a user can easily read long Twitter threads. Thread Reader converts a threaded tweet into a simple blog post where all the tweets … how to create ssrs report in visual studio 2012 Make your own fake Twitter conversations, funny tweets at faketweetbuilder.com. Simple enter text as Person1: Tweet and on the next line Person2: @ Reply Tweet and so on as shown above and click "Create Twitter Thread" to generate your funny tweets, twitter reply threads, conversations.
A new feature was introduced to Twitter recently to create a series of Tweets all at once. I have not yet quite mastered how I would use this feature, perhaps at an event or an occasion of some kind?.
Twitter officially announced today that it is bringing in a new feature, which it calls “Threads” to help with this endeavor, aiming to make a tweet storm a lot easier to not only post, but also read while using the official Twitter app. Up to this point, users would just have to reply to themselves over and over again, which would effectively link the tweets together.
Creating the perfect Twitter profile is much like creating the best curbside impression for your home. Like a home, you want to impress visitors with your outside view.
11 Ways to Start Conversations on Twitter Posted by Bonnie Landau on 08 Feb 2010 under Social Media , Twitter Twitter is the talk of the town, but if you’re new to it, it can certainly feel overwhelming.
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The December 2000 nor'easter was a significant winter storm that impacted the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions of the United States around the end of the month. It began as an Alberta clipper that moved southeastward through the central United States and weakened over the Ohio Valley. However, it redeveloped off the coast of North Carolina and moved northward as it intensified. It moved into central Long Island and eventually tracked northward into New England. The storm dropped heavy precipitation throughout the Northeast, especially in northern New Jersey and eastern New York, where snowfall often exceeded 2 ft (0.61 m). Even so, as it struck on a weekend, its effects were generally minor and mostly limited to travel delays, traffic accidents, and business closures.
The storm developed as an Alberta clipper-type low pressure area that moved southeastward across the Great Plains and Midwest. Throughout North Dakota, Minnesota and Iowa, moderate snowfall accompanied the system. After weakening over the Ohio Valley, the storm redeveloped off the coast of North Carolina. In the days preceding the event, a cyclone over eastern Canada circulated cold air southward. Computer models indicated the potential for a major storm up to seven days in advance; however, initially, certain forecasts suggested that a separate storm over the southern U.S. would merge with the clipper. Instead, this feature moved out to sea.
As the secondary storm began to intensify offshore, precipitation rapidly expanded and tracked northward towards southern Virginia, eastern Maryland and Delaware, largely in the form of freezing rain, ice, and snow. From 0200 UTC on December 30 to 1200 UTC, the cyclone intensified by 13 mbar, and continued to deepen for several more hours. Snowfall reached southern New Jersey between 0600 and 0800 UTC, and New York City at around 1000 UTC. Thundersnow developed within heavy bands in some areas. The significant snow was characterized by a sharp western cutoff; for example, in Chester County, accumulations ranged from around 6 inches in the far eastern parts of the county to only an inch along its western border with Lancaster County.
While located off the New Jersey coast, the storm stopped strengthening and slowly moved northward. The center was situated near central Long Island at 2100 UTC. Across eastern Long Island and parts of eastern New England, snow mixed with and, in some cases, changed over to rain. The surface low had moved into eastern Connecticut by early on December 31. As it continued to head northeastward, a new center of low pressure developed near Boston and moved towards coastal Maine. The storm system had abated by January 1.
The storm produced moderate to heavy snowfall from eastern Pennsylvania through New Jersey, New York, and New England, extending as far north as Maine. As much as 30 in (0.76 m) fell west of the New York City metropolitan region, which generally reported 10 to 16 in (0.25 to 0.41 m) of snow, making it the biggest snowstorm at the time since the North American blizzard of 1996. Washington, D.C. and Baltimore recorded little or no snowfall, while 10 in (25 cm) impacted Philadelphia. Eastern New York, especially the Hudson Valley and Catskill Mountains, western Connecticut, western and central Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine also picked up heavy snowfall. Eastern New England received up to 1 ft (0.30 m) before dry air from the south reduced the duration of the snow.
About 30 flights were canceled at the Philadelphia International Airport, and the city declared a snow emergency. Amtrak canceled Metroliner service along the northeast corridor from Washington, D.C. to New York City. Numerous businesses throughout eastern Pennsylvania closed on December 30, although because the storm struck on a weekend, the number of traffic accidents was fairly low.
In New Jersey, increasing winds caused blowing and drifting of the snow and led to near-blizzard conditions. Behind the storm, very cold and gusty weather lingered. New Jersey Transit shut down bus service in northern portions of the state, and rail lines had 20-minute delays. Most injuries in the state were related to physical strain while shoveling, snow blower accidents or slips and falls. As the snowfall was of a light nature, few trees limbs and electrical wires were downed by the storm. GPU Energy reported only around 5,500 power outages. A countywide state of emergency was declared in Sussex County, as vehicles were sliding off roadways. Several other traffic accidents and delays were reported throughout the state, and in Somerset County, a few roads were closed due to the snow. A Red Cross shelter was opened for residents of a Spotswood trailer park.
In New York State, the heaviest snow peaked at 29 in (0.74 m) in Platte Cove, Greene County. Despite 50 flight cancellations at the Albany International Airport and several traffic accidents, no major damage or injuries were reported. Although heavy snow fell in the state, no major damage was reported in Connecticut. In Massachusetts and Rhode Island, high winds, gusting to as high as 50 mph (80 km/h) buffeted the coast.
^ a b Tom Ross (January 8, 2001). "Climate-Watch, December 2000". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ NOAA Central Library Data Imaging Project (January 1, 2001). "Monday, January 1, 2001 Daily Weather Map". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ "Event Record Details for Pennsylvania: Heavy Snow". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ "Event Record Details for New Jersey: Heavy Snow". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ "Event Record Details for New Jersey: Heavy Snow (2)". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ "Event Record Details for New York: Heavy Snow". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ "Event Record Details for Connecticut: Heavy Snow". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ "Event Record Details for Massachusetts: Strong Wind". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
^ "Event Record Details for Rhode Island: Strong Wind". National Climatic Data Center. Retrieved January 4, 2010.
Paul J. Kocin and Louis W. Uccellini (2004). Northeast Snowstorms. American Meteorological Society. ISBN 1-878220-64-0.
This page was last edited on 4 August 2017, at 11:42 (UTC).
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I didn’t think that I’d acquired many new albums in 2011, but I’ve just checked and my collection grew by 21 items (singles, EPs and albums), which was more than last year.
Here are my highlights, and unlike last year I’m starting with my favourite and working backwards.
I have to say that I really like this song, not for the lyrics which are a bit…well, kill-y, but for the music which just grooves.
Consistently good is probably the best way to sum up “Inflikted”, which establishes Cavalera Conspiracy as a potentially serious player in the modern Metal scene.
Whether they’re pounding out thudding Groove work with a tasteful and measured amount of tribal percussive additives in “Terrorize” and “Dark Ark”, or galloping and riffing into a modern variant on textbook Thrash in “Hearts Of Darkness”, things flow smoothly.
This isn’t quite something that will wow everybody, being more like a good album with a few great elements rather than all out amazing, but it could win over a few older fans of death and thrash, along with roping in all of the newer generation who are more accustomed to an overtly polished production.
In other words, not quite an essential purchase, but definitely something worth looking into if one is inclined towards fast and heavy music with fancy guitar work and raunchy shouts.
I have to disagree with the final paragraph though: this is most definitely an essential purchase.
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A Night in Casablanca is a 1946 film starring the Marx Brothers: Groucho, Chico, and Harpo. The picture was directed by Archie Mayo, and written by Joseph Fields and Roland Kibbee.
Set in Casablanca shortly after World War II, escaped Nazi war criminal Heinrich Stubel (Sig Ruman) has steadily murdered three different managers of the Hotel Casablanca. Disguised as a Count Pfferman, Stubel's goal is to reclaim the stolen art treasures that he has hidden in the hotel. However, the only way he can do this undetected is by murdering the hotel's managers and running the hotel himself.
The newest manager of Hotel Casablanca is former motel proprietor Ronald Kornblow (Groucho), who is very much unaware that he has been hired because no one else will dare take the position. Inept Kornblow takes charge of the hotel, and eventually crosses paths with Corbaccio (Chico), owner of the Yellow Camel company, who appoints himself as Kornblow's bodyguard, aided and abetted by Stubel's valet Rusty (Harpo). In his many efforts to murder Kornblow, Stubel sends beautiful Beatrice Reiner (Lisette Verea) to romance the clueless manager.
Before Stubel can make his escape to the airfield with the loot, Kornblow, his friends, and Miss Reiner invade his hotel room and sneak from suitcase to closet and back again to unpack his bags, which serves to drive him thoroughly mad. Arrested on false charges, Kornblow, Corbaccio and Rusty eventually crash Stubel's plane into a police station where the brothers expose Stubel as an escaped Nazi.
A popular myth (spread in part by Groucho himself) surrounding the movie is that the Marx Brothers were threatened with a lawsuit by Warner Bros. for the use of the word "Casablanca" in the title, it being an infringement on the company's rights to the 1942 film Casablanca. Groucho responded with a letter asserting that he and his siblings had use of the word "brothers" prior to the establishment of Warner Brothers (and many others had before that), and often the story is told that Groucho threatened a counter-suit based on this assertion. He also mentioned that he would consider further legal action by pointing out to Warners that the title of their current hit film Night and Day infringed on the titles of two Marx Brothers films: A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races.
The true story is that the original storyline for the film was intended to be a direct parody of Casablanca, with the characters having similar-sounding names to the characters and actors in the 1942 film. Groucho Marx has said that an early draft named his character "Humphrey Bogus", a reference to the leading actor in Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart. Warner Bros. did not actually litigate, or even threaten to litigate, but it did issue a formal inquiry to the Marx Brothers concerning the plot and script of the film.
The Marx Brothers exploited the situation for publicity, making it appear to the public that a frivolous lawsuit was in the works, and Groucho sent several open letters to Warner Bros. to get newspaper coverage. These letters were among those he donated to the Library of Congress, and he reprinted them in his book The Groucho Letters, which he published in 1967.
In the end, the matter died without legal action, and the storyline of the film was changed to be a send-up of the genre rather than Casablanca specifically. Warner Bros. now owns the distribution rights to this film via Castle Hill Productions.
^ Monkey Business: The Lives and Legends of the Marx Brothers (Hardcover) by Simon Louvish. Thomas Dunne Books; 1st U.S. edition (2000).
^ a b c A Night in Casablanca at snopes.com.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Night in Casablanca.
The letter to Warner Bros.
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If there was just one thing you could tell a family business to help it achieve success down through the generations, what would it be? We believe that something a family business owner told us recently sums it up very well: I've learned that successful family businesses do a good job of anticipating future issues and talking about how to deal with them as a family, before they become issues.
In our experience, some of the thorniest policy issues that family businesses have to face include the divorce of a family member; alcoholism and drug abuse; unethical conduct; affairs of family members with employees; a break in trust or confidence; the mental disturbance of a family member; moral differences and poor work performance by family employees.
Discussing these and other potential issues in family meetings offers several benefits. First, agreeing on solutions to problems in advance helps prevent family members from taking issues personally; decisions can be more objective. Second, family communication and problem-solving skills are strengthened.
One way to deal with potential problems is to develop a set of family-business policies to guide future decisions and actions in a variety of areas. Here are some ideas that we've found effective in the experiences of families we've known and worked with.
Employment. Families that emphasize that family members should prepare themselves through education and experience to make a real contribution to the business seem to find greater harmony and success. Many families also develop policies with regard to in-laws working in the business and concerning part-time employment.
Retirement. Having a date for the older generation's retirement established well in advance makes succession planning more constructive and less emotional. Setting a date also helps planning for financial security and paves the way for fulfilling new interests for the senior generation.
Compensation. Open, explicit compensation arrangements are very helpful they tell family members what they can expect and what is expected of them. Compensation policies often address benefits, perks and time off, too.
Dividends. Develop a formula for dividend payout or family profit distributions that depend on the level of profits. Family members need to know the amount and variability of dividend income.
Company Loans. Many families discourage borrowing from the business. Even permitting the pledging of stock to get a bank loan can be troublesome for a family firm.
Stock Redemptions. Agreements on how family members can sell stock, if they wish, are important. Redemption eligibility can depend on company profitability. Everyone needs to understand how shares will be valued in the future.
Ownership Rights and Responsibilities. Many families formally state how family shareholders can learn about the business and whom they can contact in the company for information. They are clear about what issues will come to shareholders attention. Family members agree on what preparation and homework is expected of all.
Ethics. Consider possible conflicts of interest. What if the company receives gifts from suppliers? What activities are appropriate to be put on company expense accounts? To what extent does the family firm do business with other companies owned by family members?
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What is a watershed and watershed district?
A watershed is the area within the geographic boundaries of land that drain into a surface water feature such as a stream, river, or lake and contributes to the recharge of groundwater. Watersheds are divided by areas of higher elevation that cause the drainage patterns of surface water within the watershed.
There are 81 major watersheds in Minnesota, some of which overlap into adjoining states. Together, these watersheds make up the State's ten drainage basins. The Sauk River watershed, located in Central Minnesota, is one of 16 major watersheds in the Upper Mississippi River Basin.
Because water is continually moving, it is a resource that tends to be more difficult to manage on the basis of linear political boundaries. Municipal and county lines, based on the rectangular grid of original government surveys, are not often well suited for the management of water resources.
In 1955, the Minnesota Legislature passed the Watershed Act in order to better address water-related issues and concerns occurring within the state at the watershed level. Watershed districts are special purpose units of local government that have been created to help prevent and solve water resource problems on a watershed basis. The boundaries of a watershed district generally follow the hydrologic or topographical limits of an area or region. Most often, watersheds are named for the major surface water resource within the watershed. Hence, the name Sauk River Watershed District.
The Sauk River watershed extends from the Mississippi River near St. Cloud into the eastern portions of Douglas County to within 3 miles of Alexandria. The watershed, like the Sauk River, extends in a northwest to southeast direction. The overall watershed is about 75 miles in length with some areas being up to 20 to 30 miles in width. The Sauk River meanders for 120 miles.
According to data from the Minnesota Land Management Information Center (LMIC), the Sauk River watershed covers over 667,000 acres or approximately 1,041 square miles across portions of five counties. The portions of counties contained within by the watershed include southeastern Douglas County, northeastern Pope County, southwestern Todd County, northern Meeker County, and the center third of Stearns County. (A very small portion of the watershed, 6 acres, overlaps into Morrison County. The table below provides the area distribution of the watershed by county.
The formation of the Sauk River Watershed District began in September of 1982 when two local civic groups from Richmond and Cold Spring (Lions Clubs) were looking for a public service project in the area dealing with water quality of the area lakes. At an initial meeting of the two groups, approximately 50 people expressed concern over the degraded condition of the area's lakes. Because of concerns expressed by such a large number of people at the meeting, the group felt the matter was beyond the scope of what a civic organization could handle.
On September 30, 1982, a non-profit organization known as the Sauk River Chain of Lakes, Inc. was established to address water quality issues. By March of 1983, a two-year diagnostic lake study, headed by Dr. Keith Knutson, Ph.D. of St. Cloud State University, was underway. At about the same time, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency also initiated a similar but less comprehensive study. Both studies were completed early in 1985.
As a result of the studies it became apparent to the Sauk River Lake Chain of Lakes Association, Inc. that any remedial work or additional studies would require a larger financial backing than the members of the association would be able to supply. Consequently, an attorney was contacted to determine the feasibility of forming a watershed district. On January 17, 1986, a petition signed by 400 landowners was filed with the Minnesota Water Resources Board (WRB) for the establishment of the Sauk River Watershed District. Additional petitions were filed on January 21; February 05, 21, and 26, 1986.
Public hearings were held in Cold Spring and Osakis on March 13, 1986 and March 26, 1986, respectively, and the report of the presiding administrative law judge was received by the WRB on May 19, 1986. As a result of the studies, public testimony, and conditions of the water resources, the WRB established the Sauk River Watershed District on July 22, 1986.
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Ingested a bird that caused engine failure sometime during 1988. Went off the runway. Nose gear broke and intake ploughed through soil. Aircraft was repaired, but never did go to combat as it didn't fly as well after this mishap.
The aircraft struck a landing light tower during night operations at Hahn AB, Germany. Aircraft was low in the rain at night and was forty feet short of the threshold for the runway. The left MLG was sheared off. It skidded to a stop on the runway and the pilot ground egressed without injury. It was repaired at Hahn and returned to service.
Crashed near Madrid, Spain. The pilot, Lieutenant Colonel David F. Shontz, was unfortunately killed in the mishap.
Crashed following an engine failure near Twenthe AB (Haaksbergen). The pilot managed to eject safely when flames were comming out of the nozzle.
Pilot, Lieutenant N. B. Jørgensen had to land gear up at Skrydstrup AB when the left landing gear indicated unsafe. The aircraft was landed on the empty belly tank on the main runway so smoothly that the aircraft only had small scrathes on the left sidewinder rail. For this, lieutenant Jørgensen received a letter from the Danish minister of defence congratulating his performance. The aircraft was easily repaired and back to flying duties in only 30 days.
Destroyed on the Barry M. Goldwater range, Arizona. Major Willy Kempe was killed in this accident.
Ran out of fuel in afterburner while trying to burn off excess fuel for landing after a training mission. Apparently the external fuel tanks won't feed with the afterburner running and the speed brakes deployed. The pilot, Ltc Levis Deweese, was forced to eject from the aircraft as he lacked sufficient altitude to attempt a relight.
The aircraft crashed near Hindøya Island, during a NATO exercise. The pilot, Geir Kveisengen, was unfortunately killed in the crash. He suffered a G-induced loss of conciousness after a merge and his flightlead saw him slowly dipping over and cruise into the ground after the merge.
Crashed into a house in Forst, Germany. The pilot, First Lieutenant Tom E. Doyle, was killed along with one civilian on the ground. The pilot stayed with the aircraft to avoid hitting the center of the town. Unfortunately, he could not avoid a house on the outskirts of the town, killing himself and the brother of the local 'Bergermeister'. The local citizens concider the pilot a hero for this action.
Hit the ground in Erzberg, Germany near the town of Hermeskeil. The pilot ejected safely. The event was noticed in some over-regional pers with comments like "aircraft struck into free field but missed an Army Ammo-Depot 200 meters and the Hermeskeil hospital 600 meters."
Reportedly rolled over on landing at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas around May of 1988. Damage was relatively minor and was taken apart and repaired back hone at San Antonio, Texas.
Destroyed on the Leach Lake range, California when a turbine blade failed resulting in an engine fire. Pilot ejected safely.
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Do you want to know which are the best beaches in Mexico? The Blue Flag, a program run by the Foundation for Environmental Education, has recently awarded not one, but five beaches in Mexico! All of these beaches meet 32 criteria regarding environmental education and information, water quality, environmental management, and safety and services. This practically means that these are the best beaches in the country!
Luckily for all of us, they are well spread around the place, so you can visit different destinations and still go to a Blue-Flag-certified beach!
El Chileno Beach is located only 15 kilometers from Cabo San Lucas, and is known as one of the best beaches of the Los Cabos corridor. It is great for getting away from the hustle and bustle of the city, and famous for snorkeling, basking in the sun, and swimming in beautiful waters.
El Palmar is the most popular beach in Ixtapa. Surrounded by hotels, restaurants, and shops, this beach offers all the services you need during a day at the beach: bar service, lounge chairs, shaded areas, and even boat rentals!
Playa Chahue is one of the best features of this amazing Mexican destination. Huatulco is in itself known for its many beautiful beaches, but Chahue is one of the favorites. This white-sand beach is ideal for beach weddings, beach sports, beach days, beach parties… you name it!
Nuevo Vallarta Norte Beach is set in the area of Nuevo Vallarta, to the north of Puerto Vallarta. This somewhat recent development has several hotels, restaurants, and boutiques that will cater to your every need. During the winter, even sea turtles visit these beautiful beaches!
Playa Delfines, mostly known as El Mirador, is one of the most beautiful beaches in Cancun. The turquoise color of the sea, along with the white-crested waves and the fine clear sand provide the best backdrop for your picture souvenirs.
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Hamilton (Māori: Kirikiriroa) is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the seat and most populous city of the Waikato region with a territorial population of 161,200, the country's fourth most-populous city. Encompassing a land area of about 110 km2 (42 sq mi) on the banks of the Waikato River, Hamilton is part of the wider Hamilton Urban Area, which also encompasses the nearby towns of Ngaruawahia, Te Awamutu and Cambridge.
Initially an agricultural service centre, Hamilton now has a growing and diverse economy and is the third fastest growing urban area in New Zealand, behind Pukekohe and Auckland. Education and research and development play an important part in Hamilton's economy, as the city is home to approximately 40,000 tertiary students and 1,000 PhD-qualified scientists.
The area now covered by the city was originally the site of a handful of Māori villages (kāinga), including Pukete, Miropiko and Kirikiriroa ("long stretch of gravel'), from which the city takes its Māori name. Local Māori were the target of raids by Ngāpuhi during the Musket Wars, and several pā sites from this period can still be found beside the Waikato River.In December 2011 several rua or food storage pits were found near the Waikato River bank, close to the Waikato museum. Magistrate Gorst, estimated that Kirikiriroa had a population of about 78 before the Waikato Kingitanga wars of 1863–64. The government estimated the Waikato area had a Maori population of 3,400 at the same time. By the time British settlers arrived after 1863, most of these villages had been abandoned as the inhabitants were away fighting with the Kingitanga rebels further west in the battlefields of the upper Waipa river. Missionaries arrived in the area in the 1830s. At the end of the Waikato Campaign in the New Zealand wars the four regiments of the Waikato Militia were settled as a peace-keeping force across the region. The 1st Regiment was at Tauranga, the 2nd at Pirongia, the 3rd at Cambridge and the 4th at Kirikiriroa. The settlement was founded on 24 August 1864 and named by Colonel William Moule after Captain John Fane Charles Hamilton, the popular Scottish commander of HMS Esk, who was killed in the battle of Gate Pā, Tauranga. Many of the soldier/settlers who intended to farm after the 1863 war, walked off their land in 1868 disgusted at the poor quality of the land. Much of the land was swampy or under water. In 1868 Hamilton's population, which was about 1,000 in 1864, dropped to 300 as farmers left.
From 1985 MV Waipa Delta provided excursions along the river through the town centre. In 2009 Waipa Delta was moved to provide trips on Waitemata Harbour in Auckland, but replaced by a smaller boat. That too ceased operation and the pontoon at Parana Park was removed in 2013. The Delta moved to Taupo in 2012. The former Golden Bay vessel, Cynthia Dew, has run 4 days a week on the river since 2012.
Hamilton Central, on the Waikato River, is a bustling retail precinct. The entertainment area is quite vibrant due to the large student population. The 2008 Lonely Planet guide states that "the city's main street has sprouted a sophisticated and vibrant stretch of bars and eateries that on the weekend at least leave Auckland's Viaduct Harbour for dead in the boozy fun stakes." Many of the city's venues and attractions are located on the old Town Belt, including Hamilton Gardens, Waikato Stadium, Seddon Park, Founders Theatre and the Hamilton Lake Domain.
Waikato River in Hamilton Central.
Hamilton Central, from Somerset Heights.
In its natural state, Hamilton and environs was very swampy in winter with many of the 30 small lakes overflowing into surrounding peat swamps. Hamilton is surrounded by 7 large peat bogs such as Komakorau to the North and Rukuhia and Moanatuatua to the South, as well as many smaller ones. The total area of peat bog is about 655 km2. Early photos of Hamilton East show carts buried up to their axles in thick mud. The site had about small lakes, most of which have now been drained. Up until the 1880s it was possible to row and drag a dinghy from the city to many outlying farms to the North East. This swampy, damp environment was ideal breeding ground for the TB bacillus, which was a major health hazard in the pioneering days. The first Hamilton hospital was constructed on a hill to avoid this problem. One of the reasons why population growth was so slow in Hamilton until the 1920s was the great difficulty in bridging the many arms of the deep swampy gullies that cross the city. Hamilton has 6 major dendritic gully complexes with the 15 km long, 12 branch, Kirikiriroa system being in the north of the city and the southern Mystery creek-Kaipaki gully complex being the largest.
Lake Rotoroa (Hamilton Lake) began forming about 20,000 years ago. Originally it was part of an ancient river system that was cut off by deposition material and became two small lakes divided by a narrow peninsula. With higher rainfall and drainage from the extensive peat land to the west, the water level rose so the narrow peninsula was drowned so forming one larger lake. To the north the lake is 8m deep and in the southern (hospital) end 6m deep. The old dividing peninsula, the start of which is still visible above water on the eastern side, is only 2m below the surface.
Hamilton’s climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb ), with highly moderated temperatures due to New Zealand’s location surrounded by ocean. Despite this, as the largest inland city in the country winter mornings can be cold by New Zealand standards (the lowest of the North Island’s main centres), occasionally dropping as low as −4 °C (25 °F). Likewise summers can be some of the hottest in the country with temperatures rising as high as 29 °C. Hamilton also features very high humidity (similar to tropical climates such as Singapore) which can make temperatures feel uncomfortably warm or cold. Ground frosts are common and snow is possible but rare. The only recorded snowfall in modern times was light snowflakes in mid August 2011 during a prolonged cold period that saw snowfall as far north as Dargaville.
Hamilton is growing annually, with populations of 230,000 for the urban area and 161,200 for the territorial authority (June 2016s). The urban area and territorial authority are home to 4.9 percent and 3.4 percent of New Zealand's population respectively.
The local rugby union teams are Waikato (ITM Cup) and the Chiefs (Super Rugby). The local colours are red, yellow and black, and the provincial mascot is Mooloo, an anthropomorphic cow. Both teams play at Waikato Stadium. Hamilton is also home to a football club, WaiBOP United, that competes in the ASB Premiership during summer. The winter football clubs Hamilton Wanderers and Melville United competing in the Lotto Sport Italia NRFL Premier League are also based in Hamilton.
