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What is the best way to use commissioning for hyperscale data centers?
Paul Schlattman offers his insights in his column “Data Center Commissioning For Data Center Hyperscale” for Mission Critical magazine. He offers general commissioning tips, such as to conduct Level 4 commissioning on each individual component at 100% load, as well electrical designs that have weak points that need to be accounted for during commissioning.
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This article is about the British politician. For other people with a similar name, see Alan Clark (disambiguation).
Alan Kenneth Mackenzie Clark PC (13 April 1928 – 5 September 1999) was a British Conservative Member of Parliament (MP), historian and diarist. He served as a junior minister in Margaret Thatcher's governments at the Departments of Employment, Trade and Defence, and became a privy counsellor in 1991.
He was the author of several books of military history, including his controversial work The Donkeys (1961), which is considered to have inspired the musical satire Oh, What a Lovely War!
Clark became known for his flamboyance, wit and irreverence. Norman Lamont called him "the most politically incorrect, outspoken, iconoclastic and reckless politician of our times". He is particularly remembered for his three-volume diary, a candid account of political life under Thatcher and a moving description of the weeks preceding his death, when he continued to write until he could no longer focus on the page.
Clark was a passionate supporter of animal rights, joining activists in demonstrations at Dover against live export, and outside the House of Commons in support of Animal Liberation Front hunger-striker Barry Horne. When he died after radiation therapy for a brain tumour, his family said Clark wanted it to be stated that he had "gone to join Tom and the other dogs."
Clark was born at 55 Lancaster Gate, London, the elder son of art historian Kenneth Clark (later Lord Clark), who was of Scottish ancestry, and his wife Elizabeth Winifred Clark (née Martin), who was Irish. His sister and brother, fraternal twins Colette (known as Celly) and Colin, were born in 1932. At the age of six he went as a day boy to Egerton House, a preparatory school in Marylebone, and from there at the age of nine went on to board at St Cyprian's School, Eastbourne. Clark was one of the seventy boys rescued when the school building was destroyed by fire in May 1939, and relocated with the school to Midhurst.
In September 1940, with the Luftwaffe threatening south east England, the Clarks moved their son to a safer location at Cheltenham College Junior School. From there he went to Eton College in January 1942. In February 1946 while at Eton he joined the Territorial training regiment of the Household Cavalry based at Windsor, but was discharged in August when he had left Eton. He then went to Christ Church, Oxford, where he read Modern History under Hugh Trevor-Roper, obtaining a third-class honours degree. After Oxford he wrote articles for the motoring press before he went on to read for the bar. He was called to the bar in 1955 but did not practise. Instead, he became a military historian.
Clark's first book, The Donkeys (1961), was a revisionist history of the British Expeditionary Force's campaigns at the beginning of World War I. The book covers Western Front operations during 1915, including the offensives at Neuve Chapelle, Aubers Ridge and Loos, and ending with the dismissal of Sir John French as Commander-in-Chief of the BEF, and his replacement by Douglas Haig. Clark describes the battle scenes and criticises the actions of almost all the generals involved in the heavy loss of life that occurred. However much of the book is based on the political manoeuvres behind the scenes as commanders jostled for influence, and Sir John French's difficulties dealing with his French allies and with Herbert Kitchener. Haig's own diaries are used to demonstrate how Haig positioned himself to take over command. Clark does not reflect on Haig's performance as Commander-in-Chief or on the battles of 1916 and 1917.
The book's title was drawn from the expression "Lions led by donkeys" which has been widely used to compare British soldiers with their commanders. In 1921 Princess Evelyn Blücher published her memoirs, which attributed the phrase to the German GHQ in 1918.
Clark was unable to find the origin of the expression. He prefaced the book with a supposed dialogue between two generals and attributed the dialogue to the memoirs of German general Erich von Falkenhayn. Clark was equivocal about the source for the dialogue for many years, but, in 2007, a friend Euan Graham recalled a conversation in the mid-1960s when Clark, on being challenged as to the dialogue's provenance, looked sheepish and said, "Well I invented it." This invention has provided a major opportunity for critics of The Donkeys to condemn the work.
Clark's choice of subject was strongly influenced by Lord Lee of Fareham, a family friend who had never forgotten what he saw as the shambles of the BEF. In developing his work, Clark became close friends with historian Basil Liddell Hart, who acted as his mentor. Liddell Hart read the drafts and was concerned by Clark's "intermittent carelessness". He produced several lists of corrections which were incorporated, and wrote "It is a fine piece of writing, and often brilliantly penetrating."
Even before publication, Clark's work was coming under attack from supporters of Haig, including his son and historians John Terraine, Robert Blake and Hugh Trevor-Roper, former tutor to Clark, who was married to Haig's daughter. On publication, The Donkeys received very supportive comments from Lord Beaverbrook, who recommended the work to Winston Churchill, and The Times printed a positive review. However, John Terraine and A. J. P. Taylor wrote damning reviews and historian Michael Howard wrote "As history, it is worthless", criticising its "slovenly scholarship". Howard nonetheless commended its readability and noted that descriptions of battles and battlefields are "sometimes masterly". Field Marshal Montgomery later told Clark it was "A Dreadful Tale: You have done a good job in exposing the total failure of the generalship". The book was considered to be the inspiration for the popular pacifist musical Oh! What a Lovely War and Clark, after legal wrangles, was awarded some royalties.
The book became popular with the reading public as provocative and entertaining, and reflected the public attitudes at the time. In more recent years, as the pendulum has moved in favour of Haig and the British generals, the work has been criticised by some historians for being one-sided in its treatment of World War One generals. Brian Bond, in editing a 1991 collection of essays on First World War history, expressed the collective desire of the authors to move beyond "popular stereotypes of The Donkeys" while also acknowledging that serious leadership mistakes were made and that the authors would do little to rehabilitate the reputations of, for instance, the senior commanders on The Somme.
War Museum historian Peter Simkins complained that it was frustratingly difficult to counter Clark's prevailing view. Professor Richard Holmes made a similar complaint, writing that "Alan Clark's The Donkeys, for all its verve and amusing narrative, added a streak of pure deception to the writings of the First World War. Its title is based on 'Lions led by Donkeys'. Sadly for historical accuracy, there is no evidence whatever for this; none. Not a jot or scintilla. The real problem is that such histories have sold well and continue to do so. They reinforce historical myth by delivering to the reader exactly what they expect to read". Clark's work was described as "contemptible" by the Marquess of Anglesey who regarded Clark as the most arrogant and least respectable writer of the War. In this case, there was "form" as Anglesey's history of the British Cavalry had been reviewed by Clark with the comments "cavalry are nearly always a disaster, a waste of space and resources."
Journalist Gary Mead, in conjunction with Professor Hew Strachan of Oxford University, and Dr. A. R Morton of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, criticised Clark's use of passages written by Haig to demonstrate Haig's own "incompetence" in his book, The Good Soldier. He wrote, "Alan Clark['s] … own 1961 anti-Haig book, The Donkeys, shamelessley wrenched Haig's words out of context". Graham Stewart, Clark's researcher for The Tories noted "Alan wasn't against quoting people selectively to make them look bad". Bond maintained that Clark criticised British Generalship, most of all Haig, for its "obsession" with cavalry, which was obsolete in industrial warfare.
Bond and John Bourne write that cavalry had rarely been used on the Western Front in the First World War, or indeed in the decade leading up to the war. By 1915–1916, the Cavalry Corps was reduced from five to three divisions, and soon constituted less than three percent of the British Army. Moreover, other authors have pointed out this criticism is unjust, considering there was no other form of mobile force around; mechanisation was still in its infancy. Haig compensated for this by increasing the firepower of cavalry units and using them frequently as dismounted infantry.
Clark produced several more studies of the First World War and the Second World War, including Barbarossa—after Operation Barbarossa—a history of the Eastern Front in the Second World War, before becoming involved in politics.
Completely opposed to the Common Market, Clark joined the Conservative Monday Club in 1968 and was soon Chairman of its Wiltshire branch. In 1971 he was blacklisted by Conservative Party Central Office for being too right-wing but after representations by him, and others, he was removed. He subsequently became MP for Plymouth Sutton at the February 1974 general election with a majority of 8,104, when Harold Wilson took over from Edward Heath as prime minister of a minority Labour government. At the General Election in October 1974, when Labour gained a small overall majority, Clark's vote fell by 1,192 votes but he still had a comfortable majority with 5,188. His first five years in parliament were spent on the Conservative opposition benches.
During the subsequent Party leadership contest he was urged by Airey Neave to vote for Margaret Thatcher but he is thought to have favoured Willie Whitelaw. The following year came the free vote on the Common Market and Clark, praising Enoch Powell's speech, voted against. The next day he told the socialist MP Dennis Skinner that "I'd rather live in a socialist Britain than one ruled by a lot of foreigners." Although he was personally liked by Margaret Thatcher, for whom he had great admiration, and the columnist George Hutchinson, writing in The Times tipped him for inclusion in the Shadow Cabinet, he was never promoted to the cabinet, remaining in mid-ranking ministerial positions during the 1980s.
Clark received his first ministerial posting as a Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State at the Department of Employment in 1983, where he was responsible for moving the approval of regulations relating to equal pay in the House of Commons. His speech in 1983 followed a wine-tasting dinner with his friend of many years standing, Christopher Selmes. Irritated by what he regarded as a bureaucratically written civil-service speech, he galloped through the script, skipping over pages of text. The then-opposition MP Clare Short stood up on a point of order and, after acknowledging that MPs cannot formally accuse each other of being drunk in the House of Commons, accused him of being "incapable", a euphemism for drunk. Although the Government benches were furious at the accusation, Clark later admitted in his diaries that the wine-tasting had affected him. To date, he is the only Member of Parliament to have been accused in the House of Commons of being drunk at the dispatch box.
In 1986, Clark was promoted to Minister for Trade at the Department of Trade and Industry. It was during this time that he became involved with the issue of export licences to Iraq. In 1989, he became Minister for Defence Procurement at the Ministry of Defence.
Clark left Parliament in 1992 following Margaret Thatcher's fall from power. His admission during the Matrix Churchill trial that he had been "economical with the actualité " in answer to parliamentary questions about what he knew with regard to arms export licences to Iraq, caused the collapse of the trial and the establishment of the Scott Inquiry, which helped undermine John Major's government.
Clark became bored with life outside politics and returned to Parliament as member for Kensington and Chelsea in the election of 1997. Clark was critical of NATO's campaign in the Balkans.
Clark held strong views on British unionism, racial difference, social class, and was in support of animal rights, nationalist protectionism and Euroscepticism. He referred to Enoch Powell as "The Prophet". Clark once declared: "It is natural to be proud of your race and your country", and in a departmental meeting, allegedly referred to Africa as "Bongo Bongo Land". When called to account, however, by then Prime Minister John Major, Clark denied the comment had any racist overtones, claiming it had simply been a reference to the President of Gabon, Omar Bongo.
Clark argued that the media and the government failed to pick out the racism towards white people and ignored any racist attacks on white people. He also however described the National Front chairman, John Tyndall, as "a bit of a blockhead" and disavowed his ideas.
JP "Did it bother you personally that you were causing such mayhem and human suffering (by supplying arms for Indonesia's war in East Timor)?"
AC "No, not in the slightest, it never entered my head."
JP "I ask the question because I read you are a vegetarian and you are quite seriously concerned about the way animals are killed."
JP "Doesn’t that concern extend to the way humans, albeit foreigners, are killed?"
While involved in the Matrix Churchill trial he was cited in a divorce case in South Africa, in which it was revealed he had had affairs with Valerie Harkess, the wife of a South African barrister (and part-time junior judge), and her daughters Josephine and Alison. After sensationalist tabloid headlines, Clark's wife Jane remarked upon what Clark had called "the coven" with the line: "Well, what do you expect when you sleep with below stairs types?", and referred to her husband as an "S, H, one, T".
Clark published the first volume of his political and personal diaries in 1993, which caused a minor embarrassment at the time with their candid descriptions of senior Conservative politicians such as Michael Heseltine, Douglas Hurd, and Kenneth Clarke. He quoted Michael Jopling—referring to Heseltine, deputy PM at the time—as saying "The trouble with Michael is that he had to buy all his furniture" and judged it "Snobby, but cutting". His account of Thatcher's downfall in 1990 has been described as the most vivid in existence. Two subsequent volumes of his diaries cover the earlier and later parts of Clark's parliamentary career. The diaries reveal recurring worries about Japanese militarism but his real views are often not clear because he enjoyed making "tongue in cheek" remarks to the discomfiture of those he believed to be fools, as in his sympathy for a British version of National Socialism.
Clark married his wife Jane in 1958 when she was 16 and he was 30. They were married for 41 years and had two sons.
Clark died in 1999 of a brain tumour which he was convinced was caused by his heavy cellular phone use. His diary account of his slow death has been lauded as moving and explicit. He is buried in the grounds of Saltwood Castle. After his death, the Kensington and Chelsea constituency was won by Michael Portillo.
Shortly afterwards, it was reported in The Tablet that Clark was received into the Catholic Church two months before he died (as his father had been) but chose to keep the matter private. Clark's biographer Ion Trewin denied the story, saying that Clark told Westminster Cathedral's Father Michael Seed that he did not wish to become Catholic if his dogs could not also go to heaven.
In 2004, John Hurt portrayed Clark (and Jenny Agutter his wife Jane) in the BBC's The Alan Clark Diaries, reigniting some of the controversies surrounding their original publication and once again brought his name into the British press and media. An authorised biography of Alan Clark by Ion Trewin, the editor of his diaries, was published in September 2009.
Volume 1 Diaries: In Power 1983–1992 (1993).
Volume 2 Diaries: Into Politics 1972–1982 (2000).
Volume 3 Diaries: The Last Diaries 1993–1999 (2002).
The Donkeys: A History of the British Expeditionary Force in 1915 (1961).
The Fall Of Crete (1963).
Barbarossa: The Russian-German Conflict, 1941–45 (1965).
The Suicide of Empires (1971).
Aces High: The War in the Air Over the Western Front 1914–18 (1973).
The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State 1922–1997 (1998).
Backfire: A Passion for Cars and Motoring (2001).
The Lion Heart: A Tale of the War in Vietnam.
↑ Clark, Alan. The Last Diaries: 1993–1999. Phoenix, p. 361.
↑ Lyall, Sandra. "Alan Clark, a British Scold, Is Dead at 71", The New York Times, 8 September 1999.
↑ Trewin 2009, pp. 182–189.
↑ Trewin 2009, pp. 153–177.
↑ Trewin 2009, pp. 176–189.
↑ Trewin 2009, p. 178.
↑ Simkins, Peter (8 December 1996). The Sunday Times (London).
↑ Holmes, Richard, Tommy, pp. xxi–xxii.
↑ Mead, Gary. The Good Soldier: The Biography of Douglas Haig. Atlantic Books. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84354-280-3, p. 6.
↑ 23.0 23.1 Bond, Brian. Haig, A Re-Appraisal 80 Years On, Pen & Sword, 2009. ISBN 1-84415-887-X, pp. 4–5.
↑ Badsey, Stephen. Doctrine and Reform in the British Army, 1880–1918. Ashgate Publishers, London, 2003, p. 211.
↑ Trewin, Ion, Alan Clark – The Biography, London, 2009, ISBN 9780297850731-I ,pps: 230 & 246-7.
↑ 27.0 27.1 Trewin, p.250.
↑ 3 Alan Clark Diaries: The Last Diaries, Page 389, Phoenix Paperback 2003 Edition, 4 April 1999: I am hugely depressed about Kosovo: Those loathsome, verminous gypsies; and the poor brave Serbs.
↑ Financial Times 7 February 1985 "Tory minister faces row over race remark"
↑ Clark, A. The Last Diaries: In and Out of the Wilderness, Phoenix, 2003, p.219.
↑ Pilger, John, Documentary:Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy, 1994.
↑ 1 Alan Clark Diaries: Into Power, Page 280, Phoenix Paperback 2000 Edition, 8 December 1981: Frank [Frank Johnson, sketch writer for The Times] pretended he wanted to talk about the Tory Party, but he really prefers to talk about the Nazis, concerning whom he is curious, but not, of course, sympathetic. Yes, I told him, I was a Nazi, I really believed it to be the ideal system, and that it was a disaster for the Anglo-Saxon races and for the world that it was extinguished. He both gulped and grinned 'But surely, er, you mean … (behaving like an unhappy interviewer in Not the Nine O'Clock News after, e.g., Pamela Stephenson had said something frightfully shocking) ideally in terms of administrative and economic policy … you cannot really, er …' Oh yes, I told him, I was completely committed to the whole philosophy. The blood and violence was an essential ingredient of its strength, the heroic tradition of cruelty every bit as powerful and a thousand times more ancient than the Judaeo-Christian ethic.
Alan Clark (Daily Telegraph obituary).
This page was last modified on 4 April 2016, at 06:20.
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Petitioner, a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent, participated with other law enforcement officers in a warrantless search of respondents' home. The search was conducted because petitioner believed that one Dixon, who was suspected of a bank robbery committed earlier that day, might be found there, but he was not. Respondents filed a state-court action against petitioner, asserting a claim for damages under the Fourth Amendment. Petitioner removed the suit to Federal District Court and then filed a motion for dismissal or summary judgment, arguing that the Fourth Amendment claim was barred by his qualified immunity from civil damages liability. Before any discovery occurred, the court granted summary judgment on the ground that the search was lawful. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the search's lawfulness could not be determined on summary judgment, because factual disputes precluded deciding as a matter of law that the search was supported by probable cause and exigent circumstances. The court also held that petitioner was not entitled to summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds, since the right he allegedly violated - the right of persons to be protected from warrantless searches of their homes unless the searching officers have probable cause and there are exigent circumstances - was clearly established.
1. Petitioner is entitled to summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds if he can establish as a matter of law that a reasonable officer could have believed that the search comported with the Fourth Amendment even though it actually did not. Whether an official protected by qualified immunity may be held personally liable for an allegedly unlawful official action generally turns on the "objective legal reasonableness" of the action, assessed in light of the legal rules that were "clearly established" at the time the action was taken. Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 . In order to conclude that the right which the official allegedly violated is "clearly established," the contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right. The Court of Appeals - which apparently considered only the fact that the right to be free from warrantless searches of one's home unless the searching officers have probable cause [483 U.S. 635, 636] and there are exigent circumstances was clearly established - erred by refusing to consider the argument that it was not clearly established that the circumstances with which petitioner was confronted did not constitute probable cause and exigent circumstances. The relevant question here is the objective question whether a reasonable officer could have believed petitioner's warrantless search to be lawful, in light of clearly established law and the information the searching officers possessed. Petitioner's subjective beliefs about the search are irrelevant. Pp. 638-641.
2. There is no merit to respondents' argument that it is inappropriate to give officials alleged to have violated the Fourth Amendment - and thus necessarily to have unreasonably searched or seized - the protection of a qualified immunity intended only to protect reasonable official action. Such argument is foreclosed by the fact that this Court has previously extended qualified immunity to officials who were alleged to have violated the Fourth Amendment. Also without merit is respondents' suggestion that Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 , be overruled by holding that qualified immunity may never be extended to officials who conduct unlawful warrantless searches. Nor is there any merit to respondents' contention that no immunity should be provided to police officers who conduct unlawful warrantless searches of innocent third parties' homes in search of fugitives. Pp. 642-646.
766 F.2d 1269, vacated and remanded.
SCALIA, J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which REHNQUIST, C. J., and WHITE, BLACKMUN, POWELL, and O'CONNOR, JJ., joined. STEVENS, J., filed a dissenting opinion, in which BRENNAN and MARSHALL, JJ., joined, p. 647.
Andrew J. Pincus argued the cause for petitioner. With him on the briefs were Solicitor General Fried, Assistant Attorney General Willard, Deputy Solicitor General Ayer, Barbara L. Herwig, and Richard A. Olderman.
[ Footnote * ] David Rudovsky, Jack D. Novik, and Michael Avery filed a brief for the American Civil Liberties Union as amicus curiae urging affirmance.
The question presented is whether a federal law enforcement officer who participates in a search that violates the Fourth Amendment may be held personally liable for money [483 U.S. 635, 637] damages if a reasonable officer could have believed that the search comported with the Fourth Amendment.
Petitioner Russell Anderson is an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. On November 11, 1983, Anderson and other state and federal law enforcement officers conducted a warrantless search of the home of respondents, the Creighton family. The search was conducted because Anderson believed that Vadaain Dixon, a man suspected of a bank robbery committed earlier that day, might be found there. He was not.
The Creightons later filed suit against Anderson in a Minnesota state court, asserting among other things a claim for money damages under the Fourth Amendment, see Bivens v. Six Unknown Fed. Narcotics Agents, 403 U.S. 388 (1971). 1 After removing the suit to Federal District Court, Anderson filed a motion to dismiss or for summary judgment, arguing that the Bivens claim was barred by Anderson's qualified immunity from civil damages liability. See Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800 (1982). Before any discovery took place, the District Court granted summary judgment on the ground that the search was lawful, holding that the undisputed facts revealed that Anderson had had probable cause to search the Creighton's home and that his failure to obtain a warrant was justified by the presence of exigent circumstances. App. to Pet. for Cert. 23a-25a.
The Creightons appealed to the Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, which reversed. Creighton v. St. Paul, 766 F.2d 1269 (1985). The Court of Appeals held that the issue of the lawfulness of the search could not properly be decided on summary judgment, because unresolved factual disputes [483 U.S. 635, 638] made it impossible to determine as a matter of law that the warrantless search had been supported by probable cause and exigent circumstances. Id., at 1272-1276. The Court of Appeals also held that Anderson was not entitled to summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds, since the right Anderson was alleged to have violated - the right of persons to be protected from warrantless searches of their home unless the searching officers have probable cause and there are exigent circumstances - was clearly established. Ibid.
Anderson filed a petition for certiorari, arguing that the Court of Appeals erred by refusing to consider his argument that he was entitled to summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds if he could establish as a matter of law that a reasonable officer could have believed the search to be lawful. We granted the petition, 478 U.S. 1003 (1986), to consider that important question.
When government officials abuse their offices, "action[s] for damages may offer the only realistic avenue for vindication of constitutional guarantees." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S., at 814 . On the other hand, permitting damages suits against government officials can entail substantial social costs, including the risk that fear of personal monetary liability and harassing litigation will unduly inhibit officials in the discharge of their duties. Ibid. Our cases have accommodated these conflicting concerns by generally providing government officials performing discretionary functions with a qualified immunity, shielding them from civil damages liability as long as their actions could reasonably have been thought consistent with the rights they are alleged to have violated. See, e. g., Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986) (qualified immunity protects "all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law"); id., at 344-345 (police officers applying for warrants are immune if a [483 U.S. 635, 639] reasonable officer could have believed that there was probable cause to support the application); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 528 (1985) (officials are immune unless "the law clearly proscribed the actions" they took); Davis v. Scherer, 468 U.S. 183, 191 (1984); id., at 198 (BRENNAN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Harlow v. Fitzgerald, supra, at 819. Cf., e. g., Procunier v. Navarette, 434 U.S. 555, 562 (1978). Somewhat more concretely, whether an official protected by qualified immunity may be held personally liable for an allegedly unlawful official action generally turns on the "objective legal reasonableness" of the action, Harlow, 457 U.S., at 819 , assessed in light of the legal rules that were "clearly established" at the time it was taken, id., at 818.
The operation of this standard, however, depends substantially upon the level of generality at which the relevant "legal rule" is to be identified. For example, the right to due process of law is quite clearly established by the Due Process Clause, and thus there is a sense in which any action that violates that Clause (no matter how unclear it may be that the particular action is a violation) violates a clearly established right. Much the same could be said of any other constitutional or statutory violation. But if the test of "clearly established law" were to be applied at this level of generality, it would bear no relationship to the "objective legal reasonableness" that is the touchstone of Harlow. Plaintiffs would be able to convert the rule of qualified immunity that our cases plainly establish into a rule of virtually unqualified liability simply by alleging violation of extremely abstract rights. Harlow would be transformed from a guarantee of immunity into a rule of pleading. Such an approach, in sum, would destroy "the balance that our cases strike between the interests in vindication of citizens' constitutional rights and in public officials' effective performance of their duties," by making it impossible for officials "reasonably [to] anticipate when their conduct may give rise to liability for damages." Davis, [483 U.S. 635, 640] supra at 195. 2 It should not be surprising, therefore, that our cases establish that the right the official is alleged to have violated must have been "clearly established" in a more particularized, and hence more relevant, sense: The contours of the right must be sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would understand that what he is doing violates that right. This is not to say that an official action is protected by qualified immunity unless the very action in question has previously been held unlawful, see Mitchell, supra, at 535, n. 12; but it is to say that in the light of pre-existing law the unlawfulness must be apparent. See, e. g., Malley, supra, at 344-345; Mitchell, supra, at 528; Davis, supra, at 191, 195.
Anderson contends that the Court of Appeals misapplied these principles. We agree. The Court of Appeals' brief discussion of qualified immunity consisted of little more than an assertion that a general right Anderson was alleged to have violated - the right to be free from warrantless searches of one's home unless the searching officers have probable cause and there are exigent circumstances - was clearly established. The Court of Appeals specifically refused to consider the argument that it was not clearly established that the circumstances with which Anderson was confronted did [483 U.S. 635, 641] not constitute probable cause and exigent circumstances. The previous discussion should make clear that this refusal was erroneous. It simply does not follow immediately from the conclusion that it was firmly established that warrantless searches not supported by probable cause and exigent circumstances violate the Fourth Amendment that Anderson's search was objectively legally unreasonable. We have recognized that it is inevitable that law enforcement officials will in some cases reasonably but mistakenly conclude that probable cause is present, and we have indicated that in such cases those officials - like other officials who act in ways they reasonably believe to be lawful - should not be held personally liable. See Malley, supra, at 344-345. The same is true of their conclusions regarding exigent circumstances.
It follows from what we have said that the determination whether it was objectively legally reasonable to conclude that a given search was supported by probable cause or exigent circumstances will often require examination of the information possessed by the searching officials. But contrary to the Creightons' assertion, this does not reintroduce into qualified immunity analysis the inquiry into officials' subjective intent that Harlow sought to minimize. See Harlow, 457 U.S., at 815 -820. The relevant question in this case, for example, is the objective (albeit fact-specific) question whether a reasonable officer could have believed Anderson's warrantless search to be lawful, in light of clearly established law and the information the searching officers possessed. Anderson's subjective beliefs about the search are irrelevant.
In addition to relying on the reasoning of the Court of Appeals, the Creightons advance three alternative grounds for affirmance. All of these take the same form, i. e., that even if Anderson is entitled to qualified immunity under the usual principles of qualified immunity law we have just described, an exception should be made to those principles in the circumstances of this case. We note at the outset the heavy burden this argument must sustain to be successful. We have emphasized that the doctrine of qualified immunity reflects a balance that has been struck "across the board," Harlow, supra, at 821 (BRENNAN, J., concurring). See also Malley, 475 U.S., at 340 ("`For executive officers in general, . . . qualified immunity represents the norm'" (quoting Harlow, supra, at 807)). 4 Although we have in narrow circumstances provided officials with an absolute immunity, see, [483 U.S. 635, 643] e. g., Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 (1982), we have been unwilling to complicate qualified immunity analysis by making the scope or extent of immunity turn on the precise nature of various officials' duties or the precise character of the particular rights alleged to have been violated. An immunity that has as many variants as there are modes of official action and types of rights would not give conscientious officials that assurance of protection that it is the object of the doctrine to provide. With that observation in mind, we turn to the particular arguments advanced by the Creightons.
First, and most broadly, the Creightons argue that it is inappropriate to give officials alleged to have violated the Fourth Amendment - and thus necessarily to have unreasonably searched or seized - the protection of a qualified immunity intended only to protect reasonable official action. It is not possible, that is, to say that one "reasonably" acted unreasonably. The short answer to this argument is that it is foreclosed by the fact that we have previously extended qualified immunity to officials who were alleged to have violated the Fourth Amendment. See Malley, supra (police officers alleged to have caused an unconstitutional arrest); Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985) (officials alleged to have conducted warrantless wiretaps). Even if that were not so, however, we would still find the argument unpersuasive. Its surface appeal is attributable to the circumstance that the Fourth Amendment's guarantees have been expressed in terms of "unreasonable" searches and seizures. Had an equally serviceable term, such as "undue" searches and seizures been employed, what might be termed the "reasonably unreasonable" argument against application of Harlow to the Fourth Amendment would not be available - just as it would be available against application of Harlow to the Fifth Amendment if the term "reasonable process of law" had been employed there. The fact is that, regardless of the terminology used, the precise content of most of the Constitution's [483 U.S. 635, 644] civil-liberties guarantees rests upon an assessment of what accommodation between governmental need and individual freedom is reasonable, so that the Creightons' objection, if it has any substance, applies to the application of Harlow generally. We have frequently observed, and our many cases on the point amply demonstrate, the difficulty of determining whether particular searches or seizures comport with the Fourth Amendment. See, e. g., Malley, supra, at 341. Law enforcement officers whose judgments in making these difficult determinations are objectively legally reasonable should no more be held personally liable in damages than should officials making analogous determinations in other areas of law.
For the same reasons, we also reject the Creightons' narrower suggestion that we overrule Mitchell, supra (extending qualified immunity to officials who conducted warrantless wiretaps), by holding that qualified immunity may never be extended to officials who conduct unlawful warrantless searches.
Finally, we reject the Creightons' narrowest and most procrustean proposal: that no immunity should be provided to police officers who conduct unlawful warrantless searches of innocent third parties' homes in search of fugitives. They rest this proposal on the assertion that officers conducting such searches were strictly liable at English common law if the fugitive was not present. See, e. g., Entick v. Carrington, 19 How. St. Tr. 1029, 95 Eng. Rep. 807 (K. B. 1765). Although it is true that we have observed that our determinations as to the scope of official immunity are made in the light of the "common-law tradition," 5 Malley, supra, at 342, [483 U.S. 635, 645] we have never suggested that the precise contours of official immunity can and should be slavishly derived from the often arcane rules of the common law. That notion is plainly contradicted by Harlow, where the Court completely reformulated qualified immunity along principles not at all embodied in the common law, replacing the inquiry into subjective malice so frequently required at common law with an objective inquiry into the legal reasonableness of the official action. See Harlow, 457 U.S., at 815 -820. As we noted before, Harlow clearly expressed the understanding that the general principle of qualified immunity it established would be applied "across the board."
The approach suggested by the Creightons would introduce into qualified immunity analysis a complexity rivaling that which we found sufficiently daunting to deter us from tailoring the doctrine to the nature of officials' duties or of the rights allegedly violated. See supra, at 642-643. Just in the field of unlawful arrests, for example, a cursory examination of the Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965) suggests that special exceptions from the general rule of qualified immunity would have to be made for arrests pursuant to a warrant but outside the jurisdiction of the issuing authority, 122, 129(a), arrests after the warrant had lapsed, 122, 130(a), and arrests without a warrant, 121. Both the complexity and the unsuitability of this approach are betrayed by the fact that the Creightons' proposal itself does not actually apply the musty rule that is purportedly its justification but instead suggests an exception to qualified immunity for all fugitive searches of third parties' dwellings, and not merely (as the English rule appears to have provided) for all unsuccessful fugitive searches of third parties' dwellings. Moreover, from the sources cited by the Creightons it appears to have been a corollary of the English rule that where the search was successful, no civil action would lie, whether or not probable cause for the search existed. That also is (quite prudently [483 U.S. 635, 646] but quite illogically) not urged upon us in the Creightons' selective use of the common law.
The general rule of qualified immunity is intended to provide government officials with the ability "reasonably [to] anticipate when their conduct may give rise to liability for damages." Davis, 468 U.S., at 195 . Where that rule is applicable, officials can know that they will not be held personally liable as long as their actions are reasonable in light of current American law. That security would be utterly defeated if officials were unable to determine whether they were protected by the rule without entangling themselves in the vagaries of the English and American common law. We are unwilling to Balkanize the rule of qualified immunity by carving exceptions at the level of detail the Creightons propose. We therefore decline to make an exception to the general rule of qualified immunity for cases involving allegedly unlawful warrantless searches of innocent third parties' homes in search of fugitives.
[ Footnote 1 ] The Creightons also named other defendants and advanced various other claims against both Anderson and the other defendants. Only the Bivens claim against Anderson remains at issue in this case, however.
[ Footnote 2 ] The dissent, which seemingly would adopt this approach, seeks to avoid the unqualified liability that would follow by advancing the suggestion that officials generally (though not law enforcement officials, see post, at 654, 661-662, and officials accused of violating the Fourth Amendment, see post, at 659-667) be permitted to raise a defense of reasonable good faith, which apparently could be asserted and proved only at trial. See post, at 653. But even when so modified (and even for the fortunate officials to whom the modification applies) the approach would totally abandon the concern - which was the driving force behind Harlow's substantial reformulation of qualified-immunity principles - that "insubstantial claims" against government officials be resolved prior to discovery and on summary judgment if possible. Harlow, 457 U.S., at 818 -819. A passably clever plaintiff would always be able to identify an abstract clearly established right that the defendant could be alleged to have violated, and the good-faith defense envisioned by the dissent would be available only at trial.
[ Footnote 3 ] The Creightons argue that the qualified immunity doctrine need not be expanded to apply to the circumstances of this case, because the Federal [483 U.S. 635, 642] Government and various state governments have established programs through which they reimburse officials for expenses and liability incurred in suits challenging actions they have taken in their official capacities. Because our holding today does not extend official qualified immunity beyond the bounds articulated in Harlow and our subsequent cases, an argument as to why we should not do so is beside the point. Moreover, even assuming that conscientious officials care only about their personal liability and not the liability of the government they serve, the Creightons do not and could not reasonably contend that the programs to which they refer make reimbursement sufficiently certain and generally available to justify reconsideration of the balance struck in Harlow and subsequent cases. See 28 CFR 50.15(c) (1987) (permitting reimbursement of Department of Justice employees when the Attorney General finds reimbursement appropriate); 5 F. Harper, F. James, & O. Gray, Law of Torts 29.9, n. 20 (2d ed. 1986) (listing various state programs).
[ Footnote 4 ] These decisions demonstrate the emptiness of the dissent's assertion that "[t]oday this Court makes the fundamental error of simply assuming that Harlow immunity is just as appropriate for federal law enforcement officers . . . as it is for high government officials." Post, at 654 (footnote omitted). Just last Term the Court unanimously held that state and federal law enforcement officers were protected by the qualified immunity described in Harlow. Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335 (1986). We see no reason to overrule that holding.
[ Footnote 5 ] Of course, it is the American rather than the English common-law tradition that is relevant, cf. Malley, supra, at 340-342; and the American rule appears to have been considerably less draconian than the English. See Restatement (Second) of Torts 204, 206 (1965) (officers with an arrest warrant are privileged to enter a third party's house to effect arrest if they reasonably believe the fugitive to be there).
This case is beguiling in its apparent simplicity. The Court accordingly represents its task as the clarification of the settled principles of qualified immunity that apply in damages suits brought against federal officials. Its opinion, however, announces a new rule of law that protects federal agents who make forcible nighttime entries into the homes of innocent citizens without probable cause, without a warrant, and without any valid emergency justification for their warrantless search. The Court stunningly restricts the constitutional accountability of the police by creating a false dichotomy between police entitlement to summary judgment on immunity grounds and damages liability for every police misstep, by responding to this dichotomy with an uncritical application of the precedents of qualified immunity that we have developed for a quite different group of high public office holders, and by displaying remarkably little fidelity to the countervailing principles of individual liberty and privacy that infuse the Fourth Amendment. 1 Before I turn to the Court's opinion, it is appropriate to identify the issue confronted by the Court of Appeals. It is now apparent that it was correct in vacating the District Court's award of summary judgment to petitioner in advance of discovery.
The Court of Appeals understood the principle of qualified immunity as implemented in Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. [483 U.S. 635, 648] 800 (1982), to shield government officials performing discretionary functions from exposure to damages liability unless their conduct violated clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known. Applying this principle, the Court of Appeals held that respondents' Fourth Amendment rights and the "exigent circumstances" doctrine were "clearly established" at the time of the search. Creighton v. St. Paul, 766 F.2d 1269, 1277 (CA8 1985). Moreover, apparently referring to the "extraordinary circumstances" defense left open in Harlow for a defendant who "can prove that he neither knew nor should have known of the relevant legal standard," 457 U.S., at 819 , the Court determined that petitioner could not reasonably have been unaware of these clearly established principles of law. Thus, in reviewing the Court of Appeals' judgment rejecting petitioner Anderson's claim to immunity, the first question to be decided is whether Harlow v. Fitzgerald requires immunity for a federal law enforcement agent who advances the fact-specific claim that a reasonable person in his position could have believed that his particular conduct would not violate rights that he concedes are clearly established. A negative answer to that question is required, both because Harlow provides an inappropriate measure of immunity when police acts that violate the Fourth Amendment are challenged, and also because petitioner cannot make the showing required for Harlow immunity. Second, apart from the particular requirements of the Harlow doctrine, a full review of the Court of Appeals' judgment raises the question whether this Court should approve a double standard of reasonableness - the constitutional standard already embodied in the Fourth Amendment and an even more generous standard that protects any officer who reasonably could have believed that his conduct was constitutionally reasonable. Because a careful analysis of the Harlow-related set of questions will be helpful in assessing the Court's continuing embrace of a double standard of reasonableness, I begin with [483 U.S. 635, 649] a discussion of petitioner's claim of entitlement to Harlow immunity.
Accepting for the moment the Court's double standard of reasonableness, I would affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals because it correctly concluded that petitioner has not satisfied the Harlow standard for immunity. The inquiry upon which the immunity determination hinges in this case illustrates an important limitation on the reach of the Court's opinion in Harlow. The defendants' claims to immunity at the summary judgment stage in Harlow and in Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985), were bolstered by two policy concerns that are attenuated in suits against law enforcement agents in the field based on the Fourth Amendment. One was the substantial public interest in allowing government officials to devote their time and energy to the press of public business without the burden and distractions that invariably accompany the defense of a lawsuit. Harlow, 457 U.S., at 816 -817; Mitchell, 472 U.S., at 524 . The second underpinning of Harlow was the special unfairness associated with charging government officials with knowledge of a rule of law that had not yet been clearly recognized. Harlow, 457 U.S., at 818 ; Mitchell, 472 U.S., at 535 . 2 Thus, if the [483 U.S. 635, 650] plaintiff's claim was predicated on a principle of law that was not clearly established at the time of the alleged wrong, both of those concerns would favor a determination of immunity not only in advance of trial, but of equal importance, before the time-consuming pretrial discovery process commenced. Concern for the depletion and diversion of public officials' energies led the Court in Harlow to abolish the doctrine that an official would be deprived of immunity on summary judgment if the plaintiff alleged that the official had acted with malicious intent to deprive his constitutional rights. See, e. g., Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S. 308, 322 (1975).
The considerations underlying the formulation of the immunity rule in Harlow for Executive Branch officials, however, are quite distinct from those that led the Court to its prior recognition of immunity for federal law enforcement officials in suits against them founded on the Constitution. This observation is hardly surprising, for the question of immunity only acquires importance once a cause of action is created; the "practical consequences of a holding that no remedy has been authorized against a public official are essentially the same as those flowing from a conclusion that the official has absolute immunity." Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S., at 538 (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment). Probing the [483 U.S. 635, 652] question of immunity raised in this case therefore must begin, not with a rote recitation of the Harlow standard, but with an examination of the cause of action that brought the immunity question now before us into play in the first instance.
In Part III, I explain why the latter alternative is appropriate. For now, I assert the more limited proposition that the Court of Appeals quite correctly rejected Anderson's claim that he is entitled to immunity under Harlow. Harlow does not speak to the extent, if any, of an official's insulation from monetary liability when the official concedes that the constitutional right he is charged with violating was deeply etched in our jurisprudence, but argues that he reasonably believed that his particular actions comported with the constitutional command. In this case the District Judge granted Anderson's motion for summary judgment because she was convinced that the agent had probable cause to enter the Creightons' home and that the absence of a search warrant was justified by exigent circumstances. In other words, the [483 U.S. 635, 656] District Judge concluded as a matter of law that there was no substantive constitutional violation. When respondents appealed, petitioner argued that even if the Constitution was violated, he was entitled to immunity because the law defining exigent circumstances was not clearly established when he searched the Creightons' home. 11 In setting aside the order granting summary judgment, the Court of Appeals concluded that many essential factual matters were sharply disputed and that if the Creightons' version of the incident were accepted, there was neither probable cause nor an exigent-circumstances justification for the search. It was therefore necessary to try the case to find out whether the Fourth Amendment had been violated. Creighton v. St. Paul, 766 F.2d, at 1277. The Court of Appeals' conclusion that summary judgment on the probable-cause and exigent-circumstances issues was not appropriate in advance of discovery was unquestionably correct.
The Court of Appeals also was correct in rejecting petitioner's argument based on the holding in Harlow that the qualified-immunity issue ought to be resolved on a motion for summary judgment before any discovery has taken place. 457 U.S., at 818 -819. 12 The Court of Appeals rejected this [483 U.S. 635, 657] argument because it was convinced that the rule of law was clear. It also could have rejected the argument on an equally persuasive ground - namely, that the Harlow requirement concerning clearly established law applies to the rule on which the plaintiff relies, and that there was no doubt about the proposition that a warrantless entry into a home without probable cause is always unlawful. 13 The court does not even reach the exigent-circumstances inquiry unless and until the defendant has shown probable cause and is trying to establish that the search was legal notwithstanding the failure of the police to obtain a warrant. Thus, if we assume that the Court of Appeals was correct in its conclusion that probable cause had not been established, it was also correct in rejecting petitioner's claim to Harlow immunity, either because the exigent-circumstances exception to the warrant requirement was clearly established, or because a warrantless entry into a home without probable cause is always unlawful whether or not exigent circumstances are present.
