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Taking sleeping pills is risky and should be taken with great care, if you’re taking them or plan to start taking them, heed the precautions when taking sleeping pills.
Many people turn to sleeping pills to sleep, as the insomnia and sleep deprivation have become commonplace in their lives, which can lead to suffer potentially serious consequences, such as headaches, apathy, irritability and depression among others.
Take the following precautions before taking sleeping pills.
If you suffer from insomnia, consult your doctor before taking sleeping pills to get a proper diagnosis and read the instructions carefully to learn their side effects.
Sometimes taking both medicines without first talking, they can cause unwanted and dangerous interactions.
Program time properly, so you do not wake up too soon because it is key that you get into bed about 15-20 minutes after taking the drug.
It is necessary that the doctor knows these effects, in case you have to lower the dose or change your medicine.
Certain changes in diet may improve sleep in people with insomnia; You should also avoid naps during the day, and also caffeine, alcohol and snuff at least 4-6 hours before bedtime.
It is a basic precaution when taking sleeping pills or other medication. This mixture can cause adverse interactions, such as increased sedation, confusion, dizziness and weakness.
In these situations alertness decreases and may be dangerous.
This creates greater tolerance to the drug and can lead to physical addiction and the risk of complex sleep-related behavior runs.
If you have been taking sleeping pills for a long time, do not stop abruptly, to avoid withdrawal symptoms such as anxiety, nausea and muscle cramps. It is very important that you follow this instruction with sleeping pills.
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0.99978 |
Patients frequently want to know if diet plays a role in causing their acne. The honest answer is that we are still not entirely certain. Nonetheless, we do have some evidence implicating diet as a possible trigger of acne for some patients. Two dietary factors that repeatedly come up as possibly or even probably a cause of acne are high glycemic (sugary) foods and dairy. Surprisingly, the strongest evidence is that non-fat dairy is more likely than full fat dairy to cause acne. While chocolate and fatty/greasy foods have long been considered as possible causes of acne (and they may be), the scientific evidence for this is not as strong at this time.
Given all of this, what do I suggest? I suggest the obvious answer. Try to eat as healthful a diet as possible: a balanced diet with a significant focus on non-processed fresh foods especially fruits and vegetables. While the evidence doesn’t suggest it is necessary to completely eliminate all fatty and sugary foods, it is wise for our patients with acne to minimize non-fat dairy and high glycemic foods like candy, ice creams, and soda.
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0.999998 |
Answer the question "when is today plus 300 days?" or "when is April 1st 2015 minus 1000 days?".
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0.986934 |
misusing the concept of rights - choose the future!
The idea of inalienable rights is problematic because it can be used to excuse ourselves from the consequences of our actions by justifying those actions as originating outside of human choice or reasoning.
Rights cannot, of themselves, honestly be used as fundamental justification for any particular action: the underlying logic of particular rights, and the consequences of implementing them must always be accounted for if we are to act responsibly.
Many people try to use the concept of rights to deflect their responsibility for the things that they do. They claim that rights are not a human construct, and argue that the rights that they use are intrinsic, and that therefore they can apply them because to do so is an inherent aspect of human nature. Or they claim that rights are extrinsic; that is, that they come from outside of themselves, and that therefore they can apply them because to do so is an aspect of an ultimate power, or of the nature of the Universe.
We can't morally or logically use the concept of rights to relieve ourselves of our responsibility for what we do. That is, we can't say 'We have a right to clear this forest, even if, in doing so, we will destroy its ecosystem.' We may well go ahead and clear the forest and bring about that destruction, but we won't be don't doing it because we have a 'right' to; we will be doing it because we choose to, because we have given ourselves the right to do so, and we must hold ourselves responsible for the consequences of what we do.
It's better that we accept the true nature of rights as a human invention, that can be used to shape our world for better or worse. Humans are arguably the only living things that have come to understand the depth and breadth of the consequences of their actions, and that understanding gives us responsibility for the consequence of those actions.
Rights are part of how we choose to create or maintain the word that we want live in – it's OUR choice, just as the consequence of that choice is ours.
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0.999993 |
Where did Robben Island come from and how did it get its name?
Robben Island was not always an island. Over the last 10 – 15000 years the landscape around Cape Town has drastically changed. The area between the Hottentots Holland Mountain ranges in the east and the Table Mountain range in the west was covered by the sea linking False Bay and Table Bay together as a large channel covering the dry land known today as the Cape Flats. The Table Mountain range of mountains was an island in the middle of the sea off the coast of Africa.
Because of the depth of the sea during this period Robben Island would have existed as an undersea hill or mountain. Then as the ice caps formed in the Arctic and Antarctic the seas around the coastline receded until False Bay and Table Bay were dry land and the land in between known as the Cape Flats also dried out. The lakes Zeekoeivlei and others are thought to be leftovers of the seas presence on what is now dry land.
During this dry period Robben Island would have been a small koppie (hill) in the middle of what is now Table Bay. Hunter gatherers would have inhabited the high ground for protection from wild animals that roamed the plains around the hill in those days. Proof that the land around the island was dry was recently discovered in the middle of the bay when a stone age implement was found. Experts feel that the only way this implement could have found its way to where it was found was to have been dropped there by a person walking on the dry land that once existed in the area.
Over time the ice caps started melting again and the the seas rose flooding the lowlands of Table Bay and False Bay once again. Fortunately the ice caps did not melt completely so the hill in the centre of the Table Bay remained exposed to become the island now known as Robben Island.
When the early visitors to the Cape arrived the island was inhabited by seals known as robben in Dutch. With the arrival of the Dutch in the mid 1600's the island became known as Robben Eiland or Robben Island as it is known today.
From 1498 onwards ships searching for the sea route to India started passing the Cape and the first recorded landing on Robben Island was by Vasco da Gama's fleets in 1498.
From then the island was used by passing ships as a prison, a refuge, a place to find food and a post office.
With the arrival of the Dutch in 1652 the role of the island changed and it was used firstly as a place to keep criminal and political prisoners, then from 1795 east asian exiles were housed on the island and a quarantine station was established between 1771 and 1790.
From 1795 onwards the island came under British rule and in 1802 was handed back to the Batavian Republic. In 1806 the British once again took over control of the Cape and the island from then onwards has housed prisoners, political prisoners and quarantined people suffering from leprosy and lunacy amongst other health problems.
From 1910 onwards when the Union of South Africa was established the island was utilised as a Convict station, Hospital and a Coastal Defence and Training Station by the SA Defence Force.
In 1961 the Nationalist Government in South Africa started enforcing the apartheid laws and Robben Island became a maximum security prison for political prisoners such as Nelson Mandela and a medium security prison for criminals.
With the elections of 1994 and the takeover by the new democratic government the usuage of the island changed again.
The island was turned into a museum and heritage site in 1997 and into a world heritage site in 1999.
Today thousands of visitors flock to the island visit the museum and to see the prison cell where Nelson Mandela spent 17 years of his life. The island has become one of the "must visit" places on a holiday to Cape Town.
To transport visitors to the island the Robben Island museum has purchased a brand new ferry named Sikhululekile. Seats on the Robben Island ferry are limited and in heavy demand so it is necessary to pre book them to ensure that you will be able to visit the island when you visit Cape Town.
Robben Island ferries leave the Mandela Gateway in the V & A Waterfront for the Robbin Island prison museum at 9am, 11am, 1pm and 3pm, daily weather permitting and last three hours.
Morning half day tours of the Cape Peninsula or the Winelands or the Townships can be arranged to coincide with the 3pm tour to Robben Island with the tour company dropping you off in the V & A Waterfront in time to have lunch before visiting the island.
Robben Island bookings for the 3.00 pm Robben Island Museum and ferry ticket tour can be made by clicking on the link below. Once you have your confirmed booking contact us to arrange a morning tour for you.
We look forward to your visit and being of service to you.
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0.996396 |
What happens when one has the bloodline of legendary cricketers like Peter and Graeme Pollock? Nothing less than an international cricket sensation is born. Shaun Pollock, son of great Peter Pollock and nephew of Graeme Pollock was one of the greatest disciplined bowlers in the history of the game. Naive and young, Shaun made his debut in 1995 and soon rose to the standards of international cricket.
Starting off as a first-change bowler, Shaun soon graduated to take the new ball, and paired up with quickie Allan Donald; their twin pace attack soon became the backbone for South Africa's success in the latter half of 1990's. Considered as one of the straightest bowlers, who would bowl from close to the stumps, Shaun Pollock had the rare ability to swing the ball both ways, which deceived even the best of the best batsmen. Known for his accuracy and ability to constantly bowl in the corridor of uncertainty, Shaun will be remembered for his seven-wicket haul in the scorching heat of Adelaide in 1998, on a perfect batting pitch.
While his focus was always on the off stump, a surprise sprung from nowhere, as Shaun was made the captain of the side, after Hansie Cronje was shown the exit door from the game forever. Irrespective of the undercurrents of demoralisation and lost valour within the team, Shaun rose to the occasion and brought the team close to its lost international standards. Known for not being muck with the bat, Polly as he was fondly known, always contributed lower down the order and played some match winning innings.
However, he soon faced flak from all facets of the game and mounting criticisms towards his game, forced Shaun to announce his retirement on his home ground – Durban, in early 2008. Though Shaun's withdrawal from the game came as a shock to many of his fans, his smile and exuberance will remain captured in the hearts of every cricket fanatic.
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0.999999 |
Information technology is changing the nature of work by providing real-time access to more relevant, accurate, and timely information than was previously possible. This has drastically increased efforts to design and develop automated aids that support, and sometimes replace, the human decision maker in military and civilian sectors (Cesar, 1995). The requirement for automation is highlighted by the increasing complexity of the military mission, which is expanding from major theater of war conflicts to include small-scale contingencies, humanitarian assistance, and peacekeeping. System developers frequently propose automated aids to enhance military decision makers' situational awareness. The underlying assumption in providing these automated aids to military personnel is that the human-computer "team" will be more productive than either the human or the automated aid would be working alone. Some researchers have found support for this underlying assumption (Corcoran, Dennett, & Carpenter, 1972; Dalal & Kasp er, 1994; Parasuraman, 1987; Thackray & Touchstone, 1989); others have found instances in which human operators err by overrelying (misuse) or underutilizing (disuse) automated systems (Parasuraman & Riley, 1997).
Automated systems must be designed and human operators trained to avoid both misuse and disuse. Cohen, Parasuraman, and Freeman (1998) blamed the widespread inappropriate use of automated decision aids as the key reason automation has not advanced as far in the decision-making arena as it has in other areas. What are the processes leading to the suboptimal performance found in human-computer teams? Because team researchers have begun to think of the human-computer system as a small group or team in which one member is not human (Bowers, Oser, Salas, & Cannon-Bowers, 1996; Bubb-Lewis & Scerbo, 1997; Scerbo, 1996; Woods, 1996), the vast literature on group dynamics and teams may be relevant to our study of human use of automated systems. Just as the human factors literature demonstrates suboptimal performance among human-computer dyads, the group dynamics literature is abundant with examples of suboptimal group performance, often referred to as process loss. Cognitive, motivational, and social processes have be en implicated in causing the process loss found in human groups (e.g., Mullen, Johnson, & Salas, 1991).
Building on this literature and Mosier and Skitka's (1996) work, Dzindolet, Beck, Pierce, and Dawe (2001) developed a framework of automation use to predict how cognitive, motivational, and social processes might affect automation reliance (see Figure 1). The purpose of the present paper was to examine one of the social processes: perceived utility, the outcome of a comparison between the human operator's perceptions of reliability of the automated aid and manual operation. In order to focus on perceived utility, cognitive and motivational processes needed to be eliminated or controlled.
Publication information: Article title: The Perceived Utility of Human and Automated Aids in a Visual Detection Task. Contributors: Dzindolet, Mary T. - Author, Pierce, Linda G. - Author, Beck, Hall P. - Author, Dawe, Lloyd A. - Author. Journal title: Human Factors. Volume: 44. Issue: 1 Publication date: Spring 2002. Page number: 79+. © Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. COPYRIGHT 2002 Gale Group.
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0.953287 |
Ex 3.1, 5 What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of (i) 3 sides A Regular Polygon has all sides and all angles equal. A Regular Polygon of 3 sides is an equilateral triangle. Ex 3.1, 5 What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of (ii) 4 sides A Regular Polygon of 4 sides is a square Ex 3.1, 5 What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of (ii) 4 sides A Regular Polygon of 4 sides is a square Ex 3.1, 5 What is a regular polygon? State the name of a regular polygon of (iii) 6 sides A Regular Polygon of 6 sides is a regular hexagon.
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0.969206 |
Centuries from now, when American civilization has completely collapsed, historians will look back and say: "What caused this great society to fall? How could a culture so rich in the arts, so advanced in government, so efficient in its distribution of Girl Scout cookies, have come to such utter ruin?"
The answer, they will determine, will be this: "Freddy Got Fingered." On 20 April 2001, when that film was released in theaters, American civilization officially began its decline.
Oh, sure, our society had its occasional downturns before. We had Guns 'n' Roses, for example, not to mention "Full House" and the years 1970–1979 inclusive. But we always rose up again. With "Freddy Got Fingered," we have reached the point of no return. We have leapt from the Empire State Building of culture and now await the inevitable splat on the Fifth Avenue of ignorance.
Is "Freddy Got Fingered" worse than "Battlefield Earth"? Certainly: "Battlefield Earth" at least was amusing for its unintentional camp value. Is it worse than all the movies ever featured on "Mystery Science Theater 3000"? Exponentially: Those films were made by people who, while incompetent, at least seemed to be trying. Is "Freddy Got Fingered" worse than passing kidney stones made of barbed wire? Yes: At least that would kill you quickly. This movie lasts ninety minutes.
Tom Green is a Canadian immigrant who had a show on MTV for a while, as part of the once-relevant network's ongoing mission to prove its own obsolescence. On the show, Tom would go out in public and do crazy things to annoy strangers, capturing their reactions on videotape. He would also do gross things like violate dead animals, earning cheap guffaws from…well, the kind of people who watch MTV and think violating dead animals is funny. It's a show that takes zero creativity and zero talent, putting Tom Green in competition with a piece of bread in terms of who is best qualified to do it.
As a movie critic and an American, I have no particular problem with filth and depravity as long as it's entertaining. "Freddy Got Fingered" is boring, though, as were its recent gross-out cousins, "Say It Isn't So," "Tomcats," and "Joe Dirt." What have we come to as a society when we make a TV star popular enough to get his own film despite his being utterly worthless? Why do we keep encouraging people to make movies that are both figuratively and literally covered in excrement?
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0.999944 |
Create a flyer for "Formations of Class & Gender"
Skegg's Bourdieu-influenced account of British cultures of class provides a useful empirical corrective to the more grandiose theorizing within recent cultural studies, underscoring not just the economic but the cultural and attitudinal gulf between working-class individuals and the left/feminist intellectuals who claim to be their allies. For this reason alone, it should be required reading.
In a discipline that boasts a high division of labour, this book goes a long way in dismantling the futile divide between class theory and feminism. It is an articulate and impassioned ethnography, fuelled by an anger of inequality but also an anger at those who are reluctant to challenge it. At a time when sociologists seem less concerned with the tangible and more interested in the abstract, Skeggs shows how these can be used productively together; theory becomes a means to an end rather than an end in itself... This book really deserves to be read and taken seriously.
This book is brilliant. Formations of Class and Gender is a sophisticated and passionately written account of the classed and gendered identities of a small group of working-class white women who live in the north-west of England. It is ethnography at its best, having been built on long-term, thoughtful engagements in the field. When Beverly Skeggs met these women they were all students on a variety of 'caring' courses at a further education college.
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0.945423 |
Michael Jordan fragrance and perfume list.
Michael Jordan fragrances: by Five Star Fragrances. Michael Jordan is a former American NBA basketball player.
Michael Jordan (born 17 February 1963 in Brooklyn, New York) is a former American professional NBA basketball player, and majority owner of the Charlotte Bobcats. "Air Jordan" won his first NBA championship with the Chicago Bulls in 1991. The Bulls and Jordan won the title again in 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, and 1998. His Nike Air Jordan shoe endorsements were introduced in 1985 and remain popular today. Michael Jordan won 2 Olympic Gold Medals in 1984 and 1992, is a 6 time NBA Champion, 6 time NBA Finals MVP, and 5 time NBA MVP.
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0.9997 |
What are the best resorts on the French Riviera, Cote D'Azur?
If it’s your first visit to the French Riviera and looking for the best French Riviera resorts, then a good place to stay would be Nice or Cannes. The reason for this is that both resorts have excellent public transport systems and are on the main coastal rail line which runs from St Raphael to Monaco. From Nice you can also catch the bus 100 which takes you along the lower corniche road. At the last check, the cost was a mere 1.50 euros! From the lower corniche road you will get magnificent views across the bay at Villefranche and of course the approach to Monaco and Monte Carlo.
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0.997936 |
My son recently started exposing himself to my grandchildren, whom I watch in our home. He knows what he is doing is wrong, but I've caught him since talking to him. How can I stop this behavior?
This is part of a larger issue of conforming to social rules about sexual behavior. Having ASD does not make one less of a sexual being but it does make understanding why some behaviors are okay and others are not quite difficult.
First, remember that people with ASD tend to need very explicit and specific statements of the rules. We often think we are doing this when we are not. For instance, it is often okay for a 3-year-old to remove his clothes in public but not for a 10-year-old. There are exceptions to every rule and if a person with ASD is aware of exceptions to the rule they may disregard the whole rule.
Secondly, it is possible that your son has learned to state the rule and say that it is wrong without really understanding why it is wrong. If he is a highly logical person he may continue with the behavior if he thinks he won't get caught because "wrong" means "I will get in trouble if I am caught" and not that the behavior might be harmful to someone else.
Finally, everyone, including those with disabilities, needs an appropriate way to satisfy their sexual curiosity and express their sexuality. If we limit socially inappropriate behavior without teaching socially appropriate behavior we are likely to fail.
Depending on your son's language level, I would suggest writing a social story explaining why it is wrong to expose himself to children ( i.e. it might scare them, others will think he might hurt them, they will not feel comfortable being with him, etc). Then talk about what he can do when he feels sexually aroused. This is a personal decision, but you cannot tell him not to become aroused - that is beyond the capacity of any person.
If he likes videos you might make a video self model of him acting appropriately. Video self models are short (1-2 minute) videos which show a person doing the desired behavior. Depending on the family, a video in this case might just show the adult going into his room but it might also be more explicit if he needs to see what he can do in private. You can click here to get more information and see examples of video modeling.
I would also make sure that he has positive and appropriate ways to interact with the children so that they can build a relationship with each other. For an article with more information about sexuality and disability, click here.
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0.968435 |
Please call restaurant for coffee of the day.
Orange juice, pineapple and mango.
Cranberry juice, mango, banana and strawberry.
Orange juice, blueberry, strawberry and banana.
Orange juice, strawberry and banana.
Milk, matcha green tea and banana.
Milk, dark chocolate and banana.
Coconut milk, coconut water and pineapple.
Coconut milk, coconut water, strawberry and pineapple.
Coconut milk, coconut water, carrot, pineapple, mango, banana, kale and spinach.
Orange juice, apple juice, carrots, pineapple and kale.
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0.953691 |
Rosicrucianism refers to a belief system with a secret society started by alleged Christian Rosenkruez in Germany that claims to be built upon esoteric truths of the past. Its earliest known writings come from the seventeen century. Two distinct forms of Rosicrucianism exist today: the Rosicrucianism Fellowship in Oceanside, California, and the Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis in San Jose, California.
Christian Rosenkruez was allegedly a German doctor who learned secret wisdom from wise men in the Middle East in the early fifteenth century (possibly from Sufism). He returned to Germany to start the Order of the Rose Cross (the symbol of Rosicrucianism) with a temple built under his leadership called the Sanctus Spiritus.
During his lifetime, the Order was said to only include eight members (all unmarried doctors) with Christian himself remaining unmarried. The Manifestos written by the Rosicrucianism movement became popular in Europe in the seventeenth century. Many societies formed during this time and a growth of publications emerged. By the eighteenth century, two Masonic rites were added that were said to be inspired by Rosicrucianism.
The teachings of Rosicrucianism are considered "secret" and "esoteric" and therefore include an eclectic form of ideas that vary much from one publication to the next. Many include New Age ideas such as spiritism, ESP, and eastern mystical traditions.
Though its founder claimed to follow Christian teachings, the evidence reveals a blend of religious teachings communicated in a secretive nature that often contradict biblical teachings. First, the Bible is clear that there is no need to seek "secret teachings" since God's revelation is found in Scripture (2 Timothy 3:16-17). The blessed person is the one who meditates on God's words day and night (Psalm 1:1-3).
In addition, Rosicrucianism takes emphasis away from the God of the Bible and instead focuses on obtaining hidden wisdom from other sources. Instead of prayer and Scripture, the sciences and human wisdom are proposed as solutions.
Further, the principles of Rosicrucianism can be adapted or used by any religious group and are not distinctly Christian. As a spiritual movement, it lacks an answer to the key questions of God, purpose, forgiveness of sin, salvation, and the afterlife that only the God of the Bible can fulfill.
Rosicrucianism, like other secret societies, emphasizes sources other than God for wisdom and is to be rejected. God is the source of true wisdom and His teachings are no secret, available to all in the words of Scripture.
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0.806291 |
Why Did Lehi Divide His People into Seven Tribes?
This system of tribal organization likely stemmed from Lehi’s final patriarchal blessings, where he specifically blessed and counseled the patriarchs or posterities of each of the seven tribes (see 2 Nephi 2–4). In several ways, Lehi’s tribe-defining blessings can be meaningfully compared to the patriarchal blessings given by Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
Lehi’s posterity repeatedly spoke of him as “our father Lehi” in the same way that Israelites refer to Abraham as “our Father Abraham.” Lehi placed Nephi as a leader over Laman and Lemuel, just as Isaac bypassed Esau and gave the birthright blessing to his younger son Jacob. And like Jacob’s final blessing upon his twelve tribes, Lehi divided his family into groups and blessed them with a land of inheritance. These patriarchal blessings held lasting “religious, military, political, and legal” importance for both posterities.
It’s possible that the twelve tribes of Israel and the seven tribes of Lehi were intentionally counted in such a way as to render their final totals as sacred numbers. In ancient Israelite thought, the number twelve was symbolically linked to government and judgment, whereas seven symbolized perfection or completeness. Especially in the book of Leviticus, the number seven appears some 46 times, in priestly temple contexts.
Jacob’s twelve tribes were increased to thirteen when Joseph’s inheritance and blessing was divided between his two sons, Ephraim and Manasseh. Yet because the priestly tribe of Levi did not inherit a portion of the promised land, they were not counted as one of Israel’s tribes, and thus the total number of tribes was reduced back to twelve (see Numbers 1:47–50).
Corbin Volluz has argued, “It appears the Old Testament modifies the figure of thirteen tribes to twelve in order to maintain this important number, and the Book of Mormon similarly modifies the figure of eight tribes to seven, omitting the tribe of Sam, which the Book of Mormon goes out of its way to draw special attention to by pointing out that Sam’s seed is being numbered with Nephi’s” (see 2 Nephi 4:11).
Like the Israelites who saw the land of Israel as a holy land of promise, Lehi also saw his land of inheritance in the New World as holy land of covenant, making his division of his posterity into seven tribes understandably appropriate within a sacred temple context. The symbolic and sacred significance of the seven tribes may have been an important factor in their preservation and continuity throughout so many years.
It is also notable that the number seven held cosmic significance among ancient peoples in Mesoamerica. Michael Coe described seven as the “mystic number of the earth’s surface,” and according to Diane Wirth, “it represented the seven directions in the universe—four cardinal directions plus the zenith or sky, center, and nadir or underworld.” Moreover, Mesoamerican legends and artwork distinctly and repeatedly depict their various peoples as coming forth from seven caves or lineages. Although no direct evidence for a relationship currently exists, it’s possible that these ancient legends may in some way correspond to the seven founding tribes mentioned in the Book of Mormon.
Aside from supporting the Book of Mormon as a consistent and authentically ancient text, Lehi’s seven tribes have immediate relevance for modern readers. In 1829, the Lord Himself identified these exact same tribes, declaring that the “knowledge of a Savior” would come to the “Nephites, and the Jacobites, and the Josephites, and the Zoramites, through the testimony of their fathers—And this testimony shall come to the knowledge of the Lamanites, and the Lemuelites, and the Ishmaelites, who dwindled in unbelief” (Doctrine and Covenants 3:16–18).
Ross Christensen explained, “We don’t know exactly where the seven lineages are now any more than we know where the lost tribes of Israel are located. But the seven lineages do exist somewhere because the Lord promised in 1828 to bring them to a knowledge of the Savior.” Although Lehi’s seven lineages are not declared in blessings given by stake patriarchs in the LDS church, they clearly are analogous to the lasting legacy and importance of the twelve tribes of Israel. In some way or another, it seems that these seven tribes will provide an enduring basis for personal relationships and familial connections for the descendants of Lehi.
Corbin Volluz, “A Study in Seven: Hebrew Numerology in the Book of Mormon,” BYU Studies Quarterly 53, no. 2 (2014): 57–83.
Diane E. Wirth, “Revisiting the Seven Lineages of the Book of Mormon and the Seven Tribes of Mesoamerica,” BYU Studies Quarterly 52, no. 4 (2013): 77–88.
John L. Sorenson, John A. Tvedtnes, and John W. Welch, “Seven Tribes: An Aspect of Lehi’s Legacy,” in Reexploring the Book of Mormon: A Decade of New Research, ed. John W. Welch (Salt Lake City and Provo, UT: Deseret Book and FARMS, 1992), 93–95.
John W. Welch, “Lehi’s Last Will and Testament: A Legal Approach,” in Second Nephi, The Doctrinal Structure, Book of Mormon Symposium Series, Volume 3, ed. Monte S. Nyman and Charles D. Tate Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1989), esp. 68–70, building on Sorenson, Tvedtnes, and Welch, “Seven Tribes,” 93–95.
See John W. Welch and J. Gregory Welch, Charting the Book of Mormon: Visual Aids for Personal Study and Teaching (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1999), chart 116.
John L. Sorenson, John A. Tvedtnes, and John W. Welch, “Seven Tribes: An Aspect of Lehi’s Legacy,” in Reexploring the Book of Mormon: A Decade of New Research, ed. John W. Welch (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1992), 93.
See Sorenson, Tvedtnes, and Welch, “Seven Tribes,” 93.
See John W. Welch, “Lehi’s Last Will and Testament: A Legal Approach,” in Second Nephi, The Doctrinal Structure, Book of Mormon Symposium Series, Volume 3, ed. Monte S. Nyman and Charles D. Tate Jr. (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1989), 69, 73–74; Sidney B. Sperry, “Types of Literature in the Book of Mormon: Patriarchal Blessings, Symbolic Prophecy, Prophetic Narrative, Prophetic Dialogue,” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 4, no. 1 (1995): 95–98; Book of Mormon Central, “Should 2 Nephi 1:1–4:12 Be Called the ‘Testament of Lehi’? (2 Nephi 3:3),” KnoWhy 29 (February 9, 2016).
See Sorenson, Tvedtnes, and Welch, “Seven Tribes,” 94.
For the ancient legal implications of Lehi’s blessings upon Nephi, see Welch, “Lehi’s Last Will and Testament,” 74–79. See also, John A. Tvedtnes, “Notes and Communications: ‘My First-Born in the Wilderness,’” Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 3, no. 1 (1994): 207–209.
See Welch, “Lehi’s Last Will and Testament,” 68–71.
See Sorenson, Tvedtnes, and Welch, “Seven Tribes,” 94–95.
See John W. Welch, “Number 24,” in Reexploring the Book of Mormon, 272–274.
Corbin Volluz, “A Study in Seven: Hebrew Numerology in the Book of Mormon,” BYU Studies Quarterly 53, no. 2 (2014): 60–64.
See Genesis 48 and Joshua 17:14–17.
Michael D. Coe, The Maya, 6th ed. (New York, NY: Thames and Hudson, 1999), 157.
Diane E. Wirth, “Revisiting the Seven Lineages of the Book of Mormon and the Seven Tribes of Mesoamerica,” BYU Studies Quarterly 52, no. 4 (2013): 77.
See Wirth, “Revising the Seven Lineages,” 79–83.
Hugh Nibley, Teachings of the Book of Mormon, 4 vols. (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1993), 4:25.
Hugh Nibley, An Approach to the Book of Mormon, 2nd ed. (Salt Lake City, UT: Deseret Book, 1976), 386 n. 7.
Ross T. Christenen, “The Seven Lineages of Lehi,” New Era, May 1975, online at lds.org.
For the profound spiritual meaning and importance of such blessings, see Thomas S. Monson, “Your Patriarchal Blessing: A Liahona of Light,” Ensign, November 1986, online at lds.org.
The Nephite kingdom was a federation, dividing political power between the tribes and the central government as a balance of powers.
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0.973888 |
Where is Saturday School held?
Saturday School is held in the new building. Students are to report to the teachers' entrance next to the tennis courts before 7:45 am.
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0.996622 |
Averroes - a founder of western secular thought who introduced Aristotelian realism to the scholarly world of Muslim Spain Street scene The Museum of the History of Papermaking in which is illustrated how the transmission of papermaking from China and the Middle East fostered the spread of learning to Spain Inside the Cordoba synagogue - built in 1315 and after 1492 used for other things until in 1885 restoration commenced. It is one of only 3 remnant synagogues in Spain. Another view of the interior of the Cordoba synagogue Another street scene In the Museo de Bellas Artes de Cordoba was seen - from the collection of the Casa de Sefarad - a page from 'Chants Judeo-Espagnoles' vol 1 collected by Isaac Levy and published by Federation Sephardite Mondiale, London 1969. The Casa de Sefarad was also visited and was seen to contain material on Maimonides, persecution by the Inquisition, and much else. Many images of the Casa de Sefarad may be readily found on the internet. In the Museo de Bellas Artes de Cordoba can be found this painting by Rafael Romero Barros 1832-95. He and his son Enrique Romero de Torres 1872-1956 worked on the restoration of the Cordoba synagogue and Enrique became director of the Museo in 1941.
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0.869606 |
How successful is mesothelioma surgery?
Surgery has proved to be a little disappointing as the median survival after a surgical intervention is only 11.7 months. However, when used with radiation and chemotherapy the results are more satisfying.
Pleurectomy is the most frequent surgery that doctors perform in order to treat mesothelioma and it consists in the removal of the chest lining. If the tumor is located at the level of the pericardium a pericardiectomy can be performed as a curative method but if the tumor has already metastasized it becomes a palliative treatment option. Most of the times the tumor cannot be removed entirely.
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0.947918 |
If there’s an online platform that you should be using aside from Facebook, that would have to be Instagram. According to the latest numbers, there are around 800 million active users in the platform every day. In addition to this, in terms of demographics, people are spending so much time on Instagram. To give you an idea, users that are under 25 years old spend more than 32 minutes of their day using the platform, while those who are older than 25 years old spend more than 24 minutes a day.
Regardless if you are going to use Instagram for your business or for personal branding, it is important to maximize engagement that you can get on the platform. By doing so, it can also improve your overall online presence. So how exactly are you going to do this in an organic manner?
One of the most effective ways on how you can increase engagement on Instagram is to ensure that you plan what you are going to post. And when it comes to quality content, you’ll have to ensure that photos are taken either by a professional camera or by a phone with a high-resolution.
Aside from the photos, you will also have to focus your attention on the text. Some Instagram accounts make use of storytelling in order to increase engagement from their followers while others simply utilize an inspirational quote.
It is also important that you schedule your posts. In reality, there is no generic time that guarantees the most engagement from your audience. You have to understand your market in order to know exactly when the right time to post.
There are those Instagram users who only post once a week, while there are those who post after an important event to their niche. But as general rule of thumb, make sure to post regularly.
Hashtags can be a good way to curate posts and to target users that are looking for a specific content. However, if you plan on using multiple hashtags, be sure that you don’t overdo it. You want to know the top hashtags that are being used in your niche in order to know exactly what to use. If not, you can even launch a new campaign and introduce a new hashtag for your audience.
You also have to remember that Instagram is a social media platform based mainly on aesthetics. Therefore, you want to make sure that you are going to have a theme that best represents your Instagram account. At times, you want to limit your filter to just one or two.
Next, you also want to engage with those who comment on your post. This ensures that you are building a relationship with those individuals who are following your posts. Even an emoji as a reply can already make a huge difference in the long run.
If you are wondering how to increase engagement in your Instagram account, it is a good idea that you follow these steps. The reality is that these are some strategies that can help increase not only the number of followers but those who like and even comment on your post.
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0.928308 |
Add the grated Parmigiano and serve.
expand_more Agregar el parmesano rallado y servir.
For the Parmigiano fondue: boil the cream in a saucepan then add the grated Parmigiano followed by salt and pepper as needed and blend with a hand blender.
Para la fondue de parmesano: hervir en un pequeño cazo la nata y añadir el parmesano rallado, luego agregar sal y pimienta (a gusto) y mezclar con batidora.
Firstly, an additive called sodium alginate is proposed for use on grated carrots.
expand_more En primer lugar se propone utilizar un aditivo, llamado alginato de sodio, para las zanahorias ralladas.
Agregar el parmesano rallado y servir.
The bilateral agreement therefore grated unpleasantly with the prospect of an agreement with the Union.
Por tanto, el acuerdo bilateral chirría desagradablemente ante la perspectiva de un acuerdo con la Unión.
EnglishFirstly, an additive called sodium alginate is proposed for use on grated carrots.
En primer lugar se propone utilizar un aditivo, llamado alginato de sodio, para las zanahorias ralladas.
EnglishThe bilateral agreement therefore grated unpleasantly with the prospect of an agreement with the Union.
EnglishThe usefulness for the consumer is that the grated carrots will appear to be 'fresh' even though they are actually not.
La utilidad para el consumidor es que las zanahorias ralladas parecerán "frescas" cuando no lo son.
EnglishThe usefulness for the consumer is that the grated carrots will appear to be 'fresh ' even though they are actually not.
La utilidad para el consumidor es que las zanahorias ralladas parecerán " frescas " cuando no lo son.
EnglishIt grated on the ear to hear him say that the idea behind the European Ombudsman was to promote the concept of European citizenship.
Hacía daño al oído escucharle declarar que «la idea que subyace a la creación del Defensor del Pueblo Europeo es fomentar la ciudadanía europea».
Hacía daño al oído escucharle declarar que« la idea que subyace a la creación del Defensor del Pueblo Europeo es fomentar la ciudadanía europea».
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0.99982 |
With voltage 220V, the CRT monitor consumes power equal to 0.52 A * 220V = 114W. While the LCD monitor consumes 0.16A * 220V = 35W.
Assumin g that both monitors are turned on 8 hours / day within 20 days / month. So CRT monitor energy consumption by 114W * 8 * 20 hours = 18.24 kWh. While the LCD monitor energy consumption of 35W * 8 * 20 hours = 5.6 kWh.
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0.992407 |
Fahrenheit (symbol °F) is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736), after whom the scale is named. On Fahrenheit's original scale the lower defining point was the lowest temperature to which he could reproducibly cool brine (defining 0 degrees), while the highest was that of the average human core body temperature (defining 100 degrees). There exist several stories on the exact original definition of his scale; however, some of the specifics have been presumed lost or exaggerated with time. The scale is now usually defined by two fixed points: the temperature at which water freezes into ice is defined as 32 degrees, and the boiling point of water is defined to be 212 degrees, a 180-degree separation, as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure.
On the Fahrenheit scale, the freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and the boiling point is 212 °F (at standard atmospheric pressure). This puts the boiling and freezing points of water exactly 180 degrees apart. Therefore, a degree on the Fahrenheit scale is 1⁄180 of the interval between the freezing point and the boiling point. On the Celsius scale, the freezing and boiling points of water are 100 degrees apart. A temperature interval of 1 °F is equal to an interval of 5⁄9 degrees Celsius. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales intersect at −40° (−40 °F and −40 °C represent the same temperature).
•Fahrenheit to Celsius: Subtract 30 and halve the resulting number.
•Celsius to Fahrenheit: Double the number and add 30.
This formula gives an answer correct to within ±2.8 °C from 1 °F to 100 °F and is exact at 50 °F (calculations below).
Fahrenheit proposed his temperature scale in 1724, basing it on three reference points of temperature. In his initial scale (which is not the final Fahrenheit scale), the zero point is determined by placing the thermometer in brine: he used a mixture of ice, water, and ammonium chloride, a salt, at a 1:1:1 ratio. This is a frigorific mixture which stabilizes its temperature automatically: that stable temperature was defined as 0 °F (−17.78 °C). The second point, at 32 degrees, was a mixture of ice and water without the ammonium chloride at a 1:1 ratio. The third point, 96 degrees, was approximately the human body temperature, then called "blood-heat".
According to a story and trivia questions in Germany, Fahrenheit actually chose the lowest air temperature measured in his hometown Danzig in winter 1708/09 as 0 °F, and only later had the need to be able to make this value reproducible using brine. This is one explanation given why 0 °F is −17.78 °C, but the ammonium chloride cooling temperature actually is −3 °C, whereas that of NaCl is −21.1 °C; the other explanation is that he did not have a good enough brine solution to obtain the eutectic equilibrium exactly (i.e. he might have had a mixture of salts, or it had not fully dissolved). In any case, the definition of the Fahrenheit scale has changed since.
According to a letter Fahrenheit wrote to his friend Herman Boerhaave, his scale was built on the work of Ole Rømer, whom he had met earlier. In Rømer's scale, brine freezes at zero, water freezes and melts at 7.5 degrees, body temperature is 22.5, and water boils at 60 degrees. Fahrenheit multiplied each value by four in order to eliminate fractions and increase the granularity of the scale. He then re-calibrated his scale using the melting point of ice and normal human body temperature (which were at 30 and 90 degrees); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of ice would be 32 degrees and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting the interval six times (since 64 is 2 to the sixth power).
Fahrenheit observed that water boils at about 212 degrees using this scale. Later, other scientists[who?] decided to redefine the scale slightly to make the freezing point exactly 32 °F, and the boiling point exactly 212 °F or 180 degrees higher. It is for this reason that normal human body temperature is approximately 98° (oral temperature) on the revised scale (whereas it was 90° on Fahrenheit's multiplication of Rømer, and 96° on his original scale).
The Fahrenheit scale was the primary temperature standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in English-speaking countries until the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Celsius scale replaced Fahrenheit in almost all of those countries—with the notable exception of the United States—typically during their metrication process.
Fahrenheit is used in the Bahamas, Belize, the Cayman Islands, Palau, and the United States and associated territories of American Samoa and the U.S. Virgin Islands for everyday applications (although Puerto Rico and Guam use Celsius alongside Fahrenheit as well). For example, U.S. weather forecasts, food cooking, and freezing temperatures are typically given in degrees Fahrenheit. Scientists, such as meteorologists, use Celsius or Kelvin in all countries.
Early in the twentieth century, Halsey and Dale suggested that the resistance to the use of centigrade (now Celsius) system in the U.S. included the larger size of each degree Celsius and the lower zero point in the Fahrenheit system.
Canada has passed legislation favoring the International System of Units, while also maintaining legal definitions for traditional Canadian imperial units. Canadian weather reports are conveyed using degrees Celsius with occasional reference to Fahrenheit especially for cross-border broadcasts. Virtually all Canadian ovens make legal use of the Fahrenheit scale. Thermometers, both digital and analog, sold in Canada usually employ both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales. Also, in some instances (swimming pool temperature or cooking temperatures for example), temperatures are still expressed in Fahrenheit.
Within the European Union, it is mandatory to use kelvins or degrees Celsius when quoting temperature for "economic, public health, public safety and administrative" purposes, though degrees Fahrenheit may be used alongside degrees Celsius as a supplementary unit. For example, the laundry symbols used in the United Kingdom follow the recommendations of ISO 3758:2005 showing the temperature of the washing machine water in degrees Celsius only. The equivalent label in North America uses one to six dots to denote temperature with an optional temperature in degrees Celsius.
Within the unregulated sector, such as journalism, the use of Fahrenheit in the United Kingdom follows no fixed pattern with degrees Fahrenheit often appearing alongside degrees Celsius. The Daily Mail, on its daily weather page, quotes Celsius first, followed by Fahrenheit in brackets, The Daily Telegraph does not mention Fahrenheit on its daily weather page while The Times also has an all-metric daily weather page but has a Celsius-to-Fahrenheit conversion table. When publishing news stories, much of the UK press adopted a convention of using degrees Celsius in headlines relating to low temperatures and Fahrenheit for high temperatures. In February 2006, the writer of an article in The Times suggested that the rationale was one of emphasis: "−6 °C" sounds colder than "21 °F" and "94 °F" sounds more impressive than "34 °C".
The Fahrenheit symbol has its own Unicode character: "℉"(U+2109). This is a compatibility character encoded for roundtrip compatibility with legacy CJK encodings (which included it to conform to layout in square ideographic character cells) and vertical layout. Use of compatibility characters is discouraged by the Unicode Consortium. The ordinary degree sign (U+00B0) followed by the Latin letter F ("°F") is thus the preferred way of recording the symbol for degree Fahrenheit.
↑ The Official Site of the Bahamas. "Weather". Retrieved 2014-01-17.
↑ Belize National Meterotrological Service. "Hydromet". Retrieved 2014-01-17.
↑ Cayman Islands National Weather Service. "National Weather Service". Retrieved 2014-01-17.
↑ Weights and Measures Act, accessed February 2012, Act current to 2012-01-18. Canadian units (5) The Canadian units of measurement are as set out and defined in Schedule II, and the symbols and abbreviations therefore are as added pursuant to subparagraph 6(1)(b)(ii).
↑ Transportation Safety Board of Canada, accessed February 2012, Rail Report - 1996 - R96C0135. Section 1.0 (1.7 Particulars of the Track) The CWR was laid at a rail temperature of 85 degrees Fahrenheit (F). The desired laying temperature for this region is 85 °F. The rail temperature at Mile 119.8 shortly after the derailment location was noted to be 105 °F.
↑ Environment Canada, accessed February 2012. Environment Canada (Canada's government sanctioned weather bureau), unlike Britain's Met Office and Australia's Bureau of Meteorology etc, offers an imperial option alongside the metric. This is in full compliance with Canadian law and would not otherwise be available if the Fahrenheit scale (and indeed all other imperial measurements) did not have legal recognition in Canada.
↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Walt Boyes (2009). Instrumentation Reference Book. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 273–274. ISBN 978-0-7506-8308-1. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
↑ Preston–Thomas, H. (1990). "The International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)" (PDF). Metrologia 27: 6. Bibcode:1990Metro..27....3P. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/27/1/002. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
↑ 12.0 12.1 Frautschi, Steven C.; Richard P. Olenick; Tom M. Apostol; David L. Goodstein (2008-01-14). The mechanical universe: mechanics and heat. Cambridge University Press. p. 502. ISBN 978-0-521-71590-4.
↑ "Wetterlexikon - Lufttemperatur" (in Deutsch). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
↑ Cecil Adams. "On the Fahrenheit scale, do 0 and 100 have any special significance?". The Straight Dope.
↑ Elert, Glenn; Forsberg, C; Wahren, LK (2002). "Temperature of a Healthy Human (Body Temperature)". Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences 16 (2): 122–8. PMID 12000664. doi:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x. Retrieved 2008.
↑ "782 - Aerodrome reports and forecasts: A user's handbook to the codes". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 2009-09-23.
↑ Halsey, Frederick A., Dale, Samuel S. (1919). The metric fallacy (2 ed.). The American Institute of Weights and Measures. pp. 165–166, 176–177. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
↑ Pearlstein, Steven (2000-06-04). "Did Canada go metric? Yes - and no". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 5, 2011.
↑ "Example of analog thermometer frequently used in Canada". Retrieved June 6, 2011.
↑ "Example of digital thermometer frequently used in Canada". Retrieved June 6, 2011.