Hamilton has six public libraries located throughout the city with the Central Library housing the main reference and heritage collection. Hamilton City Theaters provides professional venue and event management at two of the three theatrical venues in the city: Founders Theater, and Clarence St Theater. The Meteor theatre was bought by the One Victoria Trust in 2013 after the Hamilton City Council proposed the sale of the theatre and is now privately operated.
Hamilton Airport serves as a domestic airport. It is jointly owned by Hamilton City and neighbouring district councils. The airport is located just outside Hamilton's boundary, within the Waipa District. There are direct flights with Air New Zealand to Auckland, Christchurch, Palmerston North and Wellington, and with Sun Air to New Plymouth, Gisborne and Tauranga also there are charter flights to other destinations throughout the North Island. The airport also served as a major base for now defunct low-cost airlines Freedom Air and Kiwi Air. Virgin Australia offered three international flights a week, to and from Brisbane Airport and Sydney Airport. However, all international flights have now been discontinued, primarily due to a small market.
Hamilton has extensive cycleways which link the city centre with the outlying suburbs. These cycleways consist of a mixture of dedicated cycle lanes,which are 1 metre wide strips either coloured green or with a painted outline of a cycle and mixed use cycle/walk ways which are mainly located alongside the Waikato River. The City's design guide says the preferred width for cycleways is 3 m (9.8 ft).
An extensive bus network provides coverage of Hamilton City. Many routes extend radially from the central business district, while two ring routes encompass the central business district and the outer suburbs. An advert in a 1937 Railways Magazine showed 10 buses in the Buses Ltd fleet and said they met all trains at Frankton. Buses Ltd had cut its fares in 1928 to achieve a virtual monopoly by driving Green Bus Co. out of business.
New Zealand's main road artery State Highway 1 runs through several of Hamilton's suburbs and connects with State Highway 3 at a major intersection within the city boundaries. The Hamilton section of the Waikato Expressway, due for completion in 2019, will carry State Highway 1 to the east of Hamilton City, effectively bypassing the city and easing congestion between commuting city traffic and through traffic. The Cambridge section of the expressway, due for completion in 2016, will help ease congestion between Hamilton and Cambridge.
Hamilton is the railway junction of the East Coast Main Trunk (ECMT) and the North Island Main Trunk (NIMT). It is the busiest in New Zealand outside of the Auckland and Wellington metropolitan areas, and is home to the Te Rapa Marshalling Yard and locomotive depot, the northern end of the 25kV AC 50 Hz electrification between Hamilton and Palmerston North.
The original Hamilton Railway Station was a large island station, in later years with two large signalboxes, just north of the locomotive depot in the junction between the ECMT and NIMT. Due to the increase in rail traffic in the 1970s and the end of steam operation in the North Island in 1968, the old station was replaced by one opened on the site of the locomotive depot in 1975. The former Frankton South End signalbox was relocated to the Hamilton Miniature Engineers' site at Minogue Park in Te Rapa, opposite the new Te Rapa loco depot, while the station building ended up near Waikato University as a cafe.
Passenger services are limited to the new Northern Explorer, which replaced The Overlander in 2012. Previous services include the Kaimai Express and Geyserland Express railcars to Tauranga and Rotorua (Koutu) respectively and were cancelled in 2002, and the overnight Northerner, which ceased operation in 2004 under Toll Rail. About 2008, the canopy over platform 1 (NIMT) has been reduced, while platform 2 (ECMT) is only used by excursion trains.
Until 1964 the ECMT cut across the central city and crossed what is now the Claudelands Bridge. This proved a problem with growing traffic congestion at level crossings, and in 1964 a new low-level line, Hamilton Central station and railway bridge over the Waikato River were built. In later years part of this line was enclosed in a tunnel.
Hamilton Central station was enclosed under the new New Zealand Railways Road Services bus terminal that was built in the late 1960s, but was later closed and the entrance blocked off with a slab of concrete. With the closure of the bus station and its demolition to make way for a new Warehouse store, the entrance was blocked in 2005/6 by the new foundations of the store and its underground carpark.
Recently there have been moves to re-introduce daily commuter train services to Auckland, with various studies supporting the economic and environmental benefits.
From the arrival of the railway in Hamilton, Frankton was a railway town. In 1923, the suburb became even more railway-orientated when the Frankton Junction Railway House Factory opened, producing the famous George Troup designed railway houses sent to many North Island railway settlements, which are now sought-after pieces of real estate. Its 60 workers produced almost 1400 pre-fabricated railway houses at a peak rate of 400 a year, using rimu and matai from the railway's central North Island forests. The sawmill also produced everything else such as signal masts and boxes, bridges, sleepers, and even furniture for railway stations. It was too efficient for private builders, who got the housing factory closed in 1929. When it finally closed in the 1990s it was very dilapidated, but NZHPT supported restoration of the Category 1 historic place, retaining original windows, big sliding doors and the saw-tooth roof. It is now home to a range of businesses.
Auckland Gas Company had been set up in 1862, but it wasn't until the Hamilton Gasworks Act 1895 that Henry Atkinson (son of the manager of Auckland gasworks) was allowed to set up a gasworks in Clarence St on allotment 322 (see photo of the PlaceMakers site in 1961) and put gas pipes under the streets. Work started on laying about 50 tons of pipes in July 1895.
Clarence St gasworks in 1967 with Pembroke Rd, Pembroke La, Thackeray St, Tristram St in background - Hamilton, including city buildings.
It also allowed the city to purchase after 12 years at a price determined by arbitration. A 1907 referendum authorised the city council to take over the gasworks. In 1911 the Privy Council set the purchase price at ₤34,402/14/3d ($5.5m at 2015 prices), half of which was for goodwill.
In 1913 the works was expanded and mains laid over the railway bridge into Hamilton East and along Ohaupo Rd.
By 1890 complaints were being made of a shortage of water in the wells and tanks. In 1902 a poll of ratepayers approved borrowing £5,000 to set up a water supply. In 1903 3.2 km (2 mi) of pipes supplied water to 80 properties in Victoria, Anglesea, Collingwood, Clarence and Selkirk streets and the borough turncock reported average use at 15 imperial gallons (68 l) a day (average consumption is now 224 litres (49 imp gal) a day). By 1908 nearly all of Hamilton West had piped water, extended to Frankton and Claudelands in 1912. A contract to pump the water into a tower was let in 1912. By 1916 a 75 feet (23 m) high water tower on Lake Rd had been built to give extra pressure, mainly for the Fire Brigade whose station opened in 1917. Use was reported as 6,942,000 imperial gallons (31,558,957 l) in the month of August 1918. In 1931 the system was upgraded, with larger pipes and an 86 ft (26 m) tower on Ruakiwi Rd, holding 2,600,000 imp gal (11,819,834 l). Until 1939 on Sundays visitors could climb the tower for 6d. The old tower remained until about 1966. A treatment works was built in 1923, using candy filters and supplying water at 75psi.
The 1930 Hillsborough Terrace Water Treatment Station had a maximum continuous capacity slightly over 30 Ml/day. By 1970 peak demands exceeded 45 Ml/day with the average annual daily demand being around 25 Ml/day, but the site was too small to expand. So Waiora Terrace Station, Glenview (opposite Hamilton Gardens), was commissioned in mid 1971. It was designed for a maximum capacity of 65 Ml/day, expandable to 190 Ml/day, was increased to approximately 85ML/day with the addition of polymer dosing in the 1980s and by 2010 had a capacity of 106 Ml/day. It was built to a Patterson Candy design with coagulation, rapid sand gravity filtration and chlorine gas disinfection.
From river level the water is pumped up to 8 reservoirs, which uses 410 kWh of power for each million litres of water pumped. To cope with river levels below the intake pipes, a floating pumping platform was installed in 2016. It can pump up to 70 million litres a day. Average use in 2010 was 224 litres per day per person. The 2006 population was 129,249, so total annual consumption was a bit over 10,000 million litres, using over 4 million kWh. For maps and description of the distribution system see this 2001 HCC Strategic Planning document.
Sewage long lagged behind other utilities. Initially sections were large enough for septic tanks to work as well as they could in peatlands, but it wasn't long before the 1882 drainage scheme was used for sewage connections. By 1904 complaints were being made about the blocked insanitary drain between Victoria and Anglesey Streets, resulting in a faltering start on a night soil service. The 1907 referendum, which approved purchase of the gasworks also agreed to raise a loan for sewage pipes (though rejected a plan for tramways). By 1919 only about a third of the city had sewers, but between 1923 and 1925 "considerable progress" was made and sewage reticulation was further extended in 1933. However, there was a sewage related epidemic in Melville in 1940 and Melville, Fairfield and Hillcrest were added to the sewer network from 1949. Although by 1956 80% of Hamilton had sewage pipes, it was only piped to 14 septic tanks (17 when replaced in 1976), which were emptied several times a year, either into the Waitawhirwhiri Stream, or directly into the Waikato. In 1956 the Pollution Advisory Council said, "the daily flow of sewage effluent and trade wastes from Hamilton City is three million gallons… in effect, partly digested sludge and raw sewage is being disposed of into the Waikato River". Downstream from Hamilton contaminants increased 10 times between the 1950s and the early 1970s. The 1953 Water Pollution Act set up a Pollution Advisory Council, but it had no control powers until 1963.
The trunk lines needed a 165 m (541 ft) long bridge, about 14 m (46 ft) above the Waikato, another prestressed concrete box girder bridge over Kirikiriroa Stream at Tauhara Gully and 2 steel pipe bridges over other gullies. The River bridge was designed by Murray-North Partners and the others by council engineers.
Hamilton was also late in getting electricity. Reefton had electricity from 1888. Some Hamiltonians had their own dynamos from about 1912, the year the first licence was given for building lines and a generating plant in the Frankton Town Board area. It cost over £8,000 (about $1.25m in 2015 prices) for the initial network, powered by two 45 kW (60 hp) DC Brush generators in Kent St, driven by two 4-cylinder 90 hp (67 kW) suction gas engines (suction gas engines used low pressure gas from coal), which started on 23 April 1913 (officially opened by Prime Minister Massey on 4 June). Lighting was provided for streets, houses and the Empire Hotel in Frankton, initially only from 7.30am to 5pm, using a labourer, a meter reader and two linesmen. Electricity was sold at 10d (2015 equivalent $15) per kWh. The first Chief Electrical Engineer was Mr A Beale, followed by Lloyd Mandeno, (1913-1916) and Israel (Jack) Webster, who stayed for nearly 40 years. From May 1916, Hamilton was connected and, in 1917, the supply area was widened to a 5-mile radius and an 80 kW (110 hp) and then two more 45 kW (60 hp) sets were added at Kent St. Despite this, by 1920, Frankton was unable to cope with demand. The mayor, P H Watts, proposed buying a second-hand steam plant for £17,000, but it was rejected at a poll on 23 April 1920. The mayor, 6 councillors and the electricity staff all resigned.
The problem was resolved by a link to Horahora Power Station completed, like Frankton, in 1913. In 1919 it was bought by the government and, by 1921, an 11 kV AC line linked it to Hamilton., allowing the "noisy, smoky", Kent St power station to close in July 1922.
Hamilton, New Zealand Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia.
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Why does the Torah find it important to tell us the story about Avrohom who purchased the property from Efron, where he buried Sarah?
There are a number of lessons we learn there. One lesson is that the cave of Machpelah is a monument, it's a historical testimony to the truthfulness of the Torah. When you are in Chevron and you visit that place, now you know it's venerated by the Arabs as well as by the Jews le'havdil, and always has been. The Jewish nation always knew that place, and it's a monument. Because if Sarah and Avrohom are buried in that kever, if Avrohom buried Sarah in that kever, it means there was an Avrohom and there was a Sarah. It means Avrohom came when he was a stranger to the land, and he bought this, and that's where they were buried, and therefore it's a testimonial to the Torah.
The same is with the grave of Rochel, it's very important for us. The grave of Rochel was mentioned in Bereishis, where Yaakov Avinu erected a monument on Rochel's grave, and in Sefer Shmuel it relates how Shmuel told Shaul Hamelech he's going to meet two men by the grave of Rochel. The grave of Rochel was known to Yirmiyahu Ha'navi, he says Rochel mevakeh al boneha-Rochel is weeping for her children as they were going into exile, and they pass her monument. The grave of Rochel was known to the sages in the Talmud, the grave of Rochel was known in the middle ages, the Ramban visited the grave. Binyomin of Tudila, a traveler from Spain visited the grave. Therefore when Sir Moshe Montefiore came there, he built a beautiful mausoleum over the grave, and that's evidence of our history. If there is a grave of Rochel, then there was a Yaakov Avinu too, and that means our history is corroborated, it's very important for us.
The names of the cities where these things are mentioned, Chevron is right there on the map, that's the Chevron. It's remarkable when people come to Chevron, they say, this is the Chevron where Avrohom Avinu was? Absolutely, it's the same Chevron! You mean to say this city was standing for all those centuries? All those millennia? Absolutely, nobody doubts that. Not only Chevron, there is a town called Nachor in Syria, there's a town called Tiraku, Terach, a town called Pilagu, after Peleg.
The archaeologists have discovered these old names, and these names corroborate our history.
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Within Pima County, the City of Tucson and the Towns of Marana and Oro Valley are over 100 miles of river parks and greenways, many of which presently connect, providing a car-free environment for commuters and recreational users.
River Parks include the Rillito River Park, Santa Cruz River Park, Pantano River Park, the CDO River Park, and eventually the Tanque Verde River Park. Greenways include the Julian Wash Greenway and Harrison Greenway.
What is the difference between a river park and a greenway? A river park is intended to be developed on both sides, and measures up to 100’ wide or more. A greenway is usually built along one side of a smaller wash or in some cases, along a roadway, and can go up to 50’ or so in corridor width.
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Why are holiday cottages in the Peak District so expensive to rent?
The Peak District National Park is a stunning patch of countryside across the centre of the Midlands in England. Moors and dales strewn with limestone are full of way-marked trails and bridleways. At intervals are small villages and a few towns such as Buxton, Matlock and Bakewell that serve the farming community and the thousands of holidaymakers that descend on the nation park each year for holidays, weekend breaks and days out walking or cycling.
The national park is a desirable place to live, hence high property prices. The original stone-built cottages are in high demand and fetch a premium compared with modern houses. If the cost price of housing is high, inevitable the rental price is going to reflect that.
Another reason why the weekly summer rental is high in the Peak District is because demand wavers throughout the year. Everyone wants to visit the Peak District in the summer when it is nice and warm. Few people venture there when the countryside lies under a blanket of snow and indeed some parts are cut off for short periods of time. The prices vary with demand and cottage owners hope to obtain a reasonable average over the course of a year. This does not always happen; foot and mouth disease stopped people crossing farmland and prevented walkers from visiting. People do not want to come if their holiday is limited by problems.
Stay outside the national park and rental rates are generally a little lower depending on how luxurious the accommodation is. The Peak District is a stunning location for a peaceful cottage holiday, the views are stunning, do come and visit soon.
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What other names is Tree Turmeric known by?
Berberis aristata, Berberis chitria, Berberis coriaria, Bérbero Indio, Chitra, Darhahed, Darhald, Daruhaldi, Daruharidra, Darurajani, Darvi, Épine-Vinette Aristée, Hint Amberparisi, Indian Barberry, Indian Berberry, Indian Lycium, Indian Ophthalmic Barberry, Nepal Barberry, Nepalese Barberry, Ophthalmic Barberry.
Tree turmeric is a plant. The fruit, stems, leaves, wood, root, and root bark are used to make medicine.
People take tree turmeric for heart failure, liver disease, malaria, an eye infection called trachoma, skin diseases, heavy menstrual periods, swelling of the stomach and intestines (gastroenteritis), diarrhea, and yellowed skin (jaundice).
Tree turmeric is sometimes applied directly to the skin to treat burns and wounds.
An eye infection that can cause blindness (trachoma).
Burns, when applied directly to the skin.
More evidence is needed to rate the effectiveness of tree turmeric for these uses.
The chemicals in tree turmeric might cause stronger heartbeats. They might also be able to fight bacteria.
There is not enough information to know if tree turmeric is safe for adults in medicinal amounts.
Children: Tree turmeric is UNSAFE in newborn infants. It contains a chemical called berberine that can cause kernicterus, a rare type of brain damage that can occur in newborns who have severe jaundice. Jaundice is yellowing of the skin caused by too much bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is a chemical that is produced when the old red cells break down. Bilirubin is normally removed by the liver. Berberine may keep the liver from removing bilirubin fast enough.
Pregnancy and breast-feeding: It's UNSAFE to take tree tumeric if you are pregnant because it contains a chemical called berberine. Researchers believe berberine can cross the placenta and might cause harm to the fetus. Kernicterus, a type of brain damage, has developed in newborn infants exposed to berberine.
It's also UNSAFE to take tree tumeric if you are breast-feeding, because it contains a chemical called berberine. Berberine can be transferred to the infant through breast milk, and it might cause harm.
The body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) to get rid of it. Tree turmeric might decrease how fast the body breaks down cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune). This might cause there to be too much cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune) in the body and potentially cause side effects.
Some medications are changed and broken down by the liver. Tree turmeric might decrease how quickly the liver breaks down some medications. Taking tree turmeric along with some medications that are broken down by the liver can increase the effects and side effects of some medications. Before taking tree turmeric, talk to your healthcare provider if you are taking any medications that are changed by the liver.
Some medications changed by the liver include lovastatin (Mevacor), clarithromycin (Biaxin), indinavir (Crixivan), sildenafil (Viagra), triazolam (Halcion), and many others.
The appropriate dose of tree turmeric depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for tree turmeric. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
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Do you have information about the weather forecast where I am traveling?
Yes! please visit our WeatherPlanner page.
It is a planning tool that provides long range weather forecasts around the United States and Canada.
It provides weather forecasts up to a year in advance, this is a highly valuable tool for choosing a date and geographic location for a wedding, a trip, or a special event.
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Over the past several months some vocal elements of the cryptocurrency community have claimed that shared ledgers, specifically those designed for large enterprises, are little more than recreations of corporate intranets. They further claim that there is only one true sharable cryptographic ledger, and that it is Bitcoin.
A number of entrepreneurs, investors and enthusiasts also believe that those looking to build customized solutions for financial institutions are simply using the term "blockchain" or "distributed ledger" as a 'wink-wink, nod-nod' euphemism or code word for "Bitcoin."
This is simply not true. While social media venues have concocted a host of conspiracy theories, the reality is that global financial institutions are each independently kicking the tyres on a variety of networks and closed-off forks of such systems as Ethereum, Bitcoin, Ripple, and many others.
What does this have to do with banks as shared ledger providers? To answer that, let's look at what the internet really is.
Topographically the internet is a patchwork of disparate networks — such as private internet service providers (ISPs) and content delivery networks (CDNs) — that connect to one another. There is no single, monolithic "public internet."
Over the past 30 years these ISPs have created industry standard peering agreements which define their relationship with one another in terms of bandwidth, quality of service, allowable content, plus a variety of other characteristics.
To accomplish reliable connectivity, over the past several decades a number of neutral protocols (e.g., FTP, HTTP, TCP/IP) have been created which allow participants on one network (ISP) to connect and transfer data to and from another network (ISP). Small ISPs connect to bigger ISPs all the way up to Tier 1 backbone providers.
While many cryptocurrency enthusiasts liken non-public blockchains or distributed ledgers to walled gardens such as AOL, the reality is that while AOL's original business model disappeared, the organization did not. AOL still exists (as part of Verizon) and its members can in fact connect to other hosts and services beyond AOL vis-a-vis neutral protocols such as TCP/IP.
What many also fail to remember is that in order to use "the internet," many jurisdictions require participants to submit identification information to governmental organizations. For instance, in the US a variety of national, state and local governmental bodies monitor and enforce specific regulations surrounding permissible content; ISPs are often required to hold certain identification information of their customers in the event that a violation occurs.
Similarly, the largest ISPs in the US, such as Comcast, CenturyLink, Cox, Time Warner Cable and AT&T, all have specific terms of services and end-user licensing agreements. The violation of these terms can result in service suspension or termination. So despite the fact that the telecommunications industry is highly regulated, and that these permission-based communication networks have existed more-or-less in their current form for years, no one is currently calling Comcast a "walled garden" akin to AOL circa 1993.
Why not? Because Comcast users have the ability, via peering agreements and neutral protocols, to send and receive data and information to users on other ISPs. So, what does this have to do with shared ledgers?
Financial institutions such as banks each have at least one ledger of record, and often times dozens. The largest banks sometimes have a few hundred ledgers due to acquisitions of other products and companies over time.
Consequently, while there are existing ways for financial institutions to share and reconcile information with one another — as I recently described in American Banker — that process today requires the utilization of trusted third, fourth and fifth parties in the handling and processing of proprietary financial information. This reconciliation and reporting process is often creaky, expensive and slow.
Why? Because there is no turnkey cryptographic shared ledger solution fit for purpose to the needs of financial institutions.
Does it have to stay that way? Maybe not. As Richard Brown, head of technology at R3CEV, concisely envisions: "Through one global logical ledger, financial firms will move from systems-of-record at the level of the firm to an authoritative systems-of-record at the level of a market. These records would sit logically outside each firm on a shared ledger, accessible only to anybody (or anything, such as an authorized smart contract) with an interest in the assets and agreements they manage."
Recall that banks collectively spend a large amount of money to keep global commerce alive. For instance, according to Deutsche Bank: Measured as a percentage of revenues, financial services firms spend more on IT than any other industry. Banks' IT costs equal 7.3% of their revenues, compared to an average of 3.7% across all other industries surveyed.
And according to Celent: Total bank IT spending across North America, Europe, and Asia-Pacific will grow to $196.7bn in 2015, an increase of approximately 4.6% over 2014.
The Bitcoin blockchain provides a probabilistic solution to a specific customer base involving just one asset. It was not designed to provide specific functions and settlement finality for the cornucopia of use-cases and registered assets managed by regulated financial institutions. It could be argued that its design assumptions were in fact the exact opposite.
If the G3F narrative germinates, what is an end result in a world where cryptographic ledgers-as-a-service, notaries-as-a-service and timestamping-as-a-service actually exist through a shared financial fabric?
Eventually banks could automate portions of their middle and back offices with what Brown describes as a "global logical ledger." One that uses elements of the "blockchain" toolkit and dramatically reduces the reconciliation process.
Perhaps in this process they would become Shared Ledger Providers (SLPs) for end users, much like ISPs have acted as on-ramp and off-ramp gateways to other private networks. And from this firm non-probabilistic foundation, open innovation can take root, enabling the creation of new asset classes and utility for all stakeholders.
See: The great pivot? Or just this years froth?
See Dave Hudson's comments in A dissection of two Bitfury papers and Section 8.
Note: this is not an endorsement of existing services or policies.
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Credit cards can help you earn! Sounds unbelievable? Well, that is what the 0% credit card balance transfer has been doing. Nowadays, companies have bettered the introductory interest rate offer by throwing in extended 0% interest periods if holders of other competing cards choose to transfer their outstanding balances.
Credit Card Balance Transfer How Is It Done?
If you can juggle things right by taking up an introductory offer of 0% and then transferring the balance to another card with a similar scheme just when the old one is about to end, you could end up with significant savings!
Balance transfer fees: You could be charged additional fees if you want to transfer your credit card balance. This rate can be as high as 2% of the balance transfers. If you are not careful, you might end up paying more in fees than if they charged you interest normally.
Additional perks: Be sure about what this 0% interest rate applies to - some cards offer a 0% interest on balance transfers but all your new purchases are charged at the normal rate from the very onset. While others charge 0% interest on purchases but balance transfers are subject to the standard rate. There is a third option, which is best, if you want to reallysave money with balance transfers cards that charge 0% interest on both balance transfers and purchases during the promotional period.
Late payments: Don't miss the fine print regarding timely payments. Some cards have a rule that if you fail to make even a single payment by the due date then you have to automatically forego your promotional privileges!
- If you transfer balances from one card to another, ensure that you are clear about how long the offer lasts, and when is the optimum time to switch to a better card.
- Read between the lines before investing in a new card. Verify the details in the card application agreement documents. In other words, don't be fooled by the 0% interest pitch.
- Make sure you don't get stuck with a card with a higher APR while in the process of getting a credit card balance transfer.
- Compare credit cards. 0% interest cards or low interest cards can be identified without much difficulty. However, access information sources that do not promote any specific card and they should help you make a wise choice.
- Go for a flexible and quick interest-free card when transferring balances.
Once you are armed with a new card, make sure this new company does all the legwork with your last card company. After the balance transfer has been conducted, resist the temptation to use your old card again. Then, all you have to do it make sure you keep paying your minimum dues at the end of each month,making you quite the balance transfer pro!
• What are Prepaid Credit Cards?
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What is the role of the illuminated manuscript in Christian art?
"Because (illuminated manuscripts) could be taken from place to place, more so almost than any other kind of work of art, it served as a model for artistic creation, especially in areas where indigenous artists had not hitherto been able to see the like. Frequently miniatures from a manuscript served as models for a cycle of wall-paintings or even sculptures in relief. If the book came from a distant land, or if it was the work of the founder of a monastery, one saw in it the witness of tradition. Just as the text was given word for word, so the pictures belonging to it were carefully copied. In this way book illuminations can be traced like a silver thread running through the first millennium of Christian art.
"For us, surviving early medieval manuscripts are often the only reliable witnesses of whole epochs and of cultural regions from which other work has hardly been passed down to us at all, in an unchanged form."
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Kafka Streams Join Semantics - Apache Kafka - Apache Software Foundation for your Wiki!
Furthermore, there are the different "variants" of joins, namely inner, left, and outer join (not each stream type offers every variant though).
Join semantics are inspired by SQL join semantics, however, because Kafka Streams offers stream instead of batch processing, semantics do no align completely. In the following, we give a details explanation of the offered join semantics in Kafka Streams.