In this Court, Anderson has not argued that any relevant rule of law - whether the probable-cause requirement [483 U.S. 635, 658] or the exigent-circumstances exception to the warrant requirement - was not "clearly established" in November 1983. Rather, he argues that a competent officer might have concluded that the particular set of facts he faced did constitute "probable cause" and "exigent circumstances," and that his own reasonable belief that the conduct engaged in was within the law suffices to establish immunity. But the factual predicate for Anderson's argument is not found in the Creightons' complaint, but rather in the affidavits that he has filed in support of his motion for summary judgment. Obviously, the respondents must be given an opportunity to have discovery to test the accuracy and completeness of the factual basis for the immunity claim. Neither this Court, 14 nor petitioner, 15 disagrees with this proposition. It is therefore pellucidly clear that the Court of Appeals was correct in its conclusion that the record before it did not support the summary judgment.
Of course, the probable-cause requirement for an officer who faces the situation petitioner did was clearly established. In addition, an officer's belief that his particular warrantless search was justified (by exigent circumstances, in this case) is analytically no different from a situation in which the warrant requirement has not been explicitly held to apply to the particular search undertaken by the officer - the precise situation in which, as the Court recognized in Mitchell v. Forsyth, there would certainly be no immunity. The good-faith argument advanced by petitioner might support a judgment in his favor after there has been a full examination of the facts, but it is not the kind of claim to immunity, based on the tentativeness or nonexistence of the constitutional rule allegedly violated by the officer, that we accepted in Harlow or in Mitchell.
Although the question does not appear to have been argued in, or decided by, the Court of Appeals, this Court has decided to apply a double standard of reasonableness in damages actions against federal agents who are alleged to have violated an innocent citizen's Fourth Amendment rights. By double standard I mean a standard that affords a law enforcement official two layers of insulation from liability or other adverse consequence, such as suppression of evidence. Having already adopted such a double standard in applying the exclusionary rule to searches authorized by an invalid warrant, United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984), the Court seems prepared and even anxious in this case to remove any requirement that the officer must obey the Fourth Amendment when entering a private home. I remain convinced that in a suit for damages as well as in a hearing on a motion to suppress evidence, "an official search and seizure cannot be both `unreasonable' and `reasonable' at the same time." Id., at 960 (STEVENS, J., dissenting).
A "federal official may not with impunity ignore the limitations which the controlling law has placed on his powers." [483 U.S. 635, 660] Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 489 (1978). The effect of the Court's (literally unwarranted) extension of qualified immunity, I fear, is that it allows federal agents to ignore the limitations of the probable-cause and warrant requirements with impunity. The Court does so in the name of avoiding interference with legitimate law enforcement activities even though the probable-cause requirement, which limits the police's exercise of coercive authority, is itself a form of immunity that frees them to exercise that power without fear of strict liability. See Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547 (1967).
The Court advances four arguments in support of the position that even though an entry into a private home is constitutionally unreasonable, it will not give rise to monetary liability if a reasonable officer could have believed it was reasonable: First, the probable-cause standard is so vague that it is unfair to expect law enforcement officers to comply with it; 16 second, the reasons for not saddling high government officials with the burdens of litigation apply equally to law enforcement officers; 17 third, there is nothing new in the Court's decision today because "we have previously extended qualified immunity to officials who were alleged to have violated the Fourth Amendment," ante, at 643, and finally, holding police officers to the constitutional standard of reasonableness would "unduly inhibit officials in the discharge of their duties," ante, at 638. None of these arguments on behalf of a double standard of reasonableness is persuasive to me.
"These long-prevailing standards seek to safeguard citizens from rash and unreasonable interferences with privacy and from unfounded charges of crime. They also seek to give fair leeway for enforcing the law in the community's protection. Because many situations which confront officers in the course of executing their duties are more or less ambiguous, room must be allowed for some mistakes on their part. But the mistakes must be those of reasonable men, acting on facts leading sensibly to their conclusions of probability. The rule of probable cause is a practical, nontechnical conception affording the best compromise that has been found for accommodating these often opposing interests. Requiring more would unduly hamper law enforcement. To allow less would be to leave law-abiding citizens at the mercy of the officers' whim or caprice." Id., at 176.
The Court supports its assertion that we have previously extended qualified immunity to officials who are alleged to have violated the Fourth Amendment, ante, at 643, by reference to two cases: Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335 (1986), which involved a search pursuant to a warrant, and Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511 (1985), in which the plaintiff relied on a rule of law that was not clearly established at the time of the alleged wrong. Neither of these cases supports the proposition that a warrantless search should be evaluated under a standard less strict than the constitutional standard of reasonableness. 19 Despite its protestations to the contrary, the Court makes new law today.
The argument that police officers need special immunity to encourage them to take vigorous enforcement action when they are uncertain about their right to make a forcible entry into a private home has already been accepted in our jurisprudence. We have held that the police act reasonably in entering a house when they have probable cause to believe a fugitive is in the house and exigent circumstances make it impracticable to obtain a warrant. This interpretation of the Fourth Amendment allows room for police intrusion, without a warrant, on the privacy of even innocent citizens. In Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S., at 555 , we held that police officers would not be liable in an action brought under 42 U.S.C. 1983 "if they acted in good faith and with probable cause . . . ." We explained: "Under the prevailing view in this country a peace officer who arrests someone with probable cause is not liable for false arrest simply because the innocence [483 U.S. 635, 664] of the suspect is later proved. Restatement, Second, Torts 121 (1965); 1 Harper & James, The Law of Torts 3.18, at 277-278 (1956); Ward v. Fidelity & Deposit Co. of Maryland, 179 F.2d 327 (CA 8th Cir. 1950). A policeman's lot is not so unhappy that he must choose between being charged with dereliction of duty if he does not arrest when he has probable cause, and being mulcted in damages if he does." Ibid.
Thus, until now the Court has not found intolerable the use of a probable-cause standard to protect the police officer from exposure to liability simply because his reasonable conduct is subsequently shown to have been mistaken. Today, however, the Court counts the law enforcement interest twice 20 and the individual's privacy interest only once.
The Court's double-counting approach reflects understandable sympathy for the plight of the officer and an overriding interest in unfettered law enforcement. It ascribes a far lesser importance to the privacy interest of innocent citizens than did the Framers of the Fourth Amendment. The importance of that interest and the possible magnitude of its invasion are both illustrated by the facts of this case. 21 The [483 U.S. 635, 665] home of an innocent family was invaded by several officers without a warrant, without the owner's consent, with a substantial show of force, and with blunt expressions of disrespect for the law and for the rights of the family members. [483 U.S. 635, 666] As the case comes to us, we must assume that the intrusion violated the Fourth Amendment. See Steagald v. United States, 451 U.S. 204, 211 (1981). Proceeding on that assumption, I see no reason why the family's interest in the security of its own home should be accorded a lesser weight than the Government's interest in carrying out an invasion that was unlawful. 22 Arguably, if the Government considers it important not to discourage such conduct, it should provide indemnity to its officers. Preferably, however, it should furnish the kind of training for its law enforcement agents that would entirely eliminate the necessity for the Court to distinguish between the conduct that a competent officer considers reasonable and the conduct that the Constitution deems reasonable. 23 [483 U.S. 635, 667] "Federal officials will not be liable for mere mistakes in judgment, whether the mistake is one of fact or one of law." Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S., at 507 . On the other hand, surely an innocent family should not bear the entire risk that a trial court, with the benefit of hindsight, will find that a federal agent reasonably believed that he could break into their home equipped with force and arms but without probable cause or a warrant.
The warrant requirement safeguards this bedrock principle of the Fourth Amendment, while the immunity bestowed on a police officer who acts with probable cause permits him to do his job free of constant fear of monetary liability. The Court rests its doctrinally flawed opinion upon a double standard of reasonableness which unjustifiably and unnecessarily upsets the delicate balance between respect for individual privacy and protection of the public servants who enforce our laws.
"Because they could not reasonably have been expected to be aware of a constitutional right that had not yet been declared, petitioners did not act with such disregard for the established law that their conduct `cannot reasonably be characterized as being in good faith.' Wood v. Strickland, 420 U.S., at 322 ."
Thus, even the immunity of officials whose discretionary duties are broader than those of a law enforcement officer does not extend to conduct which they should have known was contrary to a constitutional norm. Harlow did not change this rule. See 457 U.S., at 819 . Even if it were appropriate to apply this standard of immunity to law enforcement agents in the field, it should certainly provide no shield for a warrantless night-time search of a private home that was unsupported by probable cause.
[ Footnote 3 ] "If the law at that time was not clearly established, an official could not reasonably be expected to anticipate subsequent legal developments, nor could he fairly be said to `know' that the law forbade conduct not previously identified as unlawful." Harlow, 457 U.S., at 818 . Logically, this reasoning does not extend to cases such as this one in which both the constitutional command and an exception to the rule for conduct that responds to a narrowly defined category of factual situations are clearly established, and the dispute is whether the situation that the officer confronted fits within the category.
[ Footnote 4 ] Cf. Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 (1980) (defendant has the burden of pleading good faith as an affirmative defense).
[ Footnote 5 ] "Reliance on the objective reasonableness of an official's conduct, as measured by reference to clearly established law, should avoid excessive disruption of government and permit the resolution of many insubstantial claims on summary judgment. On summary judgment, the judge appropriately may determine, not only the currently applicable law, but whether that law was clearly established at the time an action occurred. If the law at that time was not clearly established, an official could not reasonably be expected to anticipate subsequent legal developments, nor could he fairly be said to `know' that the law forbade conduct not previously identified as unlawful. Until this threshold immunity question is resolved, discovery should not be allowed. If the law was clearly established, the immunity defense ordinarily should fail, since a reasonably competent public official should know the law governing his conduct." Harlow, 457 U.S., at 818 -819 (footnotes omitted).
"The numerous dissents, concurrences and reversals, especially in the last decade, indicate that even learned and experienced jurists have had difficulty in defining the rules that govern a determination of probable cause, with or without a warrant. As he tries to find his way in this thicket, the police officer must not be held to act at his peril." Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 456 F.2d 1339, 1348 (CA2 1972) (citations omitted).
[ Footnote 7 ] "Is it not inferable that the point of the remand [to the Court of Appeals in Bivens] was to ventilate the question of the possible existence of the kind of qualified privilege the Court of Appeals sustained, rather than the issue of immunity?" P. Bator, P. Mishkin, D. Shapiro, & H. Wechsler, Hart and Wechsler's The Federal Courts and the Federal System 1421 (2d ed. 1973).
[ Footnote 8 ] The Court asserts that this assumption merely reflects our holding last Term in Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S., at 340 . See ante, at 642, n. 4. The Malley case, however, rejected a police officer's claim that he was entitled to absolute immunity because he had acted pursuant to an arrest warrant issued by a magistrate. We specifically declined to accept the petitioner's invitation "to expand what was a qualified immunity at common law into an absolute immunity." 475 U.S., at 342 . We concluded that in "the case of the officer applying for a warrant" a rule of qualified immunity based on the Harlow standard would give "ample room for mistaken judgments." 475 U.S., at 343 . Our opinion carefully avoided any comment on warrantless searches or the proper application of Harlow in cases in which the claim of "qualified immunity" could not be evaluated in advance of discovery.
[ Footnote 9 ] "But if the test of `clearly established law' were to be applied at this level of generality, . . . [p]laintiffs would be able to convert the rule of qualified immunity that our cases plainly establish into a rule of virtually unqualified liability . . . ." Ante, at 639.
[ Footnote 10 ] The Court does not consider the possibility that the "objective reasonableness" of the officer's conduct may depend on the resolution of a factual dispute. Such a dispute may preclude the entry of summary judgment but, despite the Court's intimation to the contrary, see ante, at 640, n. 2, should not necessarily prevent a jury from resolving the factual issues in the officer's favor and thereafter concluding that his conduct was objectively reasonable.
[ Footnote 11 ] He also made this argument in District Court. See Memorandum of Points and Authorities 29, 1 Record A-52.
[ Footnote 12 ] The Harlow standard of qualified immunity precludes a plaintiff from alleging the official's malice in order to defeat a qualified-immunity defense. By adopting a purely objective standard, however, Harlow may be inapplicable in at least two types of cases. In the first, the plaintiff can only obtain damages if the official's culpable state of mind is established. See, e. g., Allen v. Scribner, 812 F.2d 426, 436 (CA9 1987); Note, Qualified Immunity for Government Officials: The Problem of Unconstitutional Purpose in Civil Rights Litigation, 95 Yale L. J. 126, 136-137 (1985). In the second, an official's conduct is not susceptible to a determination that it violated clearly established law because it is regulated by an extremely general and deeply entrenched norm, such as the command of due process or probable cause. The principle is clearly established, but whether it would brand the official's planned conduct as illegal often cannot be ascertained without reference to facts that may be in dispute. See Reardon v. [483 U.S. 635, 657] Wroan, 811 F.2d 1025 (CA7 1987) (police officers denied qualified immunity on summary judgment because their conclusion of probable cause could be found objectively unreasonable when the facts are viewed in light most favorable to the plaintiffs); Jasinski v. Adams, 781 F.2d 843 (CA11 1986) (per curiam) (federal agent denied qualified immunity on summary judgment because of genuine issue of probable cause); Deary v. Three Un-Named Police Officers, 746 F.2d 185 (CA3 1984) (police officers denied qualified immunity on summary judgment because of genuine issue of probable cause).
[ Footnote 13 ] The Court's opinion reveals little, if any, interest in the facts of this case in which the complaint unquestionably alleged a violation of a clearly established rule of law. Instead, the Court focuses its attention on the hypothetical case in which a complaint drafted by a "passably clever plaintiff" is able to allege a "violation of extremely abstract rights." Ante, at 639, and n. 2. I am more concerned with the average citizen who has alleged that law enforcement officers forced their way into his home without a warrant and without probable cause. The constitutional rule allegedly violated in this case is both concrete and clearly established.
[ Footnote 14 ] See ante, at 646-647, n. 6.
[ Footnote 15 ] See Brief for Petitioner 33-34, n. 18.
[ Footnote 16 ] "We have frequently observed, and our many cases on the point amply demonstrate, the difficulty of determining whether particular searches or seizures comport with the Fourth Amendment." Ante, at 644.
[ Footnote 17 ] "Law enforcement officers whose judgments in making these difficult determinations are objectively legally reasonable should no more be held personally liable in damages than should officials making analogous determinations in other areas of law." Ibid.
[ Footnote 18 ] "Intense scrutiny, by the people, by the press, and by Congress, has been the traditional method for deterring violations of the Constitution by these high officers of the Executive Branch. Unless Congress authorizes other remedies, it presumably intends the retributions for any violations to be undertaken by political action. Congress is in the best position to decide whether the incremental deterrence added by a civil damages remedy outweighs the adverse effect that the exposure to personal liability may have on governmental decisionmaking. However the balance is struck, there surely is a national interest in enabling Cabinet officers with responsibilities in this area to perform their sensitive duties with decisiveness and without potentially ruinous hesitation." Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 541 (1985) (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment).
[ Footnote 19 ] "The good-faith exception for searches conducted pursuant to warrants is not intended to signal our unwillingness strictly to enforce the requirements of the Fourth Amendment, and we do not believe that it will have this effect. As we have already suggested, the good-faith exception, turning as it does on objective reasonableness, should not be difficult to apply in practice. When officers have acted pursuant to a warrant, the prosecution should ordinarily be able to establish objective good faith without a substantial expenditure of judicial time." United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 924 (1984).
[ Footnote 20 ] "The question whether they had probable cause depends on what they reasonably believed with reference to the facts that confronted them, as the judge instructed in the passage we quoted earlier. To go on and instruct the jury further that even if the police acted without probable cause they should be exonerated if they reasonably (though erroneously) believed that they were acting reasonably is to confuse the jury and give the defendants two bites at the apple." Llaguno v. Mingey, 763 F.2d 1560, 1569 (CA7 1985) (Posner, J.) (en banc).
"One of the officers asked Mr. Creighton if he had a red and silver car. As Mr. Creighton led the officers downstairs to his garage, where his maroon Oldsmobile was parked, one of the officers punched him in the face, knocking him to the ground, and causing him to bleed from the mouth and the forehead. Mr. Creighton alleges that he was attempting to move past the officer to open the garage door when the officer panicked and hit him. The officer claims that Mr. Creighton attempted to grab his shotgun, even though Mr. Creighton was not a suspect in any crime and had no contraband in his home or on his person. Shaunda, the Creighton's ten-year-old daughter, witnessed the assault and screamed for her mother to come help. She claims that one of the officers then hit her.
"Mrs. Creighton phoned her mother, but an officer allegedly kicked and grabbed the phone and told her to `hang up that damn phone.' She told her children to run to their neighbor's house for safety. The children ran out and a plain clothes officer chased them. The Creightons' neighbor allegedly told Mrs. Creighton that the officer ran into her house and grabbed Shaunda by the shoulders and shook her. The neighbor allegedly told the officer, `Can't you see she's in shock; leave her alone and get out of my house.' Mrs. Creighton's mother later brought Shaunda to the emergency [483 U.S. 635, 666] room at Children's Hospital for an arm injury caused by the officer's rough handling.
"During the melee, family members and friends began arriving at the Creighton's home. Mrs. Creighton claims that she was embarrassed in front of her family and friends by the invasion of their home and their rough treatment as if they were suspects in a major crime. At this time, she again asked Anderson for a search warrant. He allegedly replied, `I don't need a damn search warrant when I'm looking for a fugitive.' The officers did not discover the allegedly unspecified `fugitive' at the Creightons' home or any evidence whatsoever that he had been there or that the Creightons were involved in any type of criminal activity. Nonetheless, the officers then arrested and handcuffed Mr. Creighton for obstruction of justice and brought him to the police station where he was jailed overnight, then released without being charged." Creighton v. St. Paul, 766 F.2d 1269, 1270-1271 (CA8 1985) (footnote and citation omitted).
"These [Fourth Amendment rights], I protest, are not mere second-class rights but belong in the catalog of indispensable freedoms. Among deprivations of rights, none is so effective in cowing a population, crushing the spirit of the individual and putting terror in every heart. Uncontrolled search and seizure is one of the first and most effective weapons in the arsenal of every arbitrary government." Id., at 180.
"Suppose, for example, that the challenge is to a search and seizure conducted by an FBI agent. The defendant shows that the agent was required to be aware of, and fully aware of, all relevant fourth amendment law. Would the reasonable reliance inquiry turn on whether a particular FBI agent's conduct lived up to the standards expected from someone who was apprised of, or should have been apprised of, relevant fourth amendment law? Or is it enough that the agent's conduct met the lower standard of the average well-trained police officer? . . . If th[e] individualized objective standard is to be the test under Leon, then motions to suppress may well require a far greater expenditure of judicial time than the Court seems to think should be devoted to protecting fourth amendment interests." Wasserstrom & Mertens, The Exclusionary Rule on the Scaffold: But Was It A Fair Trial?, 22 Am. Crim. L. Rev. 85, 120 (1984) (footnotes omitted).
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Seattle is the county seat of King County and a seaport city in the state of Washington. It is one of the most populous cities in the country. The city is located on the West Coast close to the Canada-United States border. It is renowned for its performing arts, and music scene. As well as popular tourist destination due to its close proximity to both nature and water. The city is home to many museums, galleries, and live performance venues, as well as many professional sports teams on different levels. The climate is mild, temperate, marine climate and allows year-round outdoor activities including swimming, snowboarding, rock climbing, kayaking, and more.
Seattle Housing Statistics According to US News the average cost of buying a home in Seattle is approximately $404,000, which is well above the national average. The cost of buying a home varies greatly depending on the neighborhood. In areas like First Hill, Uptown, and Belltown, the home prices are half compared to East Queen Anne, West Queen Anne, and North Queen Anne. The monthly average rent is higher than the national average, and higher when compared to other major metro areas. The cost of living in Seattle is higher than the national average.
Living in Seattle Seattle is a popular tourist destination with numerous annual fairs and festivals, most known is the 24-day long Seattle International Film Festival. The city's distinct neighborhoods are ideal for exploration, especially downtown, there you will find most of the city's attractions. There are also plenty of opportunities to enjoy great outdoor activities, with the closeness to water and mountains.
Pike Place Market is a buy market located near the downtown waterfront, here you can buy almost anything you want, from local artwork to vinyl records. They also have a very beautiful flower market. This is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the city. There are many restaurants and coffee shops in this area, and Seattle is known for its good coffee.
The neighborhood Pioneer Square is full of historic old buildings. The area has numerous of art galleries, restaurants, and shops.
Space Needle is a 605-foot tall tower, with a round observation deck that offers a great view of the city. The top of the tower has a revolving restaurant.
The Seattle Art Museum hosts one of the best art collections in the country, and it ranges from European masterpieces to contemporary sculpture. The museum is located downtown Seattle. The Olympic Sculpture Park is a section of the Seattle Art Museum, that is outdoors and free. It is filled by sculptors, and also has a shop and a cafe.
The Seattle Aquarium is located along the waterfront and close to the Seattle Art Museum. It features northwestern sea life, coral reef tank, and a kid-friendly touch tank. The most notable with the aquarium is its underwater observation dome.
Transportation and commutes in Seattle Most working Seattle residents commute to work by driving alone, or commute via carpool. Although, more use public transportation than the national average. The public transportation is operated by King County Department of Transportation Metro Transit Division (Metro) and Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority (ST). They provide light rail, buses, streetcars, and commuter rail throughout the city.
Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (SEA) is the main airport in the area. It has flights to domestic destinations in the entire country, some of which are seasonal. There are international flights to the entire world, a few are seasonal.
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Melden Sie sich an, um vollen Zugriff auf den Grabstein-Datensatz von דני קישילינסקי zu erhalten.
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דני קישילינסקי ist auf dem Ami'ad Cemetery an der auf der Karte unten angezeigten Position beerdigt. Diese GPS-Informationen sind NUR bei BillionGraves verfügbar. Unsere Technologie kann Ihnen helfen, die Grabstelle und andere Familienmitglieder zu finden, die in der Nähe beerdigt sind.
דני קישילינסקי war 10 Jahre alt, als The first launch of a Space Shuttle (Columbia) takes place: The STS-1 mission. The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station. The Shuttle fleet's total mission time was 1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.
דני קישילינסקי war 23 Jahre alt, als The Rwandan genocide begins when the aircraft carrying Rwandan president Juvénal Habyarimana and Burundian president Cyprien Ntaryamira is shot down. The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, was a genocidal mass slaughter of Tutsi in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government. An estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed during the 100-day period from 7 April to mid-July 1994, constituting as many as 70% of the Tutsi population. Additionally, 30% of the Pygmy Batwa were killed. The genocide and widespread slaughter of Rwandans ended when the Tutsi-backed and heavily armed Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) led by Paul Kagame took control of the country. An estimated 2,000,000 Rwandans, mostly Hutus, were displaced and became refugees.
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Star Wars creator George Lucas kicked off the 20th Anniversary panel for the 1999 Star Wars prequel The Phantom Menace with quite a bold statement, proclaiming Jar Jar Binks as his favorite character.
While, to many Star Wars fans, Jar Jar Binks is considered one of the worst characters, the 74 year old filmmaker praised the character and actor Ahmed Best's performance.
The character may be polarizing, but Binks is still the first fully CGI character ever to appear in a live-action movie, with Best portraying the character through motion capture and with his voice.
'Thank you for coming to the Celebration,,' Lucas began in his video that was played to the Celebration crowd.
'The Phantom Menace is one of my favorite movies and of course Jar Jar is my favorite character. Ahmed [Best], you did a fantastic job. It was very, very hard,' he added.
He went on to heap praise on the visual effects wizards at Industrial Light and Magic (ILM), and visual effects supervisor John Knoll.
'Also for John Knoll and all the guys at ILM, I made it impossible for them. We broke a lot of ground,' Lucas continued.
'We were using test equipment but it was the beginning of digital, even though we didn’t get to shoot the whole thing digitally, we got to shoot part of it so it was really one of the first digital features and I’m very proud of that,' Lucas said of his groundbreaking feature.
'The fans are always such a big part of these films and obviously those of you who are here are the fans of Episode 1 and I love each and every one of you,' Lucas concluded.
While Lucas wasn't present at the Celebration panel, the man who portrayed Jar Jar Binks, Ahmed Best was, as he received a standing ovation from the crowd.
Best was a Stomp performer who auditioned for the Jar Jar Binks role and got it, making his feature film debut as the controversial Gungan character.
Best revealed in a social media post last summer that the immense backlash aimed at the character from fans almost lead him to suicide.
He returned to play Jar Jar Binks in 2002's Attack of the Clones and 2005's Revenge of the Sith, and later returned to voice Jar Jar in episodes of the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars.
While Jar Jar, and The Phantom Menace movie was bashed by fans, it still was a huge hit, earning $474.5 million domestic and $1.02 billion worldwide.
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Russia gains Derbent, Baku, and the provinces of Shirvan, Gilan, Mazandaran and Astarabad. All returned to Iran 9 and 12 years later.
The Russian victory ratified for Safavid Iran's cession of their territories in the North Caucasus, South Caucasus and contemporary northern Iran to Russia, comprising the cities of Derbent (southern Dagestan) and Baku and their nearby surrounding lands, as well as the provinces of Gilan, Shirvan, Mazandaran and Astarabad conform the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723).
The territories remained in Russian hands for 9 and 12 years, when respectively according to the Treaty of Resht of 1732 and the Treaty of Ganja of 1735, they were returned to Iran.
Before the war, the nominal Russian border was the Terek River. South of that, the Khanates of Dagestan were nominal vassals of Iran. The ultimate cause of the war was Russia's desire to expand to the southeast and the temporary weakness of Iran. At the start of the war, the Iranian capital was under siege. The formal pretext was the grave damage inflicted to the many Russian merchants who inhabited the Safavid Iranian city of Shamakhi. In 1721, rebellious Lezgins, from within the declining Safavid Empire, had sacked and looted the city, killing many of its inhabitants including several Russian merchants. Artemy Volynsky, Russia's ambassador to Safavid Iran reported on the great damage done to the Russian merchants, to then incumbent Tsar Peter the Great (r. 1682–1725). The report stipulated that the 1721 event was a clear violation of the 1717 Russo-Iranian trade treaty, by which the latter guaranteed to ensure the protection of Russian nationals within the Safavid domains. With Safavid Iran in chaos, and the Safavid ruler in no possible way able to safeguard the provisions of the treaty, Volynsky urged Peter to take advantage of the situation, and to invade Iran, on the pretext of restoring order as an ally of the Safavid king. Indeed, Russia shortly after used the attack on its merchants in Shamakhi as the pretext to launch the war.
Between 1714-20, several Russian sailors had mapped the Caspian Sea. On 15 July 1722, Peter issued a manifesto in several local languages justifying the invasion, drawn up by Dimitrie Cantemir. Peter gathered 22,000 infantry, 9,000 dragoons and 70,000 Cossacks, Tatars and Kalmyks. For transport, he created the Caspian Flotilla at Astrakhan under Fyodor Apraksin. The infantry, artillery and stores were to be shipped by sea to the mouth of the Sulak River while the cavalry went overland from Tsaritsyn and Mozdok. By the time Peter was assembling his forces for the attack, the Safavid state had already entered the final stages of collapse.
All dates old style since dates given only in months could not be converted. Add 11 days for the modern calendar.
The flotilla arrived at the mouth of the Sulak on 27 July 1722 and Peter, carried ashore by four boatmen, was the first to disembark. There, he learned that some of his cavalry had been defeated by Kumyks and Chechens at Enderey — the first time the two peoples had fought. Peter responded with a punitive expedition using Kalmukh troops. He went south and camped at what later became Petrovsk. On August 12, he made a state entry into Tarki, the capital of the Shamkhalate of Tarki, where the ruler received him as a friend. Next day, he headed south to Derbent, the flotilla following coastwise. He sent envoys to the next major ruler, the Sultan of Utemish. Sultan Mahmoud Otemishsky killed the envoys and gathered about 16,000 men at Utemish to bar the way. The mountaineers fought valiantly, but could not withstand the disciplined infantry. Utemish was burned and all the prisoners hanged in revenge for the murder of the envoys. On learning of this, the Khan of Derbent offered Peter the keys to the city in August 23. Derbent is at a narrow point on the coastal plain and has long been considered the northern gateway to Iran. While in Derbent, he learned that the flotilla had been caught in a storm and most of the supplies lost. Since there was no possibility of resupply this late in the season, he left a strong garrison at Derbent, marched back to the Terek River, took ship to Astrakhan and, on December 13, made a triumphal entry into Moscow.
Vakhtang VI of Kartli (central Georgia) was a vassal of Iran and had been their captive for seven years. Given the weakness of Iran, he made an arrangement with Russia. In September 1722, he advanced on Ganja. When the Russians did not join him, he returned to Tbilisi in November. This provocation of Iran led to a disastrous invasion of his country.
Before leaving Astrakhan, Peter, on 6 November, sent Colonel Shipov and two battalions south to occupy the Iranian city of Rasht at the southwest corner of the Caspian. The locals wanted help against the Afghans but quickly changed their minds. 15000 men were gathered, Shah Tamasp ordered the Russians out (February) and towards the end of March the Russians defeated the Iranians, and had decisively taken the Caspian Sea town.
After a long siege on 26 June 1723 General Matyushkin took the Iranian town of Baku and soon Shirvan to the west and then the three Iranian provinces on the south coast of the Caspian Sea. On September 12, the Russians and Iranians made a treaty in which the Russians would drive out the Afghans and restore Shah Tahmasp to the throne in return for the cession of Derbent, Baku and the three south coast provinces. Next year, Prince Meshchersky went to Iran but was unable to secure ratification and was almost killed.
The war was formally concluded by the 1723 Treaty of Saint Petersburg, which recognized the Russian annexation of the west and south coasts of the Caspian. By the 1724 Treaty of Constantinople, Russia recognized Turkish control of nearly everything west of what they had captured, thereby partitioning Transcaucasia between the two powers. The Russians lost many soldiers to disease. At the same time, Nader Shah restored Iranian power. In 1732, through the Treaty of Resht, Russia withdrew to approximately the current Iranian border. In 1735, as a result of the Treaty of Ganja, Russia withdrew to its former border along the Terek River.
The war was a costly war for both sides in different measures. Iran had lost swaths of its territories, while Russia had suffered large human losses. The campaign proved costly; of the 61,039 men who took part, 36,663 did not return. Grave damage was inflicted by the Russians on the occupied areas. Thus, in Gilan, one of the consequences of the occupation was the rapid decline of sericulture, as many of those involved in it fled. It took years for the industry to revive.
Peter was determined to keep the newly conquered Iranian territories in the Caucasus and northern mainland Iran. However, he was concerned about their safety and thus ordered the fortifications at Derbent and Holy Cross to be strengthened. He was determined to attach Gilan and Mazandaran to Russia. In May 1724, the Tsar wrote to Matiushkin, Russian commander in Rasht, that he should invite "Armenians and other Christians, if there are such, to Gilan and Mazandaran and settle them, while Muslims should be very quietly, so that they would not know it, diminished in number as much as possible."
In 1732, on the eve of the Russo-Turkish War, the government of Empress Anna Ioannovna, Peter's successor, returned many of the annexed territories to Iran as a part of the Treaty of Resht, to construct an alliance with the Safavids against the Ottoman Empire. By the 1735 Treaty of Ganja, the remaining territories were returned, including Derbent, Baku and Tarki, and Iran was again in full possession of its territories in the North and South Caucasus and in contemporary northern Iran. The Russian troops nevertheless had not evacuated from the Iranian provinces until 1734.
As The Cambridge History of Iran adds, "perhaps the only long-term consequence was the consciousness on the part of Russia's rulers that their armies had once marched beyond the Caucasus, that the Russian flag had flown over the southern shore of the Caspian Sea."
However, the sequel was additionally disastrous for the Georgian rulers who had supported Peter's venture. In eastern Georgia, Vakhtang VI of Kartli lost his throne and sought protection of the Russian court in 1724. In western Georgia, Alexander V of Imereti had to accept an Ottoman suzerainty on more stringent terms. The Ottomans, further, alarmed by the Russian intervention, strengthened their hold along the Caucasian coastline.
^ a b c d "722". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ a b "Кумыкский мир". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ a b "lekia.ru". Retrieved 9 June 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G. R. G.; Melville, C. (1991). The Cambridge History of Iran. 7. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521200950.
^ Axworthy 2010, p. 42.
^ a b c Fisher et al. 1991, p. 316.
^ a b c Sicker 2001, p. 48.
^ Axworthy 2010, p. 62.
^ Matthee 2005, p. 28.
^ Atkin 1980, p. 4.
^ Langaroudi, EIr; Langaroudi, R. Rezazadeh (2009). "GĪLĀN vi. History in the 18th century". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. X, Fasc. 6. pp. 642–645.
Atkin, Muriel (1980). Russia and Iran, 1780-1828. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0816656974.
Matthee, Rudolph P. (2005). The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691118550.
Dunlop, John B. (1998), Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-63619-1 .
The province of Daghestan was a velayat (province) of the Safavid Empire, centred on the territory of the present-day Republic of Dagestan. Numerous high-ranking Safavid figures originally hailed from the province, or had roots there.
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Martina invested $1000 for a period of 17 years in a bank that paid variable rates of interest. For the first 2 years, the bank paid an annual interest rate of x percent compounded annually and for the next 5 years, the bank paid a simple interest rate of 12 percent per annum on the compounded amount at the end of the second year. If for the remaining years, Martina earned a total simple interest of $1694 on the compounded amount at the end of the second year, at a rate of 14 percent per annum, by approximately what percentage of the invested amount was the total simple interest earned greater than the compound interest earned?
- simple interest is the same each year; it's just a fixed percentage of the starting capital. So if the person earned $1694 in simple interest over 10 years, she earned $169.4 in interest each year. If that's 14% of the starting capital C, then 0.14C = 169.4, and solving we find C = 1210. That, according to the wording of the question, is the value of the investment after two years.
- we also have five years of simple interest on the $1210 amount, at 12% each year. Since it's simple interest, that's the same as earning 60% once, so 0.6*1210 = $726 is the amount of interest earned at 12%.
So the total simple interest earned was 2420 - 210 = 2210 greater than the compound interest earned. Since we want to express that difference as a percentage of the initial investment, we must divide by 1000, to get 2.21, and multiply by 100%, so the answer is 221%.
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Year of the Mac Pro?
Today the Macintosh is 35 years old. Rather than a retrospective, I'm more interested today in the future of the Macintosh as my most trafficked blog post I've written is an upgrade guide the classic Mac Pro which are now 13-7 years of age depending on the model. In mid-2018, Apple announced that the Mac Pro would be revamped in 2019 and yet many Mac loyalists were irked that at the WWDC Apple didn't announce a Mac Pro. It was never going to be a one-more-thing, as it's very unlike Apple to announce a schedule for a future product.
Any iteration of the Mac Pro is going to confuse the Mac line-up further. The MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, MacBook are all within $100 of each other at for base models and 1.4 pounds, 1 hour of battery life and 1 inch of screen size. The Pro is clear-cut as the performer and the MacBook as the traveler and the Air as the bridge... for some reason. It'd only really take adding a second port (perhaps Thunderbolt) to the MacBook to negate the under performing Air.
The iMac Pro is undoubtedly a powerful machine but at a king's ransom, starting at $5,000. If a Mac Pro lands with anything resembling a dedicated PCIe slot, user serviceable RAM and CPUs, I can't imagine anyone opting for an iMac Pro and especially if starts at the still very expensive $3000 entry point as previous Mac Pros have. The iMac Pro is powerful but also, at it's price-point with non-upgradable GPU, and terrible user serviceability, hardly a compelling buy. Then there's the Mac Mini, if the Mac Pro keeps its current G4 Cube influenced hostile-to-power-users design, then anyone who can survive on more modest CPU and 64 GB of RAM is likely to eat the cost of a Thunderbolt PCIe case (or do the same with an iMac 5k). Based on my interactions with the Mac power users of this planet, we're all after the same thing: PCIe, User serviceable RAM, and upgradable CPUs and storage. This really should be Apple's most straightforward release year-over-year, the form factor of the classic Mac Pro is perfectly fine. Dust it off, update the ports from FireWire/USB2.0 to Thunderbolt and USB 3.x, slap in a modern motherboard with the latest specs and call it a day. Ideally, Apple would sunset the iMac Pro as a nice experiment in industrial design. As much as Apple dislikes user-control, the one segment where the users know better than Apple is professional work, see the fiascos of Final Cut Pro X and the Mac Pro 2013 which lead to the deep pockets of Hollywood abandoning Apple for the likes of PCs and AVID. The iMac's DNA never has been to be performance monster, although it evolved from entry level to a nice mid-level computer, sporting a beautiful integrated display. If the Mac Pro is modular, than the iMac Pro becomes the next G4 Cube.
Recently though, with the reintroduction of the MacBook Air, Apple has shown a willingness to confuse the Mac line up with no clear price point. This should be a bad thing but it isn't for the Mac Pro. So where does that leave us? I'm mildly hopeful. Just mildly.
Edit 01/29/19: NYTimes writes A Tiny Screw Shows Why iPhones Won’t Be ‘Assembled in U.S.A.’, which blames Mac Pro production yields on a lack of a certain screw. The idiocy here is the over-engineering and probably a healthy dose of hostility to user serviceablity, to echo myself Right To Repair Law Should Be The Rally Call Every Mac / iPhone User.
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Fantastic oceanfront estate lot in beautiful Esterillos.
Just down the beach from the new Cabo Caletas oceanfront golf resort, this lot’s perfect location and fantastic natural surroundings offer one fortunate buyer an excellent investment. Costa Rica beachfront is truly an exclusive and privileged real estate opportunity.
This half-acre homesite is ready to build with all concession papers complete, a rare find in Esterillos. Esterillos Beach is a favorite among locals and travelers alike for its expansive beach, low impact development and close proximity to Jaco. This property is half a mile from the new 18-hole championship oceanfront golf course currently under construction. In other words, it is a perfect time to invest in area real estate. Nothing beats waterfront living!
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To provide comprehensive, exemplary health education?
To provide comprehensive, exemplary health education programs to women and their loved ones that inform, support, and empower women to achieve their optimal level of health. To provide comprehensive, exemplary health education programs to women and their loved ones that inform, support, and empower women to achieve their optimal level of health.
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A measles outbreak near Portland, Ore., has revived a bitter debate over so-called personal belief exemptions to childhood vaccinations. Washington and OR are two of 18 states that allow nonmedical exemptions for vaccines (i.e., for philosophical OR personal reasons).
'If you have a large unvaccinated population and you add measles to the mix, one measles case will infect 90 percent of contacts, and the early symptoms are not distinguishable from other respiratory illnesses - and you're contagious at that point, ' Dr Melnick said.
As the Associated Press reports, at least 35 people are now confirmed to have the disease, with around a dozen other suspected cases yet to be confirmed. Most of the patients are children under 10, and one child has been hospitalized.
The National Vaccine Information Center, which opposes mandatory vaccination laws, said it opposed that bill and the current one. "I'm just so scared", she said.
The best way to protect your family from measles is to get vaccinated. Parents who don't want to immunize their children can homeschool or enroll their children in independent study at the local public school. After three to five days, a rash usually begins on the face and spreads to other parts of the body.
Before mass vaccination, 400 to 500 people in the U.S. died of the measles every year, 50,000 people were hospitalized and 4,000 people developed brain swelling that can cause deafness, Melnick said. Serious complications include brain swelling that can cause blindness or deafness and pneumonia.
Symptoms of measles can often be similar to cold or flu symptoms, including: fever, diarrhea, coughing, runny nose, red and watery eyes, and fatigue. "And a few days after that, you get that famous rash".
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How about a new makeup review ladies? So I bought this new foundation that claims to be an HD foundation. We all love HD foundations because it's perfect for instagram selfie, indoor and outdoor photoshoot, who wouldn't like a foundation that can give you a flawless look that can last all day? So, I found this HD Foundation from LA Girl and felt curious about it. It looks exactly like the MUFE bottle. This LA Girl is so affordable that you can get yours at Php799 only and the Pro-prep HD Smoothing Face Primer at Php385. If you wanna know my thoughts about this foundation, watch the video below.
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When asked in history lessons at school what made the year 1492 so special, almost every student knows the answer. It was the year that Christopher Columbus discovered America. The word America has different connotations in Europe and in America itself. When people in Europe talk about America they almost invariably refer to The United States of America, with Washington, D.C. as its capital.
In Europe people are not even aware of the geographical term North America, which includes Canada, the U.S. and Mexico. So when asked about Christopher Columbus and his discovery they believe that he landed somewhere near Boston.In fact the place where Columbus first arrived in the Western Hemisphere was The Bahamas.
The Bahamas are a group of islands and it was on one of them, San Salvador, where Christopher Columbus set foot on October 12th , 1492.The Bahamas themselves were never of much interest to the Spanish and they never really settled there. What they did do though was turn all the local residents into slaves and send them to the mines of San Domingo. Basically the whole population just disappeared within a very short time.But it seems that not very many people were living in the Bahamas, because after their abduction and forced slavery there was hardly any evidence of civilization like abandoned houses, temples and ruins left. Nor was there much evidence of extensive agriculture or soil cultivation.
Nowadays there are many fruit trees on the islands, but their introduction through the Spanish can be traced back and there are absolutely no animals that could serve as food for human consumption. The aboriginals that used to live there were evidently fishermen or lived on wild fruit and corn.Very little is known about the original inhabitants so that it's almost impossible to classify them.