↑ Department of Justice (2009-02-26). "Canadian Weights and Measures Act". Federal Government of Canada. Retrieved 2011-07-17.
↑ "Home Laundering Consultative Council - What Symbols Mean". Home Laundering Consultative Council. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
↑ "Guide to Common Home Laundering & Drycleaning Symbols". Textile Industry Affairs. 2010. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
↑ "Guide to Apparel and Textile Care Symbols". Office of Consumer Affairs, Government of Canada. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
↑ "Weather". The Daily Mail. 3 July 2013. p. 3.
↑ "Weather". The Daily Telegraph. 3 July 2013. p. 31.
↑ "Weather". The Times. 3 July 2013. p. 55.
↑ "Measure for measure". The Times (Times Newspapers). 23 February 2006.
↑ The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2 (PDF). Mountain View, CA, USA: The Unicode Consortium. September 2012. p. 497. ISBN 978-1-936213-07-8. Retrieved 25 September 2014.
40x40px Look up fahrenheit in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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0.947542 |
What can be said about courage? Sometimes we need a little, sometimes we need a lot. Sometimes it seems elusive, sometimes it comes to us with ease. One thing's for certain, it's something we all lean on. Life is hard, living takes courage.
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0.999942 |
What brands of limoncello are gluten free?
According to the forums, it appears that most brands are generally gluten free but you should always verify with the manufacturer if you are not sure. Unfortunately I have no experience with limoncello so I can't confirm either way.
I did take a look at Caravella's website and from what I can see, their recipe is made from lemons and pure alcohol so I would assume it's gluten free.
Generally speaking, Limoncello only contains a few ingredients: lemon zest, water, sugar and alcohol. The most common alcohol used, especially in commercial brands, is grain alcohol. I don't know if that means there's gluten in there but it holds out that possibility. You can pretty easily make limoncello at home using vodka though if you want to.
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0.999935 |
On a wet New York day in March 2016 I had the honour of spending the day at the New York Stock Exchange with Herb Kelleher the co-founder of Southwest Airlines and a proud global Irishman.
I had corresponded with Herb for the previous six months in the hope of hosting and recongising him as part of our amplification of Ireland INC’s presence across the boardrooms of US business. Given his status and busy schedule, I expected Herb to spend an hour or so with us, but he stayed the entire day and provided us with an experience that no student of business or leadership could buy.
Prior to his arrival at the NYSE, our six months of correspondence provided a taste of this one-off maverick.
While I was obviously aware of Herb’s titan status given his journey with Southwest Airlines and his reputation as an trailblazing and unorthodox CEO, what I wasn’t prepared for was his warmth, electric presence and deep pride as a member of the global Irish tribe.
Ireland INC President, Ian Hyland, Herb Kelleher, John Tuttle, COO, NYSE.
As we walked across the trading floor of the NYSE Herb was met with a heroic welcome from business leaders, traders and US media anchors calling his name as he stopping at each opportunity to speak with those who queued to speak with the living legend.
As we climbed the stairs to the podium, Herb waved to the floor of peers and traders below then at 9.30am we had the honour of standing shoulder to shoulder with a renaissance man, Herb Kelleher, as he hit the opening bell and the market went green from the off to over 100m viewers across the world.
Herb then gave an interview to CNBC Squawk Box and in addition his up to the minute, finger on the pulse commentary on the aviation sector, Herb referred to the impact that Irish business was having across the United States.
I had the opportunity of spending the morning with Herb and suggested we chat while I recorded thus producing the interview for the book A History of Irish Business. Below are extracts from what can best be described by a long chat with a man who changed the world.
It was in 1966 – while living in Texas with his wife Joan, four children and working for the law firm of Matthews, Nowlin, Macfarlane & Barrett – that Kelleher met the business colleagues who were soon to co-found the only airline to be ever featured on Fortune magazine’s top 10 list of the World’s Most Admired Companies. Southwest Airines Co was incorporated in 1967.
Starting with just three aircraft on three routes, Southwest Airlines planned to use a loophole to avoid the Civil Aeronautics Board by only flying in the state of Texas. While Kelleher and business partner Rollin King saw an opportunity to offer in-state flights at a cheaper price, competitors engaged in a legal dispute that would ground Kelleher’s commercial plans for nearly four years.
After three years of litigation the Texas Supreme Court finally upheld Southwest’s right to fly in the state in 1971. With the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 Southwest finally spread its wings outside Texas, claiming New Orleans as its first port of call in December of the same year.
Never one to shy away from a challenge (or a publicity stunt), Herb Kelleher famously plotted out his plans for Southwest Airlines on the back of a cocktail napkin during dinner drinks in San Antonio. His unconventional style and strategy hinted at the barriers he was willing to break in business – with one of favourite slogans being ‘the business of business is people’.
Kelleher never shied away from his employee-first mindset. Having previously credited his workforce as more important than either shareholders or customers, his approach to Southwest Airlines “was somewhat of an anomaly I would say, in terms of our humanistic approach to our employees,” he recalls today.
As well as providing total job security to all employees – which was unusual in itself in the airline industry – the company prided itself on “keeping track of their every joy and every grief and being part of it – you know, when they had a baby, or lost a parent, and we felt that that was the appropriate thing to do”.
When it was once suggested that this was a strategy in itself, Kelleher quite simply clarified: “no, it’s not a strategy. It’s morality and work and I said if it evolves into a strategy than it’s just accidental”. The side-effect? Kelleher was guaranteed a dedicated workforce who were willing to look past the remuneration to work for a balanced company culture.
It hasn’t always been plane sailing (pardon the pun) for the aviation entrepreneur, who was forced to defend his company and leadership to those who thought they knew better in its early days. “When I took over as CEO of Southwest Airlines full-time, some of the Wall Street analysts said ‘we’re dropping our recommendations on Southwest’s stock, we think you should sell it’. They said the reason was that lawyers don’t know how to run businesses. Well for 30 years, we produced a compounded annual return to shareholders of 25.99%. Not too bad, not too bad.” In fact, during his tenure Herb Kelleher produced the highest return to shareholders of any company in the S&P 500.
While Kelleher claims to never mourn a bad day, he has made mistakes in the past. One such mis-step was the company’s attempt at acquiring Muse Air: lawyers persuaded the businessman not to blend the airline and its employees with his successful Southwest Airlines model, but to operate it as a separate company.
The decision, while it protected Southwest from debt and liability, proved fatal for the new acquisition. “I think that was a mistake in judgement,” he says. “I listened too much to the labour lawyers that were involved and maybe a little too much to the financial people.” The airline was eventually shut down, but Kelleher received three letters from union leaders who thanked him for the fair severance packages offered to the Muse Air workforce.
Despite any number of successes or failures, nothing could prepare the aviation industry for the effects of 9/11. Surprisingly, Kelleher believes that the challenging time showed the importance of having heart at the centre of your business plan. When asked for a personal highlight of his career, it wasn’t the wealth, the awards or the honours bestowed upon him that come to mind. Kelleher happened to recall one of the darkest periods in America’s recent history.
“The upside of that was that a lot of our airplanes had to land in cities we didn’t serve. We called a hotel in Flint Michigan, which we didn’t serve at that time, and said we’d like to talk to our captain on that flight. They said ‘we’re sorry you can’t’. ‘Well why not?’ ‘He’s taken all of the passengers to a movie downtown at his expense to keep them entertained’.
The culture of care is echoed in an old tale that Kelleher emphasises has always been at the core of his company ethos. “When I was quite younger, a lot younger, in San Antonio, this friend of mine was talking to his mother and he said that she got a new automobile every year without fail. He said ‘mom, let me tell you something – I’ve talked to this other automobile dealer and he said you’re paying about $1,500 or $2,000 more every year for your car’.
Kelleher has always been keen to toy with the public’s interest. In 1990 he started using the phrase ‘Just Plane Smart’. This was quickly disputed by Stevens Aviation chairman Kurt Herwald, who had previously been using ‘Plane Smart’ as part of their marketing plan. When he was challenged with a lawsuit for copyright over his use of the pun phrase in 1992, Kelleher decided to settle the legal matter by agreeing to an arm-wrestling match with his opponent at the Dallas Sportatrium in downtown Dallas. While he may have technically lost the battle, the public interest for Southwest Airlines was certainly spiked.
From his perspective in an America that sees a wealth of Irish companies and individuals investing, Kelleher says that there is an opportunity to use the Irish spirit to show how business is a joint partnership between the company and the people it hires.
That’s a great story to tell about the Irish businesses in the US and all the value that they bring here. Of the hundreds and thousands of people that they employ in the US, I think it’s important for America to realise that it’s not just a one-way street.
Herb Kelleher created and ran Southwest Airlines with a childlike energy, vision and rule bending, game changing attitude. That said he was no fool. He treated every member of staff and his customers with a family like respect.
Herb Kelleher was a one-off, a disruptor, a maverick and a one of the best examples of Irish America – this world needs more like him.
This article was originally published in Business & Finance on January 7th 2019.
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0.957094 |
What's the difference between the USDA and the FDA?
Anything Americans consume has been examined and ranked by multiple government agencies, whose purpose is meant to implement and regulate laws that are for the safety of our health. Each agency has a different agenda, but has a lot of overlapping jurisdiction and control over related areas of consumer safety. These different agencies of regulation within the systems are very complex and unfortunately, have some flaws. Understanding what each agency governs is necessary in the strive for transparency within the regulatory systems. Here’s a breakdown of what the top two tiers of government regulate in food safety, and the large issues that are within each.
The FDA regulated drugs, dietary supplements, and ensures that the food we consume in the US goes through the proper labeling, sanitation, and review process protocols. The FDA oversees over 80% of our food supply, and is responsible for regulating all processed foods created and sold in the US. The FDA also implements education to the food industry to ensure safe handling practices, recalls on unsafe food, and establish production standards. While raw fruits and vegetables fall under a different administration, once they’re processed, like apple sauce or ketchup, they become the FDA’s responsibility.
Companies have added hundreds of ingredients to processed foods with little to no oversight and monitoring, thanks to a loophole in a one of the many laws of the FDA. This technicality within one of the laws that was established in the ’50s, declares that commercial companies have the authority to deem an additive as “generally recognized as safe” without further approval. The loophole was originally intended to allow manufacturers to add common harmless ingredients, like vinegar and salt, to bypass the FDA’s lengthy and exhausting safety review process that can take several years. Some describe the FDA’s review process as a “highway that is constantly gridlocked”, which explains why companies find an alternative route. Companies regularly introduce new additives to improve their product texture, taste, appearance, or to extend their shelf life* without ever needing to inform the FDA of the details. Loophole aside, the FDA’s tedious review process has been criticized for years. Since companies bombarded the FDA with more than 10,000 ingredients within the last few decades, the review process has slowed down to an alarming rate. The average review takes two years, and some can drag on for decades depending on the ingredient. This disturbing flaw within the laws of the FDA shows that some of the regulations being abided by need to be brought up to date, so that additives can be thoroughly examined and approved correctly.
The USDA works to support the US agricultural economy, and is supposed to provide safe, sufficient and nutritious food supply. The USDA oversees domestic and imported processed and unprocessed foods to ensure safety and correct packaging/labeling. This department also establishes dietary guidelines, and monitors food and nutrition service (aka food stamps) across the US. The USDA’s agenda is specifically focused on programs that interlock both the economy and agriculture, and leaves most of the food safety protocols to the FDA. Raw agricultural produce is one of the food items that fall under the regulation of the USDA. Specific types of grains, legumes, commercial meat, and poultry are regulated by the USDA, while the majority of these foods are regulated by the FDA.
A large criticism that the USDA receives from consumers is because fraudulent organic products overwhelm the agency’s system, get overlooked, and are put into the market. The USDA’s National Organic Program has not been able to keep up with the growth of demand for organic food and products. Not only is the system in place completely outdated in technology and resources, but review processes by the USDA often are neglected or dismissed. Specifically, the problem stems from imported products. In order for an imported product to become certified organic in the US, the supplier must keep receipts, invoices, and other documents to ensure that it was certified in its origin country of origin. According to the USDA, these documents do not need to verify what farm they are from exactly, they only need to supply the physical documents. More often than not, companies and suppliers create fraud documents, which in turn exploit the system in place. The lack of control and being able to monitor a product if it’s truly organic or not undermines hard-working organic producers and farmers, and allows inorganic products to be labeled as organic. In the TestSharing database, we are constantly testing different types of inorganic and organic products. So far we have received interesting, and sometimes surprising, results! Specifically, we tested Certified Organic cranberries, and commercial non-organic cranberries. The Certified Organic cranberries came back with high results of pesticides, while the commercial non-organic cranberries came back with no pesticide residues what so ever. Take a look at these lab results in our app to see for yourself!
The loopholes, flaws, and criticisms within the FDA and the USDA are genuine concerns for the health and safety of consumers. One of our goals at TestSharing is to spread awareness on the flaws of the regulatory systems, and to start a movement that calls on these agencies to take action. Is it now the consumer's responsibility to hold the government accountable? The systems in place needs to be reconstructed with integrity, as well as credibility. Giving consumers complete transparency needs to be included in the many intentions behind the agencies that control the regulatory system.
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I was cruising around Apple's Web site the other day when I happened upon the OS X product page. I was immediately presented with an ad (well, not so much an ad as a photo) for Leopard which is shown below. What the heck Apple? What does this ad mean? What do you mean I can add a new Mac to a Mac? Are you serious? Further thought on the ad produced the idea that perhaps their message is that by buying and installing Leopard (on your existing Mac) you are effectively getting a new one. If that's their point, I think they missed the point of advertising. This has to be the worst attempt from Apple in a long time... they typically are so great at advertising.
This entry was posted by Aaron West on January 16, 2008 at 10:17 PM. It was filed in the following categories: Mac, Leopard. It has been viewed 4903 times and has 2 comments.
A frequent accusation leveled at Apple is that they have a strategy of planned obsolescence for their hardware. I had a Graphite iMac that wouldn't run anything newer than OS 10.2, for example. When I first saw this ad, I read the subtext to be "your year-old Mac Mini will work fine with this, don't worry" and "buy it because it will speed up your existing system". The reassurance is important, given Apple's history of debuting operating systems that will not run on their older hardware. Maybe not their best ad ever, but in that context I think the message is on point.
Good point Tom, I didn't think of that. Have you read any reports on how Leopard is running on older machines? I've not looked into it, but I'd be interested to see if the specs - which indicate older machines will run Leopard fine - are marketing garble or more real-world.
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tommy dave had the most liked content!
Hi @KelleeAntoinette, I've got batches of honey from three distinct honey pulls. all in 2019 and north of wellington from locations with low likelihood of tutin issues but still want to test for that. One batch i'm very interested in finding out how it goes against the mpi manuka markers. Best/cheapest approach?
what is it, five sheds this season so far? wonder what a tonne of honey is insured for.
hopefully the levy increase proposal goes through, they had a few gears suggested that they were unable to fund..
i saw a couple of hives with mats of dead paralysis bees out front in dunedin about five years back. They recovered.
* South Wairarapa beekeeper * 275 (32%) of hives owned by the beek found to be infected with afb * 14 sites with robbed out hives. Reminiscent of that guy down in Canterbury not that long ago. In this case, again, i have no sympathy for the culprit and am glad they have been caught. I'm sure we'll have people chiming in again saying that its mean to judge, that seems to be how it goes.
I'm going with some very general comments, hope you don't mind! It sounds like the bees have been beaten by varroa. Strips, in general, should go in at a minimum twice a year. Once in spring, then removed after the treatment period has completed. Then again in late summer/early autumn, and again removed after the treatment period has completed. Other approaches are likely to result in problems for your bees. For now, open it up quickly to check the bees are confirmed gone. If they are gone, seal up all entrances until someone has come to take a look at it. Capped honey doesn't go off so that's not going to be a problem for you.
could the bees have been collecting juice from rotting fruit or vegetables?
a few sources of stings for me over the last few days: beesuit fairly wet with sweat after five hours work in warm humid conditions, wet fabric stretched across skin with a few agitated bees = you'll have to wear thick layers under the suit picking up a box after i was done and dusted, squashed a bee under my thumb because i didn't look to check it was free of stragglers = stay alert and eyes open lazy with beesuit tucked into gumboots. Some poor bee ended up rolling down to my foot and got crushed = keep an eye on all entry points. if you know you're at risk then at the very least try and identify the possible sting causes then do what you need to do to minimise those risks.
ignoring the insulting and disgusting tone suggesting drunkenness or mental health issues... I don't know the history regarding two audits per year for rmp facilities. As you seem disinclined to provide the info here, i'll look into it. Cheers. I've got the following from an api-nz submission (https://apinz.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ApiNZ-Submission-to-MPI-on-GREX-13-June-2017.pdf)that seems to support the RMP approach, but i don't see anything there about two audits. WIll keep looking i guess. 12.MPI proposes that processors of bee products for export under the Food Hygiene Regulations must move to a risk-based measure (either an RMP under the Animal Products Act 1999, or Food Control Plan or National Programme under the Food Act 2014). Do you agree or disagree with this proposal?☒I agree because:Agree. The purpose of traceability is to give confidence in the product.That is why New Zealand’s RMP operators, whoare professional in their operations, have verifiable record-keeping systems in place and are audited regularly.All operators are responsible for the integrity of traceability and that ultimately depends on the accuracy of all documentation.Industry shouldnot need to carry the burden of potentially non-compliant product stemming from premises operating under differing criteriathat may potentially damage our overseas reputation.All bee productscompliant for export must be processed and remain within an RMP system. frequency of rmp audits appears to have been consulted on late in 2018: https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/consultations/proposed-animal-products-operational-code-verification-frequency/ guess that was a chance to influence rmp audit frequency?
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It doesn't look much, does it?
The Osireion (or Osirion) is one of the numerous Ancient Egyptian ruins, a subterranean structure associated with the cult of Osiris that was attached to the temple of Seti I at Abydos. As with many other Ancient Egyptian structures, such as the Pyramids and the Sphinx, it has been used to prop up various academically challenged "theories", usually by claiming that it is much older than conventionally thought.
The theory is basically that the Osireion is actually far older than the age assigned to it by Egyptology, which credits it to Seti I and dates it to about 1290 BCE. It is often claimed to be many thousands of years older than this, with 8000BCE being a figure commonly given, usually said to co-incide with the "actual" dates of aforementioned Sphinx and Pyramids, though others claim it dates to 18,000 to 20,000 years before present.
The first case brought up by the proponents of an old Osireion is the archaic style of the architecture, which bears a resemblance to the Old Kingdom valley temple of Khafra in Giza. This is true, the two do bear certain similarities in their use of megalithic, finely cut but undressed stone.
Alas, the Egyptians had a recurring tendency to build in "pseudo-archaic" style, which is seen as early as the 3rd Dynasty, with structures at Saqqara, built in stone, imitating earlier wooden forms. Similarly a look at 26th Dynasty artwork and style clearly shows a harking back to Old Kingdom style, often to the point of imitating archaic official titles and language, and reviving the Royal mortuary cults of Old Kingdom rulers. As such, there is no reason why the Osireion should not be yet another architectural Coelacanth. This is especially important when bearing in mind it the Osirian and primordial associations. It was built partly in mythical memory of a distant "First Time" or "Time of the God", in a mythical, perfect, yet very distant past.
It is argued that the "L" shaped design of Seti I's temple is highly unusual, and would only be built that way because otherwise it would have run into the already extant Osirieion.
Or not...Firstly, the "L" shape is just one of many features that mark out Seti I's temple as an architectural oddball. The fact it has many parallel equal sanctuaries, with only one having access to the other half of the temple, is far more curious. But the L is one factor in this oddness. So was it put there to avoid the extant Osirieon?
No. If the Osireion was already there, it would have been the easiest thing in the world for Seti's architects to shift the site of his temple a few hundred metres along its own axis and thus been able to have a conventional straight through design, or incorporated into the new structure. The two structures interact this way because that is how Seti I and his architects planned them.
The low-level foundations indicate it was built at an earlier period, when the ground level was lower, as the Egyptians never built underground or with deep foundations. The ground level built up over time through Nile flood deposits.
Or not... The ground around the Osirieon is fine desert sand, underneath which lays Cretaceous-era marlstone, which the Osireon is cut into, meaning the marlstone must have been laid down prior to the construction of the Osirieon.
As regards the Egyptians never having built subterranean structures, this is an obviously false statement. There are many subterranean structures at Abydos from the Early Dynastic period onwards, and many others all across Egypt, including both religious structures (tombs, temples) as well as cellars in houses, secure storage at port facilities such as at Sawu, and mine workings, of which there are literally hundreds, some on a truly industrial scale.
The reason for the low level foundations of the Osirieion was that it was a "cut and cover" structure, intended to be partly subterranean. As an underworld deity, such a structure was entirely befitting to the worship of Osiris.
A carving pattern that looks strange on some columns.
Although not relevant to the dating issues, some advocates of this theory have misunderstandings concerning the water that now lies in the Osireion, including that it "always" sits in water. This in incorrect, as photographs taken at the time of its excavation clearly show the floor, under around 10 inches of water in 2009, was dry. Ironically enough, some of the sites dealing with the old theory actually show these images. Furthermore, they state that this water cannot possibly be removed as the structure sits below the water table. Yes it does, at present, and yes it can. It is relatively straightforward to artificially lower the local water table, as has been done to the area around Luxor Temple, and is currently being carried out on the Theban West Bank. The issue with the Osireion is not one of technical possibility, but of cost and engineering difficulties. The Osireion sits much lower compared to the water table than the other structures mentioned, meaning more drastic intervention is needed at consequently greater cost and invasiveness.
Some sites pushing this theory suggest Egyptologists claim Seti II built the Osireion. Whilst Egyptologists rarely agree on anything much, one issue upon which there is consensus it that Seti II had nothing to do with the Osireion. That's Seti I, who ruled c.76 years earlier.
The valley temple at Giza is actually dedicated to Khafra.
Wrong. Osiris was murdered by Set.
The theory that the Osireion is some "antediluvian" or pre-historic structure is patently ridiculous. There is complete scholarly consensus that construction of monumental stone architecture in Egypt did not occur before the early 3rd millennium BCE. Furthermore, claims of the supposedly otherwise inexplicable "mysteries" of the Osireion are nothing more than smoke screens. The use of pseudo-archaic styles in architecture and art are well attested in Egypt. Similarly, underground structures are well attested in Pharaonic Egypt from the Early Dynastic right through to the Greco-Roman period. It is not buried beneath "ancient" soil strata over millenia. Rather, it was cut into them to create a subterranean structure. In summary, there is nothing "mysterious" about the Osireion at all, and no reason at all to attribute it to anyone other than Seti I, whose temple it is attached to.
This page was last modified on 4 April 2018, at 14:26.
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What do we know about strength exercise for people with CP?
Strength training (or resistance training) is a very common part of sports and physical fitness programs. For many people, the goal of strength training is simply to improve appearance, but here we’ll discuss strength training as a means of improving health, overall function and general well-being.
Strength training has in the past been considered to be contraindicated for people with CP, with the merits and drawbacks being widely discussed. Today however, we know from studies that strength training does not affect spasticity negatively. Still, there is an uncertainty as to what type of training is beneficial, and whom it might benefit.
Studies show that strength training can improve strength, flexibility, posture and walking (including the ability to negotiate steps) for young people with cerebral palsy. This is supported by other studies conducted with adults, suggesting that strength exercises can improve (among other things) the ability to move from a sitting to a standing position. Strengthening interventions have also shown to produce large improvements in strength and physical performance among individuals with CP.
That being said, research also suggests that results for strength training in children with CP are mixed; it’s unlikely that it’s an optimal form of therapy for all people with CP. What’s considered as beneficial is very individual, and for that reason, it’s vital to look at what each person is trying to achieve with their therapy before jumping straight into a strength training programme. Not everyone will benefit significantly from strength training; perhaps other types of therapy can be more effective and helpful.
It’s also important to consider each person’s motivation, and not just the clinical increase in strength. One can be a huge football fan dreaming of kicking a ball, others might be empowered by the thought of getting enough strength to walk outside with their family. Even though these goals might not be top of mind for the physiotherapist in the first place, they can be hugely important for the individual, and in some cases crucial for the therapy to be deemed a success.
As we mentioned above, it’s hard to predict exactly who might benefit from an exercise intervention, but identifying individuals who can be at risk for poor health outcomes is a good start. This is typically done with exercise testing.
Next, it’s important to determine if any deconditioning is a result of inactivity, nutritional factors, disease-specific pathophysiology or a combination of all three. This is also done through testing, and can help you decide what type of training or therapy the individual can benefit from, and if strength training can be to any help.
It’s recommended that clinicians encourage clients with CP to be physically active, and that exercise testing is used when the client experiences limitations in activities because of physical exhaustion.
2–4 times a week on non-consecutive days.
1–3 sets of 6–15 repetitions of 50–85% repetition maximum.
Progression in mode from primarily single-joint, machine-based resistance exercises to machine plus free-weight, multi-joint (and closed-kinetic chain) resistance exercises. Single-joint resistance training may be more effective for very weak muscles or for children, adolescents or adults who tend to compensate when performing multi-joint exercises, or at the beginning of the training.
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despite losing almost one third of their men in the Battle of Osuchy (reenactment pictured), Polish resistance in the Zamość region successfully engaged Germans during the nationwide Operation Tempest only a month later?
Operation Tempest (Polish: Akcja Burza, Plan Burza; sometimes referred in English as Operation Storm) was a series of uprisings conducted during World War II by the Polish Home Army (Armia Krajowa – the Home Army, abbreviated "AK"), the dominant force in the Polish resistance.
Operation Storm was aimed at seizing control of cities and areas occupied by the Germans while they were preparing their defenses against the Soviet Red Army. Polish underground civil authorities wanted to take power before the arrival of the Soviets.
Reconstruction of a Polish regular army was to be based on the prewar Polish order of battle. Home Army units were to be turned into regular divisions. Initially to be created were 16 infantry divisions, 3 cavalry brigades and 1 motorized brigade, to be equipped with captured weapons or with arms and supplies delivered by the Allies. The second phase was to see the re-building of an additional 15 divisions and 5 cavalry brigades which, before the war, had been stationed in eastern and western Poland.
Cichociemny Jan Piwnik ("Ponury") and colleagues from a Home Army Kedyw unit.
In early 1943, after the German defeat at Stalingrad, it was clear that the western Allies had made relatively little progress toward an invasion of the European continent, and that the planned Polish rising would face a still powerful German army rather than units retreating to an already defeated homeland.
In February 1943, the Home Army chief, General Stefan Rowecki, amended the plan. The Uprising would take place in three stages. The first stage would be an armed rising in the east (with main centers of resistance at Lviv and Vilnius) in advance of the approaching Red Army. In preparation, the "Wachlarz" organization was formed. The second stage would be an armed struggle in the zone between the Curzon Line and the Vistula River; and the third stage would be a national rising over the rest of Poland.
On April 25, 1943, Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations were broken by Stalin due to Polish inquiries about the Katyn massacres, and it became clear that the advancing Red Army might not come to Poland as a liberator but rather, as General Rowecki put it, "our allies' ally." On November 26, 1943, the Polish government in exile issued instructions that, if diplomatic relations had not resumed with the Soviet Union before the Soviets entered Poland, Home Army forces were to remain underground pending further decisions.
Polish Home Army's 7th Infantry Division, from the Radom-Kielce area, during Operation Storm.
The plan was to cooperate with the advancing Red Army on a tactical level, while Polish civil authorities came out from underground and took power in Allied-controlled Polish territory. This plan was approved by the Delegate of the Polish government in exile and by the Polish underground parliament (Krajowa Reprezentacja Polityczna).
On January 2, 1944, Red Army forces of the 2nd Belarusian Front crossed the prewar Polish border. At the same time, massacres of Poles in Volhynia reached their peak and the 27th Polish Home Army Infantry Division was formed. Thus began Operation Storm. The Division managed to contact the commanders of the advancing Red Army and began successful joint operations against the Wehrmacht. Together they retook Kowel (April 6) and Włodzimierz. The Division was, however, soon forced to retreat west, and in the Polesie area was attacked by both German and Soviet forces. Polish soldiers taken prisoner by the Soviets were given the choice of joining the Red Army or being sent to Soviet forced-labor camps. The remnants of the Division crossed the Bug River, where they were attacked by Soviet partisan units. After liberating the towns of Lubartów and Kock, the Division (reduced to some 3,200 men) was surrounded by the Red Army and taken prisoner.
Polish flags flying from Lwów Polytechnic building, after the city's liberation.
In the north, on July 7, 1944, the forces of the Vilnius and Nowogródek Home Army districts (some 13,000 men under Col. Aleksander Krzyżanowski) launched an attack on German-held Vilnius; although the attack stalled. With the arrival of Soviet forces, the AK and Soviet armies jointly took the city on July 13. The operation was known as the Operation Ostra Brama. Prior to the assault, the surrounding countryside had also been liberated by Polish and Soviet partisans. Cooperation ended almost immediately after the liberation of Vilnius; on July 14, Krzyżanowski and his officers were disarmed and imprisoned, and AK units who resisted being disarmed were violently crushed by Soviet forces, with dozens of Polish fatalities.
On July 23, Home Army forces in Lwów (now Lviv) began an armed rising in cooperation with advancing Soviet forces. In four days the city was liberated. The Polish civil and military authorities were then summoned to "a meeting with Red Army commanders" and taken prisoner by the Soviet NKVD. Colonel Władysław Filipkowski's men were forcibly conscripted into the Red Army or sent to forced-labor camps, or went back underground.
Polish Home Army's 26th Infantry Regiment en route from the Kielce-Radom area to Warsaw in an attempt to join the Warsaw Uprising.
Seeing the fate of the Home Army forces that had taken part in Operation Storm, the Polish government in exile and the Home Army's current commander, General Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski, decided that the last chance for regaining Poland's independence was to open an uprising in Warsaw. On July 21, 1944, Bór-Komorowski ordered that the Warsaw Uprising begin at 17:00 hours on August 1, 1944. The political goal was to emphasize for the Allies the existence of the Polish government and Polish civil authorities. Warsaw was to be taken in order to allow the legitimate Polish government to return from exile to Poland.
At the same time, other Home Army districts were also mobilized. Units of the Kraków area were preparing an uprising, similar to the one in Wilno, Lwów and Warsaw, but it was cancelled due to several reasons (see: Krakow Uprising (1944)). In the Kielce and Radom area, the 2nd Polish Home Army Division was formed and took control of the entire area except for the cities. Other units were also mustered in Kraków, Łódź and Greater Poland.
The Germans' suppression of the Warsaw Uprising, in the absence of Soviet assistance to the insurgents, marked the end of Operation Storm. Joseph Stalin would not let the Polish government in exile return and instead created a puppet Moscow-backed government, while arresting or killing Home Army personnel and members of the civil authorities. Also the strategic priority was focused to the south to oil fields in Romania. In autumn 1944 many Home Army units were disbanded, while remaining forces returned underground.
^ Włodzimierz Borodziej, Barbara Harshav. The Warsaw uprising of 1944. University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.
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For imprisoned mothers, one of the greatest punishments incarceration carries with it is separation from their children. As one mother put it, "I can do time alone OK. But its not knowing what's happening to my son that hurts most" (Baunach, 1988, p. 121, cited in Garcia Coll et al., 1998). As this quote suggests, when parents are incarcerated, "what's happening" to their children is a great concern. It is a concern for us as well. Our goal in this paper is to examine the impact of parental incarceration on children's well-being and development, to determine just what is happening to these children.
Several assumptions guided our examination of this problem. First, we assumed that the child is located in a family system and to understand the impact of incarceration on the child, the network of relationships within the family system needed to be considered (Belsky, 1984; Sameroff, 1994). Second, we assumed that the developmental level of the child at the time of parental incarceration and the quality of the relationship the child had developed with the incarcerated parent needed to be considered (Bowlby, 1973). Third, the gender of the incarcerated parent was examined, because separation from mother may affect children differently from separation from father (Parke, 2001) Fourth,characteristics of the extended kin network in which the family of the incarcerated parent is located were considered (Cochran & Brassard, 1979). Finally, the nature and availability of formal institutional supports for the family of the incarcerated parent were given attention (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998).
Who is incarcerated and how many of those incarcerated are parents? According to recent estimates (Mumola, 2000), nearly 3.6 million parents are under some form of correctional supervision, including parole. Of these parents, almost 1.1 million are incarcerated in federal, state, or local jails. These parents have an estimated 2.3 million children. Alarmingly, the rate of parental incarceration has gone up sharply in the last decade. In 1991, there were 452,500 parents in state and federal prisons, with 936,500 minor children. By 2000, the number of parents in prisons had nearly doubled to 737,400, and the number of children affected rose by over a third to 1,531,500 (Mumola, 2001). Although the absolute numbers have increased, however, the percentage of state and federal prisoners with minor children has not changed over this time period. In 1991, 57% of prisoners had minor children; in 2000, 56% were in the same situation. Moreover, the increase in parents who became prisoners (63%) was similar to the rate of growth for non-parental prisoners (69%) a finding that suggests that being a parent is not necessarily a protective factor in reducing the chances of incarceration.
Gender of parent is a major factor in patterns of incarceration; fathers account for 90% of incarcerated parents. However, the number of mothers in prison grew at a faster rate than the number of incarcerated fathers across the decade 1991-2000. There was an 87% increase for mothers, but only a 61% increase for fathers. Not surprisingly, in view of their unequal rates of incarceration, the parents' ethnicity matters, too. As expected, in both state and federal prisons, there are more African American parents (47% and 49% in state and federal prisons respectively) than either Hispanic parents (19% and 30%) or white non-Hispanic parents (29% and 22%). Stating this racial disparity in terms of minor-age children, nearly 7% of African American children, 3% of Hispanic children, and 1% of white children of the total population of children in the United States had an incarcerated parent (Mumola, 2000).
In terms of age, 58% of children with incarcerated parents are under 10 years of age, with 8 years being the mean age. Nearly half (48%) of the parents in state facilities and over a third in federal prisons (38%) were never married; 25-28% were divorced or separated. Only 23% of state inmate parents and 36% of federal inmate parents were married. In terms of education, most did not have a high school diploma (7% in state prison; 6% in federal prison), but nearly 30% had obtained a GED. Only 13% of state inmate parents reported any college education, but 25% of federal inmate parents reported some college education.
To understand the impact of parental incarceration, it is important to determine the nature of the family living arrangements prior to incarceration. Many of these children were living with non-parental caregivers prior to the incarceration of their mother or father. In fact, only half of the inmate parents in either state (43%) or federal prison (57%) lived with their children at the time of admission to prison. Gender differences are again evident. Specifically, mothers in either state (64%) or federal (84%) prisons were living with their children at the time of admission to prison. In contrast, only half of the fathers were living with their children at the time of their incarceration (44% for state and 55% for federal prison). Unfortunately the nature of the prior living arrangements is not generally considered in assessments of the impact of incarceration or children, but it would be expected that incarceration would carry different meanings and have different consequences for children who do or do not reside with their parents before incarceration. As we know from other research literatures, meaningful social relationships may or may not exist between children and their non-resident parent (Furstenberg, Morgan, & Allison, 1987; Garfinkel, McLanahan, Meyer, & Seltzer, 1998). The extent to which incarceration disrupts the contact patterns between these non-residential parents and their children, as well as the effects of incarceration on children who were living with their parent at the time of imprisonment, are both issues that merits examination.
Another important issue is who looks after the children when parents are incarcerated. Again the answer varies with the gender of the parent. For incarcerated fathers, the child's mother is the usual caregiver before the father is arrested, and in the case of both state and federal incarceration, 90% of the time, mothers assume the caregiving responsibility after the father goes to prison. On the other hand, when mothers are put in prison, fathers assume responsibility only 28% - 31% of the time. Instead, most commonly, the grandparent becomes the caregiver (53% of the time for state incarcerations and 45% of federal). Other relatives in the kin network pick up the parenting role for between 26% and 34% of the cases. Friends do so about 10% - 12% of the time. Fewer than 10% of the children of mothers in state prisons and fewer than 4% of the children of mothers in federal prisons are in foster care. These disparities in parenting responsibilities mirror the larger picture in our society whereby mothers assume the largest share of parenting in intact families (Coltrane, 1996; Parke, 1996; 2002) and post-divorce families (Hetherington & Kelley, 2001).
On average, mothers and fathers also spend different lengths of time away from their children. Fathers serve 80 months in state prison and 103 months in federal prison, on average, whereas mothers serve 49 months and 66 months in state and federal prison respectively. The lengths of incarceration reflect the nature of the different offenses committed by males and females. Fathers are more likely than mothers to be in prison for violent crimes (45% vs. 26% in state prison; 12% vs. 6% in federal prison). Mothers, on the other hand, are more likely to be in prison for drug-related offenses (35% vs. 23%) and fraud (11% vs. 2%). Therefore, in answering the question of the impact of incarceration on the mother-child versus father-child relationship it is important to consider these gender-related patterns of incarceration. As we note below, although the short-term impact on children may be greater when mothers are imprisoned, the long-term impact of the lengthier period of separation of fathers may bode poorly for maintenance of father-child ties (Gadsden & Rethemeyer, 2001).
Incarceration is not a single or discrete event but a dynamic process that unfolds over time. To understand the impact of the incarceration process on children it is necessary to consider separately the short-term effects of the arrest and separation of the child from the parent, the impact of the unavailability of the parent to the child during the period of incarceration, and the effects both positive and negative of reunion after the incarceration period.
It is also critical to consider whether the child is living with the parent at the time of incarceration, whether a single or two-parent household is involved, and, in the case of a two-parent household, which parent is incarcerated. As we have noted, only a small percentage of children live with their father as the sole caregiver; it is more usual for children to be living with a single mother prior to incarceration. The most recent figures (Mumola, 2000) indicate that 36% of state and 16% of federal inmate mothers were not living with their children at the time of admission. In contrast, 56% of state and 45% of federal inmate fathers were not living with their children at the time of their incarceration. Thus, when a parent is incarcerated, it is more likely that children will experience separation from mother than separation from father.
The arrest phase. Unfortunately, only an incomplete picture of the impact of the initial arrest on children is available. According to Johnson (1991), one in five children is present at the time of the arrest and witnesses the mother being taken away by authorities. More than half of the children who witness this traumatic event are under 7 years of age and in the sole care of their mother. Jose-Kampfner (1995) interviewed 30 children who witnessed their mother's arrest and reported that these children suffered nightmares and flashbacks to the arrest incident. Children in middle childhood who are in school at the time of the arrest may return to an empty residence and be unaware of the arrest of their mother (Fishman, 1983). The impact of father's versus mother's arrest is unknown and needs to be assessed in future research.
The management of the explanation. There is controversy surrounding the wisdom of providing children with information concerning the arrest and the reasons for their parent's incarceration. Some argue that children ought to be protected from the knowledge that their parents are incarcerated as a way of minimizing the trauma associated with the separation (Becker & Margolin, 1967). Others argue that the emotional distress of children is exacerbated by the unwillingness of family, friends or caregivers to discuss their parent's incarceration (Snyder-Joy & Carlo, 1998). This failure to disclose has been variously termed the "conspiracy of silence" (Jose-Kampfner, 1995) or "forced silence" (Johnson, 1995). Mothers are usually the ones who take responsibility for explaining the situation to the children regardless of whether or not they are the incarcerated parent. For example, Sack, Seidler and Thomas (1976) found that in only 7 of 31 cases did the father or both parents together offer the child an explanation. Moreover, when explanations were provided, they were often vague and general; one typical mother told her children that their father "did wrong and had to be punished." Other explanations were distorted or deceitful. Deception took a variety of forms, from total lies to strong shading of the truth, in which prison was referred to as an army camp, a hospital or a school. Total deception occurred in 4 of the 31 families in the study, and partial deception occurred in another 6 families. In other words, nearly a third of the families engaged in some form of deception. Similarly in a much larger study carried out in England, Morris (1965) reported that 38% of the families used partial or total deception in explaining a parent's incarceration to the children.
What is the impact of this "conspiracy of silence" or deception on children? In light of the literature on children's coping (Ayers, Sandler, West, & Roosa, 1996; Compas, 1987), which suggests that uncertainty and lack of information undermines children's ability to cope, it is not surprising that children who are uninformed about their parent's incarceration are more anxious and fearful (Johnson, 1995). Although the situation of a parent lost through death is more extreme, some of the insights gained from this literature concerning ways of helping children cope with loss is instructive. As Nolen-Hoeksema and Larson (1999) argue, children need honest, factual information, and they need to have their experience validated. Providing children with reliable, dependable information allows them to begin to make sense of their situation and begin the dual processes of grieving the loss of their parent and coping with their new life circumstances. On the other hand, silence about the parental incarceration often results not from a deliberate attempt to deceive the children but from an effort to avoid other complications. As Johnson (1995, p. 74) notes "There may be a very good reason for such a forced silence; family jobs, welfare payments, child custody, and even housing may be jeopardized when others become aware of the parents' whereabouts. However, children of prisoners are more likely to have negative reactions to the experience when they cannot talk about it."
A variety of long-term effects of parental incarceration on children have been identified. The long-term impact varies with a variety of factors, including the developmental level of the child.
Incarceration and infants. A small number of women (6%, U.S. Department of Justice, 1994) are pregnant at the time of their incarceration, but few prisons in the United States permit mother to keep their infants with them during incarceration (Gabel & Girard, 1995). In most cases, mothers of newborn infants are permitted only a few days of contact before they must relinquish their infant and return to prison. As a result, there is little opportunity for the mother to develop a bond to the baby or for the baby to become familiar with the mother and form an attachment to her a critical developmental task for both mothers and infants. As Myers et al. (1999) note, after the mother's is released, she comes home to an infant or young child with whom she has not developed an emotional bond and who is not attached to her, with the likely result that the children will have emotional and behavioral problems.
Incarceration and young children. Even if a child-parent attachment bond has already developed, as in the case of infants who have been in their mother's or father's care for the first 9 to 12 months of life, the disruption associated with parental incarceration will likely adversely affect the quality of the child's attachment to their parent (see Thompson, 1998, for a general discussion of the effects of separation on attachment in non-incarcerated samples). Even less drastic changes such as job loss, divorce, or residential re-location have been found to adversely affect the quality of the infant or toddler child-parent attachment quality (Thompson, Lamb, & Estes, 1982; Vaughn et al., 1979). Insecure attachments a consequence of adverse shifts in life circumstances in turn, have been linked to a variety of child outcomes, including poorer peer relationships and diminished cognitive abilities (Sroufe, 1988). In light of the results of this research on separation and attachment, it is not surprising that when their parents are incarcerated, young children (ages 2 - 6 years) have been observed to suffer a variety of adverse outcomes that are consistent with the research on the effects of insecure attachments (Johnson, 1995). In fact, according to one estimate (Baunach, 1985), 70% of young children with incarcerated mothers had emotional or psychological problems. Children exhibit internalizing problems, such as anxiety, withdrawal, hypervigilance, depression, shame and guilt (Bloom & Steinhart, 1993; Dressler et al., 1992). They exhibit somatic problems such as eating disorders. And, perhaps most clearly, young children exhibit externalizing behaviors such as anger, aggression, and hostility toward caregivers and siblings (Fishman, 1983; Gaudin, 1984; Johnston, 1995; Jose-Kampfner, 1995; Sack et al. , 1976).
Incarceration and school-age children. School-age children of incarcerated parents exhibit school-related problems and problems with peer relationships. Sack et al. (1976) reported that over 50% of the children of incarcerated parents had school problems, such as poor grades or instances of aggression, albeit many of these problems were temporary. Among the younger children (6-8 years old) in the Sack et al. (1987) study, 16% exhibited transient school phobias and were unwilling to go to school for a 4-6week period after their parent's incarceration. In another report, Stanton (1980) found even higher rates of school problems: 70% of 166 children of incarcerated mothers showed poor academic performance and 5% exhibited classroom behavior problems. Another school-based problem is that children are sometimes teased or ostracized by other children as a result of their parent's incarceration (Jose-Kampfner, 1991). As Reid and Eddy (this volume) note, as children reach adolescence, suspension and dropout rates are higher for these children (Trice, 1997).