Below, we describe the semantics of each operator on two input streams/tables. We assume that all messages have the same key in these examples and thus omit the key to improve readability. For window joins, we assume that all records belong to a single window. Nevertheless, time (and processing order) is an important factor in stream-joins and thus we also show the timestamp for each record and assume that all records are processed in timestamp order. The format below will be ts:value for each record and null indicates a missing value.
Pay attention, that both streams are use as examples for KStream (ie, record stream) and KTable (ie, changelog stream) with different semantics. For KTable, so-called tombstone records with format key:null are of special interest, as they delete a key (those records are shown as null in all examples to highlight tombstone semantics). Last but not least, in Kafka Streams each join is "customized" by the user with a ValueJoiner function that compute the actual result. Hence, we show output records as "X - Y" with X and Y being the left and right value, respectively, given to the value joiner. If the output is shown as null (ie, tombstone message), ValueJoiner will not be called because a result record will be deleted.
This is a sliding window join, ie, all tuples that are "close" to each other with regard to time (ie, time difference up to window size) are joined. The result is a KStream. The table below shows the output (for each processed input record) for all three join variants. Pay attention, that some input records do not produce output records.
This is an asymmetric non-window join. The basic semantics is a KTable lookup for each KStream record (while each KTable input record updates the current KTable view but does never yield any result record). The result is a KStream. Pay attention, that the KTable lookup is done on the current KTable state, and thus, out-of-order records can yield non-deterministic result. Furthermore, in practice Kafka Streams does not guarantee that all records will be processed in timestamp order (even if processing records in timestamp order is the goal, it is only best effort). The table below shows the output (for each processed input record) for both offered join variants. Pay attention, that some input records do not produce output records.
This is a symmetric non-window join. The basic semantics is a KTable lookup in the "other" stream for each KTable update. The result is a (continuously updating) KTable (ie, a changelog stream that can contain tombstone message with format <key:null>; those tombstone are shown as null in the result in contrast to results "X - null" indicating a valid join result with only one join partner). Pay attention, that the KTable lookup is done on the current KTable state, and thus, out-of-order records can yield non-deterministic result. Furthermore, in practice Kafka Streams does not guarantee that all records will be processed in timestamp order (even if processing records in timestamp order is the goal, it is only best effort).
If you want to observe the below described behavior, you will most likely need to disable KTable deduplication cache, by setting cache.max.bytes.buffering=0 in StreamsConfig. Otherwise, the deduplication cache will "swallow" many of the produced result records and it will be hard to reason about the actual join behavior.
This is an asymmetric non-window join. The basic semantics is a KTable lookup for each KStream record. The result is a KStream. Pay attention, that the KTable lookup is done on the current KTable state, and thus, out-of-order records can yield non-deterministic result. Furthermore, in practice Kafka Streams does not guarantee that all records will be processed in timestamp order (even if processing records in timestamp order is the goal, it is only best effort). The table below shows the output (for each processed input record) for both offered join variants. Pay attention, that some input records do not produce output records.
If you want to observe the below described behavior, you will most likely need to disable KTable deduplication cache (for Kafka 0.10.1.x), by setting cache.max.bytes.buffering=0 in StreamsConfig. Otherwise, the deduplication cache will "swallow" many of the produced result records and it will be hard to reason about the actual join behavior.
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It’s difficult to not be charmed by the pastoral splendour of England’s fabled Lake District, a place that has inspired travellers and scribes alike for centuries. A favourite muse of Wordsworth, Coleridge and other romantic poets, this bucolic slice of paradise in northern England is the perfect place for a good, long, reflective stroll. Here, you’ll walk among the country’s tallest peaks to cozy villages in search of delicious pub fare made from the finest local produce, stay in unique lodgings, and enjoy the best that rural England can offer. Write your own ending.
Travel to the ancient market town of Ulverston. Opt to hike up to the Hoad Monument for panoramic views across Morecambe bay and the Lake District fells.
After a hearty breakfast, walk to Coniston passing Torver Beck through rolling farmland with views across Coniston Water.
Walk past Tarn Hows to Langdale. If it's clear, you can see the towering summit of Scafell Pike, England's highest mountain, before we continue along the Cumbrian Way to our unique bunkhouse accommodation.
Walk from Langdale to Borrowdale. Today, we have the most scenic day of hiking, up over the Stake Pass. Heading down into Borrowdale at the end of the day you can opt to have a delicious pub dinner.
Walk from Borrowdale to Keswick. Along the final walk to Keswick today with views out to the mountain of Skiddaw. Stop to admire the views of the lakes for the final time before we head to our comfy b&b accommodation.
Transfer from Keswick to Penrith. Transfer by train to London. Depart at any time.
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A headline for a story in the Sporting News this morning: "Shock poll: A third of NFL TV viewers boycotting games because of Colin Kaepernick-led protests."
The Sporting News article says "Nearly one-third (32 percent) of adults say they're less likely to watch NFL game telecasts because of the Kaepernick-led player protests against racial injustice, according to Rasmussen's telephone/online survey of 1,000 American adults conducted Oct. 2-3. Only 13 percent said they were more likely to watch an NFL game because of continuing protests by Kaepernick and supporters such as Antonio Cromartie of the Colts (who was cut only two days after raising a fist during the playing of "The Star-Spangled Banner" in London on Sunday)."
Two weeks ago I wrote "it is starting to look like disrespecting the country during the national anthem is accomplishing what the concussions, domestic violence and deflategate could not do–drive down television ratings for the National Football League. Through two weeks of football the NFL’s television ratings are down across the board. The drop in ratings and viewership is unprecedented in recent years and has occurred during the protest of the national anthem, started by San Francisco 49ers backup QB Colin Kaepernick. Just last year some opined that the league’s ratings had no ceiling. That appears to be false."
And last week I explained that "there can be no more excuses for the bad ratings, like the one offered by Billie Gold, vice president and director of programming research at Amplifi, the global buying arm of media company the Dentsu Aegis Network, who said it’s (the bad NFL tv ratings) the lack of big games and prominent names that have sacked the league the past two weeks. Nonsense. Something more visceral is causing ratings to fall. My opinion: Fans are ticked about the players protesting the national anthem."
This morning it was confirmed by the fact that through four weeks, good games and bad, games with marquee quarterbacks and big markets, ratings are way down this year.
This poll is predictable, not shocking. Who will ultimately pay if the ratings continue to sink? The players and owners.
The National Football League will rake in roughly $4.6 billion in television fees from CBS CBS +1.85%, Walt Disney-owned ESPN , Comcast-owned NBC, Fox and DirecTV that it will equally share with its 32 teams this year. The NFL commands such a rich bounty because advertisers pay up for football’s huge ratings.
The television money is a big reason why the average NFL team is worth $2.34 billion and the average NFL player earns $2.1 million.
The networks that televise the games barely mention the protests anymore. But the fans have not forgotten.
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If you are looking for professional job search advice, you are in the right place. Listed below are a few of the most important aspects of resume writing and why you need to heed them.
Create a cover letter that sells your qualifications.
A cover letter is a great complement to a resume in that it can expound on some things that your resume format limits. You are also able to approach some subjects, such as gaps in employment history or changing careers, which allow the employer to gain a better understanding of your personal history.
Practice what you are going to say in an interview.
If you really think you need the practice, role play with someone until you can say the answers to the most common interview questions without faltering. It is vitally important that you are able to respond logically and accurately about the goals you have for the future, why you want to work for that company and why you are qualified for the job.
Dress like you already have the job. Whether you are dropping off a resume or going to an interview, wear the clothes that would suggest you are already as successful as you plan to be.
Finding the right job is not easy and it certainly does not come without effort. Take the right steps, meaning follow this professional job search advice, and you will have the job position you want in no time.
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David Roy Akers (/ˈeɪkərz/; born December 9, 1974) is a former American football placekicker. He played college football at Louisville, and was signed by the Atlanta Falcons as an undrafted free agent in 1997.
Akers also played for the Carolina Panthers, Washington Redskins, Berlin Thunder, Philadelphia Eagles, San Francisco 49ers, and Detroit Lions. He was selected for the Pro Bowl six times in his career and was at one point tied for the longest field goal in NFL history when he kicked a 63-yard field goal with the San Francisco 49ers. His retirement on October 23, 2017 made him the last Eagle from the Super Bowl XXXIX team to retire from the NFL.
Akers attended Tates Creek High School in Lexington, Kentucky.
Akers attended college at the University of Louisville and played for the Louisville Cardinals football team. During his four-year college career, Akers kicked a school-record 36 field goals (with a long of 51 yards against Texas A&M University), and ranks second on Louisville's all-time scoring list, with 219 points.
Between 1997 and 1998, as an undrafted free agent, Akers spent time trying to make the team with the Atlanta Falcons and Carolina Panthers.
Akers was signed by the Washington Redskins in 1998 and played in one game for them, making two extra points but missing two field goal attempts of 48+ yards each. He was waived by the Redskins during the 1999 season.
After Washington cut Akers, the Philadelphia Eagles claimed him off waivers and allocated him to NFL Europe. A solid season with the Berlin Thunder helped him earn the kicking job for the Eagles in 2000. Akers proved to be one of the biggest special teams surprises in all of the NFL that season. He made 29 out of 33 field goals (an 87.9% success rate), and had a team-record 121 points. Akers earned the NFC Special Teams Player of the Month award in November 2000. He made the Pro Bowl for the first time in 2001 as he went 26-for-31, making a team-record seventeen consecutive field goals during the season.
Akers attempting a field goal in August 2009.
Akers' best statistical season was 2002 when he connected on 30 of 34 field goals (88.2%), scored a team-record 133 points, and made another Pro Bowl. He got fewer chances in 2003, but still made 24 of 29 field goals. He made the third-longest field goal in Eagles' history on September 14, 2003, a 57-yarder against the New England Patriots at the new Lincoln Financial Field. (The only longer field goals in Eagles' history have been Jake Elliott's 61-yard field goal in 2017 and Tony Franklin's 59-yard field goal in 1979.) In 2004, Akers continued his consistent kicking with an 84.4% field goal percentage, and he made his third Pro Bowl.
Injuries got to Akers in 2005 when he tore the hamstring in his non-kicking leg during the opening kickoff against the Oakland Raiders on September 25, 2005. Akers left the game, but returned in the second half with a heavily taped leg to make two extra points and then kick the game-winning 28-yard field goal before collapsing in pain as his teammates mobbed him. He missed the next four games and finished the season 16 for 22.
In 2006, Akers was injury-free, but made only 18 of 23 attempts (78.3%), his second worst season statistically.
On December 16, 2007, in a 10–6 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Akers set the Philadelphia Eagles franchise record for most points and on Thanksgiving in 2008, Akers passed 1,000 career points during a 48–20 win over the Arizona Cardinals.
On December 7, 2008, Akers kicked a 51-yard field goal at Giants Stadium, his longest of the season. In the same game he had two field goals blocked, one of which was returned for a touchdown. At the end of the 2008 regular season, Akers again set the team single-season scoring record with an NFC-best 144 points. He connected on 33 of 40 field goals (82.5 pct), his best percentage since 2004.
On January 11, 2009, Akers kicked three field goals in three attempts during a divisional playoff win over the New York Giants. The second of these set an NFL record for consecutive field goals without a miss during the postseason, previously held by one-time Eagle Gary Anderson. Akers eventually ran his streak to a record 19 consecutive postseason field goal conversions; it was snapped the very next week against the Arizona Cardinals. Akers had a total of thirty-five postseason field goal conversions during his career.
Akers was selected to the 2010 Pro Bowl, his fourth. He was also named to the NFL All-Decade Team for the 2000s. After the 2010 season, he was selected to his fifth career Pro Bowl.
Akers was signed by the San Francisco 49ers to a $9 million, three-year contract on July 29, 2011. He kicked a 59-yard field goal just before halftime in a preseason game against the New Orleans Saints on August 12, 2011. On September 18, 2011, he kicked a 55-yard field goal against the Dallas Cowboys, setting a record for the longest field goal made at Candlestick Park.
Akers broke the 49ers' record for most points scored in a season in a 20–3 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in a Monday Night Football matchup on December 19, 2011. The record was formerly held by the 49ers' Hall of Fame wide receiver, Jerry Rice. In that same game against the Seahawks, Akers broke the all-time record for field goals in a season, surpassing Neil Rackers' 40 in 2005.
On January 1, 2012, Akers broke the NFL record for most points by a kicker in a single season against the St. Louis Rams; he finished with 166 points. In this game, he also extended his NFL record for most field goals made in a single season, finishing with 44, and threw for a touchdown on a fake field goal. Akers made his sixth Pro Bowl at the end of the season.
On September 9, 2012, Akers tied the NFL record for the longest field goal by kicking a 63-yard field goal off the crossbar against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. The record was originally set by Tom Dempsey and was shared with Jason Elam and Sebastian Janikowski until Broncos kicker Matt Prater broke the record with a 64-yard field goal on December 8, 2013.
The long field goals by Elam, Janikowski, and Prater were all made in Denver, where the ball has the ability to travel slightly farther in thinner air. Elam kicked his 63-yard field goal at Mile High Stadium, while the 63-yarder by Janikowski and the 64-yarder by Prater were at Sports Authority Field at Mile High. In track and field, the IAAF denotes any records set 1,000 metres (about 3,937 feet) or more above sea level as altitude-assisted records, and the Dempsey (Tulane Stadium) and Akers (Lambeau Field) records were set below the 1,000m threshold.
The 49ers advanced to Super Bowl XLVII following the 2012 season, marking Akers' second appearance in the game. In the game, Akers went 3 for 3 in field goal attempts, but San Francisco narrowly lost to the Baltimore Ravens by a 34–31 score.
On March 6, 2013, Akers was released after two seasons with the 49ers.
On April 6, 2013, Akers signed with the Detroit Lions, three days after the retirement of 21-season Lions kicker Jason Hanson.
Longest Field Goal in Pro Bowl History: 53 yards, 2005 (Eagles).
Akers and his wife, Erika, reside in Franklin, Tennessee, with their sons Luke and Sawyer and daughter Halley. He has maintained a summer residence in Ocean City, New Jersey. Akers is a Christian.
In 2001, the Akers family formed the David Akers Kicks for Kids Foundation, which has established programs with the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia to benefit sick children and their families. He has also trained in martial arts jiu-jitsu and Shaolin Kempo.
On April 27, 2018, Akers was selected to announce a draft pick during the 2018 NFL Draft, which took place at AT&T Stadium. Akers made a dramatic speech, reminiscent to what Drew Pearson did the previous year in Philadelphia. Akers announced Dallas Goedert as the 49th overall pick.
^ "Tates Creek, UofL star Akers throws TD pass, kicks 2 field goals in 49ers' win". Lexington Herald Leader. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
^ "Akers named to All-Decade team". The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 27, 2010.
^ Branch, Eric (December 20, 2011). "David Akers breaks Rice's 49ers scoring mark". The San Francisco Chronicle.
^ "David Akers kicks 63-yard field goal". ESPN. September 9, 2012.
^ Allain, Rhett (December 20, 2011). "Are Field Goals Easier in Denver? - Wired Science". Wired.
^ Gonzalez, Antonio (March 6, 2013). "49ers release 6-time Pro Bowl kicker David Akers". Yahoo! Sports. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
^ Copeland, Kareem (April 5, 2013). "Detroit Lions, David Akers reportedly agree to term". nfl.com. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
^ Kevin Lynch (December 24, 2011). "David Akers sets NFL record". blog.sfgate.com. Retrieved December 24, 2011.
^ "David Akers Stats". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved July 11, 2014.
^ Strauss, Robert. "Big-name hunting season at the Shore; Celebrities roam even these simpler environs.", The Philadelphia Inquirer, May 15, 2009. Accessed September 13, 2015. "Eagles kicker David Akers has a house on the south end of the island and, at various times, former boxing champ Mike Tyson, Flyers captain and executive Bobby Clarke, and Eagles running back Brian Westbrook have been reported to own or rent in Ocean City."
^ "NFL Kicker David Akers on Navigating Life's Kicks".
^ John Guinn. "David Akers Kicks for Kids". Davidakerskicksforkids.org. Retrieved November 28, 2008.
^ "David Akers trolls Cowboys fans while drafting Goedert". NFL. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
^ "Pearson vs. Akers: Who is the draft's troll king?". NFL. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Akers.
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Can we invent new corporate formats for P2P and commons-friendly, fair market approaches? What we need, specifically for peer production, is a supportive ecosystem!
Can we imagine a shift from extractive business forms, which looks to human beings and nature as resources to maximise profits, and externalize negative externalities to the maximum in order to keep costs down, to generative business models, which looks at how to create sustainable livelihoods for open and contributory productive communities that practice a mode of production that is free, fair, and sustainable at the same time ?
In this section we look at the emergence of various new organisational and legal forms that go into that direction.
But our main interest is the development of ethical entrepreneneurial coalitions which creates livelihoods for commoners, while themselves contributing to the growth of a shared resource basis. The classic corporation, extractive by its very design, is unlikely to be the best vehicle for this so we monitor these new forms here in our section on Post-Corporate forms, see http://p2pfoundation.net/Post-Corporate.
While fair markets are an acceptable mechanism to regulate supply and demand for certain scarce goods, unregulated capitalism has become an infinite-growth, scarcity engineering mechanism, which is incompatible with the long-term survival of humanity and the biosphere. More specifically, profit-maximising companies are engineered to ignore natural and social externalities, are legally obligated to maximally enrich their shareholders, and can only be regulated from the outside. When this outside is weak, the dominant corporate form lacks self-regulating mechanisms to respect natural limits and social justice.
However, open design and production communities have no compulsion to create artificial scarcity, and entrepreneurial coalitions that align themselves to such commons will have more sustainable practices. This sustainable practice can be strengthened even more through the choice of legal and institutional formats that regulate corporate entities 'from the inside', by creating a social and natural context for eventual profit making (and not 'profit-maximising'). Ideally, peer producers and contributors to commons of knowledge, software, and design could create their own ethical structures and network each other in ecologies of solidarity around the commons from which they derive their value.
So, at the core we have shared innovation commons, and the for-benefit associations which maintain them. These commons are surrounded by an entrepreneurial coalition of ethical companies, who use relocalized, open, and distributed manufacturing; but are organized in global material networks that are specifically designed to sustain their commons, i.e. Phyles.
The Corporation as Commons: Rethinking Property Rights, Governance and Sustainability in the Business Enterprise. By Simon Deakin.
Holacracy (Medium, Zappos): "authority should be distributed, everyone should be able to sense and process (solve) the tensions (ideas/problems) they perceive, roles and employees are not one-to-one, and that the organization can and should evolve toward its “requisite structure” (the ultimate structure for its current environment)"
Agile squads (Spotify): "Instead of an engineering department, a design department, and a marketing department that each collaborate on products with dubious ownership, they organize vertically around products (or more specifically pieces of products) and traditional disciplines are loosely held horizontally."
Self-organising (Valve, Github): "Unlike the examples above, they accomplish this by essentially having no structure. Employees are encouraged to work on whatever they want — to find the projects that engage them and do the best work of their lives."
Key video on corporate reform: Michael_Yaziji_on_Rethinking_the_Structure_of_Corporations; beyond 'free market', regulation and socialization, what is needed is to broaden the ownership of firms to bring in social interests within the firm.
4. We have built a £4m framework accelerator to seed this Open everyday economy..
5. This will be a learning journey for us, the startups,..."
Assets like the ocean, a forest, land, a park, or a municipal power plant are held or governed indivisibly by a community. This category includes, but is not limited to, government ownership.
Ownership by people with a human stake in a private enterprise – including cooperatives, partnerships, credit unions, mutual insurance companies, employee-owned firms, and family-owned companies – where the central purpose is a life-serving one.
Organizations with a primary social or environmental mission, which rely either on charity (nonprofits) or use business methods (social enterprise). This category, which includes hospitals, universities and non-governmental organizations, embraces nonprofits, subsidiaries of nonprofits, and certain private businesses.
These have played an important role in the creation of utilities of various kinds from grocery distribution to telephone networks. Generally the members contribute capital to build some piece of shared infrastructure.
Insurance is inherently a network effects business and many insurance companies started out as mutuals. These are similar to co-operatives and may have membership fees but tend not to require an initial contribution of capital.
Companies can own themselves in whole or in part via a trust, club or foundation. This is an ownership structure that has been quite common historically in Europe. The role of the owning foundation tends to be to uphold the longterm purpose.
With the invention of Blockchain Technology we may be able to unlock entirely new ownership structures, where there is no need for a central corporation at all and the network is directly owned by its participants."
The problems described above by Chris Carlson apply to most publicly-held for-profit corporations and many privately held ones, although the legal obligations to shareholders are much less strictly regulated in the latter case. In the case of not-for-profit corporations, if they receive tax-exempt status they are generally restricted to donations and grants for their funding. The regulations on tax-exempt non-profits are in part intended to prevent them from engaging in competition with for-profit businesses. They must remain dependent on charitable and philanthropic support. On the other hand, a cooperative may generate its own revenues in the same fashion as a for-profit corporation. It may distribute net revenues to its members, rebate them to customers, and/or retain them for expansion or other purposes. Certain kinds of non-profit cooperatives may qualify for tax exemptions, but as long as a cooperative does not book a profit it pays no income tax whether it has a specific exemption or not. Property tax treatments may vary. In the US there are several other corporate and cooperative forms, each with its own regulations and tax treatment. These include Limited Liability Companies (LLC), Subchapter S Corporations (S-Corp), Farmer Cooperatives, Electric Cooperatives, Credit Unions, and others. The most recent form in the US is the For-Benefit Corporation which is essentially a hybrid of the public, for-profit corp and the not-for-profit corp. Choosing the most appropriate form for any given purpose can be a complex task.
"Creating an association should be as easy as creating a Facebook Group. For most cases, we shouldn’t have to worry about creating and maintaining a legal entity. Yet those associations should be able to collect money and disperse it for their activities. Instead of creating these associations using a 20th century framework* that assumes that the money collected goes into a blackbox and therefore requires reporting to avoid abuse, what if we could create new associations on a more open and transparent model, where the collected money wouldn’t go into a blackbox, where we wouldn’t need to file annual reports with consolidated numbers, and where corruption would be impossible by design?"
"Citizens unite to compete with multinationals: this is the entrepreneurship of the future; the entrepreneurship based on cooperation and participation as the key to develop large human organizations able to recover local production and to reactivate the economy. The cooperative and participative organizations apply an innovative approach to grow in a massive way: the members of the organization participate very actively in the co-creation, management and development of the cooperative. In cooperative and participative organizations the clients are the owners of the organization. They do not ask for money to banks or investors, they self-finance. They are non-lucrative structures with an aim of changing the current model by adding as many members as possible. Some success cases are Park Slope Food Coop in Brooklyn or Som Energia in Spain."
Ours to Hack and to Own. Ed. by Trebor Scholz and Nathan Schneider, fall 2016: contributions on creating Platform Cooperatives.
Pages in category "Open Company Formats"
New Corporate Forms in the U.S.
This page was last modified on 2 August 2018, at 13:12.
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_Anna Douglass holds a Sir Elton John scholarship at the Royal Academy of Music, and studies with Richard Watkins and Michael Thompson. She has performed with the Royal Academy Concert and Symphony Orchestras under prestigious conductors including Sir Simon Rattle.
She was the 2012 winner of the Dennis Brain Horn Prize, and won the BBC Young Musician Brass Category in 2010. Anna has been performing around the country from a young age, including a recital in the Wigmore Hall when she was 16 and playing Strauss' Second Horn Concerto with the City of Cambridge Symphony Orchestra.
More recently, Anna played in a radio broadcast with the BBC Symphony Orchestra and will be joining them during the BBC Proms. Anna is now a Britten-Pears Young Artist 2012 and will tour with the Aldeburgh World Orchestra.
She has also played in overseas tours of the musicals 'Les Miserables' and 'Joseph', and in the West End production of 'The Lion King'. Recent recordings include the soundtrack to a 2012 Olympics promotional animation, and the 2012 film 'The Raven’.
Maria Canyigueral obtained a BA from the Conservatori del Liceu, Barcelona, studying with Michel Wagemans. She has also worked with André de Groote (Brussels) and Nino Kereselidze(Madrid). In June 2013, Maria graduated, obtaining the Dorothy Bryant Award, in a Master of Arts in Performance at the Royal Academy of Music, under the guidance of Prof Sulamita Aronovsky. Maria’s studies in London were generously supported by the the Fundation Agustí Pedro Pons.
Maria has performed both as a solo pianist and as chamber musician throughout Spain and UK, including the Saló dels Miralls of Gran Teatre del Liceu, Auditorium Caja Madrid, Auditorium La Pedrera in Barcelona, Auditorium María Cristina in Málaga, Regent Hall (London), St. James’s Piccadilly Church (London, organized by Iberian Latin American Music Society). She has also performed as a soloist with orchestra works by Mozart, Beethoven and Franck.
Violinist Yuka Ishizuka has recently made her “stunning performance” (Stratford Herald) debut with London Mozart Players and been described as an “irresistible” artist (Music and Vision) and brought a “lyrical outpouring of purest joy”. Her performing highlights include Suntory Hall (Blue Rose) in Tokyo, Wigmore Hall London,Bridgewater Hall, Manchester, Kings Place London, Fairfield Halls, West Road Concert Hall ,Cambridge, Steinway Hall, and as soloist, has performed with Croydon Symphony Orchestra, Guildford Symphony Orchestra, Camden Chamber Orchestra, Academy Strings Orchestra at the Royal Academy of Music, with whom she premiered the Mozart Concerto for Violin and Piano by Dr Tim Jones in 2010. Being an active chamber musician, Yuka has collaborated with Itzhak Perlman, Milos as well as Maurice Hasson with whom she performed the Double Bach Violin Concerto.