Maybe they came originally from what is known today as Florida. What is known is that they were not cannibals and seemed to have been very mild-mannered.The first foreigners to settle in the Bahamas were a group of religious refugees from England . They were Eleutheran Adventurers, persecuted by their local church and they gave Eleuthera island its name. After other groups of settlers from different parts of the world established their own settlements with their own governments in The Bahamas the islands became a British Crown Colony.
The ongoing animosity and sometimes outright war between Spain and Great Britain gave adventurers, many of them English and French, the opportunity to use the islands as their base from which to attack Spanish ships that went to or came from the New World. It was the natural geological formations of the islands and their coasts that gave those pirates a superb advantage and provided them with a perfect hiding place.When in 1697 Europe arrived at peace through the treaty of Riswick England stopped protecting the islands. The Bahamas, now being on their own and without any official alliances, soon turned into a haven for pirates who fought all nations and attacked all ships independent of their origin. Lawlessness reigned and The Bahamas became a by-word for crime at that time.
This state of affairs could obviously not continue indefinitely and in 1718 England assumed responsibility again for the islands and began to exterminate all pirates. Soon law and order were established again and the British Crown was again in possession of the islands until 1973, when The Bahamas gained full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations.
.Michael Russell Your Independent guide to The Bahamas.
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0.950417 |
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky ( H P Blavatsky ) was born on August 12, 1831, at Dnepropetrovsk (Ekaterinoslav), Russian Ukraine, daughter of Colonel Peter Alexeyevich von Hahn and novelist Helena Andreyevna (née de Fadeyev). In 1849, at the age of 16, she married the much older N. V. Blavatsky, and some months later began more than 20 years of extensive travel, bringing her into contact with mystic traditions the world over. The travels provided a basis for Madame Blavatsky's claim to have studied for seven years under Hindu mahatmas (masters) in the East. She also claimed to have several times entered Tibet, which at that time was practically inaccessable to foreigners.
In 1873 Madame Blavatsky arrived in New York. In July 1875 she was urged "to establish a philosophico-religious society," and in the Fall of the same year she became the principal founder, along with Col. Henry Steel Olcott and William Quan Judge, of The Theosophical Society. She devoted the rest of her life to its humanitarian and educational objectives.
During these times H P Blavatsky was the first Russian woman to become naturalized as an American citizen. She started to write her first major work, Isis Unveiled, and after its publication in 1877 she and H. S. Olcott left for India. There they worked to re-establish Oriental philosophical and religious ideas, largely through the pages of The Theosophist, a magazine which Madame Blavatsky founded and edited. She and Olcott established a new headquarters for the Theosophical Society in India. Whilst on a visit to Sri Lanka they joined with a Buddhist tradition of faith.
In 1884, while Madame Blavatsky was traveling in Europe, disgruntled Theosophical Society employees in India went to local missionaries with forged documents, bringing charges of fraud against her. These charges were investigated and, although an initial report was unfavourable to Madame Blavatsky, it was eventually deemed that the charges were unjustified.
The stress associated with the investigation contributed to a break down in Madame Blavatsky's health and in 1885 she left India for Europe, where she continued to write and organise on behalf of the Theosophical Society. In 1887 she settled in London, and began a new magazine Lucifer ("Light-bringer").
Her principal work entitled "The Secret Doctrine" was published in 1888 and, in the same year, aided by W. Q. Judge, she formed the Esoteric Section of The Theosophical Society. Shortly afterwards she wrote The Key to Theosophy and The Voice of the Silence. In 1890 she became head of a newly-established European Section. She died in London on May 8, 1891 after many years of chronic illness.
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0.999455 |
This document starts out trivial and perhaps boring, but builds up to more interesting information, perhaps things you did not realize about how MariaDB and MySQL indexing works.
This also explains EXPLAIN (to some extent).
The question is "When was Andrew Johnson president of the US?".
Well, I am fudging a little here. I have a PRIMARY KEY on `seq`, but that has no advantage on the query we are studying.
First, let's describe how InnoDB stores and uses indexes.
The data and the PRIMARY KEY are "clustered" together in on BTree.
A BTree lookup is quite fast and efficient. For a million-row table there might be 3 levels of BTree, and the top two levels are probably cached.
Each secondary index is in another BTree, with the PRIMARY KEY at the leaf.
Fetching 'consecutive' (according to the index) items from a BTree is very efficient because they are stored consecutively.
For the sake of simplicity, we can count each BTree lookup as 1 unit of work, and ignore scans for consecutive items. This approximates the number of disk hits for a large table in a busy system.
For MyISAM, the PRIMARY KEY is not stored with the data, so think of it as being a secondary key (over-simplified).
MySQL rarely uses more than one index at a time in a query. So, it will analyze the possible indexes.
last_name -- there are 2 possible rows Let's say it picks last_name. Here are the steps for doing the SELECT: 1. Using INDEX(last_name), find 2 index entries with last_name = 'Johnson'. 2. Get the PRIMARY KEY (implicitly added to each secondary index in InnoDB); get (17, 36). 3. Reach into the data using seq = (17, 36) to get the rows for Andrew Johnson and Lyndon B. Johnson. 4. Use the rest of the WHERE clause filter out all but the desired row. 5. Deliver the answer (1865-1869).
OK, so you get really smart and decide that MySQL should be smart enough to use both name indexes to get the answer. This is called "Intersect". 1. Using INDEX(last_name), find 2 index entries with last_name = 'Johnson'; get (7, 17) 2. Using INDEX(first_name), find 2 index entries with first_name = 'Andrew'; get (17, 36) 3. "And" the two lists together (7,17) & (17,36) = (17) 4. Reach into the data using seq = (17) to get the row for Andrew Johnson. 5. Deliver the answer (1865-1869).
The EXPLAIN fails to give the gory details of how many rows collected from each index, etc.
This is called a "compound" or "composite" index since it has more than one column. 1. Drill down the BTree for the index to get to exactly the index row for Johnson+Andrew; get seq = (17). 2. Reach into the data using seq = (17) to get the row for Andrew Johnson. 3. Deliver the answer (1865-1869). This is much better. In fact this is usually the "best".
rows: 1 <-- Goodie! It homed in on the one row.
Surprise! We can actually do a little better. A "Covering" index is one in which _all_ of the fields of the SELECT are found in the index. It has the added bonus of not having to reach into the "data" to finish the task. 1. Drill down the BTree for the index to get to exactly the index row for Johnson+Andrew; get seq = (17). 2. Deliver the answer (1865-1869). The "data" BTree is not touched; this is an improvement over "compound".
Everything is similar to using "compound", except for the addition of "Using index".
What would happen if you shuffled the fields in the WHERE clause? Answer: The order of ANDed things does not matter.
What would happen if you shuffled the fields in the INDEX? Answer: It may make a huge difference. More in a minute.
What if there are extra fields on the the end? Answer: Minimal harm; possibly a lot of good (eg, 'covering').
Reduncancy? That is, what if you have both of these: INDEX(a), INDEX(a,b)? Answer: Reduncy costs something on INSERTs; it is rarely useful for SELECTs.
In light of the above example, don't bother including INDEX(last).
Rick James graciously allowed us to use this article in the Knowledge Base.
Rick James' site has other useful tips, how-tos, optimizations, and debugging tips.
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0.724034 |
Mission San Rafael Arcángel, twentieth in the California Mission Chain, was founded on December 14, 1817 by Father Vicente de Sarria and named Saint Raphael the Archangel, patron of good health. The mission was initially established as a convalescent hospital for the ailing Native Americans converts living at the nearby Mission San Francisco de Asis (Mission Dolores). The cold and damp climate of the area where Mission Dolores had been built sickened the converted Indians, thus the Spanish Fathers decided to build the San Rafael Arcángel medical "asistencia" in the North Bay. There, the weather conditions were more favorable than in the San Francisco area. Despite the site was never intended to become a mission, thanks to the work of the converted Indians, the convalescent hospital grew so well that on October 19, 1822, it was granted the Status of Mission. The growing presence of Russians in the nearby Bodega Bay also played a key role in granting the full Mission Status to the San Rafael Arcángel Hospital. At first, the Russian presence in the Bodega Bay was limited to a seasonal settlement mainly used by fur traders seeking otters and seals. Later on, the settlement became a stable outpost known as "Fort Ross" and was used by the Russians as an agricultural base to supply with food their northern settlements. The Spaniards envisaged that the establishment of a Mission Community in the San Francisco North Bay Area would have been the best way of preventing the Russians from further expanding towards the South. Mission San Francisco Solano, the northernmost of all California Missions and the last in the Mission Chain, was built for the same purpose. At first, the founding Father, Vicente de Sarria, lived in the medical "asistencia" together with over two hundred converted Native Americans and three others Franciscan Friars: Abella, Duran and Taboadaover. The original adobe church was built in 1818 but after a short-lived existence, the church and the other surrounding buildings began to disintegrate. San Rafael Arcángel was one of the first missions to be secularized and in 1833, it was turned over to the Mexican government. In 1840, over one hundred Indians still lived at Mission San Rafael Arcángel but by 1844, the Mission had been completely abandoned. The remaining ruins and the few parts of buildings still standing were stripped of their wood. In 1855, San Rafael Arcángel Mission was returned to the Catholic Church. From 1861 to 1870, the ruins of the Mission were torn down and replaced by a new parish church. Today, all traces of the early buildings have been lost and all that is left of the original Mission is a single pear tree from the old Mission's orchard. For this reason, Mission San Rafael Arcángel is known as the "most obliterated of California's missions". On December 18, 1949, a replica of the original mission church with a simple doorway under a star window was dedicated. Just outside the door, a mission bell hangs from a wooden frame. San Rafael Arcángel Mission is open to visitors and has a gift shop and a small museum, the latter containing three of the original mission bells.
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0.999189 |
What is the ozone hole? The ozone hole (Blozone Hole ) is not technically a hole, but is a region of ozone that is below 220 Dobson units which normally occur at the beginning of Southern Hemisphere spring (August–Novemberr). NASA satellite instruments provide us with daily images of ozone over the Antarctic region, the hole itself changes its with the weather associated with the stratosphere. The polar vortex plays an important part of the ozone holes shape. The ozone hole image above shows the very low values (blue and purple colored area) centered over Antarctica on December 14, 2015. From the historical record we know that total column ozone values of less than 220 Dobson Units were not observed prior to 1979.
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0.981436 |
Whats the question?? if poor quality printing, it could be dirty ink cartridges, dirt on the print head, poor quality paper ??? try looking at the printer settings, sometimes they may be set to economy rather than top quality printing.
The blinking exclamation point means that the cover to the printer is not closed all the way. Try opening and closing the cover to get rid of this error. If there is another picture like an ink drop or a sun that is also blinking at the same time then the error can mean something different.
Try a dust blower. Most prob. sensors are dirty.
and try to print ..
# Hold the cartridge upside down, with the bar-code label facing you and take a damp paper towel.
# Use the towel to wipe the printhead of the cartridge on the bottom (where the ink comes out). Wipe the printhead horizontally in one direction only (left to right).
# Continue doing this until it looks clean.
# Then dab the cartridge on the towel to make sure the ink is flowing.
# Next, look inside the printer and locate the carrier that holds ink cartridges. Caution: Make sure the cartridges are not installed at this point.
1. Look for a shiny piece of metal underneath the contacts at the back of the carrier.
2. Take a damp cotton swab (use water only!) and wipe along the bottom of the shiny metal piece. Note: You may need more than one swab.
# Reinstall the cartridges, making sure you snap them correctly into the printer.
Try to unplug your printer and leave it for 1 to 2 hours.
Print out about ten or more sheets and see if it clears up.
Try using the Lexmark Print Server instead of the generic print server (if you use a Windows Server to share the printers). Also a new driver V2.0 was just released. Additionaly you can try to set 100 full duplex, but this is complex and has to be done at the printer, pressing a serie of buttons. These printers are crap, we have constant problems with them.
my dell 1710 printer is printing envelope address in wrong place I recently had a computer issue (Dell Optiplex 780) and now my printer settings have been changed somehow. When I load an envelope, the address prints on the bottom edge of the envelope and upside down. I've tried loading envelope in the opposite orientation but the address is still printing in wrong spot. I've turned printer off and on again and no change. I've gone into the printer settings and everything looks fine. Would it be a problem with the printer drivers?
dell 1710n won't turn on The "replace drum" light was flashing on the printer. I turned the printer off and then pulled the drum out to check it out. After I checked the drum, I put it back and the printer won't turn on now.
Have a manual for Dell 1710n Laser Printer?
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0.999999 |
Please carefully read over our code of conduct. Violation of these codes of conduct will result in a temporary or permanent suspension of services.
You swear and affirm that you are purchasing the product under the supervision and on the recommendation of a health practitioner. You further swear and affirm that you have a serious medical condition that adversely affects your quality of life and that you and your health practitioner believe that cannabis provides significant relief of these symptoms which include pain, thereby improving your condition or quality of life.
You also swear and affirm that you have been informed by your health practitioner of the potential benefits and side-effects of using cannabis, and have informed them of your use of other materials including medication and supplements. You further swear and affirm that you understand that the benefits and risks of cannabis consumption are not fully understood and that you are taking a risk, including risk of serious injury or death, by taking cannabis. You agree to accept this risk fully and completely.
The product you purchase is for your own personal use only. Any sharing or reselling of the product is forbidden. If you are suspected of not ordering the product for your own use only, you will be permanently barred from membership.
You agree and swear that this product is for use only in Canada and that you will not take or otherwise make available for yourself this product anywhere outside of Canada.
Please use the products in a respectful and responsible way. Please do not smoke cannabis on the street or public. Do not drive or operate heavy machinery if you consumed cannabis in any way or form. Keep products out of reach of children or anyone under the age of 19.
Cannabis may potentially cause a temporary decrease in coordination and cognitive abilities, as well as short-term memory loss while under the influence.
Again, do not drive or operate heavy machinery if you have consumed cannabis in any way or form. Be especially careful of impairment when eating cannabis products or using extracts. Do not eat cannabis before swimming, driving, or other activities that may be dangerous to you or others. Do not mix cannabis with alcohol or other drugs.
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Under no circumstances, including, but not limited to, negligence, GROSS NEGLIGENCE, NEGLIGENT MISREPRESENTATION AND FUNDAMENTAL BREACH shall we or our affiliates AND RELATED COMPANIES, AND EACH OF THEIR RESPECTIVE DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, employees, CONSULTANTS AND AGENTS be liable for any DIRECT, indirect, incidental, special or consequential damages OR ANY LOSS that result from the use of, or the inability to use, any content, information, material, OR postings from us or on our site, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, OR THE TRANSMISSION OF CONFIDENTIAL OR SENSITIVE INFORMATION OVER THE INTERNET. These limitations apply regardless of whether the party liable or allegedly liable was advised, had other reason to know, or in fact knew of the possibility of such damages. You specifically acknowledge and agree that neither us nor our affiliates AND RELATED COMPANIES, NOR EACH OF THEIR RESPECTIVE DIRECTORS, OFFICERS, employees, CONSULTANTS AND AGENTS shall be liable for any defamatory, offensive or illegal conduct of any user, including you.
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0.983024 |
Confirming: Tracking clicks also tracks user pressing "Enter"
This should be a simple question, but I want to track how many people hit "submit" on a form. I've been using a simple click tracking and want to confirm that it will register an event even when a user hits "Enter" and not just when they click with their mouse.
More technically I guess the question would be wehther "onmousedown" registers an event when the user hits Enter on their keyboard and not only when they click with their mouse.
Re: Confirming: Tracking clicks also tracks user pressing "Enter"
@DKHANAL1, we only capture "onmousedown" and not "onkeydown" for the click goal. Since you want to capture submit I would suggest writing a custom event to track "onsubmit"and that should capture both the clicks as well as key press.
This all raises a big issue with form tracking.
I have seen many tests that simply track the clicks on the form CTA button and ignore people who click enter inside the form to submit. This can lead to skewed results.
Another thing to remember is that submitting the form is not the same as it being completed successfully. Always ensure you have a goal tracking form 'submits' and 'successful completions'.
I have seen several tests where a variation won because it was supposedly getting more leads than it competitor variation, however, the competitor variation was actually get more successful form completions.
The more complex or more validation you have on your form, the more likely you are to get skewed results if you are not tracking the correct goal.
And for simple forms such as an email optin, if you have a variation that say changes the copy above asking for email "Subscribe to my newsletter vs. Join 10,000 subscribers" would there be any reason the submit clicks % would be much different than the successful submission between A and B?
My thought is that if there's a difference between clicking and successfully submitting, that would be consistent between those 2 variations.
I think the issue David raises centers around the form's validation of a successful vs. invalid response. Depending on how the form is implemented, the page may use simple inline JS to highlight errors, or the page may need to fully refresh in order for server-side validation to return some errors.
A reasonably simple approach ought to be to take the suggestion Shaunak raised above to capture (attempted) submits of both kinds, as well track a pageview goal on the true confirmation/thank you page that is seen only after a successful/complete submission. Dealing with one-page forms built n Angular or Drupal may be tougher, but the general idea is the same - track a goal against what the user sees only if and when they successfully submit.
Do pageview goals register a "conversion" if the user goes to the "success" url RIGHT AFTER they visit the experiment page or if that unique visitor goes to the sucess page at any point in the future through any other means (as long as they still have their optimizely cookie)?
Say I'm testing copy on an opt-in form on a blog homepage. It goes to a "thanks for subscribing" page. I also have other opt-in forms on other pages (e.g. at the bottom of every post, etc.), those also go to the same thank you page.
If a visitor sees Variation A or B of the homepage opt-in form, doesn't opt in, but a week later they see a rand blog post and opt-in on a form at the bottom of that post, will my homepage opt-in form experiment register that as a conversion?
A conversion will be tracked as long as the user has been bucketed into the experiment on the homepage at some point and has not cleared their cookies. The immediate following of the home page by the thank you page is not necessary.
Possible ways to mitigate this could be utilizing document.referrer (dicey) or setting a cookie specifically upon a home page form view/submission.
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0.93485 |
"President of the North Carolina Senate" redirects here. For the political leader of the Senate, see President Pro Tempore of the North Carolina Senate.
The Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina is the second highest elected official in the U.S. state of North Carolina and is the only elected official to have powers in both the legislative and executive branches of state government. The current Lieutenant Governor is Dan Forest, a Republican.
As of 2008, the administrative offices of the Lieutenant Governor are located in the historic Hawkins-Hartness House on N. Blount Street in Raleigh's Government District. The Lieutenant Governor also maintains an office at the nearby North Carolina State Legislative Building. At one time, the Lieutenant Governor had an office in the North Carolina State Capitol.
The office of Lieutenant Governor was created by the North Carolina Constitution of 1868. Just as the Vice President of the United States presides (albeit rarely) over the United States Senate, the lieutenant governor's primary responsibility is to preside over the North Carolina Senate; until 1970, this was the lieutenant governor's only major responsibility, and the position was only part-time. The position is now a full-time job.
By virtue of the office (Ex officio), the lieutenant governor is a member of the North Carolina Council of State, the North Carolina Board of Education, the North Carolina Capital Planning Commission, and the North Carolina Board of Community Colleges, and serves as the Chairman of the eLearning Commission.
The Lieutenant Governor is the first official in line to succeed the Governor of North Carolina, should that office be vacated. This has occurred five times in the history of the office; four of the first six lieutenant governors were promoted upon the death, impeachment, or resignation of the previously sitting governor.
Lieutenant Governors have often run for Governor, but few have been successful. Jim Hunt, elected governor in 1976, and Beverly Perdue, elected governor in 2008, are the two most recent exceptions.
The lieutenant governor is elected on a separate ballot from the governor; therefore, it is theoretically possible that the governor and lieutenant governor may be of different political party affiliations. This most recently was the case from 1985 to 1989.
↑ 1.0 1.1 Became Governor on December 20, 1870.
↑ Appointed to succeed Jarvis, as the General Assembly was in session. Elected in his own right in 1880.
↑ First Lt. Governor to serve two terms.
↑ First Republican elected since Reynolds in 1896.
↑ First female Lt. Governor.
As of August 2014[update], seven former lieutenant governors were alive, the oldest being Hoyt Patrick Taylor, Jr. (1969–1973, born 1924). The most recent death of a former lieutenant governor was that of Robert W. Scott (1965–1969), on January 23, 2009.
↑ News & Observer: Homeless lt. governors, next on Oprah?
↑ News & Observer: A curse on lieutenant governors?
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0.930508 |
Most of us hate paying for insurance (a.k.a. protection) on the basis you're paying out money for something you hope you'll never need.
However, some insurance is compulsory (e.g. motor) and other types such as home and life insurance will probably help you sleep more peacefully at night.
It can be foolish to ignore insurance altogether, but very wise to only buy those insurances that are actually worthwhile with the right amount of cover at a good price.
The concept is very simple. You give an insurance company some money, called a 'premium', in return for them agreeing to cover your costs should a specific event occur. So, for example, they could agree to reimburse you should your shiny new car be stolen.
The insurance company will estimate the chances of that event happening and then set a premium that should ensure they make a profit.
Insurance company A insures 100 people who own a car, worth £5,000, from being stolen. The company believes the chances of a car being stolen over the next year are 1 in 100 (i.e. 1%), so it sets the premium at £100 per person. This generates £10,000 for the company and, because they only expect to payout £5,000, gives them an anticipated profit of £5,000.
The profit in the above example could be even higher if no cars are stolen, but if two cars are stolen the company makes no money and three or more will mean a loss. One of the key jobs for an insurance company is therefore to manage their risk to minimise the likelihood of a loss.
This is why insurance companies vary premiums based on how risky they view your business (known as 'underwriting'). For example, if you live in an area with high car crime you'll be charged a higher premium than someone who lives in a low crime area, all other things being equal.
Insurance companies also try to make money by investing some of your premium. The chances of all the money received from premiums having to be paid out in claims are slim, so the company might invest some in the hope it will boost profits. Obviously, they need to ensure there's still sufficient cash to pay claims, so must get the balance right. There are usually strict rules in this respect to protect customers.
The other key thing to understand is an insurance policy 'excess'. Some policies require you to pay the first part of a claim, typically ranging from a few pounds to hundreds. This is to discourage frivolous and fraudulent claims, in theory keeping the costs of premiums lower than they otherwise would be.
Insurances covering you against illness and death (e.g. life, critical illness, medical and travel insurance).
Insurances covering your possessions (e.g. home, motor and travel insurance).
In an ideal world you'd be insured against everything bad that could happen to you, so at least you and your family wouldn't have financial worries if something bad does happen.
In practice the cost would be prohibitive, so you need to strike a balance between cover you feel necessary and cost. For some that still means quite a lot if insurance, for others it could mean almost none at all.
Is it a legal requirement? If so (e.g. motor insurance) then you've got no choice but to buy it.
Do you already have cover? Don't duplicate any cover you might already have. For example, some employers provide their employees with cover against illness and death.
Imagine worst case scenarios then think how you and your family would cope without insurance. If things would be difficult then you need to weigh up the cost of insurance versus the peace of mind it would give you.
Would it be cheaper to take out insurance now rather than wait until you're older when premiums might be higher? (by no means a cast iron argument, but worth bearing in mind).
Is the policy a long term commitment or can you cancel, without penalty, if your needs change in future?
Some policies let you choose an explicit level of cover (e.g. life and home insurance) while others provide pre-determined levels (e.g. medical and travel insurance). Either way, you need to be comfortable with the cover provided. There's no point paying money for extra cover you don't need but you also don't want to be underinsured.
Policies with pre-determined levels of cover often have the option to increase or decrease those levels (for example, policies might be marketed with 'bronze', 'silver' and 'gold' options, or something similar). If you're choosing a level of cover yourself then try to work out how much you might need. The calculators in this section can help you do this.
Be certain that you understand exactly what is and isn't covered. This can vary between policies so don't assume that just because one company covers an item that companies with similar policies will too.
Check how much, if anything, of a claim you will have to pay yourself, i.e. the policy 'excess'. A high excess could mean that it's not worthwhile making small claims, reducing the benefit of the policy.
It really does pay to hunt around for the best deal. However, don't assume that the cheapest premium is the best deal, you need to check the level and scope of cover along with any excess when comparing policies.
Beware of insurance salesmen and financial advisers who push insurance. While they should make you aware of insurances that might be appropriate, be very wary if you get the hard sell. Insurance companies tend to pay high sales commissions to advisers, so they may have their best interests at heart and not yours.
While this might seem simple, there's a high chance you won't get the best deal unless you've shopped around extensively beforehand. However, this is an increasingly attractive route if you use Internet 'cash back' sites such as Quidco or Topcashback, as they receive and then refund to you the commission that might otherwise have been paid to a broker, comparison website or salesman.
In theory brokers trawl the marketplace to find you the best deal, saving you much legwork and money. In practice it pays to be cynical. Most brokers receive commissions from insurance companies for selling policies, possibly tempting them to steer your business towards those companies paying the highest commissions. While some brokers do provide an excellent service and do genuinely find competitive deals, don't assume this is always the case.
A modern day, autoamated, version of the insurance broker. These sites compare quotes from a large number of insurers in minutes, making it simple to compare deals - athough you'll get no advice. While they receive sales commissions from insurers, you can at least view all quotes yourself and decide which is the best deal for you, removing the risk of bias. Not all insurers (or types of insurance product) feature on these websites and deals vary, so it's a good idea to compare several if you want to increase the likelihood of bagging a good deal.
It's a bit cheeky, but you might save £££s by using a comparison website to find a good deal then going to that insurer directly through an Internet cashback website to receive the commission paid by that insurer. It doesn't always work, but it's well worth a try.
Financial advisers tend to advise on health-related insurers. They'll usually receive a commission from the insurer for the sale, which they should refund to you if you're paying them a fee for their advice. If you feel you need help then a good independent adviser can be worthwhile when buying income protection, critiical illness or private medical insurance - they should know the policies inside out and recommend the best policy for your needs.
If you're comfortable choosing a policy yourself then a discount broker should save you £'s. You won't get advice but they'll refund some of the commission they receive. A few brokers will even refund all their commission in lieu of a fixed fee, often the cheapest route.
If you buy a policy over the phone or Internet, or from a salesman who visited your home or place of work, you normally have 14 days to change your mind (called a 'cooling off' period). If you buy insurance you then feel you don't need, check whether you have the right to cancel.
This can happen when the level of cover on your policy is insufficient or the insurer believes the value of your losses claimed is unrealistic. In the latter case there may be room for negotiation, especially if you can prove the amount claimed is accurate and realistic.
This can happen when the claim is not covered by your policy, you've broken the conditions of your policy or neglected to pay premiums.
If you believe that your insurer is behaving unfairly then you should send them a formal complaint in the first instance. If they do not resolve the issue you can take your complaint to the Financial Ombudsman Service.
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0.999991 |
Political empowerment, land alienation (by non-tribals, forest laws, dams, mining and militancy), education, poor standard of living and insurgency.
Why are these issues crucial?
Earlier, there was a safety in separation. The British administration didn't exist in Karbi-Anglong as it was a partially excluded area. People controlled all the resources. Now we are part of the mainstream. Political empowerment is important because non-tribals don't help in development of the tribals. A revenue secretary sitting in Dispur decides where a factory will be. Someone else decides the way a house is to be built under the Indira Awas Yojana, though Assam is in the Quake Zone V and needs traditional housing to weather the impact of possible earthquakes.
I came in touch with leftist groups while studying in Dibrugarh. The CPI(ML) was banned at that time and I left my education midway to organise armed groups among the exploited people. When I won my first parliamentary election in 1991, my main issue was to create an autonomous state within Assam. We also began an effort to codify the customary law as laid down in the Sixth Schedule, but the state government opposed it.
For the past 50 years, the Indian government has created a class of neo-rich in the name of development. This class exploits the tribes and works with the government. It makes no effort for self-rule, only on expanding the market. This has to be avoided. The economy has to be self-reliant. Industry should be in the form of small units that don't harm the environment.
Forests were safe as long as the tribes controlled them. Jhum (shifting cultivation) is given a bad name but it is not destructive of the environment. If tribals take out one tuber, they plant four. They have a lot of knowledge about managing forests. This should be studied, codified and theorised. Then laws should be made on these principles. They make houses that can weather earthquakes and they know how to deal with the floods in the Brahmaputra.
What have you done to address the issues you think are crucial for your constituency? How do you rate your success in addressing those issues?
I have been successful in raising awareness. But being in the opposition, I haven't had much success in their implementation.
What are your plans to address these issues?
Raising people's awareness to a level of a people's movement.
How are these plans different from existing government plans?
They involve a radical change for a socialist system.
No. The power to make laws has to shift to tribal institutions, which should have democratically elected tribal bodies based on adult franchise. I am not trying to promote feudalism.
Tribals rely extensively on natural resources such as forests. What is your ideal method of improving the management of these resources?
Tribal knowledge is quite good, but modern science need not be spurned at. There is definitely scope for further improvement of Jhum. The effort to regenerate forests leaves upper catchment areas. If you have to reserve forests, go for the upper catchment, not the plains.
They are isolated. The party structure prevents their growth. Besides they can't do politics on straightforward tribal issues. The tribal politicians outside the Northeast rely heavily on the non-tribal votes in their elections.
Why are tribal leaders unaware of the problems facing other tribal areas?
The tribal movement has never been unified. The issues are different, unlike, say, dalit issues, which are uniform across regions.
There are several cases of violence by one tribe against another, especially in the Northeast. Why?
Actually, government policy divides tribal communities from one another. The contentious Manipur-Naga boundary was created by the British.
How do you see PESA Act? Will it help in tribal areas?
PESA by itself won't be enough. It ensures involvement of tribals in implementation. But who decides the plan of a certain area? The law-making has to come to the people.
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0.96866 |
General - It Just Bugs Me!
Things that defy other categories, which in itself bugs me in a big way.
Does anyone still give a crap about Looney Tunes?
Playing a video game the 'wrong' way.
Why would Baloo be able to find a prickly pear in the jungle?
"That world doesn't need heroes"
Is it 'wrong' to have a cynical outlook on life?
"Electricity goes through the path of least resistance."
the notion of doing things "for science"
Person A: "I'm having trouble with this thing!" Person B: "Never had trouble with it."
Is there a word pattern in English that forms a real word with all six vowels?
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0.96328 |
Imagine that Jesus was coming over for dinner tonight. What would you do to prepare for his arrival? Is he welcome to make himself at home?
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0.929238 |
Use something that sums up your feelings and lets your wife know that you continue to love her. You are with me in every single thing I do, and everywhere I go. But mostly, I just am happy to be next to you, being able to stare into your beautiful eyes and kiss your soft lips and tell you how much I love you and how special you are to me. There is so much to celebrate! You do so many little things for me that go unnoticed. You have never once doubted me, told me I should give up, or told me that I could not do something. You and Marcia epitomized it in so many ways.
With these years, I have only seen what an amazing woman you are. Sometimes just a kind word can be a blessing and it can help us get through our darkness hour!! I love you with all of my heart. The opening of your love letter should set the romantic mood, and make her excited to keep reading. I now keep the book on my desktop as a visual reminder to do my best to stay on track. You give me the truth when I need to hear it, courage when I need confidence, and love when I am flawed.
Share all of your feelings, memories, and emotions with her. Love Letter to My Husband For a wife Her Husband is the most important part of her life with whom she wants to stay forever. I want to be with this man for the rest of my life and for all eternity. But that's exactly what happened to a friend of Reddit user when she returned home one evening. Say her name is Jane, here are some examples of good salutations to use with your love letter: - To My Dearest Jane, - To My Sweetheart, - To My One and Only True Love, - To My Beautiful Jane, Writing the Love Letter The first paragraph of the letter is very important. His love for his mother Susan demonstrates this to me.
The length of your letter is completely up to you. Thank you for loving me for who I am and treating me like a King. I pray I may become all I want to become and I know that with John by my side we can be great. Related How would you feel if your partner tells you that he or she has been unfaithful? That day I knew I was hopelessly lost in your love. It was a sad book to relive those horrible days that Marcia would experience one challenge after another — and it would never, never leave her.
Tell him about his future how he should create it and how much is the importance of his future for them. It is difficult to describe in words because in some ways there are no words for what we felt. I may not tell you enough, or show it. I could not read and comprehend like other kids in elementary. It makes a woman feel special, loved and respected. You were the most beautiful girl in the world to me — I just knew that I had to have you for my own.
This is the most important part of a husband life that what he should write in love letter for his wife. I still love the bond of your hug. I love the way your heart skips a beat when you know we are going to get some time together just to talk. My last visit was indeed the lowliest and darkest periods in my life. How To Start a Love Letter This the first most thing you should care while writing the love letter that is the starting part of the love letter. As she is the recipient, your love letter should focus on her only. There are many romantic ideas for how to present it.
I feel more of the real me simply by being with you. Get the pen and paper out, draw some inspiration and start writing. She loves when her husband thinks of her by calling or sending her a text. Add in I addressed it to Mrs. Love letters are a classic gift that most women absolutely love.
Let them go and focus on the positive. A love letter is a special gift from the heart that will never be matched by anything you could buy. I Miss You Love Letter This letter should conveys the message that how much you miss the person to whom you are writing the letter. That day, I knew my angel was here. That day, I knew my angel was here. Love Letter For Girlfriend Before writing the love letter to your girlfriend always keep some point in your mind about your love and care for her and try to mention it with full affection and make her understand that you love her for full life and want to spend your whole life with her and also make a promise that you will stay with her in each and every position for her life and ask her to do the same.
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0.9142 |
Similarly, fascism as an ideology is also hard to define. Originally, "fascism" referred to a political movement that was linked with Sindicalist-Corporativism that existed in a single country (Italy) for less than 30 years and ruled the country from 1922 to 1943 under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. Clearly, if the definition is restricted to the original Italian Fascism, then "fascism" has little significance outside of Italian politics. Most scholars prefer to use the word "fascism" in a more general sense, to refer to an ideology (or group of ideologies) that was influential in many countries at many different times. For this purpose, they have sought to identify a "fascist minimum" - that is, the minimum conditions that a certain political group must meet in order to be considered fascist. Several scholars have inspected the apocalyptic, millennial and millenarian aspects of fascism. According to most scholars of fascism, there are both left and right influences on fascism as a social movement, and fascism, especially once in power, has historically attacked communism, conservatism and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the "far right" or "extreme right."
The dictionary definition of Fascism doesn't help us much as it associates the word only with the particular eruption of this phenomenon in Europe in the 20th Century. But the fascisti of Mussolini's Italy and the Nazis of Hitler's Germany were manifesting a phenomenon that dates from the first attempts of human beings to figure out their place in the world. The primitive impulse that gives rise to fascism is what happens when a group distinguishes itself from others and then asserts its dominance over them. When this assertion has evolved into a full-blown ideology based on tribal identity, it has evolved into fascism. Fascism is group ego writ large.
A more comprehensive discussion of the entire document can be found in the article Doctrine of Fascism. It is also possible to read the full text of The Doctrine of Fascism online, here.
In a 1995 essay "Eternal Fascism", the Italian writer and academic Umberto Eco attempts to list general properties of fascist ideology. He claims that it is not possible to organise these into a coherent system, but that "it is enough that one of them be present to allow fascism to coagulate around it". He uses the term "Ur-fascism" as a generic description of different historical forms of fascism.
"The Cult of Tradition", combining cultural syncretism with a rejection of modernism (often disguised as a rejection of capitalism).
"Obsession With a plot" and the hyping-up of an enemy threat. This often involves an appeal to xenophobia or the identification of an internal security threat. He cites Pat Robertson's book The New World Order as a prominent example of a plot obsession.
"Pacifism is Trafficking With the Enemy" because "Life is Permanent Warfare" - there must always be an enemy to fight.
"Selective Populism" - the People have a common will, which is not delegated but interpreted by a leader. This may involve doubt being cast upon a democratic institution, because "it no longer represents the Voice of the People".
Hierarchy: Fascist society is ruled by a righteous leader, who is supported by an elite secret vanguard of capitalists. Hierarchy is prevalent throughout all aspects of society – every street, every workplace, every school, will have its local Hitler, part police-informer, part bureaucrat – and society is prepared for war at all times. The absolute power of the social hierarchy prevails over everything, and thus a totalitarian society is formed. Representative government is acceptable only if it can be controlled and regulated, direct democracy (e.g. Communism) is the greatest of all crimes. Any who oppose the social hierarchy of fascism will be imprisoned or executed.
Religious: Fascism contains a strong amount of reactionary religious beliefs, harking back to times when religion was strict, potent, and pure. Nearly all Fascist societies are Christian, and are supported by Catholic and Protestant churches.
Capitalist: Fascism does not require revolution to exist in captialist society: fascists can be elected into office (though their disdain for elections usually means manipulation of the electoral system). They view parliamentary and congressional systems of government to be inefficient and weak, and will do their best to minimize its power over their policy agenda. Fascism exhibits the worst kind of capitalism where corporate power is absolute, and all vestiges of workers' rights are destroyed.
Anti-Modern: Fascism loathes all kinds of modernism, especially creativity in the arts, whether acting as a mirror for life (where it does not conform to the Fascist ideal), or expressing deviant or innovative points of view. Fascism invariably burns books and victimises artists, and artists which do not promote the fascists ideals are seen as “decadent.” Fascism is hostile to broad learning and interest in other cultures, since such pursuits threaten the dominance of fascist myths. The peddling of conspiracy theories is usually substituted for the objective study of history.
^ N. Cohn, The Pursuit of the Millennium: Revolutionary Millenarians and Mystical Anarchists of the Middle Ages, revised and expanded, New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1970.
^ Laqueuer, 1996 p. 223; Eatwell, 1996, p. 39; Griffin, 1991, 2000, pp. 185-201; Weber, 1982, p. 8; Payne (1995), Fritzsche (1990), Laclau (1977), and Reich (1970).
^ Franklin D. Roosevelt, "Appendix A: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Recommendations Relative to the Strengthening and Enforcement of Anti-trust Laws",The American Economic Review, Vol. 32, No. 2, Part 2, Supplement, Papers Relating to the Temporary National Economic Committee (Jun., 1942), pp. 119-128.
^ "Anti-Monopoly". May 9, 1938. Time magazine.
^ Nolte, Ernst (1966). Three Faces of Fascism. Henry Holt & Company, Inc.
^ Payne, Stanley (1980). Fascism: Comparison and Definition. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 7.
^ Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford University Press.
^ Roger Griffin, The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology, Chapter published in Alessandro Campi (ed.), Che cos'è il fascismo? Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche, Ideazione editrice, Roma, 2003, pp. 97-122.
^ Emilio Gentile, The Sacralization of Politics in Fascist Italy, translated by Keith Botsford (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1996).
^ Tannehill, Morris and Linda. The Market for Liberty. p. 18.
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0.95011 |
A match in Ligue 1 was halted for several minutes on Friday night after Amiens defender Prince Gouano suffered alleged racial abuse at Dijon.
A man was arrested after the incident, which led to 25-year-old Gouano asking for play to be stopped in the closing stages of the 0-0 draw.
The league's governing body, the Ligue de Football Professionnel, said in a statement: 'The LFP condemns the racist insults that led to the temporary interruption of the meeting (between) Dijon FCO and Amiens SC. The LFP supports the player Prince Gouano.
Gouano told Bein Sports: 'We are in the 21st century, what happened is unacceptable.
'I wanted to make a point when I asked to stop play. We are all equal. OK, there are colours, but we're all human beings.
Liverpool manager Jurgen Klopp earlier called for anyone who is involved in 'disgusting' racist abuse to be banned from football for life.
Chelsea denied three individuals entry to Thursday night's Europa League win at Slavia Prague after they were identified as being involved in a social media video which included a racially abusive chant about Reds forward Mohamed Salah.
'I think it's disgusting. We should not see it as a Chelsea thing or a Liverpool thing, it is another sign that something is going wrong,' Klopp said.
'It is still only a few people but the stronger the reaction from all of us the more it will help to avoid things like this in the future.
'These guys, not always, are football fans so if you do something like that you should not be allowed to enter a stadium again in your life.
'All parts of racism are that some people think they are more worthy or valuable than others and that's the biggest misunderstanding in the world out there.
'Football is the best example of how different people, different races can work together brilliantly.
'If you go in each dressing room in the world of football you find them all sitting next to each other, no-one cares who is coming from where and where your parents came from. It is never an issue.
Arsenal have condemned racist abuse directed at Napoli defender Kalidou Koulibaly during their Europa League win at the Emirates Stadium and have launched an investigation to identify the individual. The Gunners say they will issue a life ban.
'We utterly condemn use of this type of racist language and have launched an investigation to identify the culprit,' Arsenal said in statement released to Press Association Sport.
Anti-discrimination campaigners Kick It Out praised the swift action of Arsenal and Chelsea, whose security staff handed over three people to the police.
The club will also seek to ban the six supporters involved in the video.
Recent high-profile incidents, including monkey chants being aimed at England players during a Euro 2020 qualifier away to Montenegro, have again highlighted the problems within the game.
Brighton defender Bernardo has called for those found guilty of racial abuse in football to be sent to jail.
'I'm speechless because it's always the same thing, it doesn't seem like things are going to change and I don't see punishments - it's something that shouldn't be accepted anymore,' Bernardo said, quoted on the Brighton website.
'I don't know how it works in England, but in Brazil racism is a crime and you go to jail if something like this happens. I think it should be the same over here - maybe things would start to change.
'When one incident happens, then a second and third one, and people notice that nothing is happening, they will carry on doing it.
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0.929618 |
Edinburgh is in Scotland. It has a population of around 476,000 and covers approximately 26,000 hectares. Here is a list of nearby or neighbouring counties: East Lothian, Fife, Midlothian, West Lothian.