Effects of incarceration on boys versus girls. Although it would be expected that boys would be more adversely affected by this stressful separation in light of evidence that boys are more vulnerable to stressful changes than girls are, in general (e.g., Hetherington et al., 1998), the evidence on this issue is unclear. Instead, the most likely scenario is that both boys and girls are adversely affected by parental incarceration, but their modes of expressing their reactions differ. Boys are more likely to exhibit externalizing behavior problems, while girls are more likely to display internalizing problems (Cowan et al., 1994; Cummings, Davies, & Campbell, 2000).
What leads to these problems? The answer to this question is not simple. There are a number of interpretative problems that merit elaboration. First, incarceration is often preceded by a period of familial instability, poverty, child abuse or neglect, marital discord and conflict, or father absence. A combination of these conditions may have already increased the base rates of children's problem behaviors. Consequently, without measures of the child's environment and behavior prior to incarceration, it is difficult to attribute the problem behaviors to incarceration per se. Other events also transpire at the time of incarceration that could account for some of the negative effects on children. Re-location and placement with alternative caregivers are both major disruptions in the children's lives, which past research has shown to be detrimental to children (Rutter, 1987). A similar set of interpretative problems has plagued the literature on the effects of other kinds of stress, such as divorce on children's functioning (Hetherington & Kelley, 2002; Hetherington et al., 1998).
Before the incarceration, during incarceration, and during the reunion phase after incarceration, different factors modify children's reactions.
Pre-incarceration conditions. The most important predictor of how well the child will adjust to the immediate separation is the quality of the parent-child relationship. Theoretically, a high quality parent-child relationship should serve as a protective or buffering factor in helping the child cope with the temporary loss of a parent (Myers et al., 1999; Thompson, 1998). Unfortunately, however, many parents who end up in prison are limited in their parenting abilities, and thus this potential protective factor is unavailable to their children (Johnston, 1991). Unfortunately, research is not available to determine empirically whether children with a closer relationship with their parent transcend the separation with greater ease.
Another predictor or how well the child adjusts to parental incarceration is likely to be the quality of relationships with the extended family and non-family informal social networks This support is especially relevant when the father is incarcerated and leaves the mother to cope as a single parent. There is an extensive literature that suggests that the quality of family ties within the extended family network is related to mothers' more positive parenting attitudes and behavior (Cochran & Brassard, 1979; Cochran, 1995). In addition, Crnic, Greenberg, Ragozin, Robinson, and Basham (1983) reported that mothers with higher levels of informal social support were more responsive and affectionate with their infants. More recently Goldstein, Diener, and Mangelsdorf (1995), similarly, found that women with larger social networks were found to be more sensitive in interactions with their infants. In turn, the children of parents who receive more social, emotional, and physical support are better adjusted than children of parents with limited kin or network support (Thompson, 1995). Moreover, when it is the mother rather than the father who is incarcerated, extended family members such as grandmothers often assume the role of primary caregiver (Mumola, 2000). To the extent that the child has already established close emotional relationships with the extended family, the trauma of transition to grandmother care will be lessened (Bloom & Steinhart, 1993).
Factors during incarceration. The major determinants of child adjustment during the period of parental incarceration are (1) the nature and quality of the alternative caregiving arrangements and (2) the opportunities to maintain contact with the absent parent.
As we have noted, the gender of the incarcerated parent is a major determinant of the type of alternative care arrangement. When fathers are incarcerated, the mother is generally the caregiver who continues to be responsible for child care; when mothers are incarcerated, grandmothers assume their responsibility (Bloom & Steinhart, 1993; Mumalo, 2000). The latter arrangement provides greater continuity for the child relative to foster care because the child is with a familiar caregiver. Moreover, kinship placements tend to be more stable and avoid transethnic discontinuities that are likely to occur in the foster care system. It is assumed that children make better adjustments in kinship homes, but comparative studies of kinship versus foster care placements are not available. Moreover, there are problems with kinship arrangements as well. Young and Smith (2000) cite a range of challenges faced by grandparents raising grandchildren, including emotional, physical, and financial difficulties, which, in turn, may undermine their effectiveness as substitute caregivers. As in the case of grandmothers raising infants for their teenage daughters (Brooks-Gunn & Chase-Lansdale, 1995), the relationship between the grandmother and the incarcerated mother is often strained and characterized by a range of negative feelings such as resentment, anger, guilt, or disappointment (Bloom & Steinhart, 1993; Young & Smith, 2000). In turn, this complicates decision-making on behalf of the child, which requires cooperation across generations if the child's best interests are to be served. Parallel problems are evident in joint custody arrangements after divorce (Hetherington & Kelley, 2001; Maccoby & Mnookin, 1993). Grandmothers serve as gatekeepers in terms of their children's access to the parents just as divorced mothers regulate fathers' access to their children (Braver, 2000). In spite of this potential barrier to maintaining contact, 94% of caregivers surveyed by the National Counsel on Crime and Delinquency endorsed the idea that contact between mother and child is important and 97% helped promote contact during incarceration (Bloom & Steinhart, 1993).
The second important determinant of children's adjustment to their parent being in prison is regular contact with the incarcerated parent. Institutional, attitudinal, and practical barriers make this contact difficult to maintain, however. As Young and Smith (2000) note, correctional policies regarding visitation and phone use make it difficult for mothers to stay in touch with their children. Facilities are typically located in remote areas, often long distances from where children and caregivers live, making visitation extremely difficult for families with limited resources, and visitation hours are scheduled for set times each week rather than depending on would-be visitors' schedules (Kaplan & Sasser, 1996). In addition, rules about who is eligible to visit, the number of visitors allowed at one time, appropriate behavior during the visit, lack of privacy, harsh treatment of visitors by correctional staff, and the physical layout of the visiting room often deter family members and caregivers from coming. Other problems include child-unfriendly visiting rooms, lack of privacy, and increased anxiety on the part of the visiting child (Bloom & Steinhart, 1993; Simon & Landes, 1991). These conditions, in part, flow from cultural and institutional beliefs that incarcerated individuals, including parents, do not deserve privileges such as family visitation. As Clark (1995) notes, the children become the "unseen victims" of a mother's incarceration. Parents', caregivers', and social workers' attitudes also play a role in visitation patterns. Some resist the idea of visitation by children either because of the unpleasant and inhospitable visiting conditions (Hairston, 1991) or because of their belief that visitation will produce negative reactions in the children (Bloom & Steinhart, 1993). However, Johnston (1995) found that the excitability and hyperactivity associated with children's visitation were relatively short-lived and there was no evidence of long-term negative responses. Visiting can calm children's fears about their parent's welfare as well as their concerns about the parent's feelings for them (Sack, 1977). Investigations of the patterns of visitation reveal that approximately half of incarcerated parents do not receive any visits from their children (Snell, 1994). Children are most likely to visit their mother in the first year and less likely to do so after this initial period. Moreover, even when children do visit, they do not visit often. According to one large-scale survey of state prison inmates, only 8% of the incarcerated mothers saw their children as often as once a week; 18% saw them once a month; 20%, less than once a month (U.S. Department of Justice, 1993).
Programs to aid incarcerated parents and their children take a variety of forms and are targeted at several different audiences imprisoned parents, alternative caregivers, and the children themselves. Moreover, these programs are delivered by a range of agents and agencies, including prison social work agencies, schools, and clinics. In addition, goals and timing of interventions vary. Some aim to increase contact between incarcerated parents and their children; some attempt to improve the structure of visits and facilitate family interactions; others seek to improve parenting skills of incarcerated parents; still others have the goal of easing the inmate parents' reentry into society and the parental role by offering post-incarceration training, job placement services, and housing assistance. Unfortunately, although such programs exist, information about which approaches - if any are most effective is limited. A variety of problems characterize research in this area. The major problems include the lack of comparison groups, failure to carry out systematic evaluations of the impact of the interventions, use of non-standardized measurement instruments, and limited follow-up to assess the long-term effects of the intervention.
Interventions for parents. In light of the well-documented finding that many incarcerated mothers are limited in their parenting skills (Johnston, 1991), several programs have been developed to provide parent education for incarcerated mothers. Improvements in parenting practices, we expect, will result in improvements in children's adjustment to their parents' incarceration and reentry. Educational programs vary in their samples, their assessment methods, and their training strategies. In one model program, Showers (1993) compared 203 women who completed a parent education curriculum based on the Systematic Training for Effective Parenting program (STEP; Dinkmeyer & McKay, 1982) with 275 women who were being released without taking the classes. The intervention involved 15 hours of instruction over a 10-week period. Women in both groups completed a 36-item Child Management Behavior Survey, which assessed knowledge about child development and child behavior management techniques before and after either the educational intervention or, in the case of the comparison group, on two occasions without an intervening educational program. There were significant improvements for women in the intervention group in comparison with the control group. Moreover, the effect held for both Caucasian and African-American women. Recidivism rates were altered too: for those in the intervention group, the rate was 1%, versus 19% for the participants in the comparison condition. In a smaller scale effort, Moore and Clement (1998) provided twenty mothers with 18 hours of parenting instruction over 9 weeks and compared these mothers to twenty waiting-list control mothers. Mothers in the treatment group, compared with those in the control group, showed a significant increase in knowledge about positive management techniques from pre- to post-test periods. Two other studies reported significant improvements in parenting as a result of educational interventions, but lacked comparison groups and therefore are difficult to interpret. Harm and Thompson (1997) provided weekly parent education classes over a 15-week period and reported improvements in self-esteem, increases in positive attitudes about parenting, and self-reported improvements in the quality of the mother's relationships with their children. Finally, Brorone (1989) reported improved self-esteem after 96 hours of instruction over a 24-week course. However, this investigator also reported more endorsement of physical punishment and an increase in inappropriate expectations findings that are inconsistent with the investigator's hypotheses and with other work in the area.
These studies alone do not make a compelling case for this approach to intervention, although the overall picture is positive. However, the success of parent training programs with non-incarcerated parents in modifying parent-child interaction patterns and parental behavior and, in turn, improving children's adjustment, suggests that it is worthwhile to continue to develop parent educational intervention for incarcerated samples as well. Examples of recent well-designed and carefully evaluated parent education interventions include programs for single mothers (Forgatch & DeGarmo, 1999), for parents of children making the transition to school (Cowan & Cowan, 2001), and for parents of high-risk children (Ramey et al., 2001). It is unfortunate that, in the studies of incarcerated mothers, more attention has not been given to the impact of intervention on the parents' behavior and parent-child interaction patterns instead of merely the well-being and attitudes of the incarcerated parents. Our assumption that these programs will, in fact, benefit children of incarcerated parents as well as parents themselves remains an untested assumption.
Another assumption is that fathers as well as mothers could benefit from parent-education intervention. There is a growing research literature that suggests that non-incarcerated fathers of various types single, married, non-custodial improve their parenting skills and their relationships with their offspring as a consequence of parent education programs (see Fagan & Hawkins, 2001). Support for the effectiveness of parent education for inmate fathers comes from one recent study by Wilezck and Markstrom (1999). After an eight-session STEP parenting class, the fathers scored higher on parental knowledge and parental efficacy and decreased their belief that fate or chance played a role in their parenting. They also experienced higher overall satisfaction with their parenting. Inmate fathers in the control group did not show any significant changes. As in the studies of interventions with incarcerated mothers, measures of the impact of the parental intervention on the children were not collected. In a related project, Harrison (1997) found that male inmates who participated in a 6-week program including parent education and behavior management training, compared with fathers in a control group, improved their attitudes toward appropriate parenting. Harrison did measure children's perceptions of their own self-worth in this study and found no differences between children of fathers in the experimental and control groups. However, there was little visitation between fathers and their children in either condition, and, therefore, limited opportunity for the changes in fathers' attitudes to be expressed and changes in children's attitudes to follow.
More evidence of the effect of a father-oriented intervention on children comes from a study of the effects of "filial therapy" training on the father-child relationship (Landreth & Lobaugh, 1998). According to Landreth and Lobaugh, filial therapy training teaches parents basic child-centered play therapy skills and helps them learn how to create an accepting environment in which their children feel safe enough to express and explore their thoughts and feelings. In comparison to fathers in a control group, the fathers in the 10-week training program scored significantly higher on both their acceptance of their children and their empathic behavior toward their children. These fathers scored significantly lower than control fathers on parenting stress and on perceptions of problem behavior in their children. Of particular relevance to this review was the finding that the children of the fathers in the play therapy program showed a significant increase in their self-concept relative to children of control fathers. The relative success of this approach in promoting positive change in the children stems, in part, from the fact that both fathers and their children were participants in the program, not just fathers alone. As Cowan et al. (1998) argue, programs that focus on both partners in a relationship are often more effective than focusing on only one member of the dyad. A word of caution about the generalizability of these findings is necessary, however. The success of this program was due, in part, to the availability of the children to participate in weekly sessions with their fathers. In many families, practical constraints, such as conflicting schedules and long distances between home and prison, limit children's participation in such programs.
Most programs have focused on the incarcerated parent and given less attention to the needs of either the non-incarcerated partner or the couple. The importance of focusing on the family unit stems from claims that post-release success is higher among inmates who have maintained family ties during incarceration (Clements, 1986; Hairston, 1987). Interventions can be directed to the marital unit, which is often strained by the incarceration. A variety of mechanisms, including conjugal visits, furloughs, and family and marital counseling, have all been suggested as ways of strengthening the marital relationship. The United States lags other countries (e.g., Mexico, Sweden, Denmark, and Canada) in providing those conjoint family services when one parent is incarcerated. In view of the clear links between the quality of the marital relationship and child outcomes either directly or indirectly through parenting it is critical that more effort be devoted to this form of intervention (Grych & Fincham, 2000).
Another form of conjoint family intervention when one parent is incarcerated involves the provision of services to all family members. In a promising but extremely small-scale demonstration, Marsh (1983) provided parent education aimed at improving communication and child management skills to couples in which the father was incarcerated. Both the inmate father and his wife attended eight weekly classes. Communication skills increased in all parents, and child management skills increased in two of the three families in the program, as evidenced by observations of parent-child interactions in the home. By providing services to help the non-incarcerated parent deal with the problems of temporary single parenthood, the children's adjustment could be enhanced and the marital relationship could be stabilized as well.
In spite of the problems associated with child visitation of incarcerated parents noted earlier, many parents feel that, on balance, visits are worthwhile. As one incarcerated mother put it, "The main advantage of the visits are tightening up the relationship, watching your children grow, how you've changed, being able to love one another" (Datesman & Cales, 1983, p. 147, cited by Bloch & Potthast, 1998). In light of sentiments like these, several women's institutions have developed visiting programs for inmates. Features of these programs include special play areas for parents and children, extended visits, more flexible scheduling, and special housing of children in the institution (Clement, 1993). Evaluations of visitation programs underscore the benefits of these efforts. For example, Snyder-Joy and Carlo (1998) initiated a mother-child visitation program for 40 mothers and their children, which provided special monthly visits in addition to regular visits. Activities (crafts, games, reading, etc.) were encouraged in a room set aside for these programs, and transportation was provided as well. Based on interviews with 31 mothers and 27 waiting-list control mothers, Snyder-Joy and Carlo found that program mothers had more frequent contact with their children and spent more time discussing issues of importance to them, such as their behavior and feelings. The mothers' fears about their parenting abilities decreased, and they viewed their children as doing better than control mothers did. The mother's perceptions of the quality of their relationships with their children, however, were not different in the two groups.
A second visitation program is the Sesame Street program (Fishman, 1983). In an effort to alleviate congestion in the visiting room, let parents communicate without interruption by young children, and provide children with an accepting environment in which to express their feelings about the prison, a number of prisons have opened special playrooms adjacent to the visiting room. Children can visit with their incarcerated parent and then go to the playroom when they get restless. There they participate in educational and entertaining activities. Parents indicate that children are eager to visit the prison; inmates and their families find visiting more rewarding; and correctional administrators have accepted the project as an important service to the institution.
Another example of a parent-child visitation program is "The Girl Scouts Beyond Bars Program" (GSBB; Bloch & Potthast, 1998). Objectives of the Girl Scouts program were to provide enhanced visiting between mothers and daughters so as to preserve or enhance the mother-daughter relationship, to reduce the stress of separation, to enhance the daughter's sense of self, to reduce reuninification problems, and ultimately to help decrease the likelihood of the mother's failure in the community. To achieve these goals, the program provided transportation and regular Scout troop meetings for mother and daughters at the prison. Outside the prison setting, the girls participated in other regular Girl Scout activities (field trips, meetings), without their mothers, as well. Some GSBB programs offered both parenting programs for mothers and counseling for their daughters, in addition. Evaluations indicate that the GSBB program increases the frequency of daughter-mother visitation and improves the quality of the visits and the mother-daughter relationship. Moreover, daughters' self-esteem was enhanced, new friendships with peers were formed, and problems associated with separation were lessened. Daughters were less sad, angry, and worried about their mothers, and, in most cases, grades improved as well. Further work is needed to disentangle which of the multiple program components, such as increased visitation, involvement in organized activities, new friendships, or exposure to non-parental adult mentors, were responsible for these positive outcomes.
A central assumption underlying our review is that separation of parent and child during incarceration is detrimental to the parent-child relationship and to the child's adjustment. Several innovative programs in the USA and Europe have been designed to allow the mother and child to remain together during some portion of the incarceration period. Prison nurseries, in which the mother gives birth in prison and raises the infant in the institution have a long history in the United States. Since 1901, the nursery program in the Bedford Hills Correctional facility in New York, the oldest such program in the country, has housed female inmates who have given birth during their prison stay. Mothers and infants are permitted to stay together until the child's first birthday and a parenting program is provided as part of the program. Unfortunately, there has been no formal evaluation of this effort. A program developed in the Nebraska Center for Women was modeled after the Bedford facility to provide a live-in nursery for infants up to 18 months of age. Only mothers who are eligible for release within 18 months can participate in the program, which also provides parenting and child development classes. In a preliminary evaluation of 11 women, Carlson (1998) found that 8 of them felt that the program increased mother-child bonding and all of them felt that the parenting classes improved their parenting skills. Moreover, misconduct reports for these women while they were in prison decreased, relative to rates observed prior to entry into the program, and recidivism rates after they were released were lower. The latter finding, if it is confirmed by further investigation, is of great importance for children's adjustment. If recidivism can be reduced, children will be spared the trauma of repeated separation, which, in turn, will improve their psychological adjustment. A further argument in favor of co-detention is that this arrangement provides an opportunity for the mother and child to develop a close emotional attachment or to maintain the relationship that they have already formed. However, there are several negative aspects to prison-based co-detention. These include restrictions on the child's freedom and the impoverished environment of the prison institution, which may lead to some impairment of young children's cognitive development. European countries offer a variety of approaches to co-detention that avoid these problems. In Hungary, for example, pregnant women's sentences are often delayed up to a year to permit the woman the opportunity to give birth and care for her child at home (Jaffe, Pans, & Wicky, 1997). In France and Switzerland, co-detention programs have been organized to permit mother and child to be together for a 2-3 year period in a special prison section adapted to children's needs and providing an enriched prison milieu and opportunities to experience life outside prison (Jaffe et al., 1997).
Many of the problems associated with either separation from the parent or co-detention can be avoided by provision of some form of community-based sentencing, instead of prison-based incarceration (Meyers et al., 1999). These alternatives include house arrest, half-way houses where mother and children reside, and day programs in which mothers attend programs in a correctional institution during the day but are permitted to return home at night. Devine (1997) surveyed 24 community-based programs for mothers and children in 14 states. Community sentencing programs yielded reduced recidivism and increased family preservation outcomes that have positive implications for children's adjustment. In view of the cost effectiveness achieved by reducing the number of incarcerated women, it is surprising that these types of programs are available to only a small percentage of women violators. Because the vast majority of offenses committed by women are relatively minor and non-violent (e.g., drugs, prostitution), alternatives to regular incarceration merit more consideration (Jaffe et al., 1997).
Although most intervention programs are designed for the incarcerated adults rather than their offspring, there have been some attempts to intervene directly with the children. These interventions can take a variety of forms, including individual counseling or therapy, family therapy, or group therapy, located in schools, clinics, or prisons. We have already reviewed "Girl Scouts Beyond Bars," a program that includes not only visitation opportunities but non-prison group activities as well. Another small-scale intervention program for children with incarcerated parents was conducted by Springer, Lynch, and Rubin (2000). A group of five Hispanic 4th and 5th grade children met for a 6-week period under the guidance of two adult leaders. It has long been believed that a group approach is most effective for children of incarcerated parents (e.g., Konopka, 1949). Group treatment can address the need for social support and provide a structured setting for expression of mothers' concerns (Springer et al., 2000). Groups can diffuse the sense of shame that often accompanies parental incarceration, as children learn that other group members have similar experiences (Kahn, 1994). In their study, Springer et al. compared shifts in self-esteem for children in the intervention group with children in a waiting-list control group. Children in the intervention group increased in self-esteem, while control children showed a slight decrease in self-esteem over the 6-week period (effect size = .57). These results were similar to those in studies of group treatment for children and adolescents of non-incarcerated parents, according to a meta-analysis by Hoag and Burlingame (1997; effect size for differences between group treatment and wait-list and placebo control groups = .61). The Springer study does suggest that sons and daughters of incarcerated parents can benefit from a time-limited group intervention; however, the small sample size (N = 10 across both experimental and control groups) and the restriction of the sample to Hispanic children limits the generality of their results.
Another promising approach to intervening directly with the children of incarcerated parents can be found in the Youth Advisory Program. This is an intervention aimed at adolescents. It addresses issues of the adolescents' feelings of isolation, self-esteem, and shame, helps them deal with their peers regarding their absent parent, directs them in making positive choices, setting goals, and developing support systems, and promotes an understanding of the corrections system (Weissman & La Rue, 1998). This approach could be modified for use with younger children and pre-adolescents. In light of the evidence that children who begin a deviant career path early in childhood are more likely to develop stable, serious criminal patterns (Moffitt, 1993; Patterson et al., 1989), it is particularly important that intervention begin in childhood to try to avoid a deviant trajectory.
As detailed by Jeffries (this volume), the impact of parental incarceration on children does not end with the release of the parent. Children, as well as their parents face a range of problems challenges and opportunities when the parent and child are reunited after the incarceration is over. In addition to the problems faced by the parent, such as finding a job and housing and re-integrating into the community, the child and parent face the formidable task of re-establishing their relationship. This task of reuniting is a complex one, because new relationships have been formed during the period of the incarcerated parent's absence. The parent is reentering a revised family system, one that was formed or stabilized without clear roles or responsibilities for the returning parent. As Sullivan (1993) observed in his ethnographic studies of both incarcerated and non-incarcerated young unwed African-American fathers, family members may limit a returning father's access to his children. Or a mother may have begun a new relationship during the incarcerated father's absence, and that may discourage the involvement of the reentering father with her or the child (Furstenberg, 1995; Nurse, 2001). Perhaps most critical, the child may have developed close ties with a substitute parent, such as a grandmother or foster-care parent. The process of shifting the focus of intimate relationships from this caregiver to a long-absent, returning parent may be disruptive for the child and present another stressful transition that further undermines the child's adjustment. To date, little is known about either the short-term consequences of this process of reestablishment of ties with an absent parent or the long-term effect on the child's well-being. A variety of factors will likely affect the transition, including the quality and duration of the parent-child relationship prior to incarceration, the nature and extent of contact between parent and child during incarceration, the quality, stability, and duration of the new caregiver-child relationship developed during incarceration, and the management of the transition back to the original parent-child caregiving arrangement. In addition, the option to maintain ties with multiple caregivers the parent and the substitute caregiver after the reentry of the incarcerated parent is probably a further determinant of child adjustment. Finally, the implications of non-reunion for the child's adjustment merit examination. The 1997 Adoption and Safe Families Act mandates termination of parental rights if a child has been in foster care for more than 15 of the last 22 months (Genty, 1998). This often has consequences for children of incarcerated mothers, because women typically serve 18 months in prison. Thus, many children are deprived of their right to reunite with their mother. Although the reunion process is a complex one, it is unclear whether being in permanent foster care is preferable, especially in light of the relative instability of foster-home placements (Beckerman, 1998; Genty, 1998). On the other hand, some recent evidence (Horowitz et al., 2001) suggests that children's functioning in foster care improves over time. The debate over permanent placements for children of incarcerated parents is far from settled (Beckerman, 1998).
In formulating an agenda for future efforts in this area, it is important to recognize the difficulties of conducting theory-based intervention with this population (Eddy, Powell, Szubka, McClool, & Kuntz, 2001) According to Eddy et al., several problems limit the scope and type of interventions that can be implemented. One problem is the high prevalence of mental impairment among incarcerated parents and the concomitant difficulty these parents have with reading. It is critical that intervention materials be written and administered at an appropriate level. Second, barriers to acceptance by prison staff have to be overcome. As Hairston (1991) found in a survey of prison policies and practices, correctional institutions are not generally supportive of inmate-family relationships or family-oriented services. A third set of problems relates to the dynamic nature of inmates' families. As Eddy et al. found, families of inmates exhibit frequent changes in roles and relationships. Some male inmates may be involved with multiple families as a result of having children with several women. The nature of these family ties, including the amount and frequency of contact, the quality and quantity of parenting, and even the parent's knowledge of children's living arrangements varies across inmates. This family instability both during and after incarceration presents serious problems for any longitudinal research design. Transience of inmates after release and of partners and children during incarceration pose additional problem for follow-up research. Whereas 16% of Americans move in a given year, Eddy et al. report that 62% of inmate participants in their study moved at least once in the previous year. At a 6-month follow up, only 5% of subjects were still residing at their pre-arrest residence.
A variety of theoretical perspectives are relevant to this topic and can usefully provide guidelines for the design of future research, intervention, and policy. These theoretical perspectives include developmental and ecological contexts and cross-level analyses of the individual child and parent, the parent-child dyad, the family network, the community, the institution, and the culture.
Developmental theory. From a developmental perspective, several theories are relevant to understanding the consequences of parental incarceration. One important theory is Bowlby's (1973) attachment theory. This theory serves as a framework to aid in understanding the importance of the development of the parent-infant or parent-child relationship. According to Bowlby, the lack of opportunity for regular and sustained contact between an infant and parent will prevent the development of the infant's attachment to the parent. After an attachment has developed, separation from the parent can generate a set of adverse emotional reactions from sadness to anger, which, in turn, will interfere with the optimal development of the child (Sroufe, 1988). At the same time, children can form multiple attachments, including attachments to fathers and other non-maternal caregivers, as well as to mothers. The fact that infants can develop strong attachments to their fathers (Parke, 2002) underscores the importance of assessing the reactions of children to separation from their incarcerated fathers as well as reactions to the loss of their incarcerated mothers. It also suggests that children who "lose" their relationship with an incarcerated parent can be helped by forming or maintaining a secure attachment relationship with another caregiver. For example, Howes and Hamilton (1993) found that children with an insecure attachment with mother but a secure attachment to a day-care provider tended to be more socially competent than insecurely attached children who had not formed a strong compensatory relationship outside the family. This work underscores the need to assess the quality of children's attachment relationships with alternative caregivers such as grandparents when the parent is unavailable due to incarceration. Finally, Bowlby's theory alerts us to the fact that mothers experience anxiety just as children do when the two are separated.
Life-span theory. According to the life-span theory of development (Elder, 1998), development is a process that continues throughout the life cycle into adulthood. Childhood is important, but other ages are also important in shaping later stages of development. The importance of examining developmental change in adults is gaining recognition, and it is now appreciated that parents continue to change and develop during their adult years. For example, age at the time of onset of parenthood can have important implications for how women and men manage their maternal and paternal roles. In the current context, how parents and their children adjust to the parent's incarceration will vary greatly depending on the age of the parent as well as the developmental level of the child. According to life-span theory, change over time can be traced to three sets of causes. First, there are normative events and experiences that most children and adults undergo at roughly the same ages. Second, there are unexpected events that push development in a new direction. Incarceration, like job loss, divorce, or death of a family member, is one of these events. Third, historical time periods can influence development. Historical periods provide the social conditions for individual and family transitions, and across these periods, incarceration, its consequences, and policies may vary. Over the last several decades, there are a number of secular changes that could affect families' reactions to incarceration. These include declines in fertility and family size, the increased participation of women in the workforce, the rise of divorce and the increase in the number of single-parent families. These societal trends and the historical era in which the incarceration takes place can profoundly shape the management of the child and their subsequent developmental outcomes.
Developmental analyses need not be restricted to the level of the individual, either parent or child, but refer to dyadic and family levels as well. At the dyadic level, relationships (between husband and wife, mother and child, father and child) may follow separate and partially independent developmental courses over childhood (Belsky et al., 1989; Parke, 1988). At the family level, changes in structure (e.g., through the loss of the incarcerated member or the addition of the child to a foster family or a grandparent-headed household) also occur over time, with implications for both children and caregivers. The mutual impact of different sets of relationships on each other varies as a function of the nature of all these developmental trajectories.
Risk and resilience theories. Another set of theorists (e.g., Luthar, Cicchetti, & Becker, 2000; Rutter & Sroufe, 2001) have recognized that children's successful adaptation in the face of stressful life events like the incarceration of a parent varies as a function of two things: the form and frequency of the risks and the protective or resilience factors that buffer the child from the adverse events. Individual children respond to risks in a variety of ways. Some suffer permanent developmental disruptions and delays. Others show sleeper effects; they appear to cope well initially, but exhibit problems later in development. Still others exhibit resilience under the most difficult circumstances and may even be strengthend by it. Moreover, when they confront new risks later in life, these children seem better able to adapt to challenges than children who have experienced little or no risk, a kind of inoculation effect (Hetherington, 1991; Rutter & Rutter, 1993). Three sets of protective factors have been identified that appear to buffer the child from risk and stress and promote coping and good adjustment in the face of adversity. The first set of factors consists of positive individual attributes. Children who have easy temperaments and high self-esteem and who are intelligent and independent are more adaptable in the face of stressful life experience (Rutter, 1987; Werner, 1993). Girls and women have a slight edge on resiliency in comparison with boys or men. The second set of protective factors is found in a supportive family environment. The presence of a supportive parent can help buffer the adverse effects of poverty, divorce or incarceration (Luthar et al., 2000). The final set of factors involves people outside the family, in the school system, peer groups, or churches, who support children's and parents' coping efforts.
Cumulative risk models.Cumulative risk models A closely related theoretical perspective with clear relevance to the issue of the effects of incarceration on children is the cumulative risk perspective (Rutter, 1987; Sameroff et al., 1998). According to this perspective, risks often co-occur and are best understood not as single events, but as sets or combinations of events. Children are most likely to be adversely affected when multiple risks co-occur. Moreover, the nature of the particular risk may be less critical than the number of risks that the child encounters. In the case of incarceration, it should be recognized that any attempt to attribute effects on children to parental incarceration alone may be doomed to failure, because many events before, during, and after the incarceration co-occur and contribute to child outcomes. For example, children who suffer the loss of a parent through imprisonment may also be at risk because of poverty, changes in residence, shift in caregivers, and stigmatization by peers and community. Recognition of the multiple risks experienced by children of incarcerated parents is a critical step in gaining a better understanding of the multiple factors that contribute to children's adjustment and merit consideration for designing interventions and crafting social policy.
Putting the pieces together. No single theoretical perspective is sufficient to encompass the complexity of the problem of parental incarceration. Instead, a framework that integrates these perspectives into a unified theoretical whole is necessary. A transactional model of risks and supports associated with parental incarceration is presented in Figure 1. Incarceration and reentry increases the probability of parents' and children's encountering a set of interrelated risks. These risks interact and are mediated in a variety of complex ways, just as in the case of other transitions such as divorce and remarriage or job loss (Conger & Elder, 1994; Hetherington, Bridges, & Insabella, 1998). According to our model, incarceration leads to changes in family composition and shifts in caregiving arrangements. The ability of alternative caregivers to cope adequately and to avoid depression will affect the child indirectly through caregiving processes. Other variables serve as moderators. Children's coping strategies, for example, serve as a moderator of the effects of caregiving processes on children's adjustment. Similarly, the opportunity to maintain contact with the parent during the period of separation will modify the nature of the parent-child relationship, which, in turn, will affect children's adjustment. Different variables may play different roles at various points across time. For example, whereas child characteristics may play a similar role during separation and reunion, the quality of caregiving processes (e.g., the child's relationship with the alternative caregiver) may play a protective role during parental incarceration but present a risk to successful reunion with the incarcerated parent after the separation is over. Finally, as the risk and resilience perspective suggests, it may be the balance between risks and resources that determines the impact of stresses of parental incarceration and reentry on children. Our argument is that static and cross-sectional slices out of the lives of parent and children yield a misleading portrait of how risk and protective factors operate across time to affect children's adjustment to parental incarceration. As our figure suggests, only by examining this issue in a dynamic and transactional framework will we fully appreciate the complexities of the interacting trajectories followed by parents, alternative caregivers, and children across time and the roles of risks and protective factors in accounting for variations in children's outcomes.
Figure 1. A transactional model of the predictors of children's adjustment following parental incarceration and reunion (after Conger & Elder, 1994; Hetherington et al., 1998).
In the closing section we outline a series of issues, both research and policy issues, that need to be addressed if we are able to make serious progress in understanding the issue of parental incarceration.
Research issues. In view of our conceptualization of this issue as a dynamic set of processes that unfold over time, the most important need is to design and execute prospective, longitudinal studies of the effects of parental incarceration on children. Only by doing so will we be able to trace the various pathways followed by different children and begin to describe the nature of the changes that affect the child's functioning. This type of design requires the identification of parents at risk for incarceration before the period of incarceration occurs, so that pre-existing conditions and relationships can be described. This design would be a step toward disentangling the impact of incarceration per se from the impact of preexisting family conditions on children's subsequent adjustment. These children and their incarcerated parents would then be followed during the period of incarceration through the post-prison period of reunion. In recognition of the difficulty of this type of prospective approach, careful retrospective interviews with the incarcerated parent, the child, and informed kin could begin to provide a profile of life in these families before incarceration. Second, designs should include developmentally sensitive measures that have been well-standardized and demonstrate adequate psychometric properties. Third, multi-measure and multi-informant designs are needed. Direct assessment of children is needed, as much of the literature relies on potentially-biased parental reports (Meyers et al., 1999). Observation of children in a variety of contexts (home, school, playground) with a variety of interactive partners (parents, substitute caregivers, siblings, peers) would begin to provide a solid descriptive data base. Careful evaluations of children's psychological functioning and patterns of coping are also needed (Johnson, 1998). Fourth, more attention needs to be given to the unique effects of the incarceration of fathers versus mothers. Less attention has been paid to paternal incarceration than to maternal imprisonment, but the father-child relationship is an important focus for future research and policy efforts (see Gadsden & Rethemeyer, 2001, for a recent report on this issue). Fifth, it is increasingly recognized that cultural background plays a major role in shaping children's reactions to various types of family transitions and stressors and in developing the coping strategies children and families use in the face of adversity (Demo, Allen, & Fine, 2000; Parke & Buriel, 1998). Therefore, the role of incarcerated parents' cultural and ethnic backgrounds needs to be given more attention in future research. Sixth, research needs to move beyond simple descriptions of differences in children to explanations of processes in the individual, family, context, or culture that account for children's adjustment. Only when we have begun to identify these processes will we be positioned to design meaningful theory and data-based interventions. Seventh, our interventions need to be theoretically guided and should be viewed not simply as a plan to help children and/or their families but as an opportunity to evaluate the adequacy of our theories as well. Eight, progress is likely to flow from recognition of the need for interdisciplinary research teams. A variety of disciplinary specialists including child developmentalists, family psychologists, social workers, criminologists, and organizational and community social scientists each have important and distinctive perspectives to offer and need to work cooperatively in the design and evaluation of research and intervention efforts.
Policy needs. The major policy issue that needs to be addressed in this area is "connecting the systems" (Adalist-Estrin, 1994). In many states, fragmented services and agencies result in service gaps, unmet needs, and overlapping or conflicting service delivery agendas (Phillips & Bloom, 1998). The systems that provide services for children and families affected by incarceration need to coordinate their efforts across time to permit continuity of services. For example, decisions and services on behalf of family members during incarceration need to be recognized in the planning of post-incarceration services to ensure continuity across the transition from prison to home. The criminal justice system, including correctional officers and prison administrators, needs to be involved in decision-making about family contacts and family support. The social welfare system needs to be involved with the family members of incarcerated parents to provide coordination between their services and the needs of the imprisoned parent (visitation, reentry services), and, in turn, these activities need to be coordinated with the criminal justice system, including prison and later parole systems. For children, schools need to be partners in the support provision process so that the child's needs beyond the family setting are recognized. Only when all the various players courts, prisons, community and social service agencies, schools, and policy makers begin to coordinate their efforts will we be able to develop and implement programs that will maximally support children, families, and kin of incarcerated parents. Second, and equally important, social policy needs to address the issue of public attitudes toward incarcerated individuals and their families. By educating the wider community about the needs of incarcerated parents, their children, and their families, more humane policies may emerge and the difficulties faced by these individuals will be better appreciated. Third, in recognition of the diversity in our society and the disproportionate numbers of minority group members who are incarcerated, social policies should be made more culturally sensitive. If they are to be maximally effective, social policies, social services, and intervention programs need to be tailored to the needs of different cultural groups.
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0.971166 |
Rhyme Boards can be used to develop children's attention and listening skills, language skills, and rhyme recognition skills. They are mainly for use with Foundation Stage and Key Stage 1.
They may be used with whole class or small groups of children.
What is a Rhyme Board?
A Rhyme Board is a way of teaching rhymes to a group of children using visual prompts. As the rhyme is said, symbols or objects are used to help the group understand and remember the words.
A set of symbols or images that support the key words in the rhyme.
A set of illustrative pictures that set the scene or allow animation of the rhyme e.g. small dolls, finger puppets, photos.
The Rhyme may be told by the adult to a group, but also pupils can join in by adding items to the board.
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0.973879 |
Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is a film and stage actor, as well as a voice actor.
Weaving was born in Nigeria to English parents Anne, a tour guide, and Wallace Weaving, a seismologist. He spent his childhood in South Africa and then moved to the United Kingdom in his teens. While in England he attended the prestigious boarding school Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, commonly known in Bristol as QEH. He moved to Australia in 1976, where he attended Sydney's Knox Grammar School. Weaving later graduated from Australia's National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1981.
Early on, Weaving took acting lessons from the voice actors of the M.A.S.K. Cartoon Series. Weaving's first major role was in the television series Bodyline in 1984, as the English captain, Douglas Jardine. Weaving appeared in the Australian miniseries The Dirtwater Dynasty in 1988 and starred opposite Nicole Kidman in the 1989 film Bangkok Hilton. In 1991, Weaving received the Australian Film Institute's award for "Best Actor" for his performance in the low-budget Proof. He also appeared as Sir John in the 1993 Yahoo Serious comedy, Reckless Kelly, a lampoon of the famous Australian outlaw Ned Kelly. However, Weaving first received attention overseas with the international hit Priscilla, Queen of the Desert in 1994. In 1998 Weaving received the award for "Best Actor" from the Montreal Film Festival for his performance in The Interview. He played Poseidon in the miniseries adaptation of The Odyssey. Weaving was also a voice actor in the cartoon film The Magic Pudding.
He earned further international attention with his performance as the enigmatic Agent Smith in the 1999 blockbuster hit The Matrix. Weaving later reprised the role of Smith in that film's 2003 sequels: The Matrix Reloaded and The Matrix Revolutions.
He also garnered much popular attention in the role of the half-elf Elrond in Peter Jackson's three-film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings, released between 2001 and 2003. Weaving was the main actor in Andrew Kotatko's Everything Goes (2004). He also starred as a heroin addict in the 2005 Australian indie film Little Fish, opposite Cate Blanchett. He also played the title role as V in the 2006 film V for Vendetta, in which he was reunited with the Wachowski brothers, creators of The Matrix trilogy, who wrote the adapted screenplay. Actor James Purefoy was originally signed to play the role, but he pulled out six weeks into filming due to personal problems with wearing the Guy Fawkes mask throughout the entire film. Weaving appeared in the majority of V for Vendetta, but Purefoy is shown in several scenes. The sections filmed with Purefoy were later voiced over by Weaving. Weaving also dubbed the voice for the UKs children series title role 'Dora the Explorer'; using his renowned falsetto voice he appears to be a small girl.
Weaving also reprised his role as Elrond for the video game, The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-Earth II. He regularly appears in productions by the Sydney Theatre Company. In 2006, he worked with Cate Blanchett on a reprise of the STC production of Hedda Gabler in New York City. In a controversial move by director Michael Bay, Weaving was chosen as the voice of the Decepticon leader Megatron in the 2007 live-action film Transformers, rather than using the original voice created by the classic voice actor, Frank Welker.
When he was 13 years old, Weaving was diagnosed with epilepsy. Due to the prospect of seizures, Weaving does not drive cars. He has never married and lives with his partner Katrina Greenwood. They have two children, Holly (b. 1993) and Harry (b. 1989).
A notable pescatarian, Weaving is also the primary ambassador for Australian animal rights organization Voiceless. Hugo attends events and promotes Voiceless in interviews. He also assists Voiceless in their judging of annual grant's recipients.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Hugo_Weaving". A list of authors is available in Wikipedia.
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0.994605 |
County Executive Anthony Picente was joined by Sheriff Rob Maciol and District Attorney Scott McNamara in announcing the proposed local law, which would need approval from the Oneida County Board of Legislators.
''Far too often we see individuals who have been charged with animal abuse - there's not way currently to track that - and unfortunately they end up adopting again or acquiring animals,'' Maciol said, adding that the proposed law is modeled after a similar program in Albany County.
The list would only include such offenders who committed animal abuse crimes in the future.
''We wouldn't be able to put anyone on who committed a crime before [the registry's establishment]'', McNamara said.
Offenders who are convicted under the New York State Agriculture and Markets Law Article 26, to include prohibited animal fighting, overdriving, torturing and injuring animals; failure to provide proper sustenance, aggravated cruelty to animals and abandonment, and poisoning or attempted poisoning of animals would be required to self register on the Oneida County list. Failure to do so could result in a fine up to $2,000 or up to a year in jail.
Meanwhile, someone on the list who takes ownership of a pet would be subject to a $5,000 fine and up to a year in jail. And, any animal shelter or breeder in Oneida County who is found to have knowingly sold or exchanged ownership to a listed offender could also face a $5,000 fine and up to a year in jail.
All of the above mentioned offenses would be classified as misdemeanors.
It's worth noting that a person convicted of animal abuse in Oneida County wouldn't be prohibited from owning an animal elsewhere in the state, only Oneida County.
McNamara said he has previously lobbied for updated animal abuse laws across New York State, but said for some reason Albany lawmakers have failed to take action.
''There needs to be a statue, and it should be in the penal law [in New York state]...There's been a lot of legislation proposed [in Albany]...but they will not address what I consider to be a major problem across the state. And, that is the way that we cannot prosecute people that kill animals,'' McNamara said.
The district attorney said the most notorious case locally involved the case of 'Lainey', in which the dog was basically starved to death, he said. Outdated state laws and regulations made the case very difficult to prosecute, he said.
Without such a registry, local animal shelters have no way of knowing that a person who is adopting a pet has a history of animal abuse, officials said.
''What if that person [Lainey's owner] showed up to the humane society and wanted to adopt a dog, who would know any different? Nobody,'' McNamara said.
They also said, such a program has been in the works for a few years, but that identifying a law that was enforceable and prosecutable, has been challenging.
McNamara is schedule to join Keeler in the Morning on WIBX on Wednesday morning to discuss challenges with existing state law and his support of the local bill.
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0.999835 |
The guy was a total nutter. In a very positive sense of the term. It's hard to believe that his final cause of death was a quiet heart attack at home at a reasonably advanced age for the time.
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0.962039 |
What is DDOS? Why do we hear so often nowadays?