Yuka is a recipient of numerous award and prizes including the 2nd Prize at Windsor International String Competition, where she performed for HRH The Earl of Wessex. Winning the Tunnell Trust Artist Award with her duo partner, Ji Liu, Yuka has also wonTillett Trust Young Artist Platform Award, Worshipful Company of Musicians Award, Rohm Music Foundation, Manchester Mid-day Concerts Society Artists Award, the Philharmonia Orchestra Martyn Musical Scholarship, the first prize at the International Young Musicians’ Competition in Italy, Beethoven Piano Society of Europe Chamber Music Competition, Winfield Small Solo Violin Prize and Harold Craxton Chamber Music Prize at Royal Academy of Music.
Her festival appearances include Salzburg Mozarteum Summer Academy, Pablo Casals Festival, Perlman Music Program, Prussia Cove International Music Seminar, where she worked with Ana Chumachenco, Schmuel Ashkanasi, Igor Oistrakh, ItzhakPerlman, Donald Weilerstein, David Takeno, Gyorgy Pauk, and Gerard Poulet.
Yuka holds Bachelor of Music and Master of Arts from the Royal Academy of Music with first class honors and the highest violin exam mark ever at Academy, where she studied with Maurice Hasson and Tomotada Soh..
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Why buy a gigantic Airbus A380 or Boeing 747 when you can squeeze more seats into a smaller plane instead?
Not too long ago, jumbo jets were considered the flagship products of The Boeing Co. (NYSE:BA) and top rival Airbus.
The Boeing 747 is arguably the most iconic plane of all time, and last year it became the first wide-body aircraft to reach 1,500 deliveries. Airbus entered the jumbo-jet market nearly a decade ago after spending tens of billions of dollars to develop the A380.
Yet A380 sales have fallen far short of projections with 317 orders, compared to Airbus' original market projection of demand for 1,200 planes. Demand for the latest passenger version of the Boeing 747 has been even worse, with just 51 orders since it went on sale nearly a decade ago.
There are a number of reasons why Boeing and Airbus are having so much trouble selling their jumbo jets. But one critical cause has been largely overlooked: the trend among airlines toward increasing seating density.
One key idea behind the business case for the Airbus A380 was that air traffic was doubling every 15 years and key airports were getting crowded. Indeed, numerous hub airports in major cities across the world -- including New York, London, Chicago, and Frankfurt -- are at or near their capacity limits for one reason or another.
Airbus figured that if key airport hubs could not accommodate additional flights, then airlines would need bigger planes to meet rising travel demand. Accordingly, it built a plane that was significantly larger than the only other jumbo jet on the market, Boeing's 747.
Both jumbo jets are significantly larger than the Boeing 777-300ER, the next-largest plane in production. (Boeing puts its capacity in a three-class configuration at 386 seats.) In theory, this makes the 747 and the A380 good candidates for adding capacity at overcrowded airports.
However, airlines have recently discovered an even better way to add capacity -- put more seats on smaller planes. While passengers prefer to have more space, particularly on long-haul flights, most people have not been willing to pay much of a premium for that extra space. Airlines that add seats to their planes have not suffered any long-term backlash.
Thus, Air Canada updated some of its 777-300ERs from a 349-seat configuration to a denser 458-seat configuration. Adding these seats meant shrinking the business class cabin from 42 seats to 36 seats. Some business class seats won't have direct aisle access, unlike the standard configuration. Meanwhile, economy seats will lose an inch of legroom and will be narrower (10 seats per row instead of 9 across).
Yet the discomfort these changes might cause is far outweighed by the more than 30% increase in capacity. Air Canada can offset any deterioration in fares with significantly lower costs per seat.
By contrast, the airlines using the Boeing 747-8I and the A380 have generally made them at least as roomy as the "standard three-class configuration" models. Lufthansa, the main operator of the 747-8I, outfits them with just 340-386 seats. Most A380s are set up with roughly 500 seats. In the most extreme example, Korean Air places just 407 seats on its A380s!
With comparable seating configurations, the Boeing 777-300ER is slightly more fuel-efficient than either the 747-8I or the A380, according to an analysis by Leeham Co. It also has lower maintenance costs, thanks to having only two engines, while the 747 and A380 are both four-engine planes.
Obviously, jumbo-jet operators could strike back by putting more seats on their 747s and A380s to level the playing field. Indeed, Emirates recently decided to outfit some of its A380s with denser two-class cabins with more than 600 seats.
However, a limited number of routes can handle that much capacity. Furthermore, an A380 seating layout that was truly comparable to Air Canada's dense 777-300ER layout would have more than 700 seats.
Thus, the increase in typical aircraft seating density is a big reason behind the weak A380 and 747-8I sales. Not too long ago, a 777-300ER would normally have been configured with about 300 seats. In that world, there was a clear market for larger, 400-500 seat planes to serve busy, capacity-constrained airports.
With seating density on 777s quickly rising, the market for even larger aircraft is fading. (The next-generation 777-9X will be more sizable and fuel-efficient than the 777-300ER, accelerating this phenomenon.) Airlines have realized they don't necessarily need "more airplane" to put more seats on busy routes.
A 400-seat 747 or a 500-seat A380 will clearly be more comfortable for passengers, especially in the cheap seats. But the more that economy-class passengers come to expect that they will be crammed in like sardines, the greater the argument for putting 400-500 seats on a 777 instead. Airlines can't get enough of a premium for the extra space on a jumbo jet to justify the extra cost.
Perhaps there will eventually be enough demand at capacity-constrained airports to create a significant market for 600-800 seat jumbo jets. Until that is the case, Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 orders will probably remain few and far between.
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The band's fast tempos, instrumentals, and aggressive musicianship placed them as one of the founding "big four" bands of thrash metal, alongside Anthrax, Megadeth, and Slayer. Metallica earned a growing fan base in the underground music community and won critical acclaim with its first four albums; their third album Master of Puppets (1986) was described as one of the most influential and heaviest of thrash metal albums. The band expanded its musical direction and achieved substantial commercial success with its eponymous fifth album Metallica (1991), which resulted in an album that appealed to a more mainstream audience. The album was also their first to debut at number one on the Billboard 200, a feat that they also achieved on their following four studio albums. In 2000, Metallica was among a number of artists who filed a lawsuit against Napster for sharing the band's copyright-protected material for free without consent from any band member. A settlement was reached and Napster became a pay-to-use service. The release of St. Anger (2003) alienated fans with the exclusion of guitar solos and the "steel-sounding" snare drum, and a film titledSome Kind of Monster documented the recording of St. Anger and the tensions within the band during that time. The band returned to its original musical style with the release of Death Magnetic (2008), and in 2009, Metallica was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Metallica has released nine studio albums, four live albums, five extended plays, 26 music videos, and 37 singles. The band has won eight Grammy Awards and five of its albums have consecutively debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. The band's eponymous 1991 album has sold over 16 million copies in the United States, making it the best-selling album of the SoundScan era. Metallica ranks as one of the most commercially successful bands of all time, having sold over 110 million records worldwide.Metallica has been listed as one of the greatest artists of all time by many magazines, including Rolling Stone, which ranked them 61st on its list of The 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. As of December 2012, Metallica is the third-best-selling music artist since Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales in 1991, selling a total of 54.26 million albums in the U.S. Metallica collaborated over a long period with producer Bob Rock, who produced four of the band's studio albums between 1990 and 2003 and served as a temporary bassist during the production of St. Anger. In 2012, Metallica formed the independent record label Blackened Recordings and took full ownership of its albums and videos. As of 2016, the band is in production of its tenth studio album, which is expected to be released later in the year.
A unique rendition of the classic Metallica track.
The guitarist has a stockpile of riffs ready for the band’s forthcoming follow-up to Hardwired… to Self-Destruct.
After bots bought out tickets for the first show, Metallica announce a second show at San Francisco’s Chase Center.
The movie includes interview with members of Metallica, Slayer, Exodus, Testament, Anthrax, and more.
The previous shows in 1999 were captured for a live album that earned the metal legends a Grammy.
The band played its last Stateside gig before heading to Europe to continue the long-running trek.
The bassist offers some insight into its next album.
The trek will take place in October, wrapping up on Halloween day in Aukland.
The metal legends broke out the song at their show in Lubbock, Texas.
As he weighs a 2020 presidential run, the former punk rocker-turned-progressive darling attended a show in El Paso, Texas.
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What is 2300 more than 0?
We are looking for a new number which is 2300 more than 0.
We will get the new number by adding 2300 to 0.
And finally the solution for: What number is 2300 more than 0?
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Basic Forex question regarding cost.
I am considering doing some day-trading at forex.com. Which I think is the spot market. I am doing okay in equities, but I just want to take small amount of money and look at other things.
fyi. I have no intention on jumping into this soon. Just trying to learn how it works.
The value per pip changes depending on the currency pair you are trading. EURUSD is always $10 per pip for a full lot. Most spot forex brokers will let you go as low as 0.01 lots.
Here is a link to a site that will let you calculate the value per pip: https://www.xm.com/forex-calculators/pip-value For many pairs the value per pip will vary with price so you will need to know the current price for the calculator to work properly.
Not sure how Forex.com is set up but many spot forex brokers don't charge a commission (Oanda for example). They make all of their money on the spread. If Forex.com charges a commission you will see much lower spreads. Usually with a non-commission broker EURUSD will have a spread of around 1.2-1.5 pips. With commission you can see spreads down in the 0.1-0.3 range. If they charge commission you will need to overcome the spread and the cost of the commissions to get at least to break even. No commission then you just need to overcome the spread. Tricky part is as you have seen, the spread varies. During news events that effect that currency you will really see the spreads widen.
A good site to learn about spot forex trading: http://www.babypips.com It's free and has tons of good info.
hi, it depends, if you are trading with a broker who is a market maker (taking other side of your trade), you should only be paying the spreads, some brokers quote a variable spread, some quote a fixed spread, so you have to check with your broker.
also some brokers are ecn brokers, meaning you pay a commission on top of a spread, but usually the spreads a very small, but are also variable. say for example with pepperstone (not advertising for them, but thats the broker im with now, so i can only say this a more reliable information i have), you pay $9 per lot, so if its 0.01 lot, its $0.09, and on top of that there is spread. what i have seen is that the spread is variable but about 0.00002 to 0.00003 on average ( except for news where it widens).
Edit, pip as in decimal place, used to the old convention of 4 decimal points instead of the current 5 decimal points as from what i understand, retail has 5 dp, but in interbank its quoted in 4 dp.
This itself would be linked to market structure as well, when spreads widen its because markets become illiquid, and dealers are trying to discourage people from trading with him. Hence, the widening spread. But these are mainly market makers, then there is the broker whom only takes the commission but have to find a liquidity provider for you and that whom you are paying the spread to.
Last edited by CookieMonsta; December 16th, 2018 at 03:37 AM.
Don't forget the swap/roll/carry (whatever you decide to call it) if holding positions through the eod settlememt time. In theory on one side you should receive a credit, and on the other side a debit, but for many forex brokers their bid/ask on the interest rates is so wide that you end up paying whether your long or short.
Thanks, interesting reply. I'm with Oanda and don't pay commissions, instead pay the spread.
I have looked at Pepperstone and the ECN model but thought you had to trade full lots to qualify. Are you saying that you can trade a micro lot (0.01) and pay a reduced commission pro rata? Also, what is your experience trading with them? Thanks.
For 0.01lot, you pay 0.09 dollar, which is pro rata from what you pay for 1 lot which is 9dollar.
Im very happy with both brokers, oanda and pepperstone, I'm having 2 brokers mainly for access and black swan protection in case the ISP has issues to specific countries.
Thanks how do they give you black swan protection?
For example, brokerage failure, one example is the snb intervention, even though you may not be overly exposed, but depending on how your broker stores your money, it can be gone when the broker goes down under, so this is to diversify against that.
Ah, OK, a form of hedging. Here in the UK we do have government protection up to a certain level for registered brokers. This protection would cover most small traders and investors but those with larger accounts would need to spread their capital over more than one broker to protect it.
There is also a useful feature offered by some brokers called guaranteed protection. What this does is protect you in the event you suffer catastrophic losses trading a highly leveraged product. With guaranteed protection the most you will lose is your account balance and you will not be liable for further margin calls. This gives great peace of mind as you cannot owe a broker offering this protection more than your account balance.
futures io > Futures Trading, News, Charts and Platforms > Traders Hideout > Currency Futures > Basic Forex question regarding cost.
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Your leave could be around the corner, and you could be wondering what to do with the free time apart from your routine. You could try adventure travel. Most people love traveling but ever imagined how amazing it would be to be alone or with a couple of friends or family in a new place. Adventure travel comes a lot with benefits.
One of them is you can visit new places and make new memories. You could even make new friends, learn about their culture and language. While on adventures you can have time alone, reflect and meditate peacefully. Reflecting on life makes you appreciate the present and what you have.
For those who love telling stories adventures can give you the best experiences to share with family, friends or even colleagues. New cuisines are also another advantage of going on adventures. You do not have to eat the food you are used to, and you can try different cuisines and even learn how to prepare them. Adventures are also generally a way of making you happier, and everybody loves being happy.
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The Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch Historic District includes the ranch homesteaded by Mormon pioneer John D. Lee at Lee's Ferry, Arizona, and now in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. It is notable for its association with Lee, the ferry and the ranch's extensive irrigation facilities. The district was originally designated the Lonely Dell Ranch Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, but was expanded to include Lee's Ferry in 1997.
Lee's Ferry occupies an area on either side of the Colorado River, while Lonely Dell Ranch nearby on the west bank of Paria Canyon, leaving a space of fertile bottomland available for cultivation. The period of significance for the district extends from the 1871 arrival of the Lees to the last run of the ferry in 1928, superseded by the new Navajo Bridge.
Lee was a practicing polygamist who built cabins for two of his families at Lee's Ferry, in what became known as "Lonely Dell". Lee's ferry started service on January 11, 1873, ferrying Mormon settlers across the river. Tensions rose between the settlers and the Navajo, whose lands were being occupied by the settlers, resulting in the construction of the Lee's Ferry Fort at the crossing in 1874. No conflict arose at the ferry, so the fort became a trading post, then a residence. In 1877 Lee was executed for his role in the Mountain Meadows massacre. In 1879, the LDS Church bought the ferry rights from Emma Lee, granting the ferry service to Warren Marshall Johnson and his families. A number of structures remain in the district from the polygamist period of the Lee and Johnson families.
The American Placer Corporation office was established at Lee's Ferry in 1910 and abandoned the next year. In that interval, the company constructed a steamboat, the "Charles H. Spencer", named for the company's founder, to transport coal mined farther up the river to the company's amalgamation operation at Lee's Ferry. The boat, in use for one year, was docked and finally sank in a 1921 flood. Its remains are visible in the river, and it is separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
In 1922 the office building was re-occupied as the Lee's Ferry Post Office, but was abandoned in 1924. Another brief use came in 1931.
Lee started construction of the first earthen dam on the Paria River in January 1872 and by March irrigated his first crop. By April this first dam washed out. Lee soon replaced the dam reinforced with a large base log packed with brush, rocks, and dirt. The dam was subsequently washed out and rebuilt many times over the coming years. In 1883, in order to bring water to an upper field, Warren Johnson constructed a dam on a second site higher up the Paria. By 1900, the dams were replaced with new ones made of logs and sandbags. In 1905, Irving Pierce constructed a tunnel-and-flume delivery system to replace the ditches bringing water from the upper dam to the fields. By the time Leo Weaver bought the ranch in 1935, several more dams had been washed out. Weaver's attempt to replace the dams also failed. Gus and Warren Griffin made improvements upon the system, including a stone lined ditch. Most of what exists today is related to the Griffin improvements In 1965, the consortium that owned the ranch created two holding ponds for irrigation water against the west wall of Paria canyon. In 1977, the National Park Service pumped water from the Colorado River instead of the Paria. The Park Service constructed a new holding tank near the south end of the site, at the same time removing remains of the flume system and valve platform for a trail. This system remains in use as of 1999.
In January 2002 a lead plate, or scroll, was found in the Lee's Ferry Fort with an etching purporting to be by John D. Lee in 1872. It was discovered by a National Parks worker while cleaning up inside the structure, which is restricted from public access. The brief writing accused Mormon leaders Brigham Young and George A. Smith of ordering the Mountain Meadows Massacre, for which Lee was convicted and sentenced to die. Despite some evidence suggesting this is a forgery, historian Will Bagley claims it fits with the historical context and Lee's writing style. He wrote, "If the scroll is a fake, it is a good one--so good that only a few people could have pulled it off." Forensic investigator George Throckmorton, who helped crack the Mark Hofmann forgeries, examined the plate in 2003 and took samples for chemical analysis in 2007.
^ Ann Hubber (July 1997). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch" (pdf). National Park Service.
^ "Lee's Ferry History". Glen Canyon National Recreation Area. National Park Service. 2008-11-25.
^ "Lees Ferry "Charles H. Spencer" Steamboat". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2008-11-25. Archived from the original on 2011-05-21.
^ "Lees Ferry American Placer Corporation Office". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2008-11-25.
^ "Lonely Dell Ranch Irrigation System". List of Classified Structures. National Park Service. 2008-11-25.
^ Bagley, Will (March 3, 2002). "History Matters: Lee Etching: Truth or a Clever Hoax?". The Salt Lake Tribune. p. B1. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
^ Mayfield, Steve (June 12, 2006). "The John D. Lee Lead Scroll". Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
^ Hale, Van (October 7, 2007). "John D. Lee Scroll, Another Forgery?". Mormon Miscellaneous Worldwide Talk Show. Retrieved 2010-06-24.
Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. AZ-58, "Lee's Ferry, U.S. Route Alternate 89, Page vicinity, Coconino County, AZ"
HABS No. AZ-58-A, "Lee's Ferry, Fort"
HABS No. AZ-58-B, "Lee's Ferry, Post Office"
HABS No. AZ-58-C, "Lee's Ferry, Chicken House"
HABS No. AZ-58-D, "Lee's Ferry, Root Cellar"
HABS No. AZ-58-E, "Lee's Ferry, Old Spencer Cabin"
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lee's Ferry and Lonely Dell Ranch Historic District.
This page was last edited on 19 December 2017, at 14:47 (UTC).
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Sue and Tom Wright are assistant professors at the local university. They each take home about $40,000 per year after taxes. Suye is 37 years of age, and tome is 35. Their two children,Mike and Karen are 13 and 11.
Were either one to die, they estimate that the remaining family members would need about 75% of the present combined tak home pay to retain their current standard of living while the children are still dependent. This does not include an extra $50/month in child-care expenses that would be required in a sigle-parent household. They estimate that surviviors' benefits would total about $1,000 per month in child support.
Both Tom and Sue are knowledeable investors. In the past, average after-tax returns on their investment portfolio have exceeded the rate of inflation by about 3%.
1. If Sue Wright was to die today, how much would the Wrights need in the family maintenance fund? Use the "needs approach" and Explain the reasons behind your calculation.
2. Suppose the Wrights found that both Tome and Sue had a life insurance protection gap of $50,000. Present the steps in sequence how Wrights should proceed to search for protection to close that gap?
1.[(40000+4000)/75%]+(50*12) 2.40000-(1000*12)3.52000-60600 4.8600*(rate*#yrs+1).There it is. All you have to do is compute the real return rate for the years off the chart. This problem is an annuity problem. We learned it in week one!
Sorry that was not the right numbers, but the right set up. Let me do it with your numbers. the combined income is $80,000 x .75=60,000/12=5000, add the 50 for childcare and get 5050 for monthly survivors expense.
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Complete Mails are not sent and remain in "queue"
I have recently update openemm from 2011 to 2013 on centos6.2 server 32 bit. After the update we are having some issues.
2. When i schedule 5000 mails to send only 2000 mails are sent and rest of then are not sent and remain in openemm "QUEUE" directory.
Waiting for shutdown of Tomcat:.
Stop scripts/slrtscn.py program .. done.
Stop /home/openemm/bin/qctrl program with signal 15 .. done.
Stop scripts/pickdist program .. done.
Stop scripts/update.py program .. done.
Stop bin/bav program with signal 15 .. done.
Stop bin/bav program with signal 9 .. done.
Stop scripts/bavd program .. done.
Stop scripts/bav-trigger program with signal 15 .. done.
Stop scripts/bav-update program with signal 15 .. done.
Stopping obsolete sendmail processes: -15:14445 -15:14453 done.
Re: Complete Mails are not sent and remain in "queue"
1. If your shell can not find openemm.sh something must be wrong with your config, because this file is locacted in ~/bin and this directory should automatically added to your path (via .bash_profile).
2. What is the error?
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0.990363 |
solve a system of linear equations by elimination & substitution method.
solve the problems related to indices.
Ratios are used to compare values. They tell us how much of one thing there is compared to another and Proportions are related to ratios in that they tell you when two ratios are equal to each other.
Indices are a useful way of more simply expressing large numbers. They also present us with many useful properties for manipulating them using what are called the Law of Indices.
A linear equation is an algebraic equation in which each term is either a constant or the product of a constant and (the first power of) a single variable.
Factorization is the process of expressing the given algebraic expression as the product of two or more algebraic expressions or terms.
An equation like ax2+ bx + c = 0 where a≠ 0, which contains only one variable and '2' as its highest power is called a quadratic equation. There are two values of the variable in any quadratic equation.
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Have you noticed an increased level of crime in your local area during recent months? Well I am based in the United Kingdom and I have noticed a substantial increase in what some would consider to be small and petty crime. These are crimes such as burglary and shoplifting. They may well seem petty to some people however for me and for the people and businesses who are affected they can be very distressing as well as frustrating. For the purposes of this article I am going to focus on business as I am a small business owner, and the increased and pressing need to secure our businesses against these criminals.
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A neighborhood on the southeast side of the city, overlooking the Mississippi River and Downtown Saint Paul. Traditionally a bedroom community for 3M.
The Greater East Side is among the city’s largest and most populous city districts — a grouping of largely middle-class areas, among them the Hillcrest, Hazel Park, Hayden Heights, Ames Lake, and Phalen Village neighborhoods — which bordered on (and traditionally supplied much of the workforce for) two company headquarters: the neighboring 3M Corporation, which has moved its corporate headquarters from St. Paul’s Dayton’s Bluff neighborhood to the neighboring suburb of Maplewood, and Whirlpool Corporation, which has entirely left St. Paul.
The “West Side” neighborhood is actually in the eastern half of the city, to the south and across the Mississippi River from Downtown Saint Paul. It is called the West Side because it is on the west bank of the predominantly north-south river, adjacent to the suburban cities of South St. Paul and West St. Paul. The West Side is home to the largest Hispanic community in the Twin Cities, centered along César Chávez Boulevard.
Main article: Dayton’s BluffDayton’s Bluff is a neighborhood on the east side of the Mississippi in the southeast part of Saint Paul. It has a residential district on an elevated plateau bounded by the ridges of the Mississippi River Valley. The name of Dayton’s Bluff commemorates Lyman Dayton (1810–1865), for whom a village and a township in Hennepin County also were named. The area of the neighborhood that had views of the river valley and Downtown Saint Paul was purchased as early as the 1850s, with most of the houses being built in the 1880s. On the edge of the southern and highest part of Dayton’s Bluff along the Mississippi River is the Indian Mounds Park. Within the park are six remaining burial mounds from the prehistoric era of the Hopewell moundbuilders. Dayton’s Bluff has undergone much renovation and restoration in recent years.
The Payne-Phalen city district includes the Railroad Island, Phalen Park, Rivoli Bluff, Vento, Wheelock Park, and Williams Hill neighborhoods, and ranges from a blue-collar area to the south to a middle-class area north of Maryland Avenue, including upscale real estate around Lake Phalen.
The North End is a blue-collar neighborhood built around the Rice Street corridor, a long, straight street that has many fast-food restaurants, bars and clubs. In the past, this neighborhood also housed junkyards and auto-wrecking lots. The state capitol building is at the southern edge of the neighborhood, between Cedar and Rice Streets on University Avenue.
Main article: FrogtownBuilt around University Avenue, Thomas-Dale is colloquially known as Frogtown. Historically, Frogtown was a section of the current Thomas-Dale neighborhood bordered by University Avenue on the south, Van Buren Avenue on the north, Dale Street on the west and Western Avenue on the east.
Main article: West Seventh, Saint PaulWest Seventh Street in St. Paul is also known as Fort Road, owing to its location on historic Native American and fur trader paths along the northern bank of the Mississippi River from downtown Saint Paul to Fort Snelling. This area is colloquially known as the “West End”, and is different from the area across the river known as the “West Side”. The West Seventh neighborhood was originally a series of European immigrant neighborhoods along the western bluffs of the Mississippi River, spanning the entire length of West Seventh St. or “Old Fort Rd.” During the 1880s large populations of Irish, German, Czech, Slovak and (to a lesser degree) Scandinavian immigrants moved to the West End.
Today, several organizations and task forces serve the neighborhoods that make up the West End. Task forces of the Federation include West End Gardeners as well as the North High Bridge Park Task Forces; the West Seventh Business Associationand its Enhancement coalition; the Irvine Park Historic District and Association;Czech and Slovak Sokol Minnesota in its historic hall on the national historic register; and the West 7th Community Center.
Main article: Como Park, Zoo, and ConservatoryComo Park is a neighborhood situated around Lake Como. The Como Park neighborhood has many recreational facilities, including a golf course, bike path, various open fields, a pavilion, a municipal pool, and the Como Zoo, one of two zoos in the Twin Cities (the other being the Minnesota Zoo). The Como area is also home to many of the city’s ginkgo trees. There are several schools in Como Park, the public schools in the area being Chelsea Heights Elementary School and the Como Park Elementary School, the only school in the city to have its own planetarium. The primary secondary school in Como Park is Como Park Senior High School, one of the highest rated schools in the state according to Newsweek.