Located on the Firth of Forth, Edinburgh (called Dun Eideann in Scottish Gaelic) is the capital city of Scotland. Archaeologists have found evidence of human settlement in the area dating back to the Bronze Age. From a prehistoric hill fort, Edinburgh grew around the castle into the largest trading town in Scotland, becoming the capital during the 15th century and after London is today the second largest financial centre in Britain. The city played an essential role in the Scottish Enlightenment and has been home to many famous writers including Sir Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Muriel Spark, J. K. Rowling, and Irvine Welsh. Other famous people from Edinburgh include scientists and engineers such as Alexander Graham Bell, Charles Darwin and James Clerk Maxwell, the economist Adam Smith, as well as a number of actors, musicians and the artists Sir Henry Raeburn, Sir David Wilkie, Allan Ramsay and Eduardo Paolozzi. There are many educational institutions in the city, including the University of Edinburgh which was founded in 1583.
Edinburgh Castle is perhaps the most famous symbol of Scotland and attracts more than a million visitors each year. Situated at the top of Castle Rock, it dominates the city skyline. Some parts of the castle date back to the 12th century, though most of the buildings are of later construction, after a 16th century siege caused considerable destruction to the medieval defences. As well as having a military role, Edinburgh Castle was also a home to the Royalty of Scotland. Within its walls, Mary Queen of Scots gave birth to James VI, who became King of Scotland and later also King James I of England and Ireland, with the Union of the Crowns in 1603. Shared monarchy remained until the Acts of Union in 1707 created the Parliament of Great Britain. Visitors to the castle can see the finely decorated and furnished Royal Palace and the Great Hall, where Scottish kings and queens held court and their subjects pledged their allegiance. The castle is also home to the National War Museum of Scotland, the Scottish National War Memorial, the crown jewels and since it was returned in 1996, the Stone of Destiny (Stone of Scone).
Each year between July and September, Edinburgh International Festival takes place, running a range of events. Held during August, the Edinburgh Festival Fringe has become the largest arts festival in the world and plays host to thousands of performers and over a million visitors. People come to watch a huge variety of drama, performing arts and comedy shows held at many different venues. Other events include the Edinburgh Art Festival, Book Festival, Military Tattoo, Science Festival and a number of music festivals. Aside from the festival season, throughout the year there are theatres where audiences can watch a wide variety of shows and concerts, as well as an active contemporary music scene. The city also has a number of museums and galleries, including the Scottish National Gallery which has a large fine art collection with works by artists such as Sandro Botticelli, Paul Cezanne, John Constable, Edgar Degas, Thomas Gainsborough, Vincent van Gogh, El Greco, Claude Monet, Rembrandt, and JMW Turner. The Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art has a collection of art by artists including Francis Bacon, Georges Braque, Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso, as well as paintings by Scottish artists. The Fruitmarket Gallery shows work by contemporary established and emerging artists and there are also many other smaller galleries in the city.
Handmade and homespun artisan crafters from in and around Edinburgh.
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0.979778 |
In Work list Access, 'Approve', 'Reject', 'Reassign' and 'Request for More Information' are available in delegated users work list.
'Approve', 'Reject', 'Reassign' and 'Request for More Information' should not available in delegated users work list.
2. User A performs an action on a requisition.
3. User A asks user B for more information.
4. User B is able to answer or transfer the request for more information but cannot approve or reject.
5. User C uses work list access from user B and is able to perform any possible action, even though user B was only able to answer or transfer the request for information.
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0.999806 |
Crown Princess Mary channels a Grecian goddess at a fashion awards ceremony in Copenhagen She paired her part sheer, floor length dress with a colorful clutch bag, Alma e Coraco drop earrings, a Cartier Love bracelet, andGianvito Rossi burgundy heels.Nina Wedel Wedelsborg, meanwhile, also chose an eye catching outfit, which came in the form of an all gold trouser suit and sandals fake cartier bracelet.
The pair appeared to enjoy the presentation, and were quick to congratulate the winner of the coveted fashion award, Cecilie Bahnsen, after she won the prestigious award.Ladylike: The Crown Princess of Denmark wore a chic, monochrome skirt and top, complete with pearl drop earringsNever one to rest on her sartorial laurels, Crown Princess Mary also attended the Hans Christian Anderson Literature Award on Monday at Odense City Hall.While the Tasmanian born Princess of Denmark didn't opt for plum or purple in her outfit this time fake cartier ring, she did, however, carry a plum coloured bouquet as she walked down the red carpet.The Princess's outfit consisted of a chic monochrome ensemble and her beloved drop pearl earrings.The Hans Christian Anderson Literature Award was first presented to Hans Christian Anderson in 2007.Most watched News videos EXCLUSIVE: Ariana Grande plane arrives back in the US Homeless man describes how he helped after Manchester attack Eye witness describes spotting the Manchester attacker Moment bomb explodes at Ariana Grande concert Man is arrested by police outside Buckingham Palace Pope Francis blesses FLOTUS Melania Trump rosary beads Huge tailbacks on M6 as police after crash between lorry and car Forensic officers raid of Manchester suicide bomber Blood seen dripping from victim leg after Manchester Sickening video warns of more attacks after Manchester Martyn Hett appears in series one of Couples Come Dine with me Mum of Manchester attack victim Georgina Callander releases balloonsWas bomber's family in global terror network? Killer. 'Our little princess has been so lucky': Father's joy as. Mother of child actress pictured hugging a female police. Britain on lockdown: Army deploys 1,000 heavily armed. Grisly photos of scorched remnants of suicide bomber's. Heartwrenching scenes as the mother of 15 year old. Horror on the M6: Lorry driver is arrested after four cartier earring replica. Tourists watch in horror as armed police arrest man. White women's burrito shop is forced to close after. Melania says she'll pray every day for hospitalized. Comedian Jason Manford deletes Twitter after being. BREAKING NEWS: My son is innocent, insists father of. 'I won't forget what you said!' Trump tells Pope after. Melania and Ivanka wear black veils to meet the Pope at. Tragic moment a crying 17 month old toddler is found. Armed police arrest Manchester bomb suspect 'with. 'Almost out of tears': Final selfie of Polish parents. Armed police and soldiers raid Manchester city centre. MOST READ NEWS Previous.
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0.998427 |
How to fit four characters into an integer, implementation should be in C programming language.
For example, four characters, viz., 'a', 'b', 'c', and 'd' need to be fit into an integer.
I tried to answer this question using ASCII value of the characters.
Please suggest the correct solution.
A function receives a big array (about 1G).
4. Find an algorithm for finding the longest ascending order sub-sequence in an unsorted array of integers.
3. Implement a descending and ascending sort by building a binary tree and traversing it.
Given a point and a radius r, draw a circle.
Hi, my question is about linked list? If I read .txt file (there is 5000 words inside) in to linked list. Is it possible to print 100 mostly repeated words and print them ??
Sachin's sister loves chocolates a lot. So he decided to gift her N boxes of delicious chocolates. Every box has the capacity of 1000 chocolates. Filling more than 1000 chocolates in a box will break it and all the chocolates in it will fall down and will become uneatable. Sachin is also concerned about her health, so he advised her to eat as minimum as possible chocolates. So she decided that every day she will pick a box containing the minimum amount of chocolates and will eat half of its chocolates and will put remaining chocolates in the box having next minimum amount of chocolates. If there is no next box remaining then she will eat all of the chocolates from the current box. She will throw away all the empty and broken boxes every day. This will continue until all the boxes are gone. Being concerned about her health Sachin asked her to tell him the number of chocolates she eats every day. But she forgets the number every day. So help her to find out how many chocolates she eats every day. Basically, you have to output the total sum of chocolates she eats.
Your function contains one argument- A One dimensional Integer array of Size N in which ith element denotes the number of chocolates in ith box.
Next N lines of input contain a single integer from 1 to 1000.
(Q2)what is output and explain why?
(Q1)what is output and explain why?
Write a program to print the list of the maximum repeating number from an array.
A string has multiple spaces like "Fung ible is" .When ever there a space keep one space and remove all other spaces. output "Fung ible is"
If fun(4) is 88, then what is the value of k.
As you guys know, C did not have,and does not have anything called class. C++ has them. Now, C++ was written using C. In fact, C++ initially was called C with classes.
Thus, here is the problem for you.
1. A Simple Hello class with hello() function printing "Hello, World" .
2. A new operator which enables creating this constructor less class.
3. A delete operator that deletes the pointer.
Write a program to print pascal triangle using binomial formula.
Write a program to check a given matrix is Idempotent or not.
Write a program to check a given matrix is involutive or not.
Write a program to check a given matrix is orthogonal or not.
Write a program to check a given matrix is A symmetric matrix or not.
write a function called reverse to print the reverse of the digit entered by the user.
c) He is either good in programming or debugging.
Write C program such that if an element in an MxN matrix is 0, its entire row and column is set to 0.
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0.953257 |
America has long prided itself on being a fair society, where everyone has an equal chance of getting ahead, but the statistics suggest otherwise: the chances of a poor citizen, or even a middle-class citizen, making it to the top in America are smaller than in many countries of Europe.
These terms aren't well defined, but we can make some assumptions about what he means. A household in the bottom income quintile makes at most about $20k, and on average $11k, which is below the poverty guideline for a family of four. This seems to be a reasonable division for a poor individual. A middle-class household in the middle income quintile makes between $38k-$62k, and about $50k on average, so that should suffice. The trickiest part of the statement is what is meant by the "top". The article goes to great lengths talking about the Top 1%, so I assume that is what he is referring to by top. In 2009, the bottom cut-off for the Top 1% Adjusted Gross Income was $343,927. Another possible point of contention is the differences between wealth and income. The article uses both terms, but appears to mostly be concerned with income inequality, so for the purposes of this question I am concerned with income.
From previous studies, we know what the chances are for someone from the bottom/middle income quintile to make it into the Top 1%. It is about 0.2%/0.3% from 1996-2005 in the USA.
Are their any nations in Europe whose citizens have a greater than 0.2%/0.3% chance of going from a bottom/middle income quintile for their country to the top 1% for their country?
Shorrocks' Index is one mechanism used to compare the economic mobility of households within an economy.
Most of the indicators present Italy and France as the countries with the highest and lowest mobility, respectively. Contrary to general belief, the USA is shown to have intermediate levels of mobility within an international context. Whatever the case, the most significant result is the absence of any clear relationship between inequality and mobility. Examples of greater than average inequality and mobility have been seen, as have examples of low inequality and high mobility.
In addition to less inequality and a higher median wealth, we also show that wealth quintile mobility in the 1990s has been 25.7 percent higher in Sweden [than the USA], as measured by Shorrocks' Index.
While these figures do not, unfortunately, focus directly on the OP's formulation of the question, which limits itself to the top 1%, it does provide strong evidence that the mobility of households from the lower quintiles to the upper ones is both lower and higher in European countries than the United States of America, as suggested by the original quote.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged united-states economics europe .
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0.932442 |
Plants grow and reproduce in the radioactive Chernobyl area, however there has been no comprehensive characterization of these activities. Herein we report that life in this radioactive environment has led to alteration of the developing soybean seed proteome in a specific way that resulted in the production of fertile seeds with low levels of oil and β-conglycinin seed storage proteins. Soybean seeds were harvested at four, five, and six weeks after flowering, and at maturity from plants grown in either non-radioactive or radioactive plots in the Chernobyl area. The abundance of 211 proteins was determined. The results confirmed previous data indicating that alterations in the proteome include adaptation to heavy metal stress and mobilization of seed storage proteins. The results also suggest that there have been adjustments to carbon metabolism in the cytoplasm and plastids, increased activity of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and decreased condensation of malonyl-acyl carrier protein during fatty acid biosynthesis.
Despite the magnitude of the Chernobyl nuclear accident, local flora continues to grow and reproduce in the radio-contaminated soil. Although there has been more than 80 years of research addressing the effects of ionizing radiation on plants , the ongoing success of plants in the Chernobyl area was not anticipated. There have been a few molecular analyses of plants grown in the radio-contaminated Chernobyl area, and there is as yet no broad understanding of the mechanisms that underlie survival. Results from analysis of pine trees grown in the Chernobyl exclusion zone indicated genome-wide DNA damage , and higher nucleotide diversity in the catalase and glutathione peroxidase genes . There is also DNA-hypermethylation in pine, indicating epigenetic effects in adaptation of pine to a radio-contaminated environment , and there appears to be a correlation between genome hypermetylation and radiation sensitivity.
In wheat plants grown in the radio-contaminated Chernobyl area for one generation, the sequences of six microsatellite loci contained complex germline mutations including loci deletion and insertions of unknown origin . In later generations, the wheat DNA showed gains and losses of repeat-DNA and the complete loss of microsatellite bands associated with 13 single-copy monomorphic loci . The progeny of Arabidopsis thaliana plants collected from radio-contaminated area around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant were resistant to high concentrations of the mutagens Rose Bengal and methyl methane sulfonate . Additionally, these plants showed significant differences in expression of radical-scavenging and DNA-repair genes upon exposure to mutagens, and a 10-fold lower frequency of extrachromosomal homologous recombination . Analysis of possible molecular mechanisms involved in such resistance revealed a high level of global genome methylation .
To complement these genomics and mutagenic studies with proteomics data is the next step in understanding adaptation to permanently increased levels of ionizing radiation. Recently, we analyzed protein abundance in mature seeds harvested from first generation soybean plants grown in radioactive and non-radioactive plots in the Chernobyl area . We found evidence suggesting adaptation to heavy metal stress, protection against radiation damage, and mobilization of seed storage proteins are involved in plant adjustments to increased levels of ionizing radiation . We now extend these data by reporting herein a comparison of changes in protein abundance during seed development of second generation plants grown in either non-radioactive or radioactive plots in the Chernobyl area.
Copyright: © 2012 Klubicová et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This research was supported by the Seventh Framework Program of the European Union – International Reintegration Grant (MIRG-CT-2007-200165), Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic and the Academy of Sciences (VEGA-2/0126/11), the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-0740-11), and Research & Development Operational Program funded by the ERDF – Centre of Excellence for White-Green Biotechnology (ITMS 26220120054). MD was supported by the National Scholarship Program of the Slovak Republic. This paper reflects only the author’s views and the Community is not liable for any use that might be made of information contained herein.
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0.998975 |
"The OIC & the UN: Islamophobia and 'defamation of religion'" (15 Nov 2008).
The 15 November posting centred around the "Draft Outcome Document for the Durban Review Conference 2009" which had just been penned at the Second Preparatory Session held in Geneva 6-17 October. The Durban Review Conference (also known as Durban II) is due to be held in Geneva in April 2009. It is clear from the draft outcome document that a major focus of Durban II will be a "new form of racism" -- Islamophobia -- which is allegedly incited through "defamation of religion". At Durban II it will be proposed that covenants be amended and legal instruments created to ban defamation of Islam (i.e. incitement to Islamophobia) in order to preserve peace and prevent a Muslim "holocaust".
In June 2008, at the invitation of the Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (OHCHR), the European Centre for Law and Justice (ECLJ) submitted an analysis of the concept of "Defamation of Religions" as it is being introduced by the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) to the UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) and General Assembly.
The paper is available on-line and is essential reading for anyone seeking a clearer understanding of the implications of the resolution "Combating Defamation of Religions".
Submission to the UN Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights.
The Becket Fund for Religious Liberty regards the defamation of religions concept as "fundamentally inconsistent with the principles outlined in the United Nation's founding and legal documents" as "it violates the very foundations of the human rights tradition by protecting ideas rather than the individuals who hold ideas".
The Becket Fund notes that anti-defamation measures would "force the state to determine which religious viewpoints may be expressed".
"'Defamation of religions' measures . . . are used to protect a set of beliefs, ideas, and philosophies. Yet religions make conflicting truth claims and indeed the diversity of truth claims is exactly what religious freedom as a concept is designed to protect." It adds: "There is no basis in international or regulatory law for the concept of protection of religious ideas."
The ECLJ position is clear from its opening paragraphs: "The position of the ECLJ in regards to the issue of 'defamation of religion' resolutions, as they have been introduced at the UN Human Rights Council and General Assembly, is that they are in direct violation of international law concerning the rights to freedom of religion and expression. The 'defamation of religion' resolutions establish as the primary focus and concern the protection of ideas and religions generally, rather than protecting the rights of individuals to practise their religion, which is the chief purpose of international religious freedom law . . ."
Because the resolutions on combating defamation of religions are sponsored by the OIC, the ECLJ examines freedom of religion and freedom of expression in OIC states to properly understand the OIC's philosophy regarding this concept they are advancing. The ECLJ concludes: "The clever thrust of the OIC position uses the concepts of 'defamation of religion' and blasphemy as both sword and shield." In the West it is used as a sword against the media, academics and all critics of Islam, while in Muslim countries "blasphemy laws are used as a shield to protect the dominant religion (Islam) . . . silence minority religious believers and prevent Muslims from converting to other faiths, which is still a capital crime in many Muslim countries".
The ECLJ recommended that the OHCHR and the UN uphold Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Link 1) and Articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Link 2). (Those articles are copied at the end of this posting for your convenience).
Concerning the right to freedom of expression -- which is outlined in ICCPR Article 19 -- ICCPR Article 20 part 2 makes the following provision: "Any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence shall be prohibited by law."
The ECLJ notes that Article 20 of ICCPR is "at the heart of the debate involving the legal justification of the 'defamation of religions' resolutions". The ECLJ quotes UN Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Religion or Belief, Asma Jahangir: "The threshold of the acts that are referred to in article 20 is relatively high because they have to constitute advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred. Accordingly, the Special Rapporteur is of the opinion that expressions should only be prohibited under article 20 if they constitute incitement to imminent acts of violence or discrimination against a specific individual or group."
This is exactly what the OIC is addressing as it seeks now to shift the focus from "defamation of religions" to "incitement" of dangerous Islamophobia.
If the OIC can re-shape the "defamation of religions" issue into one of "incitement" and "public order" -- don't forget, they have already succeeded in making it a human rights issue by re-moulding it as an issue of racism -- then those who seek provisions to protect freedom of expression through Articles 19 and 20 of the ICCPR will find that they no longer have a case. In fact, if "defamation of religions" is made an issue of incitement to religious hatred, violence or "holocaust", then according to Article of ICCPR that incitement/defamation should be prohibited by law.
CONFLICT AS A RESULT OF "PRE-OCCUPATION WITH DIFFERENCE"
Meanwhile, yet another interfaith or inter-cultural initiative has come and gone. The Saudi-sponsored, UN-run "Culture of Peace" conference -- a follow-up from the Saudi-sponsored Madrid conference -- was held in the UN Headquarters in New York 12-13 November.
Felice Gaer, chairwoman of the US Commission on International Religious Freedom commented that she'd have liked to see the conference held in Saudi Arabia. "The fact that it isn't speaks volumes," she said adding that Saudi Arabia's entrenched and systematic religious discrimination would make the conditions of entrance into the country intolerable for non-Muslim religious leaders.
Reporting on the Saudi-sponsored "Culture of Peace" conference for FOX News, Jennifer Lawinski writes: "Commission chairwoman Gaer thinks it's more than a public relations move for the Saudi government, it's a cooperative effort between Muslim nations to reinforce the defamation of religion resolution they're sponsoring before the General Assembly this fall.
"The resolution, introduced by Pakistan to the UN Human Rights Council in 1999 has been taken up by the General Assembly and passed every year since 2005.
"Gaer said the Saudi-sponsored inter-faith meeting in Madrid, like the UN resolution, was part of an attempt to legitimise sharia law by making attendees sign a declaration that said the participants would encourage 'respecting heavenly religions, preserving their high status, condemning any insult to their symbols'.
"Twenty-two members of the Council of the League of Arab States adopted the declaration and asked the UN and UNESCO to do so as well.
"The defamation of religions resolution has been criticised for acting as a shield for countries that persecute any insult to Islam and intimidate Western nations that may attempt to criticise them.
The Culture of Peace conference's unanimously approved resolution "Recognises the commitment of all religions to peace" (Link 7). The problems caused by some believing that "peace" is achieve through the elimination of dissent and difference, or through enforced submission, conformity or bland uniformity was not addressed. Rather, leaders were repeatedly encouraged to accept the myth that while creeds may vary considerably, faith leads us to common (presumably noble) values.
The reality is however, that our diverse creeds and faiths give rise to diverse, sometimes conflicting values. The question remains: what should be protected -- state-proscribed creeds or the fundamental rights of human beings?
The OIC will seek to legitimise the defamation of religions issue by re-casting it (using the language of the ICCPR) as an issue of incitement to religious discrimination, hatred and violence, which poses a serious threat to public order, national security and human rights.
7) Culture of Peace Resolution.
Subj: Vietnam: Govt belligerence escalates against Hanoi Catholics.
Twelve months ago the world's media was transfixed by the sight of thousands of courageous, marching, anti-junta Buddhist monks in Rangoon, Burma. It has been both astounding therefore and sad that the largest public demonstrations to occur in Vietnam since the Communists took power have attracted only the most minimal attention. But the Hanoi demonstrations, which are taking the form of mass prayer vigils attended by candle, cross and flower-holding, singing, praying Catholics, are immensely significant. So WEA RLC will be following the situation, which is escalating week by week.
"Vietnam: Prayer vigils push government to breaking point."
As previously reported: "The prayer vigils are pushing the government to breaking point. But will they result in a breakthrough in Church-State relations, or an escalation in violent repression?
"The situation is not looking good. The government appears to be closing the door on dialogue, police are being deployed and the State-run media are describing the main prayer vigil in Thai Ha as an 'organisational crime' plotted by 'hostile forces' against the communist government."
VietCatholic News Agency reports: "Eight months after promising to restore Church ownership of a building that once housed the office of the apostolic nuncio in Hanoi, Vietnamese authorities have suddenly begun demolishing the building, provoking the outrage of Catholic protesters and drawing a heated protest from the city's archbishop.
The betrayal and the demolition carry an implied threat: "This is what happens when you push us too far!"
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN HANOI'S CATHOLICS ARE PUSHED TOO FAR?
-- largest public demonstrations since Communists came to power.
While police turned back many busloads of worshippers, an estimated 10,000 managed to make it to the site where they braved the rain, heavy police presence, attack dogs and barbed wire to pray for justice and worship the Lord as the bells of St Joseph's Cathedral next door chimed intermittently.
On Tuesday 23 September Ben Stocking reported from Hanoi: "Communist authorities in Hanoi have threatened to take legal action against the city's archbishop unless he immediately disbands illegal prayer vigils to demand the return of former church lands, state media reported Monday.
The priests have been ordered to remove religious symbols from the site and stop disseminating false information and holding illegal gatherings. The authorities have ordered the crowds to "refrain from extremist actions".
In the past week the two main prayer vigil sites -- the Thai Ha Redemptorist monastery and the former nunciature -- have both been attacked by large gangs of pro-government vigilantes. The gangs dress in the blue shirts of the Youth Communist League.
In each case, the police did not intervene.
Then at 4 pm on Thursday 25 September a gang attacked the former nunciature. "Hundreds of Catholic protesters seeking the return of a former papal nunciature confiscated by the communist government were attacked on Thursday afternoon in a confrontation with youths, military veterans, and members of other communist associations.
It has also been reported that the People's Committee of Thanh Oai district has ordered school teachers to monitor their students to see who is attending the prayer vigils at the Thai Ha site. VietCatholic News Agency reports that teachers "can be seen in Thai Ha everyday looking for their students, forcing them to go home, and threatening them with severe punishments including expulsion from the school.
"Most teachers feel reluctant to become persecutors against their students. But, some seem to see it a perfect chance to carry out their anti-Catholicism ideology. Two year 7 Catholic students from Thach Bich, known as Huong and Quynh, told their parents they were forced by their teachers to stand in front of their classmates to be mocked. The 'humiliation session' had dragged for hours until the two 11-year-old children promised not to go to the church again.
"Teachers in Bich Hoa high school, out of the fear of losing their promotion and pay rise, asked all Catholic students to pledge in writing not to follow their parents to Thai Ha. In addition, non-Catholic students were ordered to report the presence of their Catholic classmates at the site.
1) Tensions boil over in Hanoi as government betrays promise, destroys nunciature.
19 Sep 2008 http://www.vietcatholic.net/News/Html/58740.htm .
Hanoi City has issued a written warning to Archbishop Ngo Quang Kiet of the Hanoi Archdiocese asking him to refrain from disseminating false information and inciting priests and people to take part in illegal activities.
Voters have agreed with a decision made by the Hanoi People's Committee to discipline municipal Church Archbishop Ngo Quang Kiet and several other priests in line with national law.
Iran: parliament passes apostasy death bill -- UNHCR take note!
Subj: Iran: parliament passes apostasy death bill -- UNHCR take note!
That apostasy (leaving Islam) is an enormously risky even deadly business in any Muslim country is not news to any apostate or to any serious religious liberty observer. That the United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) does not always share this view however is news to many.
Traditional Sharia Law mandates death for apostates based on the Hadith (saying of Muhammad) "Whoever changes his Islamic religion, kill him." (Sahih Al-Bukhari Vol. 9:57).
The decline of Islamic political power, particularly after World Wars 1 and 2, the subsequent rise of secular Arab nationalism, and leverage afforded to the USA due to its economic power led to this practice being largely abandoned at the state level. Whilst apostates were frequently murdered either out of religious hatred or for the sake of "honour", they were not executed by states that were under Western mandates, pursuing secularism and dependent on Western aid and trade.
But times have changed. An international revival of Sunni Wahhabism has been riding on the back of Saudi Arabian oil profits since the late 1970s. Furthermore, decades of brutal, repressive, corrupt dictatorships and declining living standards primed the Muslim masses for the "democracy" coming their way. Now, as soon as the opportunity presents, it appears that Muslims are ready to test the Muslim Brotherhood's assertion that "Islam is the solution".
Meanwhile, the Shi'ite revolutionaries of 1979, after being exhausted by the Iran-Iraq war and then constrained by a western bulwark (Saddam Hussein's Iraq), are now liberated, empowered, bursting with apocalyptic zeal and driven by the scent of Islamic leadership and ascendancy.
After centuries of decline and decades in the cupboard, Islam has returned!
Now Iran is in the process of legislating to make apostasy and promoting apostasy (including through the Internet) mandatory capital offences in the name of protecting the State's "mental security". This shows the degree to which the balance of power has shifted. Clearly the clerics in charge of the Iranian police state do not feel threatened by, nor do they care about, Western displeasure. In fact making the death sentence mandatory for apostasy and promoting apostasy is a very powerful way for ascendant Iran to make an offensive gesture to the USA, the rival power it is gradually replacing as hegemon in Iraq and the wider Middle East. It is a sign of supreme self-confidence.
Yet over recent years several Western countries have been returning Iranian Christian asylum seekers, including apostates, to Iran on the basis that the UNHCR claims they will not be persecuted.
UNHCR TAKE NOTE: As Christian Solidarity Worldwide reports, "The Iranian Parliament voted on Tuesday [9 Sep] in favour of a bill stipulating the death penalty for apostasy. The bill was approved by 196 votes for, seven against, and two abstentions.
As the Khaleek Times notes: "Internet is widely used in Iran despite restrictions on access and the blocking of thousands of websites with a sexual content or deemed as insulting religious sanctities and promoting political dissent. Blogging is also very popular among cyber-savvy young Iranians, some openly discussing their private lives or criticising the system."
On 10 September Compass Direct (CD) reported that two Iranian Christians have now officially been charged with "apostasy".
Mahmood Matin Azad (52) and Arash Basirat (44) have been in prison since their arrest in Shiraz on 15 May "on suspicion of apostasy". The two men were later charged with "Propaganda Against the Islamic Republic of Iran".
CD reports: "When their lawyer went to authorities to inquire about the case in early August, he was informed that the two men had been formally charged with apostasy.
"Sources who spoke to the two Christians' defence lawyer explained that a written order of the formal charge of apostasy was unusual and an indication of the severity and complexity of the case.
The UNHCR and all Western governments must observe that this bill mandating death for apostasy and promoting apostasy passed easily through the Iranian parliament. The vote clearly proves that Iranian authorities overwhelmingly believe that apostates and those who promote apostasy should die. Even if the Guardian Council does not pass the bill into law (for whatever reason) it may be assumed that those who take the implementation of Sharia law into their own hands will not be prosecuted by this regime. Apostates who have left Islam will have no security. This fact must be allowed to impact refugee claims.
Two cases presently before the courts in New Zealand perfectly demonstrate the problem faced by numerous Iranian Christian asylum seekers.
Miss Bahareh Moradi, another Iranian convert to Christianity, is also fighting deportation. Her pastor, Rev. Rinny Westra of St Aidan's Presbyterian Church, says he has seen Immigration New Zealand targeting Iranian converts for harsh treatment.
Scoop Independent news reports: "Mr Westra says Miss Moradi's case is one of a series where Iranian Christians have been unreasonably rejected by Immigration.
"He points to Christian convert Ali Pannah, who went on a hunger strike in prison to avoid deportation, and Majid Mohebbi, who he says was whipped after being deported.
According to the article "Pastor speaks against immigration 'persecution'" (at link 6), the Labour Department, which oversees Immigration NZ, rejects the claims that Iranian Muslims who convert to Christianity face persecution in Iran. In its statement the Labour Department asserts: "Neither the United Nations High Commission for Refugees nor the government's own sources support the contention that all Christians face danger, on the basis of religion, if they are returned to Iran."
When the New Zealand Parliament sat in April, the Minister for Immigration, the Hon. Clayton Cosgrove, was asked to comment on the government's recent decision to order the deportation of Miss Bahareh Moradi.
Now the Refugee Status Appeals Authority had expressed doubts about the genuineness of various conversions despite detailed evidence to the contrary from clergy and pastoral workers from the Catholic, Anglican, Presbyterian and Pentecostal Churches. However Mr Cosgrove said the genuineness of a conversion was irrelevant, because the issue is whether the fear of persecution is well founded and, he reports, according to the UNHCR it is not.
"We are reliant on the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for advice," said Cosgrove. "We are reliant on the members of the Refugee Status Appeals Authority as independent individuals to make those judgments. They assess all the facts. They receive representations from qualified and unqualified stakeholders, and they make decisions in an independent way.
"We are governed by the advice of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, not vested interest groups, and not representations from others, though they are taken into account. To date, despite what the member says, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees does not support the contention that Christians face these dangers if returned to Iran. However, if it was to be the case that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees changed its view . . . then of course New Zealand, being governed by its international obligations, would indeed consider that change. I note, though, that the UK, Germany, the Netherlands, Australia, and other countries have faced similar issues of repatriating Iranians who have hindered their departure. These countries have found that Iranians who are returned to Iran are unlikely, despite their alleged conversion to Christianity, or other claims, to be subjected to persecution." (Link 8, Hansard; for the full transcript of the debate in the NZ parliament: "Refugee Status Appeals Authority—Conversion to Christianity".) The New Zealand parliament next sits on Tuesday 23 September 2008.
The opinion of the UNHCR carries considerable weight in Refugee Review Tribunals. Therefore the UNHCR should cast off all political correctness and instead catch up with and embrace the challenge of reality: that due to the violent, repressive, rights-abusing nature of Sharia Law, non-Muslims -- in particularly apostates, who are in effect "religious-dissidents" -- seeking refugee status on religious grounds should never be forced to return to Islamic states. Their fear of persecution is very well founded indeed.
3) Iran mulls death penalty for Internet crimes.
Yadegary decision shows need for Bill change. 14 August 2008.
8) "Refugee Status Appeals Authority -- Conversion to Christianity"
Subj: Vietnam: Prayer vigils push government to breaking point.
Vietnam's Protestant and Catholic churches have long sought the return of properties seized by the Communist authorities since they came to power. In the north the confiscations date back to the 1950's, while in the south they date back to 1975.
For years the church's petitions have been rejected and ignored. Occasionally however the government will offer minimalist appeasement in the hope of silencing Christian leaders and satisfying international observers. However, these "gifts" are then followed by more property confiscations and demolitions, leaving the church feeling frustrated and discouraged.
But things have changed and a new wind is blowing. Many Vietnamese are seeing something they have never seen before. In late December 2007, thousands of Catholics in Hanoi rallied publicly -- armed with flowers, crosses and candles -- to pray for the return of church land and property.
On 28 March 2008 the Evangelical Church of Vietnam (South) (ECV(S)) issued a petition not this time to the government, but to the global body of Christ seeking prayer support in their struggle with the Communist authorities over property, interference and discrimination. That petition: "A Call to Prayer -- To the Church of God Everywhere", can be found at Link 1.
A Spirit of prayer seems to have descended upon the Vietnamese Church giving the believers courage, drive and a determination never before seen -- and the government is clearly rattled.
As the Catholic prayer vigils grow and spread, Vietnam's Communist government is working overtime to discredit the churches and their leaders and justify its own intransigence and hostility through disinformation and slander disseminated through the State-run media.
But despite the slander, police violence, threats of arrest, "extreme actions" and an imminent crackdown, the protests continue day and night in all weather and with growing numbers.
The prayer vigils are pushing the government to breaking point. But will they result in a breakthrough in Church-State relations, or an escalation in violent repression?
The Evangelical Church of Vietnam (South) (ECV(S)) petitioned the government three times during 2007 concerning discrimination, government interference in church affairs, and the status of the 265 ECV(S) properties the Communist authorities have seized since 1975 -- but to no avail. The government did actually return a few small properties for appeasement sake but then in November and December of 2007 demolished two more ECV(S) properties.
On 15 December 2007 the Catholic Archbishop of Hanoi, Joseph Ngo Quan Kiet, requested the government restore to the church the building that served as the Vatican ambassador's residence in Hanoi during the 1950s. The Communist authorities requisitioned the building in 1959, and it subsequently came to be used as a restaurant.
Sandro Magister describes what happened next: "Last December 15, the archbishop of Hanoi, Joseph Ngo Quan Kiet, asked for the building to be given back, and called upon the faithful to pray that justice be done.
"The faithful took him at his word. Since December 18, every evening, they have gathered in front of the fence outside the former nunciature, praying and carrying flowers and candles. On Christmas Eve, there were 5,000 of them.
"On December 30, Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung came among them. Pushing through the crowd, he entered the archbishop's residence, where he spent fifteen minutes meeting with Archbishop Ngo Quan Kiet. As he left, he was applauded.
"But the protest did not die out. On the contrary, it expanded to other areas of the city.
"On January 6, the Christian feast of the Epiphany, the faithful of the parish of Thai Ha, in Hanoi, began to demonstrate to ask for the restitution of land and buildings confiscated by the regime [from the Redemptorist Order], and now occupied by various government offices and a factory . . .
"During those same days, the faithful of the city of Ha Dong, about 25 miles south of Hanoi, also begin demonstrating peacefully for the restitution of a building confiscated from a parish.
Sandro Magister goes on to list subsequent meetings between Catholic leaders and government officials that eventually culminated in the 27 February statement by the Patriot Front Official for Religious Affairs who declared that the government can no longer ignore the legitimate request for the former nunciature to be restored to the church.
The Catholics, however, were not appeased and the prayer vigils have continued and spread. As Magister reports (May 2008): "Since March 17, in Ho Chi Minh City, hundreds of sisters and faithful have met every day to pray in front of a building taken away from the sisters of the charitable order 'Vinh Son', in the past turned into a bordello and now about to be demolished to make room for a hotel.
"On May 20, the protest extended to another city, Vinh Long, in the south of the country. A four-star hotel is supposed to be built in a former orphanage belonging to the sisters of St Paul de Chartres. The orphanage was requisitioned in 1977, and now the bishop, the sisters, and the faithful of the city are demanding to have it back."
Magister reports that on 15 April, the government announcement the restitution of another Catholic property "around the basilica of Le Vang, the main Marian Shrine in Vietnam".
However, as Magister also reported in May 2008, "These announcements have not been followed by actions." Thus the Catholic experience mirrors that of the ECV(S).
But the prayer vigil by Thai Ha Redemptionist parishioners in Hanoi's Dong Da district has recently escalated. Since mid-August, the numbers keeping vigil at the Thai Ha Redemptorist property has escalated dramatically as Catholics from across the country, including numerous bishops, have travelled to Hanoi to participate in the prayer vigil in a show of solidarity, transforming the Thai Ha vigil into something far more intensive and pivotal. The Thai Ha property has come to be symbolic of all contentious Church-State land issues.
On Thursday 28 August several Catholics were wounded as riot police attacked the pray-ers/protesters with electric batons. Four Catholics were arrested. Father Nguyen Van Peter Khai told AFP that police had attacked the Catholics as they sat on the street for a peaceful vigil. "'We were in the street on Thai Ha street and the police repressed the Christians using electric shocks,' said Khai. 'A lot of people were beaten by police, they were beaten very hard.' He showed AFP digital photographs showing two women bleeding from head wounds who he said were victims of the police baton-charge."
On Sunday 31 August a canister of tear gas was thrown in amongst some 3,000 gathered for worship at the Thai Ha site. Police were present in large numbers, armed with cameras, taking photos of the worshippers/protesters.
On Monday 8 September, the New Hanoi and the People's Police papers published ominous words issued by Lt-General Nguyen Van Huong, Vice-Minister of Public Security and Major-General Nguyen Duc Nhanh, the Director of the Hanoi Police Agency, whereby they warned Archbishop Ngo Quang Kiet of Hanoi, along with his priests and faithful, that a crackdown was imminent.
VNA continues: "Trembled by sudden developments at Hanoi nunciature and the influx into the capital of ten thousands of Catholics from northern provinces, hundreds of anti-riot police raided Cua Bac parish at 6 pm local time. A police intelligence unit had reported a protest in the said parish. However, it was not a protest at all. Thousands of faithful gathered at the church to celebrate Mid-Autumn festival for children."
One of the complaints of the ECV(S) mentioned in the Call to Prayer is that of government interference in church affairs causing division and turmoil. Catholics have likewise reported seriously destructive and unwelcome state interference.
Frustrated by its inability to control all media, the government is now threatening action against anyone who talks to or reads Catholic media. JB An Dang reports for Independent Catholic News: "Police in Vietnam have begun inspecting the computers of Catholics who have taken part in the ongoing prayer vigils over confiscated church properties.
"A source in Hanoi said the authorities are closely monitoring overseas reports on the protests. 'You are in serious trouble should your browsing history include Asia-News, Catholic News Agency, Catholic World News, Independent Catholic News, VietCatholic News, Zenit and others,' he warned.
"Plain clothed police are reported to be hunting for Catholic reporters who are keeping the outside world, and those in Vietnam who access to the Internet, informed about the protest.
VietCatholic News reports: "Archbishop Joseph Ngo Quang Kiet of Hanoi and Bishop Peter Nguyen Van De of Bui Chu joined more than two thousands of protesters on Friday afternoon [12 September] when the superior of Thai Ha monastery and some other priests were being 'summoned' by police. 'I know at this time all your priests are summoned, no one stay at home. So I am here to help them doing church keeping,' Archbishop Joseph Ngo joked with protesters.
1) "A Call to Prayer -- To the Church of God Everywhere"
2) Bishop of Thai Binh: Bye-bye my dear people, I will go to the jail.
3) The Peaceful Revolution of Vietnam's Catholics.
5) "Communism: The End Justifies the Means."
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Drunk Driver Risk : Villari, Brandes & Giannone, P.C.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, drunk driving claims 29 lives per day in the United States, an average of one death roughly every 50 minutes. Alcohol-related accidents rack up $44 billion dollars in repairs and medical costs, and take a massive emotional toll on victims and their friends and families. What steps can you take to avoid suffering from an alcohol-related accident?
The most effective way to prevent drunk driving deaths is simply to never drive while there is alcohol in your system. If everyone could be convinced to hold to that, there would be no problem at all. But as long as we are sharing the road with people who do have alcohol in their systems, it is important to know how to minimize any damage taken.
To that end, Driving Tests has recently provided a list of seven important things to know about sharing the road with drunk drivers. The first five are essentially defensive, while the last two are proactive ways to reduce the number of drunk drivers on the road.
Driving defensively will help you to avoid being involved in all types of accidents, including drunk driving accidents. It's important to note that while these safety measures can help to protect you and your family, it is entirely possible for a good defensive driver to still be injured by a drunk driver.
1. Buckle Up: Wearing a seat belt reduces the chances of an accident being fatal, and even makes major and minor injuries less likely.
2. Keep Your Distance: Maintaining a safe distance between vehicles is always necessary, as this provides drivers time to react to changing road conditions. When a driver is fluctuating in speed or veering out of his or her lane, keep your distance and contact law enforcement.
3. Be Careful at Intersections: A drunk driver may not react appropriately to road signs and traffic signals. This makes them more dangerous at intersections, where other drivers may expect them to stop.
4. Avoid Late Night Driving: Most alcohol-influenced accidents happen late at night or before dawn, especially on weekends. Try to avoid driving during these times whenever possible; if you must be on the road, drive carefully.
5. Home for the Holidays: In a similar vein, the holidays are hot spots on the calendar for drunk driving. Take extra care on the road during these times.
6. Designated Drivers: One easy way to limit the number of drunk drivers on the road is to stay sober while out and drive your friends home yourself.
7. Checkpoints: Police will occasionally set up checkpoints on popular routes to ensure that no drunk drivers pass the area.
While everything we can do to limit drunk driving injuries and deaths is important, ultimate responsibility is with those who drink and drive. And if you've been injured by a drunk driver, you have legal rights.
If you or a loved one has suffered from a drunk driving accident, contact us today to learn how we can help.
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Although it is perhaps one of the most overlooked aspects, pH is very important in hydroponic and organic as well as regular soil gardening. pH is measured on a scale of 1-14 with 7 being neutral. Acids are lower than 7 and alkalis (bases) are above 7.
This article deals with the pH of hydroponic gardening and the availability of nutrients at different pH levels in a soilless growing medium. Organic and soil gardening have different levels, so the following chart doesn't pertain to them.