Denial-of-service attacks, It's been classified as “cyberattacks,” have been used by perpetrators since the mid-1980s. Aimed primarily at specific sites and networks, denial-of-service attacks block the access of legitimate users, rendering the entire site or network unavailable. Denial of service is typically accomplished by flooding the targeted machine or resource with superfluous requests in an attempt to overload systems and prevent some or all legitimate requests from being fulfilled.
I will highlight major types of attacks, tools & methods the attackers use and latest controls to avoid attacks. In coming days i am planning to write in detail on each topic.
Nowadays the attacks are more severe and frequent. In Akamai's Q1 2016 State of the Internet - Security Report, the content delivery network company found there's been a 125 percent increase in distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks year over year.
Looking ahead, Akamai expects "the heavy barrage of DDoS attacks against the gaming industry to continue, as players keep looking for an edge over competitors". As for web service attacks, retailers will continue to suffer the most, given the potential financial gains for attackers. Akamai predicts, "SQLi and LFI will remain favourite vectors, because free and open-source tools are plentiful to find these vulnerabilities".
1) Distributed DoS-A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) is a cyber-attack where the perpetrator uses more than one, often thousands of, unique IP addresses. The scale of DDoS attacks has continued to rise over recent years, even reaching over few TB's nowadays. Nowadays hackers do use many different kinds of IOT's which are connected to internet, it can vary from normal Desktops to a security cameras in streets.
2) An advanced persistent DoS (APDoS) is more likely to be perpetrated by an advanced persistent threat (APT): actors who are well resourced, exceptionally skilled and have access to substantial commercial grade computer resources and capacity. APDoS attacks represent a clear and emerging threat needing specialised monitoring and incident response services and the defensive capabilities of specialised DDoS mitigation service providers.Recent examples are some coutries do attack each other using advance computing capacity with explicit motivation.
Tools used for attacks include, Malware, Stacheldraht, zombie agents, Botnets, handlers by the attacker using automated routines to exploit vulnerabilities in programs that accept remote connections running on the targeted remote hosts. LOIC Along with HOIC a wide variety of DDoS tools are available today, including paid and free versions, with different features available.
1) DDoS tools like Stacheldraht still use classic DoS attack methods centered on IP spoofing like smurf attacks / fraggle attacks and SYN floods. Newer tools can use DNS servers for DoS purposes.
2) HTTP POST attack sends a complete, legitimate HTTP POST header.
3) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) flood.
4) Peer-to-peer attacks, Attackers have found a way to exploit a number of bugs in peer-to-peer servers to initiate DDoS attacks.
5) Permanent denial-of-service (PDoS), also known loosely as phlashing, is an attack that damages a system so badly that it requires replacement or re-installation of hardware.
6) R-U-Dead-Yet - RUDY attack targets web applications by starvation of available sessions on the web server.
7) Slow Read attack sends legitimate application layer requests but reads responses very slowly, thus trying to exhaust the server's connection pool.
8) A SYN flood occurs when a host sends a flood of TCP/SYN packets.
9) A teardrop attack involves sending mangled IP fragments with overlapping, oversized payloads to the target machine.
10) TDOS, Voice over IP has made abusive origination of large numbers of telephone voice calls inexpensive and readily automated while permitting call origins to be misrepresented through caller ID spoofing.
How is it controlled today?
1) Application front-end hardware is intelligent hardware placed on the network before traffic reaches the servers.
3) With blackhole routing, all the traffic to the attacked DNS or IP address is sent to a "black hole".
4) Intrusion prevention systems (IPS) are effective if the attacks have signatures associated with them.
5) More focused on the problem than IPS, a DoS defense system (DDS) can block connection-based DoS attacks and those with legitimate content but bad intent.
6) Firewalls / Routers / Switches and Network upstream filtering.
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0.998647 |
You are an agent of DSX, a top-secret American spying agency, and you are going to investigate the vanishing of Dr. Hyde, a scientist that has just created the Z-VIRUS. The virus was developed to be a chemical weapon when in contact with atmosphere becomes fatal and transforms people into zombies. Before vanishing, the scientist developed the vaccine and cure, and it is the only hope for humankind, since the virus spread quickly through the air. The World Health Organization issued a world warning and had already sent a team to the place, what might become a disaster for national security. Your team’s mission is to enter in the lab, solve the case and get out with the vaccine in less than one hour. Inside the lab, you will find surprises you’ve never imagined.
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The Archdiocese of Newark is an archdiocese of the Catholic Church in northeastern New Jersey, United States. Its ecclesiastic territory includes all of the Catholic parishes and schools in the New Jersey counties of Bergen, Union, Hudson and Essex.
Thomas Boland was born in Orange, New Jersey, to John Peter and Ellen Agnes (née O'Rourke) Boland. He received his early education at the St. John's School the parish school of St. John the Evangelist Church He then attended St. Francis Xavier High School in New York City. He founded St. Joseph Regional High School, Immaculate Heart Academy and Paramus Catholic High School in the early/mid '60s.
The City of Orange is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 30,134, reflecting a decline of 2,734 (-8.3%) from the 32,868 counted in 2000, which had in turn increased by 2,943 (+9.8%) from the 29,925 counted in the 1990 Census.
Columbus Hall, located in Orange, New Jersey, is a historic building which housed both a school and a theatre. Designed by Jeremiah O'Rourke of Newark, the building was named to commemorate the 400th anniversary of the landing of Christopher Columbus in the new world. The cornerstone was laid by Newark Bishop Winand Wigger on April 9, 1893, and construction was completed in December 1894.
Seton Hall University is a private Roman Catholic university in South Orange, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1856 by then-Bishop James Roosevelt Bayley and named after his aunt, Saint Elizabeth Ann Seton, Seton Hall is the oldest diocesan university in the United States.
South Orange, officially the Township of South Orange Village, is a suburban township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the village's population was 16,198, reflecting a decline of 766 (-4.5%) from the 16,964 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 574 (+3.5%) from the 16,390 counted in the 1990 Census. Seton Hall University is located in the township.
Valedictorian is an academic title of success used in the United States, Canada, Central America, Singapore, and the Philippines for the student who delivers the closing or farewell statement at a graduation ceremony. The chosen valedictorian is often the student with the highest ranking among their graduating class. The term is an Anglicised derivation of the Latin vale dicere, historically rooted in the valedictorian's traditional role as the final speaker at the graduation ceremony before the students receive their diplomas. The valedictory address generally is considered a final farewell to classmates, before they disperse to pursue their individual paths after graduating.
A curate is a person who is invested with the care or cure (cura) of souls of a parish. In this sense, "curate" correctly means a parish priest; but in English-speaking countries the term curate is commonly used to describe clergy who are assistants to the parish priest. The duties or office of a curate are called a curacy.
Hillside is a township in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 21,404, reflecting a decline of 343 (-1.6%) from the 21,747 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 703 (+3.3%) from the 21,044 counted in the 1990 Census.
Hirina (Hirena) was a city and bishopric in southern Tunisia, known only through ecclesiastical records, which became a Latin titular bishopric.
Pope Pius XII, born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli, was head of the Catholic Church from 2 March 1939 to his death. Before his election to the papacy, he served as secretary of the Department of Extraordinary Ecclesiastical Affairs, papal nuncio to Germany, and Cardinal Secretary of State, in which capacity he worked to conclude treaties with European and Latin American nations, most notably the Reichskonkordat with Nazi Germany.
Thomas Joseph Walsh, Jr. was the first Roman Catholic Archbishop of Newark, New Jersey, holding the position from 1937 until his death in 1952.
James Thomas McHugh was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Camden (1989–98) and Bishop of Rockville Centre (2000).
The Diocese of Paterson is a diocese of the Roman Rite of the Latin Catholic Church in the United States, which includes three counties in northern New Jersey: Passaic, Morris, and Sussex. The city of Paterson, third-largest in the state of New Jersey, was chosen as the episcopal see, even though the vast majority of diocesan territory lies west of the city. The diocese is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Newark, and is part of Region III of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Arthur Joseph Serratelli is the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Paterson in northern New Jersey, USA.
Francis Frederick Reh was an American Roman Catholic prelate. He served as Bishop of Charleston (1962–64), rector of the Pontifical North American College (1964–68), and Bishop of Saginaw (1968-80).
John Joseph O'Connor was an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Newark from 1901 until his death in 1927.
Manuel Aurelio Cruz is a Cuban American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who serves as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Newark. He was appointed to the position by Pope Benedict XVI on June 9, 2008.
Michael Angelo Saltarelli was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Wilmington from 1995 to 2008.
Gaetano Aldo "Thomas" Donato was an Italian-American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He notably served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Newark, New Jersey.
Justin Joseph McCarthy was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Camden from 1957 until his death in 1959.
William Aloysius Griffin was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Trenton from 1940 until his death in 1950.
George William Ahr was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Trenton from 1950 to 1979.
Thomas Henry McLaughlin was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as President of Seton Hall College (1922-1933) and Bishop of Paterson, New Jersey (1937-1947).
Walter William Curtis was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1961 to 1988.
Bernard Anthony Hebda is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who is serving as the twelfth ordinary Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis on March 24, 2016.
Martin Walter Stanton was a bishop of the Catholic Church in the United States. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Newark from 1957 to 1972.
Peter Leslie Smith is a South African-born Catholic bishop in the United States. Since 2014 he has served as the auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Portland in Oregon.
1 2 3 4 5 6 Curtis, Georgina Pell (1961). The American Catholic Who's Who. XIV. Grosse Pointe, Michigan: Walter Romig.
1 2 3 4 5 6 "PATERSON PRELATE NAMED ARCHBISHOP; Boland Designated Successor to Walsh of New York, Whom He Served as Auxiliary". The New York Times . 1952-11-19.
1 2 3 4 "BOLAND BECOMES PATERSON BISHOP; Installed as Spiritual Leader of 135,000 in North Jersey—Walsh Conducts Services". The New York Times . 1947-09-19.
1 2 3 4 5 "Most Reverend Thomas A. Boland, S.T.D., LL.D." Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Newark .
↑ "Modern Times at Darlington". Seton Hall University .
1 2 Sheldon, Preston King (1953-01-15). "BOLAND INSTALLED AS ARCHBISHOP; Apostolic Delegate Presides at Newark Ceremony—Pallium Yet to Be Conferred". The New York Times .
↑ Zerner, Charles (1954-10-20). "NEW CATHEDRAL IN NEWARK OPENS". The New York Times .
↑ "Archbishop Boland Marks Jubilee". The New York Times . 1965-06-24.
1 2 "Newark Prelate, Accused of Racism, Defends Programs". The New York Times . 1969-01-10.
1 2 3 Goodman, Jr., George (1979-03-18). "Archbishop Thomas Boland, 83, Of Newark Archdiocese Is Dead". The New York Times .
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Chesapeake City is a town located in Cecil County, Maryland. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 787.
Chesapeake City is located at 39°31'40" North, 75°48'44" West (39.527826, -75.812270)Template:GR.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²). 1.5 km² (0.6 mi²) of it is land and 0.4 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 19.72% water.
As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there are 787 people, 330 households, and 228 families residing in the town. The population density is 542.6/km² (1,393.1/mi²). There are 371 housing units at an average density of 255.8/km² (656.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 94.92% White, 3.56% African American, 0.25% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.51% from other races, and 0.38% from two or more races. 0.76% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 330 households out of which 27.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.8% are married couples living together, 12.4% have a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% are non-families. 24.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.38 and the average family size is 2.79.
In the town the population is spread out with 21.7% under the age of 18, 6.1% from 18 to 24, 27.8% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 40 years. For every 100 females there are 84.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 88.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town is $46,917, and the median income for a family is $52,813. Males have a median income of $35,250 versus $26,471 for females. The per capita income for the town is $21,621. 6.2% of the population and 5.2% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 12.7% of those under the age of 18 and 2.3% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
This page was last modified 00:51, 24 Dec 2004.
This page has been accessed 1061 times.
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The Siege of Yorktown in the Autumn of 1781 was the last stand of the main British army in the colonies during the American Revolutionary War. The American and French army at the battle was the largest assembled during the war, and the joint land and naval force effort was one of the greatest of the Colonial era. It was also one of the greatest strategic blunders of the otherwise very capable British general, Cornwalis. The surrender of the British army effectively ended the war, and forced the British monarchy to recognize the independence of their American colonies a few years later. Yorktown is one of the most visited Revolutionary War battle field in the United States.
In 1781, the British war effort in the southern states had largely been stopped thanks to several major American victories and a brutal guerilla war that prevented the British from consolidating or even holding their gains. After years of brutal fighting, the decimated and demoralized British army retreated across the Carolinas and Virginia, all the way to the relative safety of the coast and the supposedly easily defendable area around Williamsburg.
The British made camp at Yorktown to await supplies and reinforcements. However, instead of safety, they found themselves trapped by a combined American-French army. From both north and south, British reinforcements arrived; however, behind them in every direction came assorted American and French forces. The largest army, under the command of George Washington, marched from New England, arriving in the Yorktown area in September.
The British, who had been expecting these troops to be used in an attack on New York City, were suddenly cut off and outnumbered. Worse, in one of the biggest and most important defeats for the British navy in history, French warships managed to blockade the peninsula and prevent the British from resupplying or evacuating the armies. A siege ensued. The British attempted several breakouts, unsuccessfully, as the Americans and French captured their positions one by one.
After a siege that lasted nearly a month, the British surrendered on October 19. Over eight thousand British soldiers were taken prisoner. Although the British still had large armies on colonial soil, notably in New York City, the Battle of Yorktown effectively ended the war, and American independence was formally recognized two years later under the Treaty of Paris.
The Yorktown Battlefield is part of the Colonial National Historic Park, a series of prominent colonial-era sites which includes Historic Jamestown and parts of Colonial Williamsburg. Because of its proximity to these other popular destinations, Yorktown is the most visited Revolutionary War battlefield in America. It is also one of the best preserved, with much of the British earthworks restored in recent decades. On the site is the Nelson House, where Cornwallis had his final headquarters.
The Yorktown Battlefield is located just outside of the town of Yorktown, Virginia, approximately eight miles east of Williamsburg and 35 miles east of Richmond. It is part of the Colonial National Historical Park, which is run by the National Park Service. It is open daily from 9:00am to 5:00pm (closed major holidays). Cost of admission is $10.00. Web: www.nps.gov/york (official website).
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You know what a hilariously funny prank would be? To break into the Czech republic's national televised weather broadcast station, and make it appear as if a nuclear explosion occurred, just so we could show people how easy it is to manipulate the media. I'm not going to go into this any more, since it's idiocy is blatantly obvious. The culprits are being charged with "spreading false information". Good.
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When does Fortnite season 4 start and what will the theme be?
Fortnite’s season 3 Battle Pass is starting to come to an end and many fans are now starting to speculate as to what the next theme will be.
Season 3 has focused on the theme of space with plenty of astronaut skins and spaceship gliders, as well as a meteor appearing to close in on the map.
The season 3 Battle Pass has provided 100 tiers for players to progress through, unlocking plenty of cosmetic items along the way.
Epic Games has yet to confirm a specific start date for season 4, but the season 3 Battle Pass is currently scheduled to end on Monday 30th April.
There is a chance this could change if Epic Games decides to extend season 3 and give players more time to unlock the items, but it is unlikely to be for more than one day.
What will the Fortnite season 4 theme be?
Many Fortnite players are starting to wonder what they can expect from season 4 of Fortnite.
Whilst season 2 focused more on Medieval style items, season 3 has revolved mostly around space, with astronaut skins and spaceship gliders being a big focus.
Epic Games has yet to confirm what the next theme will be, but Fortnite fans have been throwing around plenty of speculation and hopes for what it could be.
Some predictions include a Colonial Era theme, as well as pirates, ancient Egypt, ninjas, dinosaurs and aliens.
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Dialogue with My Body: Samurai cannot do warm-up exercises!
Samurai cannot do warm-up exercises!
Therefore, it is important to have “a body that can move whenever you need”. Wild animals can run rapidly when they are attacked or find game without warm-up exercises. Because their movements are natural and in accordance with the structure of their body, they cannot have a pulled muscle even if they move roughly all of a sudden.
If you cannot move without warm-up exercises, it means you move incorrectly to the structure of your body. This is a common principle on martial arts, yoga, and sports as well.
When I noticed this fact at my high school age, I belonged to a soccer club. I did “rough” practices to make my body able to move whenever I want. For example, I went to a ground early morning and repeated dashes on a steep slope or did a shoot training without any stretching or warm-up exercises.
I cannot recommend you to do these training because these are somewhat dangerous to be injured. However, I had a strange confidence not to be injured on those days.
“Yogi should keep one-fourth of their stomach empty. They satisfy half of their stomach with food, satisfy one-fourth with water, and keep one-fourth empty so that air can move.
This sentence may be mainly for health of digestive system, but I think, by my experience, it includes the intension to keep your body able to move. In fact, if you eat too much, you cannot move actively nor practice yoga for a few hours. I sometimes experience this state.
If you eat too much, you cannot control your mind by practicing yoga even if you are aware to the state of your mind. If you eat less, it becomes rare that your mind is disturbed and you can control your mind by practicing yoga even if your mind is disturbed.
In modern age, we seldom have a chance to be attacked by enemies like samurai, but, even, I think we should be ready to move whenever we need.
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Which are the duties and the limits of nursing in neonatal ventilation?
It's difficult to talk about nurse's autonomy in ventilation assistance, because is a medical prescription. However in accordance with the Code of ethics, the professional profile and law 42/99, nurses have decision and operative autonomy in nursing care, which is achieved through specific autonomous and complementary interventions of intellectual, technical-scientific, managerial, relational and educational nature [1–3]. The treatment of respiratory meets the need: help optimize gas exchange, reduce breathing exertion and promote healing process reducing hemodynamic interferences. These goals can be reached individualizing the treatment according to the pathophysiological features of the disease and the time evolution of single pathology.
Monitoring peripheral oxygen saturation is more suitable method in the ventilated preterm (<27 weeks) because transcutaneous oxygenation monitoring is not of routine use for lack of an adequate correlation with the blood gas and for highly sensitive skin.
Many studies suggest the prevention of lung damage and retinopathy of preterm concerning a prolonged hyperoxia by setting alarm limits in the event of administration of an oxygen concentration higher than 21%. Numerous clinical conditions, including the need for mechanical ventilation, can affect and change the brain oxygenation. The near-infrared ray spectrophotometry (NIRS) is a technique that allows non-invasive monitoring of oxygenation and cerebral hemodynamics. It provides a single quantitative parameter rSO2 (regional saturation of oxygen) as an index of tissue oxygenation .
Compared to the intubated newborn there is not a unique method and standardized anchorage of the endotracheal tube. The quality of the attachment can vary greatly depending on the choice of the tape and according to the method of taping adopted.
No recommendation exists in the literature about the method of taping: the most widely used systems include the use of one or two strips cut to Y or H. The adhesive tape, indisputably considered the system capable of guaranteeing the best results in terms of sealing, when applied with a taping system and encoded together with a hydrocolloid protective largely reduces the risk of injury[5–8].
The aspiration of the airways in infants should be based on careful clinical assessment and not on a routine basis. It recommended to avoid suctioning the nose but use saline drops instead, then suction the oropharynx .
Care posture is crucial because it promotes the stabilization of the neonatal functions and prevents bad posture .
It is recommended the use of ventilation systems with manual pressure control and delivered volumes in order to safeguard the delicate lung tissue.
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Revamp your usual hotel vacation this year with a stay in one of these unique camping cabins near Salem, Massachusetts. A real New Englander, Salem is a charming coastal town tucked away in Essex County and it is awash with supernatural, cultural, and historical charm. Famous for its witch trials, Salem hosts a vast array of museums, activities, and guided walking tours to take you back in time and learn about this city’s spooky past. It’s not all witches and wizards though, the area in and around Salem is a picturesque wonderland for hiking, photography, and sampling the delicious seafood. These beautiful camping cabins offer the perfect base from which to explore the rich landscape of the Massachusetts coastline, and they combine the creature comforts of a hotel stay with the breathtaking views of the natural world. Apple picking, fishing, and walking are all possible in this bucolic New England treasure and retiring to your own toasty nest in the woods is that big dose of relaxation you’ve been longing for.
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Imagine you want to study the biology of an animal that no one has been able to capture. First, you devise a way of trapping it, then a method of calming it down so that you can manipulate it. This is exactly what David Wineland did, but his long-sought prey was not an animal, but an ion. His methods for manipulating the states of that ion won him a Nobel prize in 2012.
David Wineland received his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 1965 and his PhD in 1970, supervised by Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr., who would win a Nobel prize in 1989 for the development of the hydrogen maser, at Harvard University. Wineland’s doctoral dissertation was about a kind of maser, the deuterium one. A maser is a device for amplifying or generating microwaves by means of stimulated emission. A laser is basically the same thing but it is monochromatic light, from the infrared to the ultraviolet, what is amplified.
Wineland then performed postdoctoral research in Hans Dehmelt’s group at the University of Washington where he investigated electrons in ion traps. Dehmelt would receive the Nobel prize in 1989 together with Wolgang Paul (and Ramsey) for the development of the ion trap techniques.
In 1975, Wineland joined the National Bureau of Standards (now called NIST), where he started the ion storage group, and the physics faculty of the University of Colorado at Boulder. There, Wineland would combine ion traps and lasers into “experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems” that would earn him his own Nobel prize shared with Serge Haroche.
An ion trap is a device that captures ions using electric or magnetic fields. There are different types. The one Wolfgang Paul developed (a Paul trap) has a ring electrode with a hyperbolic section and two hyperbolic end caps. Ions are trapped in an oscillating field produced by applying an oscillating voltage between the ring electrode and the end caps.
The Penning trap has a similar geometry and operation, but there is also a positive direct voltage on the cap electrodes with respect to the ring electrode, and an axial magnetic field to confine the particles. This is the trap that Dehmelt developed and named after Frans Penning.
Wineland was the first person to use a laser to cool down an ion in 1978. A laser can be used to suppress the ion’s thermal motion in the trap, putting the ion in its lowest energy state and thus enabling the study of quantum phenomena with the trapped ion.
Another achivement of Wineland’s laboratory was the mastery of laser pulses. A carefully tuned laser pulse can be used to put the trapped ion in a superposition state, which is a simultaneous existence of two distinctly different states. For example, the ion can be prepared to occupy two different energy levels simultaneously. In this way a quantum superposition of the ion’s energy states can be studied.
Wineland’s team devised creative experiments and managed to show in great detail how the act of measuring actually causes the quantum state to collapse and loose its superposition character. Instead of dealing with Schrödinger’s cat, Wineland traps quantum particles and put them in cat-like superposition states. These quantum objects are not really macroscopic as a cat, but they are still quite large by quantum standards.
Wineland’s group was the first in the world to demonstrate a quantum operation with two quantum bits. Since control operations have already been achieved with a few qubits, there is in principle no reason to believe that it should not be possible to achieve such operations with many more qubits. However, to build such a quantum computer is an enormous practical challenge.
David Wineland and his team of researchers have also used ions in a trap to build a clock that is a hundred times more precise than the caesium-based atomic clocks which are currently the standard for our measurement of time. Time is kept by setting, or synchronizing all clocks against one standard. Caesium clocks operate in the microwave range whereas Wineland’s ion clocks use visible light – hence their name: optical clocks. An optical clock can consist of just one ion or two ions in a trap. With two ions, one is used as the clock and the other is used to read the clock without destroying its state, or causing it to miss a tick. The precision of an optical clock is better than one part in 1017, which means that if one had started to measure time at the beginning of the universe in the Big Bang about 14 billion years ago, the optical clock would only have been off by about five seconds today.
With an optical clock it is possible to measure a difference in the passage of time when the clocks speed is changed by less than 10 metres per second, or when gravity is altered as a consequence of a difference in height of only 30 centimetres.
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The pincia is one of the most authentic Venetian sweets originating from the Veneto region. It is usually made of stale bread, dried fruits, nuts and spices and is made differently by different cooks with their own preferred method of cooking.
The scenery that you are faced with when riding the traditional Venetian gondola is truly a magical and unreal experience anyone should do when in Venice.
Because Venice is such a popular tourist destination, the restaurants are completely filled with tourists trying the delectable traditional Venetian cuisine the city has to offer. If you spot a local, ask him or her which is the best restaurant to eat at with the most reasonable prices if you are on a budget!
The medieval campanile is one of the most important and significant historical monuments in Murano.
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The American Quarter Horse is an American breed of horse that excels at sprinting short distances. Its name came from its ability to outdistance other breeds of horses in races of a quarter mile or less, where some individuals have been clocked at speeds up to 55 mph. The American Quarter Horse is the most popular breed in the United States today, and the American Quarter Horse Association is the largest breed registry in the world, with over 4 million American Quarter Horses registered worldwide.
In the 1600s, colonists on the eastern seaboard of what today is the United States began to cross imported English Thoroughbred horses with assorted "native" horses such as the Chickasaw horse (a breed developed by Native American people from horses descended from Spain, developed from Iberian, Arabian and Barb stock brought to what is now the Southeastern United States by the Conquistadors).
One of the most famous of these early imports was Janus, a Thoroughbred who was the grandson of the GoDolphin (11 walls) Arabian. He was foaled in 1746 (273 years ago), and imported to colonial Virginia in 1756 (263 years ago). The influence of Thoroughbreds like Janus contributed genes crucial to the development of the colonial "Quarter Miler," or "Quarter Mile Horse." This was a speedy working man's racer, sometimes referred to as the "Celebrated American Quarter Running Horse." The resulting horse was small, hardy, and quick, and was used as a work horse during the week and a race horse on the weekends.
As flat racing became popular with the colonists, the Quarter Miler gained even more popularity as a sprinter over courses that, by necessity, were shorter than the classic racecourses of England, and were often no more than a straight stretch of road or flat piece of open land. When matched against a Thoroughbred, local sprinters often won. As the Thoroughbred breed became established in America, many colonial Quarter Mile mares were included in the original American stud books, starting a long association between the Thoroughbred breed and what would later become officially known as the "Quarter Horse," named after the distance at which it excelled, with some individuals being clocked at up to 55 mph.
In the 1800s, pioneers heading West needed a hardy, willing horse. On the Great Plains, settlers encountered horses that descended from the Spanish stock Hernán Cortés and other Conquistadors had introduced into the viceroyalty of New Spain, which today includes the Southwestern United States and Mexico. These horses of the west included herds of feral animals known as Mustangs, as well as horses domesticated by Native Americans, including the Comanche, Shoshoni and Nez Perce tribes. As the colonial Quarter Mile Horse was crossed with these western horses, the pioneers found that the new crossbred had innate "cow sense," a natural instinct for working with cattle, making it popular with cattlemen on ranches.
Early foundation sires of Quarter Horse type included Steel Dust, foaled 1843; Shiloh (or Old Shiloh), foaled 1844; Old Cold Deck (1862, 157 years ago); Lock's Rondo, one of many "Rondo" horses, foaled in 1880; Old Billy—again, one of many "Billy" horses—foaled circa 1880; Traveler, a stallion of unknown breeding, known to have been in Texas by 1889; and Peter McCue, foaled 1895 (124 years ago), registered as a Thoroughbred but of disputed pedigree.
The main duty of the ranch horse in the American West was working cattle. Even after the invention of the automobile, horses were still irreplaceable for handling livestock on the range. Thus, major Texas cattle ranches, such as the King Ranch, the 6666 (Four Sixes) Ranch, and the Waggoner Ranch played a significant role in the development of the modern Quarter Horse. The skills needed by ranch hands and their horses became the foundation of the rodeo, a contest which began with informal competition between cowboys and expanded to become a major competitive event throughout the west. To this day, the Quarter Horse dominates the sport both in speed events and in competition that emphasizes the handling of live cattle.
However, sprint races were also popular weekend entertainment and racing became a source of economic gain for breeders as well. As a result, more Thoroughbred blood was added back into the developing American Quarter Horse breed. The American Quarter Horse also benefitted from the addition of Arabian, Morgan and even Standardbred bloodlines.
In 1940 (79 years ago), the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA) was formed by a group of horsemen and ranchers from the southwestern United States dedicated to preserving the pedigrees of their ranch horses. The horse honored with the first registration number, P-1, was Wimpy, a descendant of the King Ranch foundation sire Old Sorrel. Other foundation sires alive at the founding of the AQHA and given the earliest registration numbers included King P-234, Peppy, Leo P-1335, Joe Reed P-3, Poco Bueno, and Joe Hancock P-455. The Thoroughbred race horse Three Bars, alive in the early years of the AQHA, is recognized by the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame as one of the significant foundation sires for the Quarter Horse breed. Other significant Thoroughbred sires seen in early AQHA pedigrees include King Plaudit, Blob, Top Deck, Vandy and Truckle Feature.
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What is better to enjoy the sun of the Drôme than an afternoon at the pool? Camping Le Glandasse offers a heated pool, open from 1 May to mid-September. The pool is ideal for swimming or for farniente on the sunbeds of the pool deck. It is equipped with a heated paddling pool for small children to play, while their parents relax in the whirlpool.
Camping Le Glandasse is edged by the Drôme river, inviting you to spend an afternoon by the water. Children can enjoy playing in the river and building bridges, while parents can fish for trout.
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how to change my: How does elevation effect nasal congestion?
my left nostril has been extremely congested for the past couple of days, however, i noticed that whenever i climbed up the stairs to the second floor of my house, all of the congestion is relieved, and i can fully breathe through my nose. The change is so rapid that i feel the congestion going away with each step, and when i come back down, the exact opposite happens. my floors are not to far apart, so i don't exactly know how this change can occur so rapidly.How does elevation effect nasal congestion?
Probably you're breathing in more dust particles at the lower level, sound strange that it should be so rapid, though. Could be dust or mold, or allergies, more likely chemical sensitivity or dust, because allergies wouldn't change that fast.
Edit: is your nose actually congested or does it just feel that way? If it just feels that way, it may be something in the inner ear, because the nerves are close together. It has something to do with barometric pressure, could be an inflammation caused by infection. Best seen by a doctor if this is the case.
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Reuther's Treaty of Detroit was a five-year contract negotiated by trade union president Walter Reuther between the United Auto Workers (UAW) and General Motors in 1950. The UAW reached similar deals with the other members of the Big Three automakers, Ford and Chrysler. The UAW agreed to a long-term contract, which protected automakers from annual strikes, and it gave up the right to bargain over some issues in exchange for extensive health, unemployment, and pension benefits; expanded vacation time; and cost-of-living adjustments to wages.
The contract shaped labor-management relations in the auto industry for decades, and it was used as a model for labor-corporation agreements in a variety of other industries.
Upon the conclusions of World War II, both the automakers and autoworkers were free to address grievances that had accumulated during the war. The two sides would enter multiple contract negotiations in the decades following the end of the war. Reuther’s Treaty of Detroit was a notable achievement for the UAW that followed three rounds of negotiations since 1945.
The first negotiation after the war began with a strike of 320,000 GM workers on November 21st, 1945, with Reuther demanding a 30% wage increase and a pledge from GM not to raise car prices. The strike lasted 113 days and was ultimately undermined by settlements reached with Ford and Chrysler, who agreed to wage increases from 18 to 18.5 cents. The United Electrical Workers (UE), representing 30,000 GM employees, the United Steel Workers, and the rubber workers also settled for 18.5 cents, forcing the UAW to follow suit. Despite the failure of the strike, Reuther had been seen as an aggressive leader throughout and he capitalized on the image to attain the presidency of UAW.
The third round was negotiated by Emil Mazey, secretary-treasurer of the union and achieved a thirteen-cent-an-hour increase in wages from the Chrysler Corporation. Reuther began the Fourth Round in January 1949, which would result in his Treaty of Detroit.
After World War II, health and welfare had become critical issues in labor contracts across industries, and Reuther chose pensions and company-funded medical care as the focus of his bargaining in 1949. Since inflation in the postwar economy had reduced the significance of the $32 a month benefit from Social Security, the issue of pensions had become more important than ever.
Historically, retirement security was an individual responsibility. In particular, since the recipient of a pension was, by definition, no longer an employee, companies had argued that a pension could not be their responsibility. Reuther believed that retirement did not end a worker’s association with a union, and workers deserved a lifelong pension. Reuther was adamant that the pension plans be fully funded, actuarially sound (the amount set needed to be set to the life expectancies of the pensioners), and noncontributory, with the full cost borne by the company.
The automakers were principally concerned with negotiating a longer contract to protect the manufacturers from annual strikes, avoid the costs of undergoing negotiations each year, and give control over long-term scheduling of production, model changes, and tool and plant investment.
Under Reuther, the UAW had adopted a strategy of collective bargaining in which the UAW negotiated with and threatened to strike only one of the Big Three automakers. Once concessions had been earned at one, in the next round of negotiations, the other two were likely to match terms of the first. Reuther called this strategy "getting a foot in the door."
In 1949, Reuther chose Ford as his first target. In 1947, Ford had offered its workers a choice between a contributory pension plan and wage increases. While the UAW took wage increases at the time, Reuther suspected that Ford might be most amenable to a pension plan. New management and an aging workforce at Ford also suggested that the UAW would have the best chances of success with Ford.
In September 1949, to avoid a strike, Ford agreed to pay $20 million a year to pay the entire cost of pensions. Workers with 30 years' service would receive $100 a month. Ford agreed that the pension plan would be both fully funded and actuarially sound.
After its success with Ford, the UAW moved on to Chrysler. While Chrysler was willing to match the $100-a-month pension plan, it refused to fund it fully. Not willing to yield on this point, Reuther initiated a strike that would last 104 days. It was during this strike that Reuther coined the phrase "too old to work and too young to die," referring to financially unsupported retirees. Chrysler gave in after nearly three months and $1 billion lost in sales.
Seeking to avoid the cost Chrysler had paid, GM negotiated a contract with the UAW a few weeks after Chrysler in 1950. The contract included a fully funded, actuarially sound pension plan of $125 a month, including Social Security. The contract continued COLA and raised the annual improvement factor to 4 cents an hour.
Also, GM agreed to cover one half of the cost for workers and their families. The UAW, in return, agreed to a five-year term of the contract. Fortune named the contract the "Treaty of Detroit" and noted Reuther’s impressive negotiating abilities. Ford and Chrysler soon negotiated contracts along the same lines as the Treaty.
The Treaty affected the lives of many laborers and influenced labor contracts and law making in the following decades. The "Treaty" made pensions and healthcare a permanent part of labor contracts. In 1974, funding was made a requirement for all plans. The Treaty, along with other gains made by the union over the next decade moved autoworkers in America into the middle class, with wages since the war nearly doubling and home ownership becoming common among laborers.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 102.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 103-108.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 138.
^ Dayton, Eldorous (1958). Walter Reuther: The Autocrat of the Bargaining Table. New York: Devin-Adain Company. p. 178.
^ Dayton, Eldorous (1958). Walter Reuther: The Autocrat of the Bargaining Table. New York: Devin-Adain Company. p. 179.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 141.
^ Reuther, Victor (1976). The Brothers Reuther and the Story of UAW. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 310.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 143.
^ Lichtenstein, Nelson (1995). The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit. New York: BasicBooks. p. 283.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 140.
^ Lichtenstein, Nelson (1995). The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit. New York: BasicBooks. p. 283-4.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 142-143.
^ Barnard, John (1983). Walter Reuther and the Rise of the Auto Workers. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. p. 154.
This page was last edited on 23 March 2017, at 20:47 (UTC).
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Where can I download previous versions of Spotify?
Spotify doesn't recommend downloading old versions of the app.
To ensure using Spotify safely, always download from our official sources: the website, and the relevant app stores.
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Article: Pharmacotherapy for that therapy of depression in patients with alzheimer's... report: Herbal drugs for depression and stress: A depression systematic overview with.
in additional really serious or treatment method-resistant conditions, extra therapy options may be attempted (like ECT or rTMS). It doesn't matter how hopeless items may perhaps sense currently, people today can get better with treatment — and many do. The important thing to productive procedure is often dependent on the individual recognizing there’s a difficulty, in search of out therapy for it, after which subsequent the remedy program agreed to.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is a healthcare therapy mostly employed for people with serious important depression or bipolar problem who definitely have not responded to other treatment options. It involves a quick electrical stimulation of your Mind while the affected person is underneath anesthesia.
Depression is a serious dysfunction that could take a awful toll on both you and your family members. Depression usually receives even worse if it isn't handled, resulting in psychological, behavioral and medical problems that affect every single place of your lifetime.
widespread symptoms and indicators of depression in small children and teens are similar to These of Grownups, but there might be some dissimilarities.
When grief and depression co-exist, the grief is more serious and lasts more time than grief with no depression. Irrespective of some overlap concerning grief and depression, They can be various. Distinguishing in between them may help people get the help, help or treatment they will need.
Many people begin their journey of Restoration off by about to see their family health practitioner for an Original diagnosis. these an expert may also assistance link you with referrals or encouragement to continue your cure with a mental wellness specialist.
The intention of scientific trials is to determine if a fresh check or cure functions and it is safe. Whilst individual individuals may well gain from currently being A part of a medical demo, contributors must be mindful that the key goal of a medical trial is to gain new scientific understanding so that Many others could possibly be greater helped Sooner or later.
Advances in ECT devices and methods have produced present day ECT Harmless and powerful to the vast majority of people. Talk to your physician and make sure you comprehend the probable Gains and risks of the treatment method in advance of offering your educated consent to going through ECT.
When we see an acquaintance or loved one in distress, most of us want to succeed in out and present you with a hand. But On the subject of this type of psychological illness, all also typically we stay silent, terrified of the stigma connected with the prognosis.
Depression can occur at any age, but often commences in adulthood. Depression has become identified as taking place in small children and adolescents, although it in some cases presents with far more well known irritability than low depression mood. numerous Serious temper and nervousness Problems in Grown ups begin as high levels of stress in children.
But getting unhappy is not really the same as possessing depression. The grieving method is all-natural and one of a kind to each specific and shares several of the very same capabilities of depression.
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Will malaria present without splenic enlargement?
Splenomegaly is commonly one of the early and consistent signs of malaria, with the spleen being palpable sometimes as early as the first paroxysm but usually becoming noticeable after the first week of illness. However, absence of splenic enlargement does not eliminate malaria as the cause of illness, and a blood test should be used to confirm diagnosis.
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Over the last decades an enormous amount of studies have been conducted searching for biomarkers of psychiatric disorders on the molecular level, aiming at improving diagnostics and therapy thereof. However, the gap between the genetic/molecular scale and the behavioural scale is huge and genes with substantial contributions have not been found for most disorders. Furthermore, computational studies in neural networks have shown that different variations in cell and connection parameters can lead to distinguishable network activity [1, 2]. To further explore the suggested multifactorial nature of psychiatric disorders, we present a study investigating centre-surround suppression (CSS)using a detailed multi-compartment network model of primary visual cortex V1 . CSS refers to the mutual suppression of the neural representations of stimuli presented in the centre and in the surround of the visual or receptive field resulting perceptually in suppression of the centre stimulus. This effect has been shown impaired in schizophrenia . CSS deficits as relying on inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission has been recently incorporated in neurobiological models of schizophrenia focusing on GABAergic and glutamatergic dysfunction.
The present model is based on a previous model that shows classical receptive field properties such as orientation/direction, spatial frequency and temporal frequency selectivity in good agreement with experimental data. Furthermore, this model shows CSS strength for visual contrast in response to sinusoidal gratings comparable with electrophysiological and psychophysical data . Here we tested the CSS properties of the network model in response to centre-surround random contrast texture patterns as used in psychophysical procedures . Next, we altered various parameters governing inhibition in the network in order to produce CSS properties in response to random texture patterns resembling observations from psychophysical studies in schizophrenic patients. In particular connection strength (both inhibitory-excitatory, and excitatory-inhibitory), number of connections (both inhibitory-excitatory, and excitatory-inhibitory), number of inhibitory neurons as well as the time constant of GABAergic synapses have been systematically varied. Together, a number of 20 variations was tested.
The introduction of a high contrast surrounding leads to a significant reduction of the neural response and produces CSS strengths comparable to psychophysical data in healthy subjects . However, we find that a relatively high percentage of parameter variations (80%, 16/20) lead to CSS strengths in agreement with psychophysical findings in schizophrenic patients. Most of these parameter variations (81.25%, 13/16) moreover produce physiologically plausible firing rates and show classical receptive field properties.
We demonstrated multifactoriality in a model of perceptual deficits in schizophrenia focusing on CSS. Specifically we have shown that several different combinations of parameters produce equivalent CSS impairments. Our simulations suggest that there are various ways to implement a network that produces schizophrenia-like phenotypic properties on the perceptual level. For example, one might consequently expect that both, a reduced density of (parvalbumine expressing) GABAergic inhibitory interneurons as well as a dysfunction thereof may produce equivalent and (psychophysically) indistinguishable effects on CSS and, possibly, associated cognitive functions. Finally it should be noted that due to the complexity of the model only a coarse sampling of the large parameter space was presented here. A more fine-grained sampling is ongoing work.
This work was partially supported by the Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences funded by Germany's Excellence Initiative [DFG GSC 235/1].
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Hindu Dharma Forums > Sanatana Dharma > Yoga > Which yoga ?
View Full Version : Which yoga ?
I often wonder when we use yoga here on HDF, if all are seeing this word for its core meaning. One may think of the various yoga-s people discuss, yet only use the term 'yoga' in the conversation.
We can look at the definition of yoga from two angles… one is how its defined classically by its roots and the other is how Patañjali defines it in his yogadarśana (the yoga sūtras of Patañjali) - this can be addressed if there is interest.
yoga योग is rooted in yuj the act of yoking , joining , attaching , harnessing. But to what?To the Supreme, to bind one back to the source, to yoke one back to anuttara ( the Supreme). Yoga is also defined as a means , expedient , device , way , manner , a method.
jñāna ज्ञान - knowing , becoming acquainted with , knowledge , (esp.) the higher knowledge of SELF, Supreme.
kriyā क्रिया - action; doing , performing , performance , occupation. For me this looks much like a definition for karma yogaAre there others? Yes. Some may add kuṇdalinī yoga to this list, which is fine. This is also tightly coupled with kriyā yoga practices. There are other yoga practices that the originating guru may coin his/her self. Perhaps other HDF members that are interested in this subject may wish to post their insights/studies on one of the yoga-s mentioned above or add to the list.
Let me start ( if I may) with haṭha yoga. In the West when one mentions yoga, it is implied that hatha Yoga is being discussed - that of āsana postures or specific ways of sitting and/or breathing.
ṭha ठ - the moon's disk, a disk ; also a loud noise.We can see where this notion of sun ( bright) and moon (disk) may have its origin. Why sun and moon? From a Jyotiṣ perspective, Sun is ātman, moon is mind, home of the senses. It is the notion of the co-operation of the mind-body-ātma working in concert that brings harmony and health to ones body.
Sun and moon are sometimes viewed as day and night, opposites. Haṭha is designed to integrate night and dark (opposites) to the benefit of the practitioner.
The sun and moon divide time into day and night and only meet during the twilight known as saṁdhyā (the gap, twilight ),where we are able to take advantage of not-sun , not-moon , but that wonderful gap in time. The harmonizing time for meditation.
Yet when one does haṭha yoga, each pose is held for a few moments, some for minutes... that is the grooming of sandhya in that pose; to bring balance to the mind-body-ātman and perhaps to easily allow haṭha "violence, force, obstinacy, pertinacity or persistency" to dissipate.
As we are influenced by the sun-moon's movements [ they are considered the creative principle in Jyotiṣ ] this stimulates the human biological system to the cycles of the sun and moon. Hatha is designed to harmonize these influences for the benefit of the practitioner.
vṛtti - ' rolling , or rolling down' i.e. patterning, turnings, movements.
Yoga is the stilling (nirodhaḥ) of the active (vṛtti) mind (citta).
In yoga literature, which even describes number of nadies, physic centers and anatomical details of a human body, the organ or body part or a centre which stores human experiences, impressions and memories have not been distinctly mentioned or described by various translators. Every one has taken manas and chitta to mean the same thing or else chitta as active mind as mentioned by shri Yujavan.
Maharshi Patanjali had been very cryptic and frugal with expression of his thoughts; he would have never used these two terms separately in his work unless they meant two different things.