Main article: Saint Anthony Park (Saint Paul)Saint Anthony Park is adjacent to the University of Minnesota Saint Paul campus, bordering Southeast Minneapolis on the west and the Minnesota State Fairgrounds on the east. It was the home to three Minnesota governors (William Marshall, 1866–70; Andrew McGill, 1887–1889; and Elmer L. Andersen, 1961–63). The area was originally set out as estates for the wealthy of Minneapolis in the late 1800s. It is centrally located in the Twin Cities, with a business district that contains independently owned shops and restaurants. A Carnegie Library, and the St. Anthony Park Elementary School are the focal points of the neighborhood. St. Anthony Park, known to residents as SAP, is home to two colleges, the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota and the Luther Seminary, and thus home to graduate students from across the world. The largest area park is named for former St. Anthony Park resident Nathaniel P. Langford, who was responsible for the world’s first national park (Yellowstone).
Union Park , created from the merger between former Merriam Park, Snelling Hamline, and Lexington-Hamline District Councils, is a residential neighborhood featuring a large stock of early 20th-century housing, boutique-dominated commercial strips on Selby, Cretin and Cleveland avenues, and the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area forming the neighborhood’s western border. Many residents of Union Park still identify their neighborhoods with the original names. Concordia University and part of University of St. Thomas are located in the district.
Macalester-Groveland is the neighborhood surrounding two post-secondary institutions, Macalester College and the University of Saint Thomas. The neighborhood’s western border is formed by the Mississippi National River and Recreation Area, a public park with walking and biking paths atop the 100-foot (30 m)-tall bluffs along the bank of the Mississippi River.
Main article: Highland Park, Saint PaulHighland Park is home to Saint Catherine University as well as two private preparatory schools, Cretin-Derham Hall High School and St. Paul Academy and Summit School . For eighty five years the neighborhood hosted the Ford Motor Company Twin Cities Assembly Plant where Ford Ranger and Mazda B-Series pickup trucks were produced. Ford closed the plant in 2011 and what will become of the ¼ square mile of prime real estate along the Mississippi is yet to be decided.
The Summit Hill neighborhood is roughly centered around the section of Summit Avenue between Dale Street and John Ireland Boulevard. “Crocus Hill” is the neighborhood adjacent to Summit Hill, and is bounded on the north by Summit Avenue and on the east by “Grand Hill”, the hill formed by Grand Avenue as it descends towards downtown Saint Paul. The other two boundaries are St. Clair Avenue to the south, and Lexington Avenue to the west. These neighborhoods were the traditional home of the city’s Robber Barons.
Summit Avenue was originally conceived as a broad, Gilded Age showcase street, and is lined with the mansions named after notable Saint Paul figures, such as railroadtycoon James J. Hill. With its vistas of downtown and the Mississippi River, Summit Avenue is thought to be one of the longest stretches of preserved Victorian mansions in North America. It has been home to artists such as F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda, Sinclair Lewis, August Wilson, and currently Garrison Keillor. More notorious residents have included 1930s-era gangsters such as John Dillinger and members of the Barker-Karpis Gang.
Downtown Saint Paul is the 17th District Council (CapitolRiver Council)and is home to Xcel Energy Center, home of the Minnesota Wild hockey team, Galtier Plaza, McNally Smith College of Music, Minnesota Swarm, and Wells Fargo Place. When the Wild are playing or there is some other event, downtown can become busier. There are exceptions. The downtown hosts very pleasant parks, most notably one of the oldest parks in the country in the jewel-like Rice Park. The streetscape has also been improved in some areas of downtown, including along Wabasha and St. Peter Streets, where a small collection of restaurants has developed. That said, the more nightlife-oriented bars have developed just outside downtown on West Seventh Street. The extensive skyway system connecting most of the office buildings has also contributed in removing foot traffic from the streets.
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Book a general massage treatment if you are not sure what type of massage treatment you would benefit the most with. You would be able to speak to your massage therapist and decide what would the best approach to take.
Massage therapy is possibly the oldest form of medical treatment. It can help ease aches and pains, relax the muscles, relieve stress, improve circulation and nutrition of the body’s tissues, harmonize the internal organs, and calm the mind and spirit.
Whether your need is to have a moment of relaxation, reduce muscle tension or attain relief from chronic pain, general massage therapy can enhance your overall sense of emotional and physical well-being.
General massage therapy can be used for the treatment of both acute and chronic conditions. RMTs can work with a wide variety of patients, of all ages, in the treatment of illness, injury rehabilitation and disability.
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A model portfolio for a moderate growth investor may have approximately 60% in stocks and 40% in bonds. According to Vanguard, the average return for this model from 1926-2015 was 8.7%*.
In my opinion, the majority of investors with a middle of the road risk tolerance would be satisfied with that return.
If one thinks of the current environment as one that resembles the average of 1926-2015, he/she can follow that portfolio model and expect similar returns. However, if the current environment does not resemble the past, should one invest differently? My answer to this is a resounding “Yes”.
Based on low interest rates and high stock valuations, investors will find it challenging to mirror the returns from 1926-2015 if investing in a 60% stock 40% bond portfolio. Many should strongly consider altering their investment allocation and adding a meaningful weighting to Alternative Investments.
The Federal Reserve’s goals are to maintain price stability (controlling inflation) and maximize employment. It usually controls the Federal Funds Rate (the interest rate at which banks lend to one another) by buying and selling short term Treasury bills (“Treasuries”). When the Fed wants to stimulate the economy, it injects money into the economy by purchasing short term government bonds, which lowers interest rates and incentivizes people and companies to borrow. If the economy is strong, and inflation is well above the Federal Reserve’s target, the Fed may elect to sell Treasuries. The intent is to remove money from the banking system, which will raise interest rates.
In November, 2008, the economy was in the midst of “The Great Recession.” (According to the U.S. National Bureau of Economic Research, this began in December 2007, and ended June 2009). The Federal Funds Rate was at a range between 0% and .25%. With the intention of stimulating the economy, the Federal Reserve embarked on a program known as “Quantitative Easing (‘QE’)”. This is the process of buying other securities outside of short term Treasuries, such as Mortgage Backed Securities. The goal is to inject liquidity into the banking system with the hope that banks will lend that money to businesses. This process also pushes down interest rates and therefore banks are more incentivized to lend money to people and businesses, instead of buying Treasuries. For an explanation on how “QE” works, this person does a pretty good job of explaining. http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=quantitative+easing+explained&view=detail&mid=DB4754A14378FD9EB0FCDB4754A14378FD9EB0FC&FORM=VIRE.
Another byproduct of lower interest rates is generating the “Wealth Effect”. By pushing down interest rates, investors are more inclined to invest in assets that have the ability to produce income or growth, such as stocks. If one believes in the Wealth Effect, when investors see their portfolios grow, they are more likely to spend money which spurs growth and increases company’s profits. This may lead to a cycle of stocks increasing > people spend more money > company profits increase > stocks increase (repeat).
One of the reasons I am skeptical of a 60%/40% portfolio generating a high single digit return is because the fixed income portion is highly unlikely to generate as strong returns as in the past. The Ten Year Treasury yield is the return you will receive if loaning money to the Government. The average yield since the 19th century is 4.58% (www.multpl.com). Today (June 6, 2017), the Ten Year Treasury yields 2.18%.
In order to capture the historical return of 8.7%, equities will have to generate a return above what they historically have so as to overcome the lower return bonds may offer. According to Vanguard, a 100% equity index generated a 10.1% average return.
Let’s look at how likely it is that the S&P 500 will generate the historical long-term average of 10.1%. In the book The Intelligent Investor, Benjamin Graham (Warren Buffet’s mentor), stated that overall stock market returns are generally based on several factors. 1) Dividends, 2) Real Earnings Growth, and 3) Price/Earnings Multiple Expansion (Investor’s appetite for risk), and 4) Inflation. These factors are to be added, which he believed provides a simplified equation that approximately measures stock market returns.
The average dividend yield on the S&P 500 index is below 2% (www.multpl.com) (1.91% to be exact) and the average dividend yield since the 19th century is 4.38%.
According to economist Robert Shiller (wikipedia.org), earnings per share on the S&P 500 grew at a real rate (inflation adjusted) of 1.7% between 1874-2004. In the last several years Earnings haven’t grown much at all. In 2011 $94.21 and 2016 $95.76.
The current price/earnings ratio is over 25, and the average is 15.66.
Year over Year inflation is 2.38% (statbureau.org) and the Federal Reserve targets 2%.
Based on a 1.91% dividend yield, earnings growing on average of 1.7%, and 2.38% current inflation, the total stock market long term return is 5.99% based on Graham’s methodology. In my opinion, that’s fairly typical of what to expect the long-term return of stocks to offer when dividends and growth are below historical standards. As of today, the past 10 year average return for the S&P 500 is 6.13% (reference my weekly economic update e-mail sent Monday, June 12th).
It should be noted that an investor’s appetite for risk can be a significant factor that drives returns. For example, from 2011-2016, earnings have been flat but S&P total returns are up approximately 77% (finance.yahoo.com). This has largely occurred because the P/E multiple expanded from 16.30 in 2011 to 24.06 in January 2017. Investors’ appetite for stocks increased.
Typically, increased P/E multiples can act as a tailwind (pushing stocks higher) or headwind (pulling stocks lower). When the multiples are above the average (as is true today), I would consider that to be a headwind in the long term. I don’t think you can expect the P/E multiples to continue to increase at the rapid pace they have in recent years. It’s certainly possible that the P/E multiples will continue to expand, but in the long run, I think they will act more as a headwind as numbers usually revert to their averages. Unless you believe that “this time is different”! If this time is really different, and P/E multiples stay at elevated levels for extended periods, stock returns may be higher than some are anticipating. I think reversion to the mean will prevail, and that the multiples will eventually revert closer to the long-term average. (If this topic is of interest to you, I recommend reading Jeremy Grantham’s quarterly letter, (https://www.gmo.com/docs/default-source/public-commentary/gmo-quarterly-letter.pdf).
Back to the 60%/40% portfolio. Let’s assume the bond portion is blended with other fixed income securities that are riskier than treasuries (e.g. corporates, high yields) and assume you can attempt to capture a 4.5% return instead of only 2.18%. What would equities have to grow at in order to obtain the 8.7% total return for a 60% stock/40% bond portfolio?
(60% bond weighting) (4.5% bond return) + (40% equity weighting) (X equity return) = 8.7%. Solve for X.
In order to generate the historical average 8.7% return, equities would have to return 15%. This is above the 10.1% historical stock return, and well above Benjamin Graham’s simplified long-term market return calculation of 6%.
Based on high p/e multiples, and a low dividend yield, you can see why I am skeptical of stocks returning an average of 15% annually. This is why you have heard many experts predict that at current valuations, investors may have to settle for lower long-term returns. This includes Jack Bogle (Founder of Vanguard), who is predicting 4% total returns on stocks based on where markets are currently valued**. He arrives at this figure using a similar methodology as Benjamin Graham. He thinks P/E multiples will decline, thereby subtracting from overall returns.
Cash and cash equivalents is a very poor long- term investment strategy. This is because if inflation is over 2%, and cash equivalents are paying 1% interest (many are still paying less than 1%), you are actually losing 1%. I refer to this as “safely losing money”. It is prudent to maintain between 3-9 months of living expenses in cash or cash equivalents, and if you intend to make a big purchase item (vacation home, car), cash is an appropriate investment vehicle. However, as a long- term investment, cash won’t outpace inflation as stocks and bonds have historically done.
“Timing the market and waiting for the perfect time to invest is a fool’s game because nobody knows when the perfect moment will come. What I’ve seen happen regularly to those who wait for a perfect moment to invest are the following: 1) The investor waits for the market to decline and tells himself he will buy when that happens; 2) When the market declines, the investor doesn’t buy anything because it’s declining and, of course, will fall further; and 3) The market increases and the investor can’t buy because the market is increasing and it’s too late to buy.
What happens is that the investor does nothing. He sits on cash and lets inflation eat away his principal, so his dollar will be worth less in the future. He is “safely losing money”.
Not being diversified. Concentrated bets on stocks or sectors are dangerous. It may appear that a certain stock can do no wrong and can only increase. However, that is not the case. A good company doesn’t necessarily mean that its stock is good to own. Make sure you’re diversified among stocks (small/mid/large, growth and value) and sectors. Same goes for bonds. Ensure you hold conservative bonds (Treasuries), but also fixed income that can provide higher yield (corporates, floating rate debt).
I’ve recently heard some analysts recommend selling or underweighting bonds, and overweighting stocks. Their reasoning is that equities may be overvalued, but despite this, bonds yields are low enough that an investor should reach for a higher return and overweight equities. I disagree with this statement, and outline below what I feel is the most appropriate strategy.
Because of low bond yields and high stock valuations, it is my belief we are in an environment that calls for a meaningful allocation towards Alternative Investments. I define an Alternative Investment as an asset or strategy that has low correlation to stocks. When one asset tends to move up when the another goes down, the two assets are considered to have a low or negative correlation. Therefore, there’s a possibility these types of investments can provide positive returns if stocks decline. It should also be noted, Alternatives may provide negative returns if stocks increase.
Gold- The reasons for owning Gold are numerous and sometimes controversial. Some may own gold because they think inflation will increase and gold can maintain its value better than a currency. Others may own gold because they view it as a “risk off” investment, which means that if stocks are being sold and investors are acting in a risk averse manner, capital may gravitate towards gold.
Eventually, interest rates may increase or valuations may fall back to historical averages (perhaps both will happen). When this occurs, the traditional 60%/40% portfolio may generate high enough returns to meet investors’ expectations. I currently advise that rather than investing in the traditional 60% stock/40% bond portfolio, that one should strongly consider a 50% stock/30% bond/20% Alternative model.
When determining which index to use and for what period, we selected the index that we deemed to be a fair representation of the characteristics of the referenced market, given the information currently available. For U.S. stock market returns, we use the Standard & Poor’s 90 from 1926 through March 3, 1957, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index from March 4, 1957 through 1974, the Wilshire 5000 Index from 1975 through April 22, 2005, the MSCI US Broad Market Index from April 23, 2005 through June 2, 2013, and the CRSP US Total Market Index thereafter.
For U.S. bond market returns, we use the Standard & Poor’s High Grade Corporate Index from 1926 through 1968, the Citigroup High Grade Index from 1969 through 1972, the Lehman Brothers U.S. Long Credit AA Index from 1973 through 1975, the Barclays U.S. Aggregate Bond Index from 1976 through 2009, and the Spliced Barclays U.S. Aggregate Float Adjusted Bond Index thereafter.
For U.S. short-term reserve returns, we used the Ibbotson 1-Month Treasury Bill Index from 1926 through 1977 and the Citigroup 3-Month Treasury Bill Index thereafter.
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Prevent food poisoning with these food safety tips for handling and reheating leftover food.
Food poisoning—also called foodborne illness—is caused by harmful organisms, such as bacteria in contaminated food. Because bacteria typically don't change the taste, smell, or look of food, you can't tell whether a food is dangerous to eat. So if you're in doubt about a food's safety, it's best to throw it out.
Fortunately, most cases of food poisoning can be prevented with proper food handling. To practice food safety, quickly refrigerate perishable foods, such as meat, poultry, fish, dairy, and eggs—don't let them sit more than two hours at typical room temperature or more than one hour at temperatures above 90 degrees.
Uncooked foods, such as cold salads or sandwiches, also should be eaten or refrigerated promptly. Your goal is to minimize the time a food is in the "danger zone"—between 40 and 140 degrees—when bacteria can quickly multiply.
When you're ready to eat leftovers, reheat them on the stove, in the oven, or in the microwave until the internal temperature reaches 165 degrees. Because they may not get hot enough, slow cookers and chafing dishes aren't recommended for reheating leftovers.
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1822 - 1889 (67 years) Has 47 ancestors and 6 descendants in this family tree.
Alfred Ingilby GARNETT, second son of the Reverend William GARNETT and Elizabeth Sophia BISHTON, was the brother of William Bishton GARNETT-BOTFIELD. He was 6 years younger than his brother, being born in 1822 at Nantwich.
Alfred Ingilby GARNETT became a Captain in the 8th King's Regiment [of Foot] and served in India, where he acquired (according to George Garnett) a reputation as "a good tiger shot" but was at one time badly mauled by a panther. His statement of service in the Army shows that he entered the service in the rank of ensign in the 8th Regiment on May 13, 1842 at age 20, was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant on July 4, 1845 and to Captain on February 21, 1851. He served in the East Indies from August 3, 1846 to September 27, 1853. He embarked for Europe on September 28, 1853.
On August 22, 1856 he was exchanged to the 38th Regiment of Foot.
George Garnett in his family history written in 1910, says that Alfred Ingilby was known by the nickname "Old Alf"---a man "greatly to be liked, but not much to be admired, because he spent all his money (perhaps 10,000-pounds), and for some portion of his life was supported by his brother the Rev. William Bishton GARNETT-BOTFIELD".
From his brother, he rented Haughton Hall (or a portion of it) for 60-pounds a year, where in 1861 he was living along with Captain Charles Hugh KEY (previously Captain of Dragoons, aged 44), Key's wife Catherine (age 30), and their nephew Edward Holloway (age 5). The Hall was also occupied by six house servants, according to the 1861 Census.
Captain Key died the following year (May 3, 1862).
Alfred Ingilby must have married Key's widow Catherine [formerly HOLLOWAY] in about 1863 or 1864.
Their first daughter, Fanny Blanche was born in 1865. They had in all six children, the five after Fanny Blanche being: Jane Sophia (b. 1866); Catherine Lucy (b. 1868); Alfred Egerton (b. 1869); George William (b. 1870); and John Charles Ingilby (b. 1873).
Alfred's mind became deranged in later years and he was confined to an asylum for a short time. But he died at Haughton Hall on February 5, 1889.
Soon after Alfred's death, his brother W. B. GARNETT-BOTFIELD, who was the actual owner of the Haughton Hall Estate, sold it to Ralph Brocklebank, Esq., who became lord of the Manor and principal landowner of the property.
Haughton Hall had been in the Garnett family since Thomas GARNETT purchased it from the Comberback family in about 1786, but Alfred Ingilby was the only GARNETT to have actually occupied it as his own residence.
George Garnett recounts in his family history that Alfred Ingilby always treated him "with great kindness", as did his wife Catherine, who was the widow of Captain Charles Hugh Key. Catherine was described by George as being "a beautiful woman with pleasing manner, who retained her beauty late in life". She died on April 21, 1892 at age 60 at Alpraham, and was buried at Bunbury on April 27, 1892.
Nothing is known about what became of Catherine or the children upon the death of Alfred Ingilby GARNETT. We know only that their daughter Fanny Blanche GARNETT (born in 1865) married Charles Harrison SMITH at Bunbury Church on September 25, 1894 at age 29 years [from the Bunbury Church register].
Alfred Ingilby GARNETT, Catherine [Holloway] GARNETT and Captain Charles Hugh KEY were all buried together in a railed altar-tomb located near that of the Aldersey family in the Bunbury Church cemetery.
brother the Rev. William Bishton GARNETT-BOTFIELD".
occupied by six house servants, according to the 1861 Census.
HOLLOWAY] in about 1863 or 1864.
(b. 1870); and John Charles Ingilby (b. 1873).
was the only GARNETT to have actually occupied it as his own residence.
buri ed at Bunbury on April 27, 1892.
that of the Aldersey family in the Bunbury Church cemetery.
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If you are traveling to Italy's capital city during the holiday season, there are plenty of festivals and events that happen each December. However, although winter can be quite rainy in Rome, it can also be quite cold at night, so you should prepare for your trip by packing plenty of layers and warm clothing. That way, you can enjoy the many seasonal celebrations taking place throughout the month across the city.
Daytime temperatures in December stay around the mid-50s Fahrenheit, with many days of the month receiving quite a bit of sun. However, nighttime temperatures in Rome can drop to around freezing temperatures. Overall, the average high in December is 54 degrees while the average low bottoms out at around 41 degrees Fahrenheit.
Winter is the second rainiest season behind autumn, and in December, Rome can average nine days of rainfall and a total accumulation of around four inches of precipitation throughout the month. December can also mean you'll still experience a bit of the nice autumnal weather, but the weather shifts between cloudy periods accompanied by wind, rain, and milder temperatures generated by southern winds and cold and sunny days brought by the wind from the north, known as the Tramontana.
Frost and snow are both a rare phenomenon in the city, but you may experience it in the country right outside the city.
However, heavy snowfalls have happened several times in December throughout the city's history, so you should be prepared for any weather condition if you're visiting this month.
When it comes to preparing for your trip to Rome, you'll need to bring plenty of layers of warm clothes to stave off the nightly chills while staying comfortable during the moderately warmer days.
Be sure to pack a heavy jacket, plenty of sweaters, long- and short-sleeved shirts, and pants for your trip to adequately prepare for any temperature fluctuations you might experience. You may also want to pack a raincoat, umbrella, and waterproof shoes since December can get quite wet.
Holidays in Rome in December, while mostly Roman Catholic and Christian, also include Jewish and secular events. Throughout the month, you'll find a variety of different holiday markets, religious celebrations, and even a few parties.
Hanukkah: During Hanukkah, Rome's large Jewish community gathers in Piazza Barberini where candles on a large Menorah are lit each evening during the eight-night holiday. The area near Campo dei Fiori is also festive during this time. Hanukkah falls during a different week each year, sometimes even happening in late November, so make sure you check the dates before making holiday plans.
Christmas Markets in Rome: From early December through January 6, visitors will find festive markets in Piazza Navona filled with people in stalls selling handmade gifts, nativity crafts, children's toys, and seasonal treats.
Nativity Display: 100 Presepi, a display of nativity scenes from around the world, is found at Sala del Bramante near Piazza del Popolo through January 6. Nativity displays are also set up in most of Rome's churches if you're planning on attending Mass or service.
Immaculate Conception: On this holy day, December 8, the Catholic faithful celebrate the day of the Virgin Mary's conception of Jesus. Traditionally, the Pope celebrates this day by leading a caravan from the Vatican to Piazza di Spagna, where he lays a wreath at the Colonna dell'Immacolata in front of Trinita dei Monti Church.
Saint Lucy's or Santa Lucia Day: While the feast day of Santa Lucia (December 13) is more widely celebrated in Sicily, in Rome, it is observed with a large procession from Castel Sant Angelo to Saint Peter's Square.
Christmas Eve: Along with being a time to spend with family, Christmas Eve (December 24) is also the night when nativity displays are traditionally completed by adding the baby Jesus or are unveiled in their entirety, such as the life-size nativity in Saint Peter's Square.
Christmas Day: You can expect everything to be closed on Christmas Day (December 25) as Romans celebrate one of the most religious holidays of the year. Of course, there are many ways to celebrate Christmas in Rome, from attending midnight Mass at Saint Peter's Basilica to visiting Christmas crèches around the city.
Saint Stephen's Day: This public holiday is observed on the day after Christmas (December 26) and is typically an extension of Christmas Day, when families venture out to view nativity scenes in churches and visit Christmas markets. The feast day of Santo Stefano also held on this day, is celebrated at churches that venerate Saint Stephen, such as the church of Santo Stefano Rotondo near the Colosseum.
New Year's Eve (Festa di San Silvestro): Just as it is all over the world, New Year's Eve in Italy (December 31), which coincides with the Feast of Saint Sylvester (San Silvestro), is celebrated with much fanfare in Rome. Piazza del Popolo holds Rome's largest public celebration with music, dancing, fireworks, and of course, huge crowds.
Before you book your plane ticket, it's important to note that December 8, 25, and 26 are national holidays in Italy, so you should expect most businesses, museums, and other government facilities to be closed.
Since you can typically experience autumnal weather throughout the month but it's also the beginning of the off-season for tourism in Rome, December can be an ideal month to visit the city. You won't have to fight nearly as many crowds but will still be able to enjoy the many outdoor attractions of this ancient city.
Hotels and travel costs should be reduced this time of year, especially if you're traveling earlier in the month. However, since Christmas is one of the most important holidays in the country, prices usually spike during that time until New Year's Day.
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What should you do during a really hot summer?
If you’re like most people, your lawn is brown and crunchy. This has been one hot summer!
Keep your lawn hydrated! Water the lawn often throughout the summer months. Very early in the morning, like around 5 a.m. allows the lawn to dry before nightfall, when fungus is most active. It’s also usually a non-peak time for most towns’ water supplies. Water early just a few times each week. Deep soaking encourages deep root growth, compared to light watering, which encourages the roots to stay close to the surface of the soil. Your lawn is then more susceptible to heat and drought.
So keep the sprinklers and water barrels armed and ready! Summer’s not quite over yet, and you want your lawn looking good as we start coming into fall!
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Can you imagine how important the puppy training is? It helps your dog to be active, happy and healthy, especially when you use reliable and safe-for-dogs equipment. This tug is made of durable French linen and is suitable exactly for puppy’s bite training.
1. Safe-for-dogs French linen cover and stuffing. Durable, non-toxic and resistant to abrasion.
2. Can be cleaned easily by dry-cleaning, washing and steaming.
3. Tear-and-wear resistant. Has no lint or pulling tendency, that’s why can be used for a long time.
5. The edges are stitched manually with nylon threads for additional strength and ability to withstand the dog’s bites.
6. Convenient nylon loop-like handle to hold the tug while training.
Please, be advised: It's not recommended to leave your pup playing with this tug alone, as this product is used for training, but not for chewing. Otherwise, it won’t serve you for a long time.
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Darwin exploring his new home at Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary.
Does Darwin the IKEA monkey need a human mother?
The Toronto real estate lawyer who spent the majority of the last six months eating, sleeping and showering with an infant monkey named Darwin has put forth a deceptively shrewd idea. Yasmin Nakhuda's comments came two days after Darwin escaped from her car in an IKEA parking lot and became the most famous non-human primate on the planet.
Darwin, as everyone from North York to Mongolia now knows, was eventually captured wearing a stylish shearling coat overtop a diaper. Video of his simian adventures went viral, and Toronto Animal Services sent Darwin to Story Book Farm Primate Sanctuary, a highly regarded refuge for rescued and abandoned primates in Sunderland, Ontario, to recuperate and begin learning how to live with other monkeys. Meanwhile, Nakhuda was fined $240 for breaking a city by-law forbidding exotic pets.