To be technical, the term pH refers to the potential hydrogen-hydroxyl ion content of a solution. Solutions ionize into positive and negative ions. If the solution has more hydrogen (positive) ions than hydroxyl (negative) ions then it is an acid (1-6.9 on the pH scale). Conversely if the solution has more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen it is alkaline (or base), with a range of 7.1-14 on the pH scale.
Pure water has a balance of hydrogen (H+) and hydroxyl (OH-) ions and is therefore pH neutral (pH 7). When the water is less than pure it can have a pH either higher or lower than 7.
The pH scale is logarithmic, which means that each unit of change equals a tenfold change in the hydrogen/hydroxyl ion concentration. To put it another way, a solution with a pH of 6.0 is 10 times more acidic than a solution with a value of pH 7.0, and a solution with a pH value of 5.0 would be 10 times more acidic than the solution of 6.0 pH and 100 times more acidic than the solution with a 7.0 pH. This means that when you are adjusting the pH of your nutrient solution and you need to move it 2 points (example: 7.5 to 5.5) you would have to use 10 times more adjuster than if you were moving the pH value just 1 point (7.5 to 6.5).
When the pH is not at the proper level the plant will lose its ability to absorb some of the essential elements required for healthy growth. For all plants there is a particular pH level that will produce optimum results (see chart 1 below). This pH level will vary from plant to plant, but in general most plants prefer a slightly acid growing environment (between 5.5-6.0), although most plants can still survive in an environment with a pH of between 5.0 and 7.5.
does not apply to organic or dirt gardening.
When you are growing hydroponically checking and adjusting pH is a simple matter. It can be a bit more complicated when growing organically or in soil. There are several ways to check the pH of the nutrient solution in your hydroponic system.
Paper test strips are probably the most inexpensive way to check the pH of the nutrient solution. These paper strips are impregnated with a pH sensitive dye which changes color when dipped into the nutrient solution. The paper strip is then compared to a color chart to determine the pH level of the solution being checked. These test strips are inexpensive, but they can be hard to read, because the colors differences are subtle.
Liquid pH test kits are probably the most popular method to check pH for the hobby gardener. These liquid test kits work by adding a few drops of a pH sensitive dye to a small amount of the nutrient solution and then comparing the color of the resulting liquid with a color chart. While slightly more expensive than the paper test strips, they are easier to read and extremely accurate and reliable.
The Most high-tech way to check pH is to use the digital meters. These meters come in a huge array of sizes and prices. The most popular type of pH meter for the hobby gardener is the digital pen. These pens are manufactured by several different companies and are very handy and easy to use. You simply dip the electrode into the nutrient solution for a few moments and the pH value is displayed on an LCD screen.
The pH meters are very accurate (when properly calibrated) and fast. They need to cared for properly however, or they will quit working. The glass bulb electrode must be kept clean and some are required to be wet at all times. The pH meters are actually very sensitive volt meters and are susceptible to problems with the electrode.
The pH meters are slightly temperature sensitive. Many of the pH meters on the market have Automatic Temperature Compensation (ATC), which corrects the reading with respect to temperature. On meters without ATC the pH should be checked at the same time of day each time in order to minimize any temperature related fluctuations.
The pH meters usually need to be calibrated frequently, as the meters can drift and to insure accuracy you must check calibration often. With most pens, the tip needs to be stored in an electrode storage solution or in a buffer solution and should never be allowed to dry out.
Due to the fact that pH meters have a reputation of breaking down without warning it is a good idea to keep an emergency backup for checking pH (paper test strips or a liquid pH test kit), just in case.
There are several chemicals used by the hobby gardener to adjust pH. The most popular are phosphoric acid (to lower pH) and potassium hydroxide (to raise pH). Both of these chemicals are relatively safe, although they can cause burns and should never come in contact with the eyes. Most hydroponic supply stores sell pH adjusters that are diluted to a level that is reasonably safe and easy to use. Concentrated adjusters can cause large pH changes and can make adjusting the pH very frustrating.
Several other chemicals can be used to adjust the pH of hydroponic nutrient solutions. Nitric acid and sulfuric acid can be used to lower pH but are much more dangerous than phosphoric acid. Food grade citric acid is sometimes used in organic gardening to lower pH.
Always add the nutrients to the water before checking and adjusting the pH of your solution. The fertilizer will usually lower the pH of the water due to its chemical makeup. After adding nutrient and mixing the solution, check the pH using whatever method you chose. If the pH needs to be adjusted, add the appropriate adjuster. Use small amounts of pH adjuster until you get familiar with the process. Recheck the pH and repeat the above steps until the pH level is where you want it to be. Once you have done this a few times, you'll nail it the first try. Beyond all the facts and figures, this critical step is truly simple and easy.
The pH of the nutrient solution will have a tendency to go up as the plants use the nutrients. As a result the pH needs to be checked periodically and adjusted if necessary. To start out, I suggest that you check pH on a daily basis. Each system will change pH at a different rate depending on a variety of factors. The type of growing medium used, the weather, the kind of plants and even the age of the plants all effect the pH variations.
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Alvin E. Holt was 54 years old when The Wright brothers make their first attempt to fly with the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.
Alvin E. Holt was 10 years old when Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. Charles Robert Darwin, was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding. Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species. Charles Robert Darwin, was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution. He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace, introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding.
Alvin E. Holt was 11 years old when Abraham Lincoln is elected as the 16th President of United States. Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through the American Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy. Abraham Lincoln is elected as the 16th President of United States. Abraham Lincoln was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. Lincoln led the United States through the American Civil War—its bloodiest war and perhaps its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis. In doing so, he preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the economy.
Alvin E. Holt was 12 years old when American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces. The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery. American Civil War: Fort Sumter surrenders to Confederate forces. The American Civil War was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. As a result of the long-standing controversy over slavery, war broke out in April 1861, when Confederate forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina, shortly after U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated. The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States, who advocated for states' rights to expand slavery.
Alvin E. Holt was 25 years old when Winston Churchill, English colonel, journalist, and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party. Winston Churchill, English colonel, journalist, and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965) Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was a British politician, army officer, and writer, who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1940 to 1945 and again from 1951 to 1955. As Prime Minister, Churchill led Britain to victory in the Second World War. Churchill represented five constituencies during his career as Member of Parliament (MP). Ideologically an economic liberal and British imperialist, he began and ended his parliamentary career as a member of the Conservative Party, which he led from 1940 to 1955, but for twenty years from 1904 he was a prominent member of the Liberal Party.
Alvin E. Holt was 28 years old when Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record and play sound. Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory. Thomas Edison announces his invention of the phonograph, a machine that can record and play sound. Thomas Alva Edison was an American inventor and businessman, who has been described as America's greatest inventor. He developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph, the motion picture camera, and the long-lasting, practical electric light bulb. Dubbed "The Wizard of Menlo Park", he was one of the first inventors to apply the principles of mass production and large-scale teamwork to the process of invention, and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory.
Alvin E. Holt was 54 years old when The Wright brothers make their first attempt to fly with the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible. The Wright brothers make their first attempt to fly with the Wright Flyer at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were two American aviators, engineers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are generally credited with inventing, building, and flying the world's first successful airplane. They made the first controlled, sustained flight of a powered, heavier-than-air aircraft on December 17, 1903, four miles south of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. In 1904–05 the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. Although not the first to build experimental aircraft, the Wright brothers were the first to invent aircraft controls that made fixed-wing powered flight possible.
Alvin E. Holt was 56 years old when Albert Einstein publishes his first paper on the special theory of relativity. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. Albert Einstein publishes his first paper on the special theory of relativity. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. He is best known to the general public for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, which has been dubbed "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory.
Alvin E. Holt was 59 years old when Ford puts the Model T car on the market at a price of US$825. Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling Motors of China. It also has joint-ventures in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Russia. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power. Ford puts the Model T car on the market at a price of US$825. Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16, 1903. The company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer Troller, an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and a 49% stake in Jiangling Motors of China. It also has joint-ventures in China, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, and Russia. The company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family; they have minority ownership but the majority of the voting power.
Alvin E. Holt was 63 years old when The British passenger liner RMS Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20 a.m., two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg. Only 710 of 2,227 passengers and crew on board survive. RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. It was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster. The British passenger liner RMS Titanic sinks in the North Atlantic at 2:20 a.m., two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg. Only 710 of 2,227 passengers and crew on board survive. RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City. There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic-class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line. It was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. Thomas Andrews, her architect, died in the disaster.
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ESTA SI QUE ES UNA BUENA NOTICIA ESPERAMOS SE NOS CUMPLA EN ISTMINA.
Fuente: Oscar Andrés Sánchez A.
La inversión en sistema de acueductos es de 120.000 millones de pesos.
En un año el acueducto de Quibdó, capital de Chocó, pasará de tener una cobertura del 33 por ciento al 90 por ciento.
Este proyecto, en el que se invierten 47.000 mil millones de pesos, se empezó a ejecutar hace dos meses, y según el gobernador (e) de este departamento, Hugo Arley Tova, las obras avanzan en un 22 por ciento.
Los recursos fueron aprobados en el primer paquete de regalías, en septiembre del año pasado. El departamento y el Estado aportaron cada uno 17.000 millones de pesos y el municipio de Quibdó, 13.000 millones.
“El Gobierno puso de nuevo en la agenda al Chocó, porque recuperaron la confianza en nuestras instituciones. Hemos continuado los proyectos que dejó el gobernador Luis Gilberto Murillo”, sostuvo el mandatario regional.
En las demás cabeceras municipales también hay proyectos de construcción de acueductos y alcantarillados, algunos ya en marcha y otros en proceso de licitación, que hacen parte del Plan Departamental de Aguas.
Según Tovar, sin sumar Quibdó, hay una apropiación de 63.00 mil millones para planes maestros y para la construcción de rellenos sanitarios, como complemento al saneamiento básico.
“Tenemos una estrategia agresiva para darle cobertura en un ciento por ciento de agua potable a las áreas urbanas de los municipios”. El gobernador agregó que, después de 50 años de espera, Juradó tendrá acueducto antes de culminar este año, gracias a una inversión de 4.834 millones de pesos.
De igual manera, en Atrato se invertirán 9.150 millones, en Bahía Solano, 7.836 millones; en San Pablo, 5.785; en Itsmina, 9.143; en Baudó, 1.607 millones; en San Juan, 3.625; en Nóbita, 4.320; en el turístico Nuquí, 4.602; en Rio Quito, 2.880; en San José, 1.077; en Tadó 16.000 y en Unión Panaramericana 4.400 millones.
En Alto Baudó invertirán 837 millones; en Medio Atrato, 622 millones; y en Lloró, 6.831 millones para el Plan Maestro.
Por otro lado, en Bagadó se construirá un relleno sanitario por 902 millones, al igual que en el Carmen de Atrato, donde se invertirán 961 millones.
Para evitar tragedias como la ocurrida en julio pasado en el resguardo Quitaradó (Riosucio), donde tres niños murieron y 64 más resultaron intoxicados por beber agua contaminada, el departamento avanzan en el estudio de un proyecto para construir, vía regalías, sistemas eficientes de acueducto y alcantarillado en 90 comunidades, de las cuales 60 son indígenas.
energía mareomotrix en el Pacífico.
anteriores de 1964 y 1984 caducaron.
Por favor haga click en el enlace para ver el video.
Investigador Centro Internacional de Física (CIF), Bogotá, Colombia. Profesor retirado en septiembre 2008 del Depto Física, U Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogota) por proveer estos artículos.
Agreements were struck between the governments of the United States and Panama, and the United States and Colombia, according to which the U.S. committed to financing two- thirds of the total cost of the construction of the remaining span of the Pan-American Highway, in the Darién zone. Al- though that U.S. law remains in effect, in October 1975, the Federal District Court for the District of Columbia prohibited allocation of funds for the construction of the Pan-American Highway in the Darién, as part of the legal case brought by the Sierra Club and other ecologist groups which questioned the environmental impact studies that had endorsed the decision to begin construction of the Darién highway.
In 1996, after international bidding, Colombia’s National Institute of Roads (INVIAS) contracted new environmental studies, this time with a consortium made up of Ecology and Environment, Inc. and Hidromecánicas Ltda. And despite the fact that the National Congress of Engineering of Colombia, held Aug. 14-16, 2004, determined that this project should be given priority, to this date there has been no construction on the Darién Highway, either on the Colombian side or the Panama- nian side. It must be noted that President Alvaro Uribe has in- sisted, to no avail, that the successive Presidents of Panama, Mireya Moscoso and more recently Martín Torrijos, promote the construction of the final span of the highway. But, on the Panamanian side, there has been no political will to carry out the project. In truth, both in Colombia and in Panama, the ministries of the environment have vetoed the highway’s construction.
In sum, as LaRouche and his associates have documented, environmentalist is fascism, created by the British Crown to return humanity to the Dark Ages. And this must be stated clearly.
hampered by extreme concerns about protection of the envi- ronment. As pointed out by him, extreme environmentalism may condemn some regions of the world, like my country, Colombia, to stay in their current state of lesser economic de- velopment, while the more advanced countries reap the ben- efits of development previously attained at a lower cost, when the environment was not given the paramount importance of nowadays. This is clearly inequitable.
Also of great interest to us is a related theme of La- Rouche’s: the transfer of technological knowledge. A tool to- wards this end may be the peaceful use of nuclear technology. The latter idea was already envisioned by another statesman, the former U.S. President Eisenhower, with his program of Atoms for Peace in the early 1960s. But the development of nuclear-powered electricity was almost completely stopped by the environmentalist movement in the United States in the mid-1970s. On a global scale, today we are close to a rebirth of nuclear power using inherently safe, modular, small nucle- ar plants that could also be used in developing countries. The LaRouchian movement has also advocated the massive use of nuclear power as a means to build infrastructure, as in the Eur- asian Land-Bridge.
It is a privilege and a pleasure to join the Festschrift hon- oring the very original thinker Lyndon LaRouche on his 85th birthday. This short note is related to the completion of the Pan-American Highway, a project that is a natural comple- ment to the Eurasian Land-Bridge. In a separate, forthcoming note we will advance some ideas for the revival of nuclear technology in Colombia.
By the mid-21st Century, will it be possible to go easily by land from the Cape of Finisterre in Portugal to Ushuaia in Ar- gentina? Three key elements are missing today: the Eurasian land-bridge, the tunnel across the Bering Strait, and the Inter- American Land-Bridge. The first two aspects have received ample consideration within the LaRouchian movement, so that this note concentrates on the third element, from the broader context of social and economic development of the isolated Atrato River region in Colombia.
A forthcoming note will address the various roles of nu- clear technology for peaceful use in a developing country: (i) a means for transfer of technological knowledge; (ii) a tech- nological tool in medicine, agriculture, engineering, environ- ment; and (iii) a builder of infrastructure for social and eco- nomic development, such as electricity, water, and process heat. For the time being, the present note mentions some past proposals for the use of nuclear explosives for the excavation of an inter-oceanic canal in the Atrato region.
the river serves as a border between the Colombian Depart- ments of Chocó and Antioquia. The Atrato region, one of the rainiest on Earth, is covered by a jungle with an extremely high biological diversity. The population is sparse, mostly Afro-Colombian (over 90%), with some indigenous groups like the Noanamaes, Katíos-Emberas, and Kunas (the latter were forced to move to Panama by tribal fighting). Due to its strategic geographical position, three groups of large engi- neering projects have been considered for this region: a land- bridge to connect Central and South America; a waterway be- tween the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; and large hydro-electrical power plants taking advantage of the perma- nent very high water discharges of both the Atrato and San Juan rivers. In some proposals, the hydropower projects could be part of an inter-oceanic canal project. Since the mid-1970s, these hydro projects have been incorporated into the invento- ry of potential electrical sources in Colombia, and no further mention of them will be made here.
In the year 1500, during Columbus’s fourth trip, the Span- iard Rodrigo de Bastidas arrived at the Gulf of Urabá. San Se- bastián de Urabá was the first Spanish settlement in South America, founded in 1509 on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Urabá by Alonso de Ojeda; it did not survive, due to pressure from local indigenous people. A year later, Santa María La Antigua del Darién was founded on the western side of the same Gulf, and it served as a base for the initial exploration of the adjacent territories, which today are part of Panama and Colombia. It is an irony of history that the region of the Atrato River, the first part of South America explored by Europeans 500 years ago, remains as one of the less developed areas in Colombia at the beginning of the 21st Century.
Vasco Nuñez de Balboa departed from Santa María with an expedition that crossed the Panama Isthmus and reached the Pacific Ocean in 1513. With the help of indigenous guides, Balboa went by boat to Carreto Bay, or thereabouts, navigated in a piragua (a dugout canoe) upstream on one of the many rivers discharging into the Caribbean, then crossed by foot the rather low Serranía del Darién, descended following the course of a river draining into the Chucunaque River, and nav- igated by piragua downstream on the Chucunaque until reach- ing the Gulf of San Miguel on the Pacific Ocean. . . .
the Bio-Pacific study, for an alternative way to close the Darien Gap, without crossing the two national parks. It is based on a new road to the Bay of Carreto on the Caribbean coast of Panama, followed by a ferry connection to Turbo on the east coast of the Gulf of Urabá. As expected for a ferry connection, this alternative will limit and slow down the road traffic along the Pan-American Highway.
In the opinion of the present writer, the concerns of the environmental groups for the protection of the two National Parks are legitimate, but it is also clear that a ferry connection is not the most efficient way to complete the Pan-American Highway. Instead of the ferry connection, it is possible to build a land-bridge without entering the Darien and the Katíos National Parks. This novel alternative is called here the Bal- boa Route-2007.
along the western shore of the Gulf of Urabá, until reaching the Atrato swamps at Unguía. The proposed route turns east, bridg- es the Atrato River, and joins an existing road leading to Carepa in the vicinity of Caño Carepita.
Chocó, and from Caño Carepita to Carepa in a banana- producing region of the Department of Antioquia. The pro- posed route will complete and improve these roads.
The proposed Balboa Route-2007 will finally complete a project envisioned more than a century ago. An operating Pan-American Highway from Alaska to Patagonia would be the natural companion to a Eurasian Land-Bridge.
These routes are geologically viable for excavation with nuclear explosives. Source: E. Graves, “A New Canal,” Nuclear News (February 1965).
Japanese people and some indigenous groups settled in the Atrato region since pre-Columbian times. This evidence lends some credibility to these folk tradi- tions.
After Humboldt’s writings, for 50 years there was no serious consideration of the possibility of building a canal to communicate between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans using the Atrato River. In 1852, Mr. F. Kelley of New York funded an expedition to survey the Atrato River from its mouths in the Gulf of Urabá to the mouth of Quito River, near Quibdó,4 the current capital of the Department of Chocó. The Atrato River is wide, and may be easily navigated as far as Quibdó, which is at an altitude of 40 meters above sea level, and about 400 km upstream from the Gulf of Urabá, which means that the river has a very small slope of 1 meter in 10 km.
and 1914. The width of the Panama Canal cannot accommo- date today’s large oil tankers and other modern vessels; addi- tionally the canal is overcrowded. As a partial solution, Pana- ma on Sept. 3, 2007 started construction of a US$5,000 million expansion of the canal, which will be ready in 2014. This ex- pansion will allow larger ships to cross, but will not solve the problem of overcrowding.
The possibility of building a canal across Nicaragua has been known since the mid-16th Century; different routes, some with locks, other at sea-level, have been considered. To- day, at the beginning of the 21st Century, there is still interest, as an alternative for solving the overcrowding in Panama. Routes using the Atrato River are another alternative, as dis- cussed next [see Figure 1].
shows five routes that were identified by the former U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) as being suitable for the use of nuclear explosives.6,7 From the point of view of iso- lation and sparse population, routes 17 and 25 in Panama and Colombia, respectively, were identified as the most promising routes for using nuclear explosives. The Sasardi-Mortí River Route 16 is relevant in the context of the present writing, be- cause it is part of the Balboa Route-2007 proposed in the pre- vious section. The fact that nuclear explosives are viable, means that the geology in the area of the Mortí River may be appropriate to build a tunnel to cross the Serranía del Darien.
close the Darien Gap (recall previous section), even if built using conventional explosives only.... An exclusion zone would be required if the whole canal were excavated using nuclear explosives only (Route 23C). In an exclusion zone, all population would have to be evacuated for several years, a condition that may not be politically acceptable today.
1. C.M. Pepper, “The Pan-American Railway,” Bulletin of the American Geographical Society, Vol. 36, No. 8 (1904), pp. 466-470.
3. G. Menzies, 1421 The Year China Discovered the World (London: Bantam Press, 2006).
4. F.M. Kelley, “Explorations Through the Valley of the Atrato to the Pacific, in Search of a Route for a Ship Canal,” Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 26 (1856), pp. 174-182.
5. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Inter-Oceanic Canal Studies-1970, Annex V—Study of Engineering Feasibility (Washington, D.C.: Atlantic Pacific Interoceanic Canal Study Commission, Dec. 1, 1970). Appendix 14, Route 23.
6. E. Graves, “A New Canal,” Nuclear News, February 1965, pp. 13-17.
7. E. Graves, “Nuclear Excavation of a Sea-Level Isth- mian Canal,” Proceedings of the Conference on Engineering with Explosives (Washington, D.C.: USAEC, 1964), pp. 321- 334.
8. J.-E. Botaggisio, “Alternatives for an Inter-Oceanic Ca- nal in Chocó” (in Spanish), talk to the Engineering Society of Antioquia (Sociedad Antioqueña de Ingenieros), Feb. 20, 2007.
9. M.M. Hecht, “How To Build 6,000 Nuclear Plants,” 21st Century Science & Technology, Spring 2005, pp. 2-3.
la Compañia CISCO y su Filial de Telepresencia WEBEX.
Neoyorkino Frederick M. Kelly en 1854.
infantil cinco veces mayor que en el resto de Colombia.
la construccion y avance del pais.
La construccion de la obra requiere crear una empresa mixta como Ecopetrol.
Pueden las mareas oceánicas producir energía?
Choco en la Era Digital.
"Viaje al pueblo más pobre de Colombia"
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How are prairie plants able to survive fires?
The roots and growing points of prairie plants form thick networks underground, where they are protected from fire. Prairie fires move quickly, so the soil acts as a buffer protecting prairie plants' underground growing structures.
After prairie fires, the dark surface of the soil is warmed by the sun, and in the spring this helps seeds germinate. Existing plants grow stronger after fires. New seeds carried into the burned soil start new plants. For some plants with hard seed-coats, fire burns some of the seedcoat off the seeds and actually helps the seed germinate faster.
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Why is this test done? Hemoglobin tests are part of a complete health check. The test's result helps assess blood cell production. It also indicates several blood anomalies. It is used to monitor the treatment of anemia.
In children, reference values vary with age.
Associated Tests: Other tests that are part of the complete blood count are done at the same time. These include various parameters such as hematocrit , complete white blood cell count , platelet count , differential white blood cell count and physical characteristics of red blood cells.
Hemoglobin is a part of the red blood cells. Its role is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. It is also responsible for blood's red color. Hemoglobin values are closely linked to the red blood cell count.
Certain situations where there is an increase of red cells in the blood (polycythemia) will also result in elevated hemoglobin levels.
Blood hemoglobin levels will be lower if there is a major loss of blood (hemorrhage), anemia, or red blood cell destruction. Certain cancers (leukemia, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease) as well as lupus, Addison's disease or rheumatoid diseases can also lower hemoglobin levels. Certain dietary deficiencies can also lower blood hemoglobin levels.
Blood hemoglobin levels cannot be interpreted by themselves. The results of other tests performed at the same time are important as well and are taken into consideration to determine the possible cause of any abnormal results.
Staying in high altitude or in an oxygen-poor setting will increase blood hemoglobin levels, as well as smoking or dehydration resulting in higher blood concentration.
Increased blood plasma volume or hyperhydration can result in lower results. Blood hemoglobin levels can be lower in pregnant women. Certain dietary deficiencies, especially vitamin or iron deficiency, can result in lower hemoglobin levels.
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What does it take to be and succeed as a professional designer? It takes more than just natural talent. Here’s some definite things you need to succeed.
Don’t bring other people’s ideas to the table, bring your own. You are much more valuable as a creative if you design using your own original creativity, instead of copying from those of others. Also, exercising your own thinking abilities and creative ingenuities helps you grow in your craft. Use others ideas to grow and nurture your own.
2. Be incredibly passionate about what you do. There’s a quote: “Do it with passion or not at all.” It’s hard to build yourself a successful career if you aren’t energetic and passionate about what you do. Hence, make sure you always choose a focus in your work where you can flourish and thrive.
Be self-motivated and develop the ability to jump around in projects. The reality is most of the time, web designers wear a lot of hats and their job description encompasses a variety of tasks. So, it’s important to have this skill set in addition to your creative talents. The better of a multitasker you can be, the more valuable of a worker you can be to your employers.
4. Be a people person, or make yourself be a people person. Your ability to converse and interact with others will help you to communicate ideas and execute your work timely and efficiently. If sociability is not a natural strength, progress in your responsiveness towards others within conversations, business and non-business related.
Let others evaluate your work and give feedback. Of course when we say others, we mean other creatives and designers. Ask them for their thoughts on your work and any project ideas they have to expand your work. A true designer is always learning from around them and improving their commercial and personal work.
6. Allow clients to review work early in the design process. This helps for several reasons. Primarily, then everyone is on the same page with layout and style. Secondarily, it helps you preserve your resources as the designer (and your sanity!) As a result, the next phases of the project usually go more smoothly.
7. Keep updated on technology. This includes programs, trends and hardware. Make it a goal everyday to read at least one instructive article or each week learn one new tip or technique. A highly competitive game calls for highly competitive players.
8. Be organized. As designers, this is not an option, but rather a requirement. Especially if you work for yourself or are the main designer in the company. Organized in mind and life helps you manage your time, work efficiently and succeed as a designer.
9. Keep a portfolio. Whether it be online or printed, it’s critical as a designer to have your work samples available for review by others. Especially for potential job opportunities and online exposure.
10. Learn online marketing. Be knowledgeable in the commonly used marketing techniques and strategies.
Check out our 2017 Design Trends.
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What is the difference between commercial and residential lease?
Although the principle of investing is the same, there are significant differences between the residential and commercial lease and each type has its own merits. Various factors determine the differences between residential and commercial real estate including; property value, cash flow, financing, leasing documents, and tenants.
Residential leases are generally for apartments, houses, townhouses, and condominiums. Although some renters can run small businesses out of their homes, they’re mostly sought after for living spaces. Residential properties are generally paid on a monthly basis and termination requires a short notice than a commercial lease.
The primary purpose of a commercial real estate contract is to provide a property to a tenant for running a business. The tenant can use the space for any commercial purpose like the sale of goods or services or provides a place to manufacture some product. The retail space is not meant to give a place to live, and it is often against local or state law to reside in an industrial area.
The value of a residential property is calculated by comparing the market price of similar properties in that area. The commercial property, on the other hand, can be more expensive than residential properties depending upon its location, neighborhood, facilities, etc.
Commercial lease contracts tend to be lengthy in contrast to residential leases as there are a large number of lease terms that are negotiated between commercial lease parties and tenants that may not be necessary for residential contracts. For example, business concerns include security of the space, signage on the building's exterior, and access to communication equipment.
Furthermore, as the residential property can only be used as a place to live, commercial property can be used for multiple purposes. Therefore, it requires to be discussed in detail what the permitted uses of the commercial property are. Commercial leases usually run for several years whereas residential leases typically expire after one year. However, in both of the features, you have the option to renew the contract.
Residential landlords often take care of things like keeping the premises pest-free and providing necessary maintenance including sewage, etc. Commercial tenants are usually not accommodated with the same benefits; they’re often asked to do their maintenance for the portion of the property that they’re renting.
Most banks are willing to offer more loans for the residential property, and you can buy a residential space with a small down payment and getting 90 percent or more mortgage financing from the bank. On the other hand, banks do not provide much loan or installmentson commercial leases.
Overall, both residential and commercial properties tend to have their strengths and weaknesses, but you should not conclude that one is better than the other because both serve different purposes for different requirements. Depending on your personal or business needs, finding the right property is possible with the help of Genet Group.
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Harness the power of your cards with these great deck building tips!
While there are a plethora of different strategies, card combinations, and play styles you can experiment with, there are some basic tips that will help you build strong and consistent decks repeatedly.
Seriously? Yes, seriously! One-color decks just don’t give you enough variety in mechanics or strategy to go up against a worthy opponent. It will limit the abilities available to you, meaning it’s too easy to get stuck in a loop of repeating the same play each turn. Any opponent worth their salt will easily be able to identify your tactics and modify their play to counter them.
On top of being limiting, having enough cards in one color to build a deck is extremely difficult, remember you need at least 50 cards in a deck. It’s just not smart.
Piggy-backing off my previous tip, you need to make sure you have enough cards in both colors you want to use to make a strong deck. It’s extremely hard to “splash” another color into a deck in The Elder Scrolls: Legends for the same reason I mentioned earlier; it limits your available strategies.
For example, in a 50-card deck made up of the colors red and green, you wouldn’t want 40 red cards and only ten green cards. You’d rather have a much more even split — 27 red cards and 23 green cards for example.
Keep your deck as balanced as possible in this regard and you’ll fair much better in battles!
This is a no-brainer if you’re familiar with strategy card games like Magic the Gathering.
The minimum number of cards you can have in a single deck in The Elder Scrolls: Legends is 50, and you’re going to want to keep your deck as close to that minimum number as possible. Why? Because it gives you a higher chance of drawing your exquisite cards than a deck that has a larger volume.
The highest number of cards I would ever suggest putting into a deck is 56; anything more than that means you undoubtedly have less important cards you can cut out.
I know advanced players might cringe at this suggestion, but the auto-build feature in The Elder Scrolls Legends is a great way to get started; however, you need to give it a little direction to make it useful.
Start by adding five cards (preferably strong ones) of each color into the deck. This will give the auto-build feature a solid foundation to build the rest of the deck out, so the AI isn’t just adding random crap.
Once the auto-build process is complete the hard work begins! Meticulously go through the deck and your collection card-by-card to ensure that the best options made it into your deck. It will take some time, but I guarantee it will make your deck stronger.
There are tons of cards that have abilities, which, when activated, perform certain actions. Breakthrough, Last Gasp, and Lethal are just a few examples of abilities found in The Elder Scrolls: Legends. These abilities often lend themselves to certain strategies and card combinations that can help frame your deck.
For example, a common strategy using Breakthrough is using a lot of items that enhance your creatures’ strength and defence stats, so you can trample over your opponent’s creatures and still do damage to your opponent’s life total.
Some abilities are a little more straightforward than others, so experiment and see what you like!
Another simple, but an extremely important tip. Every card cost Magicka to play onto the battlefield, and your Magicka pool starts at zero and goes up by one each turn.
If you stack your deck with a bunch of cards that cost six or seven Magicka to play, you’re going to have a hard time fending off attacks from your enemy during the first five turns. Heck, you could even end up getting killed before you play a card.
A good rule of thumb is to have the majority of cards in your deck cost four or less Magicka. The game makes it easy to look at the number breakdown in a handy bar graph as well, so make sure you take a look and make adjustments as necessary.
Practice makes perfect, and deck building is no different! Use the games practice mode to try out your deck multiple times against a computer to see how well it handles the challenge. If you’re struggling to win, go back into the deck builder and tinker around a bit more by substituting in different cards. Experimenting is paramount to success.
Do you have any great tips for building fantastic decks in The Elder Scrolls: Legends? Let me know in the comments below, or hit me up on Twitter!
Updated July 2018: These are still my top tips to help out beginners build a strong deck!
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How to avoid the "500 worst passwords of all time"
We all have lots of Internet passwords and about half of them are not difficult to guess. Just take a look at the "500 worst passwords of all time."
A strong password should be two things: easily recalled by its owner and difficult to guess by someone who doesn't know it. So even non-hackers can guess a few on the worst list.
"123456" is number one followed by you guessed it, "password." Some on the list are intriguing. Number 496 is a "mistress" although I don't know if the owners lean toward kept women or men who wished they had one. Many are profane with a hint of anger and impulsiveness suggesting people don't want to bother with passwords. Some are plays on words like "letmein." Number 486 is a seemingly cryptic letter string "abgrtyu" and still made the list.
The list comes from the book "Perfect Password: Selecttion, Protection, Authentication" published in 2005. While the list would appear outdated, it still gets considerable attention because it's unique.
One out of nine passwords used is on the list and about 50% of passwords are "based on names of a family member, spouse, partner, or a pet," according to the book's teaser on Amazon. Just ask Sarah Palin whose email was hacked last September by someone who reset her password using her zipcode, birthdate and where she met her spouse. When asked where she went to high school, the hacker entered "Wasilla High" and was right. Such is the price of celebrity and people knowing a lot about you.
Passwords are a challenge. Like you, I often want quick access to a site and view the password as an obstacle deserving little attention. However, I can proudly say no password I have ever used is on the worst list.
In a recent discussion with fellow bloggers, one said he keeps passwords only in his head. He never writes them down ANYWHERE. I have far too many for that and lack the photographic mind he must have. He also avoids passwords hints such as a boyhood dog or mother's maiden name given what happened to Palin.
Another swears by password manager Roboform which can be downloaded for $35. I may try this given good reviews and because I don't feel secure with my current password strategy if you can call it that. I am constantly looking them up and must have about 30 of them. I also have used meebo with some success as a single logon/password to multiple instant messaging accounts. I tried something called a secure login named vidoop, but it was too good: it didn't let me into anything.
There's plenty of advice on how to create a good password such as Microsoft's six-steps to creating "a strong, memorable password. Some of the advice is obvious, but worth repeating.
-- Use a mix of symbols, characters and numbers. Use spaces if allowed.
-- If you can't use symbols, double the number of characters.
-- Think of a memorable sentence and take the first letter of each word and combine into a password.
-- Use a password checker to test its strength.
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Founded in 1770, the College of Charleston is the oldest educational institution south of Virginia, and the 13th oldest in the United States. During the colonial period, wealthy families sent their sons abroad for higher education. By the mid-18th century, many leading citizens supported the idea of establishing an institution of higher learning within the colony.
On January 30, 1770, Lieutenant Governor William Bull recommended to the colony's general assembly the establishment of a provincial college. However, internal disagreements, political rivalries and the American Revolution delayed progress on this front. After the war, South Carolinians returned their attention to establishing a college. On March 19, 1785, the College of Charleston was chartered to "encourage and institute youth in the several branches of liberal education."
Several of the College's founders played key roles in the American Revolution and in the creation of the new republic. Three were signers of the Declaration of Independence and another three were framers of the U.S. Constitution. Other founders were or became federal and state lawmakers and judges, state governors, diplomats and Charleston councilmen and mayors. Robert Smith served as the College's first president. Educated in England, he was ordained as a priest in the Anglican Church and relocated to Charleston, where he served as rector of St. Philip's Church. During the American Revolution, he supported the patriot cause and even served as a soldier during the siege of the city. He later became the first Episcopal bishop of South Carolina.
The first classes were held on the ground floor of Reverend Smith's home on Glebe Street (now the residence for College of Charleston presidents). Later, rooms for the College were fashioned out of an old military barracks located on public land that is now the Cistern Yard. Instruction began there in January 1790. The College graduated its first class in 1794, which consisted of six students. By 1824, the College offered a curriculum broad enough to regularly grant degrees. During Reverend Jasper Adams' tenure as president, he reorganized the College and orchestrated the construction of the first building specifically designed for teaching – Randolph Hall.
In 1837, the College became the nation's first municipal college when the City of Charleston assumed responsibility for its support. The city provided funds, for example, in 1850 to enlarge the main academic building, to construct Porters Lodge and to fence in the Cistern yard, the block that is still the core of the campus. It remained a municipal college until the 1950s, when the College again became a private institution.
During the Civil War, many students and faculty left to serve the Confederacy. Despite dwindling student numbers and a long-running siege of the city by Federal troops, there was no suspension of classes until December 19, 1864, two months before the city was evacuated. Classes resumed on February 1, 1866, and over the next four decades, the College weathered several financial crises, Reconstruction, hurricanes and the devastating earthquake of 1886.
Until the 20th century, students who attended the College were primarily Charlestonians.
Harrison Randolph (president, 1897-1945) changed that by building residence halls and creating scholarships to attract students from other parts of the state. Under President Randolph, women were admitted to the College and the enrollment increased from just 68 students in 1905 to more than 400 in 1935. For many institutions of higher education across the South, integration took place in the late 1960s. For the College, the first black students enrolled in 1967.
The enrollment remained at about 500 students until the College became a state institution in 1970. According to the 1970 legislative decree that incorporated the College of Charleston into the South Carolina system, the College was given a mandate to develop flagship programs in academic areas that capitalize on the unique natural and cultural strengths of Charleston and the Lowcountry, especially marine biology and fine arts. Today, the College's Grice Marine Laboratory is one of the Eastern Seaboard's leading research centers in the marine sciences, while the School of the Arts has grown from a fine arts department with a limited focus into one of the most comprehensive arts schools in the nation.
Theodore Stern was the College's 14th president. During his tenure (1968-1979), the number of students increased to about 5,000 and the physical facilities expanded, from fewer than 10 buildings to more than 100. Between 1979 and 2001, the enrollment continued to increase, climbing to more than 10,000 and attracting students from across the country and around the world.
In 1992, the University of Charleston, S.C., often referred to as The Graduate School, was founded as the home for graduate programs for the College. The University of Charleston, S.C., now offers 19 degree and nine certificate programs, and coordinates support for the College's many nationally recognized faculty research programs.
Under the leadership of President Lee Higdon (2001–2006), the College embarked on an ambitious plan designed to enhance the overall student experience, increase the faculty and student support staff, and upgrade and expand facilities. The College renovated many historic structures and opened several new buildings, including two new residence halls, the Beatty Center (School of Business), the Marlene and Nathan Addlestone Library and new facilities for the School of Education, Health, and Human Performance. Most recently, the College opened the TD Arena, the Marion and Wayland H. Cato Jr. Center for the Arts, and the School of Sciences and Mathematics Building.
During P. George Benson’s presidency (2007-2014), the College continued to elevate its national profile through academic and athletic achievements, winning top scholastic honors and national championships. In 2013, the College joined the Colonial Athletic Association, expanding its footprint within the Eastern Seaboard.
Glenn F. McConnell ’69 (2014-2018) was the third alumnus to serve as president of the College. During his presidency, the College completed BOUNDLESS, a comprehensive fundraising campaign that raised $138.7 million and stands as the College’s most successful philanthropic and engagement effort to date; successfully completed it’s 10-year reaffirmation of accreditation; and push forward new programming in the continual effort to keep the College’s coursework and offerings relevant to today’s student.
Today, the College is led by Stephen C. Osborne ’73 (2018–present). Osborne is serving as interim president and is the fourth alumnus to hold the office. Interim President’s Osborne’s priorities include enhancing the campus and academic experiences, sustaining philanthropic support and alumni engagement momentum and planning for the College’s 250th Anniversary Celebration in 2020.
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Do it return, and what do I do?
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-11-18 11:25 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-07-05 22:17 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-19 13:16 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-19 11:59 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-19 11:55 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-19 11:52 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-18 13:27 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-18 11:52 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-18 11:51 | It considered.
▲ by naru_minehara | 2006-05-12 17:09 | It considered.
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Since I’m assuming you will want to live stream often to check on your kids, I would recommend a wired security camera. The original Canary is a good option as is Arlo Q. Both will allow you to live stream from anywhere. Original Canary does not offer two-way audio for free, Arlo Q does, something to consider if you want to be able to talk to your childcare provider or children using the camera. Both cameras include free cloud storage.
By default, Ring Alarm offers three modes: Unarmed, Home and Armed, and Away and Armed. You can use the keypad to change modes, or use the mobile app, which also offers access to any Ring cameras you might have set up in your home. The app also provides status updates on any connected devices you have in the house, a separate history log for the alarm system and the cameras, a settings panel for configuring professional monitoring and what each mode does when activated.
After the battery is charged, you can move the camera to a new location, so long as it’s within your WiFi’s range. The camera will work using battery power alone, or you can continue to use it plugged into a power outlet. Since the launch of Canary Flex, Canary has also promised a 4G LTE mount, but they haven’t, and probably won’t deliver. If cellular connectivity is something you’re interested in, I suggest you look into Reolink Go or Arlo Go.
You can set motion zones for the lights, too. In this case, the app shows a graphic representation off the motion sensor’s 270-degree range, and you can define where you want movement to turn on the lights by tapping up to three preset zones and then expanding or reducing coverage in those zones using a slider. Depending on your settings, the light will stay on for one to 15 minutes.
The spotlight is provided by LED light strips on either side of a 140-degree wide-angle lens, which activate when motion is detected. The motion sensor, encased in a dome on the bottom of the camera, has a 270-degree detection range. The camera streams and records video in up to 1080p resolution and supports two-way talk with noise cancellation and night vision up to 30 feet.
With Canary, you can also adjust motion sensitivity, and the camera includes a PIR motion sensor, which works when the camera is plugged in or when running on battery. But even with these added features, Flex has trouble sorting true events from false ones. On windy days, false alerts are common, and sometimes Flex misses events. Worse, if you use Flex as a battery-powered camera, you must wait for it to wake up. I had problems with the camera sleeping through events. In general, the camera performs at a much higher level when plugged in.
The Ring Alarm system has three different modes, which can be set via the keypad or through the iOS and Android apps. There’s the standard disarmed mode that turns off all of the monitoring; an away mode that watches all of the installed sensors for intrusions; and then a “Home” mode, which by default will monitor sensors installed on entryways, but ignores motion inside the house. I’ve used the latter mode as basically a night or sleep setting, since during the day my family moves in and out of the house a lot and would constantly trip the door sensors.