Chitta vratti nirodah is technically the first sutra of his work and, if we make a mistake in understanding the first sutra than the whole of his narration will be misunderstood.
Even in Mandukya Upanishad, The 19 mouths are supposed to mean, the five organs of sense, the five organs of action, the five vital breaths, the manas, budhhi, ahamkara and chitta.
The manas gets attached to the organ of sense for jiva to experience it.
If your mind is not on the orator, you don�t listen any thing even if you pretend to be doing so.
� You are sitting in the garden and your eyes happens to see the rose, you perceived the rose because the manas was attached with the eyeand the rose is percieved by the jiva, now the manas will get connected to Chitta which has all the attributes of roses stored along with all your experiences with it, depending on what state the jiva is ( rajas, tamas or sattivic), may be, you get reminded of the day you presented a rose to your first love, The Buddhi tells you that don�t waste time, go back to yoga, but the ego takes over, after all it was not that every one could get her affection and you keep contemplating on that experience.
It�s a crude example though, but none the less, will tell the difference.
Now you still the mind so that it doesn�t connect with chitta, or else you cleanse the chitta of all its vratties good or bad.
“ You are sitting in the garden and your eyes happens to see the rose, you perceived the rose because the manas was attached with the eyeand the rose is percieved by the jiva, now the manas will get connected to Chitta which has all the attributes of roses stored along with all your experiences with it, depending on what state the jiva is ( rajas, tamas or sattivic), may be, you get reminded of the day you presented a rose to your first love, The Buddhi tells you that don’t waste time, go back to yoga, but the ego takes over, after all it was not that every one could get her affection and you keep contemplating on that experience.
It’s a crude example though, but none the less, will tell the difference.
Now you still the mind so that it doesn’t connect with chitta, or else you cleanse the chitta of all its vratties good or bad.
Thank you for your post... you bring out good conversation items. The mind gets 'carried away' with objects that are viewed, no? And the intellect intercedes to get the thinker back to business - what ever at the time that could be.
You mention 'still the mind' . What is the mind connected to that may assist in pursuing stillness? Prāṇa is tightly connected to the mind's movement. Manage prāṇa and you manage the mind. What is one way of managing breath ? We know prāṇāyām is the regulation of the breath ( that is why I call it 'management').
Prāṇāyāma is one method to control the breath/life force, but at the same time āyāma, to extend it. The ultimate extension is perfect balance, the center or mādhya, of breath-and-no-breath.
Its like turning down the flame of a pot of boiling water. Manage the energy source (prāṇa) and one's mind follows suit. It is said as prāṇa goes, so do the senses. He or she that manages/ befriends prāṇa is able to manage and control the various dimensions of prāṇa - the mind, taste, touch, etc.
But what are we shooting for ? The notion is to experience sūkṣma gati. What is that ? Refined, subtle, awareness. Svāmī Lakṣman-jū calls this unfoldment of sūkṣma gati, anusandhāna, ever-refreshed awareness.
If we look at the word anu+sandha+āna we have anu or orderly , methodically , one after another , repeatedly; sandhi¹ we discussed on various posts + āna is exhaling the breath through the nose or inhalation ~ breath inspired , breathing. This produces continually refreshed awareness.
It is through this prāṇāyām method the breath becomes calm, some call this centering the breath and the mind. This centering, mādhya or standing between two, a neutral position, is called madhyamaṃ prāṇam .
So as one practices, madhyamaṃ prāṇam becomes established and the ability to experience this sandhi¹ unfolds. It is here where turya resides.
sandhi or saṃdhyā (saMdhyA) संध्या - juncture, or joining point; Some call the 'gap' where turya is more easily experienced.
Sometimes I think its really complex, and other times I think its simple. Look at the expression, "Work is worship." Is that not saying karma yoga is bhakti yoga?
"Work is worship." Is that not saying karma yoga is bhakti yoga?
Simple and profound.Just one more small step turning Karma Yoga in to bhakthi yoga i.e. Dedicate your work(karma) to god.It goes without saying that the Karma(Work) will have to be Dharmic(righteous).
and as immovable as a mountain then they are said to be in yoga. When one does not hear , and smell, and taste, and see ; when one is not conscious of any touch; when one's mind becomes perfectly free from every purpose; whe one's mind becomes perfectly free from every thought, then is one called the wise to be in perfect yoga.
"Yoga is the stilling (nirodhaḥ) of the active (vṛtti) mind (citta)".
Why does this NOT translate properly? It seems to describe a dead state of being.
Maybe it is too elementary?
"When I finish with you all, you will all gratefully be . . . without hear, smell, taste, see; not conscious of any touch; free from every purpose; free from every thought ----VOTE FOR ME!!!"
I assume Yajvan Prabhu speaks from personal experience?
My teacher has taught me the benefits humility and not to nibble at worms when they present themselves.
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According to the Sangam legends first described in the Irayanaar Agapporul (11th century AD) and a commentary to it by Nakkirar. There were three Sangams spanning thousands of years. The first Sangam, whose seat was then Madurai (southern Madurai), lasted a total of 4440 years and 4449 poets, which included some gods of the Hindu pantheon, took part in it. Lord Shiva presides it. The second Sangam was convened in Kapatapuram, which finds mention in Valmiki Ramayana (Kishkinda Kanda 42:13). This Sangam lasted for 3700 years and had 3700 poets participating. Both these places were held in legendary kumari kandam, which was submerged into sea. The third Sangam believed to be located in the current city of Madurai and lasted for 1850 years under 49 kings.
Sangam literature refers to a body of classical Tamil literature during third Sangam period. This collection said to contains 2381 poems written by 473 poets, some 102 of who are anonymous authors. The period during which these poems were written is commonly referred to as the 'Sangam' age, referring to the prevalent Sangam legends claiming literary academies lasting thousands of years, giving the name to the corpus of literature. Sangam literature is primarily secular dealing with everyday themes in a South Indian context. The poems belonging to the Sangam literature was composed by Tamil poets, both men and women, from various professions and classes of society. These poems were later collected into various anthologies, edited and had colophons added by anthologists and annotators after 1000 AD. Sangam literature fell out of popular memory soon thereafter, until scholars such as S. V. Damodaram Pillai and U. V. Swaminatha Iyer rediscovered them in the 19th century.
There has been no contemporary archaeological or scientific evidence found to substantiate whether these academies existed at all and if so, the dates, the participants or their works. The historian and scientific community at large have dismissed claims of the description of sunken landmass Kumari kandam (Lemuria).
Between the fourth century B.C.E. and c 1000 B.C.E., the archaeological findings point to only a megalithic period, and going further back a Neolithic period starting from about the third millennium BC. These two prehistoric periods do not show any sign of a complex culture, and no clear connection with the dawn of urban civilization in Tamil Nadu.
Any accurate chronological assessment of literary works had been rendered difficult due to lack of concrete scientific evidence to support conflicting claims. Undue reliance on the Sangam legends have thus culminated in controversial opinions or interpretations among scholars, confusion in the dates, names and personal accounts of authors and doubts of even their existence in some cases.
The earliest archeological evidence connecting Madurai and the Sangams is the tenth century Cinnamanur inscription of the Pandyas.
The word Sangam(confluence of Rivers) is Sanskrit origin, coming from Sangha, the Buddhist and Jain term for an assembly of monks. In Tamil the word means "assembly" or "academy".
Many sangha’s with different acharyas were born after Kundakonda (1st century AD). The great Acharya Kundakunda is associated with Mula Sangh, According to Devasen the process of dividing from the Mula Sangha(Under Gangas in Mysore) began in the 5th century many Ganas, gachchas or sanghas originated. Chief among them are Sen gana (Karanja, Vidarbh), Balatkara gana (Balligame, Banswasi, Karnataka), Nandi gana Desi gana, Dramis gana, Kranur gana, Saraswati gachcha, Dravida Sangha, nandi Sangha, Mayur sangha, Kitthur sangha and Kulattu sangha.
Iravatham Mahadevan says that Devasena, the author of Darsanasara, a Prakriti work written in 853 A.D. has mentioned that Vajranandi, the pupil of Pujyapada, founded the Dravida Sangha in Madurai in 468-469 A.D. The work does mention Dravida Sangha , But the work does not mention it is from Madurai but in Amaravati in Andhra pradesh and it is not Tamil, but Jain religious Sangha. Iravatham Mahadevan is twisting facts here. The Dravida Sangha is also mentioned in Kannada inscriptions from Karnataka.
If we see the evidence there is nothing to suggest Tamil sangam’s existed not in Tamil literature, inscriptions or other literatures. Only the Jain sangha’s have become legends and by the turn of 10th century AD, they have come to mean literary sangha’s. Iravatham Mahadevan seems to have proven to himself that Tamil sangam’s exist, but the verdict is still out there, they are still Jain sangha where Sanskrit was the Lingua franca. Another pillar of Tamil antiquity seems to have absolutely no backup.
# From the internal evidences it is clear that the Perundevanar who wrote Bharata Venba -the first epic in Tamil and who was in the court of Pallava king Pottarasa (Nandivarma-3) has written introductory verses to five of eight collections in Ettuttokai Viz., Ahananuru , Ainkurunuru , Kuruntokkai , Nattinai and Purananuru. A few lines of his Bharata Venba have been traced in these collections. This clearly indicates that during 900-1100 C.E period oral Sangam literature was fixed in writing and classification of them was completed. With this as reference Poruladigaram of Tolkappiam has been written.
# The first commentary on Tolkappiam was written by Ilampuranar (1100-1200 C.E). He is called as Uarai Asiriyar (Master Commentor). He has not mentioned Ettuttokkai and Pattuppattu. Pearasiyar (1200-1300 C.E) , Mayilainathar (1300 C.E) , Nacchinarkkiniyar (1300-1400 C.E) has mentioned Ettuttokkai and Pattuppattu. This clearly indicates the period during which completion of classification of written oral Sangam literature was achieved.
# There is a inscription of 230 lines at the plinth of Temple in Tirukkoyilur issued by RajaRaja Chola in 1012 C.E. which is in Agaval metre. In this inscription the life of Kapilar the poet of Sangam age , his friendship with Pari –Velir of Sangam age is given in detail. The great pains taken by Kapilar after death of Pari to get the marriage of his daughters with Malaiman and after fulfilling this entering the fire to achieve heaven has been described. By this we can interpret that the agaval metre was in use during 11th century as well as the oral Sangam literature was in process of writing and classification.
# An inscription of 900-1000 C. in Agaval meter has been found at Erakkanakudi. In this, Sangam Chair over which ancestor of Ettichhattan sat has been been mentioned. By this it can be said that during 900-1000 C.E Agaval meter was in use and popular as well as myth of Sangam Literature was emerging out to full scale.
# By observation of the above facts it can be concluded that (1) During 700-800 C.E. Sangam literature which was in oral form was written (2) During 900-1100 C.E the written literature was classified into individual collections Viz., Ahananuru , purananuru,kuruntokkai etc., (3) During 1100-1300 C.E the complete classification was achieved with Ettuttokkai and Pattuppattu.
Correction , the sangam writting starts only during last days of Pallava regime(9th century AD. When Cholas become independent (11th century AD), the chola legends get added. The poems which praise cholas should have been added during that period or later. Much of the legend is when Pandyas became independent (12th century AD).
Purananooru speaks about Nandivarman III and their warring sons kampavarman -Nrputunga (killi valavan and Nedunkilli - Nalankilli).
Kapilar singing about malayaman is Hoysala prince marriage to Chola princess to save chola throne.
Written form 11th century AD.
The complete Classification during 12th and 13th century AD.
Perundevanar lived during the period of Kalladar, who is dated to 11th century AD.
The Date of Purananooru article will shed more light.
San+Akam meaning Group or literally "People Inside". If you want similar words I will give you a list of Tamil words that starts with San.
Santhai(Market group of shops), Santhi(Street group of houses),Santhippu(Meeting), SanMukam(Many Faces),AraSan(Goodness to many),Sanal(group of threads), Sanku(Call many), Easan(Give Many) and a lot more. So its clearly of Tamil origin and you claim to be of Sanskrit origin and written some nonsense.
1) According to Tholkappiam no word in tamil can start with Sa.
2) What is the etymolgogical root word of San in tamil ? (sangha in Sanskrit is for assemby or association).
So if you choose to comment come with good back material and I will not publish your nonsense again.
Moda,,you are doing deep research and analysis. I dont like you anyway.Because some time I go by feeling and not by logic. It may be wrong. but here instead of truth results matter. I am totally against false pride.and false superiority.
What is your point? Are you a srilankan?
Tamil language in spite of hard efforts to distance itself from Sanskrit, it still has boorwed a good number of Sanskrit words, of course after corrupting them to Tamil accent. Still compared to other Dravidian languages, i. e., Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada,Sanskrit influence over Tamil is insignificant. Tulu is the other Dravidian language, which has minimal influence of Sanskrit, though the early Tulu literature contains 80% Sanskrit words.
Dravidian Languages are not languages spoken in some Island and not to have any influence. They are well connected and very much capable of influencing and getting influenced by other languages. Especially Sanskrit. To claim these influences as corruption is the most bizarre one. The influences show that languages are healthy and people speaking them are at the forefront of all the changes happening in the world and not stunted in growth to be frozen in a particular level.
To claim Influence of Sanskrit is insignificant is a lie propagated from 19th century AD on wards by British and caught hold by so called Dravidian intellectuals.
Your theory is funny if Tulu starts with 80% percent Sanskrit , how come it has so few influence.
Sangam. Poets. May. Exist. As. Saiva. But. It's. Antiquity. Is. Not. Too. Early. As. 200. To300. Bc. Pallavas. Cholas. Are. Telugu. Kings kalidas. Said. Nagareshu. Kanchi. Kanchi. Madura. Kumbhakonam. Chidambaram. Are. Enthralled. By. Saiva. Devotees. Of. Telugu. Tamil. And. Kannada. So. Boasting. Too. Early. Is. Not. Good.
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Pakistan, Officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan lies adjacent to Pakistan but is separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. In addition, Oman is also located in maritime vicinity and shares a marine border with Pakistan. Strategically, Pakistan is located in a position between the important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the greater Middle East. The region forming modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the bronze era Indus Valley Civilization.
Subsequently it was the recipient of Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures through several invasions and/or settlements. As a result the area has remained a part of numerous empires and dynasties including the Indian empires, Persian empires, Arab caliphates, Mongol, Mughal, Durrani Empire(Afghan Empire), Sikh and British Empire. Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire in 1947 after a struggle for independence, led by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, that sought the partition of British colony of India and independence for the Muslim majority populations of the eastern and western regions of British India. With the adoption of its constitution in 1956, Pakistan became an Islamic republic. In 1971, alarmed in East Pakistan resulted in the creation of Bangladesh.
Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic consisting of four provinces and four federal territories. With a population exceeding 170 million people, it is the sixth most populous country in the world and has the second largest Muslim population after Indonesia. It is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country with a similar variation in its geography and wildlife. With a semi-industrialized economy, it is the 27th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power. Since gaining independence, Pakistan's history has been characterized by periods of military rule, political instability and conflicts with neighboring India. The country faces challenging problems including terrorism, poverty, illiteracy and corruption. Pakistan has the eighth largest standing armed force and is the only Muslim-majority nation to possess nuclear weapons. Pakistan is the first nuclear power country in the Muslim world, and second in the South Asia, while first being India.
It is designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States and a strategic ally of China. It is a founding member of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (now the Organization of Islamic Cooperation) and a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, Next Eleven economies and the G20 developing nations.
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As a manifestation of our gratitude to the employees who have established themselves with extraordinary character, especially when they found a valuables item and return it back to the owner, we appreciate them with “The Diamond Award”.
We are grateful that they had become good ambassadors to the company.
The Award are given directly by our shareholders, commissioner and board of directors. The recipient award for the period is..
1. Diansyah 6. Nuryana 11. Ae Aeniah 16. Wiwin S. 21. Trisna G. 26. Tatih 31. Romli 36. Seri W. 41. Dewi N.
3. M. Jainudin 8. Abdul M. 13. Mustiqomah 18. Slamet W. 23. Dadan H. 28. Fitri 33. Dwi P. 38. Ahmad S. 43. Lilis S.
4. Oji 9. Nurhasanah 14. Agus 19. Desti P. 24. Rusdi F. 29. Nanda 34. Khoirul U. 39. Astuti S. 44. Syifa K.
46. Kristiyanto 47. Sri S. 48. Nila A. 49. Siti F. 50. Yulia M.
1. Heny L. 6. M. Imammul 11. Teguh S. 16. Karlina 21. Erik G. 26. Sri M. 31. Hamzah 36. Aziz 41. Kautsar Z.
46. Rahmatullah 47. Imam S. 48. Siti B. 49. M. Ridwan 50. Akbar R.
1. Nyai N. 6. Tati R. 11. Dara A. 16. Nurhasanah 21. Mariah 26. Siti Q. 31. Mariyani 36. Nurenni 41. Puji R.
2. Idham M. 7. Rudi H. 12. Eri E. 17. Irwan A. 22. Helly P. 27. Ambar W. 32. Aang A. 37. Eni H. 42. Sri L.
3. Astriyanti 8. Sartika 13. Arsudin 18. Tukiman 23. Sumiati 28. Habibi 33. Juri 38. Santimah 43. Nana K.
4. Nanang K. 9. Sudarti 14. Nia L. 19. Noeri P. 24. Aris 29. M. Rusdian 34. Daryanto 39. Risa N. 44. Ikhsan S.
46. Yudi I. 47. Elah N. 48. A. Sahuri 49. Suyono 50. Riri H.
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According to a recent article published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, it appears that screening mammography within a community may not improve survival in breast cancer patients. However, several previous clinical trials have indicated the contrary by showing that screening mammography does in fact improve survival in breast cancer patients. Women should not change their screening schedules based solely on the results of this particular analysis.
Breast cancer is diagnosed in approximately 250,000 women annually in the United States alone. Cure rates following standard therapy for breast cancer are high if the cancer is found and treated early; however, long-term survival for patients with advanced breast cancer is dismal. Therefore, screening for early detection and treatment of breast cancer has been under heavy scrutiny in order to improve survival in patients with breast cancer. Several previous clinical trials directly comparing women who have undergone screening mammography to those who do not undergo screening have indicated that screening mammography detects breast cancer earlier and improves overall survival in breast cancer patients. On the other hand, not all studies have produced the same conclusion. It is currently recommended that women who are forty years or older undergo regular screening with mammography.
Researchers from the University of Washington recently evaluated data to further evaluate the impact of screening mammography on long-term outcomes in patients with breast cancer. The study included 1,351 women who had died of breast cancer between 1983 and 1998 and the same number of women who had not had breast cancer. The researchers sought to determine if women without breast cancer had undergone more screening for breast cancer than women with breast cancer. Researchers reported that breast screening was not associated with an overall significant reduction in breast cancer deaths. For women at high risk of breast cancer, there was a reduction of death, but there were no differences between various subgroups of women with different risks for developing breast cancer.
The authors of the study concluded that breast cancer screening in the 1980s and 1990s was associated with, at most, a modest reduction in breast cancer deaths. Their list of possible reasons for these findings includes: chance due to relatively small numbers in this study, women with cancer may have sought screening, short follow-up and lack of information about risk of breast cancer. They also suggest that improvements in the treatment of breast cancer could have affected outcome. In addition, women are more aware of small breast masses than they were when large randomized trials of screening were carried out. They also suggest that that screening is possibly less effective in community settings than in the setting of randomized trials. However, despite these findings, the authors did not suggest the abandonment of screening for early breast cancer. Women should speak with their physician regarding their individual risks and benefits of undergoing screening mammography.
Reference: Elmore JG, Reisch LM, Barton MB , et al. Efficacy of breast cancer screening in the community according to risk level. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2005;97:1035-1043.
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For the airport in Haiti, see Toussaint Louverture International Airport. For the 2012 film, see Toussaint Louverture (film).
François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture (French: [fʁɑ̃swa dɔminik tusɛ̃ luvɛʁtyʁ] 9 May 1743 – 7 April 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. He was a leader of the growing resistance. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in November 1791. He first fought for the Spanish against the French; then for France against Spain and Great Britain; and finally, he fought in behalf of Saint-Domingue in the era of Napoleonic France. He helped transform the slave insurgency into a revolutionary movement. By 1800 Saint-Domingue, the most prosperous French slave colony of the time, had become the first free colonial society to have explicitly rejected race as the basis of social ranking.
Although Louverture did not sever ties with France in 1800, he created a de facto autonomous colony. The colony's constitution proclaimed him governor for life even against Napoleon Bonaparte's wishes. He died betrayed before the final and most violent stage of the armed conflict. However, his achievements set the grounds for the Black army's absolute victory and for Jean-Jacques Dessalines to declare the sovereign state of Haiti in January 1804. Louverture's prominent role in the Haitian success over colonialism and slavery had earned him the admiration of friends and detractors alike.
Toussaint Louverture began his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue; he was by then a free man and a Jacobin. Initially allied with the Spaniards of neighboring Santo Domingo (modern Dominican Republic), Louverture switched allegiance to the French when the new government abolished slavery. He gradually established control over the whole island and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint-Domingue. Worried about the economy, which had stalled, he restored the plantation system using paid labour, negotiated trade treaties with the UK and the United States, and maintained a large and well-disciplined army.
After defeating leaders among the free people of color, in 1801, he promulgated an autonomist constitution for the colony, which named him as Governor-General for Life. In 1802 he was forced to resign by forces sent by Napoleon Bonaparte to restore French authority in the former colony. He was deported to France, where he died in 1803. Suffering the loss of two-thirds of their forces from yellow fever, the French withdrew from Saint-Domingue that year. The Haitian Revolution continued under Louverture's lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared independence on 1 January 1804. That year he ordered the 1804 Haiti massacre, in which many white people and free people of color were murdered.
For years little was known for certain about Toussaint Louverture's early life, as there were contradictory accounts and evidence about his life before the advent of the Haitian Revolution. The earliest records of his life are his recorded remarks and the reminiscences of his second legitimate son, Isaac Louverture. Toussaint Louverture's parents are not known. John Beard's biography of Louverture claims that family traditions name his grandfather as Gaou Guinou, a son of the King of Allada. Louverture was the eldest of several children. Pierre Baptiste Simon is usually considered to have been his godfather.
Louverture is thought to have been born on the plantation of Bréda at Haut de Cap in Saint-Domingue, which was owned by the Comte de Noé and later managed by Bayon de Libertate. His date of birth is uncertain, but his name suggests he was born on All Saints Day, 1 November. He was probably about 50 at the start of the revolution in 1791. Various sources have given birth dates between 1739 and 1746. Because of the lack of written records, Louverture may not have known his exact birth date. In childhood, he earned the nickname Fatras-Bâton, suggesting he was small and weak, though he was to become known for his stamina and riding prowess. An alternative explanation of Louverture's origins is that he was brought to Bréda by the new overseer Bayon de Libertate, who took up his duties in 1772.
Louverture is believed to have been well educated by his godfather Pierre Baptiste, a free person of color who lived and worked on the Bréda plantation. Historians have speculated as to Louverture's intellectual background. His extant letters demonstrate a command of French in addition to Creole; and he reveals familiarity with Epictetus, the Stoic philosopher who had lived as a slave. His public speeches as well as his life's work, according to his biographers, show a familiarity with Machiavelli. Some cite Abbé Raynal, who wrote against slavery, as a possible influence: The wording of the proclamation issued by then rebel slave leader Louverture on 29 August 1793, which may have been the first time he publicly used the name "Louverture", seems to refer to an anti-slavery passage in Abbé Raynal's "A Philosophical and Political History of the Settlements and Trade of the Europeans in the East and West Indies."
He may also have received some education from Jesuit missionaries. His medical knowledge is attributed to familiarity with African or Creole herbal-medical techniques, as well techniques commonly found in Jesuit-administered hospitals. A few legal documents signed on Louverture's behalf between 1778 and 1781 suggest that he could not write at that time. Throughout his military and political career, he used secretaries to prepare most of his correspondence. A few surviving documents in his own hand confirm that he could write, although his spelling in the French language was "strictly phonetic."
In 1782, Louverture married Suzanne Simone Baptiste, who is thought to have been his cousin or the daughter of his godfather. Toward the end of his life, he told General Caffarelli that he had fathered 16 children with multiple women, of whom 11 had predeceased him. Not all his children can be identified for certain, but his three legitimate sons are well known. The eldest, Placide, was probably adopted by Louverture and is generally thought to have been Suzanne's first child, fathered by Seraphim Le Clerc, a mulatto. The two sons born of his marriage with Suzanne were Isaac and Saint-Jean.
Until 1938, historians believed that Louverture had been a slave until the start of the revolution. In the later 20th century, discovery of a marriage certificate dated 1777 documents that he was freed in 1776 at the age of 33. This find retrospectively clarified a letter of 1797, in which he said he had been free for twenty years. He appeared to have an important role on the Bréda plantation until the outbreak of the revolution, presumably as a salaried employee who contributed to the daily functions of the plantation. He had initially been responsible for the livestock. By 1791, his responsibilities most likely included acting as coachman to the overseer, de Libertat, and as a slave-driver, charged with organising the work force.
As a free man, Louverture began to accumulate wealth and property. Surviving legal documents show him renting a small coffee plantation that was worked by a dozen of his own slaves. He would later say that by the start of the revolution, he had acquired a reasonable fortune, and was the owner of a number of properties and slaves at Ennery.
Throughout his life, Louverture was known as a devout Roman Catholic. After defeating forces led by Andre Rigaud in the War of the Knives, Louverture consolidated his power by decreeing a new constitution for the colony in 1801. It established Catholicism as the official religion. Although Vodou was generally practiced on Saint-Domingue in combination with Catholicism, little is known for certain if Louverture had any connection with it. Officially as ruler of Saint-Domingue, he discouraged it.
The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and established the Republic of Haiti. It was the only slave revolt in the modern era that led to the founding of a state. It is generally considered the most successful slave rebellion ever to have occurred in the Americas.
Beginning in 1789, free people of color of Saint-Domingue were inspired by the French Revolution to seek an expansion of their rights and equality, while perpetuating the denial of freedom and rights to the slaves, who made up the overwhelming majority of population on the island. Initially, the slave population did not become involved in the conflict. In August 1791, a Vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman marked the start of a major slave rebellion in the north, which had the largest plantations and masses of slaves. Louverture apparently did not take part in the earliest stages of the rebellion, but after a few weeks he sent his family to safety in Spanish Santo Domingo and helped the overseers of the Breda plantation to leave the island. He joined the forces of Georges Biassou as doctor to the troops, commanding a small detachment. Surviving documents show him participating in the leadership of the rebellion, discussing strategy, and negotiating with the Spanish supporters of the rebellion for supplies.
In December 1791, he was involved in negotiations between rebel leaders and the French Governor, Blanchelande, for the release of their white prisoners and a return to work in exchange for a ban on the use of the whip, an extra non-working day per week, and freedom for a handful of leaders. When the offer was rejected, he was instrumental in preventing the massacre of Biassou's white prisoners. The prisoners were released after further negotiations with the French commissioners and taken to Le Cap by Louverture. He hoped to use the occasion to present the rebellion's demands to the colonial assembly, but they refused to meet with him.
Throughout 1792, as a leader in an increasingly formal alliance between the black rebellion and the Spanish, Louverture ran the fortified post of La Tannerie and maintained the Cordon de l'Ouest, a line of posts between rebel and colonial territory. He gained a reputation for running an orderly camp, trained his men in guerrilla tactics and "the European style of war", and began to attract soldiers who would play an important role throughout the revolution. After hard fighting, he lost La Tannerie in January 1793 to the French General Étienne Maynaud, but it was in these battles that the French first recognised him as a significant military leader.
Some time in 1792–93, he adopted the surname Louverture, from the French word for "opening" or "the one who opened the way". Although some modern writers spell his adopted surname with an apostrophe, as in "L'Ouverture", he did not, as his extant correspondence indicates. The most common explanation is that it refers to his ability to create openings in battle. The name is sometimes attributed to French commissioner Polverel's exclamation: "That man makes an opening everywhere". However, some writers think the name referred to a gap between his front teeth.
Despite adhering to royalist political views, Louverture had begun to use the language of freedom and equality associated with the French Revolution. From being willing to bargain for better conditions of slavery late in 1791, he had become committed to its complete abolition.
On the same day, the beleaguered French commissioner, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, proclaimed emancipation for all slaves in French Saint-Domingue, hoping to bring the black troops over to his side. Initially, this failed, perhaps because Louverture and the other leaders knew that Sonthonax was exceeding his authority. However, on 4 February 1794, the French revolutionary government in France proclaimed the abolition of slavery. For months, Louverture had been in diplomatic contact with the French general Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Lavaux. During this time, competition between him and other rebel leaders was growing, and the Spanish had started to look with disfavour on his near-autonomous control of a large and strategically important region. In May 1794, when the decision of the French government became known in Saint-Domingue, Louverture switched allegiance from the Spanish to the French and rallied his troops to Lavaux.
After months of skillful maneuvering that kept him on nominally good terms with the Spanish, while he also had secret correspondence with the new revolutionary French colonial government, Louverture officially joined the French in early May 1794, raising the republican flag over the port of Gonaïves. this provoked an exodus of refugees, both whites and free people of color, with many taking slaves with them. In the first weeks, Louverture eradicated all Spanish supporters from the Cordon de l'Ouest, which he had held on their behalf.
He faced attack from multiple sides. His former colleagues in the black slave rebellion were now fighting against him for the Spanish. As a French commander, he was under attack from the British troops who had landed on Saint-Domingue in September, as the British hoped to take advantage of the instability and gain control of the wealthy sugar-producing island. On the other hand, he was able to pool his 4,000 men with Lavaux's troops in joint actions. By now his officers included men who were to remain important throughout the revolution: his brother Paul, his nephew Moïse, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, and Henri Christophe.
Before long, Louverture had put an end to the Spanish threat to French Saint-Domingue. In any case, the Treaty of Basel of July 1795 marked a formal end to hostilities between the two countries. Black leaders Jean-François and Biassou continued to fight against Louverture until November, when they left for Spain and Florida, respectively. At that point, most of their men joined Louverture's forces. Louverture also made inroads against the British troops, but was unable to oust them from Saint-Marc. He contained them and rendered them ineffective by returning to guerilla tactics.
Throughout 1795 and 1796, Louverture was also concerned with re-establishing agriculture and exports, and keeping the peace in areas under his control. In speeches and policy he revealed his belief that the long-term freedom of the people of Saint-Domingue depended on the economic viability of the colony. He was held in general respect, and resorted to a mixture of diplomacy and force to return the field hands to the plantations as emancipated and paid workers. Workers regularly created small rebellions, protesting poor conditions, their lack of real freedom, or fearing a return to slavery. They wanted to establish their own small holdings and work for themselves, rather than on plantations.
Another of Louverture's concerns was to manage potential rivals for power within the French part of the colony. The most serious of these was the mulatto commander Jean-Louis Villatte, based in Cap-Français. Louverture and Villate had competed over the command of some sections of troops and territory since 1794. Villatte was thought to be somewhat racist towards black soldiers such as Louverture and planned to ally with André Rigaud, a free man of colour, after overthrowing French General Étienne Lavaux. In 1796 Villate drummed up popular support by accusing the French authorities of plotting a return to slavery.
On 20 March, he succeeded in capturing the French Governor Lavaux, and appointed himself Governor. Louverture's troops soon arrived at Cap-Français to rescue the captured governor and drive Villatte out of town. Louverture was noted for opening the warehouses to the public, proving that they were empty of the chains that residents feared had been imported to prepare for a return to slavery. He was promoted to commander of the West Province two months later, and in 1797 was appointed as Saint-Domingue's top-ranking officer. Lavaux proclaimed Louverture as Lieutenant Governor, announcing at the same time that he would do nothing without his approval, to which Louverture replied, "After God, Lavaux".
A few weeks after Louverture's triumph over the Villate insurrection, France's representatives of the third commission arrived in Saint-Domingue. Among them was Sonthonax, the commissioner who had previously declared abolition of slavery on the same day as Louverture's proclamation of Camp Turel. At first the relationship between the two men was positive. Sonthonax promoted Louverture to general and arranged for his sons, Placide and Isaac, to attend the school that had been established in France for the children of colonials.
In September 1796, elections were held to choose colonial representatives for the French national assembly. Louverture's letters show that he encouraged Lavaux to stand, and historians have speculated as to whether he was seeking to place a firm supporter in France or to remove a rival in power. Sonthonax was also elected, either at Louverture's instigation or on his own initiative. While Lavaux left Saint-Domingue in October, Sonthonax remained.
Sonthonax, a fervent revolutionary and fierce supporter of racial equality, soon rivalled Louverture in popularity. Although their goals were similar, they had several points of conflict. They strongly disagreed about accepting the return of the white planters who had fled Saint-Domingue at the start of the revolution. To Sonthonax, they were potential counter-revolutionaries, to be assimilated, officially or not, with the ‘émigrés’ who had fled the French Revolution and were forbidden to return under pain of death. To Louverture, they were bearers of useful skills and knowledge, and he wanted them back.
In summer 1797, Louverture authorised the return of Bayon de Libertat, the ex-overseer of Bréda, with whom he had a lifelong relationship. Sonthonax wrote to Louverture threatening him with prosecution and ordering him to get Bayon off the island. Louverture went over his head and wrote to the French Directoire directly for permission for Bayon to stay. Only a few weeks later, he began arranging for Sonthonax's return to France that summer. Louverture had several reasons to want to get rid of Sonthonax; officially he said that Sonthonax had tried to involve him in a plot to make Saint-Domingue independent, starting with a massacre of the whites of the island. The accusation played on Sonthonax's political radicalism and known hatred of the aristocratic white planters, but historians have varied as to how credible they consider it.
On reaching France, Sonthonax countered by accusing Louverture of royalist, counter-revolutionary, and pro-independence tendencies. Louverture knew that he had asserted his authority to such an extent that the French government might well suspect him of seeking independence. At the same time, the French Directoire government was considerably less revolutionary than it had been. Suspicions began to brew that it might reconsider the abolition of slavery. In November 1797, Louverture wrote again to the Directoire, assuring them of his loyalty but reminding them firmly that abolition must be maintained.
For several months, Louverture was in sole command of French Saint-Domingue, except for a semi-autonomous state in the south, where general André Rigaud, a free man of color, had rejected the authority of the third commission. Both generals continued attacking the British, whose position on Saint-Domingue was looking increasingly weak. Louverture was negotiating their withdrawal when France's latest commissioner, Gabriel Hédouville, arrived in March 1798, with orders to undermine his authority.
On 30 April 1798, Louverture signed a treaty with the British general, Thomas Maitland, exchanging the withdrawal of British troops from western Saint-Domingue for an amnesty for the French counter-revolutionaries in those areas. In May, Port-au-Prince was returned to French rule in an atmosphere of order and celebration.
In July, Louverture and Rigaud met commissioner Hédouville together. Hoping to create a rivalry that would diminish Louverture's power, Hédouville displayed a strong preference for Rigaud, and an aversion to Louverture. However, General Maitland was also playing on French rivalries and evaded Hédouville's authority to deal with Louverture directly. In August, Louverture and Maitland signed treaties for the evacuation of the remaining British troops. On 31 August, they signed a secret treaty which lifted the British blockade on Saint-Domingue in exchange for a promise that Louverture would not export the black revolution to the British colony of Jamaica, which also used slaves to produce sugar.
As Louverture's relationship with Hédouville reached the breaking point, an uprising began among the troops of his adopted nephew, Hyacinthe Moïse. Attempts by Hédouville to manage the situation made matters worse and Louverture declined to help him. As the rebellion grew to a full-scale insurrection, Hédouville prepared to leave the island, while Louverture and Dessalines threatened to arrest him as a troublemaker. Hédouville sailed for France in October 1798, nominally transferring his authority to Rigaud. Louverture decided instead to work with Phillipe Roume, a member of the third commission who had been posted to the Spanish parts of the colony. Though Louverture continued to protest his loyalty to the French government, he had expelled a second government representative from the territory and was about to negotiate another autonomous agreement with one of France's enemies.
In 1799, the tensions between Louverture and André Rigaud came to a head. Louverture accused Rigaud of trying to assassinate him to gain power over Saint-Domingue for himself. Rigaud claimed Louverture was conspiring with the British to restore slavery. The conflict was complicated by racial overtones which escalated tension between blacks and mulattoes. Louverture had other political reasons for bringing down Rigaud. Only by controlling every port could he hope to prevent a landing of French troops if necessary.
After Rigaud sent troops to seize the border towns of Petit-Goave and Grand-Goave in June 1799, Louverture persuaded Roume to declare Rigaud a traitor and attacked the southern state. The resulting civil war, known as the War of Knives, lasted over a year, with the defeated Rigaud fleeing to Guadeloupe, then France, in August 1800. Louverture delegated most of the campaign to his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who became infamous, during and after the war, for massacring mulatto captives and civilians. The number of deaths is contested: the contemporary French general François Joseph Pamphile de Lacroix suggested 10,000 deaths, while the 20th-century Trinidadian historian C.L.R. James later claimed there were only a few hundred deaths in contravention of the amnesty.
In November 1799, during the civil war, Napoleon Bonaparte gained power in France and passed a new constitution declaring that the colonies would be subject to special laws. Although the colonies suspected this meant the re-introduction of slavery, Napoleon began by confirming Louverture's position and promising to maintain abolition. But he also forbade Louverture to invade Spanish Santo Domingo, an action that would put Louverture in a powerful defensive position. Louverture was determined to proceed anyway and coerced Roume into supplying the necessary permission.
In January 1801, Louverture and Hyacinthe Moïse invaded the Spanish territory, taking possession from the Governor, Don Garcia, with few difficulties. The area had been less developed and less densely populated than the French section. Louverture brought it under French law, which abolished slavery, and embarked on a program of modernization. He was now master of the whole island.
Napoleon had informed the inhabitants of Saint-Domingue that France would draw up a new constitution for its colonies, in which they would be subjected to special laws. Despite his initial protestations to the contrary, the former slaves feared that he might restore slavery. In March 1801, Louverture appointed a constitutional assembly, composed chiefly of white planters, to draft a constitution for Saint-Domingue. He promulgated the Constitution on 7 July 1801, officially establishing his authority over the entire island of Hispaniola. It made him Governor-General for Life with near absolute powers and the possibility of choosing his successor. However, Louverture was not to explicitly declare Saint-Domingue's independence, acknowledging in Article 1 that it was a single colony of the French Empire. Article 3 of the constitution states: "There cannot exist slaves [in Saint-Domingue], servitude is therein forever abolished. All men are born, live and die free and French." The constitution guaranteed equal opportunity and equal treatment under the law for all races, but also confirmed Louverture's policies of forced labour and the importation of workers through the slave trade. Louverture was not willing to compromise Catholicism for Vodou, the dominant faith among former slaves. Article 6 states that "the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman faith shall be the only publicly professed faith."
Louverture charged Colonel Vincent with the task of presenting the new constitution to Napoleon, although Vincent was horrified to learn that the general had gone so far. Several aspects of the constitution were damaging to France: the absence of provision for French government officials, the lack of advantages to France in trade with its own colony, and Louverture's breach of protocol in publishing the constitution before submitting it to the French government. Despite his disapproval, Vincent attempted to submit the constitution to Napoleon in a positive light, but was briefly exiled to Elba for his pains.
Louverture identified as a Frenchman and strove to convince Bonaparte of his loyalty. He wrote to Napoleon but received no reply. Napoleon eventually decided to send an expedition of 20,000 men to Saint-Domingue to restore French authority, and possibly to restore slavery as well. Given the Treaty of Amiens (March 1802-May 1803) with Great Britain, Napoleon was suddenly able to plan this operation without the risk of interception by the Royal Navy.
Napoleon's troops, under the command of his brother-in-law, General Charles Emmanuel Leclerc, were directed to seize control of the island by diplomatic means, proclaiming peaceful intentions, and keep secret his orders to deport all black officers. Meanwhile, Louverture was preparing for defence and ensuring discipline. This may have contributed to a rebellion against forced labor led by his nephew and top general, Moïse, in October 1801. Because the activism was violently repressed, when the French ships arrived, not all of Saint-Domingue was automatically on Louverture's side. In late January 1802, while Leclerc sought permission to land at Cap-Français and Christophe held him off, the Vicomte de Rochambeau suddenly attacked Fort-Liberté, effectively quashing the diplomatic option.
Louverture's plan in case of war was to burn the coastal cities and as much of the plains as possible, retreat with his troops into the inaccessible mountains, and wait for yellow fever, which flourished on a seasonal basis, to decimate the European troops. The biggest impediment to this plan proved to be difficulty in internal communications. Christophe burned Cap-Français and retreated, but Paul Louverture was tricked by a false letter into allowing the French to occupy Santo Domingo; other officers believed Napoleon's diplomatic proclamation, while some attempted resistance instead of burning and retreating. French reports to Napoleon show that in the months of fighting that followed, the French felt their position was weak, but that Louverture and his generals did not fully realize their strength.
With both sides shocked by the violence of the initial fighting, Leclerc tried belatedly to revert to the diplomatic solution. Louverture's sons and their tutor had been sent from France to accompany the expedition with this end in mind and were now sent to present Napoleon's proclamation to Louverture. When these talks broke down, months of inconclusive fighting followed. On 6 May 1802, Louverture rode into Cap-Français to treat with Leclerc. He negotiated an amnesty for all his remaining generals, then retired with full honors to his plantations at Ennery.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines was at least partially responsible for Louverture's arrest, as asserted by several authors, including Louverture's son Isaac. On 22 May 1802, after Dessalines learned that Louverture had failed to instruct a local rebel leader to lay down his arms per the recent ceasefire agreement, he immediately wrote to Leclerc to denounce Louverture’s conduct as "extraordinary." For this action, Dessalines and his spouse received gifts from Jean Baptiste Brunet.
In overthrowing me you have cut down in Saint Domingue only the trunk of the tree of liberty; it will spring up again from the roots, for they are numerous and they are deep.
An alternative theory explains Brunet's actions as strategic misdirection.
The ships reached France on 2 July 1802 and, on 25 August, Louverture was sent to the jail in Fort-de-Joux in Doubs. While in prison, he died on 7 April 1803. Suggested causes of death include exhaustion, malnutrition, apoplexy, pneumonia, and possibly tuberculosis. In his absence, Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the Haitian rebellion until its completion, finally defeating the French forces in 1803, after they were decimated by yellow fever; two-thirds of the men had died when Napoleon withdrew his forces.
1938: Haiti. A Drama of the Black Napoleon by William DuBois. Poster for Federal Theater Project presentation in Boston; showing bust portrait of Louverture.
On 29 August 1954, the Haitian ambassador to France, Léon Thébaud, inaugurated a stone cross memorial for Toussaint Louverture at the foot of Fort-de-Joux. Years afterward, the French government ceremoniously presented a shovelful of soil from the grounds of Fort-de-Joux to the Haitian government as a symbolic transfer of Louverture's remains.
Combattant de la liberté, artisan de l'abolition de l'esclavage, héros haïtien mort déporté au Fort-de-Joux en 1803.
The inscription is opposite a wall inscription, also installed in 1998, honoring Louis Delgrès, a mulatto military leader in Guadeloupe who died leading the resistance against Napoleonic reoccupation and re-institution of slavery on that island. The location of Delgrès' body is also a mystery. Both inscriptions are located near the tombs of Jean Jaurès, Félix Éboué, Marc Schoelcher and Victor Schoelcher.
John Brown claimed influence by Louverture in his plans to invade Harpers Ferry. Brown and his band captured citizens, and for a small time the federal armory and arsenal there. Brown's goal was that the local slave population would join the raid. But they did not. Brown was eventually captured and put on trial, and was hanged on 2 December 1859. Brown and his band showed devotion to the violent tactics of the Haitian Revolution. During the 19th century African Americans referred to Louverture as an example of how to reach freedom. Also during the 19th century, British writers focused on Louverture's domestic life and ignored his militancy to show him as a non-threatening rebel slave.