We can all imagine the scene: Nakhuda enters the sanctuary, followed by an army of news cameras. Darwin lets loose an excited shriek when he sees his former caregiver. Monkey and woman embrace, thereby instigating the most emotional human-animal reunion captured on film since Christian the Lion. Public opinion is swayed by the sheer volume of tears shed, and Darwin is allowed to return home.
In fairness, Nakhuda does seem genuinely concerned for Darwin. At just seven months of age, he received constant physical reassurance from her, and apparently suffered anxiety attacks when she was not around. Unfortunately, her suggestion that Darwin should choose where he wants to live is patently absurd, and strikes to the heart of humanity's perpetual misunderstanding of our ethical responsibility toward the animal kingdom.
Of course Darwin would leap into Nakhuda's arms if she were to visit Story Book Farm. He would recognize her, and perhaps recall the comfort she provided him. But to mistake this reaction for proof that Nakhuda's home is the best place for him would be to ignore overwhelming evidence and scientific opinion to the contrary. Ever since the horrific studies of Harry Harlow in the 1950s and 60s, we have known that infant monkeys are terrible at making good decisions for themselves regarding their own well-being.
Of course they are; they are infant monkeys.
"He needs his mother the way a child needs his mother," said Nakhuda.
We agree! Darwin does need his mother. But here's the rub (which I can't believe this story necessitates pointing out): Nakhuda isn't Darwin's mother. Darwin was taken from his biological mother probably within hours of his birth. His real mother is likely long-since dead, or at the very least continuing to have her babies stolen from her in a breeding "facility." Say what you will about Nakhuda; she is no Japanese macaque. Story Book, on the other hand, is already home to two of them, Lexy and Julien.
What Darwin needs now is much more than simply a warm primate body to snuggle with. He needs to be socialized with other monkeys of his kind as soon as possible, to kick-start the emotional and cognitive development that has surely been stunted by being raised in a human home. He needs to be fed and sheltered by people who have experience feeding and sheltering traumatized monkeys. He needs to be given the dignity to live like a monkey, however imperfect life in a sanctuary might be, because it's only through providing a dignified life to animals that we demonstrate real compassion, and set good examples for our own children when it comes to relating to the natural world.
Darwin needs to feel safe and tobe safe, to not be left alone in cars outside shopping malls.
It may not seem cruel to raise a monkey in a human home, but it is. It may not seem cruel to teach a monkey how to brush his teeth like a human, eat like a human or wear clothes like a human, but it is. Why? Because all of these scenarios are destined to end badly for the monkey. They will inevitably result in a profoundly messed up and confused non-human primate, a cross-fostered (and very large) adult with no sense of its own identity, psychologically traumatized, and with the size, strength, aggressiveness and incisors to act out on its condition with potentially catastrophic consequences.
And what happens when owners realize this? The monkey is either abandoned, sold to a roadside zoo or a research lab, or euthanized.
Much as our instincts may betray us to think otherwise, it is not our role to play mother to the animal kingdom; rather, it is our ethical responsibility to be its loyal custodian. Nakhuda may be allowed to visit Darwin at Story Book Farm, but let's be clear: Nakhuda should visit Story Book for Darwin's good, not her own. In time, surrounded by other monkeys and under the expert guidance of the staff at Story Book Farm, Darwin will be weaned from his human surrogate. And he will be better off for it.
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Much like birds, butterflies are attracted to specific types of plants, so if you want a garden filled with beautiful and breathtakingly bright butterflies, you will need to ensure your garden is butterfly ready.
Beautifully bright butterflies compliment your garden and make a great impression.
way to attracting these beautiful guests in your garden.
Adult butterflies feed on the nectar from flowers. Flowers such as bee balms, blueberry, impatiens, lilac, marigold and verbena are among the favorite butterfly plants. Other favorites include daisies, tickseeds, lantanas as well as butterfly bush and butterfly weeds. To further increase your chances of attracting these guests, it is advisable to have a few flat rocks in your flowerbeds where the butterflies can stretch their wings out and absorb the heat from the sun.
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Do you find yourself doing normal everyday tasks like taking milk out of the fridge, lifting something overhead, bending or simply walking a distance, but experience pain with them? Something is not right and having pain with movement, especially if it goes on for more than a few days, may be a symptom of tendonitis. Tendons are thick bands of tissue that connect your muscles to the bones. With excessive strain, tendons get yanked on and become very inflamed. Under normal circumstances, your tendons do a lot of work and can handle the stress, but when they are over-worked, you feel pain. Tendonitis can occur practically anywhere in the body, but is most common in the hips, knees, wrists, elbows and shoulders. The reason for this is quite simple, usually poor posture over a period of time. If you are at a computer or sitting for a good part of the day, your shoulders tend to slouch forward and your back muscles weaken.
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The animated series Back to the Future ran for two seasons (1991-92).
Remember watching the Saturday morning cartoon series Back to the Future--adapted from the blockbuster Hollywood movie franchise? The first season Christmas episode is a tribute to literary giant Charles Dickens. Let's review this 1991 episode "Dickens of a Christmas" and unpack some of the details.
Remember the characters? left to right: Einstein (the dog), Marty McFly, Clara Brown, Verne, Jules, and Doc Brown. Here the family is feeling irritable in the summer heat.
After enduring a hot, miserable July day, Doc suggests that the family take a break and cool off--by time traveling to Christmas in Victorian London! The group lands the DeLorean, dons period costumes, and sets out to explore the city. Jules is honored when his father lets him look after the keys to the car.
Doc Brown entrusts Jules with the keys to the DeLorean.
Mechanical toys are appealing to scientific minds!
Everyone marvels at the mechanical toys on display in a toy store window. While Marty, Clara, and Doc enter the toy shop, Jules' keys are stole from his pocket by a boy on the street! Both Jules and Verne take off in pursuit after the thief. The two brothers follow the pickpocket up stairs and into a building.
Reg works as a pickpocket on the streets of London to survive.
Jules and Verne find themselves facing Reg's boss--an intimidating man named Murdock.
It turns out the pickpocket's name is Reg and he's not such a bad sort of kid after all. But he's already turned over the keys to his boss Murdock. Jules and Verne decide they may need to stick around a while to find out where the keys have been hidden. That means Jules and Verne will have to pretend to become pickpockets themselves in order to have an excuse to remain with Reg and Murdock. You recognize these Dickens literary characters, don't you? Although their names are different, Reg certainly resembles The Artful Dodger, Murdock is Fagin, and Jules and Verne have become like Oliver--all from the classic Dickens novel Oliver Twist.
The landlord Tannen brings in the police to arrest and jail the Fedgewicks.
Meanwhile Doc discovers his sons are missing and goes out looking for them. While Marty and Clara are talking with the toy shop owners, their landlord arrives and demands the rent. It turns out the shop owners are a few months behind in their payments. The money grubbing landlord decides to throw the Fedgewicks in debtors' prison. Poor Clara Brown is mistaken for someone else and is thrown in jail as well! Marty doesn't know what to do to extricate Clara from this horrible Victorian institution. Just who is this harsh, greedy landlord? It's an ancestor of Marty's nemesis Biff Tannen--named Ebiffnezer Tannen.
Using his hoverboard, Marty presents himself as a ghost and flies into Ebiffnezer's window on Christmas Eve.
Learning that the landlord is the only person who can free the Fedgewicks and Clara from debtors' prison, Marty sets out to change Tannen's mind. Marty decides to haunt this scrooge and teach him a lesson about generosity and compassion. Yes, this cartoon is now referencing a second Dickens book--A Christmas Carol.
The Ghost of Christmas shows Tannen how children labor.
The homeless and starving on the streets of London.
This "vision" frightens Tannen into becoming a better person.
Marty accidentally drops his personal movie viewing device from his hoverboard and a monster movie begins projecting on the wall. Fearing his own mortality, Ebiffnezer Tannen is moved towards compassion for others. He follows the ghost's advice and releases Clara and the toy shopkeepers from debtors' prison.
Meanwhile, Doc Brown has been looking for his sons Jules and Verne who have been learning to become pickpockets in order to stay close to the keys to the DeLorean. Both Jules and Verne come away from this experience better understanding the difficulties young orphans endured in order to survive on the streets during Victorian England. Doc Brown helps Reg and his sons by alerting the police about Murdock and Wilkins who are exploiting the youngsters.
The police are eager to capture Wilkins and Murdock.
Another character from Dickens' Oliver Twist that turns up in this animated story is Bill Sikes. Here the character is renamed Wilkins--and given an eye patch. I'm guessing the animators gave Wlkins/Sikes an eye patch out of tribute to the popular 1948 movie adaptation of Oliver Twist (directed by David Lean) in which actor Robert Newton was cast as Bill Sikes. Newton is also well known for playing the pirate character Long John Silver on both the silver screen and on television--thus eye patch!
Christmas in July for the Brown family!
It's a happy ending when the Fedgewicks adopt Reg, Doc gets the keys to the DeLorean back, and everyone celebrates Christmas together. There's only a slight problem when Ebiffnezer Tannen, now a changed man, recognizes Marty on the street as his ghost from the previous night!
An interesting way to keep the conflict going between Biff and Marty in all the episodes.
Bill Nye the Science Guy demonstrating the laws of physics.
The episode ends (like all the Back to the Future TV series episodes) with a live action segment with Bill Nye the Science Guy serving up a science lesson. Here, Nye demonstrates the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy by using a pendulum.
Remember the 1965 Christmas episode of The Avengers? They attend a Dickens party where Emma Peel dresses as Oliver Twist and Steed dresses as Sydney Carton (from A Tale of Two Cities).
This episode is interesting to me for several reasons. One is that the story pays tribute to the classic literary works of Charles Dickens (both Oliver Twist and A Christmas Carol). While certainly there are hundreds of TV and movie adaptations of A Christmas Carol, this episode attempts to honor more of Dickens life work. Many Christmas episodes do this--including the 1965 Christmas episode of The Avengers entitled Too Many Christmas Trees." Click on the link to see my review of that episode again.
What does the Christmas episode of the Dukes of Hazzard share in common with this animated episode of Back to the Future?
Another reason I find this episode interesting is that one of the characters attempts to gaslight another by tricking them into having an overnight moral conversion. Here, Tannen (as Scrooge) doesn't experience his change of heart after an evening filled with nightmares or by means of his own conscience--but rather, by being manipulated by Marty McFly who is familiar with Dickens' A Christmas Carol book. This Back to the Future episode is not the only example of this device. I've written about other examples before, including the 1967 Christmas episode of Bewitched, the 1976 Christmas episode of the Six Million Dollar Man, the 1980 Christmas episode of the Dukes of Hazzard, and more.
What do you think of this Christmas episode of Back to the Future? Please feel free to share your comments below.
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Heart failure, also called congestive heart failure, is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body's organs. The heart keeps pumping, but not as efficiently as a healthy heart. Usually, heart failure reflects a progressive, underlying heart condition.
How does heart failure affect the body?
Heart failure can affect the right side of the heart, the left side of the heart, or both sides.
When the right side of the heart begins to function less efficiently, it is unable to pump much blood forward into the vessels of the lungs. Because of the congestion in the right side of the heart, blood flow begins to back up into the veins. Eventually, swelling is noticed in the feet, ankles, lower legs, eyelids, and abdomen due to fluid retention.When the left side of the heart fails, it is unable to pump blood forward out to the body efficiently. Blood begins to back up into the vessels in the lungs, and the lungs become stressed. Breathing becomes faster and more difficult. Also, the body does not receive enough blood to meet its needs, resulting in fatigue and poor growth in children.
The severity of the condition and symptoms depends on how much of the heart's pumping capacity has been affected.
The symptoms of heart failure may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your child's health care provider for a diagnosis.
Chest X-ray. A diagnostic test which uses invisible X-ray beams to produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). A test that records the electrical activity of the heart, shows abnormal rhythms (arrhythmias or dysrhythmias), and may detect problems with the heart muscle.
Echocardiogram (echo). A noninvasive test that uses sound waves to evaluate a study of the motion of the heart's chambers and valves. The echo sound waves create an image on the monitor as an ultrasound transducer is passed over the heart.
Cardiac catheterization (cath). An invasive test that introduces a small catheter into the heart from the groin or arm. This allows the measurement of various pressures inside the heart to aid in the diagnosis of heart failure. In addition, biopsies of the heart tissue may be obtained in order to determine the underlying cause of heart failure.
If heart failure is caused by a congenital (present at birth) heart defect or an acquired heart problem such as rheumatic valve disease, surgical repair of the problem may be necessary. Medications or pacemakers are often helpful in treating heart failure initially. Eventually, medications may lose their effectiveness and many congenital heart defects will need to be repaired surgically. Medications may also be used after surgery to help improve heart function during the healing period.
Digoxin. A medication that can help the heart beat stronger with a more regular rhythm.
Diuretics. Helps the kidneys remove excess fluid from the body.
Potassium-sparing diuretics. Helps the body retain potassium, an important mineral and electrolyte that is often lost when taking diuretics.
ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors. Help to dilate the blood vessels, making it easier for the heart to pump blood forward into the body.
Beta blockers. Decrease the heart rate and blood pressure, allowing the heart to pump more efficiently.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy, or device therapy, is a newer treatment for heart failure. Device therapy uses a special type of pacemaker that paces both sides of the heart simultaneously to coordinate contractions and improve pumping ability.
For more specific information regarding heart failure treatment, consult your child's health care provider.
We provide personalized care for babies and children with heart failure, including advanced VAD techniques and heart transplantation.
The pediatric heart experts at Children’s National in Washington, D.C., provide advanced care for unborn babies, children and young adults with heart conditions.
Our expert pediatric heart team, including more than 40 subspecialties, offer advanced heart care and excellent outcomes for thousands of children every year.
Teresa, 2, was diagnosed with cardiomyopathy and waited on the Berlin Heart EXCOR® Pediatric Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) for nine months while she waited for a heart transplant. Her heart arrived on Christmas Day.
Routine transthoracic echocardiography is the most common test used in children, fetuses, and newborns to diagnose or rule out heart disease or to follow children already diagnosed with a heart problem.
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On 31 August 2016, the Singapore Ministry of Health and the National Environment Agency confirmed a cluster of new infections related to the Zika virus. As of 11 October 2016, 404 cases of Zika virus infections, including 8 cases among pregnant women, were confirmed by the Singapore authorities (1,2). Further, the first pregnant woman in Singapore to be infected with Zika has been identified, living in the south-east part of the state, where other Zika cases had already been identified. Malaysia documented its first Zika infection the next day, Thursday 1 September 2016, indicating the virus had already crossed the border. The Malaysian woman infected had recently visited her daughter, a resident in Singapore, who also tested positive for Zika infection. As Zika is surging at this key international hub, the wider region of Asia is on high alert for potential transmission of the virus to the Arabian Peninsula.
Certainly Singapore, a tropical island, is well acquainted with mosquito-borne infections, most notably dengue fever, which shares the same vectors as Zika, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (3). Recognition is growing that dengue-affected areas can expect and indeed should plan for unfolding Zika outbreaks. Particularly worrisome for Singapore is that over the first 9 months of 2016 a cumulative total of 12 032 cases of dengue fever were notified to the Ministry of Health, suggesting Zika numbers could be equally high, both adding to morbidity and mortality, but also confounding the diagnosis of both conditions.
In Saudi Arabia the situation is being very closely watched. Global travel of an infected person is a likely mechanism for spreading the pathogen to new territories. In Saudi Arabia dengue virus (DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3) was first detected in Jeddah in 1994 and Aedes aegypti was implicated (4,5). After a large outbreak of dengue in Mecca in 2009 the disease became endemic in the city (6). Saudi Arabia is host to tens of millions of Muslims for religious tourism at Mecca, and 6 weeks ago, with the completion of the 2016 annual Hajj pilgrimage, the country had received a total of 1 325 372 international travellers, including from Singapore, Malaysia and neighbouring Indonesia, the most populous Muslim-majority nation in the world. Should Zika impact Indonesia, Saudi Arabia will be particularly threatened.
Certainly the numbers of pilgrims traveling to Saudi Arabia from these countries are sobering: while only 100 pilgrims travel from Singapore to Hajj, over 15 000 arrive from Malaysia, and Indonesia sends almost 200 000 to every Hajj, where approximately 2–3 million Muslims gather. A further 6 million Muslims attend Umrah, the minor pilgrimage, most often performed in the months leading up to Hajj (the Hajj season), among whom many tens of thousands of Indonesians can also be expected.
For these reasons, should Zika make the leap to Indonesia, the world’s fourth most populated country (247 million), Saudi Arabia can expect significant outbreaks of Zika virus infection within a short time frame. In some ways, although the Hajj Healthcare and Emergency Management System is seasoned at managing epidemics, outbreaks and even national effects of global pandemics which coincide with Hajj season, we are certainly fortunate that this year Hajj was a huge success. Next year we may not be so lucky.
Zika poses particular challenges to Indonesia: first the assumed lack of population immunity among Indonesians can be expected to lead to significant widespread acute infections among all ages groups. In Indonesia, other arboviral infections (e.g. dengue and chikungunya) are commonly encountered, distinguishing Zika infection may be difficult or delayed and matters could be further complicated by co-infection. Similarities to these other pathogens could be one reason why Zika has not been so frequently reported in Asia in the past when Zika expanded from equatorial Africa to Equatorial Asia between 1969 and 1983. Added to the mild and nonspecific nature of symptoms during most acute infections, it is easy to see how even today Zika infection can progress rapidly within this populous country undetected. Saudi Arabia also shares this challenge. More troubling still is that, unlike Saudi Arabia, Indonesia lacks the economic resources that a Zika outbreak would demand. All these factors together suggest that an Indonesian Zika outbreak is set to develop rapidly and explosively, posing an enormous risk to the region and also to Saudi Arabia, where so many Indonesians travel for work, Umrah and Hajj.
Saudi Arabia is also home to Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, as previous dengue outbreaks have shown. Aedes aegypti is a formidable vector: its high vectorial capacity (the ability of a vector species to transmit a pathogen in a specific location at a specific time) lies in its ability to feed predominantly on human beings, bite almost imperceptibly and feed on multiple humans in a single blood meal, transmitting the virus as it goes (7,8). It also lives in close proximity to human habitation being found both external to and inside impacted dwellings. However, globalization and air travel affords Zika enormous transmission capabilities, with travel and the ability for human-to-human transmission to occur becoming a game changer as is already becoming apparent in Brazil and 33 other territories in the Americas (9).
While Saudi Arabia has advanced surveillance and serological testing capabilities and a sophisticated epidemiology workforce and Biosafety Level 3 (BSL3) laboratories (a legacy of past outbreaks, most recently the outcome of the MERS-CoV challenge), first-responding physicians and local health facilities are yet to be formally educated in detecting, reporting and mitigating Zika virus infection (10,11). Without comprehensive public health education of Saudi Arabian physicians and aggressive education campaigns to raise public awareness of Zika symptoms that are easily overlooked, and necessary precautions for limiting vector exposure, the potential for unreported cases to develop into clusters in Saudi Arabia remains high. Worse, with its formidable human-to-human transmission capacity, vertical transmission of Zika is of particular concern in Saudi Arabia, where maternal fertility rates are high.
Without definitive tests and only a fleeting viral load, confirming infection will continue to be difficult and cases can continue to progress at a startling rate as we have seen elsewhere in the world for reasons which are still unclear but are certainly underpinned by globalization and urbanization. The situation in Saudi Arabia is further complicated because of the coexistence of other flaviviruses which confound the picture. Flavivirus antibody cross reactivity complicates the serological evaluation where dengue is present. Saudi Arabia may therefore have a head start as the previous dengue outbreaks have allowed for careful mapping of affected areas and these regions should be particularly targeted for Zika prevention.
The presentation of Zika infection on delivery of a baby with microcephaly or other birth defects is the most feared of its manifestations. With a maternal fertility rate of 2.75 in Saudi Arabia, and 3.1 in the wider Muslim-majority world (12,13), it can be expected that microcephalic children will be born. Caring for 1 child with microcephaly over its lifetime in the United States has been estimated at a staggering US$ 10 million (14). Most troubling is the fact that the Zika virus appears to target the neural stem cells, devastating central nervous system development in utero and potentially throughout early childhood and later life. Rather like rubella infection, the sequelae could be potentially undetected at birth, only to become manifest well into childhood as serious morbidity. Real concerns exist as to how Zika will affect these children with long-term health consequences decades after presentation. The full spectrum of Zika ramifications may go unknown for decades. At this time the unknown adds tremendously to the public health pressures governments and health agencies face as well as escalating public fears concerning travel to Zika-impacted areas and to family planning itself. Lipkin astutely makes the observation that further racial and ethnic stigmatization could add to other barriers to impacted patient populations, magnifying the challenges and suffering (14).
A silver lining in this epidemiological storm is the remarkable international response which is rallying to address Zika worldwide. This commitment, unlike that for almost any other recent global outbreak, can be credited to the world’s experience with recent outbreaks that later developed into epidemics or pandemics. The world’s experience with SARS, H1N1, H5NI avian influenza, MERS-CoV, and most recently Ebola, while resulting in devastating impacts, including deaths, also led to the foundation of what is today’s international response to Zika.
On 1 February 2016 the World Health Organization declared Zika a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). This recognition has lent enormous responsibility to many agencies to collaborate towards prevention, treatment and cure. Political and financial will has been globally focused and aligned. Soon after this declaration, President Obama asked the Congress in the United States of America for US$ 1.8 billion in emergency financial aid to combat Zika (14). The WHO Global Emergency Response has forecast budgetary needs at US$ 122 million (15,16). This Zika-specific funding is in addition to existing underlying frameworks to support rapid response to pathogen outbreaks, including vaccine development, preparedness, epidemic monitoring capacity and laboratory and personnel development. Such unusually focused and cohesive international and political will, triggered by the first major infectious disease to result in human birth defects in over half a century, while unprecedented, is both reassuring and responsible.
Saudi Arabia, with its unique experience in the management of infectious disease and infection control of transmission of 3 viral infections with high morbidity and mortality in the recent past: Ebola (EBOV), MERS (MERS-CoV), and pandemic Influenza A H1N1 in the Hajj season. Because of its expertise in mass gathering medicine through Hajj, the country is well positioned to meet the needs of the Zika threat, both for the domestic population and the international visitors hosted every year. Informed by the Hajj experience, Saudi Arabia is among 16 nations who developed the Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) which helped focus international efforts in combating global infectious disease threats. Both the GHSA and the responses to Zika will be vitally tested in these difficult times. The country will also share the insights gained in studying Hajj, both this year and in the future, for evidence of the Zika natural history here in the region and in the mass gathering setting as we work together in preserving global health security in our highly mobile world. While Zika is certainly an imminent threat to Saudi Arabia and the wider region, as Zika establishes a foothold in Singapore, Saudi Arabia is ready to respond and to help its neighbours do the same.
Joint MOH-NEA media statement on zika (11 September 2016). Singapore: National Environment Agency; 2016 (http://www.nea.gov.sg/corporate-functions/newsroom/news-releases/category/zika/joint-moh-nea-media-statement-on-zika, accessed 21 March 2017).
Alwafi OM, McNabb SJN, Memish ZA, Assiri A, Alzahrani SI, Asiri SI, et al. Dengue Fever in Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2008–2012. Am J Research Communication. 2013;1(11)123–39.
Elachola H, Sow S, Al-Tawfiq JA, Memish ZA. Better than before and yet no quick fix: Zika virus outbreak and its containment efforts. Journal of Health Specialties. 2016;4(2):87–9.
Statistical yearbook 1435. Riyadh: Ministry of Health; 2014 (http://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/Statistics/book/Documents/Statistical-Book-for-the-Year-1435.pdf, accessed 29 March 2017).
The future of world religions: population growth projections, 2010–2050. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center; 2015 (http://www.pewforum.org/files/2015/03/PF_15.04.02_ProjectionsFullReport.pdf, accessed 29 March 2017).
Lipkin WI. The coming trials of generation zika. The Wall Street Journal. 6 September 2016 (http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-coming-trials-of-generation-zika-1473203849, accessed 21 March 2017).
Zika strategic response plan. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246091/1/WHO-ZIKV-SRF-16.3-eng.pdf?ua=1&ua=1&ua=1, accessed 21 March 2017).
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What was the National Transportation Public Affairs Workshop?
The National Transportation Public Affairs Workshop (NTPAW) was a meeting held annually by communications staffs of state DOTs around the country. The workshop evolved into what is now known as TransComm, the AASHTO Committee on Transportation Communication.
Today, each member state in AASHTO is entitled to membership on the committee, a role usually filled by the head of the agency’s public affairs or communications office.
In 1959 several highway industry groups, including the American Road Builders Association (ARBA) and the Associated General Contractors of America (AGC), organized an autonomous public information group known as the Better Highways Information Foundation (BHIF). BHIF, in conjunction with what was then the American Association of State Highway Officials (AASHO), sponsored a “Public Understanding Workshop” in Washington in February 1961. This workshop was held primarily as a means of establishing contact with state organizations interested in publicizing and promoting the highway program. The “Public Understanding Workshop” was also used by the BHIF as a means of enlisting support for the first National Highway Week. BHIF tried to line up cooperating organizations, both public and private, in every state.
On the heels of the 1961 meeting, BHIF, in cooperation with AASHO, held subsequent workshops in 1962 in Kansas City, Mo., and in 1963 in Washington, D.C.
In 1964 BHIF went out of business. AASHO and ARBA reached an agreement to assume responsibility for the workshop, and the 1964 session was held in New Orleans, La. AASHO agreed to sponsor National Highway Week and ARBA agreed to sponsor the workshop. Under this arrangement, AASHO continued to encourage and assist in the workshop program. It became the custom for a state highway department to take responsibility for local workshop arrangements, and meetings of the AASHO Subcommittee on Public Affairs were regularly held in conjunction with the workshop.