The system was quite easy to install. Having six sensors to place seems like a lot, until you realize you can’t cover everything though you can certainly cover enough. I found the system to be very responsive whenever it was armed or a sensor was set off (both the app and e-mail notifications were received mere seconds after an event). This is in marked contrast to a non-Ring security camera I use to monitor the entrance that can take several minutes or longer to send me notifications. The siren too was fairly loud, as I found out one early weekend during testing.
I’ve been considering the Nest Cam IQ outdoor. I see that you did not think the price justified the upgrades. I do agree that it is quite pricey. However, I’m looking for an outdoor camera that has good zoom capabilities. I want to place a camera on my front porch that would show most of the front yard, front door, kitchen door, & the driveway. The driveway is long and mostly shaded during the day and quite dark at night. Someone could park their car in our drive and still be far from the house. If the car was in the line of sight from the camera, say 75 feet, do you know if the Supersight 4k would be better at zooming in on a license plate than the regular 1080p? Any input on cameras for a scenario like this would be great. Thanks!
Put whole-home security in your hands with Ring Alarm. When the system is armed, it sends instant alerts to your phone and tablet whenever doors or windows are opened and when motion is detected at home, so you can monitor your property from anywhere. Ring Alarm is fully customizable and expands to fit any home or apartment. And with Ring Video Doorbells and Security Cameras, it lets you control your entire home security system from one simple app.
The camera uses the same Android and iOS mobile app as the Ring Floodlight Cam and all of the Ring doorbells, and you can access it from a PC using the web console. The Spotlight Cam appears in the list of installed Ring devices in the app: tap it to access its dashboard screen where you can turn motion alerts on and off and check the battery level. Tapping the Live View button launches a live video stream in landscape mode with buttons for turning the spotlight on and off, sounding the siren, recording and sharing a clip with neighbors, push-to-talk (two-way audio), muting the sound, and ending the stream.
The first step of installation involves simply plugging in the base station and hitting a pairing button on the back to start configuring the system via Bluetooth. The Ring app, which is getting a significant redesign to provide quick access to Ring Alarm and improve functionality for other Ring products, walks you through the entire setup process step-by-step, so it's hard to mess things up. Once the base station starts up, you can connect to your home network via either Wi-Fi or Ethernet, and I elected to use Wi-Fi to minimize wires.
Continuous Recording No. Records based on event. Yes, but the camera must be plugged-in which requires that you leave it inside. 14 days of 24/7 CVR starts at $9.99/month/camera Coming soon (Spring 2019). Will require a Ring Protect subscription. Coming soon (Spring 2019). Will require a Ring Protect subscription. Yes, will record 24/7 with paid Nest Aware plan. No. Records based on event.
Both the Ring Alarm and Nest Secure are easy to install by yourself. You don’t need to purchase professional installation, but both offer that option for an additional charge. Neither platform requires a contract, so you won’t be forced to pay monthly ongoing subscription fees. Both Ring and Nest also offer the ability to control your home security devices via a user-friendly app on your smartphone or tablet, making it simple to check in on things at home when you’re out and about. You’ll also get a notification on your device if the system detects anything out of the ordinary, so you’re always in the know about what’s going on at home.
The caller from the monitoring service will identify themselves as being from Ring, since that’s who your business relationship is with, but they actually work for a third-party company that Ring contracts with: Rapid Response Monitoring Services. This is a common arrangement for home security systems. Nest, for example, contracts with MONI Smart Security (which is now doing business as Brinks Home Security). Alarm.com is another major third-party monitoring service.
Thank you so much for your great review! It’s so thorough and really helps with decision-making. My question is, what would you pick between the Ring Cam Battery and the Arlo Pro (not the 2)? I purchased the Ring Spotlight Cam Battery because I liked the idea of the light and the battery power, but as i read my reviews, I see that the video can lag, and it’s quality is highly tied to the WiFi signal. I also bought the Arlo Pro because it was on sale and it seemed to get really top reviews even though it’s only 720p compared to the Ring Cam Battery. I will be mounting these outside. I noticed that the Arlo Pro 2 way talk is really hard to hear compared to the Ring Cam Battery. Thank you again for all your information!
Ring’s motion sensors and contact sensors are much more traditional than Nest’s, which cleverly combine the two into a single device that also adds a nightlight. Nest’s base station also combines the keypad with it and adds even more motion detection sensors – Ring’s separate base station and keypad approach is almost clumsy in comparison. But it is possible to add multiple keypads to the Ring system, so you can have one at each entry way or in your bedroom if that’s a more convenient place for it. The keypad can be placed flat on a table or mounted to the wall, and uses a simple MicroUSB cable for power. Its internal battery lasts between six and twelve months, according to Ring, so it’s possible to install it in a location that doesn’t have an accessible power outlet and just charge it occasionally.
Outdoor security cameras provide a line of defense for your home, and smart capabilities elevate that by adding control and peace-of-mind to your home security system. Today, one of the best on the market, Ring’s floodlight camera, is $314 for a two-pack from Home Depot, a big drop from a list price of $448. And you’ll also get a free $50 Chime Pro Wi-Fi extender and speaker with your purchase.
If you already have a Ring doorbell or security camera, the integration is quite seamless, and the value becomes even better on the annual costs. Ring charges $30 a year per camera on the regular subscription, so if you've been holding out on adding to your system, this may push you over the edge. The company has plans to offer additional sensors in the future, like smoke and CO sensors, water sensors, and more, which will only help make it even more robust.
If that’s not possible, or if the floodlight feature is really important to you, I recommend either the Ring Floodlight (not tested but I have heard good things about it) or Ring Spotlight. Ring launched a new indoor camera at CES, so that might be an option. I need to dig into it more before I say yay or nay of course. Currently, Nest, Arlo Q, Arlo Pro, and Amazon Cloud Cam are my top recommended indoor cameras.
The next step is camera placement, and Arlo Pro offers a few options. It can sit on a flat surface, stick directly to a metal surface (magnetic), or you can use the included plate to mount it to a wall. While you can place Arlo inside or out, the camera’s power cord that ships with the package is not weatherproof so plan to use battery power when placing the camera outside. If you’re willing to spend an extra $25, you can also buy the weather-resistant outdoor power adapter (VMA4900) that works with Arlo Pro, Arlo Pro 2, and Arlo Go. Finally, they also sell an $80 solar panel. The panel works with Arlo Pro, Pro 2, and Go, and can power one camera continuously. Keep in mind, however, that the solar panel only powers the camera. It does not charge the camera’s battery.
The abode Gateway also supports limited local functionality. This is in part thanks to the Gateway’s ability to communicate using its own proprietary protocol called abodeRF. If your internet is down, your automated rules will continue to run, assuming that the devices involved are connected to the Gateway directly and not through a third-party service like IFTTT.
We set up the base station in our office, the contact sensor on the front door, the keypad on the front table, the motion detector in the hallway, and the range extender in our laundry room. You can add additional motion sensors and contact sensors to the system for additional coverage. We added a couple of sensors to windows on the first floor of our home for added security.
All that said, the biggest flaw with price is that purchasing Nest’s multi-purpose sensors may be forcing you to purchase more equipment than you need. Most homes don’t need three motion sensors, especially if the sensors have a decent range. Remember, Nest’s motion detectors only detect movement within a 10-foot range, the abode motion sensor has a 120° field of view and can detect motion within a 34-foot range so you would need at least two Nest motion-enabled devices for every one abode motion sensor. Ring’s motion sensor’s range is unlisted, but I tested it at 35 feet, and it worked perfectly.
Press Continue and follow the video instructions to press the button at the top of the device, at which point the LED will begin flashing white. Press Continue again and go to your phones Wi-Fi settings to connect to the camera. Return to the app, select your home Wi-Fi from the list, and enter your password. Within seconds the camera will connect and you'll have the option to view a video tutorial that will walk you through the physical installation, or you can skip this step and use the written instructions. In the final step you'll be prompted to define Motion Zones, but you can come back to this later if you prefer.
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Browse the article Is driving drunk worse than driving sleep-deprived?
Is driving while sleep-deprived really as bad as driving drunk?
If you're looking for pure fun, most of us would choose being drunk over being sleep deprived. Being drunk usually involves a buzzy, happy feeling (if you're doing it right), while sleep deprivation -- in purely anecdotal experience -- often involves crying to your partner when tying your own shoes proves too difficult.
But of course, we're not really talking about what you want to do on a Saturday night. We're here to address the relative dangers of sleep deprivation or drunkenness, and let there be no mistake: Each one has some serious drawbacks.
Here's a short list of the problems with each condition: Sleep-deprived drivers cause one in five traffic accidents [source: Schiavo]. Alcohol is the third leading cause of lifestyle-related death in the U.S. [source: CDC]. Lack of sleep can cause memory loss, a weak immune system and even weight issues [source: CDC]. Alcohol use can cause myriad short-term problems -- as anyone who's ever turned 21 can tell you -- from injuries to alcohol poisoning to increased risky behavior. Beyond that, the long-term effects include cancer risk, as well as neurological, cardiovascular, psychological and social problems [source: CDC]. Which pretty much covers all the problems one would prefer to avoid.
To ask which is "better" or "worse" proves a little tricky, because while we have a multitude of evidence and research backing up the dangers of alcohol, we're just beginning to understand the complications of sleep deprivation. One criterion we can address is how both conditions cause impairment.
The research proves fascinating. One study from 2000 tested people on various tasks from spatial, reaction, cognitive, memory and perceptual categories. During one period of the testing, the subjects were given units of alcohol in intervals and asked to perform the same tests at various levels of intoxication. Unsurprisingly, they did worse the drunker they got. The tests were then repeated in intervals on the same subjects -- this time, sober but increasingly sleep-deprived. They found that at as early as 16 hours of wakefulness, subjects completed the test with the same level of accuracy as people with a 0.05 percent blood alcohol content. By 17 hours? The results were comparable to their 0.1 percent BAC results [source: Williamson].
In a similar study at Stanford, patients with sleep apnea (which causes sleep disruption and deprivation) were asked to perform similar tests to another group that had a blood alcohol content ranging from 0.057 percent to 0.083 percent. On all seven tests, the apnea patients scored worse than the 0.057 percent drinkers. On three tests, they scored worse than even the 0.083 percent drinkers [source: Powell].
Now let's just make one thing crystal clear: These studies aren't saying that doing things drunk is "better" than doing things tired. But it does seem that, at the very least, we cannot say for sure that being tired is "better" than being drunk.
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Off on an extended overseas business trip, but don't want to leave your dog behind? Some pointers on shipping your pet by air.
Your dog - a furry German Shepherd - is like a child to you, and you just can't wait to be hugged by it every time you return home from work in the evening. Even holidays aren't spent without your canine mate, and your friends have started counting it as part of 'the gang'. The dog dotes on you, you dote on the dog, and things are as good as they can get.
That is, until your boss calls you in one day, and announces that you will be required to go on a business trip to Switzerland for six months. If he expected you to whoop with joy, he doesn't get it. You aren't thinking of the Alps or the skiing trips or the generous mugs of hot chocolate you would be waking up to in the coming days; you're thinking about the furry friend you may be forced to leave behind.
But you don't really have to, do you? Most airlines these days would be more than happy to take your pet along - as long as you adhere to these six important commandments.
Assuming that the airline you have chosen allows pets onboard, check if it has any health and immunisation requirements that need to be fulfilled. Very often, a health certificate needs to be issued in this regard within 10 days of travel. Make sure your pet's certificate is up to date, and you meet all the requirements of your destination country.
Make sure that your pet is wearing a collar with an ID tag, listing your home address and functional phone number as well as your cell number and the contact number of your point person at the destination. Your pet may find travelling a harrowing experience, and these precautions will help the authorities zero in on you if it should "take off".
Pay a visit to your veterinarian and check if your pet is capable of extended travel. Most airlines require the animal to be at least eight weeks old, and experts say that pug nosed dogs and cats (such as boston terriers, boxers, chow chows and Pekingese) have trouble breathing during travel due to their short nasal passages.
While you may think that tranquilising your pet would spare it anxiety during a long flight, veterinarians would generally advise you against it. Sedating your pet for a flight journey is not advisable, they say, because the effect on the animals at high altitudes could be quite unpredictable. But if your dog is the frisky sort and you are convinced that sedating it would work out better, discuss the specifics with your veterinarian.
If your pet is going into the cargo compartment, try to book a direct, non-stop flight to ensure that it doesn't have to be transferred to another plane. It's human to err, and you don't want your pet to be cooling its heels in Siberia on account of a typographical error committed by a grumpy airport staffer who wanted to go home early.
Before the flight starts, tell the captain and your flight attendant that your pet is in the cargo. That way, they will consider your pet in case of special circumstances. Also, make sure that you do not overfeed your pet just before a flight; it is not advisable to make it travel on a full stomach.
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Lake Garda is the largest Italian lake and a popular tourist destination both nationally and internationally. Hinge between the three regions, Lombardy (province of Brescia), Veneto (province of Verona) and Trentino-South Tyrol (province of Trento), the lake is surrounded to the South by the morainic hills uncovered by retreating ice, and in the higher and narrower part to the North by high mountain ranges that give it the shape and conformation of a fjord and protect it, making its climate particularly mild with a rich Mediterranean vegetation.
Only the northern part belongs to Trentino: here as nowhere else, the Mediterranean climate of Lake Garda blends well with the Alpine area. The surrounding mountains may tower at more than 2,000 metres, but olive and lemon trees bloom on the Lake’s shore. Which is why the Garda in Trentino is loved by mountain bikers, hikers, climbers and sailing and windsurfing enthusiasts. Next to its natural beauty, the Lake Garda area is rich in exceptional cultural, landscape, historical and architectural resources.
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What does the term “evangelical” mean? That is an important and loaded question in twenty-first century American culture. The most honest answer one can give is that it depends. It depends on whether the inquirer is asking about theology, worship styles, church history, evangelization techniques, denominational identities, sociological categories, or political affiliations. The meaning someone is trying to express by using “evangelical” depends as much or more on context that any inherently accepted common definition of the term. The sheer flexibility of the term is both one secret of its lasting utility and at the same time its greatest weakness.
“Evangelical” holds the dubious distinction of being the descriptive label everyone wants to use for others but many seldom seem to want to claim for themselves. It has a long and complicated history as one of the ways people have identified Christians who maintain a strong commitment to believing and sharing the Christian “gospel” or “good news.” “Gospel” and “good news” are both English translations of the term euangelion taken from the original Koine Greek of the New Testament. It is a word often used in the New Testament to describe both the content of the message of salvation in Christ as well as the means of its transmission.
While there are many Christians around the world who enthusiastically embrace their identity as evangelicals, groups as diverse as mainline Protestants, Reformed Protestants, the Anabaptist movements, some Southern Baptists, and Pentecostal/Charismatic Christians have all expressed discomfort with being identified with evangelicals in the popular media. They argue that elements in their theological tradition, heritage, or worship practices make them distinct from evangelicalism. The complication lies not in any inherent objection to the idea of commitment to the gospel or to sharing the love of Christ, but rather in the vague usage of the term in contemporary society to refer to sometimes very different groups of Christians. To complicate matters for outside observers, most of these Christian traditions have minority groups within them that are comfortable with evangelicalism and even aspire to be identified as more evangelical.
The early followers of Martin Luther were called “evangelicals” before the term “Protestant,” coined after the Diet of Speyer in 1529, became the general term for the new movements separating from the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. Labeling Luther’s followers evangelicals was a way to indicate the centrality of God’s grace and the basic theological principle of “justification by faith” in Protestant doctrine. The term was used here to indicate a common set of theological commitments that the diverse Lutheran, Reformed, and Anabaptists traditions generally held in common. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, revivalist movements that sparked the First and Second Great Awakenings led to the use of the term “evangelical” to specifically identity supporters of revivalism who placed strong emphasis on the necessity of a conversion experience for salvation. These revivalist leaders tended to emphasize the importance of personal faith, pietistic devotion, and the work of the Holy Spirit in conversion. The term at this point came to identify not just basic emphasis on belief in Christ for salvation, but also a particular set of assumptions about how conversion occurs and what techniques should be used to promote it.
The term “Neo-Evangelicalism” emerged in the 1940s and 50s as a label for a loose coalition of conservative Christians who wanted to retain the conservative doctrinal foundations of American fundamentalism but rejected fundamentalists’ separation from American mainstream culture. The movement tended to find a nucleus around appreciation of prominent leaders such as the evangelist Billy Graham and the theologian Carl F. H. Henry. Certain academic institutions such as Wheaton College and publications like Christianity Today were considered major outlets for evangelical thought. Much like the Charismatic movements, Neo-Evangelicalism has always been more of a movement or a tendency within Christianity rather than associated with a specific denominational structure. When people react against being labeled as “evangelical,” they are often doing so because they disagree with the legacy and excesses of Neo-Evangelicalism or they see their particular Christian tradition as predating the modern Neo-Evangelical movement.
Attempts to define the essence of evangelicalism have sparked an ongoing conversation that seems to get more complicated with each new publication. The default scholarly definition for about thirty years has been the “Bebbington Quadrilateral” first proposed by Stirling University history professor David Bebbington in his 1989 book Evangelicalism in Modern Britain. According to Bebbington, evangelicalism is characterized by Biblicism, conversionism or emphasis on personal conversion, activism, and crucicentrism or an emphasis on the atoning work of Christ on the cross. No consensus replacement for Bebbington’s definition has appeared though a number of evangelical scholars have proposed new directions. Baylor University historian Thomas Kidd suggested adding an additional item to the quadrilateral acknowledging the importance of the person and work of the Holy Spirit for evangelical thought in one notable example of an alternative.
Several high profile leaders among groups typically identified as evangelical have expressed dismay at the way pollsters and political pundits have used the term “evangelical” during the 2016 campaign season. Some of them like Russell Moore, head of the Southern Baptists Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission, have even suggested that “evangelical” needs to be discarded as a descriptive term because it is too imprecise to be of any practical use. Much of this criticism stems from their dismay at the presumptive nomination of Donald Trump as the Republican candidate and unwillingness to accept that evangelical Trump supporters are “true” evangelicals. Such suggestions raise troubling questions regarding how much popular usage dictates the terms Christians use to define themselves. When does a label carry too much baggage? To what degree should we abandon terms with solid grounding in scripture to accommodate contemporary cultural perceptions? When should we choose to retain those labels with a view to educating our contemporary culture regarding how to understand our terms? Much as C. S. Lewis wrestled with the dilution of the meaning of “Christian” in western culture in his book Mere Christianity, many Christians today wrestle with determining whether being identified as evangelical has true meaning or lasting usefulness in the shifting ideological landscape of the twenty-first century.
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The horrendous brutalities of ISIS and other like-minded groups have created tremendous outrage not only among non-Muslims but also within the Muslim communities all over the US. Despite their efforts, the voices of Muslims against violence in the name of Islam remained relatively underpublicized. On April 23rd, the Atlantic Institute organized an event titled "Muslim Voices Against Extremism and Violence" which included local Muslims in South Florida to unequivocally condemn violence in the name of Islam and express their perspectives. The speakers were Mustafa Yucekaya (Exec. Director, Atlantic Institute), Dr. Abdul Samra (Imam, Miami Gardens Masjid), Dr. Aslihan Akkaya (Instructor, Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies, Florida International University), Diego Salgado (Product Specialist, Aquatic Stone), Kamil Bahadir (Imam, Turkish American Islamic Institute), and Wilfredo Ruiz, Esq. (Civil Rights Attorney, CAIR).
Mr. Yucekaya was the first to speak, and he referred to the message from the prominent Islamic scholar Fethullah Gulen, who strongly condemned ISIS in articles that appeared in New York Times, Washington Post, and Wall Street Journal, LA Times and Chicago Tribune. Mr. Yucekaya underlined that the brutal acts of the ISIS terrorist group are a disgrace to the faith they proclaim and are crimes against humanity. Next, Imam Abdul Samra took stage, who emphasized again that all Muslims around the world strongly condemn ISIS. He noted that any religion who promotes killing of innocent people is not good, and extremists want to use religion for their own interests. Dr. Akkaya approached the topic from an anthropologist perspective. She gave as an example the witch trials in the state of Massachusetts in the past, where people used justifications from the Bible for brutal acts. She argued that today's extremists, in a related way, try to justify their violence from the Holy Qur'an. She used the concept of 'scriptural literalism' to explain roots of the violence, and argued that such an approach does not consider context and meaningful interpretation.
Mr. Salgado noted that Columbia, which is the country he was born, also suffered from a lot of violence. He said that he approached Islam as a religion of peace, and he found Turkish model as a modern and peaceful interpretation of Islam. Mr. Ruiz explained that as Muslims, we should live Islam and be role models. He continued to argue that whatever promotes violence and terrorism can not come from Judaism, Christianity, or Islam. What can be done? Mr. Ruiz expressed that we should educate public about what is allowed and what is not in the religion. There has been recruiting to İSİS from our nation; according to Mr. Ruiz, individuals who may have extremist behavior can be identified, and we as a community together can find a solution. Finally, Imam Kamil Bahadir cited several verses from the Qur'an related to how Islam sees violence. Islam literally means peace in Arabic. It defends freedom of thought and tolerance, and defends that there shall be no compulsion in religion. According to the Holy Qur'an, to kill an innocent people is one of the major sins. The even finished with a brief question and answer session.
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What are the challenges facing soldiers on peacekeeping missions? Heat, sand and dust certainly don't make these challenges any less daunting. In recent years there has been a growing demand for solutions that also offer protection against the risks associated with waste water, undesirable liquids, sludge and waste materials.
- The “High Liability” boots are suitable for multi-day missions over harsh terrain carrying heavy loads. Equipped with a highly breathable laminate, these boots provide enhanced stability and plenty of support.
- “Tactical” GORE-TEX Extended Comfort footwear stands for a lightweight, agile boot that also delivers optimum climate comfort - ideal for shorter missions carrying lighter loads in warm and hot climates.
- The “Patrol” boots are the ideal solution for everyone with heightened expectations regarding breathability performance. A highly breathable 3-layer laminate (Ret < 6) is used without a separate inner lining. This is the first-of-a-kind and quite different to the membrane-based boots typically used by the armed forces today. This construction means that the boots hardly take up any water, dry more quickly and with a weight of < 600 grams per boot (size 42) are extremely lightweight.
The demand for flame retardant uniforms is a challenge that needs to be taken seriously. Generally speaking, the materials of choice have traditionally been different cotton/polyester blends. Although some of these blends do exhibit non-melt characteristics, they offer only limited heat and flame protection. This is a serious concern, especially when you consider the possible consequences of incidents involving exposure to flash fire conditions.
The newer generation of inherently flame retardant fabrics that is now available to the military sector is not yet being used extensively in the combat uniforms of the European armed forces. Despite offering improved heat and flame protection, this new generation does not always live up to expectations regarding durability.
Gore has developed a unique technology that enables fabrics made of traditionally non-FR textiles to be used in situations that require heat and flame protection: GORE® PYRAD® Fabric Technology. This technology is used in combat uniforms and constitutes an integral part of the textile composite. As soon as it comes into contact with heat and flames, the self extinguishing composite forms an insulating charred layer. The GORE® PYRAD® Fabric Technology delivers burn protection in combination with excellent mechanical strength and the benefits of non-FR textiles.
There is a growing need for flame retardant solutions in the foul weather clothing of the armed forces. While printable and robust laminates with polyamide outer fabrics are used in traditional, non-FR clothing, their inability to offer flame retardant protection has so far prevented them from being used more widely. As an alternative, aramid or aramid/viscose flame retardant textiles are having to be used as these meet the requirements regarding flame retardancy. Unfortunately, the distinct disadvantage of these textiles is their poor colour fastness and mechanical durability qualities.
Gore has developed a unique technology that makes it possible to manufacture flame retardant laminates made of traditionally non-FR textiles, such as polyamide and polyester. These laminates offer effective burn protection in hazardous situations involving heat and flame exposure while retaining the key benefits of high quality GORE-TEX rainwear. Laminates with GORE® PYRAD® fabric technology offer burn protection through a self-extinguishing fabric technology, thermal stability and excellent thermal insulation.
Die neue SURROUND® Produkttechnologie erlaubt erstmals GORE-TEX Polizeidienstschuhe, die rundum atmen, sogar durch die Sohle. Diese Innovation ermöglicht eine neue Klasse an Atmungsaktivität bei Dienstschuhen und dies ohne Kompromisse bei dauerhafter Wasserdichtigkeit und den Schutzanforderungen gem. ISO 20347:2012 für Berufsschuhe.
Fast 1/3 der Schweißdrüsen des Fußes befinden sich an der Fußsohle. Trotzdem sind die meisten herkömmlichen Schuhe unterhalb der Fußsohle nicht atmungsaktiv.
Dank der innovativen, offenen SURROUND® Sohlenstruktur – mit einem integrierten atmungsaktiven Laminat unterhalb des Fußes – ermöglichen GORE-TEX Polizeidienstschuhe mit SURROUND® Produkttechnologie ein ganz neues Maß an Atmungsaktivität: Feuchtigkeit und Wärme werden nicht nur über das Obermaterial des Dienstschuhs nach außen geleitet, sondern können auch nach unten – durch das spezielle GORE-TEX Laminat im Sohlenbereich – in ein Belüftungsgitter entweichen. Von dort gelangen sie durch seitliche Sohlenöffnungen nach außen.
Die Füße bleiben auch bei höheren Temperaturen oder körperlich anstrengender Aktivität rundum trocken und komfortabel.
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0.999994 |
The closing bell had chimed. In another era, the last slice of paper would have sauntered toward the hard wood trading floor. Instead, traders silently checked their still changing P/Ls for perhaps one last time. Volume had been unspectacular. That much is true. Then again, that trading volume had been less than remarkable for oh... nine weeks or so. What is also fact is that both the Dow Jones Industrial Average, and the Nasdaq Composite had booked a ninth consecutive weekly gain. Slow, and steady in perception. Parabolic in reality, domestic equity markets have put together a truly daunting reaction to the even more intimidating Q4 2018 selloff.
There are nine innings in a ballgame. Unless of course...something happens in the course of the execution of said competition that pushes that game, any game into extra time. Some have chalked the late December turnaround up to a change of heart at the central bank. Others credit the pricing in of the likelihood of a trade deal between the U.S. and China. Both assumptions are accurate. What is obvious is that the 2800 level for the S&P 500 that all of us have pointed to is now upon us.
While market participants will lend Fed Chair Jerome Powell an ear this Tuesday as the central banker testifies before the Senate Banking Committee and again one day later in front of the House Finance Committee, we already know that unless consumer level inflation soon surprises to the upside, that targeting higher short-term interest rates is not anywhere on the radar. Thanks to the Minutes released last week, investors also are well aware that the Fed's balance sheet reduction program will likely wind down in coming months. As Doug Kass pointed out this weekend at Real Money Pro, the lack of liquidity at the point of sale is still very real, though we may whine about it a lot less when markets move in the direction we like.
Aside from some high profile public appearances to be made this week by those privileged with voting rights this year at the FOMC, the question for the trading community as this tenth inning of hardball opens is one of just how much of this "good news" on trade still needs to be priced in?
President Trump, as you well know by now, has made the decision that most market participants had expected, that being to delay the Saturday night/Sunday morning deadline for a deal with China that would have triggered an increase in already in-place tariffs of $200 billion worth of Chinese imports into the U.S. How long will any extension to the date last? No idea. The president did indicate that a final agreement would have to be made between himself and Chinese President Xi Jinping, and that a summit involving the two would be planned for perhaps late March at President Trump's property in Mar-a-Lago in Palm Beach. Florida.
By all accounts, substantial progress has been made on matters such as reducing the trade gap between the two countries through increased Chinese purchases of U.S. goods across the agricultural and energy space, as well as protection for U.S. firms from forced technology transfers and intellectual property rights infringements. Still, the U.S. looks for structural reform away from a system that favors Chinese domestic firms from foreign competition through government subsidies and currency fluctuation. Then comes the issues of how to enforce compliance and how to grieve violations of any agreement.
President Trump has alluded to 5G technology on Twitter. If China creates a more open environment for U.S. and all foreign industry on Chinese soil, does the U.S. in turn reduce the heat on Huawei? Is that part of any deal of trade. Are all matters including those of a legal nature or even those that might involve national security simply transactional at the end of the day? My thoughts on this? I am long some Verizon (VZ) . I am not long any AT&T (T) , but maybe I should be. I would have something from the old telecom sector in inventory as an investor. Just sayin'. Need some semiconductor names too.
In the end, everything really boils down to growth, or at least setting the stage for increased growth. This is primarily why you see WTI Crude futures finding some footing above $57 per barrel. This is also why, as we see the condition regarding trade with China improve, that we will also likely see steel tariffs targeting our USMCA partners, Canada and Mexico, come to a close with any trade deal regarding China as those tariffs were at least partially implemented to avoid an end run by Chinese steel exporters. It also mean that the European Union could be the next target as that bloc is the wounded bird at this time, and we all know that President Trump is dissatisfied with the current trade condition where as Europe is concerned. How do you win? You pressure someone when they can't afford it. That's elementary.
The poor numbers for December Retail Sales are now common knowledge. The death of retail. The end of the consumer? Government shutdown? Monetary policy? E-commerce? Likely all of the above had an impact. Then again, the data within the data did not paint a very pretty picture for non-store retailers either, so is there a problem with the December data? Until we see a revision from the Census Bureau, we won't really know for sure. One thing we do know is that short interest in the SPDR S&P Retail ETF (XRT) is a bit out of control.
The ETF trades a rough 4 million-plus shares a day. There are a little more than 5.8 million shares outstanding. As of the end of January, according to the Wall Street Journal, more than 21.5 million shares were held in short positions. That was a 5% increase from two weeks earlier. According to an article published at the Financial Times on Sunday, this short interest has continued to grow in February. So, just how crowded is a trade when the numbers of shares held short is five times the daily volume? Just how wise is it to remain short that trade if you happen to be that guy? Squeeze coming? No promises, but the thought is not crazy. Oh, by the way... a trade deal with China is good for the retailers in case that was unclear.
For Home Depot (HD) , revenue is expected to have increased 11% year over year. Profitability is expected to have gapped higher, perhaps much higher. What we need to know is what to do ahead of the firm's Q4 earnings release this Tuesday (tomorrow) morning. You all know that I am long these shares. You may or may not know that I sold some of these when the market melted last December. That wasn't such a bright move. I managed to hang on to about 60% of my original size rather than sell it all. That was much smarter, and really why Jim Cramer always preaches on both incremental entry as well as incremental exit. The method protects one from oneself.
One thing is for certain (in my opinion)... Relative Strength, Money Flow, and the daily MACD all seem to be at or near unsustainable levels. Never mind that absurdly ridiculous looking Pitchfork that appears nearly vertical. What I do see here is that all of these overtly "too good to be true" indicators are running hot precisely as the shares run into the all-important 61.8% retracement level coming off of the Christmas rebound. Likely, I shave the long just a wee bit more ahead of earnings, as there would be much second guessing going on in my brain should I not, and then live to regret that.
The idea: The trader is buying downside protection at $190 that expires this Friday, and partially subsidizing that expense by agreeing to buy the shares back (sell similar protection at a lower level to someone else) at $182.50 should disaster strike. What the trader is trying to do if successful is extract $7.50 worth of capital from a long position in recognition of possible resistance induced by a news event, at the net cost of $1.54, resulting in hopefully... a realization of $5.96, leaving the long equity position at it's original size by the end of the week.
08:30 - Wholesale Inventories (Dec): Expecting 0.3% m/m, Last 0.3% m/m.
10:30 - Dallas Fed Manufacturing Index (Feb): Expecting 3.9, Last 1.0.
11:00 - Fed Speaker: Fed Gov. Richard Clarida.
At the time of publication, Stephen Guilfoyle was Long VZ, HD equity.
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0.977204 |
Determine your menu. A gourmet brunch can include a wide variety of breakfast and lunch items. Easy items to prepare include eggs (either scrambled or a quiche), hash browns, toast or French toast, pancakes, fruit salad, egg salad, pasta, and pastries. You may want to choose a theme, or consider what you already know how to make well. If your brunch is relatively early, concentrate on breakfast fare, while if it’s a little later you can focus on lunch dishes. Don’t forget beverages, including water, tea, coffee, and punch or juice. Variety is the key to a successful gourmet brunch; make sure that you have sweet and savory dishes, and those containing bread, fruit, and meat.
Don’t forget place settings. For your formal brunch, you’ll need dishes, napkins, silverware, cups, and perhaps fresh flowers or other decorations for the table. Don’t forget a nice tablecloth. Set all of these out the day before, if possible. With so many brunch items to cook, it’s best if you don’t have to handle this while you’re making the gourmet brunch. You should also gather your serving dishes ahead of time to make sure that you have enough. Consider setting up a buffet rather than having your guests pass the dishes around the table.
Make a shopping list. Several days before your brunch, make a shopping list, and be sure you have everything. It will be a big hassle if you realize that you’ve forgotten an ingredient as you try to make it that morning, so be sure that you have all of your recipes out and ready to go. Don’t forget any condiments that people may want, including lemon for their water and cream and sugar for coffee. It’s easy to forget about the condiments that you yourself do not use.
Begin cooking the day before. Many of the dishes for your gourmet brunch can be made the day before, including pastries, pasta, an egg salad.
Enjoy the day of your brunch. If possible, enlist help so that you don’t have to spend all day in the kitchen and can enjoy your guests. Some dishes can be made early on the morning of your brunch, while a few must be made just before they are served.
Keep the foods warm. If possible, keep food warm in your oven or in a chafing dish or crock pot so that your guests may have seconds.
Making a gourmet brunch requires plenty of effort and organization, but it will impress all of your guests. Gourmet brunches can be assembled from a wide variety of different recipes; if you need to, you can even purchase some of the items, like muffins, pre-made to save time in the kitchen. Remember that presentation is very important for your gourmet brunch; even if the pastries are store-bought, serve them on fancy platters.
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The Crustacea are a subphylum of the animal phylum Arthropoda. This is a large and diverse group with more than forty thousand species, including crabs, shrimp, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, and many near-microscopic members of the zooplankton community. The subphylum is characterized especially by having mandibles and compound eyes and living in mostly aquatic habitats, although the "pillbugs" found under rocks and boards are also crustaceans, and many crabs spend much of their time on land.
A horseshoe crab on Fire Island National Seashore, New York. The Crustacea are a large and diverse group with more than forty thousand species.
calcium carbonate. The edible blue crab, for example, has as much calcium carbonate in its exoskeleton as four sticks of chalk. The rigid exoskeleton requires crustaceans to molt, or shed it periodically, in order to grow. Some crustaceans can mate only during the brief time just after they have molted and the new exoskeleton is still soft. This is also a time of great vulnerability to predators, so crustaceans often seek a place to hide before molting.
Some crustaceans resemble miniature adults from the moment they hatch, but many species have larval forms with little or no resemblance to the adult. These larvae, and some adult crustaceans, such as krill and cope-pods, are very important members of the freshwater and oceanic plankton community and are a major source of food for corals, fish, baleen whales, and other animals. A few crustaceans turn the tables on these predators by parasitizing the skin of fishes. These parasitic crustaceans are often wormlike and scarcely recognizable as relatives of shrimp and crabs.
Ruppert, Edward E., and Robert D. Barnes. Invertebrate Zoology, 6th ed. Fort Worth, TX: Saunders College Publishing, 1994.
To avoid ambiguity, I think you should choose another illustration for this article: horseshoe crab isn't a crustacean at all. Moreover, many recent studies has revealed that hexapods (including insects) must be classed among other crustacean. I think it would be interesting to to say it too.
See Regier et al 2010 - Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463, 1079-1083.
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Creating a 2.5D Platformer.. use rigidbody/character controller, or custom code?
So i'm creating this 2.5D platformer. I've tried using a Rigidbody on my player object and making it move through code but it's bringing with it a few problems.
Then this question came to mind: What do the professionals do? Do they code every bit of the player movement themselves, including gravity and making characters not fall through the floor and not phase through walls? Or do they just stick a rigidbody on there and make it move through code?
I know that Unity comes with pieces of code called "Character Controllers" which you can use. One is located under "Third Person Player" in the "Components" menu (Windows). You can create your own by modeling off of this script (since you are doing a 2.5D game instead of 3D) or search for character controllers online that would fit your needs and model your script on that.
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0.999999 |
Consider a dataset where data is collected on multiple features of multiple individuals over multiple times. This type of data can be represented as a three dimensional individual/feature/time tensor and has become increasingly prominent in various areas of science. The tensor biclustering problem computes a subset of individuals and a subset of features whose signal trajectories over time lie in a low-dimensional subspace, modeling similarity among the signal trajectories while allowing different scalings across different individuals or different features. We study the information-theoretic limit of this problem under a generative model. Moreover, we propose an efficient spectral algorithm to solve the tensor biclustering problem and analyze its achievability bound in an asymptotic regime. Finally, we show the efficiency of our proposed method in several synthetic and real datasets.
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0.989668 |
My clubhead speed has been measured at 92-98 mph for my driver. I have used a driver with a stiff shaft and it works well. I will be purchasing a new 3 wood and a new set of irons soon. Should I automatically assume that I need stiff shafts for those clubs also?
Thanks for writing in. The very best path to take is always to get measured if you can. Depending on where you are buying your clubs from, you can usually get on a launch monitor now a days at any golf store for free.
It's best to hit every single club to check out the launch angle, spin rates and distance before jumping to conclusions. Your clubhead speed is somewhat on that borderline and although a stiff driver or woods give you better results, it is possible that you might find regular even better.
I'd say if you cannot get on a launch monitor it would be best to stay consistent and just get shafts throughout the set that match.
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0.999951 |
How much additional cash will be available to pay for closing costs? There are certain standard costs associated with closing the sale of a house. These fees are split between the buyer and the seller, as spelled out in the sales contract.
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0.940065 |
How to Mute Activity on a Flickr Photo?
Flickr is a photo and video sharing service by Yahoo. It allows you to backup photos and videos, organize, edit and share them with other people in the world. Flickr has a 'Recent Activity' feature which shows what is happening around your Flickr account. When Flickr send you a message, you will view that message in 'Recent Activity' section. If you don't want to see new activity on your photo, then you can mute the activity. To mute activity on a photo, go to 'Recent Activity' page and click 'Mute Activity on this item' button. There is another way to mute activity i.e. go to your home page and hover your cursor over the photo and click 'Mute' option. Flickr allows you to un-mute the activity on a photo. To do this, go to your muted items view and un-mute it.
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Kokura. The crew was under orders to only bomb visually. When they got to Kokura they found the haze and smoke obscuring the city as well as the large ammunition arsenal that was the reason for targeting the city. They made three unsuccessful passes, and eventually headed for Nagasaki and its torpedo factory, the alternative target. In Japan, the phrase "Kokura luck" was coined to describe lucky avoidance of the great misfortune without being aware of it.
Hugo Boss. In the 1930s, Hugo Boss advertising slogan was a "supplier for National Socialist uniforms since 1924". To meet demand in later years of the war, Boss used about 40 prisoners of war and about 150 forced laborers. In 1946, Hugo Boss was fined a heavy penalty as an activist and beneficiary of National Socialism but his business survived. In 1997, the company appeared in a list of Swiss dormant accounts.
How successful were the human torpedoes, developed by the Japanese during the WW2?
It was a disappointment. Kaitens had a very limited diving depth, which in turn limited the diving depth of the host submarine. This is one of several factors blamed for the very poor survival rate of submarines armed with kaitens: eight submarines being lost for the sinking of only two enemy ships and damaging several others.
These rusting sea forts were built near a certain capital city. Which one?
London. The Thames Estuary Army Forts were constructed in 1942 to a design by Guy Maunsell. Their purpose was to provide anti-aircraft fire within the Thames Estuary area. Each fort consisted of a group of seven towers with a walkway connecting them all to the central control tower.
During World War II, the Norwegian resistance launched a series of sabotage actions against Hydroelectric plant in Vemor, Norway. Why?
To disrupt German nuclear project. In 1934, at Vemork, Norsk Hydro built the first commercial plant capable of producing heavy water as a byproduct of fertilizer production. In 1943, a team of British-trained Norwegian commandos succeeded in destroying the production facility with a second attempt, Operation Gunnerside. Operation Gunnerside was later evaluated as the most successful act of sabotage in all of World War II.
Which army used anti-tank dogs during the WW2?
Soviets. Anti-tank dogs were taught to carry explosives to tanks. The original idea was for a dog to release the bomb and return to the operator, but it was unsuccessful and replaced by an impact detonation procedure. The U.S. military trained anti-tank dogs in 1943 for use against fortifications, but never deployed them.
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The pygmy marmoset is a small species of New World monkey native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. The species is notable for being the smallest monkey and one of the smallest primates in the world, at just over 100 grams (3.5 oz) (Madame Berthe's mouse lemur is smaller). It is generally found in evergreen and river-edge forests and is a gum-feeding specialist, or a gummivore.
About 83% of the pygmy marmoset population lives in stable troops of two to nine individuals, including a dominant male, a breeding female, and up to four successive litters of offspring. The modal size of a standard stable troop would be six individuals. Although most groups consist of family members, some may also include one or two additional adult members. Members of the group communicate using a complex system including vocal, chemical, and visual signals. Three main calling signals depend on the distance the call needs to travel. These monkeys may also make visual displays when threatened or to show dominance. Chemical signaling using secretions from glands on the chest and genital area allow the female to indicate to the male when she is able to reproduce. The female gives birth to twins twice a year and the parental care is shared between the group.
The pygmy marmoset has been viewed as somewhat different from typical marmosets, most of which are classified in the genera Callithrix and Mico, and thus is accorded its own genus, Cebuella, within the family Callitrichidae. It is listed as Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as it is common across its wide range and not at immediate risk of widespread decline. The biggest threats to the species are habitat loss and the pet trade.