English poet William Wordsworth published his sonnet "To Toussaint L'Ouverture" in January 1803.
African-American novelist Frank J. Webb refers to Louverture in his 1857 novel The Garies and Their Friends, about free African Americans. Louverture's portrait is said to inspire real estate tycoon Mr. Walters.
In 1934, Trinidadian historian C. L. R. James wrote a play entitled Toussaint L'Ouverture. It was performed at the Westminster Theatre in London in 1936 and starred actors Paul Robeson (in the title role), Robert Adams, and Orlando Martins. The play was revised and produced in 1967 as The Black Jacobins (after James's classic 1938 history of that name), and in 1986, Yvonne Brewster directed a production of it at the Riverside Studios as the first play to be staged by the black-led Talawa Theatre Company, with Norman Beaton in the principal role.
In 1938, American artist Jacob Lawrence created a series of paintings about the life of Louverture, which he later adapted into a series of prints. His painting, titled Toussaint L’Ouverture, hangs in the Butler Institute of American Art in Youngstown, Ohio.
In 1944, African-American writer Ralph Ellison wrote the story "Mister Toussan", in which two African-American youths exaggerate the story of Louverture. He is seen as a symbol of Blacks asserting their identities and liberty over White dominance.
Kenneth Roberts's best-selling novel, Lydia Bailey (1947), is set during the Haitian Revolution and features Louverture, Dessalines, and Cristophe as the principal historical characters. The 1952 American film based on the novel was directed by Jean Negulesco; Louverture is portrayed by actor Ken Renard.
The 1971 album Santana features an instrumental song titled "Toussaint L'Overture". It has remained a staple of the band's concert repertoire since that time. Officially released live instrumental versions are included on the 1974 album Lotus as well as the 1998 CD re-issue of Abraxas.
In 1977 the opera Toussaint by David Blake was produced by English National Opera at the Coliseum Theatre in London, starring Neil Howlett in the title role.
In 1983, Jean-Michel Basquiat, the Brooklyn-born New York painter of the 1980s, whose father was from Haiti, painted the monumental work, Toussaint L'Ouverture vs Savonarola, with a portrait of Louverture.
David Rudder's calypso "Haiti", first recorded in 1988, begins with a reference to Louverture.
In 1995–2004, Madison Smartt Bell published a trilogy of novels inspired by Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution, with Louverture as the key figure. All Souls' Rising (1995) was shortlisted for both the PEN/Faulkner and National Book awards. Master of the Crossroads (2000) and The Stone That the Builder Refused (2004) completed the trilogy. Bell also wrote a biography of Louverture (ISBN 978-0375423376).
In 2003, Hakim Adi published a book about great political figures from Africa since 1787, which included Louverture as one of the greatly influential political leaders of those years.
In 2004, John Agard published Half-Caste and Other Poems (Hodder Children's, 2004), which features the poem "Checking Out Me History"; it references Louverture and "Nanny de Maroon".
In 2004, Kimathi Donkor painted Toussaint L'Ouverture at Bedourete.
Wyclef Jean created an album in 2009 referencing Louverture's life and influence on Haiti. The album is called From the Hut, to the Projects, to the Mansion.
Derick Alexander directed The Last Days of Toussaint L'Ouverture, starring Joseph Ademola Adeyemo as Louverture (2009).
Nick Lake referred to many incidents in Louverture's life in his young adult novel In Darkness (2012).
Haitian actor Jimmy Jean-Louis starred as the title role in the 2012 French miniseries Toussaint Louverture.
Experimental rock group Swans named the track "Bring the Sun / Toussaint L'Ouverture" after him on their 2014 album To Be Kind.
^ Stephen, James (1814). The history of Toussaint Louverture. Butterworth and son. p. 82.
^ Taylor, David (2002). "Martini". p. 95. ISBN 1930603037.
^ Knight C., ed. (1843). "The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge; Volume 25". p. 96. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ Henri Christophe (King of Haiti) (1952). Griggs, Earl Leslie; Prator, Clifford H. (eds.). "Henry Christophe & Thomas Clarkson: A Correspondence". University of California Press. p. 17. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ Fombrun, Odette Roy, ed. (2009). "History of The Haitian Flag of Independence" (PDF). The Flag Heritage Foundation Monograph And Translation Series Publication No. 3. p. 13. Retrieved 24 December 2015.
^ J. Clavin, Matthew (2012). Toussaint Louverture and the American Civil War: The Promise and Peril of a Second Haitian Revolution. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780812201611.
^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2012). A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. p. 114. ISBN 9781405198219.
^ Elliott, Charles Wyllys (1855). St. Domingo, its revolution and its hero, Toussaint. New York: J.A. Dix. p. 38.
^ Korngold, page number needed.
^ Robin Blackburn. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery 1776–1848. New York: Verso, 2000, p.54.
^ Langley, Lester (1996). The Americas in the Age of Revolution: 1750-1850. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 111.
^ Philippe Girard, "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint L'Ouverture’s Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States,” William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87–124.
^ Philippe Girard, The Slaves Who Defeated Napoléon: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian War of Independence (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, November 2011).
^ John Bigelow: "The last days of Toussaint Louverture"
^ Yacou, Alain, ed. (1 March 2007). "Vie et mort du général Toussaint-Louverture selon les dossiers conservés au Service Historique de la Défense, Château de Vincennes". Saint-Domingue espagnol et la révolution nègre d'Haïti (in French). KARTHALA Editions. p. 346. ISBN 9782811141516. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ le Cadet, Nicolas (21 October 2010). "Le portrait du juge idéal selon Noël du Fail dans les Contes et Discours d'Eutrapel". Centre d’Études et de Recherche Éditer/Interpréter (in French). University of Rouen. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Hutchins, Rachel D. (26 February 2016). Nationalism and History Education: Curricula and Textbooks in the United States and France. Routledge. p. 65. ISBN 9781317625360. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ Clavin, Matthew (2008). "A Second Haitian Revolution". Civil War History. liv (2).
^ "To Toussaint L'Ouverture" at ChickenBones: A Journal.
^ Gardner, Eric (2001). "'A Gentleman of Superior Cultivation and Refinement': Recovering the Biography of Frank J. Webb". African American Review. 35 (2): 297–308.
^ Brewster, Yvonne (7 September 2017), "Directing The Black Jacobins", Discovering Literature: 20th century, British Library. Retrieved 21 February 2019.
^ Tracy, Steven C. (13 May 2004). A Historical Guide to Ralph Ellison. Oxford University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN 9780199727322. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ Griffel, Margaret Ross (21 December 2012). Operas in English: A Dictionary. Scarecrow Press. p. 501. ISBN 9780810883253. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
^ Emmerling, Leonhard (2003). Jean-Michel Basquiat: 1960-1988. Taschen. p. 88. ISBN 9783822816370. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ "‘Haiti’ sung by David Rudder", When Steel Talks, 2008.
^ Nzengou-Tayo, Marie-José (June 2007). "Haitian Gothic and History: Madison Smartt Bell's Trilogy on Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian Revolution". Small Axe. Indiana University Press. 11 (2): 184–193.
^ Adi, Hakim; Marika Sherwood (2003). Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787. London [u.a.]: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-17352-3.
^ Agard, John (2004). Half-caste and other poems. Hodder Children's Books. ISBN 9780340893821. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Dumont, Hervé. "La révolte des esclaves noirs aux Antilles (Toussaint L'Ouverture)". ENCYCLOPÉDIE DU FILM HISTORIQUE (in French). Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Ness, Patrick (20 January 2012). "In Darkness by Nick Lake – review". Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ Sepinwall, Alyssa Goldstein (13 October 2013). "Happy as a Slave: The Toussaint Louverture miniseries". Fiction and Film for French Historians. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
Alexis, Stephen, Black Liberator: The Life of Toussaint Louverture (London: Ernest Benn, 1949).
Beard, J. R., Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography and Autobiography (1863). Out of print, but published online. Consists of the earlier "Life", supplemented by an autobiography of Toussaint written by himself.
Davis, David Brion. "He changed the New World." Review of M. S. Bell's Toussaint L'Ouverture: A Biography, The New York Review of Books, 31 May 2007, pp. 54–58.
Forsdick, Charles, and Christian Høgsbjerg (eds), The Black Jacobins Reader (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2017).
Girard, Philippe. "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint L'Ouverture’s Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States," William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (January 2009), 87–124.
Girard, Philippe R. (2011), The Slaves who Defeated Napoléon: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian War of Independence, 1801–1804, The University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0817317325.
Girard, Philippe R. (2016), Toussaint Louverture: A Revolutionary Life (New York: Basic Books).
Graham, Harry. "The Napoleon of San Domingo", The Dublin Review, Vol. CLIII, July/October 1913.
Johnson, Ronald Angelo, Diplomacy in Black and White: John Adams, Toussaint Louverture, and Their Atlantic World Alliance. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2014.
de Lacroix, F. J. Pamphile, La révolution d'Haïti (1819, reprinted 1995).
Norton, Graham Gendall, "Toussaint L'Ouverture", in History Today, April 2003.
Parkinson, Wenda, 'This Gilded African': Toussaint L'Ouverture (Quartet Books, 1978).
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., World leaders, past & present – Toussaint L'ouverture .
Schoelcher, Victor, Vie de Toussaint-L'Ouverture (1889).
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toussaint Louverture.
"Toussaint, Dominique François" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1889.
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Toussaint l'Ouverture, Pierre-Dominique" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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The Tarkine is Tasmania's largest unprotected wilderness area. It hosts the only wilderness landscape dominated by rainforest in Australia. Its rainforests form the largest continuous tract of rainforest in Australia, they being the largest temperate rainforests in Australia.
There is a rich pioneer/exploring history of the Tarkine region, which was regarded as one of Tasmania s toughest and most impenetrable regions. Prospecting and Mining was one of the biggest drawcards to the region for early settlers, with tin mining set up at Balfour, Gold at Corinna, and Tin at Waratah also. Prospectors often searched the rivers in years between 1850 and 1950 quite unsuccessfully.
Current historical areas include; Balfour (former mining town, now ghost town), Magnet (ghost mining town), Corinna (former gold mining boom town), and Waratah. Emu Bay Railway, regarded as possibly Tasmania s most spectacular railway, was built nearly a century ago, and winds through spectacular rainforest gorges in the eastern fringes of the Tarkine.
On a global scale, the Tarkine contains one of the world s most significant remaining tracts of temperate rainforest (second only in size to those in western Canada British Columbia). Temperate Rainforest is the rarest of the rainforests, and more highly threatened even than tropical and subtropical rainforests. outside of The Tarkine, Temperate Rainforest only remains in fragments in New Zealand, Chile and Western Canada and US. The tall rainforest of the Tarkine exists largely on an extensive basalt plateau which still retains its native vegetation. The word 'Tarkine' comes from one of a number of bands of Aboriginals that lived in the North-West Region. The 'Tarkiners' were a group who were based at Sandy Cape (Tarkine Coast).
The Tarkiners seasonally travelled throughout the Tarkine region, travelling as far as 140 km north to the Hunter Islands hunting for mutton birds and fur seals, and as far as 100 km east to the Surrey Hills for wallabies and emus.
The word Tarkine was first recorded in the 1800s, by George Augustus Robinson. In his diaries 'The Friendly Mission' which give an account of several trips made to the North-West to meet and then remove the North-West Aboriginals, Robinson talks several times about the Tarkine and the Tarkiners.
Where Is it?: The Tarkine Wilderness is a region in North West Tasmania, bound roughly by the Bass Highway to the North, the Pieman River to the South, the Murchison Highway to the East, and the Southern Ocean to the West.
The Tarkine contains a wide variety of spectacular landscape features, may of which can be explored with relative ease with a 4-wheel drive vehicle. One of these is the Tarkine Coast, a spectacularly wild coastline, battered by the winds of the roaring 40s. The purest air in the world. Huge dunes that stretch inland up to several kilometres. Rocky, jagged coastal stretches. Incredible Granite Tor formations (especially at Conical Rocks south of the Pieman River), extensive long sandy beaches, lagoons, grassy woodland, coastal heathland, marshes and swampland. Sandy cape forms a dominant and spectacular feature of the Tarkine's coast.
The Tarkine contains two of Tasmania s Grandest Rivers, the Arthur River (which is the only complete river system in Tasmania that has no dam), and the Pieman River. The Arthur River is characterized by steep gorges and rapids, valleys blanketed in rainforest, and stretches of giant eucalypt forest.
It is fed by the Hellyer, Keith, Lyons, Rapid, and Frankland rivers. The Pieman River is most famous for its reflections. Like the Gordon, the Pieman, on a good day, gives spectacular mirror like river reflections. The section from Corinna to the coast is broad and flat and is flanked by rainforests, and Tasmania s most northerly stands of Huon Pine. The Whyte, Savage and Donaldson rivers feed the Piemans lower stretches. The Upper Pieman river is dammed, and is fed by the Tarkine s Huskisson, Wilson and Stanley rivers.
The Tarkine also hosts Tasmania's greatest density of wild rivers. The major rivers remain remote and largely inaccessible. These include; Thornton, Lagoon, Pedder, Wild Wave, Interview (coastal), Donaldson, Little Donaldson, Keith, Lyons, Rapid, and Upper Savage (rainforests), Huskisson and Wilson (Southern Tarkine).
The vastness of Australia s largest tract of temperate rainforest is impressive, and reaches/covers the Arthur, Pieman, Rapid, Keith, Donaldson and Savage River valleys. The densely rainforested upper Savage River is exceptional due to its deeply incised gorge system.
There are a number of spectacular known as well as barely known waterfalls within the Tarkine s rainforests (including Philosopher s Falls, McGowan s Falls, lovers Falls).
The Tarkine contains globally significant magnesite cave systems. They are potentially the most significant if not the only significant system of magnesium cave systems in the world. They are most significant in the upper Lyons River region. There are also a number of small cave features that show evidence of Aboriginal occupation within the Savage River Rainforests. Due to there remoteness, there are no lit show caves with guided tours.
The Tarkine also contains dolomite cave systems in the Trowutta/Sumac/Black River region which features hundreds of sinkholes, including the outstanding sinkhole, Lake Chisholm. These cave systems are not only unique in themselves, but are also home to extraordinary cave dwelling creatures, such as the bizarre troglodyte (cave dwelling spider) and other fascinating creatures.
Trowutta Caves are located south of Smithton, beyond the beautiful Allendale Gardens, Trowutta and Milkshake Hills. The Trowutta Arch track begins soon after the Trowutta Caves State Reserve is reached. A short 10 minute easy well defined walk leads to the park s most interesting geological feature - the Trowutta Arch. The reserve protects an area of sinkholes covered in temperate rainforest full of myrtles, sassafrass, blackwoods, massive manferns and a variety of other ferns.
Norfolk Range distinctively rises above coastal plateau, to over 700m. It contains a belt of sub-alpine rainforest. This region is blanketed in a tapestry of heath and buttongrass, moorland, pockets of varying forest types, and gorge-like drainage lines.
Although contemporary records are sketchy, high grade but small deposits of pyrite, chalcopyrite with minor bornite, chalcocite, tenorite and native copper were reported during geological surveys by the Mt Lyell Mining and Railway Company between 1907 and 1911. Parts of the Norfolk Range Sandy Cape area have been held under exploration licence at various times but, perhaps deterred by difficulty of access, only a few companies have undertaken significant grass roots fieldwork. No significant mining has subsequently taken place.
Meredith Range (reaching over 900 metres) is an undulating granite plateau, the largest exposed area of granite in the south of the Tarkine region. It affords spectacular views of Cradle Mountain, and the South-West. Pockets and stretches of tall, implicate and sub-alpine rainforest exist amongst the granite pillars and plates of the Meredith Range. Access to Meridith Range Regional Reserve is by four-wheel drive vehicles only.
Corinna is a tiny historic mining town, set in pristine rainforest of the Tarkine region on the banks of the majestic Pieman River. One of the most fascinating spots in Tasmania, Corinna is now popular as an area of spectacular wilderness scenery with short bush walks and good trout fishing in the Pieman River.
Corinna is the heart of The Tarkine. It hosts the only wilderness landscape dominated by rainforest in Australia. Its rainforests form the largest continuous tract of rainforest in Australia, they being the largest temperate rainforests in Australia.
An isolated former mining town deep in the heart of the forests of north western Tasmania, Balfour features an historic cemetery and numerous old mine sites. Mt. Balfour Mine, a copper and tin mine, was one of the westernmost mines in Tasmania. The Balfour mining field was the scene of the greatest activity in the western zone from 1901 when copper was discovered. The largest mine was the Murray Brothers Reward Mine, yielding 1286 tons of copper, iron pyrites and alluvial tin up to 1910.
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I remember visiting the area once and will never forget the "sacred" feeling all around.
The mountain is covered with old sacred sugi pine trees, which give it a rather dark look.
The gods of Mt. Miwa are also regarded as gods for rain.
is a mountain located in the city of Sakurai, Nara Prefecture, Japan.
It has been an important religious and historical mountain in Japan, especially during its early history, and serves as a holy site in Shinto.
and is home to one of the earliest Shinto shrines, Ōmiwa Shrine. Several burial mounds from the Kofun period can be found around the mountain.
Religious worship surrounding Mount Miwa have been deemed the oldest and more primitive of its kind in Japan, where the very mountain itself is designated sacrosanct.
The kami generally associated with Mount Miwa is Ōmononushi (Ōmono-nushi-no-kami), a rain kami. However, the Nihon Shoki notes that there was a degree of uncertainly when it came to naming the principal kami of Mount Miwa.
Yamato leaders often ruled from palaces near sacred mountains, and built burial mounds around them. The kami residing on Mount Miwa was judged the most powerful by the Fujiwara clan, and consequently palaces and roads were built in the vicinity.
have been found in the Shiki area at the base of Mount Miwa. These earthen mounds were built between 250 CE to 350 CE, and all display the same keyhole shape and stone chambers found in earlier mounds. However, the tumuli found at Mount Miwa hint at the beginning of a more centralized Yamato state. All six mounds are exceptionally large, twice as large as any similar mounds found in Korea, and contain prolific amounts of mirrors, weapons, ornaments, as well as finely built wood and bamboo coffins.
. Mimuro no yama み室の山 - 三室山 .
The Ōmiwa shrine complex includes notable auxiliary shrines (setsumatsusha), including 12 Sessha (摂社 auxiliary shrine) and 28 massha (末社 branch shrine) which are marked by small structures falling under Ōmiwa's jurisdiction.
For example, the sessha Ikuhi jinja enshrines the kami who was appointed Ōmiwa's sake brewer in the 4th month of the 8th year of the reign of Emperor Sujin.
. . . Omononushi-no-okami enshrined in Omiwa Jinja Shrine(大神神社) in Nara Prefecture is also the deity of Sake.
The sacred tree of the shrine is a Japanese cedar tree.
Ikuhi Jinja Shrine (活日神社) which is an auxiliary shrine of Omiwa Shrine is dedicated to Takahashi no Ikuhi no Mikoto(高橋活日命). According to the Chronicle of Japan, he made good sake as an offering to the deity by order of Emperor Sujin and was enshrined as a deity of Toji(杜氏, chief sake brewers) in the shrine.
Sake, the drink of the Gods in Japan from the very beginning of its appearance in Japan, was a part of early religious rites that were the prototype of what is identified as the Shinto religion today. It was used to purify the temple and formed an important to the gods. Sake is believed to have first brewed around 300 B.C. in Japan a few centuries after wet rice cultivation was introduced in that country.
The oldest Shinto shrine is said to be the Omiwa Jinja in Nara Prefecture, which houses Matsuo-sama, the primary god of Saké brewing. Matsuo-sama, the main saké-brewing deity has shrines dedicated to him inside Japanese breweries. A Shinto ritual called O-miki is performed by a priest who sips saké from a white porcelain cup at the altar. It is believed that he is taking a bit of the god-force into himself and becoming at one with the gods.
The sugi cedar from the grounds of this shrine are traditionally used to create all of the sugidama and holds special significance in the Shinto religion. Tanks for Saké brewing were once made of sugi wood as were the masu, small boxes used as cups. It was thought that sugi would prevent the Saké from spoiling.
holds special significance in the Shinto religion. The oldest Shinto shrine is said to be the Omiwa Jinja in Nara Prefecture, which houses Matsuo-sama, the primary god of Saké brewing. The sugi from the grounds of this shrine are traditionally used to create all of the sugidama.
. . . An earlier Uzumasa, Uzumasa-no-Kimi-Sukune, was recorded as the first leader of the Hata to arrive in Japan–during the reign of Emperor Chūai, in the 2nd century CE. According to the epic, he and his followers were greeted warmly, and Uzumasa was granted a high government position.
and more about the acitvities of the Hata clan.
. Shrines related to Sake 酒 and o-miki お神酒 .
A form of Shinto belonging to the tradition of Ryōbu Shintō that developed primarily at Byōdōji and Ōgorinji (Ōmiwadera), temples serving as the "parish temples" (jingūji) of Ōmiwa Shrine in Nara Prefecture. The founder of Byōdōji, Kyōen (also read Keien, 1140-1223) is usually considered the creator of Miwa-ryū Shintō. However, while the Miwa Shōnin gyōjō, his only certain biography, does mention a few events related to the kami, it contains no indications that Kyōen established a clearly defined form of Shintō. Thus, scholars suggest that Miwa-ryū Shintō actually arose later in history.
It is not clear to what extent this form of Shintō had existed during Kyōen's lifetime, but from the fact the Miwaryū jingi kanjō shi ki was copied in 1266, we know that the tradition had been developing since at least the mid-Kamakura period. However, the existence of Miwa-ryū Shintō at Miwa can be clearly attested only from the time of the reconstruction of the Ōgorinji (Ōmiwadera) —the original jingūji of Miwa shrine— by Eison (1203-1290); subsequently, Miwa Shintō developed there thanks to the efforts of Eison and members of his order (Saidaiji-ryū).
The Saidaiji-ryū order also played an important role in the development of Ryōbu Shintō at Ise after Eison's pilgrimage to the Grand Shrines of Ise; it is thus likely that Eison's monastic order was responsible for a massive introduction of Ryōbu Shintō to Miwa. Among the early texts of Miwa-ryū Shintō is the Miwa Daimyōjin engi composed in 1318. It states that the kami of Ōmiwa is identical in essence to Amaterasu, thus attempting a fusion with the doctrines of Shinto practiced at Ise.
Subsequently, the transmission of Miwa-ryū Shintō occurred especially at Byōdōji and Ōgorinji. Since the Kanekuni hyakushu uta shō (composed in 1486) mentions the Shinto of "Miwa Kyōen Shōnin" as one of the "four Shinto traditions" (shintō shiryū), we can assume that its existence was widely known by the mid-Muromachi period. Nevertheless, most Miwa-ryū texts existing today date from the Edo period, and many of them show the influence of Yoshida Shintō; as a result, we know little about the actual aspect of this tradition during the medieval period.
However, with the publication of the Miwa sōsho and, more recently, of Miwa-ryū texts in the Ōmiwa jinja shiryō collection (vols. 5, 6, and 10), many primary sources have become more easily accessible. Further, studies such as Miwa-ryū Shintō no kenkyū, edited by the Ōmiwa Shrine, have also begun to appear, and we can expect new developments in research on this tradition in the near future.
. Yoshida Shinto 吉田神道 .
Ritus zur "Beruhigung der Blumen"
This is an old ritual dating back to the Heian period. The god of epidemic diseases 行疫神（ぎょうやくじん） had to be appeased by scattering cherry blossoms in the wind. Thus pestilence in the Yamato region could be prevented.
Held at the shrines Omiwa and Sai.
The deity of epidemic diseases was believed to live on Mount Miwa.
The cherry blossoms, which begun to scatter during this time, were also seen as the flowers of the rice plants and farmers prayed that they would not fall down. This name "appeasing the blossoms" remained the name for the festival to our day.
After praying at Omiwa Shrine, the priests go to Sai shrine, which is dedicated to Princess Isuzu. The shrine has a famous well and the water is sold during the festival.
This festival is also performed at other shrines in Japan.
At another shrine, Mizutani Jinja 水谷神社 in Nara, a performance of kagura to "appease the blossoms" was held on the 5th day of April.
. . . CLICK here for Photos of Mizutani Shrine!
Special cake with cherry blossoms, served during the festival.
This posthumously discovered hokku is without a date, but it is a New Year's hokku and must have been written after Issa began living back in his hometown. During that time he didn't visit Mt. Miwa, which is in the Nara area, far from his hometown. Perhaps the hokku is based on a memory of a sunrise he saw when he passed through the area many years earlier.
Mount Miwa is a low but very sacred mountain revered by the ancient Yamato people and probably by earlier inhabitants of the area. Like a few other mountains in Japan, including Mt. Fuji (believed to be the body of Konohana Sakuya-hime, the female god of tree blossoms), Mt. Miwa is not the home or the visiting place of a god but is itself the actual god. Thus at the Miwa Shrine complex below Mt. Miwa there is no Shinden or God Hall with an object representing the god, since the mountain itself is the god.
Different shamanic and Shinto traditions have overlapped in the long history of this shrine, but anciently the god appears as a great snake. In mythic texts politically edited by the Yamato court, the name of the god of the mountain is Oo-mono-nushi, and he is assimilated to the earlier snake worship, acting as a god governing rain, thunder and lightning, and the fertility of rice fields. In recent years some scholars have hypothesized that the shrine below Mt. Miwa, which faces east toward the mountain, was part of a sun-worshiping belief system involving other mountains in the Nara area. In any case, viewed from the shrine, the sun rises from behind Mt. Miwa in spectacular fashion, as if the mountain were giving birth to the sun. Mt. Miwa was not a sun god in Issa's time, but the sight of the sun rising from behind the mountain must have been deeply moving, making the mountain seem to be truly the visible body of a god.
There are also two lesser Shinto gods who are worshiped at the shrine, but they are not the Miwa mountain god. Miwa (三輪) means Three Rings. Its etymology is unclear, but it may be related to the three torii or god-arches placed between the Hall of Worship and the slope of the god-mountain beyond the back of the hall. Only Shinto priests are allowed to go through these arches on their way to say prayers to the mountain. The shrine is also called Oo-Miwa-Jinja, with "Miwa" being written in characters that mean "Great God," but the word Miwa refers to the mountain itself and does not literally mean "Great God." This special use of characters indicates that at Mt. Miwa the mountain itself is a great god.
. Saikusa matsuri 三枝祭 Saikusa lily Festival .
. The snake - water sprout at Miwa Shrine .
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Generate lists of BC plant and animal species and link to related documents.
Link to provincial agencies working with endangered species.
Link to other agencies working with endangered species.
Locate relevant reports and publications.
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The new Velar is one of those models that are kind of low key and not talked about enough. For those interested in one or want to learn more about it, here's a quick summary I gathered from TopGear about the vehicle.
The Velar's size is between the Sport and the Evoque. The Velar is a great vehicle for off-roading and all models have AWD. The seats are relatively high and the vehicle is rather tall. It is meant for outdoorsy, scenic drives and offers a panoramic view. The Velar has a minimalist and stylish interior and a center console with two large touchscreens. Overall, it is a stylish and functional car that's sizing is good for denser city driving, as well as scenic drives.
Who here has a Velar and what are your thoughts on it?
Your concise review was the exact reason we bought the Velar in June of this year. It's true the car is an eye catcher, it is sleek and beautiful. The interior is very comfortable and laid out well. We purchased because of what we thought was a great history of reliability by Land Rover and were very excited we were able to make this car our own.
One of the primary things we were told before purchasing the car was that it did have voice activated navigation but soon after driving away we found there were no commands in the "Infotainment System" dealing with navigation. After several days of reading the manual and working with Land Rover Customer Support we found that the only way to activate a destination in the "Infotainment System" was to key in the address using the on-screen features or to activate a cell phone app "Route Planner" and send the destination to the car. After starting route guidance the system does provide voice turn by turn instructions with a previously selected voice, male or female, and accent, either British or American English.
The dealership did work on the voice activation issues and were finally able, with the help of their Land Rover Tech Support Group, to get the Navigation system to allow for two commands, "Go Home" and "Cancel Route Guidance". It took three trips to the dealership to get a paint issue fixed on the rear spoiler. The initial problem was caused at the factory, but the remaining issues were the lack of quality control at the dealership, returning the vehicle only to have us discover the initial problem was fixed but they caused other problems, totally frustrating. We have had an issue with the AC which ended up being a leaky hose and was repaired quickly. The "Infotainment System" locked up, no sound, no screen display, and other issues. The car was returned to the dealership and after two weeks at their facility they finally had to replace the TCU. Shockingly when we received the car back it did have voice activated navigation and it seems to work well.
We still have issues with the radio and MP3 player cutting out for seconds at a time over and over again. We haven't tried to work with the dealership to get that fixed yet.
In total we have owned our Velar for about 130 days and it has spent 38 days at the dealership.
It's running well has great power, we have the P380. It handles great and is a pleasure to drive. Looking forward to winter when we will see how well it handles the snow packed roads and to see if an earlier reported failure of the Velar having side windows icing up, has been fixed.
Didn't mean this to be a downer but wanted to open and honest about our experience with the Velar.
Oh wow, thanks for sharing. There seems to be quite a few discussions on issues with the new Velar since it was released. Hopefully they get the issues you mentioned fixed for you. Do update us on how the vehicle is in the winter and how it handles when you get the chance.
I appreciate this thread. I have been strongly considering leasing a 2019 Range Rover Velar R-Dynamic HSE, and after reading this and numerous other online reviews, I am very concerned. I had been under the impression that JLR reliability issues were fading into the past. Sure, I did not expect them to be perfect, but being a Mercedes-Benz owner and enthusiast, I am blown away at the numerous complaints about electrical issues, missing features, and temperamentality of equipment. The cars I am looking at are over $80k. I want something that is going to work correctly.
I wanted to provide a quick update to my previous posts concerning our Velar. With several trips to the dealership and many updates to the software we do now have full voice activated navigation. When first starting the car, either after over night or after a stop at a store, when the MP3 player is starting, it does have a couple of blips in the sound after running for 2 minutes. That is it and then it plays flawlessly after that. I have not seen this same type of interruption if I'm playing Sirius XM radio. One thing I'm getting used to is that it takes 2 minutes to get Voice Response to accept commands. I look at it like my Laptop, it takes a few minutes to get up and running whenever I reboot and that is essentially what is happening after a start up of the car, a reboot.
The car is strong and runs great. It is beautiful and driving it is really great. I'm also a Mercedes Benz C450 owner, the electronics does not match the stability of the Benz but it is getting there. BTW, I have ordered a 2019 AMG C43. We leased the Velar so we have 2 1/5 years left to either enjoy this car or put up with it, I prefer to think of it as enjoy!!
Would you do it again is the question? Would you say that I should go for it?
I would do it again. I would get assurances from the dealership that the Voice Activated Navigation works by telling it an address to navigate too. I believe that this car is strong and fast and handles great. The styling is beautiful and the interior is very comfortable and quiet!! Just another piece of info from me. I live about 35 miles from the dealership, after the first time going in because of a paint issue on the rear spoiler, I told them I would not be driving it in anymore. I call roadside assist and have it hauled into the dealership and then arrange for a loaner, that has saved a lot of miles. It was in three times because of the paint issue, first one was a factory problem then twice more because of the dealership's lack of quality control. I really do love the car and would do it again!! Good luck with whatever decision you make!!
Recently, I've been really taken by the Audi Q8. However, the money factor on their leases is bananas right now ($400-600/month interest). Land Rover is extremely aggressive with its leases. It is comforting to me to know that you would do it again.
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0.999965 |
On this trip, I visited Tanzania, Zanzibar between 20 Jul 2008 and 3 Aug 2008 and I travelled with 1 other person.
On this trip, I visited Tanzania between 17 Jul 2008 and 29 Jul 2008 and I travelled with 1 other person.
How many holidays of a lifetime can i have?
On this trip, I visited Tanzania, Zanzibar between 17 Jul 2008 and 1 Aug 2008 and I travelled with 4 other people.
On this trip, I visited Tanzania, Zanzibar between 14 Jul 2008 and 29 Jul 2008 and I travelled with 4 other people.
On this trip, I visited Tanzania, Zanzibar between 9 Jul 2008 and 26 Jul 2008 and I travelled with 1 other person.
On this trip, I visited Kenya, Tanzania, Zanzibar between 4 Jul 2008 and 20 Jul 2008 and I travelled with 1 other person.
On this trip, I visited Tanzania between 30 Jun 2008 and 11 Jul 2008 and I travelled with 1 other person.
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0.999998 |
The origin and history of the Ashkenazi Jewish population have long been of great interest, and advances in high-throughput genetic analysis have recently provided a new approach for investigating these topics. We and others have argued on the basis of genome-wide data that the Ashkenazi Jewish population derives its ancestry from a combination of sources tracing to both Europe and the Middle East. It has been claimed, however, through a reanalysis of some of our data, that a large part of the ancestry of the Ashkenazi population originates with the Khazars, a Turkic-speaking group that lived to the north of the Caucasus region ~1,000 years ago. Because the Khazar population has left no obvious modern descendants that could enable a clear test for a contribution to Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry, the Khazar hypothesis has been difficult to examine using genetics. Furthermore, because only limited genetic data have been available from the Caucasus region, and because these data have been concentrated in populations that are genetically close to populations from the Middle East, the attribution of any signal of Ashkenazi-Caucasus genetic similarity to Khazar ancestry rather than shared ancestral Middle Eastern ancestry has been problematic. Here, through integration of genotypes on newly collected samples with data from several of our past studies, we have assembled the largest data set available to date for assessment of Ashkenazi Jewish genetic origins. This data set contains genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 1,774 samples from 106 Jewish and non- Jewish populations that span the possible regions of potential Ashkenazi ancestry: Europe, the Middle East, and the region historically associated with the Khazar Khaganate. The data set includes 261 samples from 15 populations from the Caucasus region and the region directly to its north, samples that have not previously been included alongside Ashkenazi Jewish samples in genomic studies. Employing a variety of standard techniques for the analysis of populationgenetic structure, we find that Ashkenazi Jews share the greatest genetic ancestry with other Jewish populations, and among non-Jewish populations, with groups from Europe and the Middle East. No particular similarity of Ashkenazi Jews with populations from the Caucasus is evident, particularly with the populations that most closely represent the Khazar region. Thus, analysis of Ashkenazi Jews together with a large sample from the region of the Khazar Khaganate corroborates the earlier results that Ashkenazi Jews derive their ancestry primarily from populations of the Middle East and Europe, that they possess considerable shared ancestry with other Jewish populations, and that there is no indication of a significant genetic contribution either from within or from north of the Caucasus region.
I'm really not sure what to make of all of this attention that the Khazar hypothesis is still getting? It's been obvious for a while now that in terms of genetic structure Ashkenazi Jews are basically a group of East Mediterranean origin. But Elhaik's paper did get a fair bit of media coverage, so I suppose after that a rebuttal was to be expected.
In any case, I'm not complaining. This paper includes a very interesting genotype dataset of many previously unpublished samples, which I tested last week with PCA (see here).
Behar, Doron M.; Metspalu, Mait; Baran, Yael; Kopelman, Naama M.; Yunusbayev, Bayazit; Gladstein, Ariella; Tzur, Shay; Sahakyan, Havhannes; Bahmanimehr, Ardeshir; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Tambets, Kristiina; Khusnutdinova, Elza K.; Kusniarevich, Aljona; Balanovsky, Oleg; Balanovsky, Elena; Kovacevic, Lejla; Marjanovic, Damir; Mihailov, Evelin; Kouvatsi, Anastasia; Traintaphyllidis, Costas; King, Roy J.; Semino, Ornella; Torroni, Anotonio; Hammer, Michael F.; Metspalu, Ene; Skorecki, Karl; Rosset, Saharon; Halperin, Eran; Villems, Richard; and Rosenberg, Noah A., No Evidence from Genome-Wide Data of a Khazar Origin for the Ashkenazi Jews (2013). Human Biology Open Access Pre-Prints. Paper 41.
Elhaik E. The missing link of Jewish European Ancestry: contrasting the Rhineland and Khazarian hypotheses. Genome Biol Evol. 2012. doi:10.1093/gbe/evs119, Advance Access publication December 14, 2012.
Hellenthal et al. is a valiant attempt to map out the history of human admixture using modern DNA. Hopefully it's the last.
I don't want to sound too harsh, because it's a fascinating read, and the companion website a lot of fun, but studies like this really need ancient genomes nowadays to look convincing. Let's hope these guys can find the resources to repeat this effort using a wide range of carefully chosen ancient remains.
Indeed, here are a couple of examples of the sort of stuff that makes me skeptical about the accuracy of the methods employed by the authors. First of all, unless I'm reading this map wrong, then what I'm seeing here is a 23% contribution from the Hadza of East Africa to the Lithuanians. Apparently, this supposed admixture event happened during the early middle ages. Is this a typo or what?
Secondly, what's with the difference between the Orcadians and Norwegians? How can the Orcadians be unmixed if a large part of their recent ancestry derives from Norse settlers (which it certainly does)? So, did all of this admixture in Norway take place after the pure Norwegians settled the Orkneys? It's possible, but hardly plausible.
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0.965637 |
Originally presented at Westar Institute’s Spring 2005 Meeting.
Is the term God a noun or a verb? To what does it refer? Nigel Leaves addresses these and other God-questions. He looks down the road ahead, by exploring theological options that have helped others make sense of Christianity. These options include: 1) God is dead: Nietzsche; 2) God is a verb: Wittgenstein, Cupitt, and Geering; 3) the reformation of Christianity: Tillich, Spong, and Hick; and 4) the shift from organized religion to grassroots spirituality.
Nigel Leaves (Ph.D., Murdoch University) is Warden and Dean of Studies of John Wallaston Anglican Theological College, Perth, Western Australia. An Anglican priest who served in Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, and Australia, he is the author of Odyssey on the Sea of Faith (2004), Surfing on the Sea of Faith (2005), The God Problem: Alternatives to Fundamentalism (2006), and Religion Under Attack: Getting Theology Right (2011).
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0.999998 |
What does Genus Neophasganophora mean as a name of something?
Genus Neophasganophora is a genus of Chalcididae, described by Masi in 1942.
Genus Neophasganophora is a genus of Perlidae, described by Lestage in 1922.
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0.977432 |
Why is southern exposure so sought after in the city?
Southern exposure is important in the city, and also in any house that wants to take advantage of solar energy -- if you live in the Northern Hemisphere, the sun comes from the south. This happens because the Earth is a sphere and spins on an axis that is tilted 23 degrees (see "What Causes the Seasons?" for information on the tilt).
You may have heard that having deep eaves on your house will block the summer sun but let the winter sun in. This change in the sun's apparent angle between summer and winter is why that works.
A good way to visualize this is to get a globe and tape a Monopoly house or sugar cube to it to represent your house. Then use a flashlight to represent the sun, and rotate the globe. Try both summer and winter orientations for the axis. You will be able to see the difference between the angle of the sun in summer and winter, and you will also be able to see how the sun's position changes between morning, noon and evening as it rises and sets.
For additional real estate and solar energy information, check out the links below.
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0.993706 |
Scientists who drilled Mercer Lake, a subglacial Antarctic lake enclosed less than 3500 feet (one kilometer) in ice, discovered the ancient carcasses of small animals, including "water bears," in a discovery that scientists described as "totally unexpected".
On December 26, researchers funded by the US National Science Foundation. UU (NSF) managed to melt a hole through the thick ice in the water below. A report in the journal Nature said that the Scientific Access Equipment of the Antarctic Subglacial Lakes (SALSA) "melted through a huge frozen river with a high-pressure hot water drill."
The water below the ice sheet is hydraulically active and is connected to the Ross Sea and it has been identified that Lake Mercer has a high risk of collapsing with the West Antarctic ice sheet due to global warming. This is only the second time that humans have glimpsed the content of the lake and the massive scientific operation was carried out with technologies that include "ice penetration radar and other remote sensing techniques," according to the Nature article.
The Guardian reported that scientists took samples of mud from the bottom of the frozen waters of the lake and found "tendrils of plants or fungi and remains of photosynthetic algae that lived and died in the area millions of years ago when Antarctica was much hotter" . the researchers later discovered crustacean-like shrimp and eight-legged tardigrades, or "water bears," which are described as smaller than poppy seeds.
Scientists know that these ancient creatures inhabited the ponds and streams of the Transantarctic Mountain when the glaciers had receded during the hot periods between 10,000 and 120,000 years ago. But one outstanding problem is that these crustaceans and beasts inhabit ponds about 80 miles (80 miles) from Lake Mercer, and it is not yet clear how they got there.
In 5 th In January, the scientists closed the well and believe that it will take several years to analyze and analyze all the samples collected. They need to analyze DNA samples from the corpses of the crustaceans to determine if they were marine or freshwater species. The SALSA team also aims to determine the age of organic material with carbon dating and will also sequence the creatures' DNA to try to answer how, when and to what extent Antarctic glaciers retreated for millennia.
In 2013, Slawek Tulaczyk, a glaciologist at the University of California at Santa Cruz, was co-leader in a drilling expedition at Lake Whillans, a subglacial lake in Antarctica, 50 kilometers (31 miles) from Lake Mercer. Tulaczyk, who has been studying sediment samples from lakes under glacial ice since the 1990s, told The Guardian that "such a thing has never been found under the ice sheet before." Filled with microbes, they had not observed any "sign of higher life," like the one discovered at Mercer Lake.
The general idea of lakes under the frozen cover of Antarctica was not really considered until the 1990s, when satellite seismic mapping technologies and ice penetration radar began to reveal evidence of subglacial lakes. Now, almost 400 are known to scientists, all fed by the base of the ice sheet that scientists estimate at a few millimeters per year. However, this is not caused by global warming, but by the omission of environmental heat from deep within the planet.
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0.945983 |
What is a film but an elaborate means of pretend? Each person has their role, each set poised to perfection, each story mapped out, all pulled together in an interlacing plait of make believe. A healthy game of house is a natural part of a child’s play, but becomes a more sinister hobby when the child carries that activity forward into adulthood, without the lights and cameras of a soundstage to guide them. Mitzi Peirone makes her full directorial debut by applying the rules of house to the screen with her luxuriously dangerous feminine thriller, Braid.
Braid follows two young women, Petula and Tilda, on the lam after their narcotics sales are busted by authorities. With nowhere to hide but the isolated estate of their childhood friend, Daphne, the two hatch a plan to lay low inside and steal her monetary inheritance hidden within the confines of the mansion. However, their sanctuary comes with a dark, twisted cost: Daphne, left mentally unstable, lonely, and barren, forces her visitors to partake in a vicious game of pretend. In the role of Mother, she conducts Tilda as her Daughter and Petula as the Doctor on house call in an intensely perverse, violent act complete with three rules: 1. Everyone must play, 2. No outsiders allowed, and 3. Nobody leaves. Braid weaves an intricate structure of three strong, key factors: acting, setting, and perspective. It draws a pleasantly poisonous state of mind complete with decadent visuals, an intriguing vibe, and an ultimate end left to interpretation by the most important player of all: the viewer.
Their performances seamlessly weave the scenes of this story in and around one another, elevating each role with visual gusto and allure.
Young actresses in horror can often times be typecast or completely forgotten by the time the credits roll. It takes an enigmatic amount of charm and talent to be recognized outright. Imogen Waterhouse (Nocturnal Animals) and Sarah Hay (Flesh and Bone), exhibiting the most attractive traits of delicate femininity and taut grit, guide viewers on this whimsical journey through the complex psyche of deranged mentality. Waterhouse wears the suspenders as leader through the whacky plan of Braid, fearlessly taking the lead while keeping her sharp cool intact. Hay’s doe eyed demeanor crossed with her villainess siding was both appealing and terrifying. We never knew what to expect from her, be it a spoon tapping baby or bloodthirsty surgeon. Their performances seamlessly weave the scenes of this story in and around one another, elevating each role with visual gusto and allure.