Through 1964 the arrangement worked well. In an effort to attract attendees from Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana and West Virginia–notably absent from earlier meetings–ARBA decided to hold the 1965 workshop in Cincinnati, Ohio. The strategy worked and all four states were represented. In preparation for the 1966 meeting in Austin, Texas, Tom Taylor of the Texas Highway Department suggested that workshops would work better with the active support and collaboration of the host state highway department and produced a strong Austin program to prove his point. That set the precedent for future workshops and the state highway departments were very active for the 1967 meeting in Seattle, Wash., and the 1968 meeting in Hershey, Pa.
By 1967 it seemed desirable to formalize the organization of the workshop by bringing it under the umbrella of the AASHO-ARBA Joint Cooperative Committee. To that arrangement, the chairman of the AASHO Public Information Subcommittee became, ex officio, the AASHO co-chairman of the AASHO-ARBA Subcommittee. The 1967 workshop in Seattle, Wash., and the 1968 session in Hershey, Pa., were both sponsored by ARBA.
Following the break-up of BHIF in 1963, ARBA operated an extremely under-funded public information program with very little money budgeted for the workshop. By 1969, however, the program that became The Road Information Program (TRIP) was emerging. This made it possible to pump significant dollars into the 1969 meeting in St. Louis, Mo., remembered as “the confrontation.” ARBA paid some speakers, upped the printing budget, and generally made an effort “to do it right.” This “confrontation” meeting with environmentalists was considered a great success by most who attended.
The 1970 meeting in Salt Lake City, Utah, was sponsored by the Subcommittee on Public Information of the AASHO-ARBA Joint Cooperative Committee. At that session ARBA tried to answer the complaint that the leadership of AASHO was not sufficiently involved by putting the workshop under the wing of the AASHO-ARBA Joint Committee (later the AASHTO-AGC-ARTBA Joint Committee).
The results was a confusing assemblage of committees: ARBA had its own Public Information Committee; the AASHO Public Information Subcommittee was beginning to take form; the workshop had an advisory committee; and the Better Roads and Transportation Council was emerging.
At the 1971 meeting in Biloxi, Miss., with the AASHO-ARBA Joint Cooperative Committee’s Subcommittee on Public Information as the sponsor, Gene Robbins of ARBA boosted attendance by scheduling a meeting of executives of affiliated state contractor organizations to coincide with the workshop. Of the 115 in attendance, 59 came from highway and transportation departments and 56 from the industry.
During the 1972 Miami meeting of AASHO Administrative Subcommittee on Public Information, agreement was reached to establish a nine-member steering committee to develop objectives for the larger group and to assist in other ways in strengthening public information activities for the highway program. A subsequent meeting of the AASHO Public Information Steering Committee in Richmond, Va., determined that the chairman would write Randy Russell of ARBA, offering to assist him in planning the annual public information workshops. The AASHO Public Information Subcommittee secretary would coordinate the input of the Public Information Steering Committee in planning the workshops in cooperation with ARBA. The result, in the 1972 meeting in Milwaukee, Wis., was sponsored by the Joint Cooperative Committee’s Subcommittee on Public Information. Fifty people attended from 32 states.
The AASHO-ARBA and AASHO-AGC Joint Cooperative Committees were merged in 1973 and the Cooperative Committee’s Public Information Subcommittee sponsored the Santa Fe, N.M., workshop. A full day of the program was given over to separate meetings of the AASHO Public Information Subcommittee. Eighty-one attended; 48 from highway and transportation departments and 33 from the industry. In 1974, in response to a request from AASHTO, a mid-year meeting was held in Richmond, Va. The AASHTO Public Information Subcommittee had been the only AASHTO committee not conducting regular mid-year meetings. In an effort to shorten the length of AASHTO annual meetings, the AASHTO Executive Committee recommended committees hold their working sessions at other times and limit AASHTO Annual Meeting activities to abbreviated reporting sessions. A second meeting in 1974 in Nashville, Tenn., sponsored by the joint committee in cooperation with the Better Roads and Transportation Council, discussed the advisability of ending the series of annual public information workshops. The suggestion was made that a workshop not be held in 1975 if the BR&TC could arrange to participate in the AASHTO Public Information Subcommittee meeting in San Antonio the following May. The mid-year meeting of the AASHTO Public Information Subcommittee was held in San Antonio, Texas, in May 1975.
In August 1975 a workshop sponsored by AASHTO-ARBA-AGC was held in New Orleans, La. This session settled some long-term concerns of both the AASHTO and BR&TC representatives. Following the 1973 Santa Fe Workshop, Tom Taylor, secretary of the AASHTO Public Information Subcommittee, was successful in instituting a separate meeting in addition to the workshop so AASHTO public information professionals could have more time to discuss internal business. Those meetings were held in 1974 in Richmond, Va., and 1975 in San Antonio. State public information officers were encouraged to attend both meetings, but there was an evident problem in getting travel approvals for the additional trip. BR&TC representatives also wanted more time to discuss their specific concerns. The solution, worked out in New Orleans, was to turn management of the meeting over to the AASHTO Public Information Subcommittee and the BR&TC. Under that arrangement, the 1976 workshop was held in Bismarck, N.D.
In 1977 the mid-year meeting of AASHTO Subcommittee on Public Information in Carson City Nev., attracted more than 30 public information representatives from 25 states, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), U.S. DOT and AASHTO. A motion was made that the Public Information Subcommittee conduct its mid-year workshop separate and apart from the joint industry workshop. A lengthy discussion followed in which it was generally agreed that the intent of the motion was to simply conduct subcommittee business at a meeting by and for public information people from AASHTO-member states in a manner similar to that in which the other AASHTO committees operated. The motion passed with only four dissenting votes. It was also at this meeting that Subcommittee Secretary Tom Taylor made a motion requesting the AASHTO Executive Committee to change the name of the Public Information Subcommittee to the Administrative Subcommittee on Public Affairs. The resolution pointed out that the term “public information” had become out-dated and no longer aptly described the functions and duties of some of the committee members. That resolution passes unanimously.
Since 1977 the National Transportation Public Affairs Workshop has served as the major working meeting of the AASHTO Administrative Subcommittee on Public Affairs, with sessions arranged cooperatively for combined sessions on topics of interest to both groups and independent sessions to address specific concerns.
In 2011, the last meeting of NTPAW took place in Des Moines, Iowa. The AASHTO Board of Directors changed the name if the subcommittee to the Subcommittee on Public Affairs, and the subcommittee became know as TransComm. In 2016 as part of an overall AASHTO committee reorganization, TransComm became a full AASHTO committee, formally titled the AASHTO Committee on Transportation Communications.
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Not a single verified example of a hybrid between a chimpanzee and gorilla has ever been recorded by science - which is why the koolookamba is such a controversial creature of cryptozoology.
This mystery ape was first brought to European attention by the explorer Paul du Chaillu, who shot what he initially assumed to be a large adult male chimpanzee in Gabon's Ashankolo Mountains during April 1858. However, its head was rounded, as was its bare black face, its eyes were large and set wide apart, it had well-developed eyebrow ridges, a flat nose, and elevated, projecting cheekbones - which are all characteristics more typical of a gorilla (two species of which are recognised today - the western gorilla Gorilla gorilla and the eastern gorilla G. beringei, of which latter species the mountain gorilla is a subspecies, G. b. beringei).
Consequently, du Chaillu stated that he considered his specimen to be totally separate from both chimp and gorilla. So too did the local native people - who claimed that this strange type of 'intermediate' ape lived exclusively in the mountains, never inhabiting lowland regions. They even had a special name for it - the koolookamba ('that which speaks 'kooloo''), after its distinctive call, 'kooloo' (and also spelt variously as koolokamba and koolakamba). Accordingly, in 1860 du Chaillu formally christened his newly-created species Troglodytes koolokamba - the first of several different scientific names, and identities, that would be applied to this ambiguous ape.
Over the years, a number of other koolookambas have been obtained from Gabon and elsewhere in equatorial West Africa. Some have even been displayed alive in zoos. Perhaps the most famous captive koolookamba was 'Mafuka' (also spelt 'Mafuca' in some sources) - a large aggressive female brought from Gabon's Loango Coast and exhibited at Dresden Zoo in the 1870s. Another fierce individual from the late 1800s was 'Johanna' - displayed at the Barnum Bailey World Show after four years at Lisbon Zoo. In the 1980s, the Holloman Air Force Base's chimpanzee colony at Alamagordo, New Mexico, contained two adult female koolookambas - 'Minnie' and 'Sevim'.
In short, it is clear that koolookambas exist. Far less clear, conversely, is their identity - just what is a koolookamba? The complexity of this question is exemplified by the intense deliberation that took place in 19th-Century zoological circles regarding Mafuka's identity.
The most conservative school of thought claimed that she was just an unusual chimpanzee. In contrast, some zoologists were persuaded by her heavy brows, fairly small ears, wide nose, and powerful, projecting jaws to classify her as a small gorilla (the confirmed identity of a female koolookamba sent to Basle Zoo in 1967). Certain others, echoing du Chaillu, felt sure that she represented a separate third species - one that subtly combined characteristics of chimpanzee with those of gorilla but remained taxonomically distinct from both.
Most dramatic (yet most popular) of all, however, was the opinion voiced by zoologist Dr Richard Lydekker among others. Namely, that her interspecific combination of features showed that Mafuka was actually a crossbreed - resulting from a mating in the wild between a chimpanzee and a gorilla. Indeed, in 1881, German game hunter Hugo von Koppenfels alleged that he had positive proof that such hybridisation did occur (and these two ape forms are certainly closely related), but no such proof has ever been accepted by zoologists.
The fundamental problem responsible for the dilemma of the koolookamba's true identity is the extraordinary diversity in outward and cranial morphology exhibited by the chimpanzee across its wide geographical distribution. This explains why, by 1919, at least 20 different species of chimpanzee had been distinguished and accepted as valid by some zoologists. These included such distinctively-named forms as the soko (native to the jungles west of Lake Tanganyika) and the nschiego mbouvé (native to Gabon, like the koolookamba).
Since the extensive taxonomic researches published by German primatologist Dr Ernst Schwarz during the 1930s, however, only two species have been recognised by most authorities.
One of these is the pygmy chimpanzee or bonobo Pan paniscus - yet another identity lately proposed for Mafuka by some researchers (click here for a separate ShukerNature article devoted specifically to the fascinating history of the bonobo).
The other is the common chimpanzee Pan troglodytes, which is usually split into four subspecies - P. t. verus (West Africa), P. t. schweinfurthi (Central Africa), P. t. ellioti [=vellerosus] (Nigeria and Cameroon), and P. t. troglodytes (Central West Africa). One of several former full species included by Schwarz within the last-mentioned subspecies was the koolookamba - but this was one puzzling primate from the past that would not be laid to rest quite so easily.
In 1967, primatologist Professor W.C. Osman Hill reclassified the koolookamba as an additional chimpanzee subspecies in its own right, dubbing it P. t. koolokamba. Nevertheless, many researchers do not support the koolookamba's revived claim to independent status.
As pointed out by gorilla expert Don Cousins and American anthropologist Dr Brian Shea, individuals displaying the koolookamba's distinctive morphology arise spasmodically in totally separate populations of chimpanzees - thus indicating that the koolookamba is merely the product of a chance assemblage of genes, rather than a segregated form that breeds true.
Having said that, there does seem to be a link between koolookamba occurrence and montane habitat. And as its distinguishing features happen to be much the same as those that delineate eastern Africa's mountain gorilla G. beringei beringei from eastern Africa's lowland gorilla G. b. graueri, could the koolookamba therefore constitute an incipient mountain-favouring race of chimpanzee?
In the absence of further research (preferably incorporating comparative DNA analyses featuring 'typical' chimps, koolookambas, and gorillas), however, it seems likely that the koolookamba will be monkeying around with zoological opinion for a long time to come!
Nor is this anomalous anthropoid the only controversial chimpanzee on record. Others include the Bili ape, the mystery chimpanzee of Yaounde Zoo, the ufiti of Malawi, 'ape-man' Oliver, thumbless chimps, chocolate-coloured chimps, and, most extraordinary of all, the spiny-backed chimpanzee – but these must wait for future ShukerNature posts!
iirc, didn't Oliver turn out to just be a normal chimp? Albeit a really, really creepy-looking one.
To be honest, a chimp/gorilla hybrid would be really astonishing, since chimpanzees and humans are more related to each other than either is to the gorillas.
I'll be including a detailed ShukerNature account of Oliver, so check back soon, and yes, I agree that a chimp x gorilla hybrid would be extraordinary, but not impossible, genetically. More contentious is whether their behavioural differences would allow a mating to occur in the wild state. In captivity, conversely, especially if facilitated by purposefully rearing a gorilla and chimp together from babies, this behavioural obstacle might be eliminated, particularly if a male chimp and female gorilla were partnered.
Yes, Rox, just credit it to me in your book - thanks.
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What does the end of your typical workday look like?
If you’re anything like most people, it usually goes a little something like this: You take a quick glance at the time, realize it’s already later than you had planned to leave, quickly grab your work bag and your half-empty coffee thermos from that morning, shut down your computer, and run out the door.
Sound familiar? When you leave the office in the evening, you feel frazzled and stressed. And, as if that wasn’t already bad enough, that feeling tends to carry over to the next day.
When you return to your desk in the morning, you see unanswered emails, your dirty lunch dishes, and scribbled post-it notes from the day before—and the whole cycle starts all over again.
But, what if it didn’t need to be that way? What if you could make every single one of your workdays significantly easier (and more productive!), simply by reserving a little bit of time at the end of each day?
Here’s the good news: You can! All you need to do is block out about a half hour on your schedule at the very end of your day to take care of these important to-dos, and you’ll come back to the office the next morning feeling, refreshed, clear-headed, and ready to tackle your work!
There’s nothing worse than arriving at your desk and being immediately inundated with those little, obnoxious tasks you didn’t get a chance to complete the day before. As a matter of fact, you’d probably rather be greeted by a hive of wasps.
This is why you should take a little bit of time at the end of your workday to wrap up any of those lingering tasks. Whether it’s answering your remaining emails, filling out your expense report, or cleaning up that spreadsheet, these little to-dos are the perfect thing to do when you’re finishing up for the day—they’re not hard, they’re just a little annoying.
So, gather your motivation and get them completed before you leave the office. That way, you can start fresh in the morning—without those hanging over your head!
Writing things down is a great way to both clear your mind and organize your thoughts. You don’t want all of those little reminders and tasks to slip out of your brain before the next morning.
This is why it’s a good idea to end your workday by sitting down, flipping through your schedule, scrolling through your inbox, and making your to-do list for the next day. Not only will this help you check out of “work mode” and relax for the evening, but it also means you can arrive at the office tomorrow with a detailed action plan in place.
Kicking off your day with a solid idea of what you need to be working on will help you be that much more productive—without feeling frazzled and scatterbrained!
Stacks of paper, piles pens, and tons of coffee mugs—oh my! Your desk can quickly become a collection spot for lots of, well, junk.
Your physical space can have a bit impact on your attitude. Scientists have even found that clutter can negatively affect your ability to focus and process information. Basically, a messy desk equals a messy mind.
So, if you want to start your next day on the right foot, spend just a little bit of time cleaning up your desk. Toss out any trash, straighten up your piles of paper, organize the files on your computer desktop, and bring any dishes to the break room.
If you’re feeling extra motivated, you can even take a disinfecting wipe to your desk, phone, and computer mouse and keys—your workspace can be a literal breeding ground for bacteria!
Sometimes the hardest part of your workday is just getting started. So, why not take care of that first step the night before?
Track down any resources you need and are still missing for the projects you have on the docket. Print any information that you need hard copies of so that it’s ready to go in the morning.
The more you can do to get yourself prepared and set yourself up for success, the better. That way, you’ll be able to sit down at your desk and get started on your real work—rather than having to spend time getting all of the groundwork in place.
When your days are so busy, reflection is something that can easily get pushed to the back burner. But, making some time to look back on your day is key for making tomorrow that much better.
What went well today? What were some roadblocks and challenges you ran into? What do you want to do better tomorrow?
Take just a few quiet moments to think through those questions—jot down your answers if you have to! You’ll clear your mind, while also identifying ways that you can take steps forward during your next workday.
Do you bring your work home with you? Even if you don’t physically take home your materials, chances are your mind is still churning over your work-related matters when you’re around the dinner table or relaxing in the evening.
Yes, it can be tough to disconnect. But, not giving yourself adequate time to take a break and recharge will ultimately only lead to feeling stressed and burnt out the next day.
When you turn off your computer and leave the office, take a deep breath and make your best effort to leave your work troubles behind in favor of enjoying your time away. Actually unplugging from your work for the night will mean you can come back the next day feeling refreshed—rather than wiped out.
Your workday can get stressful. But, it only ends up being more stressful if you left the office in a rush the day before.
Instead of running out the door, reserve some time at the end of your day for these six small—yet important—tasks. That way, you’ll start each workday feeling clear-headed and ready to tackle your to-do list!
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Monocytes are amoeboid in appearance, and have a granulated cytoplasm. Containing unilobar nuclei, these cells are one of the types of mononuclear leukocytes which shelter azurophil granules. The archetypal geometry of the monocyte nucleus is ellipsoidal; metaphorically bean-shaped or kidney-shaped, although the most significant distinction is that the nuclear envelope should not be hyperbolically furcated into lobes. Contrast to this classification occurs in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Monocytes compose 2% to 10% of all leukocytes in the human body and serve multiple roles in immune function. Such roles include: replenishing resident macrophages under normal conditions; migration within approximately 8–12 hours in response to inflammation signals from sites of infection in the tissues; and differentiation into macrophages or dendritic cells to effect an immune response. In an adult human, half of the monocytes are stored in the spleen. These change into macrophages after entering into appropriate tissue spaces, and can transform into foam cells in endothelium.
The non-classical monocyte shows low level expression of CD14 and additional co-expression of the CD16 receptor (CD14+CD16++ monocyte).
The intermediate monocyte with high level expression of CD14 and low level expression of CD16 (CD14++CD16+ monocytes).
While in humans the level of CD14 expression can be used to differentiate non-classical and intermediate monocytes, the slan cell surface marker was shown to give an unequivocal separation of the two cell types.
Ghattas et al. state that the "intermediate" monocyte population is likely to be a unique subpopulation of monocytes, as opposed to a developmental step, due to their comparatively high expression of surface receptors involved in reparative processes(including vascular endothelial growth factors type 1 and 2, CXCR4, and Tie-2) as well as evidence that the "intermediate" subset is specifically enriched in the bone marrow. After stimulation with microbial products the CD14+CD16++ monocytes produce high amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-12.
Said et al. showed that activated monocytes express high levels of PD-1 which might explain the higher expression of PD-1 in CD14+CD16++ monocytes as compared to CD14++CD16- monocytes. Triggering monocytes-expressed PD-1 by its ligand PD-L1 induces IL-10 production which activates CD4 Th2 cells and inhibits CD4 Th1 cell function.
In mice, monocytes can be divided in two subpopulations. Inflammatory monocytes (Cx3CR1low, CCR2+, Ly6Chigh), which are equivalent to human classical CD14++ CD16− monocytes and resident monocytes (Cx3CR1high, CCR2neg, Ly6Clow), which are equivalent to human non-classical CD14low CD16+ monocytes. Resident monocytes have the ability to patrol along the endothelium wall in the steady state and under inflammatory conditions. In man a monocyte crawling behavior, similar to the patrolling in mice, has been demonstrated both for the classical and the non-classical monocytes.
Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from precursors called monoblasts, bipotent cells that differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body where they differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells. They constitute between three and eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood. About half of the body's monocytes are stored as a reserve in the spleen in clusters in the red pulp's Cords of Billroth. Moreover, monocytes are the largest corpuscle in blood.
Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to other tissues will then differentiate into tissue resident macrophages or dendritic cells. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances, but are also suspected to be important in the formation of important organs like the heart and brain. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm, and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material.
In vitro, monocytes can differentiate into dendritic cells by adding the cytokines granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4.
Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic-cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and cytokine production. Phagocytosis is the process of uptake of microbes and particles followed by digestion and destruction of this material. Monocytes can perform phagocytosis using intermediary (opsonising) proteins such as antibodies or complement that coat the pathogen, as well as by binding to the microbe directly via pattern-recognition receptors that recognize pathogens. Monocytes are also capable of killing infected host cells via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Vacuolization may be present in a cell that has recently phagocytized foreign matter.
Many factors produced by other cells can regulate the chemotaxis and other functions of monocytes. These factors include most particularly chemokines such as monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (CCL2) and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (CCL7); certain arachidonic acid metabolites such as Leukotriene B4 and members of the 5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid family of OXE1 receptor agonists (e.g., 5-HETE and 5-oxo-ETE); and N-Formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine and other N-formylated oligopeptides which are made by bacteria and activate the formyl peptide receptor 1.
Microbial fragments that remain after such digestion can serve as antigens. The fragments can be incorporated into MHC molecules and then trafficked to the cell surface of monocytes (and macrophages and dendritic cells). This process is called antigen presentation and it leads to activation of T lymphocytes, which then mount a specific immune response against the antigen.
Other microbial products can directly activate monocytes and this leads to production of pro-inflammatory and, with some delay, of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Typical cytokines produced by monocytes are TNF, IL-1, and IL-12.
A monocyte count is part of a complete blood count and is expressed either as a percentage of monocytes among all white blood cells or as absolute numbers. Both may be useful but these cells became valid diagnostic tools only when monocyte subsets are determined.
A high count of CD14+CD16++ monocytes is found in severe infection (sepsis) In the field of atherosclerosis high numbers of the CD14++CD16+ intermediate monocytes were shown to be predictive of cardiovascular events in at risk populations.
Monocytopenia is a form of leukopenia associated with a deficiency of monocytes. A very low count of these cells is found after therapy with immuno-suppressive glucocorticoids. Also, non-classical slan+ monocytes are strongly reduced in patients with Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS), a neurologic disease associated with mutations in the macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor gene.
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^ Fingerle, G; Pforte, A; Passlick, B; Blumenstein, M; Ströbel, M; Ziegler-Heitbrock, HW (November 1993). "The novel subset of CD14+/CD16+ blood monocytes is expanded in sepsis patients". Blood. 82 (10): 3170–6. PMID 7693040.
^ Heine, Gunnar H.; et al. (2008). "CD14++CD16+ monocytes but not total monocyte numbers predict cardiovascular events in dialysis patients". Kidney International. 73 (5): 622–629. doi:10.1038/sj.ki.5002744. PMID 18160960.
^ Rogacev, Kyrill S.; et al. (2012). "CD14++CD16+ monocytes independently predict cardiovascular events: a cohort study of 951 patients referred for elective coronary angiography". J Am Coll Cardiol. 60 (16): 1512–1520. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.019.
^ Fingerle-Rowson, G.; Angstwurm, M.; Andreesen, R.; Ziegler-Heitbrock, H.W.L. (1998). "Selective depletion of CD14+ CD16+ monocytes by glucocorticoid therapy". Clin. Exp. Immunol. 112 (3): 501–506. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00617.x. PMC 1904988. PMID 9649222.
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Acre (Brazilian Portuguese: [ˈakɾi]) is a state located in the northern region of Brazil. Located in the westernmost part of the country with a two hours time difference from Brasília, Acre is bordered clockwise by Amazonas to the north and northeast, Rondônia to the east, the Bolivian department of Pando to the southeast, and the Peruvian regions of Madre de Dios, Ucayali and Loreto to the south and west. It occupies an area of 152,581.4 km2, being slightly smaller than Tunisia.
Its capital and largest city is Rio Branco. Other important places include Cruzeiro do Sul, Sena Madureira, Tarauacá and Feijó.
The intense extractive activity, which reached its height in the 20th century, attracted Brazilians from many regions to the state. From the mixture of sulista, Southeast Brazil, nordestino, and indigenous traditions arose a diverse cuisine, which unites sun-dried meat (carne-de-sol) with pirarucu, a typical fish of the region. Such dishes are seasoned with tucupi, a sauce made from manioc.
Fluvial transport, concentrated on the Juruá and Moa rivers, in the western part of the state, and the Tarauacá and Envira Rivers in the northwest, is the principal form of circulation, especially between November and June, when the rain leaves the BR-364 impassable, which connects Rio Branco to Cruzeiro do Sul.
The name, which passed from the river to the territory in 1904, and to the state in 1962, perhaps originates from the Tupi word a'kir ü "green river" or from the form a'kir, of the tupi word ker, "to sleep, to rest"; but it is almost certain to be a deformation of Aquiri, the spelling which explorers of the region utilized to express Umákürü, or Uakiry, a term from the Ipurinã dialect. There is also a hypothesis that Acquiri derives from Yasi'ri, or Ysi'ri, meaning "flowing or swift water".
On the voyage which he made on the Purús River in 1878, the colonizer, João Gabriel de Carvalho Melo, wrote from there to the merchant, Viscount of Santo Elias (from Pará), asking him for goods to be sent to the "mouth of the Aquiri River". Since in Belém the proprietor of the commercial establishment and the employees were not able to understand João Gabriel's handwriting, or because he had hastily written Acri or Aqri, instead of Aquiri, the goods and the invoice arrived to the colonizer as having been sent to the Acre River.
Acre possesses some nicknames: the End of Brazil, The Rubber Tree State, the Latex State and the Western End.
The native inhabitants of Acre are called acrianos, in the singular acriano. Until the entry in force of the Orthographic Agreement of 1990, the correct spelling was acreano in the singular and in the plural acreanos. In 2009, with the new orthographic agreement, the change generated controversy between the Academy of Letters of Acre (Academia Acreana de Letras) and the Brazilian Academy of Letters (Academia Brasileira de Letras), alleging that the change would mean the denial of the state's historical and cultural roots, changing the last letter of the toponym from "E" to "I".
The state of Acre occupies an area of 152,581 km2 (58,911 mi2) in the extreme west of Brazil. It is located at 70º00'00" west longitude from the Prime Meridian and at 09º00'00" latitude south of the equator. In Brazil, the state is part of the North Region, forming borders with the states of Amazonas and Rondônia, and with two countries: Peru and Bolivia.