The pygmy marmoset is one of the world's smallest primates, and is the smallest true monkey, with a head-body length ranging from 117 to 152 mm (4.6 to 6.0 in) and a tail of 172 to 229 mm (6.8 to 9.0 in). The average adult body weight is just over 100 grams (3.5 oz) with the only sexual dimorphism of females being a little heavier. The fur colour is a mixture of brownish-gold, grey, and black on its back and head and yellow, orange, and tawny on its underparts. Its tail has black rings and its face has flecks of white on its cheeks and a white vertical line between its eyes. It has many adaptations for arboreal living including the ability to rotate its head 180 degrees and sharp claw-like nails used to cling to branches and trees. Its dental morphology is adapted to feeding on gum, with specialised incisors that are used to gouge trees and stimulate sap flow. Its cecum is larger than usual to allow for the greater period of time gum takes to break down in the stomach. The pygmy marmoset walks on all four limbs and can leap up to 5 m (16 ft) between branches.
This monkey has a specialized diet of tree gum. It gnaws holes in the bark of appropriate trees and vines with its specialized dentition to elicit the production of gum. When the sap puddles up in the hole, it laps it up with its tongue. It also lies in wait for insects, especially butterflies, which are attracted to the sap holes. It supplements its diet with nectar and fruit. A group's home range is 0.1 to 0.4 hectares (0.25 to 0.99 acres), and feeding is usually concentrated on one or two trees at a time. When those become depleted, a group moves to a new home range. Brown-mantled tamarins are generally sympatric with pygmy marmosets and often raid pygmy marmosets' gum holes.
Pygmy marmosets have adapted insect-like claws, known as tegulae, to engage in a high degree of claw-clinging behaviors associated with plant exudate exploitation. Exudate is any material that oozes out of a plant, including gum, sap, resin, and latex. Claw-clinging is primarily used during feeding, but also during plant exudate foraging.
A pygmy marmoset group, ranging from two to nine members, contains one or two adult males and one or two adult females, including a single breeding female and her offspring. Interbirth interval ranges from 149–746 days. In contrast to other callitrichines, there is no relationship between the number of adult males and the number of infants and offspring. However, there is a significant positive relationship between the number of juveniles and the number of adult and subadult group members. Young marmosets typically remain in the group for two consecutive birth cycles. The pygmy marmoset uses special types of communication to give alerts and warning to its family members. These include chemical, vocal, and visual types of communication. It is believed to serve to promote group cohesion and avoidance of other groups.
Infant pygmy marmosets, along with their parents, twin, and other siblings, form cooperative care groups. Babbling, or vocalizing, by the infant marmoset is a key part of its relationships with its family members and is a major part of its development. As the infant develops, the babbling gradually changes to resemble and eventually become adult vocalization. There are many similarities between the development of vocalization in infant pygmy marmosets and speech in infant humans. Vocalizing gives the infant advantages such as increased care and allows the entire family to coordinate their activities without seeing each other.
Siblings also participate in infant care. Infant marmosets require the most attention, so having more family members participating in the care decreases the cost for any individual and also teaches parenting skills to the juvenile marmosets. Members of the group, usually female, may even put off their own reproduction through a temporary cessation of ovulation in order to care for the offspring of others in the group. The ideal number of caregivers for an infant marmoset has been shown to be around five individuals. Caregivers are responsible for finding food for the infants as well as helping the father watch for predators.
The pygmy marmoset is a non-seasonal breeder and usually gives birth to twins once or twice a year. However, single births occur 16% of the time and triplet births 8% of the time. The pygmy marmoset is usually monogamous though there is some variation within the species in terms of breeding systems. Polyandry also occurs as male marmosets are responsible for carrying the infants on their backs. Having a second male to carry the offspring can be beneficial as marmoset litters are often twins and decreases the cost to any particular male. The daily range of the pygmy marmoset, however, is relatively small, which decreases the rate of polyandry.
Male and female pygmy marmosets show differences in foraging and feeding behavior, although male and female dominance and aggressive behavior varies within the species. Males have less time to search out food sources and forage due to the constraints of their infant caring responsibilities and predator vigilance. Without an infant to carry, female pygmy marmosets have greater freedom to forage, giving them an apparent feeding priority. This priority may serve to compensate mothers for the energetic costs of carrying and lactating for two offspring at a time. However, the fact that feeding priority is also given to females without offspring weakens the argument. Instead, female feeding priority may have evolved through sexual selection. Females may choose mates who invest more time in infant care and predator vigilance. Such males have less time to look for food, allowing the female feeding priority.
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A blockchain, originally block chain, is a continuously growing list of records , called blocks, which are linked and secured using cryptography . Each block typically contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp and transaction data. By design, a blockchain is inherently resistant to modification of the data. It is "an open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way".For use as a distributed ledger, a blockchain is typically managed by a peer-to -peer network collectively adhering to a protocol for validating new blocks. Once recorded, the data in any given block cannot be altered retroactively without the alteration of all subsequent blocks, which requires collusion of the network majority.
Blockchains are secure by design and exemplify a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance . Decentralized consensus has therefore been achieved with a blockchain. This makes blockchains potentially suitable for the recording of events, medical records, and other records management activities, such as identity management , transaction processing , documenting provenance , food traceability or voting.
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How can you know if your 78-year-old father is going to be an increased risk of a readmission to the hospital? First, let’s define what a hospital readmission is.
If anyone is readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of being discharged, that would technically count as a readmission, according to the federal government.
The government has been placing more pressure on hospitals to reduce these rates, even fining them if they fail to do so.
While this may not directly impact patients, it does have a correlation to cost for insurance companies, premiums, and more. Also, if a person has to be readmitted, there is an increased chance of more complications, a longer and more difficult road to recovery, and a lower quality of life.
It’s not always clear whether somebody is at an increased risk of a hospital readmission, but, below are three potential signs that may indicate trouble could be on the horizon.
Potential Sign #1: The senior is not accepting help.
If your 78-year-old father had a stroke, heart attack, major surgery, or injuries sustained in a slip and fall accident, it’s going to be difficult for him to perform the same tasks he had taken for granted for quite a while. If he’s not accepting help from you or anyone else, he is putting himself in an unfortunate situation.
An aging senior who refuses assistance, especially when their strength and physical capabilities have been compromised essentially increase the risk of injuries and other complications as a result of a fall.
Potential Sign #2: He’s not understanding what was expected of him.
When the doctor left the room in the hospital after giving your father some instructions, did you follow up with your dad and ask him to repeat those instructions? It’s easy to nod one’s head and say they get it, but what if he didn’t understand and was afraid to ask questions?
If a person is confused, odds are they will not follow their doctor’s instructions as prescribed. That can lead to missed opportunities and an increased risk of a readmission.
Potential Sign #3: He’s refusing the medications.
There’s a reason your father’s doctor prescribed whatever medications he did. Some could be pain management, some might be for fighting an infection, and others will likely perform important functions beyond that. If your father is not taking the medications he’s been prescribed, it significantly increases the risk of complications that could land him right back in the hospital.
Not all of these can be solved with a simple statement, question, or conversation, but helping him understand the value in these things could increase the chances he follows through and does them to stay safe.
If you or an aging loved-one are considering Homecare in Deerfield, IL, call the caring staff at LifeCare Home Health & In-Home Services. Call (888) 606-4199 LifeCare serves all of the Chicago Metro Area.
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which defines the triple border between Syria, Turkey, and Iraq. According to the Syria Central Bureau of Statistics, Derik today is situated within the autonomous Federation of Northern Syria – Rojava.
about 27,000 in the 2004 census.
90% Kurds and 10% immigrants of Early twentieth century "Assyrians,Armenians,Arabs"
Dêrik: means two roads in the Kurdish language "Di rêk, Du rêk"
they were a part of the Clans structure of that princedom and they played an important role for its continued economic and military strength.
but it was a rich and important grazing area for livestock-dependent clans.
this area was divided into two part for two groups, the "Abasa" clan "was still living in the villages surrounding the mountain (Kundak - Gundik), an agricultural clan"
3.the Alian : an area located to the west of the former two areas.
-Haruna: They live mostly in the villages around Dirk.
- Omrka: They live in the villages surrounding Rumailan and the Aleyan area.
Who were displaced from the city of "Hzakh, Azakh, Asffs, Tor-abuddin, Jabal al-Zuzan and the Bahian mountains"
they exist now around the area of "Tel-Kogger" and southern of "Rad" Valley , especially in the area of "Tel-Alo".
their families are distributed around some towns in the region, where they rely on the cows and buffaloes breeding and selling milk.
4-Joala: distributed around so,e villages south of "Jal-Agha" and "Terbasipi"
5-Tai"طي": An Arab Clan, most of their families came the region from the "island of Euphrates", distributed in some villages south of "Rad"
6-Zoba: An Iraqi Arab clan, their villages located west of the "Tel-Koggar" area.
7-Almaghmoren"المغمورين": many family groups belonging to several Arab clans from the Al-Tabaqa area in the Syrian province of Raqqa.
In 1947 first official school been built, ande they named " mamon Al-rifia"
the name of the city been Arabized and it been replaced to " Al-Malikya"
the name Al-Malikya related to the colonel "Adnan-Al-Maliki"
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While the focus of the meetings used to be coordination and problem solving, it has now turned to a news report, success celebration and vision sharing session, allowing everyone to stay informed. Because the focus of the all hands meetings has shifted, it is important to follow these meeting tips to change how they are run as well. These tips are effective for groups between 15 and 50 people.
Be Smart with Your Time – Think about the number of people and how much time you have. For instance, if you give 30 people five minutes each to talk, they are going to talk for two and a half hours. This is far too long for a meeting. Make sure everyone knows they should prepare for what they want to say so they can be fast and concise.
Put One Person in Charge – One person should be put in charge of putting together the agenda, starting the meetings on time, keeping things moving and ending on time. To effectively moderate, it is important to politely end any rambling and suggest holding a smaller meeting just for the people involved to continue the conversation. This person should most likely be the COO or the office manager, not the CEO. Proper meeting lengths range from 20 to 30 minutes.
Share Future Vision – Companies often want to share what their vision of the future is with their employees. These meetings are the perfect time. This vision can often have a greater impact if someone other than the CEO presents it, showing that it took several people to create this idea.
Keep Everyone Connected – All hands meetings are a great time to keep connected to the rest of your staff, asking for their input and allowing them to share something of importance to them. These questions may be positive or negative in nature. A good mixture of each keeps things interesting and honest. Go around the circle to get a short response from each person. It can often be useful to ask some of the senior members of your group or those in higher positions the questions first to allow other employees to gauge what they will say when it is their turn to answer. Remember, you want honesty.
Report News and Celebrate Successes – At an all hands meeting, it is essential to choose one person from each team to be the spokesperson. This person can give a brief overview of what the team has accomplished and what they are currently working on. Each speaker should be chosen and prepped ahead of time to offer a concise summary that still holds the interest of the other attendees. Give each person two to three minutes to speak, unless there is something of high importance to discuss.
Share the Floor – No one wants to sit through meetings where the CEO simply talks about what he wants and sees with the company. It is best to allow others to speak. The CEO can certainly talk about something important within the business, but allow several others to share any other news to keep things interesting.
When you follow these tips while using Onstream Media's solutions for your next meetings, you will realize they go more smoothly and all the necessary ideas and information can be shared. You won’t lose all the intimacy because you will ask for feedback, but the meetings will remain short and have a positive impact on your team.
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Where does the saying "bright as a dollar" come from? A definition plus a derivation would be good. Obviously it means very bright, eager, etc. I did a search on the internet and it's used often enough, but I couldn't find out what it meant or how it came to be. I can assume it must have something to do with a silver dollar as a dollar bill is not very bright. Any ideas?
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How did my tweet on music and care homes end up 'going viral'?
Just before christmas, I made a quick tweet as follows.
Since then, I have watched this tweet progressively get retweeted to the point of ‘going viral’. At the time of writing, it has had 287 ‘retweets’ and 250 ‘favourites’.
Of course, no one can predict how, why, or when a tweet might go viral, though plenty of people have speculated on this phenomenon. Here is one example.
In case you missed it, the story begins as follows.
“Pianist Edward Hardy played in a jazz quartet for almost 40 years but had no one to play with after being moved into a care home following the onset of dementia.
The home in Somerset, was inundated with more than 80 requests from across the UK, including from three former band mates who he hadn’t seen for 35 years. Mr Hardy had set up his first band when he returned from serving in Japan in World War II, but had become depressed when he recently moved into the care home initially leaving his wife for 75 years, Betty, 91, at home, and was diagnosed with dementia.
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Question: Gabriel cries for months! What could have caused him to cry so?
Answer: A loved one named Months died.
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What is the medical term for “thick blood”? I hear people say they have this condition but I’m not sure what this is.
You have a condition called thrombophilia. This is an inherited tendency to form blood clots, and a family history of the same condition is present. It is also referred to as a hypercoagulability state. Sometimes you can also acquire this condition as a result of aging or recent surgery. This condition may be associated with conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, pregnancy, women taking oral contraceptives, and cancer. When there are no symptoms, no treatment is required. Routine lab tests may reveal thrombophilia. Treatment with a blood thinning agent will be given if clot formation becomes a health issue.
Thick blood, or thrombophilia, is an inherited tendency to form blood clots.
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Can the Supreme Court be free of politics? Do we want it to be? Normative constitutional theory has long concerned itself with the legitimate scope and limits of judicial review. Too often, theorists seek to resolve that issue by eliminating politics from constitutional decisionmaking. In contrast, Terri Peretti argues for an openly political role for the Supreme Court.
Peretti asserts that politically motivated constitutional decisionmaking is not only inevitable, it is legitimate and desirable as well. When Supreme Court justices decide in accordance with their ideological values, or consider the likely political reaction to the Court's decisions, a number of benefits result. The Court's performance of political representation and consensus-building functions is enhanced, and the effectiveness of political checks on the Court is increased. Thus, political motive in constitutional decision making does not lead to judicial tyranny, as many claim, but goes far to prevent it. Using pluralist theory, Peretti further argues that a political Court possesses instrumental value in American democracy. As one of many diverse and redundant political institutions, the Court enhances both system stability and the quality of policymaking, particularly regarding the breadth of interests represented.
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WASHINGTON (CNN) -- The Senate has silenced Elizabeth Warren.
And by doing so, majority Republicans just handed the liberal firebrand a megaphone -- further elevating President Donald Trump's fiercest and most prominent critic in the Senate and turning her into a Democratic hero.
"They can shut me up, but they can't change the truth," Warren later told CNN's Don Lemon.
The rebuke of Warren came as the Massachusetts Democrat read a letter that Coretta Scott King, the widow of Martin Luther King Jr., had written 30 years ago opposing the nomination of Jeff Sessions for a federal judgeship.
Sessions -- now an Alabama senator -- is Trump's nominee for attorney general. Warren opposes him, and cited King's letter to members of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1986. "Mr. Sessions has used the awesome power of his office to chill the free exercise of the vote by black citizens in the district he now seeks to serve as a federal judge," King wrote then.
Republicans cried foul -- charging that Warren violated Senate rules against impugning another senator. A party-line vote upheld that decision, turning what could have been an ordinary late-night partisan floor speech for C-SPAN devotees into a national story.
It means Warren is now forbidden from participating in the floor debate over Sessions' nomination ahead of a confirmation vote expected Wednesday.
"She was warned. She was given an explanation. Nevertheless, she persisted," Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, R-Kentucky, said on the Senate floor.
The line was an instant classic -- the kind liberals envision being replayed ad nauseum in TV ads in a future presidential campaign.
And it couldn't have come at a better time for Warren, who is up for re-election in 2018. On Tuesday, she announced she hired an aide who is an expert on national security, a move that could help burnish her expertise in that area, as well as the publication of a new book, which will become available in April.
Liberals had been frustrated with Warren's vote in committee in favor of Ben Carson, Trump's nominee for secretary of Housing and Urban Development.
By Tuesday night, the hashtag #LetLizSpeak was trending on Twitter.
Warren took to Twitter herself to attack both Sessions and McConnell.
"I will not be silent about a nominee for AG who has made derogatory & racist comments that have no place in our justice system," she wrote.
In a follow-up tweet, she said: "I will not be silent while the Republicans rubber stamp an AG who will never stand up to the @POTUS when he breaks the law."
And then: "Tonight @SenateMajLdr silenced Mrs King's voice on the Sen floor - & millions who are afraid & appalled by what's happening in our country."
Warren went straight from the Senate floor to a call-in appearance on Rachel Maddow's MSNBC show, a favorite of progressives. "I've been red-carded on Sen. Sessions. I'm out of the game of the Senate floor," she told Maddow.
Meanwhile, the Democratic National Committee blasted out a supportive statement, with interim chairwoman Donna Brazile saying: "It's a sad day in America when the words of Martin Luther King Jr.'s widow are not allowed on the floor of the United States Senate. Let Elizabeth Warren speak."
The moment became a rallying cry for fellow Democrats. California Sen. Kamala Harris took to the Senate floor to call the vote to silence Warren "outrageous."
"I never ever saw a time when a member of the Senate asked to put into the record a letter -- especially by a civil rights icon -- and somebody objected," said Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-Vermont.
The Senate descended into a series of complaints about declining decorum on both sides.
"We have to treat each other with respect or this place is going to devolve into a jungle," said seven-term Utah Republican Sen. Orrin Hatch.
Then Democrats brought out examples of Republicans who had crossed similar lines and not been shut up the way Warren was forbidden from participating.
Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer's office highlighted Texas Sen. Ted Cruz's accusation that McConnell had told a "flat-out lie" about the future of the Export-Import Bank in 2015.
Warren sat on the Senate floor, though, silently. She had already had her moment.
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2006 will be remembered by climatologists as the year in which the potential scale of global warming came into focus. And the problem can be summarised in one word: feedback.
Climate feedbacks could turn the Earth into a very different planet over a dramatically short period of time. It has happened in the past, scientists say, and it could easily happen in the future given the unprecedented scale of the environmental changes caused by man.
There are two types of feedback that can play a role in the future direction of the Earth's climate. The first is a "negative" feedback, which is largely good for us, because it works against things getting worse. The classic example of a negative feedback is the fertilising effect of carbon dioxide. As concentrations rise, then so does the amount of carbon absorbed by the higher growth rate of plants. The result is a negative feedback that tends to check rising levels of carbon dioxide.
A "positive" feedback makes things worse by adding to the existing problem. It brings about a vicious circle, in which a rise in carbon dioxide or global temperatures causes some change in the climate system which, in turn, leads to further rises in carbon dioxide or temperatures.
A classic example of a positive feedback is the melting sea ice of the Arctic. As temperatures rise, the ice floating on the Arctic sea melts, exposing dark ocean where once there was white ice that reflected sunlight, and heat, back into space. The newly revealed dark ocean absorbs more sunlight and heats up, causing more ice to melt, and so reinforcing the positive-feedback cycle.
But even this simple description belies the true complexity of life on Earth. In fact, there is a negative feedback at work as well with Arctic sea ice, which insulates the underlying ocean and keeps it warmer during the cold, dark northern winters. However, on balance, it is the positive feedback that dominates here, as it does in several other instances investigated by scientists in 2006.
"The main concern is that the more we look, the more positive feedbacks we find," says Olivier Boucher, a climate scientist at the Met Office. "That's not the case when it comes to negative feedbacks. There seems to be far fewer of them." The sentiment is echoed by Chris Rapley, the director of the British Antarctic Survey in Cambridge: "When we look at the list of all the feedbacks in the climate, the list of positive feedbacks is worryingly long - a lot longer than the negative feedbacks. To be honest, it's a wonder that the climate has remained so stable."
Oil production has been nearly flatnearly flat for the last two years, raising fears that we have hit peak oil. There has been a growing divergence between the numbers put out by the U.S. Energy Information Agency (EIA) and the International Energy Agency (IEA), but the overall picture is one of very little growth.
Oil stockpiles in the industrial nations continue to grow, indicating that there are no imminent dangers of shortages, however demand for oil continues to grow at a faster pace than even the more optimistic numbers on production. It seems likely that supplies with begin to tighten up in the future and that oil prices will go higher.
"Climate change is not just in the future. It's happening now," according to Cynthia Rosenzweig, a NASA scientist and cochair of an international panel on climate change.
Groups around the world are concerned that climate change will drastically affect crop growth. The International Rice Research Institute warms that shorter growing seasons in the tropics will reduce yields. Another research group forecasts a 51% decline in India's cropland available for wheat growing by 2050 due to hotter and drier weather.
Countries closest to the equater will likely suffer the most. Places like Tanzania and Mozambique will have more drought and shorter growing seasons. Flooding in coastal areas will hurt countries such as Bangladesh and Colombia.
On the other hand, more northerly countries could benefit from increased cropland in areas that were previously frostbound.
Researchers are developing crops that are more resistant to heat, drought and flooding, but there are limits to the ability of new varieties to counteract teh effects of heat, drought and submergence.
Researchers and meteorologists are working with farmers to make better planting decisions to maximize yields and minimize their impact on the environment. But the challanges of global warming remain daunting.
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Pythagoras (approximately 569 BCE - 475 BCE, ) was an Ionian mathematician and philosopher, known best for the Pythagorean theorem which bears his name.
Known as "the father of numbers", Pythagoras made influential contributions to philosophy and religious teaching in the late 6th century BC. Because legend and obfuscation cloud his work even more than with the other pre-Socratics, one can say little with confidence about his life and teachings. Pythagoras and his students believed that everything was related to mathematics, and thought that everything could be predicted and measured in rhythmic patterns or cycles.
Pythagoras was born on the island of Samos, off the coast of Asia Minor. He was born to Pythais (a native of Samos) and Mnesarchus (a merchant from Tyre). As a young man he left his native city for Crotona in Southern Italy, to escape the tyrannical government of Polycrates. Many writers credit him with visits to the sages of Egypt and Babylon before going west; but such visits feature stereotypically in the biographies of many Greek wise men, and are likely more legend than fact.
Upon his migration from Samos to Crotona, Pythagoras established a secret religious society very similar to, and possibly influenced by, the earlier Orphic cult.
Pythagoras undertook a reform of the cultural life of Crotona, urging the citizens to follow virtue and form an elite circle of followers around himself. Very strict rules of conduct governed this cultural center. He opened his school to men and women students alike. They called themselves the Mathematikoi.According to Iamblichus, the Pythagoreans followed a structured life of religious teaching, common meals, exercise, reading and philosophical study. Music featured as an essential organizing factor of this life: the disciples would sing hymns to Apollo together regularly; they used the lyre to cure illness of the soul or body; poetry recitations occurred before and after sleep to aid the memory.
The Pythagorean theorem that bears his name was known earlier in Mesopotamia, Egypt and India. For a chronology of the theorem and its proofs, see the article on the Pythagorean theorem. Whether Pythagoras himself proved this theorem is not known, as it was common in the ancient world to credit to a famous teacher the discoveries of his students. The earliest known mention of Pythogoras's name in connection with the theorem came five centuries after his death, in the writings of Cicero and Plutarch.
The Pythagoreans are known for their theory of the transmigration of souls, and also for their theory that numbers constitute the true nature of things. They performed purification rites and followed ascetic, dietary and moral rules which they believed would enable their soul to achieve a higher rank among the gods. Consequently, they expected they would be set free from the wheel of birth.
The Pythagoreans also believed that the sexes are equal. Pythagoras started a school, together with his wife Theano, built on this principle. After he died, his wife and daughters ran and taught at the school. Theano herself discovered a formula to derive the golden rectangle.
All slaves were treated humanely, and animals were respected as creatures with souls. The highest purification of the soul was "philosophy", and Pythagoras has been credited with the first use of the term.
The Jains in India follow similar beliefs and practices, which leads some neo-Pythagoreans and neo-Platonic authors to believe that Pythagoras had visited India, and studied under the Jains.It was the Pythagoreans who discovered that the relationship between musical notes could be expressed in numerical ratios of small whole numbers.
The Pythagoreans elaborated on a theory of numbers the exact meaning of which is still debated among scholars. They taught that all things were numbers, that the essence of everything is a number, and that all relationships can be expressed numerically.
No texts by Pythagoras survive, although forgeries under his name - a few of which remain extant - did circulate in antiquity. Critical ancient sources like Aristotle and Aristoxenus cast doubt on these writings. And ancient Pythagoreans usually quoted their master's doctrines with the phrase autos ephe ("he himself said") - emphasizing the essentially oral nature of his teaching. Pythagoras appears as a character in the last book of Ovid's Metamorphoses, where Ovid has him expound upon his philosophical viewpoints.
Some consider Pythagoras the pupil of Anaximander and some ancient sources tell of his visiting, in his twenties, the philosopher Thales, just before the death of the latter. No account exists of the specifics of the meeting, other than the report that Thales recommended that Pythagoras travel to Egypt in order to further his philosophical and mathematical training.
In astronomy, the Pythagoreans were well aware of the periodic numerical relations of the planets, moon, and sun. The celestial spheres of the planets were thought to produce a harmony called the music of the spheres. These ideas, as well as the ideas of the Platonic solids, would later be used by Johannes Kepler in his attempt to formulate a model of the solar system in his work The Harmony of the Worlds.
Pythagoreans also believed that the earth itself was in motion and that the laws of nature could be derived from pure mathematics. They may have coined the term cosmos, a term implying a universe with orderly movements and events.It is sometimes difficult to determine which ideas Pythagoras taught originally, as opposed to the ideas his followers later added. While he clearly attached great importance to geometry, classical Greek writers tended to cite Thales as the great pioneer of this science rather than Pythagoras.
The later tradition of Pythagoras as the inventor of mathematics stems largely from the Roman period.Whether or not we attribute the Pythagorean theorem to Pythagoras, it seems fairly certain that he had the pioneering insight into the numerical ratios which determine the musical scale, since this plays a key role in many other areas of the Pythagorean tradition, and since no evidence remains of earlier Greek or Egyptian musical theories.
Another important discovery of this school - which upset Greek mathematics, as well as the Pythagoreans' own belief that whole numbers and their ratios could account for everything in nature - was the incommensurability of the diagonal of a square with its side. This result showed the existence of irrational numbers.
The influence of Pythagoras has transcended the field of mathematics, and the Hippocratic Oath - with its central commitment to First do no harm - has its roots in the oath of the Pythagorean Brotherhood.
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What is Muscle Stem/Tone treatment?
Muscle stem/tone is a body sculpting treatment conducted through the use of skin contact electrodes. The electrodes deliver waves of pulses with a repetitive and variable pulse frequency to specific targeted areas that sculpt and reshape the body. These pulse waves produce rhythmic and powerful muscle contractions that result in both muscle rehabilitation and rapid fat reduction. The passive exercise of particular muscle groups breaks down adipose tissue, while simultaneously increasing blood circulation, thus resulting in localized tissue reduction, improved health, and longevity of life.
Finally, eliminate those "hard to reduce trouble spots" and create the body you have always wanted!
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How to derive the implied probability distribution from B-S volatilities?
The general problem I have is visualization of the implied distribution of returns of a currency pair.
Anybody know how I could go about doing this? Any R packages or hints where to start on this? It doesn't necessarily have to be a qqplot, it could just be a plot of the density function; that would help me too. Thanks.
You can directly imply a probability distribution from a volatility skew.
Therefore, all you need, in order to find the value of $p(x)$ for any $x$, is the second derivative of call prices at strike $x$.
evaluated at $x=K$ which can be done either with a bunch of symbol-jiggling, or by simply finite differencing. In your case I recommend the latter.
Once you have probability distribution values, of course, the process of generating the qq plots is one you have already mastered.
This stuff is not exactly my area of expertise, but since you're offering the bounty, I'll start things out and we'll see if the community can get us further along.
I believe the essence of your question is actually to find the implied distribution of returns given the B-S volatilities. Once you have an implied distribution, comparing it to a normal distribution on a Q-Q plot is a relatively simple matter. A Q-Q plot is an excellent visual inspection tool for comparing an empirical distribution to a theoretical one, as you've done above for a few currency pairs, although I am less certain you will find it as beneficial to plot two theoretical distributions on a Q-Q plot.
So, how do we find the implied distribution of returns from a set of Black-Scholes volatilities? Your Q-Q plot question implies that you'd be equally happy with an "empirical" distribution as a theoretical one, so perhaps your best route here is a local volatility model. See Derman and Kani (1994) for an excellent introduction on fitting a binomial tree model to the volatility smile. Estimation of the continuous version of this model, the Dupire equation, is described in Computation of Local Volatilities from Regularized Dupire Equations by Hanke and Rosler. Here is some MATLAB code which claims to estimate the equation. Although the equation takes call prices as inputs and calculates implied vols, I'm sure you can modify it to take a set of implied volatilities.
If you prefer to take a more theoretically sound approach, then stochastic volatility models should be your choice, of which the Heston model is the most popular. These models have also been embellished with jumps and whatnot, but I am definitely not an expert there. An excellent (although very technical) introduction to all of these concepts is Gatheral's The Volatility Surface.
Perhaps those here who are more familiar with R can also point you in the right direction in terms of packages which will estimate these models for you given a set of points on the volatility surface.
Good luck! It looks like what you are asking is far more complex than you may have anticipated, but at least it has been well explored in the literature.
Conceptually you are trying to infer information about regions where you don't have data, a classical extrapolation problem.
For that with different assumptions you will get different answers. E.g. for rates all standard models assign positive probability to every high level but considering the laws on usury you might doubt that rates can grow without bounds.
Besides the problem that you just have 5 points of data, the non-parametric approaches (Dupire, Derman-Kani) often lack some basic properties (positive probabilities which sum up to one...), so best practice is to choose a model you trust for further inference and fit it to the given vols.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged options r implied-volatility visualization distribution or ask your own question.
What the implied distribution really is?
Is it possible to estimate the correlation between an equity and its IV, purely from its IV skew?
How do I compare implied and historic volatility?
How to model hedge fund returns?
How to create a basket of currency pairs with the lowest correlation in R?
For equity options, does the implied vol change if the price of the underlying does?
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Simple tips on how to find the perfect website maintenance company for your online business to get to that next level of success.
Each website maintenance company will likely offer very specific services, and the ones you'll generally profit from most include search engine optimization (SEO), link building, social media optimization (SMO), and keyword analysis. In some cases, your company may be in need of a service that a company doesn't offer. This is why determining how the web company will maintain your website is very important.
When you're ready to hire a website maintenance company, you need to know that they are well-versed in services such as modifying fonts, images, and icons to make them more aesthetically appealing. There are a plethora of other important services that a good web maintenance consultant will offer, and reviewing their qualifications and credentials is a good way to determine whether they have the skill and experience necessary to get the job done well. Some things you'll want to look for include the company's education, experience, specializations, awards, licensure, and certifications.
Another factor you should consider when hiring a web maintenance company is whether they have a good reputation. There are several ways you can obtain this information, including by checking with the local Better Business Bureau. You can also request customer testimonials from the company. If the company can provide you with first-hand testimonials from clients who were pleased with their services, it's a good sign that they'd be able to do the same for you as well.
If you are serious about ensuring that your business attains and maintains a strong and profitable online presence, you should know that attaining assistance from companies that specialize in maintaining websites can be very helpful. By implementing the strategies listed above , you will be able to find the perfect web maintenance company for you.
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What was the state of knowledge about our planet as the Second World War drew to a close? The three quarters of the Earth covered by seas were virtually unknown. Until that time very little effort had been put towards discovering what lay beneath the oceans. And yet during the war years, the US Navy had found that sound pulses used for locating enemy submarines also reflected from the seafloor, and the time taken for sound to travel down and back could be used to measure water depth.
Maurice "Doc" Ewing was a seismologist. He knew that elastic waves generated by earthquakes or man-made explosions reflected off structures within the Earth and could be used to determine the depth and shape of those reflecting structures. After Lamont was founded in 1949, Ewing negotiated the purchase and refit of a 200' pleasure yacht, renamed the "Vema". He installed two kinds of instruments on this new ship: A modified Navy echo sounding system, which transmitted high frequency sound waves toward the seafloor and recorded their returning echoes, thus providing a measure of water depth; and a seismic reflection system consisting of towed listening devices called hydrophones together with a low frequency sound source, first dynamite, then later a towed pneumatic sound source called an airgun. The seismic system was capable of detecting features of geologic interest buried far below the seafloor. With these instruments, and the mobility afforded by a large ship, Ewing and colleagues set out to explore the world's oceans. And that is how Marine Geology and Geophysics began at the Observatory. By year 2003, Lamont ships ("Vema", "Robert D. Conrad", and "Maurice Ewing") sailed a total of approximately 3 million miles performing scientific exploration in all oceans of the world.
Support for these pioneering exploration efforts came initially from the US Navy, which regarded knowledge of the seafloor as critical to the nation's defense interests during the "cold war." Starting in the 1960s, however, the National Science Foundation began to provide more and more of the funding for marine geological and geophysical research. Today, most of the MG&G Division's research support comes from the NSF. Ewing was a resourceful scientist; he soon added other kinds of scientific instruments and sensors to the seismo-acoustic instruments already aboard Lamont's research vessels. Coring and dredging devices to obtain seafloor samples, instruments for measuring the flow of Earth's heat through the seafloor, and sensors that measured the Earth's gravity and magnetic fields all added valuable data to the knowledge base that Lamont's ocean-going ships compiled. A major scientific breakthrough came within two decades of the start of this global ocean exploration effort: pioneering research by Lamont and other oceanographic institutions led to the discovery and mapping of the globeencircling undersea mountain range that we know today as the mid-ocean ridge system. Mid-ocean ridges are the sites where new ocean crust and mantle is generated from molten material upwelling from deep in Earth's interior. The hypothesis of seafloor spreading describes how the hot, new material is emplaced more or less continuously at a mid-ocean ridge as the older, cooling ocean crust and mantle (the lithosphere) moves laterally away from the ridge axis to make room. On a cruise to the south Pacific in 1966, Lamont's Walter Pitman obtained crucial evidence that confirmed seafloor spreading. Pitman noticed that recordings of the Earth's magnetic field revealed a pattern that was symmetric with distance from the mid-ocean ridge axis in the southeast Pacific, an observation predicted by seafloor spreading. These discoveries ushered in the era of Plate Tectonics, a theory that describes the Earth's surface as broken into several large internally rigid shells or plates, and attributes most of the world's tectonic activity, including earthquakes and volcanoes, to the interaction of these plates along mutual boundaries –- midocean ridges being one of the three types of plate boundary.
Plate tectonics gave researchers a broad foundation for understanding how our planet works, and it provided many testable hypotheses that have fueled research in the Earth sciences for many years. In the oceans, attention has been directed to learning the details of geological processes operating at plate boundaries -- the mid-ocean ridges segmented by transform faults, and the plate subduction zones bordering the Pacific and other oceans -- as well as processes like seamount volcanism occurring in plate interiors. The continental margins have received their share of attention, too. These vast accumulations of sediment shed from the continents are often host to economic deposits of oil and gas, and provide a record of sea level fluctuations over the past 200 million years.
Lamont MG&G scientists have been in the vanguard of these ocean research activities. Over the years, the tools of exploration have improved, allowing us to probe deeper into the Earth with MultiChannel Seismic (MCS) Reflection techniques, and map larger areas of the seafloor in ever greater detail with multi-beam bathymetry mapping and side-looking sonar imaging instruments. While the surface ship has remained the "work horse" of marine science, other type platforms and vehicles have played an increasingly important role in MG&G exploration efforts. Among these are: submarines, particularly for under-the-ice work in the Arctic Ocean; satellites, with their ability to cover large areas of the oceans very rapidly (and revisit the same area many times); robotic vehicles, both tethered to a mother ship, or free-swimming; and manned submersibles, the only way humans can travel to the floor of the deep ocean. "Free-swimmers," or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, allow scientists to survey small areas of the seafloor with high-resolution imaging and measuring systems. In 1999 an AUV named ABE (Autonomous Benthic Explorer), operating 20 m above the seafloor in water depths of 2600 m, allowed Marie- Helene Cormier, Bill Ryan, and colleagues from Woods Hole and the University of Hawaii, to map fresh lava flows along the East Pacific Rise in unprecedented detail (2.5 m² "footprints").
Large, integrated sciences programs, funded by the NSF, grew to prominence in the wake of the plate tectonics revolution. Lamont scientists helped guide these efforts, which brought new funding to MG&G studies, and Lamont scientists continue to participate in these focused, community-driven research initiatives. First among the large, integrated efforts was RIDGE, which as the name implies, is dedicated to understanding the phenomena and processes associated with the production of new crust and mantle at mid-ocean ridges. In its most recent configuration, Ridge 2000 is a community-based science initiative focused on integrated geological and biological studies of the Earthencircling mid-ocean ridge system. More recently, the NSF established a multidisciplinary program dedicated to studies of the continental margins. The NSF MARGINS initiative seeks to understand the complex interplay of processes, including lithospheric deformation, magmatism, erosion and sedimentation, and fluid flow, that govern continental margin evolution. The goal of MARGINS is to foster focused and coordinated, interdisciplinary investigations of these processes.
The JOIDES Resolution approaching the Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda.
In the late 1960's Lamont, together with several other oceanographic institutions, founded JOIDES, a consortium dedicated to scientific drilling in the oceans. Lamont accomplishments in the early days of the JOIDES Deep-Sea Drilling Program included age-dating of reversals in the Earth's magnetic field, documenting the "drying up" of the Mediterranean Sea 5 million years ago, determining when the Antarctic ice cap began to form, and most significantly, validating seafloor spreading by showing that ages of the oldest sediment overlying ocean crust increase uniformly away from mid-ocean ridges. More recently, Lamont scientists have used ocean drilling to investigate the history of global sea level variations, measure the flow of fluids through fractured rock of the ocean crust, and to determine the thermal and mechanical properties of the oceanic lithosphere. One of Lamont's major contributions to scientific ocean drilling began in the mid-1980s when the Observatory established the Borehole Research Group. The BRG was charged with providing basic down-hole geophysical measurement (logging) services to the Ocean Drilling Program, as well as developing new types of borehole logging instruments, adapting oil field logging tools for use in the ODP, and maintaining a data base of all logging measurements on behalf of the ocean drilling community. Now, as we transition from the ODP to the new, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program with its more complicated international partnerships, and its multiple drilling platforms, Lamont is poised to play an even larger role in the ocean drilling science of the future.
Over the last decade or so, research in general has clearly become more interdisciplinary in nature. Advances in one discipline stimulate research in another. For example, the marine geosciences intersected with archeology and antiquities studies when Bill Ryan and Walter Pitman suggested that the biblical story of Noah's flood, and similar legends, could be explained as the sudden inundation of the Black Sea basin when global sea level rose after the last ice age and the Mediterranean's height exceeded the "spill point" of Turkey's Bosporus Strait. Scholars of antiquity were profoundly challenged by this scenario, as it brought into sharp focus what might happen when geological processes and human civilization intersect. Another example comes from the Observatory's own back yard: the Hudson River and Estuary. Using the highresolution sonar mapping tools developed for ocean exploration, Robin Bell and colleagues surveyed the river bed from the estuary to the limit of tidal influence near Troy, NY. This basic mapping activity is essential to research on a wide range of river issues, including sediment and contaminant transport, carbon and nutrient cycling, and the effects of global climate change. Human impacts complicate natural processes, but must be well-understood if we are to institute wise stewardship of the Hudson and other river and estuary systems in the face of mounting pressure from development and increasing population. Looking back across the last five decades, it seems clear that marine geological and geophysical research has truly been curiosity driven. The quest for knowledge and the spirit of adventure are hallmarks of the trade. For all our efforts the earth beneath the sea is still poorly known, and much remains to be learned. In the final analysis, marine geologists and geophyicists are explorers by nature. This quality has served Lamont science well in the past, and will continue to do so in the future.
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I have always wanted to visit Cuba. You must have an amazing story to tell about living in Cuba.
I try to tell that story (and others) in my writing. It’s definitely a fascinating place, and despite the distance, it’ll always be a home for me.
Is it true Cuba is stuck in a 1950s time warp?
That’s oversimplifying it, which has sadly been the case with the way Cuba is usually portrayed here in the U.S. Yes, aspects of the country can seem stuck in time, but a lot of things have changed, especially the people. And for every 1950s car one can find, for instance, there’s a Soviet-era or modern car as well. Cuba is simply different from what people are used to seeing in first world countries.
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Founded in 1999, The Golden Trailer Awards are best known as the award show for movie trailers (or, as “the Oscars of promotional clips”). The annual awards show also honors the best work in all areas of motion picture and video game marketing, including posters, television advertisements and other media, in 108 categories.
The 1st Golden Trailer Awards ceremony was held on September 21, 1999 in New York and had 19 categories. This jury consisted of Quentin Tarantino, Stephen Wooley, Jeff Kleeman and David Kaminow (from Miramax). The cofounders, sisters Evelyn Watters and Monica Brady, promoted their inaugural festival by screening the nominated trailers inside a gold-painted Airstream trailer at the 2000 Sundance festival.
The ceremonies moved to Los Angeles in 2002. Notable jurors in subsequent years have included Pedro Almodovar, Joel Siegel, Ben Stiller, Benicio Del Toro, Glenn Close, and Brett Ratner. Even as the ceremonies have expanded to include 108 categories (show and non-show), they have made a point of remaining short (at 70 minutes) — like the works they are recognizing. All editions have been broadcast online; more recent years have been televised on various networks including HDNet, ReelzChannel and Fox's MyNetworkTV.
Hosts for the awards ceremonies have included Kathy Griffin (2002), Dennis Miller (2003), Tom Green (2004), Sinbad (2008), Natasha Leggero (2011), TJ Miller (2015) and Wayne Brady (2016, 2017). The award was designed by artist Jim Bachor.
The 9th Annual Golden Trailer Awards (broadcast as the Movie Preview Awards on MyNetworkTV), in 2008 were at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles. The Dark Knight won three awards: Best Action, Best Summer Blockbuster Poster and Trailer of the Year in the public vote held by USA Today.