The real spotlight shines brightly on Madeline Brewer (Cam) as she conducts this weird, pretend sideshow with motherly gleam, pulsing vulnerability, and sophisticated bite. Brewer is properly electric, enamoring, and disturbing. While I wished for some clarity in strands of this story, I loved the way she gracefully tiptoed the line of invoking sympathy and disgust from the viewer. It would be troubling to wonder why Petula and Tilda return time and time again for torment and humiliation, but the push and pull that comes from Brewer’s troublesome character, Daphne, speaks for itself. Her guiltily dependent state of mind not only drives the plot of Braid, but wraps tightly around the ensemble in a beautifully adorned noose on the tipping point of hanging the two who willingly placed their heads inside.
Peirone has certainly expressed her visionary input as the queen of make believe. She assuredly conducts her players and sets with heart and delicious instability, traits we’ll be sure to call on for decades to come.
As far as the setting and every bit of detail of attention paid to it, I could tie you to the chair and go on a structured binge explaining what I love about each frame of Braid. Everything about the way it looked appealed to my eye personally. Drawing in the essence of Sophia Coppola and some interesting parallels to Spring Breakers, the best parallels I would say, it had a unique hyper-feminine vibe. It truly channeled an adult game of playing pretend. The vintage, victorian and 50’s style set pieces and clothing give it an age of ambiguous purity. The lovely, overtly lush setting of the mansion really folded well with the rebellious break of adolescence these characters bring together.
Amid the gorgeous set pieces and visual design, this incredible mansion hosts a spooky, isolating tone. In a way, the environment itself has consumed the girls. It provides a safe haven of granduer for this motley group of childhood friends, while simultaneously serving as a tool for Braid’s depth, diversity, and movement for viewers. Contrasting the atmospheres of which the girls reside was a smart choice to kick off the aesthetic of Braid. Petula and Tilda live in an edgy, dangerous, saturated, trashy environment. Daphne lives harmoniously in her innocent, soft, childish, pure, detailed, and refined abode. As the two environments meet and clash, confining the two atmospheres to the mansion for a majority of the film, it begs viewers to wonder: Who’s lifestyle is more unorthodox? Whose is more safe?
Braid tried too hard to take a step outside of itself into the convoluted interpretation of the insane, but this wrong turn twisted the plot into a messy knot that later fell loose, ruining the definition of a perfectly wrapped plait.
Providing a lasting veil of mystery from the beginning of a film to the end is a major feat, especially when that mystery intensifies come the last act. Braid indulges viewers by toying with space, angles, color, pacing, and even time. While it takes place in the restricted solitude of Daphne’s mansion, Peirone broadens each scene’s scope with a playful bag of tricks that allows the viewer to step inside a layered environment inhabited by diverse, yet uniform individuals. Tilted, upside down angles flex Peirone’s maturity, while her bend of neon and pastel coloring stands appropriately coy and fun. Each frame is saturated in style and care. Braid intoxicates viewers with a multitude of flashbacks, hallucinations, and drug induced trips. As an artist, Peirone lovingly flourishes.
The lovely, overtly lush setting of the mansion really folded well with the rebellious break of adolescence these characters bring together.
Unfortunately, the ribbon wrapping the strands of Braid together is made of silk. While these factors remain consistent throughout the film and wrap tightly around each other nicely to form something visually appealing, the ends need to be tied. Mechanics in the plot and script don’t work with intent, but this could give Braid a loosely pretentious misconception. The factors here are strong enough to hold the structure together well, but many pieces seem to be missing or a little too nonsensical towards the end. Exposition is sometimes forced, with even some situations a little too convenient even as the story becomes unhinged. Braid tried too hard to take a step outside of itself into the convoluted interpretation of the insane, but this wrong turn twisted the plot into a messy knot that later fell loose, ruining the definition of a perfectly wrapped plait. Peirone sets up a beautiful dollhouse, but her playtime runs a bit too long to the point of outlandish application and an ill-defined break with reality.
I would have liked more definition around the final act, but respect the way Braid deliciously unravels as the exquisite fun house turns into a dark mad house. That finishing ribbon looks delightful, but does not hold up well enough for practical film functionality. Following a second watch, I was able to grasp more of the coherent, real parts of it and appreciated the insanity present as each scene topples the one that came before it. One long musical scene in particular grabbed me, the feeling and tone resonating well with me unlike it did before. I enjoyed the bizarre, ultra feminine vibe of Braid. It stands alone as a captivating, adult version of playing pretend, the likes we’ve never seen before. It sets up the rules and then does everything it can to break them. Peirone has certainly expressed her visionary input as the queen of make believe. She assuredly conducts her players and sets with heart and delicious instability, traits we’ll be sure to call on for decades to come.
Braid is a taut, coy dive into the mind and atmosphere of a mentally insane young woman. Combined with the emotional dependencies she has on her friends, and the ones they reluctantly have on her, this story weaves a pretty, surreal, and morbid plait of strong necessary film structures. It may form a bizarre knot in the third act, but one justified with the expressively unique art and perspective of debut director, Mitzi Peirone.
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0.999998 |
The inflation rate in Finland between 1998 and today has been 36.35%, which translates into a total increase of €36.35. This means that 100 euro in 1998 are equivalent to 136.35 euro in 2019. In other words, the purchasing power of €100 in 1998 equals €136.35 today. The average annual inflation rate has been 1.42%.
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0.999379 |
Dr David Sin Wai Kin is a pioneering business leader whose commercial interests and influence range from the jewellery sector to property development, rental property, hotel operations, and even banking and finance.
Dr Sin is the Chairman of Myer Jewelry Manufacturer Limited, Honorary Chairman of Hip Hing Construction Company Limited, and Vice Chairman and Independent Non-Executive Director of Miramar Hotel and Investment Company Limited. He has also served as the Executive Director of New World Development Company Limited and an Independent Non-Executive Director of Hang Seng Bank Limited.
While his own education was halted at a very young age due to the Second World War, Dr Sin has been a strong advocate for higher education in Hong Kong and Mainland China.
At the University of Hong Kong, the Sin Wai Kin Fund was established to support the Hong Kong Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences, as was the Sin Wai Kin Distinguished Visiting Professorship in the Humanities.
At other local universities, Dr Sin established the Sin Wai Kin Professorship of Chinese Culture at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Sin Wai Kin Professorship in Chinese Culture at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, and the Sin Wai Kin Distinguished Professorship of Chinese Culture and Translation at the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong .
Dr Sin has been awarded Honorary University Fellowships by the University of Hong Kong, the Open University of Hong Kong, and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. He has served as a Council Member of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, which conferred on him an honorary doctorate in 1994.
Dr Sin is a designated Honorary Citizen of Foshan in Guangdong, an Honorary Advisor to Zhongshan University and Chairman of the Foundation of the Zhongshan University Advanced Research Centre.
In recognition of his contributions to Hong Kong and academia, the University has resolved to confer upon him the degree of Doctor of Social Sciences honoris causa.
What do the Peak Tower, the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, and the recently-completed Xiqu Centre at the West Kowloon Cultural District have in common? These major construction projects were all undertaken by Hip Hing Construction Company, a firm that was founded by Dr David Sin Wai-kin in 1961. Aged only thirty-two at the time, Dr Sin developed a close business relationship with his founding partners that would eventually lead in 1970 to the formation of New World Development Company, of which he then acted as executive director until 2012. Hip Hing and New World have together been responsible for literally changing the face of urban Hong Kong, completing hundreds of construction and development projects spanning commercial, community, industrial, healthcare, hotel, retail, education, and residential buildings over the last five decades. Even our HKU staff quarters at Rodrigues Court were constructed by Hip Hing. But it is not for his role in the development of modern Hong Kong that we are honouring Dr Sin today. Rather, we wish to pay tribute to his philanthropic leadership and generosity in supporting higher education in Hong Kong and China, for he has used the profits of his business acumen for the betterment of the lives of others through the liberality of his donations in the educational field.
Sin Wai-kin was born in Foshan, Guangdong province, in 1929. His was an 'ordinary' family of four brothers and two sisters, and he has happy memories of the simple pleasure of playing marbles with his classmates in Foshan until his early education was cut short by the Japanese Occupation in 1937. He and his siblings were taken by their mother on a small boat to Jiangmen, then by motor boat to Hong Kong via Macau, where he completed his primary schooling before Hong Kong was also occupied in late 1941. The whole family then moved to Macau where Dr Sin helped in his father's pawn shop for several years, but in 1945 he decided to change his career path and work in a jewellery company because, as he explains in his own words, 'In a pawn shop, you always see clients with sad faces, but in a jewellery shop, you only ever see happy faces'. This was a turning point in his life, for he quickly learned the very particular skills of sorting, classifying and grading diamonds, as well as more general knowledge in accounting and merchandising. He began investing in the property market in a small way in the early 1950s, but before long his careful investments grew to such an extent that he was able to establish Hip Hing Construction Company with two friends. He also continued to work in the diamond trade, and in 1977 founded his own jewellery manufacturing business, Myer Jewelry Manufacturer Limited, that quickly grew to become one of the world's largest jewellery manufacturers, with major markets in America, Europe and Japan. His business philosophy emphasised integrity and quality, and an insistence that each piece of jewellery should display excellence in design and workmanship. So from the largest development project to the smallest piece of jewellery, Dr Sin insists on only the highest standards of workmanship. As well as being a leader in the construction and jewellery industries, Dr Sin has also been vice-chairman of the Miramar Hotel and Investment Company, and a director of Hang Seng Bank.
Dr Sin's enormous success as a businessman has been the result of hard work and determination, rather than a university education. Even though he missed the chance of receiving higher education in the post-war years, he nevertheless recognises the need to support young people with a passion to learn, but who have limited opportunities to pursue their dreams. After being appointed to the Council of the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1987, Dr Sin began making philanthropic contributions to higher education in Hong Kong and Guangdong through the Sin Wai Kin Foundation. It has been said of Dr Sin that 'he spares no effort in charity', and his donations over the last thirty years to institutions of higher learning have been continuous and extremely generous. At Zhongshan University in Guangzhou, he was instrumental in establishing the Centre for Advanced Academic Research in 1988, and has more recently donated funds in support of disadvantaged students. At the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Dr Sin established the Sin Wai Kin Professorship of Chinese Culture (2012) and the Sin Wai Kin Golden Jubilee Scholarships in the Arts, History and Philosophy (2013); at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, he endowed the Sin Wai Kin Professorship-at-Large in Chinese Culture within the Institute for Advanced Study; and at the Hang Seng University of Hong Kong, he has recently established the Sin Wai Kin Distinguished Professorship of Chinese Culture and Translation. In our own university, Dr Sin has established the Sin Wai Kin Distinguished Visiting Professorship in the Humanities (2011), an endowment which has allowed visits by some of the world's most distinguished scholars in the humanities, including the late Roderick MacFarquhar, Jay Winter, Zhang Guangda and Wang Gungwu. Dr Sin has also endowed the Sin Wai Kin Junior Fellows Programme in the Hong Kong Institute for Humanities and Social Sciences, in support of early career scholars wishing to conduct research at HKU. In recognition of his philanthropic work in the field of higher education, Dr Sin was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Chinese University of Hong Kong in 1994, and honorary fellowships at the Open University of Hong Kong (2008), the University of Hong Kong (2011) and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (2014). He is an Honorary Advisor to Zhongshan University, and has been recognised as an Honorary Citizen of his home town, Foshan.
Madam Chancellor, those of us who work in the humanities and social sciences often feel that we are the poor cousins of our colleagues in the STEM disciplines, for they seem to attract philanthropic funding with such effortless ease, so we are very grateful to have a champion such as Dr Sin who firmly believes in the importance of supporting our scholarly work. In explaining his preference for the humanities, Dr Sin has said, 'I believe the humanities can enrich and illuminate our lives. Literature, music, history, philosophy, law, politics, social sciences, architecture and the arts are all important.' For more than thirty years Dr Sin has been providing a shining example of philanthropy which he hopes will inspire other benefactors to pay more attention to those neglected areas of scholarship that need the support of the wider community. He believes that 'HKU embodies many of the values of the people and society of Hong Kong' and he has supported those values in a very concrete way. We are proud to number Dr Sin among our benefactors and as a member of the university family.
Madam Chancellor, in recognition of his philanthropic leadership and generosity in supporting higher education in Hong Kong and the Mainland, it is my honour and privilege to present to you Dr David Sin Wai-kin for the degree of Doctor of Social Sciences honoris causa.
Citation written and delivered by Dr Peter Cunich, the Public Orator of the University.
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0.983952 |
Most men restrict themselves to meeting women in bars and clubs on a weekend. But wouldn't it be nice if you could meet women all the time, every time you are out of your house. Adding the ability to do this will increase the number of women you can seduce massively, and the best part is, it's easier! Day time seductions have lots of benefits and differences compared to night game: - The girls are usually on their own (they probably won't be in the night!). - The girls are not used to getting hit on in this situation so don't have a negative attitude towards it.
- You will be getting the real person - most people have a persona that they adopt in a club. - Because you are both sober and being yourselves, any number you get in the day-time is a lot more solid. - Meeting a guy in the day is a lot more romantic than 'the dude in the club'. - You meet girls that don't ever go to clubs- a different type of girl. You also meet clubby girls too! The process for a night-time pickup is very different, here's what you need to do in the day-time: 1.
Start the conversation without putting too much pressure on her The above is a must, if you can be funny too, then great. By pressure I mean asking her a personal question, displaying too much interest, or otherwise putting her under pressure. It needs to be very natural and relaxed. Canned lines and cheesy chat up lines are going to bomb.
The best thing to do is say something situational, or to pace the conversation in her head. If she is looking at soup, talk about soup first, if she is waiting around in the cold, talk about waiting around in the cold. Examples of good opening lines would be: Bookshop: "Do you know where the X section is? Oh you are so hired/fired as my librarian" Supermarket: "I'm useless with wine and have someone coming for dinner who knows their stuff, can you recommend me a wine to go with." 2. Keep on talking until she opens up So you have said something, the tendency now is to ask a bunch of questions.
Don't do that until she is comfortable talking to you. Do most of the talking, follow up your opening line with something that naturally follows. Notice things about her and comment on them. Make assumptions about what she is doing. After a while you will reach a point where her body language opens up and she starts to offer more to the interaction because she has gotten used to the (admittedly strange) situation. 3.
Find Connections Find things you share in common- interests, likes, and hobbies. You can get away with more personal questions once she has committed to the interaction. Now you are looking for a good opportunity- something you could do together.
4. Get the number If you find a common interest, suggest you do that together. If not, use the universal "we should hang out sometime", if she agrees, hand her your phone! Get good at seducing women in the day-time and you'll be able to have a date every day of the week without going to crowded bars and clubs!.
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0.953455 |
How to manually test SNMP alerts on HDP sandbox or in a test environment?
2) Modify the script /etc/snmp/snmptrapd.conf to include "disableAuthorization yes"
11) Test the alert by manually stopping a component, in this example yarn node manager and ambari-agent was stopped which showed up on both /var/log/ambari-server/ambari-alerts.log and also in /tmp/traps.log file. I have attached the screenshot of the snmp alert on the left side and ambari alert on the right side of the screen shot. Please note sometimes the alert might take a while to show up.
snmptrap -v 2c-c public localhost '' APACHE-AMBARI-MIB::apacheAmbariAlert alertDefinitionName s "definitionName" alertDefinitionHash s "definitionHash" alertName s "name" alertText s "text" alertState i 0 alertHost s "host" alertService s "service" alertComponent s "component"
Like this what will be the command for snmp_mib_script.sh - to include the alertHost ?
/usr/bin/snmptrap -v 2c -c $COMMUNITY $HOST '' APACHE-AMBARI-MIB::apacheAmbariAlert alertDefinitionName s "$1" alertName s "$2" alertText s "$5" alertState i $STATE alertService s "$3"
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0.888861 |
In the earlier years the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) had the authority to regulate airspace and the rates of all airlines that operated in the US. However, the initial system was faced with a lot of criticism due to its restrictions on entry and price competition. In a rare and the competitions that existed in the prices. In 1960s, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) pointed out that the local facilities that existed in Dallas, including Love Field were not able to handle the increasing traffic that had been occurring in the North Texas region. Hence there was the recommendation that there was the need to construct a bigger international Airport to handle the increase air transport. In the 1960s FAA made a declaration that Greater Southwest International Airport in Fort Worth and Love Field in Dallas were not fit for the expanding air traffic and the expected rise in the future air traffic demands, leading to an overhaul of federal funding. Later the Civil Aeronautics Board made statements that said airports should be merged with the major intention of making the Airports (Love Field and Greater Southwest International Airport) to be operative as a single joint regional site (Richard, 2011).
During 1979 Wright Amendment predetermined that "public convenience and necessity" really a unique limitation on the Southwest flights particularly out of Love Field. This was to be achieved through refusing planes having a larger capacity of over 56 passengers to have flight outside Texas and other states such as Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, and Oklahoma and particularly small market. Smaller planes were not viable especially on the longer routes; hence the Wright amendment was particularly designed to lock out Southwest airlines out of the state markets. Thus, the short-term justification of this idea was to assist DFW to make some recovery on its extensive costs.
The Wright amendment had implications to Southwest by denying it proper and effective use of its base at the home ground (Richard, 2011).The Wright amendment was also involved safety and environment Reform Act basing its claims on the fact that was justified by the legitimate environmental concern on noise, pollution and airspace safety. Initially it was taken that there was no airport that could be taken as fit to invoke the interests that could be in place to justify the prima facie violations of antitrust laws. On addition, it was deduced that it as possible to identify some ways to solve that air traffic problems without having some effects on the competitive forces.
The airports in question were in a strong need to address pollution, as well as improve on safety requirements for all flights. In 1964, there was an establishment of an interim joint board by Dallas and Fort Worth to declare a new airport site. This was followed by settling on a site that was identified to be between the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth. The following episodes in 1968 were breaking ground for the identified site in order to make the new airport to be viable. The cities made an agreement to make restrictions on their own airports from an earlier commercial use and all the airlines that were responsible to serve the old airports. Thus, the time was signed and an agreement was made to relocate.
According to Banstetter, (2006) Southwest Airlines refused to stop its operations in Love Field but other airlines accepted and moved their operations out of the airport. This was because; Southwest Airlines was to the idea that the move would their business hence, the Southwest Airlines made a decision to continue with services through operations from Love Field to Houston and San Antonio respectively. In the following years (1971), the move by Southwest Airlines was never accepted by Dallas and Fort Worth. This was due to the insistence by Southwest Airlines to continue being stationed and further their operations in Love Field. Hence there was a case filed against Southwest because of their insistence. However, Southwest was supported by US Supreme Court that made a ruling in favor of Southwest basing their argument that the operations of Southwest would continue as long as Love Field was still in operation as an airport. Hence Southwest would continue with their business operations. Later, after Dallas and Fort Worth were officially opened for business in 1974, Love Field was faced with drastic increase in the rates of flights hence; it decommissioned most of its concourses. In 1978, there were some Airline Deregulation Act that did away with the control that the government had over the control of fares and other air routes, this trend greatly encouraged the airlines to have a free competition and allow some new domestic carriers to operate freely and have a direct entry into the market. Coincidentally, Southwest Airlines was so much interested in the larger market and made plans to provide interstate services, particularly from Love Field. The incidence made Forth worth Congressman Jim Wright to make some contributions through the Wright Amendment. This step made severe limits to the Southwest flights that were non-stop within the states such as Texas Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma and New Mexico (Banstetter, 2006).
In 1990’s The Dallas and Forth Worth airports experienced annual increases in Air traffic that led to congestion. In 1996, it was suggested that making changes and repealing the Wright Amendment and reopening of Fort Worth Alliance was to ensure that passengers were treated well and that the passenger services would provide an effective Dallas and Fort Worth with additional two reliever Airports. However, the two parties, Dallas and Fort Worth declined the idea.
In 2004, the Chief Executive Officer of Southwest called the Wright Amendment as outdated and made attempts tom repeal it and this was followed in 2005 when Southwest made threats to leave Dallas. Later Southwest made announcements that it will be having indirect services that connect the Love Field and other destinations that were to be outside the Wright zone. It is expected that in 2014, the Wright amendment is expected to be out of service (Banstetter, 2006).
However, Southwestern decided Wright amendment was detrimental to its business and appealed to the public through a huge advertising effort. By using all forms of media, TV, print, internet, billboards encouraging the public to support the repeal of the Wright amendment. They were soon opposed by a group supporting the amendment led by American Airlines. The proponents of the repeal feel that Wright amendment is against competition as it restricts free competition. They want the right to use any flight they prefer from Love Field without any restrictions. These restrictions have forced an artificially inflationary ticket prices. They want to encourage other inexpensive airlines like Southwest airlines to join the route in what has been christened the ‘Southwest effect’, thereby forcing ticket prices downwards as competition would dictate to the airlines. This is projected on other routes that do not have restrictions and hence a presence of budget airlines, southwest being prominent among them, has led down to low fares. The domino effect on other flights from DEW. American Airlines being the largest carrier from DFW operate steep prices as it has a monopoly of business from the airport. This monopoly is blamed for the withdrawal of Delta airlines from that particular route.
The supporters of the Wright amendment maintain that though the ticket prices of American Airlines are comparatively higher, it is small price to pay to protect the economy of the area from losing business through a shift of air traffic to other airports. They are also worried that prices may fall drastically. Investments made at the airport, such as the conveyance system transporting passengers from terminals will not be recouped if stiff competition is allowed. There is real fear that American airlines may withdraw or scale down its operations there. With a large proportion of the local populace employed by American Airlines, the population is jittery about job losses if anything happens to the airline operations.
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0.999563 |
Does linguistic explanation presuppose linguistic description?
I argue that the following two assumptions are incorrect: (i) The properties of the innate Universal Grammar can be discovered by comparing language systems, and (ii) functional explanation of language structure presupposes a “correct”, i.e. cognitively realistic, description. Thus, there are two ways in which linguistic explanation does not presuppose linguistic description.
The generative program of building cross-linguistic generalizations into the hypothesized Universal Grammar cannot succeed because the actually observed generalizations are typically one-way implications or implicational scales, and because they typically have exceptions. The cross-linguistic generalizations are much more plausibly due to functional factors.
I distinguish sharply between “phenomenological description” (which makes no claims about mental reality) and “cognitively realistic descrip- tion”, and I show that for functional explanation, phenomenological description is sufficient.
Studies in Language: 28 pp. 554-579.
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In 2015 demand of primary energy in Italy amounted to 169.8 Mtoe.
The figure can be framed into the downward trend of primary energy consumption started several years ago which, in the period 2005 – 2015, contracted at an average rate of 1.5% per annum. Peak primary energy consumption (197.8 Mtoe) occurred in 2005.
The 2008 economic crisis has further contributed to contraction in the demand of primary energy, with an annual contraction of about 2% in the perod 2008-2014. During the three-year period 2013 – 2015, the consumption of primary energy in Italy has contracted at an average rate of -0.9% per annum, from 173.0 Mtoe in 2013 to 169.8 Mtoe in 2015 due to the combined effect of economic stagnation and the implementation of incentive measures for energy saving under the National Efficiency Plan. The contraction in demand led to a reduction in energy consumption from fossil fuels, with an annual average contraction of 1.1%. In particular, natural gas consumption decreased at an annual average rate of 1.8%, from 57.4 Mtoe in 2013 to about 55.3 Mtoe in 2015 (about 33% of primary energy consumption). This decline was mainly due to the reduction of gas consumption in the industrial sector with an average annual reduction of 2.8% and in the civil sector (-3.7% in average). Slightly rising the gas demand of thermoelectric sector, with an increase of about 1%, driven by a lower hydroelectric production, as well as by the reduction in consumption of other fossil fuels, particularly coal and derivatives.
Oil products have seen an increase of demand from 58.3 Mtoe in 2013 to 58.7 Mtoe in 2015 (35% of primary energy consumption) with an average annual increase of 0.3%, while solid fuels recorded an average reduction of 4.0% mainly in the thermoelectric sector, from 14.2 Mtoe in 2013 to 13.1 Mtoe in 2015 (8% of primary energy consumption). As already said before, there is an increase of electricity import between 2013 and 2015, from 9.3 to 10.2 Mtoe (6% of primary energy consumption).
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How about a night at the theater? Here is some useful information to spend an evening enjoying a play or musical at one of the theaters in Rome. You can also find out about the history of roman theater, schedules, and their location on the map.
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And there she goes like every mortal. She has gone home, but her off-springs and well wishers are celebrating her departure, for a life well spent.
Her name is Hannah Didelou Awolowo, a Nigerian of immense stature and goodwill, who will be interred in her hometown of Ikenne, West of River Niger, on November 25, the same date she was born, some ninety something years ago.
Was Hannah Dideolu born great? Did she struggled and achieved greatness or was the greatness she had before succumbing to death entrusted on her from birth or rubbed on her by marriage?
First, Hannah is a great name in the Christian scripture, whose misfortune about her inability to conceive and have a child at the appropriate time is legendary, before she gave birth to Samuel. And Samuel was great.
But in the case of the Nigerian Hannah, she seemed to have been married to an equivalent of Samuel - Chief Obafemi Awolowo - first governor of Nigeria's Western Region, who had political power for good and evil, but who nonetheless chose to benefit the ordinary people with the power that God entrusted in him.
Hannah's husband was the man Nigeria's popular rebel with a cause, Odumegwu Ojukwu, called the best president that Nigeria never had. Awolowo had the foresight of what education could do in human lives. He he seized the opportunity of being there at that particular time and gave free education to young people, who considering the financial misfortune of their parents, would have have had no access to education in life.
After he surveyed the situation in his country, he thought and believed that he could as well repeat what he had done in his region in the entire country, he then bid for the political power to enable him. But he was barred by the ten percenters. He was also not allowed to regain the power he had given to one of his lieutenants in his home region. His further efforts in seeking political power at the center was frustrated by the rich who gathered like legions against him..
He was tried for treasonable felony and deprived access to power to improve the lives of commoners. He died struggling to become a president. In all his struggles, Hannah Dideolu stood by him. She did not faint or lose strength or asked the husband to give up. When her husband was under house arrest in far away Calabar, she held the home together in Ikenne and worked toward the success of his enterprise to make Nigeria a better place. In the words of Paul Simon in one of his songs, Awolowo and Hannah's life as a couple is proof that it takes two bodies to join them into one hearts and bones, and that they must have loved each other like a rock.
He was her only husband and she was his only wife. The praise that is due to Hannah Dideolu is the influence she may have had on Awolowo as a young man and elder statesman, because we all know that the woman in a man's life do have influence on whatever the man does. It is not for her wealth or association with evil personalities to oppress others for personal aggrandizement.
Hannah Dideolu did not hold any political office. She may have been a trader or a business woman, but from the outlook of her family structure, the upbringing of her children, their well being and education must have been most uppermost, and not imposing her own will on the husband. And if she did, her will must have been positive. She allowed him unfettered and developed; allowed him asked difficult questions from people in power, who sought to subjugate the country as their personal fiefdom.
And there she goes into near immortality unlike every other humans but like her husband before her and others who have benefited humanity, showing that the good that people do... do lives after them, and the evil interned in their bones. Sleep well Hannah Dideolu. You and your husband positively affected many lives. The free elementary education I had from your husband's free education program gave me the knowledge and opportunity to later wrote the General Certificate of Education GCE in ordinary and advanced level as a private candidate.
That little bit of education later became a launching pad for me, and had saved me from being called 'laggard' by the teetotalers of the Nigeria's privileged class and their masters. Believe me, I am not an empty vessel or a loud barrel that makes noise like many Nigerian politicians, who have been praising and pouring encomium on Hannah Dideolu. Many of these privileged politicians either belong to the group of useless people who stood between Awolowo and his dreams or themselves some of who used their wealth to barricade him from power.
Awolowo did not seek president at all cost by dinning with thieves and corrupt people. He stood on his own and called the corruptly rich their name as subjugators of the Nigerian nation. He said that if he had the opportunity to be president, he would transform and the opposite was what his opponents stood for, and up to this day. They have power and either don't know what to do with it or they have been evil from their mother's womb.
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0.99825 |
I've been grappling lately with the tradeoff between time to market and political expediency. In a nutshell, time to market can be described as a continuum between rapid prototyping and agile development methods on the one hand, and traditional business development waterfall methods on the other. The traditional methods focus on identifying and understanding as many variables as you can before you launch to market - a think before you act approach. In contrast, the rapid prototping agile methods favour an act before (or rather while) you think approach - basically launching with an educated guess and and refining your proposition depending on the response it receives.
The best method for any given situation will most likely fall somewhere between these two extremes.
And finding exactly where the right method for your project falls will involve some assessment of the political risks, as determined by the sponsoring organisation's culture. A more traditional bureaucratic culture will favour a more traditional business development waterfall methodology and will shun the risk associated with a agile method. Similarly, a more entrepreneurial culture will favour a faster time to market and will be more comfortable with the level of uncertainty and risk involved.
This trade off between time to market (return) and political risk (risk) reminds me of the tradeoff between risk and return in investment theory. And so I wonder if there is some sort of efficient frontier that you can calculate for projects and project portfolios. If the analogy holds, then the trade off is not equal across the range (that is, there is a curve in the line on the graph to the right), and there is some theoretical attitude to risk which can be used to determine the sponsoring organisation's optimum risk / method tradeoff. An understanding of that, even at a conceptual level, should help a project manager pitch his/her project correctly for the organisational culture in which he/she must operate.
Get it wrong, and you run a different risk - the risk of squandering the window of opportunity for your proposition. That is, if you do not pursue the most aggressive method that the sponsoring organisation's attitude to risk will tolerate, you risk coming to market later than is absolutely necessary, and possibly missing the window of opportunity altogether.
For that reason, some organisations - those with bureaucratic cultures and low tolerance for risk - will never be able to deliver quickly enough to take advantage of opportunities in rapidly developing markets with opportunity windows that close quickly. And so sponsoring organisations need to target markets which are amenable to their appetite for risk.
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0.999917 |
The seemingly contradictory list of depression symptoms (e.g. sleeping too much or too little), suggests that different people experience depression in different ways. What does not differ across individuals is the fact that this disorder can seriously impact people's health, relationships, and social functioning. Days, months, and even years can be wasted when people remain stuck in a depressive disorder.
When you are depressed, you typically do not feel like doing things for yourself. You may not feel like getting out of bed, brushing your teeth, taking a shower, or eating nutritious meals. These neglectful behaviors can lead to the development of secondary health problems such as cavities, acne, and weight loss or weight gain. If the behaviors continue for long enough, they can have serious, and even life-threatening consequences. For example, not brushing your teeth can lead to serious tooth infections, which may eventually affect your brain if left untreated. Weight gain and obesity can lead to a host of health complications such as diabetes, heart disease, and so on.
Your relationships at home and work or school can also be affected during a depressive episode. Often, people who are depressed don't have the energy to interact with others in social settings and end up withdrawing from regular social interactions. As a result, they become quite socially isolated. Social isolation is not a good thing when it comes to depression. Isolation can lead to increased negative feelings and thoughts about oneself and others, which can then contribute to more frequent or intense depressive episodes. In addition, people who are depressed are typically not fun to be around. Your negative mood and behavior can cause friends and loved ones to start avoiding you, which only serves to increase social isolation.
Depression often influences a person's ability to meet their social and occupational responsibilities. If waking up and getting out of bed is a challenge for you, then going to work may seem a nearly impossible task to accomplish. It will not come as a surprise then, that depression is the second leading cause of missed work in the United States, accounting for approximately 16 days of lost productivity annually per worker, on average. Numerous studies have tried to estimate the total economic burden of depression on society. One such study found that depression costs employers about $33 billion a year in absenteeism and inefficiencies. Depression can also affect people's ability to maintain their daily routines and activities such as answering mail and paying bills. When bills go unpaid and messages go unanswered for long periods of time, bad things can happen, such as termination of heat, electricity and other utilities, and sometimes even repossession of a home.
Seemingly inconsequential behaviors such as not paying attention to hygiene, avoiding social gatherings, and taking a few days off work for mental health purposes are not necessarily serious warning signs of a mood disorder when they occur infrequently and in isolation. However, when such behaviors become frequent, their combined impact can quickly become cumulative and destructive.
Suicide is the most tragic consequence of Major Depression. Completed suicides, and suicide attempts are shockingly common among depressed people. It is estimated that approximately 15% of people with severe Major Depression die by suicide. This statistic does not capture the enormity of the problem. For every completed suicide, there are many people who unsuccessfully attempt suicide. Even more depressed people contemplate suicide or entertain thoughts that the world would be better off without them. Because the problem of suicide is so large, and because the devastation that suicide causes families and friends of suicide victims is so overwhelming, no discussion of depression would be complete without an extended discussion of suicide and how to help prevent it from occurring. We discuss suicide in more detail at the end of this document.
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0.986172 |
How to move by train in Estonia?
Trains are not so used in Estonia, because it isn't the fastest way and the railway doesn't cover whole country. Train stations are usually not in the middle of city.
In Tallinn, you have to take a trolleybus or tram to get to the station. International train services are to/from Russia, Moscow. There is no underground in Tallinn.
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0.999255 |
The Second World War had very different effects on Cambridge from the First since a real university life was maintained throughout its course. There had been a preliminary alarm in 1938 when the beginning of lectures in the Michaelmas term was postponed as a result of the Munich crisis. In the year which intervened before war broke out, members of the University had been encouraged to place their qualifications and experience on record, offers of service had been classified, and plans made for an emergency. Consequently in September 1939 the University was better prepared than in 1938. Sir Will Spens, Master of Corpus, held the important post of Regional Commissioner for the Eastern Region throughout the war. (fn. 1) Many senior members went off to the forces or to the civil service. Undergraduates were assigned to different duties by the Joint Recruiting Board, although, since the government decided not to call up men under 20 years of age, some three-quarters of the normal numbers were in residence in 1939–40. The space left vacant was more than filled up by government departments, by R.A.F. training units, and by some 2,000 students from colleges and institutions of the University of London, which remained in Cambridge until the end of the war.
Before the war was over, the problems of the future were already attracting attention just as they had done in 1917–18. The official bodies of the University devoted much attention to the many reports of committees on educational subjects which accompanied the 1944 Education Act, for the last years of war and the first years of peace were a period of unexampled interest in education. One domestic problem, which had already become acute and which was to grow steadily worse, was that of the growth of the graduate staff of the University beyond the capacity of the Colleges to house it. At the same time there was growing pressure to accommodate research students. The question was being posed—at the graduate level in particular—of how far and in what sense Cambridge could remain a collegiate University. In 1944 and 1945 the ViceChancellor, Hele of Emmanuel, suggested that a graduate club might meet an immediate need, but thought that the real aim to work for was a graduate college.
With the ending in 1951–2 of the post-war quinquennium it was clear that the rapid expansion of the last years had more than committed available resources, and had, in fact, produced considerable deficits. Consequently the filling of some posts was held over until the amount of the grant for the new quinquennium was known. The grant for 1952–3 amounted to £1,325,000, which enabled all established posts to be filled, but left little room for new developments. (fn. 18) Large sums had to be set aside for the new chemical laboratory, and the need to increase the wages of non-graduate staff imposed a heavy burden on the finances. Consequently, in his review for 1956, the ViceChancellor, Downs of Christ's, pointed out that future estimates showed practically no surplus of income over expenditure from the Chest, which by 1957–8 would amount to over £2,000,000 a year. (fn. 19) Nevertheless the 1952–7 quinquennium saw the completion of some important buildings and the inauguration of other enterprises. In 1952 the new engineering laboratory was opened by the Duke of Edinburgh, and in 1955 the queen opened the new school of veterinary medicine. In 1956 the first section of the new chemistry laboratory on the Lensfield site, which had been contemplated ever since the end of the war, came into use. (fn. 20) A fund subscribed in memory of Field-Marshal Smuts, Chancellor of the University 1948–50, enabled a Smuts chair of the history of the British Commonwealth to be founded (1952), the balance of the fund's income being devoted to the encouragement of Commonwealth studies in other ways. A very large private benefaction was that of Mr. Harold Samuel for £250,000 for the department of estate management, accepted by the University in January 1956. An important change in the position of the teaching and administrative staffs was made in 1954 when, in common with most British universities, the Regent House voted to raise the retiring age from 65 to 67, though the votes were very evenly divided. Corresponding changes were also introduced by the Colleges. In the same year as the retiring age was raised, New Hall, as it is temporarily called, was opened as a third foundation for women, the University having already accepted the principle that there should be increased provision for women students, though without financial assistance from university funds.
Something must now be said about the social life of post-war Cambridge and about its place in the general life of the community. One ancient tradition came to an end with the dissolution of Parliament in 1950 when, as a result of the Representation of the People Act 1948, the university burgesses disappeared from the House of Commons. The interest of Cambridge in its own past was shown by the completion in 1954 of Dr. J. A. Venn's Alumni Cantabrigienses, giving the careers of all Cambridge men down to 1900, and the adoption in 1953–4 of permanent arrangements for the care of the University archives. (fn. 21) Undergraduate life settled down very quickly into its old paths; college and university games, clubs, and societies all revived in their old complexity. Among so many activities, two which are widely divergent may particularly be mentioned; the first is the greatly increased interest in religion and the marked growth of church-going, the second is the very high standard of recent Cambridge drama. The post-1945 generation was much more serious and hard-working than its post-1918 predecessor. Perhaps the increased difficulty of gaining admission has made men more studious, while the growing dependence of undergraduates on grants and scholarships has tended to level off social extremes. There are fewer really poor men and fewer rich; everyone now has his living to earn and views life a little more soberly in consequence. Whatever the reasons may be for the change, there was little of the rowdiness which had been common after 1918, the only real exception being the outbreak of hooliganism on Guy Fawkes' Day 1948, when much of the senate house glass was smashed by an explosive charge.
The main lines of the chief developments of the next decade are already fairly clear. The Cambridge Development Plan, accepted by the Minister of Housing and Local Government in 1954, is based on the assumption that Cambridge should remain a predominantly university town, and that, in consequence, population should be stabilized and industrial development limited. The University's needs for expansion were regarded as a prior claim on available resources, and the land west of the Backs between the Barton and the Huntingdon Roads has been set aside for future college and university developments. The main feature of the plan which led to opposition from the University and Colleges was the proposed spine relief road, which will cut off part of Christ's Pieces and most of the Jesus College hockey field, but this has also been approved by the minister, though his acceptance of the plan involves no scheme for action at an early date. (fn. 22) The first major project since the war for the area west of the river—that of a centre for the arts faculties on the Sidgwick Avenue site (fn. 23) —was approved in 1954, (fn. 24) and plans for accommodating modern languages, moral science, and English were approved by the University in Michaelmas term 1956. New buildings were also approved in 1955 and 1956 for chemical engineering on the New Museums site in the place of the old oil companies' building of chemistry, (fn. 25) and for veterinary anatomy on the Downing site.
The year 1956 may also be a landmark in the history of the University because of the acceptance by the Regent House of the view of the General Board that expansion should be considerably reduced in order to maintain the compactness of Cambridge and its collegiate character, that no new technological studies should be introduced, and that new research developments should be made in close connexion with the work of the teaching departments. The national need for scientists and technologists had already been reflected, the General Board pointed out, in the fact that all the main building schemes since the war had been devoted to those subjects. The number of students and their distribution among studies was bound to change, but the General Board's real concern was to reduce the rate of expansion of the university staff and to ensure that university teachers had as much connexion as possible with the Colleges. The extent of the problem caused by the existing division between the two is underlined by the General Board's figures. A graduate staff, which had increased by 82 per cent. between 1938 and 1954, occupied in April 1955 803 posts under the Board's supervision. Of these 42 were vacant; of the remainder 390 were held by fellows of colleges and 371 were not. While graduate staff had increased in this proportion, research students had increased even faster—by 164 per cent. (fn. 26) The Colleges, already grappling with very high undergraduate numbers, could do little to assimilate either class. Here, in the problem of the relationship between an enormously increased graduate population, at all levels, and the traditional organization of the University, lies the most serious issue of the future.
2. Ex inf. Sir Will Spens.
3. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1943–4, 131; see also ibid. 1942–3, 119.
4. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1942–3, 119.
5. The name 'Pitt' was added to the title in 1951 (Ann. Reg. Univ. Camb. 1955–6, 25).
6. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1947–8, 166–7.
7. Ibid. 1955–6, 420. The last figure includes about 200 students in the department of education which the earlier figures do not.
8. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1947–8, 166.
13. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1948–9, 194; 1949–50, 170.
14. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1947–8, 764–77, 882; Hist. Reg. Univ. Camb., Supplement 1941–50, p. xii.
16. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1950–1, 726–32, 1276.
20. See p. 296 for earlier buildings on this site.
22. D. Senior, Guide to Camb. Plan (Cambs. County Planning Dept.), passim.
24. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1953–4, 223–32, 740.
26. Camb. Univ. Repr. 1955–6, 411–22, 957–65, 1424.
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0.999993 |
The Contraceptive Security Index (CS Index) is a tool that was developed to measure a country’s level of contraceptive security and to monitor CS over time. To measure the level of CS in countries, the CS Index uses a set of indicators that cover the primary CS components. The indicators can be used separately to monitor progress in each component. The indicators can also be aggregated to establish a composite index, which can be used to compare countries at a point in time or to monitor progress, over time, within a country.
When to use The Contraceptive Security Index (CS Index) is a tool that was developed to measure a country’s level of contraceptive security and to monitor CS over time. To measure the level of CS in countries, the CS Index uses a set of indicators that cover the primary CS components. The indicators can be used separately to monitor progress in each component. The indicators can also be aggregated to establish a composite index, which can be used to compare countries at a point in time or to monitor progress, over time, within a country.
Advantages The Contraceptive Security Index (CS Index) is a tool that was developed to measure a country’s level of contraceptive security and to monitor CS over time. To measure the level of CS in countries, the CS Index uses a set of indicators that cover the primary CS components. The indicators can be used separately to monitor progress in each component. The indicators can also be aggregated to establish a composite index, which can be used to compare countries at a point in time or to monitor progress, over time, within a country.
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0.941075 |
Why did Jesus have to die for our sins?
Basically, the reason Jesus had to die for our sins was so that we could be forgiven and go to be with the Lord. Jesus is God in flesh (John 1:1,14; Col. 2:9) and only God can satisfy the Law requirements of a perfect life and perfect sacrifice that cleanses us of our sins.
All people have sinned against God. But, God is infinitely holy and righteous. He must punish the sinner, the Law- breaker. If He didn't, then His law is not Law for there is no law that is a law without a punishment. The punishment for breaking the Law is death, separation from God. Therefore, we sinners need a way to escape the righteous judgment of God. Since we are stained by sin and cannot keep the Law of God, then the only one who could do what we cannot is God Himself. That is why Jesus is God in flesh. He is both divine and human. He was made under the Law (Gal. 4:4) and He fulfilled it perfectly. Therefore, His sacrifice to God the Father on our behalf is of infinite value and is sufficient to cleanse all people from their sins and undo the offense to God.
The following outline is an attempt to break this down, step by step, using scripture and logic. I hope that it helps you understand why God is our savior and not some created thing. Also, I hope that it helps you understand that you must trust in Christ alone for the forgiveness of your sins; that you can do nothing on your own to merit salvation from God.
Gen. 1:1, "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth."
Psalm 90:2, "Before the mountains were born, Or Thou didst give birth to the earth and the world, Even from everlasting to everlasting, Thou art God."
Psalm 147:5, "Great is our Lord, and abundant in strength; His understanding is infinite."
Jer. 23:24, "Can a man hide himself in hiding places, So I do not see him?” declares the Lord. “Do I not fill the heavens and the earth?” declares the Lord."
Rev. 4:8 "And the four living creatures, each one of them having six wings, are full of eyes around and within; and day and night they do not cease to say, "Holy, holy, holy, is the Lord God, the Almighty, who was and who is and who is to come."
Neh. 9:32-33, "Now therefore, our God, the great, the mighty, and the awesome God, who dost keep covenant and lovingkindness, Do not let all the hardship seem insignificant before Thee, Which has come upon us, our kings, our princes, our priests, our prophets, our fathers, and on all Thy people, From the days of the kings of Assyria to this day. 33“However, Thou art just in all that has come upon us."