Practically all of the terrain of the state of Acre is part of the low sandstone plateau, or terra firme, morphological unit which dominates most of the Brazilian Amazon. These terranes rise, in Acre, from the southeast to the northeast, with very tabular topography in general. In the extreme west is found the Serra da Contamana or Serra do Divisor, along the western border, with the highest altitudes in the state (609 m; 1,998 ft). About 63% of state's surface is lies between 200 and 300 m (660 and 980 ft) in height; 16% between 300 and 609 (984 and 1,998 ft); and 21% between 200 and 135 (656 and 443 ft).
The climate is hot and very humid, of the Am type in the Köppen climate classification system, and the monthly average temperatures vary between 24 and 27 °C (75 and 81 °F), being the lowest average of the North Region. The rainfall reaches an annual total of 2,100 mm (83 in), with a clear dry season in the months of June, July, and August. The Amazon Rainforest covers all of the state territory. Very rich in rubber trees of the most valuable species (Hevea brasiliensis) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the forest guarantees that Acre is the greatest national producer of rubber and nuts. Acre's principal rivers, mostly navigable during the wet season (the Juruá, Tarauacá, Envira, Purús, Iaco, and Acre), cross the state with almost parallel courses which will only converge outside of its territory.
The largest recorded Black Caiman measured at 7.7 meters (25 feet) and weight 1,310 kg (2,890 lb) was shot in Acre in 1965.
The Amazon represents over half of the planet's remaining rainforests and comprises the largest and most species-rich tract of tropical rainforest in the world. Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich biome, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species-rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled biodiversity. More than 1/3 of all species in the world live in the Amazon Rainforest.
Military Police in Rio Branco.
Rio Branco in the morning.
Until the beginning of the 20th century Acre belonged to Bolivia. However, since the beginning of the 19th century, a large part of its population were Brazilians who exploited rubber tree groves and who, in practice, achieved the creation of an independent territory.
In 1899, Bolivians tried to gain control of the area, but Brazilians revolted and there were border confrontations, generating the episode which became known as the Acre Revolution (Revolução Acreana).
On November 17, 1903, with the signing over and sale in the Treaty of Petrópolis, Brazil received final possession of the region. Acre was then integrated into Brazil as a territory divided into three departments. The territory passed under Brazilian sovereignty in exchange for the payment of two million pounds sterling, land taken from Mato Grosso and in accordance with the construction of the Madeira-Mamoré railway.
Having been united in 1920, on June 15, 1962 it was elevated to the category of state, being the first to be governed by a woman, the teacher Iolanda Fleming.
During the Second World War, the rubber tree groves of Malaya were taken by the Japanese, and Acre thus left a great mark on western and world history, helping to change the course of the war in favour of the allies. This was thanks to the Rubber Soldiers, natives mostly of the Ceará plantation. It was perhaps due to Acre and its decisive contribution to the allied victory, that Brazil received North American resources to form the National Steel Company (Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional), and thus aid in the industrialization of the Central-south, which was until such time mostly stagnant, and which did not yet possess basic heavy industries.
On April 4 of 2008, Acre won a judicial debate with the state of Amazonas in relation to the dispute surrounding the Cunha Gomes Line, which culminated in the annexation of part of the municipalities of Envira, Guajará, Boca do Acre, Pauini, Eirunepé and Ipixuna. The territorial redefinition consolidated the incorporation of 1.2 million hectares of the Liberdade, Gregório, and Mogno forest complex to the territory of Acre, which corresponds to 11,583.87 km2.
Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land in Acre dating between 0–1250 AD, leading to claims about Pre-Columbian civilizations. The BBC's Unnatural Histories claimed that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine wilderness, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as forest gardening. Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre.
During the 17th century, Portuguese penetrations had already reached many of the maximum ends of Brazil. The expansion of the geographic horizon to the west was an inevitable consequence, reaching lands of Spanish possession; a fact which became a topic of the Treaties of Madrid (1750) and San Ildefonso (1777). Both of the treaties, based on the explorations of Portuguese bandeirante Manoel Félix de Lima of the Guaporé and Madeira River drainage basins, established the riverbeds of the Mamoré and Guaporé to their maximum western limits on the left bank of the Javari as a dividing line between the respective areas in question.
The settlement of the zone, stimulated by the creation of the new royal captaincy of Mato Grosso (1751), occurred in the direction of the frontier, causing several important centers to emerge: Vila Bela (1752) on the banks of the Guaporé, Vila Maria (1778) on the Paraguay River, and Casalvasco (1783). Until the mid-19th century, a systematic settling of the area was not thought of. At that time, the great virgin source of rubber found there would attract commercial interest, provoking its colonization.
The economic politics of the empire, directed towards agricultural exportation activities based on coffee, did not permit the utilization and incorporation of the territories of the extreme west. From this negligence it happened that in Cândido Mendes de Almeida's Atlas of the Empire of Brazil (1868), a model of its time, the Acre River and its principal tributaries did not appear, being completely unknown to geographers.
Notwithstanding such politics, some few armed bands of Brazilian explorers exploited the rural and unpopulated region, not knowing whether they pertained to Brazil, Peru, or Bolivia. Hence, still in the mid 19th century, fed by the drive which the search for rubber occasioned, solicited as it was on the international market, various expeditions searched out the area seeking to facilitate the installation of colonists. At that time, João Rodrigues Cametá initiated the conquest of the Purús River; Manuel Urbano da Encarnação, an Indian with an extensive knowledge of the region, reached the Acre River, traveling up it as far as the vicinity of the Xapuri; and João da Cunha Correia reached the drainage basin of the upper Tarauacá. All this clearing took place, for the most part, on Bolivian land.
Exploitative activities, the industrial importance of the rubber reserves, and the penetration of Brazilian colonists in the region raised the attention of Bolivia, which solicited a better fixation of boundaries. After much failed negotiation, in 1867 the Treaty of Ayacucho was signed, which recognized the colonial uti possidetis. A border was established parallel to the confluence of the Beni and Mamoré Rivers running eastward to the headwaters of the Javari River, even though the source of this river was not yet known.
As the price of rubber rose in the market, the demand for it grew, and the race to the Amazon increased. Plantations multiplied in this manner in the valleys of the Acre, Purús, and farther west, the Tarauacá: in one year (1873–1874), in the drainage basin of the Purús, the population rose from around one thousand to four thousand inhabitants. On the other hand, the imperial government, already sensitive to the resulting offerings of rubber, considered the entire valley of the Purús to be Brazilian.
Also, in the second half of the 19th century, disturbances were registered in the demographic and geo-economic balance of the empire, with the coffee boom in the south channeling financial resources and workers, in detriment to the northeast. The growing impoverishment of that region stimulated migratory waves to the states of Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo. The movement of population became particularly active during the prolonged drought of the northeastern interior, from 1877 to 1880, expelling hundreds of Cearenses, who headed for the rubber plantations in search of work.
The advance of Cearense migration proceeded to the banks of the Juruá and accelerated the occupation of land which Bolivia would later reclaim. The great fluvial river beds and their tributary systems were then intensely trafficked by small ship fleets of varied transport, transporting colonists, goods, and supply material to the most isolated nuclei. The governments of Amazonas and Pará quickly instituted the establishment of supply houses, which financed various types of operations, guaranteed credit, and promoted the commercial incentive of the rubber tree groves.
The rubber race assumed proportions similar to those of the search for gold veins in the 18th century. The results were equal. The situation drew the attention of the government to the economic utilization of an almost completely unknown area, besides permitting -as in a colony- the patrimonial incorporation of new regions, on the basis of penetration movements by private enterprise.
In 1890, a Bolivian official, José Manuel Pando, alerted his government to the fact that in the drainage basin of the Juruá there were more than three hundred rubber plantations, with the occupation by Brazilians taking root more and more rapidly on Bolivian soil. The Brazilian penetration had advanced in depth west from the 64th meridian to beyond the 72nd, in an extension of one thousand kilometers, even though the borders had already been fixed above the confluence of the Beni and Mamoré Rivers according to the Treaty of 1867.
In 1895 a new commission for the settlement of demarcation was created. The Brazilian representative, Gregório Taumaturgo de Azevedo, resigned after verifying that the ratification of the Treaty of 1867 would harm the rubber gatherers which were installed there. In 1899, the Bolivians established an administrative post in Puerto Alonso, exacting taxes and customs duties upon Brazilian activities. The following year, Brazil accepted the sovereignty of Bolivia in the zone, when it officially recognized the old boundaries at the confluence of the Beni and Mamoré.
The rubber gatherers, distant from the diplomatic process, judged their interests to have been cheated, and initiated insurrection movements. In the same year that Bolivia implanted administration in Puerto Alonso (1899), two serious contestations occurred.
In April, a Cearense lawyer, José Carvalho, led an armed movement, which culminated in the expulsion of the Bolivian authorities. Shortly thereafter, Bolivia began negotiations with an Anglo-American trust, the Bolivian Syndicate, in order to promote, with exceptional force (exacting of taxes, armed force), the political and economic incorporation of Acre into its territory. The governor of Amazonas, Ramalho Júnior, informed of the agreement by a functionary of the Bolivian consulate in Belém, Luis Gálvez Rodríguez de Arias, sent military contingents forward to occupy Puerto Alonso. Gálvez proclaimed the independence of Acre, in the form of a republic, becoming its president with the acquiescence of the rubber gatherers. Under protests from Bolivia, President Campos Sales abolished the ephemeral republic (March 1900).
Bolivians, reinstated in the region, suffered, still in 1900, the assault of the so-called Floriano Peixoto expedition or "expedition of the poets", thus called, for being constituted for the most part of intellectual bohemians from Manaus. The conflict did not have great consequences, since, following brief fighting in the area surrounding Puerto Alonso, the expedition was completely scattered.
Ultimately, the Bolivian government signed a contract with the Bolivian Syndicate (July 1901). The Brazilian congress, shocked by the arbitrariness of the act, took measures, canceling commercial accords and navigation between the two countries, and suspending the right of travel to Bolivia.
At the same time, Brazilians organized an armed assault of great size on the conflicted area. The operations were led by a former student of the Military School of Rio Grande do Sul (Escola Militar do Rio Grande do Sul), José Plácido de Castro. The rubber gatherers occupied the village of Xapuri in Alto Acre (August 1902), apprehending the Bolivian authorities. Finally, Plácido de Castro's forces besieged Puerto Alonso, proclaiming the Independent State of Acre, after the capitulation of Bolivian troops (February 1903).
To Plácido de Castro, proclaimed governor of the new Independent State of Acre, it was left to discuss the question of borders in the diplomatic sphere. The Baron of Rio Branco, who had just assumed the role of minister of foreign relations, immediately opened channels which were meant to have put an end to the question.
The simplest problem, with the Bolivian Syndicate, was resolved by means of the compensation of one hundred ten thousand pounds to renounce the contract (February 1903). Next, commercial relations were reestablished with Bolivia, while a part of the territory on the upper Purús and Juruá, militarily occupied (March 1903) was declared litigious. From the subsequent talks, it followed that Bolivia would cede an area of 142,800 km2, in exchange for two million pounds sterling, paid in two installments. Brazil committed to the construction of a Madeira-Mamoré Railway, connecting Porto Velho to Guajará-Mirim, at the confluence of the Beni and the Madeira. Such were the principal stipulations of the Treaty of Petrópolis (November 17, 1903), through which Brazil acquired the future territory, now state of Acre.
There remained the question of Peru, which also claimed sovereignty over the entire territory of Acre and part of the state of Amazonas, in light of colonial titles. After armed conflicts between Brazilians and Peruvians on the upper Purús and Juruá, a joint administration was established in those regions (1904). The studies for the fixation of borders proceeded until the end of 1909, when a treaty was signed which completed the political integration of Acre into Brazilian territory.
The evolution of Acre appears to be a typical phenomenon of modern penetration in the history of Brazil, accompanied by important contributions to the economic projection of the country. Exercising a prominent role in national exports until 1913, when rubber was introduced to European and North American markets, Acre enjoyed a period of great prosperity: at the start of the 20th century, in a period of less than ten years, it boasted more than 50,000 inhabitants.
It may be asserted that all the endeavors towards the integration of Acre into Brazilian life correspond to the parallel efforts of the federal government, from 1946 on, to the effect of recuperating the economy of the Amazon, including it in regional development projects.
Attending to the judicial arrangements of the Treaty of Petrópolis, President Rodrigues Alves sanctioned the law which created the Territory of Acre (1904), further dividing it into three departments: Alto Acre, Alto Purús, and Alto Juruá, the latter being separated to form Alto Tarauacá (1912). The departmental administration was exercised until 1921 by mayors appointed by the President of Brazil. At that time the arrangements were altered, passing the administration to a governor. The second Constitution of Brazil (1934) conceded to Acre the right to elect representatives to the National Congress of Brazil.
Members of an uncontacted tribe encountered in 2009.
During the Estado Novo (New State) political ideas involving the valorization of the interior took hold, with the intention of promoting the articulation of more isolated areas. Thereafter, the vote of 1946 commended the channeling of budgetary resources from the Union to the Amazon, determining that the Territory of Acre would be elevated to the condition of state as soon as its revenue reached the equivalent of the lowest state tax exaction.
In the 1960s, the second cycle of efforts to accelerate the progress of the Amazon area was begun with the Superintendency of the Development of the Amazon (Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia or SUDAM, 1966). Better networking of regional sub-sectors within the state was sought out, thus connecting the branch lines of the Transamazônica, which connected Rio Branco and Brasiléia, on the upper course of the Acre River, and Cruzeiro do Sul, on the banks of the Juruá, crossing the valleys of the Purús and the Tarauacá. Planning politics developed, therefore, destined to correct the demographic, economic, and political distortions of national integration.
Rio Branco in the afternoon.
According to the IBGE of 2007, there were 664,000 people residing in the state. The population density was 4.5 inh./km2.
Urbanization: 69.6% (2006); Population growth: 3.3% (1991–2000); Houses: 162,000 (2006).
The last PNAD (National Research for Sample of Domiciles) census revealed the following numbers: 441,000 Brown (Multiracial) people (66.5%), 172,000 White (26.0%), 45,000 Black (6.8%), 4,000 Asian or Amerindian people (0.7%).
Acre is inhabited by various indigenous groups of the Panoan language family, including Kashinawa, Jaminawa and Xanenawa. There are also three groups of other language families, Madiha (Kulina) of the Arawan family as well as Yine (Manchineri) and Ashaninka (Kampa) of the Arawakan family.
Revolução Square in Rio Branco.
The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 66%, followed by the industrial sector at 28.1%. Agriculture represents 5.9%, of GDP (2004). Acre exports: wood 85.6%, poultry (chicken and wild turkey) 4.7%, wood products 1.7% (2002).
Share of the Brazilian economy: 0.2% (2005).
Portuguese is the official national language, and thus the primary language taught in schools. English and Spanish are also part of the official high school curriculum.
União Educacional do Norte (Uninorte).
Rio Branco International Airport is located in a rural zone of the municipality of Rio Branco, in the state of Acre. It was opened on November 2, 1999 with a unique characteristic: it moved 22 kilometers away from the previous airport site. Rio Branco Airport serves domestic and international flights (by scheduled carriers and air taxi firms) along with general and military aviation. The terminal can receive 270 thousand passengers a year and serves an average of 14 daily operations.
Cruzeiro do Sul International Airport is located 18 kilometers away from the city center, which helps access to the Alto Juruá region. It was opened on October 28, 1970 and absorbed by Infraero on March 31, 1980. The airport infrastructure was built in 1976 by the municipal government. In 1994 the runway was totally renovated.
AC-010 (Rio Branco to Porto Acre).
Rio Branco provides visitors and residents with various sport activities.
The Arena da Floresta stadium in Rio Branco was one of the 18 candidates to host games in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which was held in Brazil, but did not make it to the final 12 chosen.
The flag was adopted on March 15, 1921. It is a variation of the flags used by the secessionist state of Acre, with the yellow and green parts exchanged and mirrored. The yellow color symbolizes peace, green hope, and the star symbolizes the light which guided those who worked to make Acre a state of Brazil.
↑ Simon Romero (January 14, 2012). "Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World". The New York Times.
↑ Martti Pärssinen, Denise Schaan and Alceu Ranzi (2009). "Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia". Antiquity. 83 (322): 1084–1095.
1 2 "Unnatural Histories - Amazon". BBC Four.
↑ Junior, Gonçalo (October 2008). "Amazonia lost and found". Pesquisa (ed.220). FAPESP.
↑ Treaty of Madrid "Tratado de Madri"
↑ FERREIRA, João Carlos Vicente. "História da Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade"
↑ "Fixação e consolidação da fronteira" Official Site of the Legislative Assembly of Mato Grosso. Page visited on October 05, 2010.
1 2 SILVA, Hiram Reis and (July 7, 2009) "João Rodrigues Cametá"
↑ "Tarauacá: Ontem,hoje e amanhã" Tarauacá.com. Page visited on October 05, 2010.
↑ "História de Ipixuna". Official site of the Public Library of Amazonas. Page visited on October 06, 2010.
↑ "As Casas Aviodoras" WEB High School. Page visited on October 06, 2010.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 GURGEL, Rodrigo. "Revolução Acreana: Bolívia e Brasil disputam o Acre". UOL Education. Page visited on October 06, 2010.
↑ "Tratado de Ayacucho" Wikisource in Portuguese (March 27, 1867). Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ ALBUQUERQUE, Kátya Fernandez. "A Questão do Acre" Official site of the Fluminense Society of Philologic and Linguistic Studies. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ SILVA, Hiram Reis e (June 20, 2009). "Tenente-Coronel Gregório Taumaturgo de Azevedo" Roraima in Foucus. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
1 2 "História de Porto Acre IBGE Library. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
1 2 3 SCILLING, Voltaire. "A Expedição dos Poetas" Earth Education:History. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ "Plácido de Castro" UOL Education. Page visitetd on October 09, 2010.
↑ SILVA, Leo. "Plácido de Castro, Rio Branco e a Questão do Acre Official site of the Secretary of Education of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ "José Maria da Silva Paranhos Junior". Official site of the Ministry of Foreign Relations of Brazil. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ FREITAS, Newton. "Nacionalização Boliviana". Official site of the author. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ "A História do Estado do Acre, região Norte do Brasil - fotos e dados que ilustram este tema". Hjobrasil.com. Page visited on October 9, 2010.
↑ "O Ciclo da Borracha". Suapesuisa.com. Pge visited on October 9, 2010.
↑ "Governador Binho Marques fará revista às tropas da PMAC". Official site of the State of Acre (May 24, 2007). Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ LOUREIRO, Antonio José Souto (2008). "Histórico do Grande Oriente do Amazonas". Official site of Masonry in Amazonas. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ ANDRADA, Antônio Carlos Ribeiro de (16 de julho de 1934). "Constituição da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1934" Official site of the Presidency of the Federal Republic of Brazil.
↑ VIANA, Fernando de Mello (September 18, 1946). "Constituição da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1946" Official site of the Presidency of the Federal Republic of Brazil. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ FRIGOLETTO DE MENEZES, Eduardo. "A Sudam – Superintendência do Desenvolvimento da Amazônia". Official site of the author. Page visited on October 09, 2010.
↑ Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2007 (PDF) (in Portuguese). Acre, Brazil: IBGE. 2007. ISBN 85-240-3919-1. Retrieved 2007-07-18.
↑ "estimativa de 2009 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Acre (Brazil).
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Acre (state).
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DENVER, Colorado (CNN) -- A new national poll suggests that there's a reason why Wednesday evening's theme of the Democratic convention is "Securing America's Future."
A new poll finds that Sen. Barack Obama trails Sen. John McCain on the issues of terrorism and Iraq.
Without better marks on foreign policy and national security issues, presumed Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama may have a tough time securing his future in the White House.
A CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll out Wednesday indicates that the American public considers presumed Republican presidential nominee John McCain better than Obama on terrorism and Iraq, and voters consider McCain a stronger leader who would have better judgment in an international crisis.
By a 51 percent to 41 percent margin, voters regard the senator from Arizona as the stronger leader, and they think he would have better judgment than Obama in an international crisis by a 52 percent to 43 percent spread.
The two candidates recently differed on how best to deal with Russia over its invasion of Georgia.
Both criticized Russia, but McCain has talked of creating a new G-8 -- the group of the richest countries in the world -- that would expel Russia.
Obama called McCain's position a mistake.
On the issue of the Iraq war, McCain supported the U.S.-led invasion and has consistently called for seeing the conflict to a successful conclusion, without so-called timetables.
The senator from Illinois opposed the invasion.
Foreign policy aside, could Obama win the election on domestic issues? The Forum: What's your view on national security?
"Yes, but he may need to work on energy and taxes, two economic issues that have been the target of several recent McCain ads. Obama has a comfortable 8-point edge on economic issues overall, 51 to 43 percent," CNN Polling Director Keating Holland said.
On gas prices, Obama had an 11-point advantage in July, which has narrowed a bit to 6 points now. And on taxes, a slim 51 percent to 45 percent edge for Obama in July is now a virtual tie: 48 percent for Obama, 47 percent for McCain.
"But the McCain ads may have come with a cost: Half the public thinks McCain has attacked his opponent unfairly, while only a third feel that way about Obama," Holland said.
Obama maintains a large lead on health care and also has an advantage on personal qualities that deal less with foreign policy: caring about people, bringing change and uniting the country.
But what could really help Obama -- or McCain -- close the deal is convincing the public that he has a clear plan for solving the country's problems.
"Neither candidate scores well on that measure, and the conventions are the first and best chance to present clear solutions to current problems," Holland said.
The CNN/Opinion Research Corp. poll questioned 1,023 adult Americans by telephone Saturday and Sunday, after Obama's naming of Sen. Joe Biden of Delaware as his running mate. The survey's margin of error is plus or minus 3.5 percentage points.
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Steve Earle (born Stephen Fain Earle on January 17, 1955 in San Antonio, Texas) is a singer-songwriter best known for his country music and rock 'n roll tinged "alt-country." He is also a published writer, a keen political activist (particularly in protesting against the death penalty in the U.S., as in his song "Ellis Unit One" from the movie Dead Man Walking), and has written and directed a play. Earle also had small roles on the HBO television shows "The Wire" and "Treme". His sister Stacey Earle is also an acclaimed singer-songwriter, as is his most recent wife, Allison Moorer, whom he wed in 2005. His first son from an earlier marriage is the singer-songwriter Justin Townes Earle, named for Earle's hero Townes Van Zandt.
Earle was born in Fort Monroe, Virginia, and grew up near San Antonio, Texas. His father, Jack Earle, was an air traffic controller. Although he was born in Virginia where his father was stationed, the family returned to Texas before Earle's second birthday. They moved several times but Earle grew up primarily in the San Antonio area.
Earle began learning the guitar at the age of 11 and placed in a talent contest at his school at age 13. He is reported to have run away from home at age 14 to follow his idol, singer-songwriter Townes Van Zandt around Texas. Earle was "rebellious" as a youngster and dropped out of school at the age of 16. He moved to Houston with his 19-year-old uncle, who was also a musician, where he married and worked odd jobs. While in Houston Earle finally met Van Zandt, who became his hero and role model.
In 1975, at the age of 20, Earle moved to Nashville and began working as a songwriter. In these early days, he recorded with Guy Clark and Emmylou Harris. He finally scored a country hit in 1981, writing Johnny Lee's top ten cut "When You Fall in Love." Earle's early work as a performer tended towards the rockabilly sound, popular at the time. In 1986, his first proper album Guitar Town was a critical and commercial success. It sold over 300,000 copies and led some to herald him as a saviour of country music.
Earle long struggled with drug abuse. His addiction eventually caused a departure from performing and recording after he was dropped by MCA in 1991. Whilst in jail on drug and firearm charges, he kicked the habit and returned to music after his release in 1994.
Earle's "second, post-jail, musical career" has been more stylistically diverse than his early material, dipping in acoustic, bluegrass, and roots rock sounds. I Feel Alright and Transcendental Blues met with good reviews and decent sales. 2002's somewhat controversial Jerusalem was one of the first albums to directly address the September 11 attacks. It brought Earle's leftist views to media attention, especially the song "John Walker's Blues."
His latest album of original material I'll Never Get Out Of This World Alive was released in 2011. Songfacts reports that one of the tracks, This City, got played on HBO’s New Orleans based show Treme several months before the album‘s release. Earle, who plays a recurring street musician, composed the song especially for the drama series.
Earle has also released a tribute album of material written by friend and mentor Townes Van Zandt, entitled Townes.
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Corporate Housing is a furnished apartment, condo, or townhome that is made available for rent on a temporary basis, primarily for 30 days or more, to both individuals and companies.
Our clients include business travelers, military personnel, civil service workers, human resource professionals, medical professionals, staffing agencies, students, individuals between homes, short-term assignments, job relocations, and snowbirds.
We primarily service Charleston, Rock Hill, Fort Mill, Columbia, West Columbia, Irmo-Harbison areas, Florence, Lexington, Greenville, Aiken, Greer, Spartanburg and Orangeburg, South Carolina; and Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh, and Wilmington, NC. We also offer availability in Evans, Augusta and Martinez, Georgia. We provide furnished apartments worldwide through our CHPA network.
We require a credit card on file, and a signed lease. There is also an application fee, cleaning fee and a pet fee if applicable. Finally, there is an occupant profile required for all residents.
The leasing process begins with a proposal that lists units available for rent. Once an option has been selected from the proposal, the client is given an application. After the application has been completed and submitted, a lease is drawn up and must be signed. Once we have a signed lease, move-in instructions are provided to the resident.
The vast majority of our communities are pet-friendly. Dogs that are over 50 pounds may be required to stay in ground-floor units, and aggressive breeds are prohibited at most properties. There is a two pet limit per apartment. Also, we require a one-time pet fee that will vary based on pet type, breed, and weight.
Our rates vary based on number of bedrooms, individual requirements, area required, and type of accomodations. All prices are provided via proposals as detailed in the leasing process above, and are not published on this website or any promotional materials.
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