The 19th annual awards ceremony was held on May 31, 2018 at the Theater at Ace Hotel in Los Angeles. Michelle Buteau was host and master of ceremonies, and the presenters included Kate Flannery, Lea DeLaria, Yvette Nicole Brown, Nicole Sullivan and Missi Pyle. Paul Dergarabedian of comScore presented the Box Office Weekend Award (The Bow) to Avengers: Infinity War for the highest three day gross between May 1, 2017 and April 30, 2018.
Note: no ceremony was held for the year 2000.
Best Trailer - No Movie: "AKA"
Best Trailer - No Movie: "Wedding Album"
Best Trailer - No Movie: "Twelve Twisted Tricks"
Best Trailer - No Movie: "Revolver"
Best Drama: Good Night, and Good Luck.
Best Documentary: Where in the World Is Osama Bin Laden?
Best Graphics in a TV Spot: The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
Best Motion/Title Graphics: The Man from U.N.C.L.E.
Best Independent TV Spot Trailer/Teaser Series: I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore.
Best Foreign TV Spot Trailer/Teaser Series: ?
Best Foreign Drama Trailer: ?
Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster TV Spot: ?
Best Summer Blockbuster Poster: ?
Don LaFontaine Award for Best Voice Over: ?
Most Original TV Spot Trailer/Teaser Series: ?
Best Animation/Family TV Spot: ?
Best Foreign Romance Trailer: ?
Best Opening Title Sequence or Closing Credits for a Feature Film: ?
^ Jurgensen, John (December 24, 2005). "Coming Attractions: Trailers". Wall Street Journal.
^ France, Lisa Respers (June 1, 2018). "'Black Panther' wins big at Golden Trailer Awards". CNN.com. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ "Warner Bros. Trailer For "Wonder Woman" Wins Best Of Show At The 18th annual Golden Trailer Awards". SHOOT Online. June 6, 2017. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ Chatelin, Bruno (February 7, 2011). "Editor's blog: "The Social Network" wins the 12th Annual Golden Trailer top Awards". Fest21.com. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ "Finland's Youngest Award Parks It Permanently in L.A.". Cinema Editor. 53 (1). Winter 2003.
^ "Wrap-up: Park City Postscript". E Online.
^ Barbieri & Rolandelli (September 2018). "Golden Trailer Awards: La Alfombra Roja de los Trailers". Haciendo Cine (194): 26–27.
^ Anderson, John (29 June 2011). "Woollen & Associates: Hitting the mark". Variety. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ Hayes, Dade (27 February 2013). "Greg Sills to Produce 14th Annual Golden Trailer Awards". Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ Hakim, Danny (26 May 2018). "The Envelope, Please. And Make It Quick". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ Sims, Amy C. (7 March 2003). "When Previews Are the Main Attraction". Fox News. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ Booth, William (28 May 2005). "Hail the Coming Attractions". Washington Post. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
^ "And the Golden Trailer Award winner is ..." Usatoday.com. 2008-06-02. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (1999)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2001)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2002)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2003)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2004)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2005)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2006)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2007)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2008)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2009)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2010)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2011)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2012)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2013)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2014)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-14.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2015)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2016)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2017)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
^ "Golden Trailer Awards (2018)". IMDb. Retrieved 2018-07-15.
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Our large financial services client located in downtown Boston is looking for a Social Media Marketing Specialist for 3 month long contract assignment.
The Social Media Marketing Specialist will work within the engagement marketing group to help manage content-driven social media program. The role’s primary responsibility will be to manage key social media projects and daily activities including driving customer engagement on selected social networking sites (beginning with, but not limited to, Twitter, LinkedIn, and blogs), archiving all communications, and coordinating with direct marketing and engagement teams to ensure consistency with outbound marketing campaigns. This role requires strong project management skills, and a proven ability to keep projects and key deliverables on track and deadlines met through all steps of the process. As a result, the selected candidate must have experience managing projects diligently using a disciplined process and tools such as editorial calendars and project plans.
The ideal candidate will possess outstanding attention to detail; experience with social media marketing/building community participation and/or in financial services marketing a plus.
• Project manage the content creation for social media sites, including setting up meetings with stakeholders, keeping review process on track and projects on schedule according to the editorial calendar and ensuring all internal processes are followed in the review process.
• Monitor for potential threats, adherence to group and member rules and mitigate risks. Escalate violations to group rules, such as member posting of testimonials or offensive material, and take steps to remove content or respond when necessary.
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The strategies adopted to bail out Wall Street, the City of London, and banks in Frankfurt, Paris and other capitals have resulted in very high levels of public debt for a number of countries. The costs of the planned austerity measures to pay for the bailouts in Greece, Ireland, the UK and France for example, will fall disproportionately on the backs of the poor. In the UK, the Conservative-Liberal coalition government has announced the elimination of about 500,000 public sector jobs involving deep cuts to education, welfare and policing budgets to pay for the huge bailouts of City of London firms. These job losses will also affect women the most (about 350,000 of the jobs scheduled to be terminated).
This explains why political struggles over the new austerity are intensifying, e.g. in France as of October 2010. The struggles point to questions that have been largely missing from the way that conservative and social democratic governments have defined their responses to issues of public finance. These questions include: (a) what could have been the alternative uses of these gigantic sums of public money? (b) Who will pay for these debts?
The answer given to question (b) by the International Monetary Fund, and most G20 governments is, “the people.” The IMF has said that it will take 10 to 20 years of austerity measures, involving cuts in public sector wages, jobs and public services, raising the retirement age, and increased privatization of public assets to pay back not only the large government debts incurred in bailing out the banks but also to pay for “future” bailouts. As the Director-General of the International Labour Organisation noted in 2009, the bailout strategies involve “billions for the banks and pennies for the people”. Now the people are being made to pay for the bailouts with the new austerity measures.
The new austerity is something that has feature of the economies of the global South for much longer, at least 30 years — in many parts of the world the austerity is not all that “new”. More to the point, the debt crisis is therefore becoming more “global” in the sense that it is experienced in both North and South, and it operates not only at the level of the sovereign debt of countries such as Greece but also at the level of firms and workers.
In some parts of the global South – for example in Latin America – austerity has not prevented the emergence of progressive alternatives – what has come to be called “21st century Socialism”. However – up until recently – in much of the global North, in the absence of significant political pressures, governments have simply responded to the crisis in favour of the interests of financial capitalism – or what I call “financial orthodoxy”.
For example, in its response to the Greek debt crisis in May 2010 the European Union formed a kind of European version of the IMF, with new bailout funds of €1 trillion in an attempt to “stabilize the financial markets”. However, hardly debated at the time was how much of the debt of countries such as Greece is owed to private banks in Germany, France and the United States, so the Greek bailout was as much a bailout of these banks as it was for the government of Greece. In response Greece has made draconian cuts in social benefits and pensions that reverse approximately 30 years of workers’ gains. Of course the Greek fiscal crisis has also been caused by poor tax collection (allowing wealthy people and middle-class professionals to evade paying taxes) as well as by previous governments manipulating statistics and using financial innovations with the help of big private banks such as Goldman Sachs in order to camouflage the true condition of government finances.
The key point however is there has been little or no public debate upon the alternative ways in which such resources could be used. A very different kind of (and indeed a much larger) European Monetary Fund should be created, linked to more socially sustainable economic development, and geared to improve education, health and the environment. This would produce a greener and more socially just form of economic growth that would in turn improve the public finances of European governments – provided that tax collection was improved and made more equitable. This fund in turn should be much more democratically governed than the present “independent” European Central Bank, which is responsive mainly to private financial interests.
What we have learned during the present crisis in Europe is that banking is much too important to be left to either to mainstream politicians or the bankers themselves. Indeed there are many gifted, critical and more democratic economists who could be recruited to help build such an institution and run it effectively.
I raised some of these issues in a 20-minute presentation at the public event, Critical Perspectives on Global Governance, University of Helsinki, 7 May 2010; the talk was called The Greek Tragedy and the Global Debt Crisis.
This talk explains aspects of the Greek financial bailout of May 2010. It argues that we should not witness events such as those in Greece in response to austerity measures, as if we are simply the passive audience of a drama, a “Greek tragedy” as it were. Progressive forces should press for socially just responses to the crisis and for more democratically accountable institutions of economic governance.
As a footnote, viewers of the video will note how at one point a videographer in the audience interrupts me; in case it is not clear from the narrative, what I was referring to was the way that a computer error transposed an automated market “sell” trade of $16 million dollars in shareholdings as $16 billion. This massive sell-off of stocks immediately caused the market value of many shares on the New York Stock Exchange to drop as if the companies were going bankrupt. The example highlights the way that the turnover time of financial capital is accelerated by computerization and 24/7 trading strategies.
Audio podcasts of all the presentations at the Critical Perspectives on Global Governance, were posted on: http://www-hotel1.it.helsinki.fi/~optek/podcast/ (Posted May 2010).
This entry was posted in alternatives, crisis, Critical Perspectives on Global Governance, European protests, global crisis, left alternatives, progressive policies, Uncategorized on October 25, 2010 by Stephen Gill.
One estimate is that about US$17 trillion has so far been allocated for “economic emergency funds” by the USA, EU and other G8 nations to promote macroeconomic stabilization. However the basic question “what kind of stabilisation, of what, and for whose benefit?” is not being asked by many commentators.
A political economy analysis of these huge outlays would normally assess them in terms of their “opportunity costs” – the alternative uses of the funds that have been foregone, for example the money could have been used to increase expenditures on health, education and training and social infrastructure more generally and in so doing provide benefits and economic relief to the majority of the population.
The basic economic argument in favour of such a socially oriented approach is that the G8 policies are both overly expensive and unlikely to be fully effective – whether they reverse the slump remains to be seen (see my post on “green shoots”). The economic argument for increased social expenditures (e.g. on accessible education, affordable housing, health care and social programs) is that they have far more favourable effects on macroeconomic stabilization than financial bail-outs. Social expenditures raise aggregate demand in far greater measure than do outlays on financial bailouts. This is because poorer people spend more of their income than the wealthy. Thus smaller outlays result in a larger growth of consumption and demand – needed to reverse economic slump and to mitigate rising unemployment. A social approach would also result in much lower costs for taxpayers as they finance future government debt.
Looking beyond, we need to fundamentally rethink our social and economic policies in the longer and medium-term to promote a different kind of society. Restoring previous levels and patterns of consumption according to the present economic paradigm will simply return us to a socially and ecologically unsustainable path of development, to say nothing of the fiscal consequences of the current bailouts which will be imposed on not only ourselves but future generations. As things stand, G8 policies are principally governed by the dictates of a hyper-consumerist, energy intensive and individualistic paradigm, a kind of monoculture of the market and the mind, or what I call the global “market civilization”.
A fundamental rethink of the logic of market civilization is of course the work of many millions of people throughout the world – what I call the progressive organic intellectuals. By this I mean not only trained economists and ecologists with high degrees of technical expertise, but more broadly the very large numbers of progressive, engaged and thoughtful people across all walks of life dissatisfied with the current situation and pressing for change. They are found in schools, in health care institutions, in trade unions and in a range of social organizations and they are beginning to combine and assert their collective identity as a political force. They look towards the social and economic future not only preoccupied with immediate issues but also with a view to long term questions and initiatives.
Many of the social programs that I mentioned above were always treated by G8 governments as economically inefficient and impossible to finance – and inconsistent with the prevailing ideology of disciplinary neo-liberalism. Surely the scale and the immediacy of the 2008-09 global economic bailouts indicate that this was simply an ideological and political choice? With different political pressures and forces at work a radically new agenda for social and economic transformation becomes possible.
Rethink the tax base in a more macro-economically efficient way whilst ensuring that the future distribution of tax burdens is equitable and sustainable. Whilst much has been made of the need to prevent tax avoidance and tax evasion, especially in offshore centres and to close loopholes in national tax codes, perhaps the biggest shift in taxation regimes over the past 30 years has been the increasing use of indirect taxation. Indirect taxes on the whole tend to be regressive and hit the poor hardest. On the other hand direct taxation on the wealthy and on corporations – taxes that used to be very high after the Second World War – have fallen considerably. So a fundamental rethink of the question of taxes is imperative especially as the costs of the bailouts will be borne by future taxpayers, and given that demographic changes which will also create enormous fiscal pressures (see 4., below).
As noted, to rethink policies to change the destructive logic of affluent lifestyles and thus minimize over-consumption, waste and bad diets and thus promote healthier ways of living, whilst preserving toleration and diversity of social choices.
For this to be possible the language of political economy and public policy needs to be reinvented and progressive organic intellectuals need to engage in education at a variety of levels — to help transform the way in which people conceive of political, material and ecological conditions which govern the limits of the possible both now and in the future. In so doing the goals would be to forge a new commonsense concerning the nature of the world and its potential future. This means that new policies and institutions in education, in the media, and more broadly a series of initiatives that can begin to respond to the challenges and ethical questions we face, both locally and globally. This would imply significant changes in not only the field of economics but also across the social, human and natural sciences to produce a more integral and forward looking understanding that can help to promote sustainability and social justice.
This entry was posted in capitalism 2009, global crisis, left alternatives, progressive policies on May 12, 2009 by Stephen Gill.
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1 Exact location The coordinates corresponds to an exact location, such as a populated place or a hill. The code is also used for locations that join a location which is a line (such as a road or railroad). Lines are not coded only the points that connect lines. All points that are mentioned in the source are coded.
2 Near exact location The location is mentioned in the source as being “near”, in the “area” of, or up to 25 km away from an exact location. The coordinates refer to that adjacent, exact, location.
4 First order administrative division The location is, or lies in, a first order administrative division (ADM1), such as a province, state or governorate.
5 Estimated coordinates The location can only be related to estimated coordinates, such as when a location lies between populated places; along rivers, roads and borders; more than 25 km away from a specific location; or when sources refer to parts of a country greater than ADM1 (e.g. “northern Uganda”).
6 Independent political entity The location can only be related to an independent political entity, meaning the pair of coordinates that represent a country.
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0.987512 |
Ornithology is the study of birds: their life cycles, habits, characteristics, habitats, classification and more. Humans have been fascinated by birds since prehistoric times, as evidenced by Stone Age drawings and Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic scripts. Birds have impacted human culture in phenomenal ways. They have helped us understand evolution and develop airplanes. They have inspired countless forms of literature, music and art.
The bird prints, plates and lithographs on this page pay tribute to numerous species of birds. They have been crafted by the artists with great care and attention, using fine materials and faithful printing methods. You’ll find artistic portraits of solitary birds, as well as realistic depictions of birds in their natural habitat, from the 18th century and onward.
Whether you are an ornithology expert, a casual bird watcher or simply a curious passerby, we hope you enjoy this artwork devoted to some of the world’s most remarkable creatures.
Can you recommend a great book about Ornithology?
More birds, blossoms, bugs, and butterflies!
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0.999887 |
Carve out a great life in this home! Living is easy in this impressive, generously spacious residence! Once you enter the home you are greeted with the open floor concept, stunning cozy fireplace, sprawling ceilings and softly filtered light throughout! The kitchen features granite countertops SS appliances, plant shelving, pantry and warm cabinetry. The spacious bedrooms offer high end plush carpeting and ceiling fans. The master bathroom boasts dual sinks and a relaxing garden bathtub! Bonus feature is the loft area which offers endless possibilities! The covered back patio overlooks the expansive backyard that presents with the pristine private pool and children's play area-an ideal setting for entertaining or relaxing! Don't hesitate! Book your showing today! This home is the one!!!
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We will reply you within 24 hours and help you solve any problems on work days. The product on offer from Laptop Power UK is an original product guaranteeing our customers the best product quality available and compliance with all UK safety standards. You may also like. Ofertaremos por ti el monto justo para mantenerte a la delantera. The product dispatched will be exactly as pictured below and a one year warranty is provided on this product. We welcome enquiries from customers who need help, technical advice, or who require further information about the product. How to Choose the Correct Ac Adapter?
Feedback Dear customers, we really appreciate your business, if you are satisfied with our service and items, please g060eo us a positive feedback.
Agregar a Lista de favoritos Eliminar de Lista de favoritos. All customers who choose Laptop Power UK will be pleased with g7060wo product, and delighted with the customer service.
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For all returned products, please do contact us before you decide to return item or need the refund. All of our stock of laptop parts is held in f7060eo UK distribution centre meaning we offer UK customers the most rapid delivery times in the country.
Please make sure your shipping address is correct. All item will be shipped by Australia post within business days, It takes approximately business days for delivery. You may also like. The product on offer from Laptop Power UK is an original product guaranteeing our customers the best product quality available and compliance with all UK safety standards. There are currently no items in your basket.
Your recognition will make us more confident to develop business and serve you better. The product dispatched will be exactly as pictured below and a one year warranty is provided on this product. Ofertaremos por ti el monto justo para mantenerte a la delantera. We ensure that this is the correct product specification for this laptop, however we have also provided the technical product information relating to the HP G GEO laptop adapter including a picture of the tip.
Monto de la oferta: You may also like Output: We offer 30 days money back guarantee return policy. Puedes ahorrar tiempo y dinero si lo compras ahora.
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We understand the concerns and frustrations you might have, and will do our endeavor to resolve the issues. Dear customers, we really appreciate your business, if you are satisfied with our service and items, please leave us a positive feedback. GB We can accept payment by Paypal,Credit card,Personal cheque. Ver todas las definiciones de estado: If you you have some inquires or questions, please feel free to contact us via eBay message before you leave a negative feedback or open case.
How to Choose the Correct Ac Adapter?
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0.702012 |
What do you mean "partially fit"
What is a "white ticket"
The beginning of wartime for young people of Russia – 18, boys under that age, call to military service. However, before sending in one or another branch of the military recruits undergoing military Commission, which determines how the soldiers fit for service.
When military service is a series of events, one of which is a medical examination. On it by the Commission of medical specialists is determined by the so-called "degree of validity" to the service. Depending on what the conclusion will make the doctors, the young man will either be called or be recognized as unfit for military service.
Recognizes 5 categories of "shelf life" of the recruit. Category a fit. This is an absolute conformity of young people who have been found fit, call in the army.
Category B – good, but has minor limitations. As in the previous category, these guys call for military service, but in those kind of troops, where less vigorous physical activity.
In – ogranichenno Goden. Those who fall under this category, are not recruited to the service they are given a military ID, while young people enrolled in the reserve.
G – not fit for military service temporarily (usually recruits the delay from 6 months to 1 year). This category is assigned to those who in the time of the Commission ill, is being treated in the hospital or undergoing rehabilitation after illness or injury.
Category D – not fit, call in the army shall not be (issued to military and conscript is exempted from service).
As background information it should be said that: those young people who are looking for a legitimate reason in order to avoid service in the army, it should be borne in mind that only 2 categories of all the above will allow to be exempted from military duty with no negative consequences described in article 328 of the Criminal code. It is a category D and V.
In addition, it should be said that those recruits, in respect of which a medical Commission concluded – "partially fit", re-certification are not subject. Persons granted this category issued a so-called "white ticket". In fact, the document, of course, a single sample, that is, the color and appearance it is the same as the identity that confirms the suitability for military service. However, it is a "white card" allows you to avoid the actual appeal, it should be understood that in case of mobilization or military exercises, the young people category are required to come to the collection point and sent to the destination.
The list of diseases, under which is assigned to one or the other category can be found in a special document called "the Schedule of diseases". The list is quite extensive, for each specific disease by doctors is determined by the degree and only then a verdict.
More detailed information can be found in the military, where all the information of interest.
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0.975107 |
Who of you has ever heard of the largest lizard in the world? Who has not seen a documentary about these reptiles? From here I introduce you to the Komodo Dragon, the king of the Komodo National Park.
The Komodo dragon (Varanus Komodoensis) is the main protagonist of most visits to the Komodo National Park. This reptile is endemic and indigenous to this central area of Indonesia. Currently, we can only find it on the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Padar and only a few on Flores Island.
The dragon is the largest lizard in the world and can reach an average length of two to three meters and weigh about 70 kg (the largest known wild specimen was 3.13 m and weighed 166 kg). Males and females do not have marked morphological differences. When they are young their color is greener with yellow and black areas, while adults have a darker color from brown to reddish-gray.
They usually live in open areas, in meadows and shrubs, although they can also be seen on beaches and dry riverbeds. They are ectothermic animals so they tend to be more active during the day than during the night.
The adults are solitary and only meet to mate or eat. The young live in the trees until almost a year of life, thus avoiding their violent older brothers! The reproductive phase is between July-August and the laying of the eggs is in September (about 20 eggs per female). After 7-8 months of incubation, a new generation will be born.
The dragons feed mainly on carrion (dead meaty things), although they are capable of making ambushes to hunt other prey. Their sense of smell is particularly acute, being able to locate corpses more than nine kilometers away. Within its diet, we can find other reptiles (they are cannibals too), birds, rodents, snakes, fish, goats, deer, wild boar, and even water buffalo. The young specimens eat insects, eggs, geckos, and small mammals.
There are different theories to explain how these reptiles hunt. Several studies found that an unusual amount of bacteria responsible for the virulence of their bites grows in their mouths. Some years later another study showed that lizards have a poison in their mouth capable of causing inflammation, interruption of blood coagulation, intense pain, low blood pressure, muscle paralysis and hypothermia which leads to loss of blood and as result, the victim pass out.
Although they are very rare there have been attacks by dragons to humans, but always the reason has been lack of attention of the person rather than the dragons have attacked voluntarily humans.
During your stay in Flores, the visit to the national park is mandatory, both to enjoy what its waters offer and to walk around Rinca Island to visit the King of the Park.
During your visit to Rinca, a ranger in the park will tell you everything you want to know about the dragons, visit the nests, walk through the woods and climb up a small hill that will offer you magnificent views of the park. The walk will last an hour and is suitable for anyone and any level of fitness.
The conservation of the dragons and their habitat depends solely on us and how we manage the current resources. In spite of the nature reserves, the inhabitants of Flores burn lands to transform them into orchards and pastures, thus fragmenting the habitat of the reptiles. In addition, the wild dogs on these islands are in direct competition for the deer and boar, which are also part of the regular dragon diet. Thus, the dragons of Flores are besieged: by the villagers, the pastures, the rice fields, the sea, and the dogs. That means less territory and less prey. In the long term, it will also mean the decline of the species.
If climate change modifies its environment, dragons are not prepared to adapt to the new conditions.
To know and understand these Komodo dragons a bit better, come visit us and take a trip to Komodo National Park!!!
Greetings and Buen Azul to everyone!!!
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Recently we lost two American actors who embodied widely different styles, and their passing is a reminder that the very presence of an actor can suggest everything about a film.
Charlton Heston was tall, outward, masculine, exuding bravado, often cast in larger-than-life roles. Richard Widmark was lithe, inward, sardonic. Heston's characters stood on mountaintops and divided the Red Sea. Widmark's often lived in the shadows. Heston played some smaller roles, but there was always the danger he would be too big for them. Widmark often played mainstream roles, but was always more interesting when he was an outsider on the run.
Heston made at least three movies that almost everybody eventually sees: "Ben-Hur, "The Ten Commandments" and "Planet of the Apes" (1968). Widmark occupied smaller, darker pieces, and embodied film noir. Many filmgoers may not have seen "Night and the City" or "Panic in the Streets" (both 1950) or "Pickup on South Street" (1953), but if they have, they remember him. All the TV obituaries used that same clip of him pushing an old lady in a wheel chair down a flight of stairs in "Kiss of Death" (1947), his first film, but there was so much more than that.
Heston, raised on Chicago's North Shore, wanted to be an actor almost from the get-go, and made a 16-mm version of "Julius Caesar" in college. "We used all actual locations," he told me in a 1968 interview. "The steps of the Art Institute, the Elk's Temple, the Field Museum, the beaches of Lake Michigan. You would have sworn it was the real thing, except for the acting."
He was "tabbed for stardom," as they used to say, by Cecil B. DeMille, who cast him as him the ringmaster in "The Greatest Show on Earth." which many argue is the worst movie to ever win the Best Picture Oscar, and in 1956 established himself forever in DeMille's "The Ten Commandments." From then on he was often in epics of the sort called "towering," and began to be the victim of self-parody, even though he was always on pitch, and had the heft to carry roles others would have disappeared in. His firm authority makes "Planet of the Apes" (1968) a better film than many, including me, thought at the time.
Widmark's roles were in the middle, not the epic, range. He played cops, robbers, wise guys, military men, horror characters and cowboys, figuring importantly in some of John Ford's elegiac last films. His characters never saved the world, but they usually saved their own skin, and that was the point. He kept a low public profile, made few statements, endorsed few causes, retired so successfully some people were surprised, at the time of his death, that he was still alive. Why did the Academy never honor his lifetime achievement?
Heston was very public, very political (first liberal, then conservative), a willing spokesman for what he believed. In early days he led the charge against racist Hollywood hiring policies. In later years he was the voice of the National Rifle Association. It is always tragic when someone suffers from Alzheimer's, but his bravery and grace in publicly acknowledging his illness was dignified and touching.
What intrigues me about Heston is what he might have done had he never met the bombastic Cecil B. DeMille. Seek out a little film named "Will Penny" (1968), which he told me was his personal favorite, to see an entirely different side of his abilities. Or see him in Kenneth Branagh's 1996 "Hamlet," where he embodies the Player King with astonishing invention, transforming conventional ideas about the role.
Probably, DeMille or not, Heston would have found himself in roles of heroic stature; in an industry that focuses on appearances, he looked like the hero, not the best buddy. It took another larger-than-life figure, Orson Welles, to find a channel for that presence, in his "Touch of Evil" (1958).
Widmark stayed within a narrower, more realistic range. He told me in 1968 he treasured his work with the great John Ford in "Cheyenne Autumn" (1964) and "Two Rode Together" (1961). "I'm glad I got him as a director at all," he said almost wistfully. We were speaking at the time of the ascendency of James Bond, and he defended his own pure, straight-ahead film noir: "I have this kind of nostalgia for crime films," he said. "I think we've about exhausted the fancy angles and trick cigarette lighters. Hollywood developed the crime film almost into an art over the years, and it hurt me to see all that work thrown away on spoofs and put-ons."
If Widmark was guarded and private, Heston was outgoing, good company. I remember drinking with him one night at O'Rourke's, the legendary Chicago newspaperman's saloon. He was introduced to Mike McGuire, the military editor of the Chicago Tribune. "Ah, yes," he said. "You supported my policies in the 'Ben Hur' campaign."
Speaking of "Will Penny," he said, "It's one of my favorite roles, because it is real, you see, and not all faked up to make it nice. It even has an unhappy ending." Left unsaid was how many of his films such qualities did not apply to. "I always get the super-hero parts," he said. "That's one nice thing about 'Will Penny.' I'm just an ordinary cowboy, not Ben-Hur in the saddle."
Compared to today's superstars, who are so cosseted and idolized, actors like Heston and Widmark went at their craft full-bore, as solid professionals. They expected to be surrounded by supporting actors, did not monopolize a film, and were not marketed as the whole product.
Listen to the gassy profundity of so many of today's stars, analyzing their techniques, and then listen to Widmark describing why John Ford liked making Westerns: "He enjoys working in the fresh air." Or listen to Heston, describing how he mastered the art of Ben-Hur's chariot driving: "Actually, I played it by ear."
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Washington (CNN) -- The efforts by leaders of Turkey and Brazil to broker a nuclear deal with Iran reflects growing dissatisfaction with the traditional world order in which the United States is the only superpower, which they view as outdated and unjust.
And their intervention on the Iran issue reflects a growing perception among many countries that the United States is unable to resolve international conflicts alone.
The visit this week to Tehran by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Brazilian President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva was a rare show of personal, high-stakes diplomacy by a pair of world leaders.
Turkey and Brazil hailed the agreement they reached for Iran to ship some of its nuclear fuel out of the country as a major step toward resolving Iran's years-old standoff with the West.
But it was promptly pooh-poohed by the United States, which, a day after the deal was announced, introduced a sanctions resolution to the United Nations Security Council in what was perceived widely in Ankara and Brasilia as an American snub of two close allies.
The Obama administration never really supported Turkey and Brazil's diplomatic efforts.
While U.S. officials were prepared to be pleasantly surprised if Lula and Erdogan were able to produce a deal that addressed all their concerns about Iran's nuclear program, they didn't think that it would happen and were concerned the deal would complicate efforts to pass the U.N. resolution.
For Lula and Erdogan, however, the introduction of the resolution handicaps their efforts to get Iran to cooperate.
Brazil and Turkey, both emerging democracies, have been eagerly flexing their muscles on the international stage for some time. Some of their reasons for pursuing a more active global diplomatic role are similar, others are quite different.
Ankara's interest in trying to mediate the standoff with Iran is primarily regional, driven by the desire to avoid a conflict on its border. Iran is also a large trading partner with whom Turkey has lucrative oil and gas deals.
Iran isn't the first issue Turkey has tried to mediate between countries in its neighborhood. In 2008 Turkey led indirect talks between Israel and Syria, although there was no breakthrough.
For years Turkey has sought to position itself as a bridge between East and West. Even as it plays an important role in NATO and seeks to join the European Union, Turkey has clung to its Muslim identity. This week Ankara announced its bid to host the summit meeting of leaders of the Organization of the Islamic Conference in 2014.
Turkey argues it is uniquely poised to coax the Iranian regime into cooperating with the international community.
Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoglu recently told a group of reporters in Washington that no country understands the Iranian mindset and culture like Turkey. In addition to sharing a border, he noted the two countries share a long history and that many Iranians speak Turkish, including Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
Lula, who leaves office at the end of the year, also saw himself as the one leader who could broker a deal between Iran and the West. But his interest is largely for that of his stature and his country's.
Hugely popular at home and abroad, Lula was hailed by newspapers around the world as a talented diplomat when the Iran deal was announced. But privately U.S. officials complain that Lula is trying to play statesman at the expense of their own diplomatic efforts.
"For him it's a brass ring," one senior U.S. official said. "Iran just happens to be convenient."
It may be a little of both. Lula has spent much of his seven-year term advocating for a greater international role for Brazil, including a permanent seat at the United Nations, which he argues is dominated by a handful of nations. He has positioned himself as a leader of Latin America's growing leftist movement and has been able to skillfully balance Brazil's growing partnership with Washington with warm relations with U.S. foes like Venezuela's Hugo Chavez and Ahmadinejad.
Perhaps most importantly, Lula has become a champion of developing nations, many of which have a different world view than the United States.
This "different" world view includes the notion that sanctions are not an effective means of diplomacy and only leaders to escalation, a belief which Turkey shares.
The U.S. lost much of its credibility over the war in Iraq, Guantanamo and, more recently, the world economic crisis. While Brazil and Turkey both have good relationships with the United States, they have sought to fill what they see as the leadership vacuum left by America.
While Obama has made it a priority to restore U.S. prestige around the world, he faces no shortage of thorny international issues: Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, extremism in Pakistan, the Middle East conflict and North Korea's antics to name a few. Emerging powers like Brazil and Turkey are ready, willing and eager to help solve them if the United States will let them.
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Q: If a hair from a human or animal gets on a food or drink item, do we have to dispose of it? I have multiple cats at home.
A: You should remove that hair.
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0.999999 |
What is the recommended intake for vitamin E?
Preliminary research has led to a widely held belief that vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease . Researchers have reported that oxidative changes to LDL-cholesterol (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) promote blockages (atherosclerosis) in coronary arteries that may lead to heart attacks. Vitamin E may help prevent or delay coronary heart disease by limiting the oxidation of LDL-cholesterol . Vitamin E also may help prevent the formation of blood clots, which could lead to a heart attack.
Antioxidants such as vitamin E are believed to help protect cell membranes against the damaging effects of free radicals, which may contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancer . Vitamin E also may block the formation of nitrosamines, which are carcinogens formed in the stomach from nitrites consumed in the diet. It also may protect against the development of cancers by enhancing immune function .
Some evidence associates higher intake of vitamin E with a decreased incidence of prostate cancer and breast cancer .
A study of women in Iowa provides evidence that an increased dietary intake of vitamin E may decrease the risk of colon cancer, especially in women under 65 years of age .
The American Cancer society recently released the results of a long-term study that evaluated the effect of regular use of vitamin C and vitamin E supplements on bladder cancer mortality in almost 1,000,000 adults in the U.S. The study, conducted between the years 1982 to 1998, found that subjects who regularly consumed a vitamin E supplement for longer than 10 years had a reduced risk of death from bladder cancer.
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0.999464 |
What is Multi Dimensional array in C++?
The Multi Dimensional Array is an array with two or more index values. It is also known as array of arrays. A two dimensional array is also a multi dimensional array.
In the above example, the character array "achar" is used to display elements of rows, columns using a loop.
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0.997748 |
What foods can give a menstruating woman energy?
Menstruation signifies that your female body is healthy and fertile.
As a female, your body is quite different from men's bodies, considering your menstrual cycles and the capability to carry a baby. It is a privilege men will never experience. It is essential to eat a healthy diet to achieve optimum energy levels. During menstruation, you may feel lethargic, drained or unsociable. The good news is that integrating certain foods and nutrients can help prevent these symptoms.
This beautiful, yet often unpleasant, process occurs monthly in a healthy, fertile female. Regularity confirms that your body is capable of producing and growing a foetus. An absent or irregular cycle signifies something is wrong, whether it is a result of inadequate nutrition, low body weight, hormonal imbalance or stress. At the start of each cycle, oestrogen levels rise, helping the uterus lining to grow and thicken. An imbalance of oestrogen and progesterone levels can inhibit a normal cycle and may be influenced by your nutritional and caloric intake.
Considering the amount of blood that is lost during menstruation, women are more likely to become anaemic than men. Anaemia occurs when there are fewer-than-average circulating red blood cells and lower-than-average haemoglobin levels. Haemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport molecule in red blood cells. Iron attaches to circulating oxygen, and in iron's absence, haemoglobin function and oxygen transport throughout the body fail. Anaemia symptoms include lethargy, weakness, pale skin and nausea. Women need about 18 milligrams of iron daily, as approximately 1 milligram of iron is lost for every day of menstruation. Your consumption of folate and vitamin B-12 is also necessary for the release of mature, healthy red blood cells. Increasing your daily intake of iron, folate and vitamin B-12 will help improve your energy levels.
During your period, you may experience cravings for sugar, chocolate and other refined carbohydrates. Your cravings often result from the extra nutrients your body requires, due to an increase in hormone levels and possibly increased insulin release which can reduce your blood sugar, causing you to crave or require more sugar/carbohydrate sources. Eat healthy fats and cut down on refined carbohydrates and caffeine, which can only make you feel more tired. Sweet cravings can indicate a hormonal imbalance of greater oestrogen than progesterone levels. Vitamin B-6 may also help with premenstrual symptoms, but further study is required.
The best food sources of iron, besides red meat, include wheat, pulses, dark green leafy vegetables, fortified cereals, dried fruit, black beans, eggs, blackstrap molasses, dates and pumpkin seeds. To increase your iron absorption, eat an orange or take a vitamin C supplement of approximately 200 to 250 milligrams with your meal. Vitamin B-12 is solely found in meat, eggs and dairy products unless you take a vitamin supplement. Folate is found in many food sources, especially meat, fish, whole grains, green leafy vegetables, legumes and lentils. To alleviate tiredness, avoid tea, alcohol or calcium with your meals, as these inhibit iron absorption.
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Field Marshal is the highest military officer rank in the British Army and several Commonwealth armies. It is equivalent to General of the Army (five-star general) in the United States Army.
The word "marshal" comes from the Frankish marescalci, or Master of the Horse. In medieval kingdoms, the marshal was generally an officer of the royal household responsible for commanding the king's cavalry troops; he was usually subordinate to the Constable, the commander of the king's army.
In the British Army, the rank of Field Marshal was created in 1736 by King George III, when it was conferred on the 1st Earl of Orkney.
The British Army no longer promotes new Field Marshals in peacetime; the last officer to be appointed to the rank was Lord Inge, former Chief of Defence Staff, in 1994. However, the rank still formally exists, fulfilling a similar role to General of the Army in the United States Army.
Notable historical British Army Field Marshals include the Duke of Wellington, Bernard Montgomery and William Slim.
The rank insignia of a Field Marshal consist of crossed batons over a laurel wreath, and a crown.
Several other armies use the rank, particularly those in the Commonwealth.
The rank of Field Marshal exists in the Australian Army, though it is rarely used due to the army's small size. The only native-born Australian ever to hold the rank was Sir Thomas Blamey, a Second World War general, who was promoted to the rank on 2 June 1950. The only current (honorary) holder of the rank is HRH the Duke of Edinburgh; his rank is purely ceremonial and he has no active role in the Australian armed forces.
The Field Marshal rank in Germany dates back to the Prussian Army of the 19th century. It was later used by Adolf Hitler during World War II when he promoted twelve Field Marshals on July 19, 1940 by Adolf Hitler following the successful conclusion of the Third Reich's campaign in France.
Hitler's most famous promotion came in January 1943 when he elevated Friedrich Paulus, commander of the Sixth German Army during the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, to the rank during the Battle of Stalingrad. The obvious implication was that Paulus was to hold the city to the death, since no field marshal in German history had ever surrendered. Paulus later surrendered, allegedly stating "I have no intention of shooting myself for that Bohemian corporal", referring both to Hitler's non-German birth and his rank during World War I.
Although theoretically the rank still exists in modern Germany, no one has ever been appointed to the position.
The rank of Field Marshal in the New Zealand Army has been held since 1954 by HRH the Duke of Edinburgh.
The rank of Field Marshal in the Pakistan Army was held by Ayub Khan, a Pakistani general who served as President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969.
The rank of Field Marshal of the Philippines has only been conferred upon one man, Douglas MacArthur, when he was appointed as a special advisor to the President Manuel Quezon in 1937.
This page was last modified on 8 March 2010, at 01:23.
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Item 1 - RESOLUTION NO. _____ A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF RIVIERA BEACH, PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING ISSUANCE BY THE RIVIERA BEACH COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY OF ITS REDEVELOPMENT REVENUE NOTE, SERIES 2013A, IN AN AGGREGATE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING $3,550,000 FOR PURPOSES OF FINANCING CERTAIN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
RESOLUTION NO. _____ A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF RIVIERA BEACH, PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING ISSUANCE BY THE RIVIERA BEACH COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY OF ITS REDEVELOPMENT REVENUE NOTE, SERIES 2013A, IN AN AGGREGATE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING $3,550,000 FOR PURPOSES OF FINANCING CERTAIN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
Item 2 - RESOLUTION NO. _____ A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF RIVIERA BEACH, PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING ISSUANCE BY THE RIVIERA BEACH COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY OF ITS REDEVELOPMENT TAXABLE REFUNDING REVENUE NOTE, SERIES 2013B, IN AN AGGREGATE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING $8,000,000 FOR PURPOSES OF REFINANCING CERTAIN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
RESOLUTION NO. _____ A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF RIVIERA BEACH, PALM BEACH COUNTY, FLORIDA, AUTHORIZING ISSUANCE BY THE RIVIERA BEACH COMMUNITY REDEVELOPMENT AGENCY OF ITS REDEVELOPMENT TAXABLE REFUNDING REVENUE NOTE, SERIES 2013B, IN AN AGGREGATE PRINCIPAL AMOUNT NOT EXCEEDING $8,000,000 FOR PURPOSES OF REFINANCING CERTAIN REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS; AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE.
Statements by the Mayor and City Council - Statements by the Mayor and City Council. Adjourn.
In the word 'white', what is the last letter?
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I read somewhere recently that the magnetic poles of the earth were going to switch at some point in the future..is this correct, and if so what effects will this have..will gravity be affected?
The magnetic field of the Earth has actually switched its direction many many times during Earth's history. Although this is not completely understood, the leading theory of how it works is that Earth's magnetic field is caused by the motion of the liquid outer core. The churning of the liquid in the outer core acts as a giant electromagnet, moving electrical charges around, in what is known as the "geomagnetic dynamo." The rotation of the solid inner core also contributes to the magnetic field. When a certain combination of inner and outer core motion occurs, the Earth's magnetic field will quickly reverse. For example, lava that solidified 30,000 years ago shows that the magnetic field was in the opposite direction at that time. Evidence from the geologic record shows that this reversal could take less than 1000 or even less than 100 years. The way these reversals throughout geologic history were discovered was by looking at the seafloor. New ocean floor is created along the mid-ocean ridges. When lava along these ridges cools, its minerals harden in line with the Earth's magnetic field. This causes the seafloor to have magnetic "stripes," which can be measured and mapped. This is very useful for oceanographers and geologists. For a good explanation of this, check out this site.
Gravity is not affected at all by Earth's magnetic field, because gravity is the attractive force of the mass of two objects, which is unrelated to magnetism.
One effect that may occur during a magnetic reversal is that the Earth may not be protected from charged particles streaming from the sun. These particles are called the solar wind, and could be dangerous to life if they reached the Earth's surface. However, the interaction between the magnetic field and these particles deflects them around the Earth. The area around a planet (including Earth) within which the motion of charged particles is affected by the magnetic field is called the magnetosphere. Sometimes the magnetosphere becomes overloaded with particles. When this happens, some particles escape through the magnetosphere and interact with atoms in the upper atmosphere, making them emit light. This is what creates the northern lights (aurora borealis) and the southern lights (aurora australis). If the Earth's magnetic field is weakened during a reversal, more of these particles will get through to the upper atmosphere. This could be a problem, but most likely the atmosphere is thick enough to protect the Earth's surface.
Although the movie The Core tells the story of the Earth's magnetic field dissipating, causing the entire atmosphere to disintegrate, you don't need to worry about that happening! The magnetic field will exist as long as the outer core is liquid - and that will be for a long long time!
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