2 Thess. 1:6, "For after all it is only just for God to repay with affliction those who afflict you."
Therefore, God is infinitely holy and just.
Furthermore, God speaks out of the character of what He is.
Matt. 12:34, "...For the mouth speaks out of that which fills the heart."
Exodus 20:1-17, "Then God spoke all these words, saying, 2 “I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery. 3 “You shall have no other gods before Me...."
Therefore, the Law is in the heart of God and is a reflection of God's character since it is Holy and good.
Rom. 7:12, "So then, the Law is holy, and the commandment is holy and righteous and good."
Furthermore, to break the Law of God is to offend Him since it is His Law that we break. This sin results in an infinite offense because God is infinite.
Furthermore, it is also right that God punish the Law breaker. To not punish the Law breaker (sinner) is to allow an offense against His holiness to be ignored.
Amos 2:4, "Thus says the Lord, “For three transgressions of Judah and for four I will not revoke its punishment, because they rejected the law of the Lord And have not kept His statutes."
Rom. 4:15, "...for the Law brings about wrath."
God says that the person who sins must die (be punished). The wages of sin is death.
Ezekiel 18:4, "Behold, all souls are Mine; the soul of the father as well as the soul of the son is Mine. The soul who sins will die."
The sinner needs to escape the righteous judgment of God or he will face damnation.
Rom. 1:18, "For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who suppress the truth in unrighteousness."
Matt. 25:46, "And these will go away into eternal punishment, but the righteous into eternal life."
But, no sinner can undo an infinite offense since to please God and make things right, he must obey the Law, which is the standard of God's righteous character.
Gal. 2:16, "...by the works of the Law shall no flesh be justified."
Gal. 2:21, "I do not nullify the grace of God; for if righteousness comes through the Law, then Christ died needlessly."
But the sinner cannot fulfill the law because he is sinful (in the flesh).
Rom. 8:3, "For what the Law could not do, weak as it was through the flesh, God did: sending His own Son..."
Since the sinner cannot fulfill the law and satisfy God, it follows that only God can do this.
This is simple logic. If we are unable to fulfill the Law, then we will be punished by it. But, since God desires us to be saved, the Law must be satisfied. Since we cannot keep the Law and it must be satisfied, then the only one capable of keeping the Law must keep the Law: God.
John 1:1,14, "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.... 14 And the Word became flesh, and dwelt among us, and we beheld His glory, glory as of the only begotten from the Father, full of grace and truth."
Col. 2:9, "For in Him all the fullness of Deity dwells in bodily form."
Jesus was also a man under the Law.
1 Tim. 2:5, "For there is one God, and one mediator also between God and men, the man Christ Jesus."
Gal. 4:4-5, "But when the fullness of the time came, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the Law, 5in order that He might redeem those who were under the Law, that we might receive the adoption as sons."
Jesus became sin for us and bore our sins in His body on the cross, thus fulfilling the Law.
2 Cor. 5:21, "He made Him who knew no sin to be sin on our behalf, that we might become the righteousness of God in Him."
1 Peter 2:24, "and He Himself bore our sins in His body on the cross, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness; for by His wounds you were healed."
Rom. 8:3-4, "For what the Law could not do, weak as it was through the flesh, God did: sending His own Son in the likeness of sinful flesh and as an offering for sin, He condemned sin in the flesh, 4so that the requirement of the Law might be fulfilled in us, who do not walk according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit."
Therefore, salvation is by grace through faith since it was not by our keeping the Law, but by Jesus, God in flesh, who fulfilled the Law and died in our place.
Eph. 2:8-9, "For by grace you have been saved through faith; and that not of yourselves, it is the gift of God; 9 not as a result of works, that no one should boast."
Gal. 3:13, "Christ redeemed us from the curse of the Law, having become a curse for us — for it is written, "Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree."
Eph. 5:2, "and walk in love, just as Christ also loved you, and gave Himself up for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God as a fragrant aroma."
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0.999846 |
Here's an analogy I came up with to explain the difference between unit tests and integration tests.
Imagine going to a restaurant with a bunch of your friends. there are some couples there as well as singles. At the end of the meal, it is time to pay. Unit testing is like giving a separate bill to each couple or single. Each person knows only what they needs to pay as well as tip, but do not care what anyone else had, or what the total meal amount is. as long as they pay what they need, they can go home peacefully.
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0.969443 |
The word "hurricane" is widely known and recognized by all people, but its etymology is lesser-known. How old is the word hurricane and where does it come from?
Hurricanes Are Named for the Mayan God "Huracan"
Our English word "hurricane" comes from the Taino (the indigenous people of the Caribbean and Florida) word "huricán", who was the Carib Indian god of evil. Their huricán was derived from the Mayan god of wind, storm, and fire, "huracán." When the Spanish explorers passed through the Caribbean, they picked it up and it turned into "huracán", which remains the Spanish word for hurricane still today. By the 16th century, the word was modified once again to our present-day "hurricane."
We tend to call any swirling storm in the tropical ocean a "hurricane," but this isn't really true. Only when a tropical cyclone's maximum sustained winds reach 74 miles per hour or more do meteorologists classify it as a hurricane.
Tropical cyclones have different titles depending on where in the world they are located. Mature tropical cyclones with winds of 74 mph or more that exist anywhere in the North Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, or in the eastern or central North Pacific Ocean east of the International Date Line are called "hurricanes." Mature tropical cyclones that form in the Northwest Pacific basin -- the western part of the North Pacific Ocean, between 180° (the International Date Line) and 100° East longitude are called typhoons. Such tempests within the North Indian Ocean between 100° E and 45° E are simply called cyclones.
Since storms can last for weeks and more than one storm can be occurring at a time in the same body of water, they're given male and female names to reduce confusion about which storm forecasters are communicating about to the public.
Many storm names are unique to the basin they exist in and regions they impact. This is because names are lifted from those popular in the nations and territories of the lands within that basin. For example, tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific (near China, Japan, and the Philippines) receive names common to the Asian culture as well as names taken from those of flowers and trees.
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A sad-faced character player of stage and screen often cast in comic or seriocomic roles, Ron Moody is best recalled for portraying Fagin, the adult leader of a pickpocket gang, in both the 1960 London stage and 1968 feature film versions of "Oliver!." He went on to play Uriah Heep in the 1970 NBC version of "David Copperfield" and Ippoli Vorobyaninov, the clerk of noble birth searching for his family fortune in "The Twelve Chairs" (1970). But Moody never seemed to land meaty roles again and his feature film and TV appearances became more sporadic in the 80s and 90s. He died on June 11, 2015 at the age of 91.
Moody originally studied sociology at the London School of Economics before turning to acting. He debuted onstage in 1952 with a small role in "Intimacy at Eight" at the New Lindsey Theatre in London. Other roles followed, but it was not until playing Fagin in "Oliver!" in 1960 that he became a star. Attempting to showcase his multiple talents, Moody not only starred in but also wrote the book and score for "Joey" (1962). He subsequently played Captain Hook and Mr. Darling in "Peter Pan" and twice revived his most famous, Oscar-nominated role as Fagin: in 1966 in London and Los Angeles and in 1984 in London and NYC.
His feature film work began with a small role in 1958's "Davy." Moody went on to portray the prime minister of a small country that conquered America in "Mouse on the Moon" (1963), co-starring with Margaret Rutherford. She later played Miss Marple to Moody's head of a repertory company in Agatha Christie's "Murder Most Foul" (1964). Moody has also twice played Merlin, King Arthur's famed wizard, in "The Unidentified Flying Oddball" (1979) and in "A Kid in King Arthur's Court" (1995).
Moody appeared in the unsuccessful American sitcom "Nobody's Perfect" (ABC, 1980) as a Scotland Yard detective assigned to the San Francisco police department. He was cast in the role of a roguish proprietor of an elegant nightclub in the pilot for the 1981 ABC adventure series "Tales of the Gold Monkey," but chose not to repeat the role when the series was picked up. (Moody was succeeded by Roddy McDowell.) He went on to appear in the CBS miniseries "The Word" (1978) and in such TV-movies as the small screen remake of "Dial M For Murder" (NBC, 1981) and in the title role of "A Ghost in Monte Carlo" (TNT, 1990). Moody became familiar to young audiences doing voice roles in the children's animated series "The Animals of Farthing Wood" (BBC 1993-95), then as Merlin in "A Kid in King Arthur's Court" (1995). After portraying King Herod in biblical adventure "The 3 Kings" (2000) and Sir Isaac Newton in the fantasy "Revelation" (2001), Moody starred in the comedy-drama "Lost Dogs" (2005), his final major role. Ron Moody died on June 11, 2015 at the age of 91.
Co-starred in the ABC adventure series "Tales of the Gold Monkey"
Cast as Merlin in "The Unidentified Flying Oddball"
London stage debut "Intimacy at Eight"
Wrote and composed the score for the stage musical "The Showman"
Starred in the comedy-drama "Lost Dogs," his final major role.
Co-starred in Mel Brooks' "The Twelve Chairs"
Had another go at Merlin in the Disney film "A Kid in King Arthur's Court"
Bernard Moody. Executive. Changed family name in 1930.
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0.969855 |
Carl Linnaeus' parents wanted their son to enter the priesthood, a noble profession in the 18th Century. Linnaeus, like many children, rebuffed his parent's desires and followed his own interests. In doing so, he created the foundation of modern zoology.
Carl Linnaeus wrote the Systema Naturae, an early attempt to classify life on Earth. Though he was trying to be as scientific as possible, Linnaeus nevertheless included several cryptids, or mythical animals, in his taxonomies of "suspect" animals. This list would later prove doubly interesting as several of the suspect animals are now known to exist.
Linnaeus' family initially sent him to school to pursue the priesthood, but his studies ventured further and further into botany and medicine. He quickly became a popular lecturer, botanist, and physician.
In time, Linnaeus turned to the systematic classification of the living creatures, forming the foundation of modern zoology by writing and editing the Systema Naturae. Linnaeus also converted the Celsius scale to its modern form along the way.
Swedish by birth, Linnaeus wrote the Systema Naturae in Latin, akin to how modern scientific papers are overwhelmingly written in English regardless of the source country of the authors.
Initially published as a twelve page leaflet in 1735, Carl Linnaeus' Systema Naturae is a gargantuan attempt to systematically break down and separate the organisms within the animal and plant kingdoms. Linnaeus turned a critical eye to his previous work and boldly made changes, with a superb example coming in the reclassification of whales as mammals and not fish in later editions.
Linnaeus' greatest achievement, the Systema Naturae separated animals, plants, and minerals into three separate kingdoms. Linnaeus constantly added to the the text, including further classification dividing creatures into class, order, genus and species to make for a five point classification system.
Linnaeus included a variety of animals in the Systema Naturae with questionable data supporting their existence. He deemed these creatures Animalia Paradoxa; populating the list from the reports of explorers, stories passed down through the centuries, and literature.
Among these suspect animals is the hydra, a multi-headed, snake-like creature. The mayor of Hamburg, Germany believed he owned the taxidermied head of a hydra. Upon examination, Linnaeus found the creature to be a fake, featuring the heads of several animals glued and sewn together. The mayor of Hamburg hoped to sell the preserved hydra for a large sum of money, leading Linnaeus to flee the city in fear.
Included in this list of unusual and suspect animals are tiny frogs that revert back to tadpoles and a plant that grows sheep as fruit. Mythological creatures like the phoenix, sirens, dragons, and the Sphinx-like manticore also make Linnaeus' cut. Several creatures included in the list of Animalia Paradoxa are now known to be real, including the pelican, antelope, the barnacle goose, the death watch beetle, and the narwhal.
The list of Animalia Paradoxa only survived the first five editions of Linnaeus' Systema Naturae, one of the many edits Linnaeus made to improve the text. The 10th edition is particularly beloved and viewed as the beginning of modern zoological nomenclature. The twelfth edition of System Naturae would be Linnaeus' last. By the time of its printing, the twelve page leaflet became a two thousand plus page text.
The top image, from 1545, features Heracles fighting the Lernaean Hydra, by (Hans) Sebald Beham. The painting Carolus Linnaeus in Laponian costume is by Hendrik Hollander and within the public domain, as is the image from Systema Naturae. Sources linked within the article.
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0.937573 |
As an adverb, what is the difference between forward and forwards?
The present distinction in usage between forward and forwards is that the latter expresses a definite direction viewed in contrast with other directions. In some contexts either form may be used without perceptible difference of meaning; the following are examples in which only one of them can now be used: ‘The ratchet-wheel can move only forwards’; ‘the right side of the paper has the maker's name reading forwards’; ‘if you move at all it must be forwards’; ‘my companion has gone forward’; ‘to bring a matter forward’; ‘from this time forward’. The usage of earlier periods, and of modern dialects, varies greatly from that of mod. standard English. In U.S. forward is now generally used, to the exclusion of forwards, which was stigmatized by Webster (1832) as ‘a corruption’.
Is it “backward/forward” or “backwards/forwards”?
Can omitting -ly suffix of an adverb cause ambiguity?
Is there a difference between “good” and “well” when they are connected to subject via linking verb?
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0.878397 |
Why Bhishma did not say anything in Draupadi's Cheerharan?
Bhishma Pitamaha was considered a very religious and righteous person in Mahabharata. Then why he did not stop Duryodhana? Instead he kept silent in Draupadi's Cheerharan.
Not that Bhishma did not Say anything, but yes he did not Do anything. He did not Do because of his oath of Seeing his father's image into the King who is the lord of Hastinapur. Had Dhritarashtra instructed him, he would have easily stopped this misdeed. But driven by blind love, Dhritarashtra allowed his son Duryodhana to conduct.
Now first of all let's get into the context of Sabha Parva when the Vastraharan event took place.
In the game of dice, with every move a player will loose whatever is kept on the stack. Yudhishtira after being lost himself in the game, at last put Draupadi on stack and lost it. With that all Paandavas + Draupadi became Slave / Das of Duryodhana.
However, Draupadi denied this concept citing that if Yudhishitra had already become slave/das then he automatically looses the right on her to be put on stack. This was a race condition.
Duryodhana & company were talking about technicality of the game and Draupadi, Vidura & Vikarna were talking about ethics. In other words former were seeing Duryodhana and Yudhishtira as just players and everything else as commodity. While latter were seeing them as brothers and everything else in view of family values.
Bhishma said, 'O blessed one, morality is subtle. I therefore am unable to duly decide this point that thou hast put, beholding that on the one hand one that hath no wealth cannot stake the wealth belonging to others, while on the other hand wives are always under the orders and at the disposal of their lords. Yudhishthira can abandon the whole world full of wealth, but he will never sacrifice morality. The son of Pandu hath said--'I am won.' Therefore, I am unable to decide this matter. Sakuni hath not his equal among men at dice-play. The son of Kunti still voluntarily staked with him. The illustrious Yudhishthira doth not himself regard that Sakuni hath played with him deceitfully. Therefore, I can not decide this point."
I feel whatever he said is quite correct even though it looks diplomatic. Keep ourselves in his shoes and ask to make a decision if the Draupadi was won fairly or not, the same answer will come: "Can't say for sure".
"Hearing these words, Bhishma answered, I have already said, O blessed one that the course of morality is subtle. Even the illustrious wise in this world fail to understand it always. What in this world a strong man calls morality is regarded as such by others, however otherwise it may really be; but what a weak man calls morality is scarcely regarded as such even if it be the highest morality. From the importance of the issue involved, from its intricacy and subtlety, I am unable to answer with certitude the question thou hast asked. However, it is certain that as all the Kurus have become the slaves of covetousness and folly, the destruction of this our race will happen on no distant date. O blessed one, the family into which thou hast been admitted as a daughter-in-law, is such that those who are born in it, however much they might be afflicted by calamities, never deviate from the paths of virtue and morality. O Princess of Panchala, this conduct of thine also, viz. that though sunk in distress, thou still easiest thy eyes on virtue and morality, is assuredly worthy of thee. These persons, Drona and others, of mature years and conversant with morality, sit heads downwards like men that are dead, with bodies from which life hath departed. It seemeth to me, however, that Yudhishthira is an authority on this question. It behoveth him to declare whether thou art won or not won."
Bhishma did not duck the question but he was really stuck between which to choose technicality vs ethics. That's were he made the mistake, because Dharma or morality was more on the ethics side than technicality of the game.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged mahabharata bhishma .
Why was oath so important for Bhishma Pitamaha?
Does one gain pāpa or puṇya by remaining neutral in a moral crisis?
Why didn't Bhishma Pitamaha stop Kamsa?
Why did Balarama favor Duryodhana?
Why was Yudishthir considered to be the next King after Dhritrashtra and not Duryodhana?
Why did Karna flee from battle with Chitrasena (Gandharvas)?
Why didn't Bhishma choose to end his own life?
As Duryodhana's Senapati did Bhishma carry out treachery and/or dereliction of duty by commission and/or omission?
Did Krishna warn Bhishma not to interrupt any actions of Kauravas and Pandavas during the game of dice?
Did Bhishma attain Swarga or Vaikuntha?
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0.998212 |
It has been awhile since there has been an update. Available time has been directed toward formatting and writing a new book that is tentatively titled as, Israel: The Handwriting on the World. It will take the discoveries in Signs of the End and work in the many discoveries posted on this web site in one cohesive train of thought.
Update: (June 26, 2013 ) Israel attacked Gaza on the 16th of Tammuz ( June 24, 2013), which was seven Hebrew years since the start of the important 2006 Hezbollah-Israeli War on the same Hebrew day. It is now four more years to this potential parallel day from the Yom Kippur War in 2017.
On November 10, 2012, four Israeli Defense Forces were wounded by a rocket fired from Gaza and the violence quickly escalated into Operation Pillar of Cloud. The last major conflict with Gaza was Operation Cast Lead at about 1,400 days prior to this time. Operation Cast Lead began on December 27, 2008, which was exactly 900 days since July 12, 2006 and the day that began the Israeli-Lebanon War. On November 17, 2012, Operation Pillar of Cloud was 1,400 days from the the start of Operation Cast Lead and 700 days from the start of the Arab Spring (December 17, 2010 or also Tevet 10). However, November 10, 2010 was the day it began missing the count by seven days. However, there is more here than meets the eye.
As has been discovered here, July 12, 2006 and the start of the Lebanon War was 14,280 days from June 7, 1967 and Israel regaining control of Jerusalem. This was 120 days short of 120 x 120 days from June 7, 1967 , which ended on the anniversary day of the Great Flood of Noah that began on Heshvan 17. For those who are aware of the numbers of the Flood, this seemed highly significant (see diagram below if confusion begins to set in).
It was then later determined that an additional 12 x 120 days from that Flood day of 2006 would land on Heshvan 10, 2010. Heshvan 10 was also a Flood anniversary day when Noah was shut in the Ark seven days before the Flood occurred. Nothing historically significant occurred on these Flood days in 2006 and 2010, but one thing did at an additional 12 x 12 days later on March 11, 2011. That day was the day of the tsunami in Japan that had one of the strongest earthquakes in recorded history (fifth strongest).
This timeline then was hinged off of the date of June 7, 1967. What happens if we use the same template of times, but hinge them off of 1973’s Yom Kippur War on October 6? The preliminary findings suggest this may be an important find.
As has been said, 14,280 days after June 7, 1967 was the Israeli-Lebanon War’s beginning day. If we start a 14,280 day count from October 6, 1973, the resulting day is... November 10, 2012 and the day that began the war of Operation Pillar of Cloud. Is that coincidence? It is also most interesting that on the next day, Israel fired its first shot into Syria since the Yom Kippur War! So the wars of 2006 and 2012 are equally spaced from the wars of 1967 and 1973 respectively–to the very day.
Being curious, what then happens if we then advance 14,400 + 1,440 + 144 days from the start of the Yom Kippur War? From June 7, 1967 this led to the day of the disastrous tsunami in Japan. From October 6, 1973 that equivalent time will come to July 10, 2017 and the day before the 17th of Tammuz. July 12, 2006 and the start of the Lebanon-Israeli War was also the day before the 17th of Tammuz. What does that mean? That is yet to be determined, but it does seem to suggest that it is a day to keep in mind. These two parallels then begin and end at exactly 11 Hebrew years apart. Coincidence? That would also seem unlikely.
This then leaves some interior dates that bear watching. Back in 2006 within the 120 day period, the Feast of Trumpets fell at the exact golden proportion (day 74 from the start of the 120). From October 6, 1973, that equivalent date is January 22, 2013. This date is slated to have elections for the 19th Knesset in Israel. It is also the 40th anniversary of Roe vs. Wade in the USA. This is interesting since the period of 14,400 days that first started this finding nearly eleven years ago is the product of 40 360-day years.
This then may also be interesting in that the equivalent of 14,400 + 1,440 +144 days is 44.4 360-day years. The Declaration of Independence was declared on July 4, 1776, which was the 17th of Tammuz. That time was 4 x 444 years from the birth of our Lord and the birth of our Lord was 444 years from the Decree of Artaxerxes Longimanus in 445 BC that started Daniel’s prophecy of 70 weeks. Again, this leaves us with interesting days to watch as the Day draws close.
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0.999998 |
Maximum Sum of Lengths of Non-Overlapping Subarrays with k as Max Element.
Find the maximum sum of lengths of non-overlapping subarrays (contiguous elements) with k as the maximum element of each subarray.
arr = [2, 1, 4, 9, 2, 3, 8, 3, 4]and k = 4 should return 5 since [2, 1, 4] has a length of 3 and [3, 4] has a length of 2, total 5.
arr = [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1]and k = 4 should return 7 since [1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1]has a length of 7.
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0.928664 |
Is the next Rangers manager on the Houston Astros' coaching staff?
If the Texas Rangers want the next Alex Cora as their new manager, they have to look only to the Houston coaching staff.
Cora served as bench coach to Houston's A.J. Hinch in 2017 before taking over as manager in Boston. The Red Sox won 108 regular-season games in Cora's rookie season and will meet the Astros in the American League Championship Series.
Joe Espada replaced Cora with the Astros after three years in the New York Yankees' organization as a special assistant to general manager Brian Cashman (2014) and third base-infield coach (2015-16).
Cora wanted Espada for bench coach with the Red Sox because "he's very organized, very structured."
The tie with Hinch was too strong to break.
In the 1996 draft, Oakland selected Espada in the second round and Hinch in the third. They were roommates in the minors and have been friends ever since.
"He was high on my list," Cora told reporters of Espada in March. "He's very organized, very structured."
Espada retired as a player in 2005 without having reached the majors. His time in the minors included a brief stay with Double-A Frisco of the Rangers' organization in 2003.
Espada immediately moved from playing to coaching. He began as a hitting instructor in the Miami organization in 2006-07 and moved to minor league infielder coordinator in 2008-09. Espada was the Marlins' third-base coach from 2010-13.
Espada, 43, grew up in Santurce, Puerto Rico. A middle infielder, Espada played college baseball at the University of Mobile, in Alabama.
Espada has managed Gigantes de Carolina in the Puerto Rican winter league and has been on the coaching staff for the commonwealth's team in the 2013 and '17 World Baseball Classic.
"He's a tireless worker, will connect well with players, is inching toward being a managerial candidate," Hinch told reporters upon hiring Espada. "He has all these qualities that we feel like will (make for) a seamless transition to come on this staff, and I'm excited to have him."
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0.932242 |
The Texas Governor's Mansion is located at 1010 Colorado Street (the corner of Eleventh and Colorado) in Austin, Texas, about 300 yards southwest of the Capitol. It is the fourth oldest executive residence in the United States and the oldest such structure west of the Mississippi. Built during the years 1854 to 1856, this historic edifice, now a registered National Historic Landmark, has been occupied by every Texas governor since 1856, beginning with the fifth governor, Elisha Marshall Pease (a lawyer and judge who at the time of his election as governor was a resident of the town of Brazoria, then the county seat of Brazoria County, which he had represented in the first three legislatures following annexation). Over the years, it has been maintained by many that besides governors and their families, several spirits have made the stately home their abode as well.
The Governor's Mansion was one of several imposing public structures built in Austin by the state government during a period of accelerated construction activity. Before the construction of the present governor's mansion, governors and their families resided in quarters, at hotels or boardinghouses, rented by the state when the legislature was in session. The Texas legislature, on February 11, 1854, appropriated $17,500 (of which $2,500 was for furnishings) to construct a residence and outbuildings suitable for the chief executive. The governor, the comptroller, and the treasurer composed a commission to decide on dimensions, architecture, and furnishings of the mansion. Governor Pease led the building campaign which, besides the mansion, included the state General Land Office building (upon annexation, Texas maintained ownership and control of its public lands) and a new Capitol (the "Old Stone Capitol," which burned on November 9, 1881).
The mansion is one of three impressive and stately Austin residences that were designed and built beginning in the early to mid-1850's, in the Greek Revival style and featuring Ionic porticoes across the front, by prominent architect and master builder Abner Hugh Cook, who had been working as the contractor on woodwork in the Capitol building (built in 1852-'53). (The other two aforementioned homes were for the State Treasurer James H. Raymond and the State Comptroller James B. Shaw. Governor Pease in 1856 purchased the home of Shaw and named it Woodlawn.) The executive residence is made of locally manufactured brick, probably from Cook's own brick kiln on the banks of Shoal Creek. The pine logs used for the pillars were hauled in from Bastrop where Cook was a part owner of a lumber mill. In June 1856, Governor Pease moved in.
Elisha M. Pease was succeeded as governor by Hardin R. Runnels, a nephew of a former governor of Mississippi. In the gubernatorial election of 1857 Runnels defeated the hero of San Jacinto, former general and twice president of the Republic of Texas Sam Houston, thus becoming the only individual to defeat Houston in an election. Hindered by his anti-sectional votes in the United States Senate, Houston was bypassed as the Texas Democratic Party's candidate, forcing him to declare himself an independent Democrat. Runnels's record as governor and somewhat extreme political views caused a turnabout in the governor's race of 1859 wherein, during a lull in the heated sectional contentions, Sam Houston defeated Runnels. During Houston's term in office, Abraham Lincoln won the presidential election and within a week of a special session thus called by Houston, wherein he warned of the dangers of secession and civil war, the state secession convention convened. Refusing to take the oath of loyalty to the newly established Confederate States of America, Houston was removed from office and replaced by the lieutenant governor Edward Clark. After leaving the Governor's Mansion, Houston moved his family to Huntsville, where in their rented two-story home (known as the "Steamboat House" for its resemblance to a steamboat) he died from pneumonia on July 26, 1863.
It is said that Sam Houston's ghost haunts the Governor's Mansion, more specifically the bedroom which he occupied while in residence as governor and for which he bought the mahogany four-poster bed with which it is furnished. It was not long after his death that visitors to the mansion began to report catching glimpses of the old hero whose image would vanish when spoken to. One author supposes that Houston has returned to the mansion because his spirit is haunted by thoughts of the tragic historical circumstances which led to his early departure from his lofty position. Another published account of the haunting states that Houston's shadow lurks in a corner of this particular room.
In the mid-1980's the wife and the daughter of Governor Mark White encountered Houston's presence. Elizabeth White, the governor's daughter, stated that something about the bedroom across the hall from that of her parents frightened her and so she avoided it. The bedroom in question, of course, was that which had been Houston's. First Lady Linda Gale White, too had an experience that has been attributed to Houston's restless spirit. Awake later than others in the home, she turned off a light in the Houston bedroom which had been left on over the portrait of Houston before retiring to bed. The first to rise the next morning, she was surprised to find the door to the bedroom wide-open and the light turned on. Another version of the story states that one night the First Lady made several attempts to keep the light off, but a few minutes after turning it off the light would turn back on.
The best known ghost story of the Governor's Mansion concerns a suicide. The third and final Confederate governor of Texas was Pendleton Murrah, who like Sam Houston made his departure from Austin before his term was over. Murrah was born in Bibb County, Alabama, around 1826, the son of Peggy Murrah, daughter of Charles and Avarilla Jones Murrah. Raised in an orphanage, he was educated by a Baptist charitable society and graduated from Brown University in 1848. He returned to Alabama where he was admitted to the bar. Having contracted tuberculosis, he moved in 1850 to Texas seeking a dry climate, and began the practice of law in Marshall. There he married Sue Ellen Taylor, daughter of John Bayliss Earle Taylor, a wealthy planter. Murrah lost his first bid to get elected to the legislature but won in 1857. His health affected his public service somewhat until 1863 when he ran for and was elected governor.
Stories differ concerning the relationship to Governor Murrah of the individual who brought his own life to a close by a gunshot to the head in the Governor's Mansion. Some stories say he was a young man (generally stated to have been nineteen years old toward the end of the war at the time of the tragedy) who met the governor's niece, fell in love with her yet was rebuffed when he proposed marriage. Other stories have it that the young man was the governor's nephew. In some accounts, the young woman is said to be a niece of the governor, and the suitor her cousin. Yet another ascribes the girl as the niece of Mrs. Murrah. The relationships seem to differ with the story teller! All the stories tend to agree on the point that the rejected admirer was staying in the mansion in the small north guest bedroom and the very night that his affections were spurned, he ended his life there.
The stories state that in a very short time anguished wails and moans could be heard in the bedroom and that servants thus refused to enter the room to clean the blood splattered walls. The room was often found to be ice-cold, and due to a mysterious banging noise no one could ever sleep therein so the next governor, Union-appointed Andrew J. Hamilton, had the room sealed. Yet the cold breaths, rattling, moaning, and turning of doorknobs continued such that housekeeping staff dreaded this portion of the house, avoiding it whenever possible. The situation remained so until well into the twentieth century when the room was unsealed. The sounds even then were said to still be heard, especially on Sundays, the day on which he ended his life. Some who tell the tale today say the sounds can still be heard to this very day.
The demands of leading the state's war efforts and the contentions with the Confederate military and government took a huge toll on Governor Murrah's health. As late as January 1865, he was exhorting Texans to set aside personal concerns and ambitions and to make the sacrifices necessary to fight on. He continued to do so even after Lee's surrender at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, on April 9, 1865, but when it became certain that Union troops would occupy Texas, he stepped down from office and, even with his tuberculosis much worse, joined other Confederate leaders accompanying troops commanded by Confederate General Jo Shelby (one of a few Confederate generals who refused to surrender) in a march into Mexico. Crossing the Rio Grande at Piedras Negras, the troops sank their Confederate guidon into the Rio Grande, which point is now known as the "Grave of the Confederacy." Murrah was confined to bed upon reaching Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico, where he died August 4, 1865, and was buried in Panteon Municipal Cemetery.
It is rumored that the ghost of Governor Murrah also haunts the mansion and that the apparition has been seen both inside and outside the mansion. Also rumored is that the ghost of a woman is among the spirits of the mansion, the specter of an unmarried maid who was dismissed from employment when her pregnancy became apparent. She waits ouside the house, says one online source, as if in hopes of being invited back.
Having undergone several renovations over the years, such as during the Governor William P. Clements administration and the Governor George Bush administration, the historic edifice had again been closed several months while undergoing a $10 million refurbishing when in the early morning of June 8, 2008, it was extensively damaged by fire, the result of arson. Fortunately, countless valuables including Houston?s four-poster bed, Stephen F. Austin?s writing desk, and numerous other valuable pieces of art and antique furniture had been removed and were in storage at the time of the fire. Security cameras caught images of an intruder before the setting of the blaze, but it is not clear if the arsonist acted alone. No one was hurt in the fire; Governor Rick Perry and First Lady Anita Perry, who had moved out of the mansion several months earlier (October '07) for the renovation, were in Europe for an economic development conference. Restorations continue to move forward.
A common theme in ghost stories is that spirits become agitated during remodeling or restoration of buildings. Has the tragic fire driven them away? If still around will they remain, perhaps becoming more active because of the commotion of construction? Only time (and tellers of ghost tales) will tell.
© October, 28 2010 By: Ronald Howard Livingston, all rights reserved.
Popularly known as the Bishop's Palace, the immense stone mansion located at 1402 Broadway (corner of 14th at Broadway) in Galveston, Texas, is an incredible sight and indubitably the most photographed landmark on Galveston Island. Designed and built from 1887-1893 (at an estimated cost then of $250,000) by prominent architect Nicholas J. Clayton of Galveston for attorney and politician Colonel Walter Gresham and his wife Josephine (the parents of nine children), the structure is regarded as one of the most important Victorian structures in the United States.
At one time called "Gresham's Castle," the ornate edifice of three-stories over a raised basement is in the Châteauesque style (derived from the French revival style). It was constructed from carved limestone (accented with red sandstone, red granite, and gray granite) and steel frame (making the outer walls, including interior wood paneling, twenty-three inches thick). The facade features elaborate carvings of people, plants, animals, and mythical creatures. It has steep roofs and tall turret-like chimneys.
Stained glass windows, magnificent fireplaces (one lined in pure silver), wood floors, exquisite paneling, and a majestic wooden staircase distinguish the interior of the 7,500 square foot home. Rare woods constitute much of the elaborate carved features throughout the house, and most of the luxurious furniture is original.
Born in Virginia in 1841, Walter Gresham enlisted in the Twenty-fourth Virginia Cavalry at the beginning of the War Between the States, later serving in other regiments. In 1863, he was graduated from the law department of the University of Virginia, and late in 1866 moved to Galveston, Texas, to practice law. Among many important activities and positions, he was elected district attorney for Galveston and Brazoria counties; was director of the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway (as well as its second vice president); served in the Texas legislature (1887 to 1891); and was elected to Congress in 1892 but did not win re-election. He returned to the practice of law in Galveston. He died in Washington, D.C., on November 6, 1920, and is buried in Galveston in Lakeview Cemetery.
In 1923, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Galveston-Houston (which in 2004 became an archdiocese) bought for $40,500 the Gresham home, which sits across the street from the Sacred Heart Church, and for many years it was the residence of the bishop, Christopher Edward Byrne. In 1963, following the removal of the offices of the diocese to Houston, the diocese opened the home to the public. It has been managed as a museum by the Galveston Historical Foundation since December 2007.
The mansion withstood the Great Storm of 1900 (the Galveston Hurricane) virtually unscathed. It is said that the ghost of Walter Gresham is seen, sometimes appearing to be inspecting the exterior of the building, whenever the island of Galveston is threatened by a storm from the gulf. (The house also suffered some flooding and roof damage from Hurricane Ike in September 2008, but it has since dried out and been reopened.) Other ghosts are said to haunt the home and publications and websites insist the mansion is quite haunted, one website even saying that the ghosts move about there willy nilly.
The Bishop's Palace is a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and is listed by the U. S. Department of the Interior as a National Historic Landmark (and as such it is on the National Register of Historic Places).
© June, 22 2010 By: Ronald Howard Livingston, all rights reserved.
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Kinshasa (formerly French Léopoldville, and Dutch Leopoldstad) is the capital and the largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The city is located on the Congo River.
Once a site of fishing villages, Kinshasa is now an urban area with a population of 9 million inhabitants. It faces the capital of the neighbouring Republic of Congo, Brazzaville, which can be seen in the distance across the wide Congo River. The city of Kinshasa is also one of the DRC's 11 provinces. Because the administrative boundaries of the city-province cover a vast area, over 90% of the city-province's land is rural in nature, and the urban area only occupies a small section in the far western end of the city-province.
Kinshasa is the second largest city in Africa after Lagos. It is also the second largest " francophone" urban area in the world after Paris, French being the language of government, schools, newspapers, public services and high-end commerce in the city, while Lingala is used as a lingua franca in the street. If current demographic trends continue, Kinshasa should surpass Paris in population around 2020. Kinshasa hosted the 14th Francophonie Summit in October 2012.
The La Gombe district, off the Boulevard du 30 Juin in Kinshasa.
The city was founded as a trading post by Henry Morton Stanley in 1881 and named Léopoldville in honour of King Leopold II of Belgium, who controlled the vast territory that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo, not as a colony but as a private property. The post flourished as the first navigable port on the Congo River above Livingstone Falls, a series of rapids over 300 kilometres (190 mi) below Leopoldville. At first, all goods arriving by sea or being sent by sea had to be carried by porters between Léopoldville and Matadi, the port below the rapids and 150 km (93 mi) from the coast. The completion of the Matadi-Kinshasa portage railway in 1898 provided a faster and more efficient alternative route around the rapids and sparked the rapid development of Léopoldville. By 1920, the city was elevated to capital of the Belgian Congo, replacing the town of Boma in the Congo estuary.
In 1965, Joseph-Désiré Mobutu seized power in the Congo in his second coup and initiated a policy of " Africanizing" the names of people and places in the country. In 1966, Léopoldville was renamed Kinshasa for a village named Kinchassa that once stood near the site. The city grew rapidly under Mobutu, drawing people from across the country who came in search of their fortunes or to escape ethnic strife elsewhere. This inevitably brought about a change to the city's ethnic and linguistic composition as well. Although it is situated in territory that traditionally belongs to the Bateke and Bahumbu people, the lingua franca among African languages in Kinshasa today is Lingala while the administrative and main written language is French, see further Languages of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
In 1974, Kinshasa hosted ' The Rumble in the Jungle' boxing match between Muhammad Ali and George Foreman, in which Ali defeated Foreman to regain the World Heavyweight title.
Kinshasa suffered greatly due to Mobutu's excesses, mass corruption, nepotism and the civil war that led to his downfall. Nevertheless, it is still a major cultural and intellectual center for Central Africa, with a flourishing community of musicians and artists. It is also the country's major industrial centre, processing many of the natural products brought from the interior. The city has recently had to fend off rioting soldiers who were protesting the government's failure to pay them.
Kinshasa had the earliest documented HIV-1 infection, which dates from 1959 and was discovered in the preserved blood sample of a local man (see AIDS origin).
The ville-province (city-province) of Kinshasa is divided into four districts which are further divided into 24 communes (municipalities).
Kinshasa is a city of sharp contrasts, with affluent residential and commercial areas and three universities coexisting side by side with sprawling slums.
It is located along the south bank of the Congo River, directly opposite the city of Brazzaville, capital of the Republic of the Congo. This is the only place in the world where two national capital cities are facing one another and in sight of each other on opposite banks of a river.
The Congo river is the second longest river in Africa after the Nile, and is the largest in terms of discharge. As a waterway it provides a means of transport for much of the Congo basin, being navigable for large river barges between Kinshasa and Kisangani, and many of its tributaries are navigable too. The river is an important source of hydroelectric power, and downstream of Kinshasa it has the potential to generate power equivalent to the usage of roughly half of Africa's population.
Under the Köppen climate classification, Kinshasa has a Tropical wet and dry climate. It features a lengthy rainy season which spans from October through May and a relatively short dry season which runs between June and September. Due to fact that Kinshasa lies south of the equator, its dry season begins around its "winter" solstice, which is in June. This is in contrast to African cities further north featuring this climate where the dry season typically begins around January. Kinshasa's dry season is slightly cooler than its wet season, though temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year.
Notable features of the city include the SOZACOM Building and Hotel Memling skyscrapers, the central market, the Kinshasa Museum and the Kinshasa Fine Arts Academy. The Boulevard du 30 Juin (Boulevard of the 30 June) links the main areas of the city. Kinshasa is home to the country's national stadium, the Stade des Martyrs (Stadium of the Martyrs).
Marsavco Sarl Biggest FMCG Manufacturing Company located in centre of town (Gombe) in Kinshasa.
There are many other industries such as, Trust Merchant Bank located in the heart of the city as well as court reporting.
Street children, often orphaned, are subject to abuse by the police and military. Of the estimated 20,000 children – up to the age of eighteen – living rough in Kinshasa's street, almost a quarter are beggars, some are street vendors and about a third have some kind of employment. Some are there as fallout from the times of war; others are accused of witchcraft and have become outcasts.
Police regularly round up street children, to an uncertain fate; there are recorded incidents of children being shot dead by police for minor misdemeanours.
There are twenty hospitals in Kinshasa, plus various medical centres and polyclinics. In 1997, Dikembe Mutombo built a 300-bed hospital near his home town of Kinshasa. Since 1991, Monkole Hospital is working as a non-for profit health institution collaborating with the Health Department as district hospital in Kinshasa. Directed by Pr Léon Tshilolo, paediatrician and haematologist, Monkole Hospital is opening a new 150-bed building in 2012 with improved clinical services as laboratory, diagnostic radiology, intensive care, neonatal unit, family medicine, emergencies unit and a larger surgical area.
60 Minutes featured a story about the 200-member Kimbanguist Symphony Orchestra. It's the only symphony orchestra in central Africa and the only all-black orchestra in the world. Former commercial pilot, Armand Diangienda, taught himself how to read music and play several instruments after his airline shut down. He began the amateur orchestra in the city of Kinshasa from literally nothing in one of the poorest, war-torn countries in the world. Some of the musicians travel miles over rocky dirt roads to come to rehearsal.
Other companies also provide public transport: Urbaco, Tshatu Trans, Socogetra, Gesac and MB Sprl. The city bus carries a maximum of 67,000 passengers per day. Several companies operate taxis and taxi-buses. The majority (95.8%) of transport is provided by individuals.
The city is considering the creation of a tramway in collaboration with public transport in Brussels (STIB), whose work could start in 2009 and would be completed around 2012–2015. The issue of electricity remains suspended.
Air travel to DRC Congo is made possible by several airlines serving the country, including Kenya Airways, Air Gabon, Cameroon Airlines, Bravo Air Congo, Air Zimbabwe, South African Airways, Ethiopian Airlines, KLM and Air France.
Kinshasa (Ndjili) International Airport (FIH) in Kinshasa the capital city is the major airport of the country. Other airports include Lubumbashi airport in Lubumbashi, Bangoka airport in Kisangani and Goma airport.
Long awaited Congolese airline startup, Korongo Airlines, launched operations on 16th April 2012. The airline is partly owned by Brussels Airlines and will begin operations with a single Boeing 737-300 and a BAe 146. The airline had been in preparations for a couple of years but had had various difficulties in getting the necessary government approvals from DRC. Korongo Airlines is based in Lumbumbashi where maintenance is performed by Brussels Airlines. There are other local airlines for domestic flights such as Congo Air, CAA.
The ONATRA operates three lines of urban railways linking the town centre device, which goes to Bas-Congo.
The main line linking the Central Station to the N'djili Airport has 9 stations: Central Station, Ndolo, Amicongo, Uzam, Masina / Petro-Congo, Masina wireless Masina / Mapela, Masina / Neighbourhood III, Masina / Siforco Camp Badara and Ndjili airport.
In 2007, the internal rail network is being renovated with the help of Belgium. This would serve Kintambo, Ndolo, Limete, Lemba, Kasangulu, Gombe, Ndjili and Masina.
The city has two airports: N'djili Airport is the main airport with connections to other African countries as well as to Brussels, Paris and some other destinations. N'Dolo Airport, located close to the city centre, is used for domestic flights only with small turboprop aircraft.
Founded by Claudine André in 1994, Lola ya Bonobo is the world's only sanctuary for orphaned bonobos. Since 2002, the sanctuary has been located at Les Petites Chutes de la Lukaya, just outside of Kinshasa Lola ya Bonobo means 'paradise for bonobos' in Lingala, the main language of Kinshasa. In 2008, Lola ya Bonobo was home to 60 bonobos who live in 30 hectares of primary forest.
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Ya Kid K, hip-hop artist.
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Claude Makélélé, professional football player for Paris Saint-Germain in the French Ligue 1.
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Fabrice Muamba, professional football player player for Bolton Wanderers in the Premier League.
Tim Biakabutuka, former professional American football player.
Kazenga LuaLua,professional football player for Newcastle United.
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Hérita Ilunga, professional football player for West Ham United in the Premier League.
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Wikipedia for Schools is a selection taken from the original English-language Wikipedia by the child sponsorship charity SOS Children. It was created as a checked and child-friendly teaching resource for use in schools in the developing world and beyond.Sources and authors can be found at www.wikipedia.org. See also our Disclaimer. These articles are available under the Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike Version 3.0 Unported Licence. This article was sourced from http://en.wikipedia.org/?oldid=547399654 .
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